princeton-nlp/QuRatedPajama-1B_tokens_for_analysis

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French, Capacity Building, Nonprofits Katarzyna Piquette Senior Private Banker at TD Waterhouse Masters, Marketing and Management TD Waterhouse March 2009 - Present Luiza Matysiak Photographer Luiza Photography Langara College 2003 — 2005 Vancouver Community College 1994 — 1999 BCIT 1992 — 1993 Luiza Photography July 2004 - Present Signtext February 2003 - November 2003 Ad-Print / Ampco May 1988 - May 2000 Photography, Portraits, Portrait Photography, Digital Photography, Architectural..., Event Photography, Photoshop, Wedding Photography, Weddings, Photo Editing, Photos, Travel Photography, Retouching, Graphic Design, Mac, Sports Photography, interior and..., Commercial Product..., Image Manipulation, Advertising, Commercial Photography, Fine Art Photography, Lightroom, Headshots, Graphics, Art, Image Editing Maria Jurewicz Communications Manager at TrojanOne Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Art History Bachelor of Commerce, Marketing, Corporate Social Responsibility TrojanOne March 2015 - Present TrojanOne January 2014 - Present kate spade new york October 2014 - Present TrojanOne January 2012 - December 2013 TrojanOne August 2011 - January 2012 The Emily Post Institute May 2010 - August 2010 Department of National Defence June 2009 - August 2009 Best Buddies International June 2007 - July 2007 Marketing, Event Planning, Blogging, Strategy, Social Media Marketing, SEO, Press Releases, Sponsorship, Market Research, Research, Competitive Analysis, Leadership, Digital Marketing, Proposal Writing, Content Development, Copy Editing, Marketing Communications, Social Media, Marketing Strategy, Strategic Partnerships, Sports Marketing, Relationship Marketing, Integrated Marketing, Sports Management, Content Management, Microsoft Office, Content Marketing, Writing, Public Relations Teresa Frasunkiewicz Sales Analyst at Hanes Canada Main School of Commerce, Warsaw, Poland 1990 — 1993 Bachelor of Commerce, Hon, Economics Hanes Canada May 2014 - Present Sears Canada May 2013 - January 2014 Hudson's Bay Company September 2000 - November 2012 The Hudson Bay Company November 1997 - September 2000 St. Stanislaus - St. Casimir's Polish Parishes Credit Union Limited September 1995 - August 1996 Replenishment, Merchandising, Inventory Management, Forecasting, Allocations, Analysis, Allocation, Promotions, Planning, Excel, Supply Chain, Planograms, JDA, Import, Buying, Problem Solving, Financial Reporting, Retek, Supply Chain Management, Analytics, Asset Allocation, CPFR, Inventory Analysis, Demand Planning, Sales Analysis, Retail, Merchandise Planning, Inventory Control Wojciech Majewski, CPA, CGA, FCCA Manager, Business Planning and Analysis Airlines/Aviation Masters Degree, Finance and Banking CPA Canada Sheridan College International Business (student exchange) Greater Toronto Airports Authority March 2015 - Present The Home Depot Canada December 2013 - December 2014 Asseco Poland January 2009 - November 2013 Asseco Poland May 2008 - December 2008 Cadbury Wedel 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Corporate Finance, Managerial Finance, Financial Analysis, Forecasting, Financial Reporting, Business Planning, Restructuring, Business Process..., FMCG, Strategy, Strategic Financial..., Mergers & Acquisitions, Hyperion Enterprise, Due Diligence, Budgets, IFRS, SAP R/3, Management Consulting, Investor Relations, Cash Flow, Financial Modeling, Project Finance, Financial Planning Artur Czupyt Hungary area Head of Finance at Provident Hungary Uniwersytet Warszawski 2004 — 2005 Post Graduate, Tax Law/Taxation Charted Association of Certified Accountants (ACCA) 2001 — 2005 Certified Accountant, Accounting and Finance Master's degree, Finance and Banking Provident Penzugyi Zrt. April 2015 - Present Provident Financial Czech & Slovakia September 2012 - March 2015 Scop Computers member of ABC Data Group April 2011 - July 2012 Provident Financial Romania February 2008 - March 2011 Provident Polska June 2001 - January 2008 Amplico AIG Life November 1999 - May 2001 Business Strategy, Business Planning, Managerial Finance, Forecasting, Financial Analysis, Risk Management, Financial Reporting, Accounting, Business Analysis, Budgets, Corporate Finance, Strategic Financial..., Team Management, Mergers & Acquisitions, Analysis, Management, Change Management, Banking, Taxation, Cash Management, Team Leadership, Tax, Internal Audit, Internal Controls, Restructuring, IFRS, Cash Flow, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Auditing, Financial Planning Cezary Romanski Supply Manufacturing Director at RB Tatabanya Kft. MSc Chemistry, Chemistry RB Hungary February 2011 - Present Reckitt Benckiser Turkey February 2009 - January 2011 Reckitt Benckiser August 2004 - January 2009 Scandic Food A/S February 2002 - June 2004 Coca-Cola HBC June 1998 - January 2002 FMCG, TPM, HACCP, Supply Chain Management, SMED, Production Planning, Continuous Improvement, 5S, Demand Planning, Supply Chain, Manufacturing..., Manufacturing Operations, Supply Chain..., Cross-functional Team..., Manufacturing Pal Pauer VP of Sales at NISZ Zrt. Degree in Economics, Foreign Trade and Diplomacy NISZ Zrt. February 2012 - Present Cellum Global January 2012 - February 2012 GTS Hungary November 2008 - October 2011 GTS Hungary October 2001 - October 2008 GTS Poland - Internet Partners November 1998 - October 2001 GTS Hungary September 1997 - October 1998 Eurohivo July 1995 - September 1997 Strategy, Start-ups, Telecommunications, Business Development, Management, Sales Operations, Account Management, Leadership, Mergers & Acquisitions, Negotiation, Sales, Sales Process, International Sales, Team Building, Marketing, Analysis, Networking, Customer Service, Teamwork, Managed Services Viktor Schmidt Owner of ARDEN & SCHMIDT LLC. Corvinus University of Budapest 2003 — 2010 M.Sc., Marketing University of Southern California 2008 — 2009 Non-Degree Program, Business University of Southern California - Marshall School of Business 2008 — 2009 CEMS 2006 — 2007 Master's degree, International Management CEMS M.Sc., International Management ARDEN & SCHMIDT LLC. 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09 - Present Ruane Medical 2013 - 2014 Pygmalion, Inc. March 2009 - July 2009 Procter & Gamble August 2007 - June 2008 Entrepreneurship, Web Design, Advertising, Brand Management, Photography, Online Advertising, Business Strategy, Marketing Communications, Online Marketing, Management, Social Media Marketing, Digital Marketing, Marketing Strategy Aleksander Granowski Puerto Rico area Vice President at WS Atkins Polska Sp. z o.o. Nuria Tolsá Caballero Washington D.C. Metro Area Consultant at InterAmerican Development Bank Columbia University - School of International and Public Affairs 2009 — 2011 Master, International Affairs ESADE Business & Law School 2006 — 2007 Master, Tax Consultancy and Management Exchange Program, Economics Universidad de Navarra 2000 — 2004 Licenciatura, Economics Inter-American Development Bank November 2013 - Present The World Bank October 2011 - October 2013 Roubini Global Economics September 2011 - October 2011 Community Lab June 2011 - September 2011 UNCTAD July 2010 - August 2010 Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira June 2006 - June 2009 Garrigues September 2004 - May 2006 Quantitative, Problem Solving, Analytical Abilities, Economics, International Trade, Latin America, Investments, Spanish, French, English, Research, International Relations, Financial Analysis, Policy Analysis, Public Policy, Econometrics, Tax, Accounting, International... Agnes Antosz Controller at Bridge Street Foundation Cittone Institute, Princeton New Jersey 2015 — 2015 Accounting I, II and III, 4.0 Master in Economics, Economics Bridge Street Foundation Inc. 2012 - 2013 Covance 2007 - 2012 Anthra Pharmaceuticals 1998 - 2000 Financial Reporting, Year End Close, Financial Analysis, Internal Reporting, 10Q, General Ledger..., Monthly Close, General Ledger..., Fixed Assets, Monthly Reporting, Reporting Analysis, 10K, SEC reporting, Financial System..., SOX, Consolidation, Intercompany, Budgeting, Account Reconciliation, Accounting, Analysis, Budgets, Business Process..., Corporate Finance, Financial Services, Forecasting, General Ledger, Internal Audit, SEC filings, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, US GAAP, Year-end Close, Process Improvement, Finance, Financial Statements, Cross-functional Team..., Internal Controls, Auditing, Management Adam Romanowski Senior Marketing Manager Global Partner Marketing at VMware Stanford Continuing Studies Leadership and Business Innovation Asian Institute of Management 2010 — 2010 MBA - Exchange Program Master's degree, Corporate Strategic Management VMware 2015 - Present VMware 2014 - 2015 Conceito O2 2011 - 2011 Danone 2010 - 2011 Auto Parts Ltd. (Nissan) 2008 - 2009 Marketing, Marketing Communications, Marketing Strategy, Lead Generation, Product Marketing, Demand Generation, Market Research, Marketing Management, Affiliate Marketing, Channel Partners, Integrated Marketing, Brand Development Adam Sek Chief Operating Officer / Chief Financial Officer at Tourneau MA in Finance&Banking, Financial Economics, Financial and Managerial Accounting, Investment Analysis Tourneau February 2011 - Present AE Ventures June 2008 - January 2011 Cambridge Place In	-1.319937	-0.637753	-0.852436	-0.575818	[ -1.3938990852602526, -1.2459741389283865 ]	[ -0.6234275601446688, -0.6520776174456243 ]	[ -0.9088674739942109, -0.7960047483646109 ]	[ -0.81254290414384, -0.33909351532181503 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29900, 29929, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 29934, 29884, 1662, 20795, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 448, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 13, 29925, 4790, 5156, 291, 29892, 9266, 29889, 4779, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 448, 5468, 29871, 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vestment Management London April 2007 - May 2008 Gamet Holdings (owned by TDA Capital Partners / TDA TFI S.A.) August 2002 - July 2005 TDA Capital Partners - TDA TFI S.A. October 1999 - July 2002 KPMG Corporate Finance June 1998 - September 1999 MC Concordia April 1996 - May 1998 Private Equity, Corporate Finance, Structured Finance, Financial Structuring, Due Diligence, Portfolio Management, Venture Capital, Valuation, Finance, Financial Analysis, Investments, Mergers & Acquisitions, IPO, Investment Banking, Management, Restructuring, Real Estate, Emerging Markets, Alternative Investments, Trading, Capital Markets, Financial Modeling, Strategy Agnieszka (Agnes) Badek Lee Louisville, Kentucky Area Cost Modeler Analyst Humana SOIT Finance & Metrics Indiana University South East 2011 — 2013 Master's, Finance & Banking Warsaw School of Economics, Poland 2000 — 2005 Master's, International Economic Relations Universitat d'Alacant 2004 — 2004 Faculty of Finanace and Business Humana October 2013 - Present Atria Senior Living, Inc. July 2011 - October 2013 Atria Senior Living, Inc. October 2007 - July 2011 Wick's Pizza P&P, Inc., Louisville, KY April 2006 - September 2007 Nestle Polska S.A, Warsaw, Poland December 2004 - June 2005 financial analysis, financial modeling, financial reporting, treasury, accounting, finance, project management, general ledger, Microsoft Excel, Financial Analysis, Financial Modeling, Variance Analysis, Forecasting, Finance, Hyperion Enterprise, Accounting Alan Himmer Greater Boston Area Global Executive enjoying an early retirement Harvard Business School 2007 — 2007 A.M.P., Business Szkola Glówna Handlowa w Warszawie 1990 — 1992 M.A., International Business Georgetown University 1985 — 1989 B.S.F.S., Foreign Service Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu 1987 — 1988 Diploma, Law, History, Polish Phillips Academy, Andover 1981 — 1985 H.S. Diploma, Russian Studies Polski Instytut Spraw Miedzynarodowych przy MSZ PRL-u 1988 — 1988 Certificate, Foreign Policy of Poland and USSR UBS April 2013 - February 2015 N/A June 2011 - March 2013 British American Tobacco November 2008 - May 2011 BAT Nordic Oy July 2007 - November 2008 Imperal Tobacco Canada Ltd. August 2006 - June 2007 Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd. April 2004 - August 2006 BAT China Ltd. August 2003 - April 2004 BAT Asia-Pacific Region Ltd. July 2001 - December 2003 BAT Southern Europe December 1999 - June 2001 BAT Europe September 1997 - December 1999 Talent Management, Performance Management, Change Management, FMCG, Organizational..., Succession Planning, HR Consulting, Leadership Development, Organizational Design, Deferred Compensation, HR Policies, Human Resources, Mergers, Strategy, Business Transformation, Restructuring, Organizational..., Employee Engagement, HR Transformation, Personnel Management, Talent Acquisition, Employer Branding	-1.199405	-0.578886	-1.050897	-0.59728	[ -1.317197261236322, -1.0816130874485352 ]	[ -0.3463277871869898, -0.8114435611821892 ]	[ -0.9621285355272805, -1.1396654073041794 ]	[ -0.3481983112607001, -0.8463607176311274 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 10147, 358, 15057, 4517, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 448, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 13, 29954, 314, 300, 21771, 886, 313, 26689, 491, 323, 7698, 25343, 3455, 8397, 847, 323, 7698, 323, 3738, 317, 29889, 29909, 1846, 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29892, 15197, 4103, 5404, 29892, 11654, 1247, 3864, 29892, 9205, 466, 1288, 16361, 24654, 2201, 5049, 29892, 379, 29934, 4103, 5404, 29892, 5196, 9139, 15057, 29892, 10288, 296, 7255, 23493, 29892, 7361, 2376, 261, 18007, 292 ]	811	9,216	CommonCrawl	15	4
, ERP, Management, Large Scale Change..., Shared Services, Culture Change Aleksandra Kozak YouTube Partner Monetization Support Lead at Google Jagiellonian University 2010 — 2011 Postgraduate studies, Human Resources Management master, Marketing & Management Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale 2003 — 2004 diploma, International Commerce Google November 2011 - Present Jobpartners March 2010 - February 2011 Google August 2008 - October 2009 Parc Aviation April 2007 - August 2008 Technicolor December 2004 - February 2007 Online Advertising, Microsoft Office, Project Management, Team Leadership, Account Management, Customer Service, Management, Team Management, Recruiting, Sourcing, Training, Microsoft Excel, Social Networking, Business Strategy Aleksandra Swatek Lafayette, Indiana Area Teaching Assistant at Purdue University Purdue University 2014 — 2019 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), English, Second Language Studies University of Maine 2011 — 2013 Master's Degree, English post-graduate, Online Marketing Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie 2004 — 2009 MA, English/American Studies Edinboro University of Pennsylvania 2007 — 2007 Other, American Studies/English Purdue University August 2014 - Present Study Group August 2013 - August 2014 University of Maine August 2013 - May 2014 University of Maine September 2012 - May 2013 Oriflame December 2010 - July 2011 E-GRAPHICS October 2009 - November 2010 Oriflame July 2009 - September 2009 Koziołki Poetyckie January 2006 - May 2009 Riviera Travel June 2008 - September 2008 Domino's Pizza June 2007 - August 2007 Social Media, Online Marketing, Photoshop, Digital Marketing, New Media, Marketing Communications, ESL, Academic English, English for Specific..., TESOL, Polish, Management, Web Analytics, Strategy, Marketing, Digital Strategy Alexandre (Alê) Thome Greater New York City Area Founder & CEO at Bind Health New York University 2010 — 2010 Fundação Getulio Vargas / FGV 2003 — 2007 Bachelor, Business and Economics Study abroad program, Economics, Undergraduate Bind Health November 2014 - Present DAP - Diagnósticos em Patologia January 2008 - Present Fundação Estudar October 2014 - July 2015 Fundação Estudar April 2013 - October 2014 Start-Up Chile April 2012 - September 2012 Endeavor Global January 2011 - March 2012 Endeavor Global September 2009 - December 2010 Endeavor Brazil July 2007 - September 2009 Endeavor Brazil July 2006 - July 2007 IDORT April 2006 - June 2006 Start-ups, Entrepreneurship, Venture Capital, Strategy, Financial Modeling, Leadership, Strategic Planning, Management, Management Consulting, Corporate Finance, Product Development, Product Design, Ruby on Rails, Agile Web Development, Due Diligence, Outsourcing Allen Daniel Project Manager at InfoSnap The George Washington University 2009 — 2011 MPP, Public Policy Rhodes College 2004 — 2008 BA, International Studies Eastern Europe	-1.295282	-0.99946	-0.887547	-0.990086	[ -1.2021445252004261, -1.3884203835442575 ]	[ 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Area Studies InfoSnap, Inc. February 2015 - Present Teaching, Project Management, Community Outreach, Education Policy, ESL, Editing, Training, Curriculum Development, Data Collection, Analysis, SPSS, Proposal Writing Andreas Fried, M.Sc. Manager, People Advisory Services at EY University of California, San Diego 2010 — 2011 Advanced Professional Certificate in Business Management, Business Management, 3.97 GPA Post Graduate Studies, Project Management (PMP), International Finance, Internal Auditing KTH Royal Institute of Technology 2009 — 2009 Vocational studies, Project Management of Development Projects in Developing Countries Södertörn University 2005 — 2007 Master of Science in International Business and Economics, International Business Management B.Sc., Business and Economics Gripenskolan 1999 — 2002 High School Diploma, Natural Sciences and Computer Sciences Program EY January 2015 - Present Universal Consensus, LLC 2013 - January 2015 Swedish American Chamber of Commerce - San Diego March 2012 - January 2015 Swedish American Chamber of Commerce - San Diego September 2012 - March 2014 Universal Consensus 2011 - 2013 Net 1 2009 - May 2011 World Trade Center San Diego 2010 - 2011 ice.net 2008 - 2009 Academic Work 2007 - 2008 Business Process..., Global Business..., Business Analysis, Economics, Blue Ocean Strategy, History, Current Affairs, Geography, Culture, Cultural Awareness, Cost Management, Negotiation, PMP, ITIL, Business Development, Strategy, International Business, Management Consulting, Cross-functional Team..., International Trade, Management, Leadership, Business Strategy, Marketing Management, International Relations, International Sales, Product Development, International Marketing, Risk Management, Consulting, Executive Management, Change Management Aneta Moszumanska Associate Account Manager at Anisa International, Inc. Master's Degree, International Relations Bachelor's Degree, International Relations State School of Shorthand and Foreign Languages, Warsaw, Poland 1999 — 2001 Secondary Business School Graduate, International Trade Anisa International, Inc. September 2014 - Present Anisa International, Inc. March 2014 - August 2014 Harima USA January 2010 - March 2014 Ishtex Textile Products, Inc. February 2007 - December 2008 Artpol Trade Company May 2003 - June 2006 Spanish, Market Research, Microsoft Excel, Negotiation, Marketing Strategy, International Trade, Strategic Planning, Event Management, Customer Service, PowerPoint, Logistics, Marketing, Social Media, Export, New Business Development, Project Management, Purchasing, Microsoft Office, Project Planning, Leadership, English, Sales Angela Meyer-Hogan Associate Manager, Design Capability at P&G Xavier University 1994 — 1999 BS - International Affairs, minors in Peace Studies and English International Affairs, Study Abroad - Poland Notre Dame Academy, Park Hills, KY 1990 — 1994 Notre Dame Academy, Park Hills, KY P&G June 2010 - Present P&G 2000 - June 2010 Coaching, Customer Insight, Brand Equity, Strategic Thinking, Cross-functional Team..., Training Program Design, Virtual Training Design, Learning Program..., Training, Leadership, Designs, Strategy, Marketing Communications, Creative Direction, Marketing Research, Time Management, Advertising, Concept Development, Market Research, Public Speaking, Marketing Strategy, Competitive Analysis, Shopper Marketing, Program Management Anna Pienkowska Experienced Finance Professional Nonprofit Organization Management Warsaw School of Economics (SGH / SGPIS) Bach	-1.087092	-0.746981	-0.360405	-0.60297	[ -1.2624102440763716, -0.9117733342526889 ]	[ -0.7505621894176588, -0.7433996750924199 ]	[ -0.3749887381508222, -0.3458219663589031 ]	[ -0.5605351594068418, -0.6454048644085921 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 18320, 16972, 13, 3401, 29903, 8971, 29892, 9266, 29889, 6339, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29945, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 29911, 4204, 292, 29892, 8010, 15057, 29892, 19184, 4451, 276, 496, 29892, 13151, 25219, 29892, 382, 12750, 29892, 7641, 292, 29892, 26101, 29892, 315, 1038, 12906, 398, 14650, 29892, 3630, 14348, 29892, 24352, 29892, 10937, 1799, 29892, 1019, 1066, 284, 28676, 13, 2855, 12588, 6662, 29892, 341, 29889, 4421, 29889, 13, 3260, 29892, 11647, 2087, 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29933, 496 ]	811	11,264	CommonCrawl	17	12
elors and Master's in Economics Rotary International April 2013 - July 2015 Rotary International July 2007 - March 2013 Rotary International October 2004 - June 2007 Rotary International November 2000 - October 2004 Rotary International March 1999 - November 2000 Monadnock Bakery Corp d/b/a Jacobs Bros Bagels / Big Apple Bagels June 1996 - February 1999 Financial Analysis, Budgets, Nonprofits, Management, Managerial Finance, Strategic Financial..., Finance, Financial Reporting, Data Analysis, Microsoft Excel, Customer Service, Process Improvement, International Business, Training, Continuous Improvement, Teamwork, Team Leadership, Cross-functional Team..., Hiring, Coaching, General Ledger, Variance Analysis, Financial Accounting, Governance, Statutory Compliances, Business Process..., Project Management, Social Media, Business Intelligence, Office 365, Microsoft Office, ERP Software, Adobe Professional, Visio, PowerPoint, English, Editing Director, Research and Development at Sky IT Group Baruch College, City University of New York (CUNY) 1994 — 2000 Sky IT Group January 2013 - Present Sky IT Group November 2011 - January 2013 Mediabrands July 2008 - November 2011 Universal McCann July 2007 - July 2008 Universal McCann April 2002 - July 2008 Jeffrey Saad Associates August 1999 - March 2002 Tableau, Data Warehousing, Cognos, SSRS, SSIS, SSAS 2008, iWay, SQL DB2, Software Project..., QlikView Development, IBI Webfocus, Microsoft SQL Server, Citrix Metaframe, Active Directory, MDX, Analytics, Business Intelligence, Business Analysis, Data Modeling, ETL, Analysis Services, Data Architecture, OLAP, Dashboard, Data Integration, Business Intelligence..., QlikView, Visio, DB2 Anna Węgrzynkiewicz Team Leader Accounts Receivable at Global Blue University of Economics in Cracow 2011 — 2013 Master's degree, Computer Science and Econometrics Bachelor's degree, Quantitative Methods in Economics and Information Systems Global Blue June 2015 - Present Global Blue November 2013 - June 2015 PMR January 2012 - August 2013 Infovide-Matrix August 2011 - August 2011 "Book-Keeper" The Office of Statutory Auditors Ltd. July 2010 - August 2010 Statistics, Statistica, VBA, R, Microsoft Excel, Multivariate Statistics, XML, SQL, Accounts Receivable, Databases, Data Analysis, Process mining, Data Mining, Competitive Analysis Arcadius Kazimierski FullStack Software Engineer and Options Volatility Trader, Information Technology and Financial Services Udacity 2015 — 2015 Software Engineer's Degree, Android Developer Nanodegree Fullstack Academy of Code, New York, New York Full-Stack open-source web technologies, software development Quantitative Methods and Information Systems Mila College JJ Sniadeckich, Professional Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw, Poland •Undergraduate Degree in Computer Science (European Union certified), Valedictorian, awarded Grade of Excellence Alma Options, New York Mercantile Exchange, Chicago Mercantile Exchange NYMEX, CME Group September 2006 - Present WhenTech LLC March 2006 - September 2006 Fastrack Healthcare Systems Inc, New York July 2002 - March 2006 Software 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Computing, SOA, Microsoft SQL Server, XML, Integration, Visual Studio, .NET, ASP.NET, ASP.NET MVC, OOP, Web Applications, Mobile Applications, Database Design, Derivatives, C#, Mobile Devices, Python, Software Engineering, Programming, AngularJS, Backbone.js, Software Project..., Software Documentation, Entrepreneurship, Enterprise Software, AJAX, JSON, JavaScriptMVC, CSS, Unix, Android, Android Development, Process Improvement, Project Planning Beata Adamczyk on maternity leave Ph.D. student Cranfield University 2007 — 2008 National School of Public Administration (KSAP) 2006 — 2007 Nicolaus Copernicus University 1997 — 2002 III LO Gdynia 1993 — 1997 Trade and Investment Section of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland May 2012 - Present Ministry of Economy July 2009 - March 2012 Ministry of Economy October 2004 - July 2009 Beata Ambrożej Audit Assistant w Deloitte Poland Master's degree, Finance and Accounting, 4,5 Bachelor's degree, Finance and Accounting, 5 Deloitte Poland October 2014 - July 2015 Deloitte Poland October 2013 - April 2014 Trinity Corporate Services December 2011 - August 2013 SM Mlekpol August 2011 - September 2011 Leah Bloom Recruiter at Addison Group Staffing and Recruiting Brandeis University 2006 — 2010 BA, cum laude Stoughton High School 2002 — 2006 School of Continuing and Professional Studies Addison Group December 2014 - Present Michael Kors July 2012 - December 2014 Yurko, Salvesen & Remz, P.C. October 2010 - June 2012 Lord & Taylor November 2007 - January 2011 Law Office of Albert Grady June 2009 - August 2009 Retail, Merchandising, Social Media, Marketing, Sales, Styling, Management, CRM, Event Planning, Product Training, Customer Service, Fashion, Marketing Communications, Outlook, Email Marketing, PowerPoint, Recruiting, Sourcing, Job Fairs, Job Coaching, Interviews, Social Networking, Facebook, Visual Merchandising, Apparel, Hiring, Temporary Placement, Performance Management, Employee Relations, Relationship Building, Coaching Boguslaw Sidor Sr. Manager, Supply Chain Consumer Luminaires at Philips Lighting Technical University in Bialystok, Poland 1989 — 1995 Philips Lighting March 2014 - Present Philips Consumer Luminaires July 2013 - February 2014 Philips Consumer Luminaires April 2012 - June 2013 Philips Lighting June 2010 - March 2012 Philips Lighting Poland S.A. September 2006 - December 2010 Cezar Sp. z o. o. September 2005 - September 2006 Philips DAP Industries Poland June 2000 - September 2005 Supply Chain Management, Inventory Management, Procurement, Process Improvement, People Management, Change Management, Requirements Management, Data Analysis, Team Building, Team Leadership, Excel, Business Analysis, Logistics, Logistics Management, Kaizen, Forecasting, Demand Planning, Management, Product Management, Continuous Improvement, Six Sigma, Lean Manufacturing, ERP, Supply Chain..., Supply Chain, SAP, Project Planning, Strategy, Leadership, Product Development, Analysis, Project Management, Negotiation, Training, CRM, Production Planning, Supply Management, Strategic Sourcing, MRP	-1.478819	-0.762201	-0.94596	-0.735884	[ -1.3774629801122675, -1.580174943604084 ]	[ -0.8615811614588613, -0.6628213889334826 ]	[ -0.6330512624836716, -1.2588687354972399 ]	[ -0.5694773697039611, -0.9022901783985645 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 11796, 292, 29892, 7791, 29909, 29892, 7783, 3758, 5656, 29892, 6560, 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David Sas at Allstate Insurance Bachelors, Finance Allstate Insurance August 2009 - Present Caribou Coffee September 2006 - February 2009 Trace Laboratories, Inc December 2005 - December 2006 Litchfield Cavo LLP June 2002 - August 2002 Radosław Derkacz, MBA, PMP, MSP Section Manager, P&G Global Business Services University of Minnesota - Carlson School of Management 2009 — 2011 Master, Quantitative Methods in Economics and Information Systems V Liceum Ogolnoksztalcace Procter & Gamble March 2014 - Present Procter & Gamble May 2012 - February 2014 Procter & Gamble May 2009 - May 2012 Procter & Gamble June 2008 - April 2009 Procter & Gamble Polska November 2005 - June 2007 Procter & Gamble UK June 2005 - September 2005 Project Management, Cross-functional Team..., FMCG, Project Portfolio..., PMP, IT Strategy, IT Management, Business Intelligence, ERP, Business Process..., Business Analysis, IT Service Management, Outsourcing, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management, Management, Integration, Program Management, ITIL Erin Dian Dumbacher M.A. Candidate, Conflict Management and International Economics The Johns Hopkins University - Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) 2015 — 2017 The George Washington University Freie Universität Berlin 2006 — 2006 CEB June 2012 - June 2015 Atlantic Media January 2011 - May 2012 U.S. Fulbright Student Program December 2009 - October 2010 Atlantic Media February 2007 - December 2009 The George Washington University September 2003 - January 2007 Institute for Cultural Diplomacy March 2005 - August 2005 Rep. Robert E. "Bud" Cramer October 2003 - January 2005 Eva Sak Property Manager at Hines National Louis University 2006 — 2008 MBA, Management Post-Graduate: Strategic Marketing Management, Collegium of Business Administration Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, Finance Hines Interests, LP November 2012 - Present Hines Interests, LP August 2007 - November 2012 Hines Interests, LP October 2004 - August 2007 Sak Sp. z o. o. (joint venture) May 2002 - January 2004 Budgets, Tenant, Forecasting, Property Management, Marketing, Customer Service, Sales, Real Estate, Corporate Real Estate, Facilities Management, Dispositions Fayez Ibrahim Saleeb, PhD Executive Director of Finance and Administration at The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington American University 1987 — 1988 Advanced English Courses Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Development Economics and International Development Cairo University 1964 — 1968 Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.) The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington August 2014 - Present Al-Ahram International North America Ltd.Inc. July 2006 - Present Public Relations, Strategic Planning, Media Relations, Social Media, Corporate Communications, Strategic Communications, Business Strategy, Marketing Strategy, Event Management, Marketing Communications, Crisis Communications, Public Speaking, Strategy, Management Consulting, Press Releases, Program Management, Marketing, New Business Development, Internal Communications, International Relations, Event Planning, Proposal Writing, Market Research, Arabic, Social Media Marketing Francesco Coletti Business Analyst at goetzpartners University of	-1.314458	-0.88665	-0.929157	-0.903591	[ -1.3719842783962723, -1.2569315423603764 ]	[ -1.0012501908010194, -0.7720497323933754 ]	[ -0.8987225098926738, -0.9595922945018962 ]	[ -0.9426114175564841, -0.8645703095088977 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 19504, 317, 294, 13, 271, 2178, 3859, 512, 7610, 749, 13, 29933, 496, 295, 943, 29892, 4231, 749, 13, 3596, 3859, 512, 7610, 749, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 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San Diego 2015 — 2015 Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Business Administration and Management, 4.0 Università Commerciale 'Luigi Bocconi' / Bocconi University 2013 — 2015 Master's Degree, MSc Management LLP Erasmus, International Economics Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 2010 — 2013 Economics of Enterprises and Markets, Economics, 105/110 Liceo Scientifico T.Taramelli, Pavia IT 2005 — 2010 Diploma di maturità, Indirizzo scientifico PNI goetzpartners September 2015 - Present Mediobanca July 2014 - December 2014 Concordia Language Villages July 2012 - August 2012 English, French, Derivatives, Sociability, Working Abroad, Communication, Team-spirited, Foreign Languages, Financial Markets, Structured Finance, PowerPoint, Study Abroad Programs, Performance Measurement, Marketing Management, Marketing Strategy, Public Speaking, Quantitative Models, Monetary Policy, Management Consulting Greg Misiorek Member at BIS LLC The University of Connecticut School of Business 1992 — 1994 MBA, Finance and Accounting Charter Oak State College 1991 — 1992 BS, Business Master's degree cadidate - double major, Foreign Trade University of Warsaw 1985 — 1990 Master's degree candidate, Linguistics BIS LLC March 2007 - Present CSC Consulting October 2008 - August 2009 IBM November 2000 - March 2007 KPMG March 1998 - November 1999 Gartner August 1996 - March 1998 ECC6.0, Hyperion EPM, Hyperion HFM, SAP BW, Business Intelligence, ERP, Integration, Business Analysis, SAP Implementation, SAP, Business Process, Solution Architecture, Requirements Analysis, Business Process..., Consulting, SAP ERP, Enterprise Architecture Greg Turkanik Executive in Residence at Crummer Graduate School of Business at Rollins College, CoFounder at TalFit and KidsTal Rollins College 2004 — 2006 PhD candidate Crummer Graduate School of Business at Rollins College May 2015 - Present REC Global August 2015 - Present KidsTal June 2013 - Present TalFit Sp. z o.o. April 2011 - Present EdisonTeam.pl September 2009 - Present ABC Data June 2014 - April 2015 Sygnity Europe Sp. z o.o. August 2011 - October 2012 Executive Network/ IMD International Search Group December 2009 - August 2010 Ernst & Young April 2007 - December 2008 Eximuse January 2006 - March 2007 Business Strategy, Strategy, Strategic Planning, Entrepreneurship, Change Management, Organizational..., Team Management, Leadership, Business Transformation, Management Consulting, Project Management, Consulting, Telecommunications, Marketing Strategy, Business Process..., Financial Analysis, Business Analysis, Testing, Management, Business Planning, Sales, Mergers & Acquisitions, Start-ups Iga Zinkiewicz Project Manager @Ars Thanea Bachelor's Degree, Corporate Finance with Accounting Trail Master's Degree, Engineering Geology Ars Thanea 2015 - Present Ars Thanea / Hi-ReS! New York 2014 - 2015 Mindvalley 2011 - 2014 ZK Studio 2008 - 2010 Online Mark	-1.322676	-0.958275	-0.809637	-0.498427	[ -1.207623226916421, -1.437728698988213 ]	[ -0.8400936184831447, -1.0764565912160275 ]	[ -0.7053341317071232, -0.9139399560449794 ]	[ -0.31177912750515974, -0.6850757609994487 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 3087, 16879, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29945, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29945, 13, 19203, 310, 15197, 23303, 313, 29924, 29889, 29933, 29889, 29909, 9774, 15197, 23303, 322, 15057, 29892, 29871, 29946, 29889, 29900, 13, 11574, 3943, 422, 1050, 21101, 525, 24126, 10091, 350, 542, 535, 29875, 29915, 847, 350, 542, 535, 29875, 3014, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29945, 13, 19203, 29915, 29879, 360, 387, 929, 29892, 341, 4421, 15057, 13, 2208, 29925, 1425, 294, 8366, 29892, 4623, 12884, 1199, 13, 11574, 3943, 315, 1131, 324, 983, 628, 15573, 307, 10406, 487, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 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eting, Marketing, Project Management, Blogging, Digital Marketing, Marketing Strategy, Social Media, Social Media Marketing, E-commerce, Online Advertising, Entrepreneurship, Team Management, Editing, Content Strategy, Product Development, Email Marketing, Digital Project..., Marketing Communications Igor Chrobot ✔Supply Chain ✔‎ S&OP ✔ PolishHungarian Business Cooperation ✔Find A Business Partner‎ Master of Economics, Foreign Trade Batory 1983 — 1987 Demand-Solutions CE Kft. March 2010 - Present FCI August 2007 - June 2010 Nestle Purina 2006 - 2007 Waberer's Holding PTE Co 2001 - 2002 Lorenz Bahlsen Snack-World Services 1997 - 2001 Coty 1996 - 1997 Kraft Foods Group 1994 - 1996 Customer Satisfaction, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management, Supply Chain..., Demand Planning, FMCG, Production Planning, Forecasting, Retail, Project Planning, Sales Plan, Logistics, Inventory Management, CPFR, MRP, Warehouse Management, Materials Management, Warehousing, Demand Forecasting, ERP, Supply Chain Operations, Logistics Management, Supply Management, Key Performance..., Operational Excellence, Business Process..., Sales Operations, 3PL, Process Improvement, Supply Chain Consulting, Continuous Improvement, International Logistics, P&L Management, SAP, Demand Management, Outsourcing, Business Planning, Business Analysis, Transportation, Strategic Sourcing, Lean Manufacturing, Supply, Management, Reverse Logistics, Six Sigma, Global Sourcing, Procurement, Purchasing, Manufacturing, Transportation... Iwona Lamar, CRCM Senior Associate Advisory Financial Services Regulatory Risk at KPMG, LLP American Bankers Association (ABA) National Compliance School 2008 — 2008 College of DuPage 2007 — 2007 Financial Accounting class Purdue University Calumet 2002 — 2002 Master's Degree, Management and Marketing Master's Degree, International Economic and Political Relations KPMG, LLP October 2013 - Present KPMG, LLP February 2012 - September 2013 Republic Bank of Chicago October 2008 - February 2012 Republic Bank of Chicago November 2006 - October 2008 Republic Bank of Chicago May 2004 - October 2006 Inland Bank (aka Westbank) February 2003 - April 2004 Microsoft Word..., Microsoft Excel -..., Microsoft Outlook -..., CRA Wiz advanced, Credit, Loans, Excel, Word, Banking, Compliance Audits, Compliance, Mortgage, Policy, Risk Management, CACS, LIS, IPHS (ACLS), RMS, FIS (Metavante), Auditing, Finance, Mortgage Lending, Analysis, Financial Services, Microsoft Excel, Consumer Lending, Microsoft Word, Quality Auditing Jacek Zdzienicki Orange County, California Area Operations and Sales Manager at PFM Packaging Machinery Packaging and Containers Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie 1977 — 1983 MSME, Machine Tools Design & Automation Systems Postgraduate Coursework in Business Administration Coursework in Business Economics PFM Packaging Machinery 2014 - Present NAFM 2003 - 2014 NJM/CLI Packaging Systems Int'l 2000 - 2003 Mission Foods Co. - GRUMA Corp. 1996 - 2000 Korab Engineering Co. 1990 - 1996 Rop	-1.454165	-0.776974	-0.943741	-0.699708	[ -1.306239857804332, -1.6020897504680642 ]	[ -1.072875334053408, -0.48107258793054614 ]	[ -1.0610419355172669, -0.826439640669222 ]	[ -0.7000336400419027, -0.6993832974748395 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 15133, 29892, 4485, 15133, 29892, 8010, 15057, 29892, 350, 21027, 29892, 15918, 4485, 15133, 29892, 4485, 15133, 3767, 8963, 29892, 10307, 8213, 29892, 10307, 8213, 4485, 15133, 29892, 382, 29899, 22529, 29892, 13542, 2087, 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ak Manufacturing Company, Inc. 1990 - 1991 Tartan Machine Company 1986 - 1990 Product Development, Advertising, Market Research, Packaging, Pricing Strategy, P&L Management, Team Building, Market Development, Key Account Management, FMCG, Sales Management, New Business Development, International Sales, B2B, Marketing Management, Consultative Selling, Key Account Development, Marketing Strategy, International Business, Cross-functional Team..., Food, Account Management, Cost Reduction, Market Analysis, P&L, Manufacturing, Contract Negotiations, Brand Development, Strategy Development, Marketing Research, Direct Sales, Negotiation, Business Strategy, Product Management, Start-ups, Pricing, Creative Problem Solving, Strategic Planning, Sourcing, Strategy, Engineering Design, Engineering Management, Machine Design, Automation, Food Packaging, Customer Satisfaction, Supply Chain, Contract Negotiation, Executive Management, Management Jan Zajac Founder, CEO at Sotrender Social media marketing \|\| Analytics \|\| Startups Ph. D., Social Psychology M.A., Psychology Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) 1998 — 2003 M. A., Management, Marketing XXXVII LO im. Dabrowskiego 1994 — 1998 Sotrender July 2011 - Present Warsaw University October 2009 - Present The Founder Institute January 2013 - Present Research, Data Analysis, Public Speaking, User Experience, Market Research, Social Media, Statistics, Online Advertising, Analysis, Marketing, Social Media Marketing, Project Management, Social Networking, Facebook, Data Mining, Analytics, Strategy, Business Intelligence, Marketing Strategy, Organizational..., Social Media Measurement, Business Strategy, Start-ups, Marketing Research, Digital Marketing, Online Marketing, E-commerce, Entrepreneurship, SPSS, Digital Strategy, Web Analytics, Web Marketing, New Media, Online Research, Leadership, Management, Web 2.0, Breaking News, Teaching Janelle Baranowski Account Executive at Raymond James Financial, Inc. University of Michigan 2001 — 2005 BA with Honors, History, Eastern European Studies Dundee High School Raymond James Financial Inc. August 2014 - Present Marketing, Sales, Relationship Mgmt, CRM, Marketing Strategy, Integrated Marketing, Digital Media, Digital Marketing, Social Media, Local Marketing, Marketing for Small..., B2B Marketing Strategy, Brand Development, Marketing Communications, Copywriting, Strategy, Teamwork, Management, Sales Operations, Data Analysis, Merchandising, Social Media Marketing, Advertising Jan Moś Columbia Business School MBA, McKinsey & Company, ACCA Global Prize winner Columbia University - Columbia Business School 2015 — 2016 Master of Business Administration (MBA), Operations Management and Supervision Master, Finance and Accounting (student of "Finance and management in business" comprising ACCA knowledge) McKinsey & Company June 2012 - Present McKinsey & Company March 2012 - June 2012 Ernst & Young September 2011 - December 2011 Ernst & Young January 2011 - January 2011 Student's Neurolinguistic Programming Association February 2008 - December 2010 Ernst & Young September 2010 - September 2010 Christian School under the Sails July 2010 - July 2010 Konekt Poland Sp. z.o.o. January 2009 - December 2009 AIESEC August 2009 - September 2009 McDonald's Corporation June 2008 - September 2008 MS Office (also MS..., C++, Pascal, Visual Basic, Internet researches, MS Visio, Flash, HTML, JavaScript, GAMx, Lotus Notes, Highly developed..., Broad interpersonal..., Leadership, Microsoft Office, Business Analysis, Project Management, Management, Analysis, Coaching, Management Cons	-1.098049	-0.679832	-0.733867	-0.629471	[ -1.0980491925965203, -1.0980491925965203 ]	[ -0.5804524741932355, -0.7792122467186143 ]	[ -0.7135769150396221, -0.7541567714457704 ]	[ -0.5354969705749077, -0.7234459724561787 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 557, 2315, 9765, 3864, 6938, 29892, 9266, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29900, 448, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29896, 13, 29911, 442, 273, 6189, 6938, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29953, 448, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29900, 13, 7566, 14650, 29892, 2087, 1765, 5921, 29892, 28794, 10550, 29892, 18744, 6751, 29892, 1588, 18499, 3767, 8963, 29892, 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ulting, Corporate Finance Jeremy de Koe Investment Banking Analyst at Teneo Capital CFA Institute 2012 — 2014 CFA Candidate - Passed all 3 CFA level exams St. Francis Xavier University 2006 — 2010 Bachelor's Degree, First Class Honours in Finance, 3.8 / 4.0 GPA Teneo Capital August 2015 - Present Kerburn Rose January 2014 - August 2015 CFA Institute June 2012 - June 2014 Elegant Flooring Ltd. September 2012 - December 2013 Elegant Flooring Ltd. June 2010 - August 2012 Kiesel Bauchemie January 2009 - February 2009 Investment Banking, Strategy, Analysis, Logistics, Financial Modeling, Financial Analysis, Management, Product Management, Investment Strategies, Market Analysis, Equity Valuation, Enterprise Valuation, Competitive Marketing..., DCF Valuation, Investment Valuation, Business Growth..., Public Speaking, Equality & Diversity, CFA Candidate, Mergers & Acquisitions, Sinatra, Investments, Corporate Finance, Microsoft Excel, Finance, Valuation Joanna Lubczynska Gordon Greater Seattle Area Bellevue Community College 2009 — 2012 Certificate, Project Management MA, Economics Information Technology College 1999 — 2001 Associate, Database Administration BA, Economics Microsoft February 2015 - Present Microsoft October 2013 - February 2015 Microsoft August 2011 - September 2013 Microsoft May 2008 - August 2011 Microsoft (via Volt) January 2008 - April 2008 Tanto Cost Management August 2005 - October 2006 Euromoney Polska S.A. (ISI Emerging Markets) November 2001 - April 2005 State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) April 2000 - May 2000 T-SQL, Reporting & Analysis, Report Writing, Data Analysis, Pivot Tables, Excel, SSRS, SSIS, Microsoft Excel, Databases, Business Analysis, Forecasting, SQL, Requirements Analysis, Analysis, Data Warehousing, Business Process, Integration Jolanta Krol Director FP&A at iDirect American University - Kogod School of Business 1999 — 2000 MA, Finance and Economics Masters, Finance and Banking iDirect October 2012 - Present Sodexo October 2008 - October 2012 Sodexo May 2007 - October 2008 Sodexo February 2004 - April 2007 Sodexo May 2001 - January 2004 American University January 1999 - December 2000 KOGOD SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY February 1999 - August 2000 Budgets, Financial Analysis, Forecasting, Managerial Finance, Financial Reporting, Process Improvement, Microsoft Excel, Hyperion Enterprise, Risk Management, Essbase, Financial Modeling, Variance Analysis, Strategic Planning, SAP, Change Management, Finance Joshua G. Bell International Financial Operations Advisory Consultant Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Finance Bachelor of Arts (BA), Economics Minor, International Business Study Abroad, Economics Nestle S.A. 2014 - 2014 KPMG US 2011 - 2013 KPMG 2010 - 2010 International Business, Emerging Markets, Risk Management, Internal Audit, Regulatory Compliance, Financial Risk..., Financial Analysis,	-1.278846	-0.626114	-0.725941	-0.384617	[ -1.0870917891645302, -1.4706009092841832 ]	[ -0.7040058463036061, -0.5482211597296606 ]	[ -0.6406599855598244, -0.8112221945169165 ]	[ -0.3872188652844934, -0.38201612474798763 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 499, 292, 29892, 12767, 403, 4231, 749, 13, 29967, 261, 6764, 316, 476, 7297, 13, 797, 10147, 358, 10253, 292, 11597, 858, 472, 323, 1600, 29877, 25343, 13, 29907, 4519, 8907, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 13, 29907, 4519, 315, 5380, 403, 448, 6978, 287, 599, 29871, 29941, 315, 4519, 3233, 429, 2232, 13, 855, 29889, 5845, 1060, 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390, 3873, 16361, 4231, 273, 1455, 24352, 29892 ]	811	18,432	CommonCrawl	15	4
Internal Controls, Financial Reporting, Valuation, Financial Risk, Financial Modeling, Corporate Finance, Auditing, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Global Regulatory..., Financial Services, Accounting, Financial Accounting, Due Diligence, IFRS, Economics, Economic Development, Financial Management..., Management, Finance, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Excel, Consulting, Analysis, Leadership, Project Management, Strategic Planning, Managerial Finance, Data Analysis, Business Analysis Julien H. Jung (정형식) Junior Financial Analyst at Capgemini North America ESSEC Business School 2011 — 2015 Finance/Entrepreneurship University College Dublin 2014 — 2015 Exchange Year Exchange Semester Lycée Lakanal 2011 — 2011 Economics/Mathematics NYC Sports Wearables & Technology Meetup September 2015 - Present Capgemini North America July 2015 - Present UCD Student Managed Investment Fund October 2014 - May 2015 Volkswagen Group January 2014 - June 2014 Flying Club ESSEC September 2013 - February 2014 Guangming October 2012 - July 2013 ESSEC Rugby Team October 2011 - October 2012 Hyundai Motor Company June 2012 - September 2012 Junior ESSEC Conseil September 2011 - June 2012 eFusion MMOG GmbH June 2011 - August 2011 Financial Analysis, Financial Modeling, Strategic Marketing, Market Analysis, Business Development, Strategic Partnerships, Product Management Kasia Engan Finance Manager at JLL University of Washington 2012 — 2013 Certificate in Accounting, Accounting Accounting and Finance, 3.8 Post graduate, Financial Management Masters, Economics JLL June 2015 - Present Jones Lang LaSalle September 2013 - May 2015 Clearwire November 2012 - September 2013 Trilogy International Partners, LLC August 2010 - July 2012 Trilogy International Partners, LLC June 2006 - July 2010 Western Wireless International Corporation December 2004 - February 2006 Seattle Mental Health September 2003 - December 2004 Seattle Mental Health July 2001 - August 2003 Spectra Management, LTD Warsaw-Poland September 1994 - June 2000 Accounting, Financial Reporting, Excel, General Ledger, Closing Entries, Intercompany Accounts, G/L Reconciliations, Balance Sheet Review, Close Process, Microsoft Excel, Finance, Account Management, Account Reconciliation, US GAAP, Internal Controls, Financial Analysis, Auditing, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Financial Statements, Budgets, Financial Accounting, Variance Analysis Kasia Leus Recent graduate seeking marketing positions University of Wisconsin-Madison 2012 — 2015 Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.), International Business and Marketing Business Administration and Management, General College of Lake County 2010 — 2012 Associate's degree, General Studies Wisconsin Historical Museum December 2014 - August 2015 AIESEC United States January 2015 - May 2015 International Business Student Association/UW-Rotaract September 2014 - May 2015 The Badger Herald August 2013 - May 2015 AIESEC United States September 2014 - December 2014 AIESEC United States September 2013 - January 2014 International Business Student Association September 20	-1.224059	-0.77205	-0.595008	-0.562811	[ -1.0870917891645302, -1.3610268749642822 ]	[ -0.7398184179298005, -0.8042810468569503 ]	[ -0.4891195842931143, -0.7008957099127008 ]	[ -0.17260581815363044, -0.9530168986294957 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 512, 1890, 11264, 29879, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 13969, 292, 29892, 2630, 29884, 362, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 390, 3873, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 8125, 292, 29892, 12767, 403, 4231, 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13 - December 2013 The Wendy's Company May 2011 - October 2013 College of Lake County August 2011 - May 2012 College of Lake County February 2011 - May 2012 Marketing, Event Planning, Social Media, Spanish, Teamwork, Leadership, Social Media Marketing, Facebook, Public Relations, Marketing Research, Polish, Travel, PowerPoint, Microsoft Office Katarzyna A. Tullberg Consultant at Zurich North America Handelshögskolan i Stockholm 2007 — 2009 MSc, CEMS Master in International Managament MSc, Quantitative Methods and Information Systems MSc, Finance and Banking Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 2006 — 2007 -, Management Zurich Insurance Company Ltd February 2015 - Present Management Consulting, Management, Economics, Leadership, Analysis, Marketing Kasia Klimasinska, CFA Bloomberg economy reporter, author of "Panna Huragan" Masters, International Economic Relations Master's degree, International Economics Bloomberg LP November 2012 - Present Bloomberg News May 2006 - November 2012 Polish Press Agency January 2005 - April 2006 Radio PiN 102 FM 2003 - 2004 Breaking News, International Economics, News Writing, Business Journalism, Journalism, Sovereign Debt, International Relations, Economic Sanctions, Financial Markets, Politics, Energy, Panel Moderator, Storytelling, Online Journalism, Newspapers, Interviews, Magazines, Blogging, Copy Editing, Editorial, Media Relations, Strategic Communications, Editing, Feature Articles, Headline Writing, Event Planning Konrad Rymaszewski, FCCA Greater Atlanta Area Finance Project Manager / Accounting Director at Elavon, Inc. Dublin Business School 2007 — 2008 ACCA courses, Accountancy Master, Finance and Banking LO II w Olsztynie 1996 — 2000 Member, Accountancy SP 27 Olsztyn Elavon, Inc. January 2011 - Present Elavon, Inc. June 2014 - November 2014 Elavon Financial Services (U.S. Bancorp Group) January 2010 - January 2011 Elavon Financial Services (U.S. Bancorp Group) April 2009 - January 2010 Sloane Group October 2009 - October 2009 Elavon Financial Services (U.S. Bancorp Group) July 2008 - April 2009 Elavon Financial Services (U.S. Bancorp Group) June 2007 - July 2008 Merrill Lynch Financial Services Limited October 2006 - June 2007 BZ WBK Faktor Sp. z o.o. October 2005 - October 2006 CedarPoint May 2005 - September 2005 Accounting, Microsoft Excel, Finance, Forecasting, Internal Audit, IFRS, Managerial Finance, Tax, Financial Risk, Analysis, Process Improvement, Management, Financial Reporting, Financial Services, Account Reconciliation, Internal Controls Lars Roemheld Stanford Graduate Student, Entrepreneur Stanford University 2014 — 2016 Master of Science (MS), Management Science and Engineering Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / University of Heidelberg 2009 — 2013 Bachelor of Science (BSc), Economics Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Philosophy Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie / Warsaw School of Economics 2011 — 2012 Aging2	-1.481558	-0.750562	-0.948813	-0.682149	[ -1.4048564886922426, -1.5582601367401039 ]	[ -0.7720497323933754, -0.7290746464419422 ]	[ -1.0635781765426513, -0.8340483637453749 ]	[ -0.8892833270573001, -0.47501511183802825 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29896, 29941, 448, 5846, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 13, 1576, 29022, 29891, 29915, 29879, 6938, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 448, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 13, 1625, 4424, 310, 9459, 5127, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 448, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 13, 1625, 4424, 310, 9459, 5127, 6339, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 448, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 13, 9802, 15133, 29892, 6864, 1858, 9450, 29892, 10307, 8213, 29892, 10432, 29892, 8583, 1287, 29892, 951, 328, 10475, 29892, 10307, 8213, 4485, 15133, 29892, 13327, 29892, 5236, 6376, 800, 29892, 4485, 15133, 10550, 29892, 19919, 29892, 3201, 955, 29892, 9206, 5228, 29892, 7783, 11367, 13, 29968, 271, 11129, 18477, 319, 29889, 323, 913, 2552, 13, 13696, 499, 424, 472, 16318, 436, 4644, 6813, 13, 3481, 295, 845, 6922, 808, 26510, 474, 17920, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 13, 4345, 29883, 29892, 14645, 4345, 9082, 297, 4623, 2315, 351, 1166, 13, 4345, 29883, 29892, 22746, 23378, 8108, 29879, 322, 10343, 23985, 13, 4345, 29883, 29892, 4231, 749, 322, 10253, 292, 13, 29943, 1255, 4018, 29899, 17406, 3825, 29899, 11574, 7033, 1425, 3893, 264, 29899, 29940, 1276, 29876, 2552, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 13, 15767, 15057, 13, 29999, 332, 436, 512, 7610, 749, 6938, 19806, 6339, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29945, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 27107, 2138, 499, 292, 29892, 15057, 29892, 12884, 1199, 29892, 951, 328, 10475, 29892, 24352, 29892, 4485, 15133, 13, 29968, 26252, 476, 2576, 294, 262, 4621, 29892, 315, 4519, 13, 29933, 417, 290, 2552, 26504, 1634, 9555, 29892, 4148, 310, 376, 29925, 9713, 22220, 18939, 29908, 13, 19203, 29879, 29892, 4623, 12884, 293, 6376, 800, 13, 19203, 29915, 29879, 7426, 29892, 4623, 12884, 1199, 13, 29933, 417, 290, 2552, 23671, 3979, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 29933, 417, 290, 2552, 10130, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 448, 3979, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 13, 7713, 728, 5254, 29353, 5490, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 448, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 13, 21818, 7362, 29940, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29906, 20499, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 448, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 13, 20130, 5086, 10130, 29892, 4623, 12884, 1199, 29892, 10130, 28676, 29892, 15197, 8237, 1608, 29892, 8237, 1608, 29892, 317, 957, 7577, 7089, 29873, 29892, 4623, 6376, 800, 29892, 12884, 293, 3087, 1953, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 4485, 1691, 29892, 6934, 1199, 29892, 24836, 29892, 349, 3870, 3382, 261, 1061, 29892, 13740, 29873, 7807, 29892, 13542, 8237, 1608, 29892, 1570, 1028, 21321, 29892, 4124, 7406, 29892, 3561, 834, 1475, 29892, 350, 21027, 29892, 14187, 7641, 292, 29892, 14059, 616, 29892, 8213, 6376, 800, 29892, 3767, 1845, 293, 22365, 800, 29892, 7641, 292, 29892, 5169, 1535, 12952, 29892, 12252, 1220, 28676, 29892, 6864, 1858, 9450, 13, 29968, 265, 3665, 390, 962, 12617, 809, 2574, 29892, 383, 4174, 29909, 13, 25120, 1008, 26484, 18320, 13, 12881, 749, 8010, 15629, 847, 16535, 292, 15944, 472, 382, 4112, 265, 29892, 9266, 29889, 13, 29928, 431, 1915, 15197, 4523, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 13, 2477, 5454, 21888, 29892, 16535, 6906, 13, 19203, 29892, 4231, 749, 322, 10253, 292, 13, 3927, 1944, 281, 438, 3137, 2065, 27947, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 13, 13404, 29892, 16535, 6906, 13, 5550, 29871, 29906, 29955, 438, 3137, 2065, 948, 13, 29923, 4112, 265, 29892, 9266, 29889, 5490, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 29923, 4112, 265, 29892, 9266, 29889, 5306, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 448, 3979, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 13, 29923, 4112, 265, 4231, 273, 1455, 15538, 313, 29965, 29889, 29903, 29889, 10765, 2616, 29886, 6431, 29897, 5490, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 448, 5490, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 13, 29923, 4112, 265, 4231, 273, 1455, 15538, 313, 29965, 29889, 29903, 29889, 10765, 2616, 29886, 6431, 29897, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 448, 5490, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 13, 29903, 417, 1662, 6431, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 448, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 13, 29923, 4112, 265, 4231, 273, 1455, 15538, 313, 29965, 29889, 29903, 29889, 10765, 2616, 29886, 6431, 29897, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 448, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 13, 29923, 4112, 265, 4231, 273, 1455, 15538, 313, 29965, 29889, 29903, 29889, 10765, 2616, 29886, 6431, 29897, 5306, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 448, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 13, 29924, 3127, 453, 18989, 305, 4231, 273, 1455, 15538, 28873, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 448, 5306, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 13, 29933, 29999, 399, 29933, 29968, 383, 5867, 272, 1706, 29889, 503, 288, 29889, 29877, 29889, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 448, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 13, 29907, 287, 279, 5228, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 448, 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 13, 10601, 292, 29892, 7783, 11388, 29892, 4231, 749, 29892, 28297, 4384, 292, 29892, 512, 1890, 8612, 277, 29892, 10762, 12445, 29892, 15629, 616, 4231, 749, 29892, 17847, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 390, 3873, 29892, 24352, 29892, 10554, 1954, 16123, 882, 29892, 15057, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 13969, 292, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 15538, 29892, 16535, 830, 535, 29883, 2638, 362, 29892, 512, 1890, 11264, 29879, 13, 29931, 1503, 1528, 331, 29882, 2495, 13, 855, 273, 4006, 1632, 13467, 403, 15740, 29892, 14447, 558, 1600, 332, 13, 855, 273, 4006, 3014, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29953, 13, 19203, 310, 9327, 313, 4345, 511, 15057, 9327, 322, 22557, 13, 29934, 786, 15320, 29899, 24115, 3137, 29899, 11574, 7033, 27300, 2552, 847, 3014, 310, 27300, 2552, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 13, 29933, 496, 12779, 310, 9327, 313, 29933, 4421, 511, 12884, 1199, 13, 29933, 496, 12779, 310, 11401, 313, 29933, 29889, 29909, 9774, 16407, 29891, 13, 29903, 29920, 2901, 4065, 402, 25588, 1056, 5166, 677, 29874, 281, 12999, 7804, 847, 9149, 1450, 4523, 310, 12884, 1199, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 13, 29909, 3460, 29906 ]	811	20,480	CommonCrawl	15	4
.0 2015 - 2015 Helpling March 2014 - August 2014 Rocket Internet AG September 2013 - August 2014 The Boston Consulting Group February 2012 - April 2012 AfricIntern.com July 2009 - October 2011 University of Heidelberg April 2010 - April 2011 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH July 2008 - July 2009 Deutsche Telekom: Center for Strategic Projects April 2008 - June 2008 Lech Cwiek Master, Economics Prolink 1992 - Present Business Intelligence, Business Requirements, IT Strategy, SDLC, User Acceptance Testing, Data Warehousing, Business Analysis, Requirements Gathering, Data Modeling, Systems Analysis, Requirements Analysis, ETL, Quality Center, Quality Assurance Lisa Perlmutter Director, Talent & Rewards Master of International Affairs University of Bonn 1997 — 1998 Select coursework Vassar College 1989 — 1993 Survey courses on Polish history, culture, economics, politics and language. Stuyvesant High School 1985 — 1989 Towers Watson May 2000 - Present Pfizer June 1999 - August 1999 International Planned Parenthood Federation June 1997 - August 1997 CDS International May 1993 - August 1996 YMCA International Program Serices June 1991 - August 1992 HarperCollins Publishers June 1990 - August 1990 Fluent German, Some French, Some Spanish, Nonprofits, Executive Pay, Corporate Social..., Management Consulting, Incentive Programs, Performance Management, Talent Management Piotr Lukasinski Project Consultant at Santander (Isban US) Babson College - Franklin W. Olin Graduate School of Business 2005 — 2009 MBA, Management, 3.79 Master's Degree, International Business and Political Relations Santander May 2011 - Present Bank of America September 2010 - May 2011 Bank of New York Mellon April 2008 - June 2010 Investors Bank & Trust August 2006 - November 2007 Mellon Financial Corporation July 2003 - August 2006 Bank BPH (HVB Group) November 2002 - May 2003 BRE Bank (mBank) March 2002 - November 2002 Business Analysis, Risk Management, Management, Strategy, Integration, Project Management, Process Improvement, Business Strategy Magdalena Regulska, PMP Manager, Global Strategy at Avon International Postgraduate Management Program COPERNIC in Paris 2009 — 2010 Postgraduate, International Management The George Washington University - School of Business 2008 — 2008 Associate, Project Management Master, Management and Marketing (Corporate Strategic Management) Avon February 2014 - Present Avon Products June 2011 - January 2014 Air Liquide April 2010 - September 2010 Telekomunikacja Polska S.A. May 2009 - September 2009 Deloitte Business Consulting July 2007 - March 2009 DHL Express (Poland) Sp. z o.o. December 2005 - April 2007 E.ON edis AG (Fuerstenwalde - Germany) July 2005 - August 2005 TePeeCal SAS (Lyon - France) August 2004 - August 2004 INERCONSULT Dr. Reichel&Co. GmbH (Dresden - Germany	-1.317197	-0.585824	-0.905063	-0.635325	[ -1.5089518212961484, -1.1254427011764956 ]	[ -0.5589649312175189, -0.6126837886568105 ]	[ -0.9798822227049704, -0.8302440022072984 ]	[ -0.7761237203882996, -0.49452538884992486 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29889, 29900, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29945, 448, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29945, 13, 7658, 10335, 4779, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 448, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 13, 29934, 9749, 4685, 16369, 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 448, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 13, 1576, 12115, 2138, 499, 292, 6431, 6339, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 448, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 13, 29909, 1341, 293, 17579, 29889, 510, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 448, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 13, 11574, 537, 310, 27300, 2552, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 448, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 13, 2772, 2434, 29872, 18626, 1865, 2422, 11464, 18640, 15564, 313, 29954, 26664, 29897, 18156, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 448, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 13, 2772, 2434, 29872, 9699, 7218, 29901, 7817, 363, 3767, 1845, 293, 8010, 29879, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 448, 5306, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 13, 3226, 305, 315, 7804, 29895, 13, 19203, 29892, 12884, 1199, 13, 1184, 2324, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29906, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 16890, 3335, 3159, 28286, 29892, 15197, 830, 1548, 1860, 29892, 13315, 3767, 8963, 29892, 8073, 12182, 29892, 4911, 29848, 749, 4321, 292, 29892, 3630, 399, 598, 29882, 681, 292, 29892, 15197, 24352, 29892, 830, 1548, 1860, 402, 1624, 292, 29892, 3630, 8125, 292, 29892, 23985, 24352, 29892, 830, 1548, 1860, 24352, 29892, 382, 14632, 29892, 751, 2877, 7817, 29892, 751, 2877, 4007, 18541, 13, 29931, 8069, 23907, 6149, 357, 13, 17392, 272, 29892, 10288, 296, 669, 390, 809, 3163, 13, 19203, 310, 4623, 26049, 13, 11574, 537, 310, 25056, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 813, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 13, 3549, 3236, 1287, 13, 29963, 465, 279, 6346, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29929, 813, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29941, 13, 18498, 6950, 21888, 373, 19919, 4955, 29892, 9257, 29892, 7766, 1199, 29892, 22661, 322, 4086, 29889, 13, 855, 8631, 1960, 424, 5057, 4523, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29945, 813, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29929, 13, 29911, 340, 414, 28284, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 29925, 29888, 3950, 5306, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 448, 3111, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 13, 17579, 1288, 1858, 11310, 22280, 6614, 20438, 5306, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 448, 3111, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 13, 6530, 29903, 4623, 2610, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29941, 448, 3111, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 13, 29979, 29924, 5454, 4623, 7835, 1816, 1575, 5306, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29896, 448, 3111, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29906, 13, 21972, 546, 28377, 1144, 12904, 414, 5306, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29900, 448, 3111, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29900, 13, 29943, 6092, 296, 5332, 29892, 3834, 5176, 29892, 3834, 10432, 29892, 10050, 23221, 1169, 29892, 28841, 14617, 29892, 12767, 403, 10307, 16361, 15057, 2138, 499, 292, 29892, 512, 1760, 573, 7835, 29879, 29892, 23768, 15057, 29892, 10288, 296, 15057, 13, 12197, 25730, 365, 2679, 294, 262, 2574, 13, 7653, 2138, 499, 424, 472, 4169, 3825, 313, 3624, 2571, 3148, 29897, 13, 29933, 370, 1100, 6346, 448, 21504, 399, 29889, 438, 1915, 1632, 13467, 403, 4523, 310, 15197, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 13, 29924, 5688, 29892, 15057, 29892, 29871, 29941, 29889, 29955, 29929, 13, 19203, 29915, 29879, 360, 387, 929, 29892, 4623, 15197, 322, 25137, 6376, 800, 13, 29903, 424, 3825, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 29933, 804, 310, 6813, 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 448, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 13, 29933, 804, 310, 1570, 3088, 341, 514, 265, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 448, 5306, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 13, 797, 10147, 943, 10253, 669, 20692, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 448, 3979, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 13, 29924, 514, 265, 4231, 273, 1455, 15025, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 448, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 13, 29933, 804, 350, 19689, 313, 29950, 24281, 6431, 29897, 3979, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29906, 448, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 13, 29933, 1525, 10253, 313, 29885, 29933, 804, 29897, 4779, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29906, 448, 3979, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29906, 13, 16890, 3335, 24352, 29892, 390, 3873, 15057, 29892, 15057, 29892, 3767, 8963, 29892, 17100, 362, 29892, 8010, 15057, 29892, 10554, 1954, 16123, 882, 29892, 15197, 3767, 8963, 13, 19095, 12293, 2386, 2169, 352, 4621, 29892, 349, 3580, 13, 3260, 29892, 12002, 3767, 8963, 472, 7740, 265, 13, 17579, 1288, 4918, 5105, 27240, 15057, 7835, 315, 4590, 1001, 29940, 2965, 297, 3681, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 13, 6747, 5105, 27240, 29892, 4623, 15057, 13, 1576, 5122, 7660, 3014, 448, 4523, 310, 15197, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 13, 29254, 403, 29892, 8010, 15057, 13, 19203, 29892, 15057, 322, 4485, 15133, 313, 12521, 1971, 403, 3767, 1845, 293, 15057, 29897, 13, 12810, 265, 6339, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 12810, 265, 10969, 29879, 5306, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 448, 5490, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 13, 29909, 381, 2718, 339, 680, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 448, 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 13, 29911, 6146, 7218, 348, 638, 15260, 2043, 4621, 317, 29889, 29909, 29889, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 448, 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 13, 29928, 7078, 5388, 15197, 2138, 499, 292, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 448, 4779, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 13, 29928, 15444, 14657, 313, 7713, 392, 29897, 1706, 29889, 503, 288, 29889, 29877, 29889, 5846, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 448, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 13, 29923, 29889, 1164, 1226, 275, 16369, 313, 29943, 2853, 3510, 14625, 311, 448, 9556, 29897, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 448, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 13, 7141, 29925, 3905, 7856, 317, 3289, 313, 29931, 29891, 265, 448, 3444, 29897, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 448, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 13, 1177, 1001, 6007, 29903, 8647, 4942, 29889, 9320, 295, 29987, 7967, 29889, 18156, 313, 29928, 690, 1145, 448, 9556 ]	811	21,504	CommonCrawl	0	3
) July 2004 - July 2004 Inercon GmbH (Dresden - Germany) August 2003 - August 2003 Project Planning, Business Analysis, Business Process, Management, Process Improvement, Project Coordination, Business Strategy, Business Process..., Visio, French, English, ERP, Cross-functional Team..., MS Project, Certified Project..., Team Leadership, Project Management, Management Consulting, Change Management, PMO, Analysis, Project Portfolio..., Business Intelligence, Project Implementation, Program Management, Strategy Magda Malone Pricing & Programs Coordinator at Western Digital California State University-Long Beach 2005 — 2006 BS, Management Western Digital Account ManagerWestern DigitalOctober 2006 - December 2007 Channel, Product Marketing, Cross-functional Team..., Storage, Marketing, Channel Partners, Product Management, Multi-channel Marketing Marcin Miller Consultant at The Boston Consulting Group Kellogg School of Management 2013 — 2014 Università Commerciale 'Luigi Bocconi' 2008 — 2009 Singapore Management University 2007 — 2008 Norwegian School of Economics (NHH) 2009 — 2009 The Boston Consulting Group October 2014 - Present Roland Berger Strategy Consultants June 2010 - October 2014 L'Oreal S.A. February 2010 - June 2010 Hydro-Vacuum Ukraine July 2008 - August 2008 Procter&Gamble June 2007 - September 2007 Hydro-Vacuum July 2006 - September 2006 Management Consulting, Strategy Development, Business Strategy, Marketing Strategy, Go-to-market Strategy, Sales Management, New Business Development, Project Management, FMCG, Organizational Structure, International Business, Strategic Consulting, Product Marketing, Strategy, Retail Mark Finelli Tucson, Arizona Area Doctor of Law (J.D.), International Business Transactions Liberty University 2011 — 2014 JD, International Business/Trade/Commerce MBA, Eastern European Studies University of Arizona, Eller College of Management 2009 — 2011 MBA, Economic/Defense Tech Transfer, US-Poland Universidad de Guanajuato 2010 — 2010 Summer Study, Technology Transfer Hampden-Sydney College 1994 — 1998 Bachelor's of Arts, History Spanish, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Office, Insurance, Equities, Microsoft Word, Sales, Bloomberg, Microsoft Money, Arabic, Statistics Marta Gwiazdowska-Kowalska Co Founder at PartyPuzzle Tel Aviv University 2009 — 2010 MBA/Exchange Program Pace University 2004 — 2008 PartyPuzzle March 2015 - Present UPENZ September 2013 - January 2015 Alpin Media Ski Mag Poland October 2012 - February 2013 Oasis Massage &SPA May 2011 - February 2012 Mercedes-Benz Polska February 2011 - March 2011 Getin Noble Bank S.A. November 2010 - December 2010 Mango, SoHo, New York CIty July 2010 - September 2010 Deutsche Bank PBC S.A. January 2009 - January 2009 National Bank of Poland, Warsaw, Poland September 2008 - September 2008 BNY Mellon, New York City April 2007 - June 2008 Sales, Customer Service, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Relations, Public Relations, Marketing, Social Media Marketing, Strategy Matthew Krzysztofik Project Manager at JO	-1.26515	-0.868744	-1.000172	-0.848962	[ -1.3555481732482872, -1.174751016620451 ]	[ -0.8866499615971974, -0.850837389971003 ]	[ -1.1168392380757208, -0.8835050637403682 ]	[ -0.8541648284358861, -0.8437593473628746 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29897, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 448, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 13, 797, 261, 535, 18156, 313, 29928, 690, 1145, 448, 9556, 29897, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 448, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 13, 7653, 1858, 9450, 29892, 15197, 24352, 29892, 15197, 10554, 29892, 15057, 29892, 10554, 1954, 16123, 882, 29892, 8010, 3189, 536, 3381, 29892, 15197, 3767, 8963, 29892, 15197, 10554, 16361, 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18369, 517, 19631, 13, 7653, 15629, 472, 435, 29949 ]	811	22,528	CommonCrawl	15	4
BS.PL SA University of Minnesota, Carlson School of Management 1995 — 1997 Kansas University 1988 — 1990 Fordham University 1983 — 1987 University of Tampere JOBS PL SA April 2011 - Present E-business Partner October 2008 - March 2011 JOBS PL March 1998 - September 2008 Orfe 1997 - 1998 Recruiting, CRM, Entrepreneurship, Business Development, E-commerce, Management, Online Marketing, Leadership, Technical Recruiting, Human Resources, Executive Search, Start-ups, Talent Acquisition, Business Strategy, Strategy, Social Networking, SEM, Change Management, Training, SEO, Temporary Placement, Employer Branding, Internet Recruiting, Management Consulting, Strategic Planning, New Business Development, Talent Management, Team Building, Coaching, Marketing, Sales, Partnerships, Organizational..., Team Management, Career Development, Sourcing, Social Media, International Business, Networking, Performance Management, Executive Management, Team Leadership, Vendor Management, Strategic Partnerships, Outsourcing, Applicant Tracking..., Leadership Development, Consulting, HR Consulting, Scrum Master Martin Cieslak Independent Education Management Professional J.D./Ph.D. College of Europe 2004 — 2004 University of Delaware 1998 — 2001 Institut Français de Gestion 1993 — 1994 Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Prawa im. Heleny Chodkowskiej 1991 — 1994 Consortium of Universities January 2007 - Present University of Ecology and Management November 2004 - January 2007 "Pro Futura" Foundation for Social and Economic Science Development October 2003 - June 2005 University of Management and Law in Warsaw October 1996 - September 2004 "Pro Futura" Foundation for Social and Economic Science Development February 1998 - October 2003 OGME.PL November 1991 - December 2001 Mi-Lim Chun M.B.A and MAcc. Jacksonville, Florida Area Regional Controller at Waste Pro USA Certification, Process Management University of North Florida - College of Business Administration Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Logistics, Materials, and Supply Chain Management, 3.9 Master of accountancy (MAcc.), 3.85 University of North Florida Banking, Corporate, Finance, and Securities Law Waste Pro USA August 2014 - Present Turner Pest Control October 2012 - August 2014 Waste Management, Inc. May 2010 - March 2012 Waste Management August 2008 - May 2010 Waste Management July 2007 - August 2008 Waste Management May 2006 - June 2007 Waste Management March 2005 - April 2007 Waste Management June 2003 - May 2005 Bank of America October 2002 - April 2003 KPMG September 2001 - August 2002 Business Process..., Logistics Management, Supply Chain Management, Operations Management, Financial Audits, Financial Analysis, Compliance review, Project Management Marcin Kłoda CEO at Mobica US Inc. MBA - Warsaw University of Technology Business School 2006 — 2009 MBA, International MBA postgraduate, Project Management Master of Science, Computer Engineering Mobica US Inc. September 2012 - Present Mobica May 2012 - November 2012 Mobica August 2011 - May 2012 Cybercom Poland Sp. z o.o. October 2008 -	-1.43225	-0.720569	-0.976712	-0.661176	[ -1.322675962952317, -1.5418240315921188 ]	[ -0.9582751048495861, -0.4828632165118559 ]	[ -0.7960047483646109, -1.1574190944818692 ]	[ -0.5989053708635719, -0.7234459724561787 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 9851, 29889, 7390, 16698, 13, 11574, 537, 310, 20994, 29892, 8965, 1100, 4523, 310, 15057, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29945, 813, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 13, 29968, 13353, 3014, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29947, 813, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29900, 13, 29943, 536, 3391, 3014, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29941, 813, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29955, 13, 11574, 537, 310, 323, 1160, 406, 13, 29967, 29949, 9851, 16507, 16698, 3786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 448, 4360, 296, 13, 29923, 29899, 8262, 3335, 3455, 1089, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 448, 4779, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 13, 29967, 29949, 9851, 16507, 4779, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 448, 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 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September 2011 Cybercom Poland Sp. z o.o September 2005 - September 2008 Transbit July 2003 - October 2005 DataX Sp. z.o.o. October 2002 - June 2003 Protector Direct Sp. z o.o. May 2002 - July 2002 Integration, Team Management, New Business Development, Team Building, Product Delivery, Project Planning, Management, Telecommunications, Project Management, Scrum, Software Design, Testing, UML, Mobile Applications, Mobile Devices, Software Project..., Software Engineering, Business Analysis, P&L Budget Management, Leadership, Business Development, Product Management, Agile Methodologies, System Architecture, Agile Project Management, Start-ups, Business Intelligence, Requirements Analysis, Software Development Mateusz Mach Business Analyst, Google Payments at Google Master of Business Administration (MBA), CEMS Master's in International Management Master's degree, Strategic Management Google June 2015 - Present Google July 2013 - June 2015 Google April 2011 - June 2013 Vodafone July 2010 - January 2011 EY March 2009 - January 2010 Lexagon Group September 2008 - February 2009 Strategic Planning, Marketing Strategy, Business Strategy, Digital Marketing, Digital Media, Digital Strategy, Change Management, Project Management, Strategy, Management Consulting, Program Management, Telecommunications, Mobile Devices, Consulting, E-commerce, Entrepreneurship, Go-to-market Strategy, Acting Coach, Origami, Mexican Cuisine, Organic Gardening Harvard Law School, Harvard University University of California, Berkeley - Walter A. Haas School of Business 2009 — 2011 IESE Business School - University of Navarra 2007 — 2007 PMD, Program for Management Development PhD, Financial Economics IFP, International Faculty Program Los Arroyos High School 1988 — 1992 Bachiller, Accounting Harvard University 2015 - Present University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business January 2014 - Present Public-Private Sector Research Center November 2011 - Present IESE Business School 2008 - Present UC Berkeley September 2009 - October 2011 City of Warsaw February 2007 - August 2007 TVP 2006 - 2007 Ministry of Finance, Poland November 2005 - April 2006 Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego 2005 - 2006 Warsaw Executive MBA (SGH) 2001 - 2006 Business Valuation, Public Finance, Project Finance, Public-private..., Capital Markets, Corporate Finance, Policy, Financial Analysis, Risk Analysis Natalia Irena Gust‑Bardon Looking for a job opportunity University of Szczecin 2010 — 2015 Doctor of Economics Cracow University of Economics 2005 — 2010 magister, Spatial Economy, very good Vienna University of Economics and Business February 2013 - September 2013 Fraunhofer ISI September 2011 - August 2012 Polish Agency for Enterprise Development July 2009 - July 2009 Municipality of Cracow May 2008 - June 2008 BNP Paribas September 2006 - September 2006 Michal Tomaszewski Ruby Web Developer at VMware University of Sussex 2005 — 2009 BSc in Computer Science with American Studies, Computer Science, American Studies Masters of Science in Quantitative Methods and Information Systems, IT, Economics Physical Education, Sport, Science, Coaching, Teaching, Sport Events Organising Ruby on Rails, HTML, Haml, CSS	-1.248713	-0.505246	-0.698994	-0.592321	[ -1.3500694715322923, -1.1473575080404756 ]	[ -0.4336209305258386, -0.5768712170306161 ]	[ -0.9545198124511277, -0.44346724583619745 ]	[ -0.5335459428737181, -0.6510953618703953 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29896, 13, 29733, 495, 510, 18898, 1706, 29889, 503, 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, MySQL, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, jQuery, Java, Git, RubyMine, Photoshop, Linux terminal, Mac OS Terminal, Eclipse IDE, Web Applications, SQL, Web Development, Ruby, Agile, Bash, Object Oriented Design, Scrum, SASS, Eclipse, Agile Methodologies, XHTML, Web Services, Linux, PostgreSQL Nicole Passmore Global Project Manager Retirement, Health & Benefits at Mercer The Johns Hopkins University 2008 — 2012 BA, Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Economics, Entrepreneurship & Management Mercer May 2015 - Present Mercer April 2015 - May 2015 Mercer June 2012 - March 2015 Mercer June 2011 - August 2011 Actuarial Science, Microsoft Office, Social Media, Customer Service, Project Management, Retirement, Statistics, Communication Skills, Writing, Employee Benefits, Defined Benefit, Actuarial Consulting, Probability Aleksandra Kaminska Summer Associate at Barclays Master, Corporate Finance SDA Bocconi 2008 — 2008 CEMS Seminar, Entrepreneurial Finance Exchange Program, Finance Yale University - Yale School of Management Yale School of Management August 2014 - Present Barclays June 2015 - August 2015 Public Consulting Group August 2012 - July 2014 Ernst & Young Business Advisory February 2010 - July 2012 Henkel China June 2009 - December 2009 Ernst & Young October 2007 - January 2009 Financial Modeling, Valuation, Corporate Finance, Financial Analysis, Due Diligence, Management Consulting, Finance, Analysis, Mergers & Acquisitions, Business Analysis, Project Management Szymon Paciura Vice President at Deutsche Bank MA, International Management (CEMS) MA, Finance & Banking La Sorbonne (Universite Paris 1) 2005 — 2005 Deutsche Bank January 2014 - Present Deutsche Bank March 2010 - December 2013 JPMorgan August 2007 - March 2009 JPMorgan September 2006 - December 2006 Deutsche Bank July 2006 - September 2006 Deloitte Advisory August 2005 - January 2006 Investment Banking, Valuation, Corporate Finance, Financial Modeling, Capital Markets, Financial Institutions, Equities, Emerging Markets, Bloomberg, Risk Management, Mergers & Acquisitions, Financial Markets, M&A experience Pawel Majran, MBA, PMP (LION) Project Management Professional at STANLEY Healthcare City University of New York-Baruch College - Zicklin School of Business 2009 — 2012 Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Finance / Operations Management PMP, Project Management Certificate, Teacher Education Postgraduate, Value Based Management Master's Degree, Quantitative Methods and Information Systems Bachelor's Degree, Quantitative Methods and Information Systems XVIII L.O. im. Jana Zamoyskiego w Warszawie 1995 — 1999 High School, Mathematics and Computer Science S.P. nr 90 w Warszawie 1987 — 1995 STANLEY Healthcare April 2015 - Present Shipcom Wireless, Inc. June 2014 - April 2015 RFID Global Solution, Inc. May 2013 - June 2014 Freelance September 2009 - May 2013 Co.De Consulting and Design, Inc. June 2006 - August 2009 Vali Industries, Inc. August 2004 - June 2006 Warsaw School of Economics (S	-1.185708	-0.576871	-0.662218	-0.278124	[ -0.9720390531286344, -1.3993777869762476 ]	[ -0.3387176157164235, -0.8150248183448087 ]	[ -0.28622030226237277, -1.0382157662888085 ]	[ -0.029530453399721816, -0.5267173459195543 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29892, 9254, 29892, 8286, 29892, 315, 2696, 3905, 4081, 29892, 6385, 29892, 3355, 29892, 11786, 29892, 15847, 29924, 457, 29892, 19040, 10578, 459, 29892, 8074, 8638, 29892, 4326, 6570, 29175, 29892, 15103, 15004, 29892, 2563, 2401, 5795, 29892, 3758, 29892, 2563, 14650, 29892, 15847, 29892, 4059, 488, 29892, 29677, 29892, 4669, 11678, 14927, 12037, 29892, 2522, 5848, 29892, 16698, 1799, 29892, 15103, 29892, 4059, 488, 8108, 11763, 29892, 1060, 7020, 29892, 2563, 15538, 29892, 8074, 29892, 4918, 7979, 4176, 13, 29940, 23249, 6978, 5514, 13, 12756, 8010, 15629, 4649, 19211, 29892, 15202, 669, 4111, 1389, 1169, 472, 4702, 2265, 13, 1576, 1861, 1983, 20727, 11335, 3014, 29871, 29906, 29900, 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zkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie) October 2003 - July 2004 Vector Consultants January 2003 - September 2003 Freelance April 1998 - December 2002 Project Management, IT Strategy, IT Management, MIS, Balanced Scorecard, Business Process..., Information systems, Outsourcing, Management Consulting, Business Strategy, Team Leadership, Scope Management, Process Improvement, Business Analysis, Business Intelligence, Analysis, Project Portfolio..., Visio, Budgets, Risk Management, Consulting, Project Planning, PMBOK, Statistics, Strategic Planning, Business Process..., Change Management, Data Analysis, PMO, Information Systems, Requirements Analysis, Management, SDLC, CRM, Program Management, Strategy, Business Process..., Vendor Management, PMP, Business Process, Integration, Six Sigma, Telecommunications, ERP, Information Technology, E-commerce, Leadership, Resource Management, Cross-functional Team..., MS Project Peter Rudzinski, CTP Senior Analyst Treasury Operations at Brunswick Corporation University of Illinois at Chicago 2003 — 2007 Finance, International Finance and Banking Finance, Study Abroad Student Brunswick Corporation March 2013 - Present Brunswick Corporation March 2010 - March 2013 HSBC January 2008 - February 2010 HSBC May 2007 - December 2007 Deutsche Bank October 2006 - January 2007 Corporate Finance, Treasury, Banking, Bloomberg, Derivatives, Forecasting, Financial Risk, Investments, Cash Management, Risk Management, Treasury Management, Accounting, Finance, Account Reconciliation, Valuation, Analysis, Hedging, Variance Analysis, Auditing, Debt, Debt Restructuring, Debt Management, Cash Flow Forecasting, Trading, Trading Systems, SEPA, Europe, Eastern Europe, Commodity, Banking Relationships, Intercompany..., Intercompany Accounts, Revolving Lines of..., FX trading, FX Hedging, Wellness, Wellness Coaching, Employee Wellness..., Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, PowerPoint Piotr J Langer CEE HR Business Partner First Vice President Kozminski University 2012 — 2014 OLYMPUS College in Warsaw 2002 — 2006 Bachelor of Science (BS) UniCredit Bank Austria AG June 2013 - Present UniCredit November 2010 - May 2013 Bank Pekao September 2009 - October 2010 Bank Pekao December 2007 - August 2009 Bank BPH November 2006 - November 2007 European Commission, DG Education & Culture September 2005 - November 2006 State Accreditation Committee September 2005 - November 2006 Recruiting, Human Resources, Leadership Development, Talent Acquisition, Employer Branding, Talent Management, Project Management, Succession Planning, Change Management, HR Transformation, Executive Development, HR Policies, Public Speaking, Management, Performance Management, Strategy, Marketing Communications, Sourcing, Team Management, Employee Relations, HR Consulting, Assessment Center, Employee Engagement, KPI implementation, Organizational... Aga Pochec Harvard Business School MBA 2014 Helsinki School of Economics 2006 — 2006 Warsaw School of Economics / SGH 2001 — 2006 IBM May 2013 - August 2013 Ipsos Business Consulting (previously known as Synovate Business Consulting) January 2011 - April 2012 Euromonitor International (Asia) July 2007 - December 2010 Henkel Corporation July 2006 - December 2006 Elcoteq February 2006 - May 2006	-1.366506	-0.698634	-1.081332	-0.506557	[ -1.4870370144321683, -1.2459741389283865 ]	[ -0.6467057317016951, -0.7505621894176588 ]	[ -1.192926468837249, -0.9697372586034333 ]	[ -0.49517573141698806, -0.5179377212642008 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29920, 2901, 4065, 402, 25588, 1056, 5166, 677, 29874, 281, 12999, 7804, 29897, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 448, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 13, 12877, 2138, 499, 1934, 5490, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 448, 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 13, 23923, 295, 749, 3786, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 448, 5846, 29871, 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6489, 29883, 866, 29939, 6339, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 448, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 13 ]	811	26,624	CommonCrawl	15	4
Tata Chemicals June 2005 - August 2005 Samsung Electronics October 2004 - December 2004 Peter Orzechowski Entrepreneur, Founder and President at Speedy Services Group Postgraduate, Management, Economics, Finance, Marketing, HR Bialystok University of Technology 1998 — 2000 Postgraduate, Pedagogic, Didactics, Psychology, Methodics MSc, Electrical Engineering Speedy Services Group May 2006 - Present Language Classes February 2010 - April 2012 Bialystok University of Technology October 2001 - February 2006 Digital Photography, Microsoft Office, Education, Electrical Engineering, Electrical..., Construction, Construction Management, Problem solving, Research, Academic Tutoring, Entrepreneurship, University Teaching, Language Teaching, Science, Higher Education, Renovation, C/C++, Public Speaking, LabVIEW, Budgets Paul Ritacco Owner & President, Talent PayMaster, Inc. and Campaign Financial Services, Financial Manager US House of Representatives Georgetown University Law Center 1999 — 2003 BA, Government St. Anselm's Abbey 1981 — 1986 Campaign Financial Services 2003 - Present US House of Representatives 1995 - Present Talent PayMaster, Inc. 1990 - Present U.S. House of Representatives January 1993 - January 1994 Entrepreneurship, Business Innovation, New Business Development, Contract Negotiation, Team Management, Human Resources, Business Process..., Process Management, Government, Legislative Affairs, Finance, Politics, Political Campaigns, Campaign Management, Program Management, Public Policy, Coalitions, Legislative Relations, Grassroots Organizing, Legislation, Federal Government, Leadership, Policy Analysis, Grassroots, Public Affairs, Public Relations, Strategic Communications Bartlomiej Rymkowski Software Engineer at Apple Apple September 2010 - Present Polar Rose April 2007 - September 2010 F.Hoffmann-La Roche September 2005 - April 2007 SAS Institute August 2003 - August 2005 Softprodukt Sp. z o.o. November 2000 - July 2003 Spring, Hibernate, Tomcat, JBoss Application Server, Oracle, Python, REST, MySQL, Ruby, Weblogic, Databases, XSLT, PostgreSQL, Perl, Application Servers, Scala, Lucene, Enterprise Software, Informix, Jetty, Maven, Test Driven Development Sebastian Domzalski (PhD) Fellow at Harvard's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Ph. D. Universität Duisburg-Essen, Standort Duisburg 2004 — 2004 Turun yliopisto 2002 — 2003 German-Polish Academic Forum 2001 — 2002 Harvard University August 2015 - Present Embassy of the Republic of Poland in New Delhi August 2014 - July 2015 Embassy of the Republic of Poland in New Delhi September 2010 - August 2014 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Asia-Pacific Department December 2009 - September 2010 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Asia-Pacific Department March 2008 - December 2009 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Warsaw February 2006 - July 2007 Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw February 2005 - July 2005 Academy of Economics and Technology, Warsaw February 2005 - July 2005 International Relations, Far East, Economic Development, EU, Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Polish, Economics, German, English, Analysis, Policy Similar Universities Université Paris Dauphine Paris Area, France Alliance Manchester Business School University of	-1.437729	-0.686995	-0.950715	-0.785229	[ -1.5308666281601286, -1.344590769816297 ]	[ -0.736237160767181, -0.6377525887951465 ]	[ -0.919012438095748, -0.9824184637303547 ]	[ -1.080484041773887, -0.4899729908804823 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29911, 532, 12677, 936, 29879, 5306, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 448, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 13, 29903, 28935, 28251, 1199, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 448, 5846, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 13, 23686, 1394, 12357, 11716, 13, 5292, 276, 558, 1600, 332, 29892, 7460, 261, 322, 7178, 472, 5013, 7584, 15538, 6431, 13, 6747, 5105, 27240, 29892, 15057, 29892, 12884, 1199, 29892, 4231, 749, 29892, 4485, 15133, 29892, 379, 29934, 13, 29933, 616, 858, 554, 3014, 310, 17968, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 13, 6747, 5105, 27240, 29892, 9293, 13247, 293, 29892, 7440, 627, 1199, 29892, 16777, 3002, 29892, 8108, 1199, 13, 4345, 29883, 29892, 10513, 16888, 22557, 13, 10649, 7584, 15538, 6431, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 448, 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Q: how do I tell cutplace about this check class I am trying to use the API in cutplace to build a custom check http://cutplace.sourceforge.net/api.html#writing-checks Using the included demo data and code I have tried to follow the manual, at least until it ends abruptly. useCutplace.py: # Validate a test CSV file. import os.path from cutplace import interface from cutplace import checks from cutplace import ranges class FullNameLengthIsInRangeCheck(checks.AbstractCheck): """Check that total length of customer name is within the specified range.""" def __init__(self, description, rule, availableFieldNames, location=None): super(FullNameLengthIsInRangeCheck, self).__init__(description, rule, availableFieldNames, location) self._fullNameRange = ranges.Range(rule) self.reset() def checkRow(self, rowMap, location): fullName = rowMap["last_name"] + ", " + rowMap["first_name"] fullNameLength = len(fullName) try: self._fullNameRange.validate("full name", fullNameLength) except ranges.RangeValueError, error: raise CheckError("full name length is %d but must be in range %s: %r" \ % (fullNameLength, self._fullNameRange, fullName)) icdPath = os.path.join("icd_customers_field_names_only.csv") dataPath = os.path.join("customers.csv") icd = interface.InterfaceControlDocument() icd.read(icdPath) for row in interface.validatedRows(icd, dataPath): print row The interface control document with custom check: ,Interface: customers, ,, ,Data format, D,Format,CSV D,Header,1 ,, ,Fields, ,Name, F,branch_id, F,customer_id, F,first_name, F,surname, F,gender, F,date_of_birth, C,"full name must have at most 100 characters",FullNameLengthIsInRange,:100 customers.csv Branch id,Customer id,First name,Surname,Gender,Date of birth 38000,16,Daisy,Mason,female,27.02.1946 38000,42,Wendy,Davis,female,30.12.1971 38000,57,Keith,Parker,male,02.06.1984 38000,76,Kenneth,Tucker,male,15.11.1908 38053,11,Carlos,Barrett,male,09.02.1929 38053,20,Terrance,Hart,male,11.03.1961 38053,34,Lori,Dunn,female,26.09.1996 38053,73,Mary,Sutton,female,09.12.1982 38053,83,Lorraine,Castro,female,15.08.1978 38111,16,Esther,Newman,female,23.03.1932 38111,79,Tyler,Rose,male,17.12.1920 38111,127,Andrew,Dixon,male,02.10.1913 The error >python useCutplace.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "useCutplace.py", line 29, in <module> icd.read(icdPath) File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/cutplace-0.6.7-py2.6.egg/cutplace/interface.py", line	-1.456904	-0.569261	-0.054154	-0.411932	[ -0.8405502119447533, -2.0732580980436377 ]	[ -0.04774047125359425, -1.0907816198665052 ]	[ 1.1556327206685844, -1.2639412175480085 ]	[ 0.5765888191032001, -1.4004525847689917 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 660, 29901, 920, 437, 306, 2649, 5700, 6689, 1048, 445, 1423, 770, 306, 626, 1811, 304, 671, 278, 3450, 297, 5700, 6689, 304, 2048, 263, 2888, 1423, 13, 1124, 597, 7582, 6689, 29889, 28315, 29889, 1212, 29914, 2754, 29889, 1420, 29937, 16554, 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FirstHealth Hospice Services Identical, No Matter Where Provided \| Date Posted: 1/30/2015 Montgomery County residents Lois and Johnny Morton are the primary caregivers for her 94-year-old father. When he was diagnosed with terminal Alzheimer's, Morton sought the assistance of FirstHealth Hospice & Palliative Care, the same hospice program that provided services for Morton's mother nine years ago. TROY – A few months ago, when Troy resident Lois Morton learned that her 94-year-old father had terminal Alzheimer's disease, she knew he would soon need hospice care. As she had done nine years before with her mother, Morton turned to FirstHealth Hospice & Palliative Care. "I wanted the best," she says. "I had it with Mama, and I wanted it with Daddy." The only hospice affiliated with FirstHealth of the Carolinas, the not-for-profit FirstHealth Hospice & Palliative Care offers services to patients and families in both Montgomery and Moore counties. "Services are identical, no matter where the patient resides and, because of the support of the FirstHealth Hospice Foundation, are available to anyone who needs them, regardless of the ability to pay," says Hospice director Tina Gibbs. As every other FirstHealth Hospice patient, Shafter Odom, Lois Morton's father, is cared for by a specially trained team that includes a registered nurse, a social worker, a home health aide, a chaplain and support volunteers. His family also has access to substitute caregiver and medication assistance programs. The nurse, social worker and aide assigned to the Morton home make regular visits to care for Odom, who calls them his "little girls." They are also available when needed, a service that became apparent to his family when Odom broke his cheek and nose during a late-night fall a few weeks ago. Morton got in touch with the on-call Hospice nurse who said she would be on her way immediately. When Morton asked if she could call 911 instead, the nurse agreed but said she would also be calling to check on Odom's condition. She also called the emergency department where Odom had been taken to see how he was doing. "That's not just a job," Morton says. "It's going beyond a job. That made me feel so good." Services of FirstHealth Hospice are individualized to fit the needs of each patient and family and, according to Jenny Snead, R.N., assistant director, Hospice House, are available to patients who are newly diagnosed with a life-limiting illness as well as to those who are actively dying. "We talk to them about what's going to happen and how to prepare," Snead says. Although most Hospice patients are cared for in the familiar surroundings of their home – whether a private residence or a nursing home or assisted living facility, all are eligible for the acute symptom-control care that is provided in the inpatient FirstHealth Hospice House near Pinehurst. As with in-home hospice care, the services of the Hospice House are also individualized. Most of the physicians who work in the 11-bed facility are certified in hospice and palliative care, and they make regular rounds there. Each is also a hospitalist, a specialist in internal medicine with no other responsibilities than the care of their hospitalized patients. Another important component of the FirstHealth Hospice program is the family support that continues even after the death of the loved one. Located on the Hospice campus, the Grief Resource & Counseling Center is staffed by licensed clinical social workers who are trained to offer individual, family and group counseling for children, teens and adults. Center-sponsored events include community workshops, support groups and educational programs as well as Camp Lost & Found, an age-appropriate summer program for children and teens who have lost someone special. An on-site lending library has an extensive collection of books, videos and CDs on topics related to death, bereavement and end-of-life issues. Most importantly, for many Hospice families, including Lois Morton and husband Johnny, Hospice becomes "like a family." 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Jay was very kind enough to let us visit Kubli Springs which is still an undeveloped properly owned by their family. You have to cross this spring and go upstream where Jay had setup lunch picnics or evening dates all for the same price of P500/person (standard line pricing). This springs is an extension of the Kinabuhayan Cafe and once developed, I'm sure this is one of the nice secret dining places in Dolores, Quezon. I love nature and settings such as these are priceless and I can already imagine a better alternative to Villa Escudero's lunch where you also eat with your feet submerge in water and tables are setup on top of the water. Unfortunately, we decided not to cross because we don't want to get our feet wet and besides I won't be able to bring my camera upstream. This is a group picture taking with the Mt. Banahaw (covered with clouds) as a backdrop. The place is still virgin and undeveloped that we were cautious when we visited Kubli Springs since it feels isolated and you are in the middle of a valley with forrest all around. Hi! Your blog was very interesting. Would like to know how to get there at Kubli Springs? and how we could get in touch with Jay in making reservations and asking for a road map? Thanks!! We went to Kinabuhayan Bed and Breakfast on the strength of your blog and found it totally horrifying! For starters,the place was filthy. Major. Big time. I went with my husband and our 3 kids –ages 14, 9 and 7. You were right though about the picnic lunch that owner, Jay Herrera, prepared. It was awesome. Roast chicken, risotto with wild mushrooms. But all it's awesomeness was cancelled out by the fact that lunch was served at 2 pm–when we were all famished and mildly homicidal.On top of that, there weren't enough seats or even places to sit on comfortably while eating so a third of us ate while standing up.Gutom ka na, nakatayo ka pa. Dinner however was horrifying–spaghetti (how can you get that wrong)–the amount heaped on our plates could have fed 5. What he lacked in quality, he made up for in sickening quantity. Together with the humongous amount of spaghetti was another humongous helping of–another pasta dish! oh my! This time spaghetti (again) with laing. Didn't work. Bombed.Doyngk. Carbo loading!! then right next to these pasta creations–was salad. carrots and radish –julienned. I mean can you imagine how that looked>?–2 mountains of pasta and julienned veggies—lahat pahaba! Just looking at the plate before me made me groan. Yuck.And breakfast was worst! You'd have to be a pretty terrible cook to botch breakfast, right? Ano ba naman yung longsilog or tapsilog or danggit, diba? Well, when breakfast was served at 9 am (yes 9am!), we were served potato omelet that was so salty, I could only take a bite. The rest we all gave to the dogs and cats. My husband and I hated this place but our kids, the city slickers, loved it. They loved the animals–birds of all kinds, Jay's dogs. This was one saving grace of this place–that our kids loved it. Lest I give the impression that this place is for kids, let me hasten to add that when we got home, all 3 got sick–from allergies, asthma, viral infections. Plus this place is a smoker's haven. Major culprit was the owner himself, Jay H. He was smoking in our cottage–and continued to do so even when I had asked him not to repeatedly. As an aside, I think Jay has heavy psychological problems. I'm a doctor so I could possibly be on to something. He was intrusive (he'd sit and have a conversation with me and my husband, uninvited), flamboyant. In small doses, I could take him but eventually he wore on me real fast. My husband and I and our kids have travelled all over the world and in the Philippines. 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Russian Patriarch and UK archbishop call for greater support for persecuted Christians November 23, 2017 By World Watch Monitor Russia Crimea, Iraq, Middle East, Moscow, Patriarch Kirill, Russia, Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet Union, Syria, Ukraine, Vladimir Putin The Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Archbishop of Canterbury have called for more aid to reach Middle Eastern refugees, especially Christians, and for robust safeguards against extremist ideology, which they say has spread "like an epidemic". Archbishop Welby and Patriarch Kirill voiced shared concerns for Middle Eastern Christians Patriarch Kirill and Archbishop Justin Welby released a joint statement thanking God for the opportunity "to with one voice before the entire world bear witness to our brothers and sisters who are persecuted for faith in Christ". In their statement, released on Wednesday (22 Nov), the second day of the Anglican leader's unprecedented three-day trip to Russia, they said: "We appeal to the international community to render speedy help to support the Christian and other populations of the Middle East. Wide-scale humanitarian aid is needed for those who are suffering and for the vast numbers of [refugees], including those who have ended up in Europe and America." They also called for "preventative measures against the ideology of extremism that has spread throughout the world under the influence of militants like an epidemic," and urged religious and political leaders to devise an effective response. "An important aspect of this co-operation is interreligious dialogue," they added. "In many countries of the Middle East and Africa there is persecution of Christians, manifested in mass killings, the barbaric destruction of churches, the desecration of holy sites and the expulsion of millions of people from their homes," they wrote. Referring to the Middle East they voiced concern at rapid emigration of Christians as well as "more subtle forms of discrimination where life is made so difficult that it is easier for them to leave their ancient homeland than to stay". Christians contemplating returning to their homes would need "guarantees of security, the restoration of the social infrastructure and living accommodation, the setting up of conditions for clergy to carry out their ministry and the restoration of destroyed churches", they said. This week's visit by Welby and a delegation from his Lambeth Palace residence comes just over a year after the Patriarch visited Britain, where he was received by the Queen and by Archbishop Welby. At that time, Coptic Orthodox Bishop Angaelos said the Russian Orthodox believed its suppression under Soviet rule had given it a vocation to speak up for Christians who are being persecuted. However, critics have voiced concern at the Russian Orthodox Church's close relationship with President Vladimir Putin. Bishop Hlib Lonchyna of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in London told World Watch Monitor that President Putin "often instrumentalises the position or problems of Christians for his own political purposes". While the Orthodox Church is favoured within the Russia Federation, other Churches and denominations face restrictions. The British Government has accused Russia of "covering up" for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad after he was accused of carrying out chemical weapons attacks, but many Syrian church leaders regard Assad as a protector of Christians and the country's other minority communities against radical Islamists. A journalist from the UK's Times newspaper, who has been travelling with the Anglican delegation, reported today (23 November) that "there was no Russian attempt to introduce politics into the talks". Critics have expressed fears that the Russian Patriarch might attempt to draw Archbishop Welby into endorsing a Russian agenda on a number of broader issues. Britain's Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said last month that Britain had "deep differences deep differences with Russia, in particular over Syria and Ukraine, including the Russian Government's illegal annexation of Crimea". In a statement confirming his plans to visit his Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov in Moscow later this year, the UK's Foreign Office said the two men would nonetheless discuss "regional stability in the Middle East, and containing threats to international peace". 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Grab your Metro Card and hop on the "International Express"! Dubbed the "International Express," the 7 train subway line connects the industrial west side of Manhattan to Flushing, Queens—hitting some of the most diverse enclaves of NYC along the way. Whether you're visiting New York for the first or fiftieth time, or looking to explore new pockets of your hometown, check out these spots along the 7 train in Queens for a taste of the world beyond. For your eating convenience, this belly-bustin' itinerary follows the stops sequentially as you're heading east on the train. Grab your MetroCard and make your way to the nearest subway stop to see a Latinx dance theater, enjoy a sizzling pan of Filipino sisig, take a bite of hearty Irish shepherd's pie, and more! The elevated 7 train pulls into the 74th Street station during a sunset commute in Queens. The Empire State Building glows red, white, and blue from Manhattan in the distance. Sandwiched between a laundromat and a bodega on Greenpoint Ave, the unassuming Thalia Theatre bills itself as the "home for Latino culture" in Queens. This is the place to watch Latin American folk dance, tango, salsa, flamenco, and zarzuelas or Spanish operettas. Once you step inside, you're greeted by the glamour of old New York theaters: a wrought-iron ticket booth and hand-carved wooden benches adorn the entryway. The only bilingual theater in the borough, it hosts traveling shows from Spain and South America throughout the year, complete with projected subtitles so viewers can follow along in English or Spanish. This helps to attract a diverse audience, but sitting in the intimate theater, it's hard to feel too separate from your neighbor when you look around and notice everyone's feet tapping to the percussion of a salsa beat, or everyone's hearts soaring at the cante jondo ("deep song") of a flamenco performance. The Thalia will make you feel welcome, no matter what language you speak. When you walk in and nearly every table is taken by large parties of Filipino families, you know you've hit the real deal. Tito Rad's has the best sizzling sisig in Queens (Woodside boasts a Little Manila along Roosevelt Ave)—and possibly in all of NYC. Diced pork and onions are served on a hot plate—yes, sizzling—with a fried egg cooking on top. The owner is known to come over and chat, extending the family feel to every table. Don't pass on dessert; their ube, or purple yam ice cream, is not to be missed. Donovan's has been voted best hamburger in the city by several local papers for years. The burger is good, but their classic Irish fare like the shepherd's pie is where it's at. The interior is deceptively large, with its main dining room designed to mimic an Irish countryside cottage. It's a great place to warm up during the winter months before making your way to the other pubs in the area: Sean Og Tavern, Cuckoo's Nest, and Saints & Sinners are all local favorites where you might want to enjoy live music and grab a pint (or three). The chili sauce drizzled dumplings of Tian Jin Dumpling House in Flushing's Golden Shopping Mall basement food court: dish number A3, pork, chives, shrimp, egg. Much has been written about the Indian food available on 74th St in Jackson Heights, so allow me to introduce you to the nabe's newest darling: Tibetan food. Specifically, momos, dumplings as ubiquitous as hamburgers in the Himalayas. Each November, Jackson Heights is home to an annual Momo Crawl, which has attracted increasingly larger crowds. Created by local Jeff Orlick, participants in the crawl vote for the best momo vendor, after which the winner receives a golden momo trophy and bragging rights. 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PurposeTo investigate: (1) the cross-sectional association between polypharmacy, hyperpolypharmacy and presence of prefrailty or frailty; (2) the risk of incident prefrailty or frailty in persons with polypharmacy, and vice versa.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from 01/01/1998 to 5/2/2018. Pooled estimates were obtained through random effect models and Mantel-Haenszel weighting. Homogeneity was assessed with the I-2 statistic and publication bias with Egger's and Begg's tests.ResultsThirty-seven studies were included. The pooled proportion of polypharmacy in persons with prefrailty and frailty was 47% (95% CI 33-61) and 59% (95% CI 42-76), respectively. Increased odds ratio of polypharmacy were seen for prefrail (pooled OR=1.52; 95% CI 1.32-1.79) and frail persons (pooled OR=2.62, 95% CI 1.81-3.79). Hyperpolypharmacy was also increased in prefrail (OR=1.95; 95% CI 1.41-2.70) and frail (OR=6.57; 95% CI 9.57-10.48) persons compared to robust persons. Only seven longitudinal studies reported data on the risk of either incident prefrailty or frailty in persons with baseline polypharmacy. A significant higher odds of developing prefrailty was found in robust persons with polypharmacy (pooled OR=1.30; 95% CI 1.12-1.51). We found no papers investigating polypharmacy incidence in persons with prefrailty/frailty.ConclusionsPolypharmacy is common in prefrail and frail persons, and these individuals are also more likely to be on extreme drug regimens, i.e. hyperpolypharmacy, than robust older persons. More research is needed to investigate the causal relationship between polypharmacy and frailty syndromes, thereby identifying ways to jointly reduce drug burden and prefrailty/frailty in these individuals.Prospero registration numberCRD42018104756. Clinical decision support system for the management of osteoporosis compared to NOGG guidelines and an osteology specialist: a validation pilot study. Although osteoporosis is an easily diagnosed and treatable condition, many individuals remain untreated. Clinical decision support systems might increase appropriate treatment of osteoporosis. We designed the Osteoporosis Advisor (OPAD), a computerized tool to support physicians managing osteoporosis at the point-of-care. The present study compares the treatment recommendations provided by OPAD, an expert physician and the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). We performed a retrospective analysis of 259 patients attending the outpatient osteoporosis clinic at the University Hospital in Iceland. We entered each patient's data into the OPAD and recorded the OPAD diagnostic comments, 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture and treatment options. We compared OPAD recommendations to those given by the osteoporosis specialist, and to those of the NOGG. Risk estimates made by OPAD were highly correlated with those from FRAX (r = 0.99, 95% CI 0.99, 1.00 without femoral neck BMD; r = 0.98, 95% CI, 0.97, 0.99 with femoral neck BMD. Reassurance was recommended by the expert, NOGG and the OPAD in 68, 63 and 52% of cases, respectively. Likewise, intervention was recommended by the expert, NOGG, and the OPAD in 32, 37 and 48% of cases, respectively. 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) and even higher agreement with NOGG (kappa 0.69, 95% CI 0.60, 0.77). Primary care physicians can use the OPAD to assess and treat patients' skeletal health. Recommendations given by OPAD are consistent with expert opinion and existing guidelines. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy in Europe: Results From the ERA-EDTA Registry. Data for outcomes of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) are limited. We examined the incidence and prevalence of ESRD due to scleroderma in Europe and the outcomes among these patients following initiation of RRT. Registry study of incidence and prevalence and a matched cohort study of clinical outcomes. Patients represented in any of 19 renal registries that provided data to the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry between 2002 and 2013. Scleroderma as the identified cause of ESRD. Genetic predisposition to PEG-asparaginase hypersensitivity in children treated according to NOPHO ALL2008. Psychosocial impact of undergoing prostate cancer screening for men with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. To report the baseline results of a longitudinal psychosocial study that forms part of the IMPACT study, a multi-national investigation of targeted prostate cancer (PCa) screening among men with a known pathogenic germline mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Men enrolled in the IMPACT study were invited to complete a questionnaire at collaborating sites prior to each annual screening visit. The questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics and the following measures: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Impact of Event Scale (IES), 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer, Cancer Worry Scale-Revised, risk perception and knowledge. The results of the baseline questionnaire are presented. A total of 432 men completed questionnaires: 98 and 160 had mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, respectively, and 174 were controls (familial mutation negative). Participants' perception of PCa risk was influenced by genetic status. Knowledge levels were high and unrelated to genetic status. Mean scores for the HADS and SF-36 were within reported general population norms and mean IES scores were within normal range. IES mean intrusion and avoidance scores were significantly higher in BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers than in controls and were higher in men with increased PCa risk perception. At the multivariate level, risk perception contributed more significantly to variance in IES scores than genetic status. This is the first study to report the psychosocial profile of men with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations undergoing PCa screening. No clinically concerning levels of general or cancer-specific distress or poor quality of life were detected in the cohort as a whole. A small subset of participants reported higher levels of distress, suggesting the need for healthcare professionals offering PCa screening to identify these risk factors and offer additional information and support to men seeking PCa screening. The optimal follow-up (FU) strategy for patients treated for localised renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. Using the RECUR database, we studied imaging intensity utilised in contemporary FU to evaluate its association with outcome after detection of disease recurrence. Consecutive patients with nonmetastatic RCC (n=1612) treated with curative intent at 12 institutes across eight European countries between 2006 and 2011 were included. Recurrence occurred in 336 patients. Cross-sectional (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and conventional (chest X-ray, ultrasound) methods were used in 47% and 53%, respectively. More intensive FU imaging (more than twofold) than recommended by the European Association of Urology (EAU) was not associated with improved overall survival (OS) after recurrence. Overall, per patient	-0.355	0.38022	0.973023	0.945983	[ -0.6104447398729616, -0.0995558048564239 ]	[ 0.19668033009518235, 0.5637591892636746 ]	[ 0.8817186899270831, 1.0643280437547507 ]	[ 0.805509402709454, 1.0864573916807656 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29897, 322, 1584, 6133, 17327, 411, 11698, 26788, 313, 9876, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29953, 29929, 29892, 29871, 29929, 29945, 29995, 25781, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29953, 29900, 29892, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29955, 29955, 467, 28267, 2562, 4824, 14722, 508, 671, 278, 6418, 3035, 304, 24809, 322, 7539, 22069, 29915, 18109, 1026, 284, 9045, 29889, 830, 2055, 355, 800, 2183, 491, 6418, 3035, 526, 13747, 411, 17924, 9426, 322, 5923, 1410, 10652, 1475, 29889, 13, 20755, 6765, 322, 4451, 26807, 310, 4121, 10070, 2973, 2184, 293, 317, 695, 9672, 275, 313, 29903, 12121, 6119, 655, 29897, 830, 339, 8491, 7493, 284, 10088, 9552, 25451, 27580, 297, 4092, 29901, 17212, 3645, 278, 382, 4717, 29899, 3352, 6040, 2169, 6020, 29889, 13, 1469, 363, 714, 26807, 310, 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treated for recurrence remaining alive with no evidence of disease, the number of FU images needed was 542, and 697 for high-risk patients. The study results suggest that use of more imaging during FU than that recommended in the 2017 EAU guidelines is unlikely to improve OS after recurrence. Prospective studies are needed to design optimal FU strategies for the future. PATIENT SUMMARY: After curative treatment for localised kidney cancer, follow-up is necessary to detect any recurrence. This study illustrates that increasing the imaging frequency during follow-up, even to double the number of follow-up imaging procedures recommended by the European Association of Urology guidelines, does not translate into improved survival for those with recurrence. This study determined the use of standardised procedures for infant noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurements in the Nordic countries and aimed to identify factors included in the standardisation and interpretation of NIBP measurements in infants. A cross-sectional electronic questionnaire survey was sent to 84 physicians in all 23 university hospitals in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland and was completed from February to March 2017. The survey contained respondent characteristics, the presence and description of standardised procedures for NIBP measurements, daily practice of NIBP measurements and methodological considerations and interpretation of NIBP measurements in a healthy six-month-old child. We received responses from 55 of 84 physicians working in all 23 Nordic university hospitals, in paediatric cardiology (n = 22), general paediatrics (n = 16), paediatric nephrology (n = 14) and other fields (n = 3). Less than a quarter (23%) said their hospital issued specific NIBP procedures relating to infants and they referred to 19 different sources of information. The factors that were most commonly assessed for interpretation were age (100%), arousal state (78%) and cuff size (76%). Most of the university hospital units treating children lacked age-specific written procedures for measuring and interpreting infant NIBP, and there is a strong need for common Nordic guidelines. Studies on penetrating injuries in Europe are scarce and often represent data from single institutions. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and demographic features of patients hospitalized for stab injury in a whole nation. This was a retrospective nationwide population-based study on all consecutive adult patients who were hospitalized in Iceland following knife and machete-related injuries, 2000-2015. Age-standardized incidence was calculated and Injury Severity Score (ISS) was used to assess severity of injury. Altogether, 73 patients (mean age 32.6 years, 90.4% males) were admitted during the 16-year study period, giving an age-standardized incidence of 1.54/100,000 inhabitants. The incidence did not vary significantly during the study period (P = 0.826). Most cases were assaults (95.9%) occurring at home or in public streets, and involved the chest (n = 32), abdomen (n = 26), upper limbs (n = 26), head/neck/face (n = 21), lower limbs (n = 10), and the back (n = 6). Median ISS was 9, with 14 patients (19.2%) having severe injuries (defined as ISS > 15). The median length of hospital stay was 2 days (range 0-53). Forty-seven patients (64.4%) underwent surgery and 26 of them (35.6%) required admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), all with ISS scores above 15. Three patients did not survive for 30 days (4.1%); all of them had severe injuries (ISS 17, 25, and 75). Stab injuries that require hospital admission are rare in Iceland, and their incidence has remained relatively stable. One in every five patients sustained severe injuries, two-thirds of whom were treated with surgical interventions, and roughly one-third required ICU care.	0.095281	1.265686	1.338242	0.951186	[ -0.031756871120985256, 0.22231792095828481 ]	[ 0.8538410194358491, 1.6775301668383196 ]	[ 1.409256823207011, 1.267227325785492 ]	[ 1.0864573916807656, 0.8159148837824656 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 14914, 363, 1162, 26841, 9886, 18758, 411, 694, 10757, 310, 17135, 29892, 278, 1353, 310, 383, 29965, 4558, 4312, 471, 29871, 29945, 29946, 29906, 29892, 322, 29871, 29953, 29929, 29955, 363, 1880, 29899, 3780, 29895, 22069, 29889, 450, 6559, 2582, 4368, 393, 671, 310, 901, 6382, 292, 2645, 383, 29965, 1135, 393, 13622, 297, 278, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29955, 382, 25951, 1410, 10652, 1475, 338, 25057, 304, 11157, 6570, 1156, 1162, 26841, 29889, 1019, 29879, 12645, 11898, 526, 4312, 304, 2874, 14413, 383, 29965, 16650, 583, 363, 278, 5434, 29889, 349, 1299, 29902, 3919, 22753, 1529, 13207, 29901, 2860, 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Although some patients were severely injured with high injury scores, their 30-day mortality was still low in comparison to other studies. Predictors of Societal Costs of Older Care-Dependent Adults Living in the Community in 11 European Countries. The objective was to identify predictors of societal costs covering formal and informal care utilization by older home care clients in 11 European countries. Societal costs of 1907 older clients receiving home care for 12 months from the Aged in Home care (AdHoc) study were estimated using the InterRAI Minimum Data Set for Home Care's (MDS-HC) resource use items. Predictors (medical, functional, and psychosocial domains) of societal costs were identified by performing univariate and multivariate generalized linear model analyses. Mean societal costs per participant were €36 442, ranging from €14 865 in Denmark to €78 836 in the United Kingdom. In the final multivariate model, country, being married, activities of daily living (ADL) dependency, cognitive impairment, limitations of going out, oral conditions, number of medications, arthritis, and cerebro vascular accident (CVA) were significantly associated with societal costs. Of the predictors, ADL dependency and limitations of going out may be modifiable. Developing interventions targeted at improving these conditions may create opportunities to curtail societal costs. Epidemiology of community-acquired sepsis in the Faroe Islands - a prospective observational study. The aim of the study was to gather nation-wide epidemiological and clinical data in order to characterize community-acquired sepsis in the Faroe Islands, and to compare these data with epidemiological studies performed in other geographical areas. A prospective, observational study conducted from October 2013 until April 2015 to characterize sepsis, and to calculate incidence rates for community-acquired sepsis of any severity, community-acquired severe sepsis, community-acquired septic shock and community-acquired sepsis without community-acquired severe sepsis or community-acquired septic shock. Of 5279 admissions, 583 cases fulfilled the criteria for community-acquired sepsis of any severity. The mean age of all cases was 67.6 ± 18.3 years. Men accounted for 298 (51.5%) admissions. Charlson comorbidity index was greater than 2 in 247 (42.4%) cases. The incidence of community-acquired sepsis of any severity was 1414/100,000 person-years at risk (95% CI, 1374-1440). The incidence rate for community-acquired sepsis without community-acquired severe sepsis and community-acquired septic shock was 719/100,000 person-years at risk (95% CI, 695-742), for community-acquired severe sepsis 644/100,000 person-years at risk (95% CI, 623-668), for community-acquired septic shock 51/100,000 person-years at risk (95% CI, 45-58). The highest incidence was seen in elderly patients. The incidence rates were slightly higher in men and increased with age, especially in those older than 85 years. Incidence rates of sepsis of any severity were higher than previously published from other countries. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) affect more than 320 million people worldwide, which is more than HIV, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria combined. Elimination of HBV and HCV will, therefore, produce substantial public health and economic benefits and, most importantly, the prevention of 1.2 million deaths per year. In 2016, member states of the World Health Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution declaring that viral hepatitis should be eliminated by 2030. 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ing. During the fifth International Viral Hepatitis Elimination Meeting (IVHEM), 7-8 December 2018, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, an expert panel of clinicians, virologists and public health specialists discussed the current status of viral hepatitis elimination programmes across multiple countries, challenges in achieving elimination and the core indicators for monitoring progress, approaches that have failed and successful elimination plans. Neuropathological investigation of cell layer thickness and myelination in the hippocampus of people with obstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is commonly associated with memory impairments. Although MRI studies have found volumetric differences in the hippocampus of people with OSA compared with controls, MRI lacks the spatial resolution to detect changes in the specific regions of the hippocampus that process different types of memory. The present study performed histopathological investigations on autopsy brain tissue from 32 people with OSA (17 females and 15 males) to examine whether the thickness and myelination of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC) vary as a function of OSA severity. Increasing OSA severity was found to be related to cortical thinning in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (r2 = 0.136, p = 0.038), the CA1 (overall, r2 = 0.135, p = 0.039; layer 1, r2 = 0.157, p = 0.025; layer 2, r2 = 0.255, p = 0.003; and layer 3, r2 = 0.185, p = 0.014) and in some layers of the EC (layer 1, r2 = 0.186, p = 0.028; trend in layer 3, r2 = 0.124, p = 0.078). OSA severity was also related to decreased myelin in the deep layers but not the superficial layers of the EC (layer 6, r2 = 0.282, p = 0.006; deep white matter, r2 = 0.390, p = 0.001). Patients known to have used continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment showed no significant reductions in cortical thickness when compared with controls, suggesting that CPAP had a protective effect. However, CPAP did not protect against myelin loss. The regions of decreased cortical thickness and demyelination are locations of synaptic connections in both the polysynaptic (episodic and spatial) and direct (semantic) memory pathways and may underpin the impairments observed in episodic, semantic, and spatial memory in people with OSA. Methotrexate polyglutamates (MTXpg) facilitate incorporation of thioguanine nucleotides into DNA (DNA-TG, the primary cytotoxic thiopurine metabolite and outcome determinant in MTX/6-mercaptopurine treatment of childhood ALL). We hypothesized that mapping erythrocyte levels of MTXpg with 1-6 glutamates and their associations with DNA-TG formation would facilitate future guidelines for maintenance therapy dosing. Summed MTX with 1-6 glutamates resolved by LCMS [median (interquartile): 5.47 (3.58-7.69) nmol/mmol hemoglobin] was in agreement with total MTX by radio ligand assay. In 16,389 blood samples from 1426 ALL maintenance therapy patients, MTXpg3 21.0 (15.2-27.4)% was the predominant metabolite, and MTXpg1 (the maternal drug) constituted 38.6 (27.2-50.2)% of MTXpg1-6. All subsets correlated; the strongest associations were between metabolites with similar polyglutamate lengths. Correlations of MTXpg1 with MTXpg2 and MTXpg3,4,5,6 were r Measuring erythrocyte MTXpg4 simplifies and can replace longer chain MTX	-0.501556	0.771472	0.605268	1.190512	[ -0.25022010204628753, -0.7528909844888326 ]	[ 0.8108659334844158, 0.7320782759067882 ]	[ 1.013603223247065, 0.19693361307333052 ]	[ 0.9824025809506501, 1.3986218238711117 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 292, 29889, 7133, 278, 18615, 4623, 6749, 284, 940, 5031, 23448, 1260, 326, 3381, 2191, 15133, 313, 5667, 9606, 29924, 511, 29871, 29955, 29899, 29947, 5846, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29947, 29892, 17399, 29892, 278, 24553, 29892, 385, 17924, 9451, 310, 24899, 14722, 29892, 325, 3350, 1188, 2879, 322, 970, 9045, 4266, 2879, 15648, 278, 1857, 4660, 310, 10636, 284, 540, 5031, 23448, 29007, 3381, 1824, 4467, 4822, 2999, 10916, 29892, 18066, 267, 297, 3657, 15387, 29007, 3381, 322, 278, 7136, 4221, 4097, 363, 29652, 6728, 29892, 13501, 393, 505, 5229, 322, 9150, 29007, 3381, 13900, 29889, 13, 8139, 4131, 493, 5996, 22522, 310, 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pg monitoring. Resolving individual MTXpg identifies samples that are unsuitable for dose guidance due to high levels of MTXpg1 remaining in the plasma fraction because of recent MTX intake. All tested MTXpg subsets correlated with DNA-TG and may be used for ALL maintenance therapy dose adjustments, but the most informative subset remains to be identified. Background: Sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima, formerly known as Laminaria saccharina) is a brown seaweed which naturally occurs in the North Atlantic. Seaweeds may be one of the last natural food resources abundantly available. They are known to contain many compounds which may have additional functional benefits. This edible seaweed is characterized by high content of nutrients including carbohydrates and polyphenols, which are recognized antioxidants. Because their natural environment is a 3% saline solution, they are very resistant to mild extraction methods. However, extracts from solvent extractions usually contain residual solvents, making them unacceptable for high quality functional foods and high end cosmetics. The objective of this study was to test the biological properties of three extracts from sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima). Methods: Cold water, hot water, and ethanol: water (70:30 v/v) extracts were prepared. Total Carbohydrate Content (TCC) was determined by the phenol - sulphuric acid method and values were expressed as mg of fucose/g of dry extract. Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) was determined and expressed as mg of Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100g of dry extract. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay was performed for all extracts and values were expressed as mu M of Trolox (R) Equivalent/g of dry extract. Human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1) was used to investigate the bioactivity of Saccharina extracts. Extracts were applied to PMA differentiated THP-1 cells. Cytotoxicity of derived extracts was assessed by light microscopy followed by XTT proliferation assay. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed to determine secretion of interleukin - 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin - 6 (IL-6). Results: The cold water extract exhibited very toxic properties toward macrophages and was thereby excluded from the experimental proceedings with use of the macrophages. Among all the tested extracts, the hot water extract was richest in sugars (682 +/- 243 mg fucose/g dry extract) and polyphenols (96.5 +/- 5.6 mg GAE/g dry extract), which was correlated to the determined ORAC values (1686 +/- 99 mu M TE/g dry extract). The addition of hot water and ethanol extracts at concentrations 100 mu g/ml triggered secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha suggesting immunomodulatory properties of Saccharina extracts toward macrophages. Conclusions: The present study suggests that carbohydrate enriched extracts from Icelandic edible seaweed Saccharina latissima have antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties towards human THP-1 derived macrophages. The carbohydrate and polyphenol correlated with ORAC values confirming antioxidant properties of the derived extracts. The hot water extract affected the pro-inflammatory (TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine secretion in macrophages, suggesting their bioactivity through immunomodulatory actions and can be considered for practical applications in functional foods and cosmetics. Ara h 1 and Ara h 6 Sensitization Causes Clinical Peanut Allergy in Ara h 2-Negative Individuals. Of the major peanut allergens, sensitivity to Ara h 2 has the highest prediction for clinical allergy. In this study, we evaluated sensitization to peanut components in Iceland and related Ara h 2-negative sensitization to clinical allergy. Ara h 1, Ara h 2,	-0.300898	0.843097	0.630631	0.940781	[ -0.27487425976826524, -0.3269219260702181 ]	[ 0.7535658188825048, 0.9326286770134767 ]	[ 0.7092543002009529, 0.5520073566271282 ]	[ 0.8887532512935463, 0.9928080620236617 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 4061, 29652, 29889, 24062, 1747, 5375, 341, 28627, 4061, 2893, 11057, 11916, 393, 526, 443, 2146, 8270, 363, 437, 344, 27323, 2861, 304, 1880, 11174, 310, 341, 28627, 4061, 29896, 9886, 297, 278, 715, 25392, 15958, 1363, 310, 7786, 341, 28627, 938, 1296, 29889, 2178, 9528, 341, 28627, 4061, 27639, 8855, 630, 411, 25348, 29899, 29911, 29954, 322, 1122, 367, 1304, 363, 15149, 25413, 29220, 27580, 437, 344, 10365, 1860, 29892, 541, 278, 1556, 1871, 1230, 11306, 9242, 304, 367, 15659, 29889, 13, 10581, 29901, 25589, 279, 413, 295, 29886, 313, 29903, 562, 3090, 1099, 3405, 790, 2946, 29892, 21510, 2998, 408, 365, 9103, 4568, 7067, 3090, 1099, 29897, 338, 263, 17354, 7205, 705, 287, 607, 18180, 10008, 297, 278, 4644, 19948, 29889, 14070, 705, 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Ara h 3, Ara h 8, and Bet v 1 IgEs were measured (ImmunoCAP) in 220 peanut IgE (Pn-IgE)-positive serum samples. Ara h 2 IgE-negative individuals were invited to an open peanut challenge and evaluated for Ara h 6 and 9 sensitization (ISAC microarray). The Ara h 2 IgE-negative group (52.3%, 115/220) was older (p = 0.04) and more likely to have a history of pollen allergy than the Ara h 2-positive group (p < 0.001). Of the Ara h 2-negative participants, 24.3% were already consuming peanuts and 38.3% were unavailable. Of the 43 who underwent an open peanut challenge, 79% were negative, 14% were positive, and 7% were inconclusive. Those who reacted to peanuts had a higher Ara h 1 IgE than that of the tolerant participants, and 3 were positive to Ara h 6 IgE, and 2 of those subjects were monosensitized. Ara h 8 may have caused a positive reaction, while Ara h 9 did not. Half of the peanut-sensitized individuals in Iceland were not sensitized to the major allergen Ara h 2. Ara h 1, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6 sensitizations resulted in a positive open peanut challenge and they are therefore clinically important for individuals with a peanut allergy in Iceland. Constipation, ileus and medication use during clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia in Iceland. Purpose of the article: Clozapine is the only evidence based treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Constipation is a well known side effect of clozapine treatment. The aims of this study are to describe the prevalence of constipation and ileus during clozapine treatment of patients with schizophrenia in Iceland and to assess the concomitant use of medication that can cause constipation, and laxatives used to treat constipation. We identified 188 patients treated with clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital, during the study period 1.1.1998 - 21.11.2014. Cases of constipation and ileus were identified using an electronic search with keywords related to ileus in the patients' electronic health records. Detailed medication use was available for 154 patients that used clozapine for at least one year. Four out of 188 patients were diagnosed with ileus that resulted in admission to hospital. Two of these required a permanent stoma as a consequence of their ileus. Laxatives were prescribed for 24 out of 154 patients (15.4%) while on clozapine. In total 40.9% of the patients either had laxatives prescribed or had constipation documented in the medical records. Apart from clozapine, other medications known to cause constipation were prescribed to 28 out of 154 patients (18.2%). Constipation is a common problem during clozapine treatment which can progress to full-blown ileus which can be fatal. Clinicians need to monitor signs of constipation during treatment with clozapine and respond to it with lifestyle advice and laxative treatment. Determinants of nurse absenteeism and intent to leave: An international study. To determine factors associated with nurses' intent to leave their positions and absenteeism. There is a recognized global shortage of nurses but limited data describing and determining factors associated with nurse absenteeism and intent to leave. This study involved a secondary analysis of the results from direct-care registered nurses' responses to the MISSCARE Survey, with data from seven countries included. Multi-level modelling was used to determine nurse characteristics and working environment factors associated with nurse absenteeism and intent to leave. The level of absenteeism and intent to leave varied significantly across countries, with registered nurses in Lebanon reporting the highest intention to leave within 12 months (43%) and registered nurses in Iceland and Australia the highest level of abs	-0.702213	0.707009	0.676283	0.878348	[ -0.9117733342526889, -0.49265265297906813 ]	[ 0.6174780467029662, 0.796540904833938 ]	[ 0.48099260791636866, 0.8715737258255462 ]	[ 0.8263203648554771, 0.9303751755855925 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 25953, 298, 29871, 29941, 29892, 25953, 298, 29871, 29947, 29892, 322, 6313, 325, 29871, 29896, 12815, 14190, 892, 17005, 313, 1888, 29885, 9447, 29907, 3301, 29897, 297, 29871, 29906, 29906, 29900, 1236, 273, 329, 12815, 29923, 313, 29925, 29876, 29899, 28600, 29923, 6817, 1066, 3321, 724, 398, 11916, 29889, 25953, 298, 29871, 29906, 12815, 29923, 29899, 22198, 15724, 892, 23610, 304, 385, 1722, 1236, 273, 329, 18766, 322, 19030, 363, 25953, 298, 29871, 29953, 322, 29871, 29929, 4771, 277, 2133, 313, 3235, 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\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} Recent experimental demonstrations of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) phenomena in luminous gases of exciton-polaritons{~\cite{STEVENSON2000,BAUMBERG2000,BAAS2006,KASP2006}} and pure photons~\cite{KLAE2010} in optical microcavities are opening exciting new perspectives to the study of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of open, driven-dissipative systems. In contrast to usual statistical mechanics where the equilibrium density matrix is determined by the Boltzmann factor $\rho_{\rm eq}\propto \exp(-H/k_B T)$, the steady-state of open systems is determined by a dynamical balance of pumping and losses. The novel features that stem from this difference are presently attracting a lot of interest from both theoretical and experimental points of view, in particular for what concerns phase transitions and critical behavior~\cite{Zia, Cross, Henkel}. In optics, the first and most celebrated example of phase transition is the laser operation threshold and its interpretation in terms of a spontaneously broken $U(1)$ phase symmetry {was} first pointed out in the early 1970's~\cite{Graham,DEGI1970,HAKE1975}. While this {analogy with Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)} is typically discussed in textbooks for the case of single-mode laser cavities, {rigorously speaking} the concepts of phase transition and of spontaneous symmetry-breaking phenomenon are restricted to spatially infinite systems. {Only recently, the} advances in optical technology are providing examples of spatially extended laser devices for which the large system limit is a legitimate approximation, the so-called VCSELs (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers)~\cite{VCSELbook}. While these devices have received a great attention from point of view of nonlinear optics and of all-optical information processing~\cite{VCSEL}, their potential to study the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of the laser phase transition has been so far only marginally exploited~\cite{KAPON}. As it is reviewed in~\cite{RMP2013}, the interest {for these condensation} phenomena in optical systems got strongly revived in the last decade with the experimental observations of polariton and photon BECs~\cite{STEVENSON2000,BAUMBERG2000,KASP2006,KLAE2010}. {As a remarkable difference from standard lasers, it was pointed out that the effective interactions between the individual particles forming the photon and polariton gases mediated by the underlying medium may lead to collective behaviours in the gas including, e.g., superfluidity~\cite{WOUT2010}. At the same time, a significant work has been devoted to characterize the equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium nature of these condensates and quantify the observable consequences of the pumping and loss processes. On one hand, the photon BEC experiment of \cite{KLAE2010} has shown clear evidence of a thermal Bose-Einstein distribution at the temperature of the cavity medium embedding the dye molecules. On the other hand, qualitatively novel features of non-equilibrium BEC have been observed in polariton condensation experiments. For example, the early experiments of \cite{Richard:PRL2005} have shown BEC into a ring of modes at finite $\mathbf{k}$: An interpretation of this effect in terms of an interplay of driving, dissipation and energy minimization was proposed in \cite{WOUT2008} and experimentally confirmed by \cite{WERTZ}. Another, even more surprising feature was experimentally reported in \cite{BAJO2007}, where a thermal-like distribution was observed even in a weak coupling regime where collisions are expected to be too weak to allow for any thermalisation. From the theoretical point of view, the recent work~\cite{KEELING2013} has quantitatively explored the crossover from the equilibrium-like regime of~\cite{KLAE2010} where the particle distribution closely follow the Bose-Einstein distribution, to non-equilibrium regimes where the distribution is more and	1.30984	1.179735	1.317952	2.085384	[ 1.6522590688329906, 0.9674213543336104 ]	[ 1.0830414778434931, 1.2764293646249427 ]	[ 1.6324460334408268, 1.003458259145528 ]	[ 2.199843866493, 1.9709232828867462 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 320, 2042, 29912, 25898, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 3471, 29901, 25898, 29913, 13, 13, 4789, 296, 17986, 9004, 800, 310, 350, 852, 29899, 29923, 262, 5465, 2148, 575, 362, 313, 29933, 11206, 29897, 17292, 28342, 297, 301, 9735, 681, 330, 2129, 310, 5566, 277, 265, 29899, 3733, 279, 277, 787, 29912, 2651, 2036, 29912, 1254, 22240, 1430, 3094, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 29892, 5688, 5005, 13635, 29954, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 29892, 5688, 3289, 29906, 29900, 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more distorted up to the standard laser regime: in particular, the ratio between the thermalisation rate (encoded by the absorption/emission rates) and the pumping and photon losses was identified as the key parameter determining the equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium nature of the momentum distribution of photons. Going beyond the one-body distribution function, several authors~\cite{SZYM2006, WOUT2006,WOUT2007} have pointed out a qualitative signature of non-equilibrium in the dispersion of the collective excitations: the typical acoustic branch of equilibrium condensates is replaced by a diffusive plateau at low wavevectors, whose $\mathbf{k}$-space extension is quantitatively related to the departure from equilibrium. Furthermore,} the non-perturbative functional renormalisation group calculation in~\cite{Sieberer2013} showed the importance of new critical exponents arising from the genuine non-equilibrium nature of the system. Finally, theoretical descriptions of the photon BEC phenomenon in purely laser terms were {aimed for in}~\cite{Fischer}. {An interesting proposal to obtain a chemical potential for photons was proposed in~\cite{hafezi2014chemical}.} {The situation is even more intriguing in the reduced dimension case that is naturally realized in experiments:} While a well-developed condensate with spatial coherence extending in the whole gas was observed in the relatively small systems of~\cite{KASP2006,KLAE2010}, quasi-condensation features are expected to arise in larger systems {because of long-wavelength fluctuations. In the equilibrium case, the well-known Mermin-Wagner theorem forbids BEC in {translationally invariant systems \footnote{{Of course, BEC remains possible if a harmonic trap potential is added to the 2D gas~\cite{PITA2004}, as done in the experiment of~\cite{KLAE2010}}} of dimension smaller or equal to 2~\cite{MERM1966}. In the non-equilibrium case,} first theoretical works based on a Gaussian linearised theory of fluctuations have anticipated that the long-distance behaviour of the non-equilibrium (interacting) quasi-condensate {should be} the same as in the corresponding equilibrium system at finite $T$, that is an exponential decay of coherence in one dimension and a power-law decay in two dimensions~\cite{SZYM2006, WOUT2006, ACIC2013}. Pioneering experiments along these lines were reported in~\cite{SPAN2012,ROUM2012}. Very recently, more refined theoretical studies going beyond the Gaussian theory have started questioning some aspects of these theoretical predictions. {In particular,} it was pointed out in~\cite{Altman,Wouters2013} that terms beyond the linearised Bogoliubov theory are essential to correctly capture the long-distance behavior of the spatial coherence {and correct some pathologies found in the non-interacting limit in~\cite{ACIC2013}. As a result,} the power-law quasi-long range order of {spatially homogeneous} two-dimensional quasi-condensates might be broken and replaced by a stretched exponential decay~\cite{Altman}. {The common starting point of all these theoretical works are phenomenological stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equations (SGPE). The only exception is the numerical simulation reported in~\cite{Ciuti2005} where the BEC phase transition was studied in the so-called Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) configuration {which is} amenable to an almost {\em ab initio} truncated-Wigner description of the field dynamics. In all other cases, the strength and the functional form of the noise terms had to be introduced in a phenomenological way~\cite{WOUT2009,ACIC2013}.} The purpose of this work is to develop a fully quantum model of the system from which one can derive a SGPE under controlled approximations. In contrast to previous derivations of the SGPE based, e.g., on Keldysh formalism~\cite{Keeling} or on the truncated-Wigner representations of the field~\cite{Ciuti2005,WOUT2009}, our derivation is performed through the quantum Langevin approach~\cite{	1.244096	1.047229	1.059256	2.688901	[ 1.2084842298373923, 1.2797073521453277 ]	[ 1.1403415924454041, 0.9541162199891933 ]	[ 0.993313295043991, 1.125197828363973 ]	[ 2.5744411851214153, 2.803361768727669 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 901, 1320, 18054, 701, 304, 278, 3918, 1869, 261, 22384, 29901, 297, 3153, 29892, 278, 11959, 1546, 278, 26963, 4371, 6554, 313, 26716, 491, 278, 17977, 683, 29914, 331, 2333, 19257, 29897, 322, 278, 282, 3427, 292, 322, 6731, 265, 28495, 471, 15659, 408, 278, 1820, 3443, 3683, 2827, 278, 26440, 7186, 29889, 1661, 29899, 1686, 15943, 16241, 5469, 310, 278, 19399, 4978, 310, 6731, 787, 29889, 13, 13, 8120, 292, 8724, 278, 697, 29899, 2587, 4978, 740, 29892, 3196, 15717, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29903, 29999, 29979, 29924, 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29900, 29929, 29892, 2477, 2965, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 1836, 29913, 450, 6437, 310, 445, 664, 338, 304, 2693, 263, 8072, 12101, 1904, 310, 278, 1788, 515, 607, 697, 508, 21340, 263, 317, 29954, 4162, 1090, 20704, 6881, 800, 29889, 512, 12814, 304, 3517, 7750, 800, 310, 278, 317, 29954, 4162, 2729, 29892, 321, 29889, 29887, 1696, 373, 476, 2495, 29891, 845, 11595, 1608, 2651, 2036, 29912, 9598, 14067, 29913, 470, 373, 278, 21022, 630, 29899, 29956, 21216, 22540, 310, 278, 1746, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29907, 29875, 11321, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 29892, 29956, 12015, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 1118, 1749, 7750, 362, 338, 8560, 1549, 278, 12101, 365, 927, 3845, 2948, 2651, 2036, 29912 ]	841	1,024	ArXiv	-1	-1
GARD2000}: on one hand, this approach offers a physically transparent description of the baths and, in particular, of the incoherent pumping mechanism. On the other hand, it allows to capture {within a simple Markovian theory} the frequency-dependence of the pumping and dissipation baths. In the good cavity limit, we can then adiabatically eliminate the matter degrees of freedom, which results in an effective dynamics for the cavity photon field only: in particular, explicit expressions for the Langevin terms are provided, which can eventually be used as a starting point for more sophisticated statistical mechanics calculations. This Article is organised as follows. In Sec. \ref{sec:QL} we present the model and we derive {the quantum Langevin} equations. In Sec. \ref{sec:MF}, we present the mean-field theory of the condensation process {and we illustrate the $U(1)$ spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomenon}. In the following Sec. \ref{sec:Fluctuations} we study the excitation modes of the system and the effect of fluctuations around the condensate: in particular, predictions for the momentum distribution of the thermal component and for the luminescence spectrum are given. In Sec. \ref{sec:SGPE} we discuss the good cavity limit where our equations can be reduced to a stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Conclusions are finally drawn in Sec. \ref{sec:Conclusions}. \section{The model} \label{sec:QL} Our microscopic theory extends early models on laser operation~\cite{LAX1966,LOUI1973,GORD1967,HAKE1984} to the spatially extended case of planar cavities with a parabolic dispersion of the cavity photon as a function of the in-plane wavevector $\mathbf{k}$, \begin{equation} \omega_\mathbf{k} = \omega_0 + \frac{k^2}{2m}. \label{omegak} \end{equation} with a cut-off frequency $\omega_0$ and an effective mass $m$~\cite{RMP2013}. This simple description of cavity modes well captures the physics of planar DBR semiconductor microcavities {in both the weak and the strong light-matter coupling regimes: in particular, low-momentum polaritons used in the condensation experiment~\cite{KASP2006} are straightforwardly included as dressed photon modes with suitably renormalised $\omega_0$ and $m$ parameters. When} supplemented with an harmonic potential term accounting for the mirror curvature, {this same formalism} also describes the mesoscopic cavity of~\cite{KLAE2010}. As it is sketched in Fig.\ref{fig:sketch}, the {cavity} field is then coupled to a set of two-level emitters. Both the emitters and the cavity are subject to losses of different natures, while energy is continuously injected into the system by pumping the emitters to their excited state. The steady-state of the system is therefore determined by a dynamical balance of pumping and losses. In this description, {both Bose-Einstein condensation and lasing consist} in the appearance of a macroscopic coherent field in a single mode of the cavity (typically the $\mathbf{k}=0$ one), monochromatically oscillating at a given frequency $\omega$ and with a long-distance coherence extending in the whole system. Part of the in-cavity light eventually leaves the cavity via the non-perfectly reflecting mirror and end up forming a coherent {output beam of light}. \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{sketch.png} \caption{\label{fig:sketch}A pictorial representation of the model. {Emitters lose energy at a rate $\gamma$ while energy is pumped in at a rate $d$. Photons can leave the cavity after a time $\kappa^{-1}$.}} \end{figure} While this theory directly builds on standard laser theory, it is generic enough to capture the main specificities of exciton-polariton condensation under an incoherent pumping scheme {which was experimentally	1.213963	0.241222	1.104908	2.303899	[ 1.148218510961447, 1.2797073521453277 ]	[ -0.17442744338125685, 0.65687187549178 ]	[ 1.013603223247065, 1.1962125770747325 ]	[ 2.303898677223115, 2.303898677223115 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29954, 17011, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 6177, 373, 697, 1361, 29892, 445, 2948, 16688, 263, 4824, 1711, 17772, 6139, 310, 278, 27683, 29879, 322, 29892, 297, 3153, 29892, 310, 278, 297, 1111, 2276, 296, 282, 3427, 292, 13336, 29889, 1551, 278, 916, 1361, 29892, 372, 6511, 304, 10446, 426, 2541, 262, 263, 2560, 4485, 586, 713, 6368, 29913, 278, 10868, 29899, 2716, 355, 663, 310, 278, 282, 3427, 292, 322, 16317, 666, 362, 27683, 29879, 29889, 512, 278, 1781, 18346, 537, 4046, 29892, 591, 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demonstrated in~\cite{KASP2006}. In this case, the dispersion is the polariton one and the two-level emitters provide a model description of the complex irreversible polariton scattering processes replenishing the condensate~\cite{keeling2007,DENG2010}. The main gain process consists of binary polariton scattering where two polaritons located around the inflection point of their dispersion are scattered into one condensate polariton and one exciton (which is then quickly lost). In our model, the excited state of the emitters correspond to pairs of polaritons located around the inflection point of their dispersion, while the ground state of the emitter corresponds to having one exciton resulting from the collision. At simplest order, the emitter energy $\nu$ is then approximately equal to the difference of the energy of the pair around the inflection point and of the exciton, $\hbar\nu\approx 2E_{\rm infl}-E_{\rm exc}$, that is the energy where the collisional gain is expected to be maximum. } Extensions of this theory including more complicate emitters can be used to describe the dye molecules involved in the photon condensation experiments of \cite{KLAE2010}. Several possibilities in this direction are explored in \cite{KEELING2013,DELEEUW2013}. \subsection{The field and emitter Hamiltonians and the radiation-emitter coupling} Given the translational symmetry of the system along the cavity plane, the in-plane momentum $\mathbf{k}$ of the photon is a good quantum number and the (bare) photon dispersion of a given longitudinal mode is well described by the parabolic dispersion \eqref{omegak}. The emitters are fixed in space according to a regular square lattice and do not have any direct interaction. Taking for notational simplicity $\hbar=1$, the free Hamiltonian of the field and {of} the emitters has the usual form \begin{equation} H _{\text{free}} = \sum_\mathbf{k} \omega_\mathbf{k} {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} {\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k} + \sum_i \nu S_i^z \end{equation} where $\omega_\mathbf{k}$ is the cavity dispersion defined in \eqref{omegak} and $\nu$ is the emitter frequency. The ${\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k},{\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}$ operators satisfy bosonic commutation rules $[{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k},{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}'}]=\delta_{\mathbf{k},\mathbf{k}'}$, {while the emitter operators $S^{\pm,z}$ satisfy the usual algebra of spin-1/2 operators.} Within the usual rotating-wave approximation, the radiation-matter coupling is then: \begin{equation} H _{\text{int}} = \frac{ig}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_i\sum_\mathbf{k}\left( \mathrm{e}^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot \mathbf{x}_i}\,{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}\,S_{i}^+ - \mathrm{e}^{-i\mathbf{k}\cdot \mathbf{x}_i}\,{\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}\,S_i^- \right), \end{equation} where $\mathbf{x}_i$ is the position of the $i$-th emitter and $V$ is the total volume of the system. Assuming periodic boundary conditions, we can introduce the $D$-dimensional real-space cavity field \begin{equation} \phi(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_\mathbf{k} e^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}}\,{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}. \end{equation} % In terms of the field $\phi(\mathbf{x})$, local binary interactions between the cavity photons can be added to the model via a two-body interaction term of the form \begin{equation} H^{(4)} = \frac{\lambda}{2}\int_V\mathrm{d}^Dx\,\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x})\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x})\phi(\mathbf{x})\phi(\mathbf{x}), \end{equation} which in momentum space reads: \begin{equation} H^{(4)} = \frac	0.38394	0.122817	0.628095	2.283088	[ 0.3784609198641435, 0.3894183232961336 ]	[ 0.3488837595065084, -0.10324995727419553 ]	[ 0.8411388335209349, 0.4150503412563777 ]	[ 2.1790329043469767, 2.3871425258072074 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 28585, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29968, 3289, 29925, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 1836, 512, 445, 1206, 29892, 278, 12272, 4455, 338, 278, 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353, 320, 1154 ]	841	3,072	ArXiv	-1	-1
{\lambda}{2V}\sum_{\mathbf{k}\kk'\mathbf{q}}{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}} {\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}'-\mathbf{q}} {\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{k}'} b_\mathbf{k}. \end{equation} Physically, such a term can describe a Kerr $\chi^{(3)}$ optical non-linearity of the cavity material or, equivalently, polariton-polariton interactions~\cite{RMP2013}. \subsection{Dissipative field dynamics: radiative losses} The cavity field is coupled to an external bath of radiative modes via the non-perfectly reflecting cavity mirrors. As usual, this can be modelled by coupling each $\mathbf{k}$ mode of the field with a bath of harmonic oscillators~\cite{ICCCPRA2006}. The resulting quantum Langevin equations~\cite{GARD2000} then have the form \begin{equation} \frac{d{\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}}{dt} = \left( i\omega_\mathbf{k} - \frac{\kappa}{2} \right) {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} + F_\mathbf{k}^\dagger. \end{equation} Here, $\kappa$ is the decay rate of the field and the zero-mean quantum noises $F_\mathbf{k}^\dagger$ are uncorrelated and have a delta-like correlation in time \begin{eqnarray} \langle F^\dagger_\mathbf{k}(t)F_{\mathbf{k}'}(t')\rangle &=& 0 \label{F1} \\ \langle F_\mathbf{k}(t)F_{\mathbf{k}'}^\dagger(t')\rangle &=& \kappa\,\delta(t - t')\,\delta_{\mathbf{k},\mathbf{k}'}. \label{F2} \end{eqnarray} This form of the quantum Langevin equation requires that the initial total density matrix factorizes in the cavity and bath parts and that the bath density matrix corresponds to an equilibrium state at very low temperature. Both approximations are well satisfied by realistic systems, since the frequencies involved in optical experiments are very high as compared to the device temperature, typically at or below room temperature. As a result, cavity photons can only spontaneously quit the cavity after a lifetime $\kappa^{-1}$, while no radiation can enter the cavity from outside. \subsection{Dissipative emitter dynamics: losses and pumping} The dissipative dynamics of the emitter requires a bit more care because of the intrinsic nonlinearity of a two-level system. We take each emitter to be independently coupled to its own loss bath with a Hamiltonian of the form \begin{equation} H_\gamma = \sum_{q}\left( \gamma_q^* S^+A_q + \gamma_q A^{\dagger}_q S^- \right). \end{equation} Here, $q$ indicates the modes of the bath, $\gamma_q$ are the coupling constants, and $A_q$ are the bath operators, assumed to have bosonic nature and an initially very low temperature. Performing a Markov approximation, the quantum Langevin equations for the spin-like operators of the emitter read \begin{equation} \begin{cases} \left.\frac{dS^z}{dt}\right\|_\gamma = - \gamma\left(\frac{1}{2} + S^z\right) + G^z_\gamma\\ \left.\frac{dS^+}{dt}\right\|_\gamma = \left(i\nu - \frac{\gamma}{2} \right)S^+ + G^+_\gamma. \end{cases} \end{equation} The deterministic part of these equations shows that each emitter tends to decay towards its lower state independently of its neighbors. Differently from what happened to the cavity mode in \eqref{F1} and \eqref{F2}, the noise operators $G^+_\gamma$ and $G^z_\gamma$ now depend on the initial state of the bath $A_q(t_0)$ as well as on the instantaneous spin operators: \begin{gather} \begin{split} G^z_\gamma(t) = & -i\sum_q\left[\gamma_q^*\mathrm{e}^{-i\omega_q	0.183967	-0.266309	0.382079	1.79403	[ 0.20588181581029968, 0.16205220208233934 ]	[ -0.20374898640020347, -0.32886915851922005 ]	[ 0.3846154489517664, 0.37954296690099787 ]	[ 2.002139726105781, 1.5859204831853193 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 741, 2892, 1157, 29906, 29963, 1012, 2083, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 6859, 12764, 2762, 29912, 29939, 12431, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10869, 2762, 29912, 29939, 930, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10162, 2612, 2762, 29912, 29939, 930, 2802, 1758, 29912, 29890, 29261, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10162, 29913, 289, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1836, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 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(t-t_0)}S^+(t)A_q(t_0)\right. + \\ &- \left. \gamma_q\mathrm{e}^{i\omega_q(t-t_0)}A_k^{\dagger}(t_0)S^-(t)\right], \end{split}\\ G^+_\gamma(t) = -2i\sum_k\gamma_k\mathrm{e}^{i\omega_k(t-t_0)}A^{\dagger}_k(t_0)S^z(t). \end{gather} Under the same conditions assumed for the cavity operators, the quantum noises on the different emitters are uncorrelated and have a delta-like temporal correlation, \begin{equation} \langle G_{\gamma,i}^\alpha(t)G_{\gamma,j}^{\alpha'}(t') \rangle = 2D^{\alpha \alpha'}_\gamma(t)\delta(t-t')\,\delta_{ij}. \end{equation} Among the many $\alpha,\alpha' = +,\, -,\, z$ terms, the only non-zero diffusion coefficients are: \begin{gather} D^{-+}_\gamma = \frac{\gamma}{2}, \qquad D^{-z}_\gamma = \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^-\rangle, \\ \qquad D^{z+}_\gamma = \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^+\rangle ,\qquad D^{zz}_\gamma = \frac{\gamma}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\langle S^z\rangle\right). \end{gather} The dependence of the diffusion coefficients on the spin operator averages stems from the intrinsic optical nonlinearity of two-level emitter and makes calculations much harder. The incoherent external pumping of the system is modelled by coupling each emitter with a bath of inverted oscillators as typically done in laser theory~\cite{GARD2000}. This leads to quantum Langevin equations of the form \begin{equation} \left\{\begin{array}{lll} \left.\frac{dS^z}{dt}\right\|_d = d\left(\frac{1}{2} - S^z\right) + G^z_d,\\ \left.\frac{dS^+}{dt}\right\|_d = \left(i\nu - \frac{d}{2} \right)S^+ + G^+_d \end{array} \right. \end{equation} Again, the noise operators $G_d^\alpha$ depend on the spin operators and satisfy delta-like correlation functions in time. The only non-zero diffusion coefficients are now: \begin{gather} D^{+-}_d = \frac{d}{2}, \qquad D^{+z}_d = -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^+\rangle,\\ \qquad D^{z-}_d = -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^-\rangle, \qquad D^{zz}_d = \frac{d}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}-\langle S^z\rangle\right). \end{gather} Combining the two loss and pumping contributions to the emitter dissipative dynamics, one finally obtains \begin{equation}\label{TLA_eq} \left\{ \begin{array}{lll} \left.\frac{dS^z}{dt}\right\|_{\gamma+d} & = & \Gamma\left(\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - S^z\right) + G^z,\\ \left.\frac{dS^+}{dt}\right\|_{\gamma+d} & = & \left(i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2} \right)S^+ + G^+, \end{array} \right. \end{equation} where $\Gamma = d + \gamma$ and $G^\alpha(t) = G^\alpha_{\gamma}(t) + G^\alpha_{d}(t) $. The stationary value of the average inversion operator $S^z$ in the absence of any cavity field can be called \emph{unsaturated population inversion} and depends only on the ratio between damping rates $x = {d}/{\gamma} $, \begin{equation} \mathcal{D} = \frac{d - \gamma }{d + \gamma}. \end{equation} In the $\alpha	-0.163075	-0.608207	-0.09093	2.085384	[ -0.0995558048564239, -0.22659320089605892 ]	[ -0.6001493885876424, -0.6162650458194299 ]	[ -0.0896616227950919, -0.09219786382047616 ]	[ 2.2830877150770923, 1.8876794343026537 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29898, 29873, 29899, 29873, 29918, 29900, 2915, 29903, 14747, 29898, 29873, 29897, 29909, 29918, 29939, 29898, 29873, 29918, 29900, 2144, 1266, 29889, 718, 2474, 13, 462, 3986, 669, 29899, 320, 1563, 29889, 320, 4283, 29918, 29939, 29905, 3141, 29912, 29872, 2844, 29875, 29905, 4787, 29918, 29939, 29898, 29873, 29899, 29873, 29918, 29900, 2915, 29909, 29918, 29895, 3311, 21085, 2119, 29873, 29918, 29900, 29897, 29903, 29985, 17722, 29873, 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,\alpha' = +,\, -,\, z$ basis, the diffusion matrix $D^{\alpha\alpha'}$ of the total external noise operators $G^\alpha$ is given by: \begin{equation}\label{diff_coeff} \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & \frac{\gamma}{2} &\frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^+\rangle\\ \frac{d}{2} & 0 & -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^-\rangle\\ -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^+\rangle & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^-\rangle& \frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2} - \mathcal{D}\langle S^z\rangle \right) \end{array} \right). \end{equation} \subsection{The quantum Langevin equations} Putting all terms together, we obtain the final quantum Langevin equations for the $i$-th emitter and the $\mathbf{k}$ cavity mode {operators}, \begin{gather} \begin{split} \frac{dS^z_i}{dt} = \Gamma\left(\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - S^z_i\right) + &\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{k}}\left(\mathrm{e}^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}_i}\,S_i^+\,{\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{k}} +\right.\\ &\left. +\mathrm{e}^{-i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}_i}\,{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}}\,S_i^- \right)+ G^z_i , \end{split}\label{eqn1a}\\ \frac{dS^+_i}{dt} = \left(i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2} \right)S^+_i -\frac{2g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{k}}\mathrm{e}^{-i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}_i}\,{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}}\,S^z_i + G^+_i, \label{eqn1b}\\ \frac{d{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}}}{dt} = \left( i\omega_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{\kappa}{2} \right) {\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_i\mathrm{e}^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}_i}\,S^{+}_i + F_{\mathbf{k}}^{\dagger} \label{eqn1c}. \end{gather} {These} equations can be rewritten in {{\em real space}} in terms of field and spin-density operators. Assuming the emitters to be arranged on a regular square lattice with density $n_A$ and to have a fictitious size equal to the lattice cell volume $a=n_A^{-1}$, {these latter can be defined as} \begin{equation} S^\alpha(\mathbf{x}) = \sum_i\delta_{a}^{(D)}(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}_i)\,S_i^\alpha \end{equation} in terms of delta distributions broadened over a spatial area $a$. Assuming that the bosonic field $\phi(\mathbf{x})$ is almost constant over a length $\sim a$ allows us to approximate $\delta_{a}^{(D)}(\mathbf{x})$ as a delta function, simplifying the algebra of the spin densities and the form of the quantum Langevin equations. In this representation, the spin algebra in the cartesian $\alpha_i=x,y,z$ basis has the form \begin{equation} [ S^{\alpha_1}(\mathbf{x}), S^{\alpha_2}(\mathbf{x}')] = i\varepsilon_{\alpha_1\alpha_2\alpha_3} S^{\alpha_3}(\mathbf{x}) \delta^{(D)}_a(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}'). \end{equation} {Summing up}, the {real space} quantum Langevin equations can be written as \begin{gather} \begin{split} \frac{\partial S^z(\mathbf{x})}{\partial t} = \Gamma \left[n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - S^z(\mathbf	0.008649	-0.624323	0.387152	2.272682	[ -0.25706847919128134, 0.27436558726023774 ]	[ -0.7147496177914644, -0.5338961310791829 ]	[ 0.29838325408870126, 0.4759201258656001 ]	[ 2.1790329043469767, 2.3663315636611846 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2053, 2312, 29915, 353, 718, 24308, 448, 24308, 503, 29938, 8405, 29892, 278, 23253, 4636, 395, 29928, 3311, 2312, 29905, 2312, 29915, 1042, 310, 278, 3001, 7029, 11462, 12768, 395, 29954, 3823, 2312, 29938, 29871, 338, 2183, 491, 29901, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 1012, 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29913, 448, 259, 317, 29985, 29920, 1194, 2762 ]	841	6,144	ArXiv	-1	-1
{x})\right] &+ g\left[ S^+(\mathbf{x})\phi(\mathbf{x})\right. + \\ & \left.+\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x}) S^-(\mathbf{x})\right] + G^z(\mathbf{x}), \end{split}\label{eq:space1}\\ \frac{\partial S^+(\mathbf{x})}{\partial t} = \left[i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2}\right] S^+(\mathbf{x}) -2g\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x}) S^z(\mathbf{x}) + G^+(\mathbf{x}), \label{eq:space2}\\ \frac{\partial\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x})}{\partial t} = \left[ i\omega(i\nabla_\mathbf{x}) - \frac{\kappa}{2}\right]\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x}) - g S^+(\mathbf{x}) + F^\dagger(\mathbf{x}). \label{eq:space3} \end{gather} with a spatially local noise correlation \begin{equation} \langle G^\alpha(t,\mathbf{x}) G^{\alpha'}(t',\mathbf{x}')\rangle = D^{\alpha\alpha'}(\mathbf{x})\delta_a^{(D)}(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}')\delta(t-t'), \end{equation} with \begin{equation}\label{diff_coeff_x} \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & \frac{\gamma}{2}\, n_A & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^+(\mathbf{x})\rangle\\ \frac{d}{2}\,n_A & 0 & -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^-(\mathbf{x})\rangle\\ -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^+(\mathbf{x})\rangle & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^-(\mathbf{x})\rangle& \frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(\frac{n_A}{2} - \mathcal{D}\langle S^z(\mathbf{x})\rangle \right) \end{array} \right). \end{equation} Another useful representation of the previous equations is in {{\em momentum space}}: defining the Fourier transform of the spin-density as \begin{equation} S^\alpha_\mathbf{k} = \int \mathrm{d}^d x\, S^\alpha(\mathbf{x})\mathrm{e}^{-i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}}, \qquad S^\alpha(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{1}{V}\sum_\mathbf{k} S_\mathbf{k}^\alpha \mathrm{e}^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}}, \end{equation} we have the spin commutation relations \begin{equation} [ S^{\alpha_1}_\mathbf{k}, S^{\alpha_2}_{\mathbf{k}'}] = i\varepsilon_{{\alpha_1}{\alpha_2}{\alpha_3}} S^{\alpha_3}_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}, \end{equation} and the quantum Langevin equations \begin{gather} \begin{split} \frac{dS^z_{\mathbf{k}}}{dt} = \Gamma\left(\delta_{\mathbf{k},0}N_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - S^z_{\mathbf{k}}\right) + &\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{q}}\left( S_{\mathbf{k} - \mathbf{q}}^+{\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{q}} + \right.\\ & \left. +{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{q}} S_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}}^- \right)+ G^z_{\mathbf{k}} , \end{split}\label{eqn2a}\\ \frac{dS^+_{\mathbf{k}}}{dt} = \left(i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2} \right) S^+_{\mathbf{k}} -2\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{q}}{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{q}} S^z_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}} + G^+_{\mathbf{k}} , \label{eqn2b}\\ \frac{d{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}}}{dt} = \	-0.098186	-0.670879	0.17918	2.314304	[ -0.38855732037516233, 0.1921850615203121 ]	[ -1.0406440195898332, -0.30111441550891943 ]	[ -0.2291548791912267, 0.587514730982508 ]	[ 2.262276752931069, 2.3663315636611846 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29912, 29916, 11606, 1266, 29962, 669, 29974, 330, 29905, 1563, 29961, 317, 14747, 1194, 2762, 29912, 29916, 11606, 2876, 1194, 2762, 29912, 29916, 11606, 1266, 29889, 718, 2474, 13, 462, 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29890, 9952, 13, 29905, 1154, 29912, 29881, 741, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 930, 1157, 6008, 29913, 418, 353, 29871, 320 ]	841	7,168	ArXiv	-1	-1
left( i\omega_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{\kappa}{2} \right) {\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{g}{\sqrt{V}} S^{+}_{-\mathbf{k}} + F_{\mathbf{k}}^{\dagger} \label{eqn2c}. \end{gather} Momentum space noise operators then satisfy \begin{gather} \langle G^\alpha_{\mathbf{k}}(t)G^{\alpha'}_{\mathbf{k}'}(t')\rangle = 2D_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}^{\alpha\alpha'}\delta(t-t'),\\ \end{gather} with \begin{equation}\label{diff_coeff_k} \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & \frac{\gamma}{2}\, N_A\delta_{\mathbf{k},-\mathbf{k}'} & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^+_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle\\ \frac{d}{2}\,N_A\delta_{\mathbf{k},-\mathbf{k}'} & 0 & -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^-_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle\\ -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^+_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^-_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle& \frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(\frac{N_A}{2}\delta_{\mathbf{k},-\mathbf{k}'} - \mathcal{D}\langle S^z_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle \right) \end{array} \right). \end{equation} {Before proceeding with our discussion, it is worth pointing out that what we have introduced so far is a minimal quantum model to describe condensation in a spatially extended geometry. Depending on the specific system under investigation, other terms might be needed, for instance dephasing of the emitter under the effect of a sort of collisional broadening, or several species of emitters with different resonance frequencies $\nu_i$ so to account for more complex gain spectra. In our formalism, dephasing corresponds to terms of the form \begin{equation} \label{eq:MEcoll} \dot{\rho} = \frac{\Gamma_{\text{coll}}}{2}\left(4S^z\rho S^z - \rho\right) \end{equation} in the master equation~\cite{COHE2004}, $\Gamma_\text{coll}$ being the contribution of the dephasing to the dipole relaxation rate. In the quantum Langevin formalism, these processes give additional deterministic terms \begin{equation} \label{QLcoll} \begin{cases} \left.\frac{dS^+}{dt}\right\|_{\rm coll} = -\Gamma_\text{coll}S^+ + G_{\rm coll}^+, \\ \left.\frac{dS^z}{dt}\right\|_{\rm coll} =0, \end{cases} \end{equation} and an additional contribution to the noise: % \begin{equation} \label{QLdiff} \begin{cases} \langle G_{\rm coll}^+(t)G_{\rm coll}^-(t') \rangle = 2\Gamma_\text{coll}\left(\frac{1}{2} + \langle S^z\rangle\right)\delta(t-t'),\\ \langle G_{\rm coll}^-(t)G_{\rm coll}^+(t') \rangle = 2\Gamma_\text{coll}\left(\frac{1}{2} - \langle S^z\rangle\right)\delta(t-t'). \end{cases} \end{equation} % We have checked that including such terms does not introduce any qualitatively new feature in the model.} \section{Mean-field theory} \label{sec:MF} {As a first step in our study of non-equilibrium condensation effects, we study the mean-field solution to the quantum Langevin equations.} This amounts to neglecting the quantum noise terms in \eqref{eqn2a}-\eqref{eqn2c} and replacing each operator with its expectation value. This study is the simplest in momentum representation, where the mean-field motion equations for $\beta_\mathbf{k}^* =	0.227797	-0.497804	0.399833	2.251871	[ 0.0634355711944286, 0.3921576741541311 ]	[ -0.7505621894176588, -0.24504535805665886 ]	[ 0.1309913464133395, 0.6686744437948046 ]	[ 2.262276752931069, 2.241465790785046 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1563, 29898, 474, 29905, 4787, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 930, 448, 320, 1154, 741, 9876, 1157, 29906, 29913, 320, 1266, 29897, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 930, 448, 320, 1154, 29912, 29887, 3331, 3676, 29912, 29963, 930, 317, 27587, 3227, 2612, 2762, 29912, 29895, 930, 718, 383, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 930, 3311, 21085, 29913, 539, 320, 1643, 29912, 7589, 29906, 29883, 1836, 29871, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 29887, 1624, 29913, 13, 29924, 2932, 398, 2913, 11462, 12768, 769, 15523, 29871, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 29887, 1624, 29913, 13, 29905, 6990, 402, 3823, 2312, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 12156, 29873, 29897, 29954, 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\langle {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}\rangle$ and $\sigma^\alpha_\mathbf{k} = \langle S^\alpha_\mathbf{k} \rangle$ have the form \begin{gather} \begin{split} \dot{\sigma}^z_{\mathbf{k}} = \Gamma\left(\delta_{\mathbf{k},0}N_A\right.&\left.\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \sigma^z_{\mathbf{k}}\right) + \\ &+\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{q}}\left(\sigma_{\mathbf{k} - \mathbf{q}}^+\beta_{\mathbf{q}} + \beta_{\mathbf{q}}^\sigma_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}}^- \right) \label{MF1a} , \end{split}\\ \dot{\sigma}^+_{\mathbf{k}} = \left(i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2} \right)\sigma^+_{\mathbf{k}} -2\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{q}}\beta_{\mathbf{q}}^\sigma^z_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}} , \label{MF2a}\\ \dot{\beta}_{\mathbf{k}}^* = \left( i\omega_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{\kappa}{2} \right) \beta_{\mathbf{k}}^* - \frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sigma^{+}_{-\mathbf{k}} +\frac{i\lambda}{V}\sum_{\mathbf{q}\qq'}\beta^_{\mathbf{q}+\mathbf{q}'} \beta^_{\mathbf{k}-\mathbf{q}'} \beta_{\mathbf{q}}, \label{MF3a} \end{gather} very similar to the ones of the semi-classical theory of lasers~\cite{SCUL1997}. \subsection{Stationary state: Bose condensation} While a trivial solution with all $\beta_\mathbf{k}^=\sigma_\mathbf{k}^+=0$ is always present, for some values of the parameters to be specified below, {this solution becomes dynamically unstable and is replaced by} other {\em condensed} solutions with a non vanishing field amplitude. Inspired by experiments, we focus our attention on the case where condensation occurs on the $\mathbf{k}=0$ state. This corresponds to inserting the ansatz \begin{equation}\label{ansatz} \begin{cases} \beta^_{\mathbf{k}}(t) = \delta_{\kk0}\,\sqrt{V}\,\beta_0^\,\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t},\\ \sigma^+_{\mathbf{k}}(t) = \delta_{\kk0}\,V\,\sigma_0^+\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \\ \sigma^z_{\mathbf{k}}(t) = \delta_{\kk0}\,V\,\sigma^z_0, \end{cases} \end{equation} into the mean-field equations, with the amplitudes $\beta_0^$ and $\sigma_0^+$, the population inversion $\sigma^z_0$ and the frequency $\omega$ to be determined in a self consistent way. In the $\lambda=0$ case where direct photon-photon interactions vanish, a direct analytical solution of the mean-field equations gives \begin{equation}\label{freq} \omega = \frac{\frac{\nu}{\Gamma} + \frac{\omega_{0}}{\kappa}}{\frac{1}{\Gamma} + \frac{1}{\kappa} } = \omega_0 + \frac{\kappa}{2}\delta, \end{equation} where $\delta = 2(\nu - \omega_0)/(\Gamma + \kappa)$ is the dimensionless detuning: the frequency $\omega$ is therefore equal to an average of the bare field and dipole frequencies, weighted with their bare lifetimes. Analogously, we find for the field and emitter observables, % \begin{eqnarray}\label{mfvalues} \|\beta_0\|^2 & = & \frac{\Gamma}{\kappa}\left[ n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \frac{\Gamma\kappa}{8g^2}\left(1 + \delta^2 \right) \right], \label{field}\\ \sigma^z_0 & = & \frac{\Gamma\kappa}{8g^2}\left(1 + \delta^	0.557888	-0.164131	0.511428	2.376737	[ 0.3291526044201881, 0.7866241977057741 ]	[ -0.3834833302491665, 0.05522067217171457 ]	[ 0.3288181463933125, 0.6940368540486472 ]	[ 2.3871425258072074, 2.3663315636611846 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 320, 6990, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 5854, 29938, 322, 779, 3754, 3823, 2312, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 320, 6990, 317, 3823, 2312, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 320, 5854, 29938, 505, 278, 883, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 29887, 1624, 29913, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 5451, 29913, 13, 29905, 6333, 741, 3754, 2137, 29920, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 930, 268, 353, 29871, 320, 6642, 29905, 1563, 1194, 4181, 1665, 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2\right), \label{inversion}\\ \sigma^+_0 & = & -\frac{\kappa}{2g}\left(1 + i\delta\right)\beta_0^. \label{dipole} \end{eqnarray} The condensation threshold is clearly visible in these results: for {$\mathcal{D}/\Gamma<\kappa(1+\delta^2)/4g^2n_A$}, the right-hand side of \eqref{field} is negative, so only the trivial $\beta_0$ solution is possible. For {$\mathcal{D}/\Gamma>\kappa(1+\delta^2)/4g^2n_A$}, a condensed solution appears with a finite field intensity \eqref{field} and a corresponding emitter dipole moment proportional to \eqref{dipole}. {Remind that both $\mathcal{D}=(d-\gamma)/(d+\gamma)$ and $\Gamma=d+\gamma=\gamma(1+x)$ are here function of the pumping rate.} For finite values of $\lambda$, a similar derivation can be carried out. For the frequency, it gives \begin{equation} \label{shift} \omega = \frac{\frac{\nu}{\Gamma} + \frac{1}{\kappa}\left(\omega_0 + \lambda\|\beta_0\|^2\right)}{\frac{1}{\Gamma} + \frac{1}{\kappa}} = \omega_0 + \lambda\|\beta_0\|^2 + \frac{\kappa}{2}\delta_\lambda, \end{equation} where the dimensionless detuning $ \delta_\lambda = 2\left(\nu-\omega_0 - \lambda\|\beta_0\|^2\right)/\left(\Gamma+\kappa\right)$ now involves also the nonlinear frequency shift of the field mode. For the field and the emitter observables, it gives: \begin{eqnarray} \|\beta_0\|^2 & = & \frac{\Gamma}{\kappa}\left[ n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \frac{\Gamma\kappa}{8g^2}\left(1 + \delta_\lambda^2 \right) \right] \label{eq:MFint1}\\ \sigma^z_0 & = & \frac{\Gamma\kappa}{8g^2}\left(1 + \delta_\lambda^2\right) \label{eq:MFint2}\\ \sigma^+_0 & = & -\frac{\kappa}{2g}\left(1 + i\delta_\lambda\right)\beta_0^. \label{eq:MFint3} \end{eqnarray} \subsection{Physical discussion} \begin{figure}[htbp] \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=18 cm]{Intensity.pdf} \caption{Intensity of the field (upper panels) and {oscillation} frequency of the condensate (lower panels) as a function of the pumping parameter $x = d/\gamma$. Both quantities are shown for different values of self-interaction $\lambda$ and natural detuning $\nu-\omega_0$. {In all panels,} $\gamma = 10 \kappa$ and $g\sqrt{n_A} = 7 \kappa$.} \label{fig:1} \end{center} \end{figure} The most remarkable feature of the mean-field equations is the spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomenon at the condensation threshold. The mean-field equations \eqref{MF1a}-\eqref{MF3a} are symmetric under the U(1) transformation $ (\beta^_{\mathbf{k}},\sigma^+_{\mathbf{k}}) \rightarrow (\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi}\beta^_{\mathbf{k}},\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi}\sigma^+_{\mathbf{k}})$ with arbitrary global phase $\varphi$. While for all values of the parameters there is a trivial $\beta_0=\sigma^+_0=0$ solution which fulfils this symmetry, any non-trivial solution has to choose a specific phase for $\beta_0$ and $\sigma_0^+$, only their modulus being fixed by \eqref{field} or \eqref{eq:MFint1}: as a result, the U(1) symmetry is {\em spontaneously broken}. In actual experiments, this phase is randomly chosen. Note that since the symmetry transformation does not involve $\sigma^z_{0}$, its mean-field value can always be non-zero. 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behaviour of the field intensity $\|\beta_0\|^2$ and of the oscillation frequency $\omega$ is plotted in Fig.\ref{fig:1} as a function of the pumping strength $x=d/\gamma$ for different (negative) values of the natural field-emitter detuning $\nu-\omega_0<0$ (different curves) and different values of the (positive) nonlinear coupling $\lambda>0$ (different panels). In all cases, two thresholds are well visible: the lower one corresponds to the standard switch-on of laser operation for sufficiently large pump strength. The upper one is a consequence of our specific model and is due to the fact that the gain offered by the emitters is suppressed when the effective emitter linewidth $\Gamma=d+\gamma=\gamma(1+x)$ appearing in \eqref{eqn1b} is very much broadened by the pumping term $d$. As usual, whenever a non-trivial $\beta_0\neq 0$ condensate solution is available, the trivial solution becomes dynamically unstable. For all cases shown in this figure, the order parameter $\beta_0$ grows continuously from zero, so the condensation resembles a second-order phase transition. The behavior of the oscillation frequency shown in the lower panels of Fig.\ref{fig:1} is determined by a complex interplay of the bare frequencies of the cavity and of the emitter, weighted by their respective linewidths and shifted by the nonlinear interaction energy $\lambda$ according to \eqref{shift}. The situation for positive detuning $\nu-\omega_0>0$ is more complicate and a complete analysis of the rich phenomenology goes beyond the scope of this work. {Not only the order parameter as a function of pumping strength can be discontinuous~\cite{Wouters2007} and bistable, but also the spatial shape of the condensate can develop a complicate structure. As the gain is maximum on a $\mathbf{k}$-space ring of modes at a finite $k$, the choice of the specific combination of modes is determined by complex mechanisms involving the interplay of pumping and dissipation, but also the geometrical details of the system beyond the idealised spatially homogeneous approximation. This complex physics is typical of non-equilibrium systems where no minimal free-energy criterion is available to determine the steady state of the system and is closely related to pattern formation in nonlinear dynamical systems~\cite{Cross}. First experimental evidence of condensation in spatially non-trivial modes was reported in~\cite{Richard:PRL2005} and discussed in~\cite{WOUT2008}. More complicate spatial features were investigated in~\cite{Keeling,BAUM}.} \section{Quantum fluctuations} \label{sec:Fluctuations} \subsection{{Linearised theory of small fluctuations}} The mean-field steady-state solution obtained in the previous Section is the starting point for a linearised theory of fluctuations. In the spirit of Bogoliubov and the spin wave approximations, we can linearise Eqs.\eqref{eqn2a}-\eqref{eqn2c} around the steady-state by performing the operator replacement: \begin{equation} \label{linear} \begin{cases} {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} = \left(\delta_{\kk0}\,\sqrt{V}\,\beta_0^* + \delta {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}\right)\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \\ S^+_\mathbf{k} = \left(\delta_{\kk0}\,V\,\sigma^+_0 + \delta S^+_\mathbf{k}\right)\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \\ S^z_\mathbf{k} = \delta_{\kk0}\,V\,\sigma^z_0 + \delta S^z_\mathbf{k}: \end{cases} \end{equation} $\beta_0^*$, $\sigma^+_0$ and $\sigma^z_0$ are here the mean-field steady-states as defined in \eqref{eq:MFint1}-\eqref{eq:MFint3} with a frequency $\omega$ determined by \eqref{shift}. 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29900, 29947, 1836, 5853, 752, 5926, 18652, 5680, 892, 7405, 630, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 9598, 14067, 29892, 5688, 5005, 1836, 29913, 13, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 2042, 29912, 22930, 398, 1652, 5313, 29884, 800, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 3471, 29901, 8754, 5313, 29884, 800, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 6224, 12697, 3368, 6368, 310, 2319, 1652, 5313, 29884, 800, 930, 13, 13, 1576, 2099, 29899, 2671, 27357, 29899, 3859, 1650, 7625, 297, 278, 3517, 9779, 338, 278, 6257, 1298, 363, 263, 5608, 3368, 6368, 310, 1652, 5313, 29884, 800, 29889, 29871, 13, 797, 278, 8548, 310, 15872, 5079, 431, 586, 322, 278, 10917, 10742, 6881, 800, 29892, 591, 508, 5608, 895, 12345, 29879, 7790, 4915, 29912, 7589, 29906, 29874, 12775, 4915, 29912, 7589, 29906, 29883, 29913, 2820, 278, 27357, 29899, 3859, 491, 15859, 278, 5455, 16920, 29901, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 10660, 29913, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 11436, 29913, 13, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 320, 1563, 1194, 4181, 1665, 6859, 29900, 27559, 3676, 29912, 29963, 27559, 3571, 29918, 29900, 6622, 718, 320, 4181, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 1266, 2144, 3141, 29912, 29872, 2844, 29875, 29905, 4787, 260, 1118, 2474, 13, 29871, 317, 14747, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 320, 1563, 1194, 4181, 1665, 6859, 29900, 15379, 29963, 15013, 3754, 14747, 29918, 29900, 718, 320, 4181, 317, 14747, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 1266, 2144, 3141, 29912, 29872, 2844, 29875, 29905, 4787, 260, 1118, 2474, 13, 259, 317, 29985, 29920, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 320, 4181, 1665, 6859, 29900, 15379, 29963, 15013, 3754, 29985, 29920, 29918, 29900, 718, 320, 4181, 317, 29985, 29920, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 6177, 13, 320, 355, 29912, 11436, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 4535, 3571, 29918, 29900, 6622, 1628, 779, 3754, 14747, 29918, 29900, 29938, 322, 779, 3754, 29985, 29920, 29918, 29900, 29938, 526, 1244, 278, 2099, 29899, 2671, 27357, 29899, 28631, 408, 3342, 297, 320, 4915, 29912, 1837, 29901, 29924, 29943, 524, 29896, 12775, 4915, 29912, 1837, 29901, 29924, 29943, 524, 29941, 29913, 411, 263, 10868, 779, 4787, 29938, 10087, 491, 320, 4915, 29912, 10889, 1836, 2379, 5313, 29884, 800, 2820, 278, 2099, 29899, 2671, 526, 5439, 491, 278, 779, 4181, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 4429, 779, 4181, 317, 14747, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1042, 322, 779, 4181, 317, 29985, 29920, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1042, 12768, 607, 13125, 278, 26418, 362, 6865, 515, 278, 2441, 7555, 1758, 289 ]	841	11,264	ArXiv	-1	-1
}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}$, $S^+_\mathbf{k}$ and $S^z_\mathbf{k}$ operators. Substituting the previous expressions into the motion equations \eqref{eqn2a}-\eqref{eqn2c} and neglecting terms of second or higher order in the fluctuation operators, we obtain a set of coupled linear equations \begin{equation}\label{stoceq} \frac{d\mathbf{v}_\mathbf{k}}{dt} = \mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}\mathbf{v}_\mathbf{k} + \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_\mathbf{k}, \end{equation} for the (rescaled) fluctuation vector \begin{equation} \mathbf{v}_\mathbf{k}^t = ( \delta \widetilde{{\rm{b}}}^\dagger_{-\mathbf{k}}, \delta \widetilde{{\rm{b}}}_{\mathbf{k}}, \delta S_\mathbf{k}^+, \delta S_\mathbf{k}^- , \delta S_\mathbf{k}^z ), \end{equation} with a quantum noise vector \begin{equation} \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_\mathbf{k}^t = (\widetilde{F}_{-\mathbf{k}}^{\dagger},\widetilde{F}_\mathbf{k}, \widetilde{G}_\mathbf{k}^+, \widetilde{G}_\mathbf{k}^-, \widetilde{G}_\mathbf{k}^z). \end{equation} For notational convenience, we have used the rescaled quantities $\delta \widetilde{{\rm{b}}}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} = \sqrt{V}\delta {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}$ with rescaled noise terms $\widetilde{F}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} = \sqrt{V} \mathrm{e}^{-i\omega t}F_\mathbf{k}^\dagger$ and $\widetilde{G}^+_\mathbf{k} = \mathrm{e}^{-i\omega t}G_\mathbf{k}^+$ and $\widetilde{G}^z_\mathbf{k} = G_\mathbf{k}^z$. The equations for the Hermitian conjugate quantities $\delta S^-_\kk$ and $\delta{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}$ follow straightforwardly from $\delta S_{-\mathbf{k}}^- = (\delta S^+_\kk)^\dagger$ and $\delta{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k} = (\delta {\rm{b}}^\dagger_{-\mathbf{k}})^\dagger$. Defining the shorthands $z_\lambda = 1 + i\delta_\lambda$ and $\epsilon_\mathbf{k} = k^2/2m$, the Bogoliubov matrix $\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}$ is equal to \begin{widetext} \begin{equation} \mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k} = \left( \begin{array}{ccccc} -\frac{\kappa}{2}z_\lambda + i \epsilon_\mathbf{k} + i\lambda\|\beta_0\|^2 & i\lambda (\beta_0^)^2 & -g & 0 & 0 \\ -i\lambda \beta_0^2 & -\frac{\kappa}{2}z_\lambda^ - i \epsilon_\mathbf{k} - i\lambda\|\beta_0\|^2 & 0 & -g & 0 \\ -2g\sigma_0^z & 0 & -\frac{\Gamma}{2}z_\lambda^* & 0 & -2g \beta_0^* \\ 0 & -2g\sigma_0^z & 0 & -\frac{\Gamma}{2}z_\lambda & -2g \beta_0 \\ g\sigma_0^- & g\sigma_0^+ & g \beta_0 & g \beta_0^* & -\Gamma \end{array} \right). \end{equation} \end{widetext} Evaluation of the noise correlation matrix requires a bit more care as the emitter noise depends on the emitter operators themselves. Inserting into \eqref{diff_coeff_k} the {steady-state value of the emitter operators}, we have that: \begin{equation} \langle\widetilde{G	-0.114365	-0.684309	-0.045277	2.43917	[ -0.051617164841467285, -0.1771136760234787 ]	[ -0.711168360628845, -0.6574495031895534 ]	[ 0.10562893615949683, -0.1961837458612312 ]	[ 2.512008298683346, 2.3663315636611846 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 4429, 395, 29903, 14747, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1042, 322, 395, 29903, 29985, 29920, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1042, 12768, 29889, 13, 13, 4035, 303, 12937, 292, 278, 3517, 12241, 964, 278, 10884, 10693, 320, 4915, 29912, 7589, 29906, 29874, 12775, 4915, 29912, 7589, 29906, 29883, 29913, 322, 22851, 292, 4958, 310, 1473, 470, 6133, 1797, 297, 278, 1652, 5313, 29884, 362, 12768, 29892, 591, 4017, 263, 731, 310, 7303, 29881, 5608, 10693, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 1012, 1643, 29912, 7864, 346, 29939, 29913, 13, 320, 1154, 29912, 29881, 29905, 2762, 29912, 29894, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 7585, 6008, 29913, 353, 320, 1995, 29912, 29909, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 2762, 29912, 29894, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 718, 320, 10737, 741, 2762, 29912, 29943, 930, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1118, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 1454, 278, 313, 690, 29883, 7943, 29897, 1652, 5313, 29884, 362, 4608, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 2762, 29912, 29894, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 29873, 353, 313, 320, 4181, 320, 10737, 16195, 1758, 29912, 29890, 930, 10206, 21085, 648, 2612, 2762, 29912, 29895, 11656, 29871, 320, 4181, 320, 10737, 16195, 1758, 29912, 29890, 930, 6353, 2762, 29912, 29895, 11656, 29871, 320, 4181, 317, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 29974, 29892, 320, 4181, 317, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 29899, 1919, 320, 4181, 317, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 29920, 10353, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 2541, 263, 12101, 11462, 4608, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 10737, 741, 2762, 29912, 29943, 930, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 29873, 353, 3441, 10737, 29912, 29943, 3227, 2612, 2762, 29912, 29895, 930, 3311, 21085, 7570, 10737, 29912, 29943, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1118, 320, 10737, 29912, 29954, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 29974, 29892, 320, 10737, 29912, 29954, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 15767, 320, 10737, 29912, 29954, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 29920, 467, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 2831, 451, 1288, 29703, 29892, 591, 505, 1304, 278, 620, 29883, 7943, 26855, 779, 4181, 320, 10737, 16195, 1758, 29912, 29890, 930, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 320, 3676, 29912, 29963, 1012, 4181, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1042, 411, 620, 29883, 7943, 11462, 4958, 779, 10737, 29912, 29943, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 320, 3676, 29912, 29963, 29913, 320, 3141, 29912, 29872, 19579, 29875, 29905, 4787, 260, 29913, 29943, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10206, 21085, 29938, 322, 779, 10737, 29912, 29954, 2137, 29974, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 320, 3141, 29912, 29872, 19579, 29875, 29905, 4787, 260, 29913, 29954, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 24035, 322, 779, 10737, 29912, 29954, 2137, 29920, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 402, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 29920, 1504, 450, 10693, 363, 278, 10515, 277, 713, 25482, 403, 26855, 779, 4181, 317, 21583, 3187, 6859, 29938, 322, 779, 4181, 741, 1758, 29912, 29890, 930, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1042, 1101, 20837, 368, 515, 779, 4181, 317, 648, 2612, 2762, 29912, 29895, 930, 21583, 353, 3441, 4181, 317, 14747, 3187, 6859, 29897, 3823, 21085, 29938, 322, 779, 4181, 741, 1758, 29912, 29890, 930, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 3441, 4181, 2802, 1758, 29912, 29890, 930, 3823, 21085, 648, 2612, 2762, 29912, 29895, 24289, 3823, 21085, 1504, 29871, 13, 13, 13, 3206, 2827, 278, 528, 2072, 4167, 395, 29920, 3187, 2892, 353, 29871, 29896, 718, 474, 29905, 4181, 3187, 2892, 29938, 29871, 322, 779, 5463, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 29871, 413, 29985, 29906, 29914, 29906, 29885, 1628, 278, 15872, 5079, 431, 586, 4636, 779, 1995, 29912, 29909, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1042, 338, 5186, 304, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 10588, 1062, 29913, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 1995, 29912, 29909, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 320, 1563, 29898, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2378, 1157, 617, 26854, 29913, 29871, 13, 2612, 1154, 741, 9876, 1157, 29906, 29913, 29920, 3187, 2892, 718, 474, 320, 5463, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 29871, 718, 474, 29905, 2892, 4295, 3571, 29918, 29900, 15333, 29906, 669, 474, 29905, 2892, 3441, 3571, 29918, 29900, 6622, 4887, 29906, 462, 462, 462, 669, 448, 29887, 1669, 669, 29871, 29900, 462, 462, 268, 669, 29871, 29900, 462, 29871, 2474, 13, 29899, 29875, 29905, 2892, 320, 3571, 29918, 29900, 29985, 29906, 462, 462, 462, 29871, 669, 11995, 1154, 741, 9876, 1157, 29906, 29913, 29920, 3187, 2892, 6622, 448, 474, 320, 5463, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 448, 474, 29905, 2892, 4295, 3571, 29918, 29900, 15333, 29906, 29871, 669, 29871, 29900, 462, 462, 539, 669, 448, 29887, 632, 669, 29871, 29900, 462, 29871, 2474, 13, 29899, 29906, 29887, 29905, 3754, 29918, 29900, 29985, 29920, 462, 462, 965, 669, 29871, 29900, 462, 462, 462, 18884, 669, 11995, 1154, 741, 6642, 1157, 29906, 29913, 29920, 3187, 2892, 6622, 9651, 669, 29871, 29900, 462, 462, 268, 669, 448, 29906, 29887, 320, 3571, 29918, 29900, 6622, 4706, 2474, 13, 29900, 29871, 12, 12, 1678, 12, 12, 462, 1669, 669, 448, 29906, 29887, 29905, 3754, 29918, 29900, 29985, 29920, 462, 462, 632, 669, 29871, 29900, 462, 462, 539, 669, 11995, 1154, 741, 6642, 1157, 29906, 29913, 29920, 3187, 2892, 9651, 669, 448, 29906, 29887, 320, 3571, 29918, 29900, 3986, 2474, 13, 29887, 29905, 3754, 29918, 29900, 21583, 12, 462, 462, 539, 669, 330, 29905, 3754, 29918, 29900, 14747, 12, 12, 462, 462, 29871, 669, 330, 320, 3571, 29918, 29900, 462, 462, 669, 330, 320, 3571, 29918, 29900, 6622, 462, 632, 669, 11995, 6642, 539, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2378, 29913, 1678, 13, 29905, 1266, 467, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 10588, 1062, 29913, 13, 13, 29923, 4387, 362, 310, 278, 11462, 19869, 4636, 6858, 263, 2586, 901, 2562, 408, 278, 953, 5171, 11462, 7111, 373, 278, 953, 5171, 12768, 6053, 29889, 29871, 13, 13, 797, 643, 1259, 964, 320, 4915, 29912, 12765, 29918, 1111, 12352, 29918, 29895, 29913, 278, 426, 303, 1479, 29891, 29899, 3859, 995, 310, 278, 953, 5171, 12768, 1118, 591, 505, 393, 29901, 259, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 320, 6990, 29905, 10737, 29912, 29954 ]	841	12,288	ArXiv	-1	-1
}_\mathbf{k}^\alpha\widetilde{G}_{\mathbf{k}'}^{\alpha'} \rangle = 2D_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}^{\alpha\alpha'}\,\delta(t-t') \delta_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}',0} \propto N_A: \label{noiseG} \end{equation} as in this equation the emitter noise terms $G_\mathbf{k}^\alpha \propto \sqrt{N_A}$ are of the same order as the other terms in the linearised equations, it is legitimate to replace the spin operators in the diffusion coefficients with their mean field values. Note that the $\delta_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}',0}$ coefficient in \eqref{noiseG} is a consequence of the assumed ordered arrangement of the emitters: Had we considered a disordered configuration, the zero value for $\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'\neq 0$ would be replaced by something proportional to $\sqrt{N_A}$, still negligible with respect to the value proportional to $N_A$ of the $\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'=0$ term. The correlation matrix of $\widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_\mathbf{k}$ is \begin{equation} \langle \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_\mathbf{k}(t) \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{k}'}^\dagger(t') \rangle = \mathbb{D}\delta(t-t')\delta_{\mathbf{k},\mathbf{k}'} \end{equation} with \begin{equation}\label{newdiff} \mathbb{D} = V\left( \begin{array}{ccccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \kappa & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & d\, n_A & 0 & -d \sigma_0^+ \\ 0 & 0 & 0 &\gamma \, n_A & \gamma \sigma_0^- \\ 0 & 0 & -d\sigma_0^- & \gamma \sigma_0^+ & \Gamma\left(\frac{n_A}{2} - \mathcal{D}\sigma_0^z \right) \\ \end{array} \right). \end{equation} As a final remark on the linearisation procedure, let us emphasize how our approximations are controlled by the total number of atoms $N_A$. Assume the scaling \begin{equation} S_{\mathbf{k}=0}^\alpha \sim N_A, \quad {\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{k}=0} \sim \sqrt{N_A}, \quad D^{\alpha\alpha'}_{\mathbf{k}=0} \sim N_A, \end{equation} and \begin{equation} S_{\mathbf{k}\neq0}^\alpha \sim \sqrt{N_A}, \quad {\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{k}\neq0} \sim 1, \quad D^{\alpha\alpha'}_{\mathbf{k}\neq0} \sim \sqrt{N_A}, \end{equation} together with $g\sim 1/\sqrt{n_A}$ the dependence on $N_A$ of each term in Eqs. \eqref{eqn2a}-\eqref{eqn2c} can be made explicit. Then, in the thermodynamical limit $N_A\to+\infty$, retaining the leading order in $N_A$ from such equations is equivalent to the perform mean-field approximation of Sec. \ref{sec:MF}. If the next-to-leading order is also retained, the linearised Bogoliubov theory is recovered. {In analogy with the systematic expansion of equilibrium Bogoliubov theory in powers of the dilution parameter~\cite{castindum}, we can make use of these considerations to define a systematic {\em mean-field} limit for our non-equilibrium system. To this purpose, it is useful to consider the real-space form of the quantum Langevin equations (\ref{eq:space1}-\ref{eq:space3}). If we let the atomic density and the photon density $\|\phi(\mathbf{x})\|^2\sim S^\alpha(\mathbf{x})\sim n_A\	0.00454	-0.825769	0.061245	2.095789	[ -0.07353197170544745, 0.08261102720041123 ]	[ -0.9367875618738696, -0.7147496177914644 ]	[ 0.016860500271047407, 0.10562893615949683 ]	[ 2.220654828639023, 1.9709232828867462 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10206, 2312, 29905, 10737, 29912, 29954, 6353, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10162, 6292, 2312, 10827, 320, 5854, 353, 29871, 29906, 29928, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10869, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10162, 6292, 2312, 29905, 2312, 29915, 27559, 4181, 29898, 29873, 29899, 29873, 1495, 320, 4181, 1665, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10869, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 742, 29900, 29913, 320, 771, 24070, 405, 29918, 29909, 29901, 13, 320, 1643, 29912, 1217, 895, 29954, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 294, 297, 445, 6306, 278, 953, 5171, 11462, 4958, 395, 29954, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10206, 2312, 320, 771, 24070, 320, 3676, 29912, 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2050, 800, 304, 4529, 263, 1788, 2454, 2802, 331, 2099, 29899, 2671, 29913, 4046, 363, 1749, 1661, 29899, 1686, 15943, 16241, 1788, 29889, 1763, 445, 6437, 29892, 372, 338, 5407, 304, 2050, 278, 1855, 29899, 3493, 883, 310, 278, 12101, 365, 927, 3845, 10693, 3441, 999, 29912, 1837, 29901, 3493, 29896, 12775, 999, 29912, 1837, 29901, 3493, 29941, 7690, 960, 591, 1235, 278, 23489, 9027, 322, 278, 6731, 265, 9027, 25984, 2876, 1194, 2762, 29912, 29916, 1800, 15333, 29906, 29905, 3601, 317, 3823, 2312, 1194, 2762, 29912, 29916, 11606, 3601, 302, 29918, 29909, 29905 ]	841	13,312	ArXiv	-1	-1
to \infty$ at constant $g\sqrt{n_A}\sim g\|\phi(\mathbf{x})\|$ and $\lambda \|\phi(\mathbf{x})\|^2$, the mean-field equations are not affected [in particular, their steady-states (\ref{eq:MFint1}-\ref{eq:MFint3})], while the relative importance of the noise terms in the quantum Langevin and of the commutators tends to zero. As a result, the relative magnitude of quantum fluctuation expectation values vs. mean-field terms scale as $1/n_A$ in the mean-field limit.} \subsection{The collective Bogoliubov modes} \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{Eigenvalues.pdf} \caption{ {Dispersion $\lambda_k^{\mathrm{Bog}}$ of the collective modes as predicted by the eigenvalues of the Bogoliubov matrix $\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}$ in the interacting case with $\lambda n_A = 0.1\kappa$ and $\nu-\omega_0 = -10 \kappa$. Left panels show magnified views of the low-$\mathbf{k}$ region of right panels. System parameters: $\gamma = 100 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 25$ and $x = 5$.}} \label{fig:2} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{Distro.pdf} \caption{{Steady state momentum distribution. Left panels show magnified views of the low-$\mathbf{k}$ region of right panels. (a,b) non-interacting case $\lambda n_A = \nu-\omega_0 =0$. (c,d) $\lambda n_A =0$, $\nu-\omega_0 = -10\kappa$. (e,f) $\lambda n_A =0.1\kappa$, $\nu-\omega_0 = 0$. System parameters: $\gamma = 100 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 25$ and $x = 5$.}} \label{fig:3} \end{figure} A first step to physically understand the consequences of fluctuations is to study the dispersion of the eigenvalues $\lambda^{\rm Bog}_\mathbf{k}$ of $\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}$ as a function of $k$, which gives the generalised Bogoliubov dispersion of excitations on top of the non-equilibrium condensate. {An example of dispersion is shown in Fig.\ref{fig:2}: the upper panels show the real part of the dispersion {$\textrm{Re}[\lambda^{\bf Bog}_k]$ (describing the damping/growth rate of the mode)} and the lower panels show the imaginary part {$\textrm{Im}[\lambda^{\rm Bog}_k]$ (describing the oscillation frequency of the mode)}. The left column give magnified views of the same dispersion shown on the right column.} As expected there is a Goldstone mode corresponding to the spontaneously broken U(1) symmetry, whose frequency tends to $0$ in both real and imaginary parts as $k\to 0$. As typical in non-equilibrium systems~\cite{Cross}, this mode is however diffusive rather than sonic, that is {$\textrm{Im}[\lambda_k^{\textrm{Bog}}]=0$} for a finite range around $k=0$ and the {real} part starts from zero as {$\textrm{Re}[\lambda_k^{\textrm{Bog}}]\simeq-\zeta k^2$}. At higher momenta, the diffusive Goldstone mode transform itself into a single-particle cavity photon mode with a parabolic dispersion. Between the two regimes, for $\lambda>0$ or a finite cavity-emitter detuning $\delta$, there is a sonic-like dispersion of the {$\textrm{Im}[\lambda_k^{\textrm{Bog}}] \approx c_s \|k\|$} form (see Figs.\ref{fig:2}): for $\lambda>0$, this is a standard feature of the Bogoliubov dispersion of interacting photons/polaritons~\cite{RMP2013}. For a finite $\delta$, it follows from the intensity-dependence of the refractive index of det	0.745534	0.135246	0.666138	2.054167	[ 0.2771049381182352, 1.2139629315533873 ]	[ -0.25387259739108414, 0.5243653604748608 ]	[ 0.34910807459638665, 0.9831683309424539 ]	[ 1.8668684721566307, 2.241465790785046 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 517, 320, 3411, 29938, 472, 4868, 395, 29887, 29905, 3676, 29912, 29876, 29918, 29909, 1012, 3601, 330, 4295, 2876, 1194, 2762, 29912, 29916, 1800, 25183, 322, 779, 2892, 18283, 2876, 1194, 2762, 29912, 29916, 1800, 15333, 29906, 1628, 278, 2099, 29899, 2671, 10693, 526, 451, 15201, 518, 262, 3153, 29892, 1009, 27357, 29899, 28631, 3441, 999, 29912, 1837, 29901, 29924, 29943, 524, 29896, 12775, 999, 29912, 1837, 29901, 29924, 29943, 524, 29941, 1800, 1402, 1550, 278, 6198, 13500, 310, 278, 11462, 4958, 297, 278, 12101, 365, 927, 3845, 322, 310, 278, 26418, 4097, 29867, 304, 5225, 29889, 1094, 263, 1121, 29892, 278, 6198, 18497, 310, 12101, 1652, 5313, 29884, 362, 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uned two-level systems~\cite{COHE2004}. A connection with the Gross-Pitaevskii formulation of \cite{WOUT2007} will be given at the end of Sec.\ref{sec:SGPE}. In the larger view displayed on the right column, in addition to the Goldstone mode we see two other, almost dispersionless excitation modes. As their origin is mostly due to emitter degrees of freedom, they could not be captured by the Gross-Pitaevskii approach of~\cite{WOUT2007}. Their splitting is related to the Rabi frequency of the optical dressing of the atoms due to the coherent field in the cavity corresponding to the condensate and they are visible in the emitter emission spectrum as the external sidebands of the so-called Mollow triplet of resonance fluorescence~\cite{COHE2004}. \begin{figure}[htbp][h] \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{EV_Distro5.pdf} \caption{{Imaginary (a) and real (b) part of the dispersion of the collective modes and steady state momentum distribution (c)-(d) in the vicinity of the Mollow instability onset. (c) shows a magnified view of the low-$\mathbf{k}$ region of (d). System parameters: $\gamma = 10 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 42 \kappa$, $x = 5$, $\lambda n_A = 0.1\kappa$, $\nu-\omega_0=0 $.} } \label{fig:6} \end{center} \end{figure} The effect of these additional modes is more evident in Fig.\ref{fig:6}, where the chosen parameters are close to a secondary instability. The finite instability wavevector is located at the point where the cavity field dispersion crosses the ones of the dispersionless modes: in this neighborhood, the {real} part of the dispersion {$\textrm{Re}[\lambda_\mathbf{k}^{\rm Bog}]$} approaches $0$ from below. Should {$\textrm{Re}[\lambda_\mathbf{k}^{\rm Bog}]$} go above $0$, our ansatz with a uniform condensate localised in the $\mathbf{k}=0$ mode would no longer be valid and more complicate condensate shapes with spatial modulation should be considered{~\cite{Keeling,Sarchi:2010PRB,supersolid2,supersolid1}, analogous to secondary instabilities in pattern formation theory~\cite{Cross}}. Physically, this {\em Mollow instability} can be easily interpreted in terms of the well-known optical gain offered by a two-level emitter driven by a strong coherent beam and probed by a weak probe beam detuned by approximately the Rabi frequency of the dressing~\cite{COHE2004}. \subsection{Momentum distribution} From the quantum Langevin equation \eqref{stoceq}, it is straightforward to extract predictions for one-time physical observables. As a most remarkable example, here we shall concentrate our attention on the steady-state momentum distribution of the cavity field, \begin{equation} n^s_\mathbf{k}=\langle {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} \,{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}\rangle=\langle \delta {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} \,\delta {\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}\rangle. \label{nskk} \end{equation} On one hand, in contrast to the mean-field approximation where the cavity field is concentrated in the $\mathbf{k}=0$ mode, this observable {is a sensitive probe of} fluctuations. On the other hand, it is an experimentally accessible quantity, easily measured from the far-field angular distribution of emitted light. By Fourier transform, it is directly related to the two-points, one-time coherence function of the cavity field, a quantity which is of widespread use in experiments~\cite{KASP2006,BAAS2006,ROUM2012,SPAN2012}. Grouping in the $\mathbb{V}_\mathbf{k} = \langle \mathbf{v}^s_\mathbf{k}{\mathbf{v}^s}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}\rangle$ variance matrix the steady-state variances of all operator pairs,	0.822236	0.433043	0.521572	2.127005	[ 0.6222631462259228, 1.0222083714935608 ]	[ 0.4419964457346138, 0.4240901599215166 ]	[ 0.3947604130533035, 0.6483845155917304 ]	[ 2.0333561693248154, 2.220654828639023 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 348, 287, 1023, 29899, 5563, 6757, 2651, 2036, 29912, 3217, 9606, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 1836, 319, 3957, 411, 278, 402, 2124, 29899, 29925, 2028, 5750, 808, 2236, 883, 2785, 310, 320, 2036, 29912, 29956, 12015, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 29913, 674, 367, 2183, 472, 278, 1095, 310, 5356, 7790, 999, 29912, 3471, 29901, 26016, 4162, 1836, 13, 13, 797, 278, 7200, 1776, 8833, 373, 278, 1492, 1897, 29892, 297, 6124, 304, 278, 6650, 12734, 4464, 591, 1074, 1023, 916, 29892, 4359, 12272, 4455, 2222, 5566, 7018, 18893, 29889, 1094, 1009, 3978, 338, 11149, 2861, 304, 953, 5171, 14496, 310, 16082, 29892, 896, 1033, 451, 367, 15468, 491, 278, 402, 2124, 29899, 29925, 2028, 5750, 808, 2236, 2948, 310, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29956, 12015, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 1836, 11275, 24368, 338, 4475, 304, 278, 16155, 29875, 10868, 310, 278, 27070, 10714, 292, 310, 278, 28422, 2861, 304, 278, 16165, 261, 296, 1746, 297, 278, 18346, 537, 6590, 304, 278, 2148, 575, 403, 322, 896, 526, 7962, 297, 278, 953, 5171, 25477, 18272, 408, 278, 7029, 2625, 29890, 4167, 310, 278, 577, 29899, 13998, 341, 2952, 21954, 29873, 310, 27396, 749, 20501, 2361, 29883, 663, 2651, 2036, 29912, 3217, 9606, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 1836, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 4532, 4400, 400, 25288, 3816, 29882, 29962, 13, 320, 463, 29912, 5064, 29913, 13, 320, 7313, 29961, 2103, 29922, 29947, 29889, 29945, 7477, 3199, 22240, 29918, 13398, 307, 29945, 29889, 5140, 29913, 13, 320, 6671, 6224, 1888, 351, 3821, 313, 29874, 29897, 322, 1855, 313, 29890, 29897, 760, 310, 278, 12272, 4455, 310, 278, 6314, 573, 18893, 322, 27357, 2106, 19399, 4978, 313, 29883, 6817, 29898, 29881, 29897, 297, 278, 9467, 13593, 310, 278, 341, 2952, 832, 3097, 373, 842, 29889, 313, 29883, 29897, 3697, 263, 9119, 2164, 1776, 310, 278, 4482, 29899, 4535, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1042, 5120, 310, 313, 29881, 467, 2184, 4128, 29901, 779, 4283, 353, 29871, 29896, 29900, 320, 9876, 1628, 395, 29887, 29905, 3676, 29912, 29876, 29918, 29909, 29913, 353, 29871, 29946, 29906, 320, 9876, 1628, 395, 29916, 353, 29871, 29945, 1628, 779, 2892, 302, 29918, 29909, 353, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29896, 29905, 9876, 1628, 779, 3433, 2612, 4787, 29918, 29900, 29922, 29900, 395, 5003, 13, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 1003, 29901, 29953, 29913, 13, 320, 355, 29912, 5064, 29913, 13, 320, 355, 29912, 4532, 29913, 13, 13, 1576, 2779, 310, 1438, 5684, 18893, 338, 901, 13602, 297, 5104, 7790, 999, 29912, 1003, 29901, 29953, 1118, 988, 278, 10434, 4128, 526, 3802, 304, 263, 16723, 832, 3097, 29889, 450, 8093, 832, 3097, 10742, 8111, 338, 5982, 472, 278, 1298, 988, 278, 18346, 537, 1746, 12272, 4455, 4891, 267, 278, 6743, 310, 278, 12272, 4455, 2222, 18893, 29901, 297, 445, 18403, 29892, 278, 426, 6370, 29913, 760, 310, 278, 12272, 4455, 426, 4535, 13605, 29912, 1123, 4400, 29905, 2892, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 6292, 1758, 15872, 6525, 17133, 13501, 395, 29900, 29938, 515, 2400, 29889, 10575, 426, 4535, 13605, 29912, 1123, 4400, 29905, 2892, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 6292, 1758, 15872, 6525, 17133, 748, 2038, 395, 29900, 1628, 1749, 6063, 4101, 411, 263, 9090, 2148, 575, 403, 1887, 3368, 297, 278, 779, 2762, 29912, 29895, 5369, 29900, 29938, 4464, 723, 694, 5520, 367, 2854, 322, 901, 752, 5926, 2148, 575, 403, 25834, 411, 18652, 878, 2785, 881, 367, 5545, 29912, 2651, 2036, 29912, 9598, 14067, 29892, 29903, 1279, 29875, 29901, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 10593, 29933, 29892, 12587, 414, 17211, 29906, 29892, 12587, 414, 17211, 29896, 1118, 15690, 681, 304, 16723, 832, 11614, 297, 4766, 12409, 6368, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29907, 2124, 27243, 11661, 1711, 29892, 445, 2802, 331, 341, 2952, 832, 3097, 29913, 508, 367, 5948, 21551, 297, 4958, 310, 278, 1532, 29899, 5203, 27070, 11581, 12520, 491, 263, 1023, 29899, 5563, 953, 5171, 18225, 491, 263, 4549, 16165, 261, 296, 22913, 322, 2070, 287, 491, 263, 8062, 410, 915, 22913, 1439, 348, 287, 491, 14235, 278, 16155, 29875, 10868, 310, 278, 10714, 292, 2651, 2036, 29912, 3217, 9606, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 1836, 13, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29924, 2932, 398, 4978, 29913, 13, 13, 4591, 278, 12101, 365, 927, 3845, 6306, 320, 4915, 29912, 7864, 346, 29939, 1118, 372, 338, 20837, 304, 6597, 27303, 363, 697, 29899, 2230, 9128, 5820, 1849, 29889, 13, 2887, 263, 1556, 22567, 1342, 29892, 1244, 591, 4091, 10484, 10492, 1749, 8570, 373, 278, 27357, 29899, 3859, 19399, 4978, 310, 278, 18346, 537, 1746, 29892, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29876, 29985, 29879, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 8738, 6990, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 7179, 741, 1758, 29912, 29890, 930, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 5854, 2013, 6990, 320, 4181, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 320, 2053, 4181, 2802, 1758, 29912, 29890, 930, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 5854, 29889, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 29876, 808, 29895, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 2951, 697, 1361, 29892, 297, 12814, 304, 278, 2099, 29899, 2671, 16845, 988, 278, 18346, 537, 1746, 338, 14953, 630, 297, 278, 779, 2762, 29912, 29895, 5369, 29900, 29938, 4464, 29892, 445, 25209, 426, 275, 263, 20502, 410, 915, 310, 29913, 1652, 5313, 29884, 800, 29889, 1551, 278, 916, 1361, 29892, 372, 338, 385, 7639, 635, 15579, 14728, 29892, 5948, 17005, 515, 278, 2215, 29899, 2671, 6401, 4978, 310, 953, 4430, 3578, 29889, 2648, 27506, 4327, 29892, 372, 338, 4153, 4475, 304, 278, 1023, 29899, 9748, 29892, 697, 29899, 2230, 16165, 261, 663, 740, 310, 278, 18346, 537, 1746, 29892, 263, 14728, 607, 338, 310, 281, 2247, 29886, 949, 671, 297, 15729, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29968, 3289, 29925, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 29892, 5688, 3289, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 29892, 1672, 5005, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 29892, 5550, 2190, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 1836, 13, 13, 13, 4782, 292, 297, 278, 779, 1995, 29912, 29963, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 29871, 353, 320, 6990, 320, 2762, 29912, 29894, 2137, 29879, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 3331, 2762, 29912, 29894, 2137, 29879, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 5854, 29938, 20162, 4636, 278, 27357, 29899, 3859, 722, 713, 778, 310, 599, 5455, 11000, 29892 ]	841	15,360	ArXiv	-1	-1
from a straightforward integration of the quantum Langevin equations~\cite{GARD2004}, we obtain a Lyapunov equation: \begin{equation}\label{eqvar} \mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}\mathbb{V}_\mathbf{k} + \mathbb{V}_\mathbf{k}\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}^\dagger = -\mathbb{D} \end{equation} from which standard linear algebra methods allow to extract the variance matrix $\mathbb{V}_\mathbf{k}$. While no simple analytical form is available for $n^s_\mathbf{k}$, plots of its behaviour are given in {the bottom panels of} Fig. \ref{fig:3} for several most relevant cases. For small $k$, the momentum distribution follows the same $1/k^2$ behaviour as equilibrium systems provided photons are effectively interacting, that is either $\lambda>0$ or $\delta\neq 0$. In the $\lambda=\delta=0$ case, the situation is more complicate and the distribution appears to diverge as $1/k^4$. Both these results are in agreement with the predictions of the stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation in~\cite{ACIC2013}. However, as it was noted in~\cite{Wouters2013}, great care has to be paid when applying the linearised Bogoliubov-like formalism to low-$k$ modes in non-equilibrium, as the effects beyond linearisation can play a dominant role. At large $k$, the momentum distribution always decays to zero as $1/k^4$. The large-$k$ decay qualitatively recovers the prediction we {guessed} in~\cite{ACIC2013} from a phenomenological stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation with a frequency-dependent pumping. The specific $1/k^4$ law is a consequence of our choice of monochromatic emitters, whose amplification spectrum decays as $1/(\omega-\nu)^2$: other choices of the emitter distribution would lead to correspondingly different high-momentum tails of $n_\mathbf{k}$. The {\em ab initio} confirmation of this large-$k$ decay of $n_\mathbf{k}$ is one of the main results of this article, as it shows that thermal-like momentum distributions can be found also in models where the quasi-particles are not interacting at all and therefore can not get thermalised by collisional processes. A similar feature was experimentally observed in~\cite{BAJO2007} using a VCSEL device in the weak coupling regime where photons are practically non-interacting. The intermediate-$k$ region shows a quite structureless plateau connecting the low-$k$ and high-$k$ regimes. The most interesting feature in this window is the peak that appears at the crossing point of the Goldstone mode and the dispersionless branch when the Mollow instability is approached, see Fig.\ref{fig:7}. As usual, the peak height diverges at the onset of the instability. \subsection{Photo-luminescence spectrum} \begin{figure}[htbp] \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{photo1.pdf}} \hspace{0.5cm} \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{photo2.pdf}} \caption{(Color online) Normalised momentum- and frequency-resolved spectrum of the photoluminescence from the cavity. Left panel: detuned $\nu -\omega_0 = -35 \kappa$ case with $\lambda n_A = 0$. Right panel: resonant cavity $\nu -\omega_0 = 0$ with photon-photon interactions $\lambda n_A = 0.1 \kappa$. Other system parameters: $\gamma = 10\kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A}=7\kappa$ , $x = 7$.} \label{fig:7} \end{figure} In addition to the one-time observables discussed in the previous Section, the quantum Langevin equations also allow for a straightforward evaluation of two-time observables. In particular, we shall concentrate here in the photoluminescence spectrum, \begin{equation} S_\mathbf{k}(\omega) =\int \frac{dt}{2\pi} \,e^{-i\omega t}\,\left\langle {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}(t)\,{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}(0) \right\rangle	1.115346	0.587037	0.899472	2.106195	[ 1.6084294551050302, 0.6222631462259228 ]	[ 0.8251909621348936, 0.3488837595065084 ]	[ 1.3788219309024, 0.4201228233071462 ]	[ 2.5744411851214153, 1.6379478885503769 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 515, 263, 20837, 13465, 310, 278, 12101, 365, 927, 3845, 10693, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29954, 17011, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 1118, 591, 4017, 263, 8626, 481, 348, 586, 6306, 29901, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 1012, 1643, 29912, 1837, 1707, 29913, 13, 320, 1995, 29912, 29909, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 1995, 29912, 29963, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 718, 320, 1995, 29912, 29963, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1012, 1995, 29912, 29909, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 10206, 21085, 353, 11995, 1995, 29912, 29928, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 3166, 607, 3918, 5608, 9623, 3519, 2758, 304, 6597, 278, 20162, 4636, 779, 1995, 29912, 29963, 12806, 2762, 29912, 29895, 4311, 13, 13, 8809, 488, 694, 2560, 16114, 936, 883, 338, 3625, 363, 395, 29876, 29985, 29879, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 4429, 24580, 310, 967, 10468, 526, 2183, 297, 426, 1552, 5970, 7243, 1379, 310, 29913, 5104, 29889, 320, 999, 29912, 1003, 29901, 29941, 29913, 363, 3196, 1556, 8018, 4251, 29889, 1152, 2319, 395, 29895, 1628, 278, 19399, 4978, 4477, 278, 1021, 29871, 395, 29896, 29914, 29895, 29985, 29906, 29938, 10468, 408, 26440, 6757, 4944, 6731, 787, 526, 17583, 16254, 292, 29892, 393, 338, 2845, 779, 2892, 29958, 29900, 29938, 470, 779, 4181, 29905, 10743, 29871, 29900, 1504, 512, 278, 779, 2892, 2013, 4181, 29922, 29900, 29938, 1206, 29892, 278, 6434, 338, 901, 752, 5926, 322, 278, 4978, 5692, 304, 17089, 479, 408, 395, 29896, 29914, 29895, 29985, 29946, 1504, 9134, 1438, 2582, 526, 297, 17327, 411, 278, 27303, 310, 278, 380, 28225, 402, 2124, 29899, 29925, 2028, 5750, 808, 2236, 6306, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 2477, 2965, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 1836, 2398, 29892, 408, 372, 471, 11682, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29956, 283, 2153, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 1118, 2107, 2562, 756, 304, 367, 12530, 746, 15399, 278, 5608, 3368, 15872, 5079, 431, 586, 29899, 4561, 11595, 1608, 304, 4482, 18039, 29895, 29938, 18893, 297, 1661, 29899, 1686, 15943, 16241, 29892, 408, 278, 9545, 8724, 5608, 4371, 508, 1708, 263, 28526, 6297, 29889, 13, 13, 4178, 2919, 395, 29895, 1628, 278, 19399, 4978, 2337, 1602, 1036, 304, 5225, 408, 395, 29896, 29914, 29895, 29985, 29946, 1504, 450, 2919, 18039, 29895, 29938, 20228, 4021, 277, 6703, 337, 1111, 874, 278, 18988, 591, 426, 2543, 11517, 29913, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 2477, 2965, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 29913, 515, 263, 27791, 5996, 380, 28225, 402, 2124, 29899, 29925, 2028, 5750, 808, 2236, 6306, 411, 263, 10868, 29899, 18980, 282, 3427, 292, 29889, 450, 2702, 395, 29896, 29914, 29895, 29985, 29946, 29938, 4307, 338, 263, 17004, 310, 1749, 7348, 310, 1601, 2878, 456, 2454, 20076, 2153, 29892, 5069, 20563, 2450, 18272, 1602, 1036, 408, 395, 29896, 29914, 1194, 4787, 2612, 3433, 4887, 29906, 21063, 916, 19995, 310, 278, 953, 5171, 4978, 723, 3275, 304, 6590, 368, 1422, 1880, 29899, 29885, 2932, 398, 260, 2234, 310, 395, 29876, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 4311, 450, 2802, 331, 633, 2069, 601, 29913, 9659, 362, 310, 445, 2919, 18039, 29895, 29938, 20228, 310, 395, 29876, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 1042, 338, 697, 310, 278, 1667, 2582, 310, 445, 4274, 29892, 408, 372, 3697, 393, 26963, 29899, 4561, 19399, 18822, 508, 367, 1476, 884, 297, 4733, 988, 278, 16452, 29899, 1595, 4027, 526, 451, 16254, 292, 472, 599, 322, 5480, 508, 451, 679, 26963, 3368, 491, 5321, 275, 1848, 10174, 29889, 319, 2788, 4682, 471, 7639, 635, 8900, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 5688, 29967, 29949, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 29913, 773, 263, 478, 29907, 1660, 29931, 4742, 297, 278, 8062, 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15648, 297, 278, 3517, 9779, 29892, 278, 12101, 365, 927, 3845, 10693, 884, 2758, 363, 263, 20837, 17983, 310, 1023, 29899, 2230, 5820, 1849, 29889, 512, 3153, 29892, 591, 4091, 10484, 10492, 1244, 297, 278, 6731, 324, 398, 1475, 29883, 663, 18272, 29892, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29903, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 4678, 4787, 29897, 17313, 524, 320, 1154, 29912, 6008, 1157, 29906, 29905, 1631, 29913, 7179, 29872, 3426, 29875, 29905, 4787, 260, 27559, 1563, 29905, 6990, 2802, 1758, 289, 10206, 21085, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2119, 29873, 24224, 741, 1758, 29912, 29890, 930, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2119, 29900, 29897, 320, 1266, 29905, 5854 ]	841	16,384	ArXiv	-1	-1
\end{equation} which is accessible from a frequency- and angle-resolved measurement of the emission from the cavity. {A detailed study of this quantity in an equilibrium context can be found in~\cite{Marchetti2007}. A non-equilibrium calculation using linearised Keldysh techniques was reported in~\cite{SZYM2006}.} In our quantum Langevin approach~\cite{GARD2004}, this spectrum is directly obtained as the top-left element of the matrix \begin{equation} \mathbb{S}_\mathbf{k}(\omega) = \frac{1}{2\pi}(\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k} - i\omega)^{-1}\mathbb{D}(\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}^\dagger + i\omega)^{-1}: \end{equation} the resonant denominators in the right-hand side of this equation shows that the photoluminescence spectrum is peaked along the real part of the Bogoliubov dispersion, while the linewidth of the peaks is set by the imaginary part. Among the most interesting and non-trivial examples, we show in Fig.\ref{fig:7} the photoluminescence spectrum for two cases of a negative detuning $\delta<0$ (left) and of finite photon-photon interactions $\lambda>0$ (right): in both cases, photons are effectively interacting and the Bogoliubov transformation is expected to give spectral weight to the negative "ghost" branch of the Goldstone mode as well~\cite{Byrnes}. While this feature is clearly visible in the central panel, the effective interaction in the left panel is too weak to give an appreciable effect on this scale: the emitter-cavity detuning that is required for this purpose is in fact much larger than the amplification bandwidth of the emitters and therefore hardly compatible with condensation. At generic wavevectors and frequencies, the cavity luminescence from the dispersionless branches is typically suppressed by the detuning from the cavity mode. The only exception are the crossing points with the cavity mode, where clear peaks can be observed thanks to the resonance of the upper sideband of the Mollow triplet with the cavity mode (not shown). \section{The Stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation} \label{sec:SGPE} \begin{figure}[htbp] \subfigure[Normal ordering, $\delta =0$, $\lambda\, n_A = 0$.]{\includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{Diff1.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[Normal ordering, $\delta =-150\kappa $, $\lambda\, n_A = 0$.]{\includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{Diff2.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[Normal ordering, $\delta =0$, $\lambda\, n_A = 0.05\kappa$.]{ \includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{Diff3.pdf}} \\ \subfigure[Wigner ordering, $\delta =0$, $\lambda\, n_A = 0$.]{\includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{WignerDiff1.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[Wigner ordering, $\delta =-150\kappa $, $\lambda\, n_A = 0$.]{\includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{WignerDiff2.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[Wigner ordering, $\delta =0$, $\lambda\, n_A = 0.05\kappa$.]{ \includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{WignerDiff3.pdf}} \caption{{Diffusion coefficients $D_{\phi\phi^}$ (solid lines), $\text{Re}[D_{\phi\phi}]$ (dashed lines) and $\text{Im}[D_{\phi\phi}]$ (dotted lines) appearing {in the} SGPE for a field $\psi$ equal to the mean-field steady state. The quantities are plotted as a function of the pumping parameter $x = d/\gamma$ for different regimes of photon-photon interactions (left to right). The top (bottom) row refers to the SGPE in the normal (Wigner) ordering case. In all panels, we have taken $\gamma = 100 \kappa$ and $g\sqrt{n_A} = 25\kappa$. }} \	0.457902	-0.113098	0.250829	1.596326	[ 1.2687499487133378, -0.35294575922119453 ]	[ 0.6031530180524884, -0.8293498469952865 ]	[ 0.7498341566071012, -0.2481766868816087 ]	[ 1.9813287639597577, 1.211323164556904 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 4716, 338, 15579, 515, 263, 10868, 29899, 322, 10696, 29899, 9778, 1490, 20039, 310, 278, 25477, 515, 278, 18346, 537, 29889, 426, 29909, 13173, 6559, 310, 445, 14728, 297, 385, 26440, 3030, 508, 367, 1476, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29924, 1279, 9890, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 1836, 319, 1661, 29899, 1686, 15943, 16241, 13944, 773, 5608, 3368, 476, 2495, 29891, 845, 13698, 471, 8967, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29903, 29999, 29979, 29924, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 1836, 29913, 13, 13, 797, 1749, 12101, 365, 927, 3845, 2948, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29954, 17011, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29946, 1118, 445, 18272, 338, 4153, 7625, 408, 278, 2246, 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278, 282, 3427, 292, 3443, 395, 29916, 353, 270, 7998, 4283, 29938, 363, 1422, 1072, 1355, 310, 6731, 265, 29899, 561, 327, 265, 22060, 313, 1563, 304, 1492, 467, 450, 2246, 313, 8968, 29897, 1948, 14637, 304, 278, 317, 29954, 4162, 297, 278, 4226, 313, 29956, 21216, 29897, 20520, 1206, 29889, 512, 599, 7243, 1379, 29892, 591, 505, 4586, 779, 4283, 353, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29900, 320, 9876, 29938, 322, 395, 29887, 29905, 3676, 29912, 29876, 29918, 29909, 29913, 353, 29871, 29906, 29945, 29905, 9876, 1504, 9156, 13, 29905 ]	841	17,408	ArXiv	-1	-1
label{fig:9} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \subfigure[$\gamma = 100 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 25\kappa$.]{\includegraphics[width=5cm]{SGPE1.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[$\gamma = 10 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 7\kappa$.]{\includegraphics[width=5cm]{SGPE2.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[$\gamma = 1 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 2.5\kappa$.]{ \includegraphics[width=5cm]{SGPE3.pdf}} \caption{Comparison between SGPE the full model. First row and second row: eigenvalues of the Bogoliubov matrix in functions of the momentum; solid lines refers to SGPE quantities, dashed ones to the full model. Last row: Momentum distributions. {In all panels,} $\lambda n_A = \nu - \omega_0 =0$, $x = 2$. } \label{fig:8} \end{figure*} In the previous Sections we have developed a microscopic model of condensation from which we have obtained predictions for some most interesting observable quantities. In this final Section, we are going to discuss how our model can be reduced under suitable approximations to a simpler quantum Langevin equation for the cavity field only. {In particular, we shall concentrate on the good cavity limit $\Gamma/\kappa\gg 1$, where the dynamics of the cavity field occurs on a much faster time scale as compared to the one of the emitters, which can therefore be adiabatically eliminated. Throughout this last section, we will sacrifice mathematical rigour in favor of physical intuition.} \subsection{{Adiabatic elimination}} Expressing the fields in the rotating frame as: \begin{equation} \phi^\dagger = \psi^\dagger\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \qquad S^+ = \mathcal{S}^+\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \qquad S^z = \mathcal{S}^z, \end{equation} the real-space equations of motion \eqref{eq:space1}-\eqref{eq:space3} can be rewritten as \begin{gather} \frac{\partial \mathcal{S}^z}{\partial t} = \Gamma\left(n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \mathcal{S}^z\right) + g\left(\mathcal{S}^+\psi + \psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^-\right) + G^z ,\label{eq:adel3_1}\\ \frac{\partial \mathcal{S}^+}{\partial t} = -\frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(1-i\delta\right)\mathcal{S}^+ -2g\,\psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^z + \widetilde{G}^+,\label{eq:adel3_2}\\ \begin{split} \frac{\partial\psi^\dagger}{\partial t} = -\frac{\kappa}{2}\left(1+i\delta\right)\psi^\dagger -& i\frac{\nabla^2}{2m}\psi^\dagger -g\mathcal{S}^++ \\ &+i\lambda \psi^\dagger\psi^\dagger\psi+ \widetilde{F}^\dagger ,\label{eq:adel3_3} \end{split} \end{gather} where $\widetilde{G}^+ = \mathrm{e}^{-i\omega t}G^+$ and $\widetilde{F}^\dagger = \mathrm{e}^{-i\omega t}F^\dagger$. In the spirit of~\cite{LUGI1984}, the limit $\sigma\rightarrow +\infty$ can be taken provided that the quantities $ g\sqrt{n_A}/\Gamma$, $\delta$, $\langle\widetilde{G}^\alpha\widetilde{G}^{\alpha'}\rangle/n_A^2\Gamma^2$ remain finite and that the average $\lambda\langle\psi^\dagger\psi\rangle$ remains negligible with respect to $\Gamma$. {While rigourous ways to perform adiabatic elimination for ordinary differential equations exist, the situation is more complicate for our stochastic and quantum case. In what follows we shall then follow a heuristic path inspired from laser theory	0.281728	-0.654316	0.289506	1.965721	[ -0.21769031060756697, 0.781145495989779 ]	[ -0.857999904296242, -0.4506319020482809 ]	[ -0.19111126381046267, 0.7701240848101754 ]	[ 1.190512202410881, 2.7409288822896 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1643, 29912, 1003, 29901, 29929, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 4532, 4044, 13, 13, 13, 13, 320, 463, 29912, 4532, 4044, 29961, 400, 25288, 29962, 13, 320, 17892, 29961, 4535, 4283, 353, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29900, 320, 9876, 1628, 395, 29887, 29905, 3676, 29912, 29876, 29918, 29909, 29913, 353, 29871, 29906, 29945, 29905, 9876, 1504, 21545, 7313, 29961, 2103, 29922, 29945, 4912, 3199, 26016, 4162, 29896, 29889, 5140, 930, 13, 29871, 320, 14158, 29912, 29900, 29889, 29906, 4317, 29913, 13, 29871, 320, 17892, 29961, 4535, 4283, 353, 29871, 29896, 29900, 320, 9876, 1628, 395, 29887, 29905, 3676, 29912, 29876, 29918, 29909, 29913, 353, 29871, 29955, 29905, 9876, 1504, 21545, 7313, 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\cite {LAX_IX, LOUI1973} whose validity can be checked {\em a posteriori} by comparing its predictions with the full model in the linearised case; a brief discussion of a simplified but illustrative example is given in the Appendix. A rigorous derivation of the whole approach is of course needed, but goes far beyond the scope of the present work. As a first step, we note that time derivatives} of the spin densities can be dropped from the equations as they are negligible for large $\Gamma$. The spin operators can therefore be expressed in terms of the cavity field using the equations: \begin{gather} 0 = \Gamma\left(n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \mathcal{S}^z\right) + g\left(\mathcal{S}^+\psi + \psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^-\right) + G^z ,\label{eq:adel4_1}\\ 0 = -\frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(1-i\delta\right)\mathcal{S}^+ -2g\,\psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^z + \widetilde{G}^+,\label{eq:adel4_2}\\ 0 = -\frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(1+i\delta\right)\mathcal{S}^- -2g\, \mathcal{S}^z \psi+ \widetilde{G}^-\label{eq:adel4_3}. \end{gather} From \eqref{eq:adel4_2} and \eqref{eq:adel4_3}, $\mathcal{S}^+$ and $\mathcal{S}^-$ can be expressed in terms of $\mathcal{S}^z$ as \begin{gather} \label{eq:adel6} S^+ = \frac{2}{\Gamma(1-i\delta)}\left( - 2 g \psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^z + \widetilde{G}^+\right), \\ S^- = \frac{2}{\Gamma(1+i\delta)}\left( - 2 g \mathcal{S}^z \psi + \widetilde{G}^-\right), \end{gather} and hence inserted in \eqref{eq:adel4_1}, which reads: \begin{equation} \label{eq:adel5} \mathcal{S}^z = n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \frac{8g^2}{\Gamma^2(1+\delta^2)}\psi^\dagger\mathcal{S}^z\psi + \mathbb{G}^z, \end{equation} where \begin{equation} \mathbb{G}^z = \frac{2g}{\Gamma^2(1-i\delta)}\widetilde{G}^+\psi + \frac{2g}{\Gamma^2(1+i\delta)}\psi^\dagger\widetilde{G}^- + \frac{1}{\Gamma} G^z. \end{equation} {While equal-time spin and cavity operators commute in the full theory, this is no longer true after the elimination, as it was noticed in \cite{LAX_IX}. An ambiguity therefore arises when writing \eqref{eq:adel4_2} and \eqref{eq:adel4_3}. In the following, inspired by~\cite{LAX1968}, we heuristically propose to choose the generalised normal ordering, $\psi^\dagger\mathcal{S}^+ \mathcal{S}^z \mathcal{S}^- \psi$. This issue is important when solving Eq. \eqref{eq:adel5} for $\mathcal{S}^z$, which can be done by formally iterating on $\mathcal{S}^z$:} \begin{eqnarray} \mathcal{S}^z & = & n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} \sum_{m=0}^{+\infty}\frac{(-1)^m}{n_s^m}\left(\psi^\dagger\right)^m\psi^m +\sum_{m=0}^{+\infty}\frac{(-1)^m}{n_s^m}\left(\psi^\dagger\right)^m\mathbb{G}^z\psi^m \nonumber \\ & = & n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} :\frac{1}{1+\frac{\psi^\dagger\psi}{n_s}}: + :\frac{1}{1+\frac{\psi^\dagger\psi}{n_s}}\mathbb{G}^z:, \end{eqnarray}	0.245602	-0.496293	0.432804	2.418359	[ 0.42229053359210383, 0.06891427291042364 ]	[ -0.4515272163389358, -0.5410586454044217 ]	[ 0.5621523207286653, 0.3034557361394698 ]	[ 2.3247096393691384, 2.512008298683346 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 320, 2036, 426, 4375, 29990, 29918, 6415, 29892, 11247, 3120, 29896, 29929, 29955, 29941, 29913, 5069, 2854, 537, 508, 367, 7120, 2802, 331, 263, 13446, 29875, 29913, 491, 17420, 967, 27303, 411, 278, 2989, 1904, 297, 278, 5608, 3368, 1206, 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29905, 6134, 1157, 29876, 29918, 29879, 4229, 1995, 29912, 29954, 2137, 29920, 29901, 29892, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 9441, 29913, 13 ]	841	19,456	ArXiv	-1	-1
where columns denote normal ordering and the saturation density is defined as \begin{equation} n_s=\frac{\Gamma^2}{8g^2}(1+\delta^2). \end{equation} The explicit expression for $\mathcal{S}^z$ can be inserted back in \eqref{eq:adel6} to obtain the expression for $\mathcal{S}^+$ and $\mathcal{S}^-$, which can be finally substituted in \eqref{eq:adel3_3} to give a quantum stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation \begin{equation} \label{SGPEop} \begin{split} \frac{\partial \psi^\dagger}{\partial t} = -\frac{\kappa}{2}(1+i\delta)\psi^\dagger & - i\frac{\nabla^2}{2m}\psi^\dagger +\\ &+\psi^\dagger:\frac{P_0(1+i\delta)}{1+\frac{\psi^\dagger\psi}{n_s}}: + i\lambda \psi^\dagger\psi^\dagger\psi +\mathbb{F}^\dagger, \end{split} \end{equation} where the pumping coefficient has the form \begin{equation} P_0 = \frac{2g^2n_A\mathcal{D}}{\Gamma(1 + \delta^2)}, \end{equation} and $\mathbb{F}^\dagger$ is a new effective noise operator given by \begin{equation} \mathbb{F}^\dagger = \widetilde{F}^\dagger -\frac{2g}{\Gamma(1-i\delta)}\widetilde{G}^+ + \frac{4g^2}{\Gamma(1-i\delta)}:\psi^\dagger\frac{1}{1+\frac{\psi^\dagger\psi}{n_s}}\mathbb{G}^z:. \end{equation} The diffusion matrix of the noise $\mathbb{F}^\dagger$ depends on the field state $\psi$ and $\psi^\dagger$ and can be written in the form \begin{equation} \left( \begin{array}{cc} \langle\mathbb{F}^\dagger(\mathbf{x},t)\mathbb{F}(\mathbf{x}',t')\rangle & \langle\mathbb{F}^\dagger(\mathbf{x},t)\mathbb{F}^\dagger(\mathbf{x}',t')\rangle \\ \langle\mathbb{F}(\mathbf{x},t)\mathbb{F}(\mathbf{x}',t')\rangle & \langle\mathbb{F}(\mathbf{x},t)\mathbb{F}^\dagger(\mathbf{x}',t')\rangle \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & C^* \\ C & B \end{array} \right), \end{equation} where $A$, $B$, $C$ are functions of $\psi$ and $\psi^\dagger$. Note in particular the non-zero $C$ term in the non-diagonal positions, which originates from the contribution of the emitter noise operators $G^\alpha$ ($\alpha = +,-,z$) to the resulting noise $\mathbb{F}$. \subsection{{Normally-ordered c-number representation}} {A useful technique to obtain physical predictions from the operator-valued stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii \eqref{SGPEop}, is to represent it in terms of} an equivalent c-number equation. In doing this, we follow the procedure explained in~\cite{Benkert}. {As one typically does for phase-space representations~\cite{GARD2000}, the first step is to choose an ordering prescription for the operator products according to which all quantities of the theory have to be consistently expressed.} A first choice is to assume normal ordering. In this case, the operator-valued SGPE \eqref{SGPEop} gets projected onto the c-number Ito SGPE \begin{equation} \label{SGPE} \begin{split} i\mathrm{d}\psi = &\left[\omega_0 -\frac{\nabla^2}{2m} + \right. \lambda\|\psi\|^2 +\frac{P_0\delta}{1+\frac{\|\psi\|^2}{n_s}}+ \\ &+\left.i\left(\frac{P_0}{1+\frac{\|\psi\|^2}{n_s}}-\frac{\kappa}{2}\right) \right]\psi \,\mathrm{d}t	-0.023539	-0.741609	0.104361	2.272682	[ -0.031756871120985256, -0.015320765973000134 ]	[ -0.5786618456119258, -0.9045562474102946 ]	[ 0.06251283872796425, 0.14620879256564515 ]	[ 2.3247096393691384, 2.220654828639023 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 3062, 4341, 13530, 4226, 20520, 322, 278, 269, 1337, 362, 9027, 338, 3342, 408, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29876, 29918, 29879, 2013, 1154, 741, 6642, 29985, 29906, 1157, 29947, 29887, 29985, 29906, 2119, 29896, 3124, 4181, 29985, 29906, 467, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 1576, 6261, 4603, 363, 779, 1942, 29912, 29903, 2137, 29920, 29938, 508, 367, 15478, 1250, 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4162, 459, 29913, 4947, 2060, 287, 11480, 278, 274, 29899, 4537, 306, 517, 317, 29954, 4162, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 26016, 4162, 29913, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 5451, 29913, 13, 474, 29905, 3141, 29912, 29881, 1012, 6134, 353, 8682, 1563, 7110, 4787, 29918, 29900, 11995, 1154, 741, 8511, 29985, 29906, 1157, 29906, 29885, 29913, 718, 29871, 320, 1266, 29889, 320, 2892, 4295, 6134, 15333, 29906, 17501, 1154, 29912, 29925, 29918, 29900, 29905, 4181, 1157, 29896, 3124, 1154, 29912, 4295, 6134, 15333, 29906, 1157, 29876, 29918, 29879, 930, 29974, 2474, 13, 669, 3124, 1563, 29889, 29875, 29905, 1563, 1194, 1154, 29912, 29925, 29918, 29900, 1157, 29896, 3124, 1154, 29912, 4295, 6134, 15333, 29906, 1157, 29876, 29918, 29879, 930, 2612, 1154, 741, 9876, 1157, 29906, 1012, 1266, 29897, 29871, 320, 1266, 10725, 6134, 320, 2053, 3141, 29912, 29881, 29913, 29873 ]	841	20,480	ArXiv	-1	-1
+ \mathrm{d}W. \end{split} \end{equation} A similar equation was derived in the early theory of laser \cite{HAKE1975}. {The second order momenta of the noise} have local spatial and temporal correlations \begin{eqnarray} \left \langle \mathrm{d} W(\mathbf{x},t)\mathrm{d} W^(\mathbf{x'},t) \right \rangle & = & 2D_{\psi\psi^}(\mathbf{x})\,\delta^{(d)}(\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x'})\mathrm{d} t, \\ \left \langle \mathrm{d} W(\mathbf{x},t)\mathrm{d} W(\mathbf{x'},t) \right \rangle & = & 2D_{\psi\psi}(\mathbf{x})\,\delta^{(d)}(\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x'})\mathrm{d} t \end{eqnarray} {and} their variances $D_{\psi\psi^}(\mathbf{x})$ and $D_{\psi\psi}(\mathbf{x})$ depend locally on the field $\psi(\mathbf{x})$. Their value can be determined by imposing that the motion equation for the second moments of the field determined by the c-number equation \eqref{SGPE} must be equal to the ones obtained from the operatorial equation \eqref{SGPEop} in the normal ordered form. Using this prescription, we obtain: % \begin{equation} \begin{cases} 2D_{\psi\psi^} = A,\\ 2D_{\psi\psi} = C - \frac{P_0(1-i\delta)}{\left(1+\frac{\|\psi\|^2}{n_s}\right)^2} \frac{\psi^2}{n_s} -i\lambda\psi^2. \label{psipsi} \end{cases} \end{equation} % As expected from the U(1) symmetry of the original problem, both $C$ and the normal ordering terms in \eqref{psipsi} are all proportional to $\psi^2$. The dependence of the diffusion coefficients on the pumping parameter $x=d/\gamma$ are plotted in Fig. \ref{fig:9} for the mean-field steady state. Remarkably, while $D_{\psi^*\psi}$ and $\text{Re}[D_{\psi\psi}]$ depend very slowly on $x$ and are not much affected by the presence of detuning or self-interaction, the imaginary part $\text{Im}[D_{\psi\psi}]$ crucially depends on these parameters. Note that the possibility of a non-vanishing $D_{\psi\psi}$ variance was overlooked in the phenomenological discussion that we published in~\cite{ACIC2013} {and has not been taken into account in~\cite{Sieberer2013,Altman,Wouters2013}.} {Due to the saturable pumping term in the SGPE, higher-order momenta of the noise are present beyond the usual Gaussian noise. Their correlation can be extracted by considering the equation of motion for higher-order operator products. Inspired by the so-called truncated Wigner scheme~\cite{Ciuti2005,RMP2013}, one can expect that their contribution is actually negligible in the mean-field limit discussed in Sec.\ref{sec:Fluctuations}.} \subsection{{Comparison with full calculation}} As a check of the validity of this reformulation, in Fig.\ref{fig:8} we compare the predictions of the SGPE for the dispersion of the collective Bogoliubov modes (upper and central row) and for the momentum distribution (lower row) with the predictions of the full model as derived in Sec.\ref{sec:Fluctuations}. The Bogoliubov dispersion is obtained by linearising the deterministic part of the SGPE equation \eqref{SGPE} around the steady-state. a straightforward calculation gives a dispersion analogous to the one originally obtained in~\cite{WOUT2007}, \begin{equation} \omega^\pm_\mathbf{k} = -\Gamma_p \pm \sqrt{\Gamma_p^2 - E_\mathbf{k}^2} \end{equation} with the damping parameter $\Gamma_p= \kappa(2P_0 -\kappa)/4P_0$ and the equilibrium Bogoliub	0.452423	-0.083553	0.420123	1.934504	[ 0.003169852318483132, 0.9016769337416699 ]	[ -0.5410586454044217, 0.3739525596448445 ]	[ 0.13606382846410806, 0.7041818181501843 ]	[ 1.6691643317694116, 2.199843866493 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 718, 320, 3141, 29912, 29881, 29913, 29956, 29889, 13, 320, 355, 29912, 5451, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29909, 2788, 6306, 471, 10723, 297, 278, 4688, 6368, 310, 1869, 261, 320, 2036, 29912, 15715, 6059, 29896, 29929, 29955, 29945, 1836, 426, 1576, 1473, 1797, 3256, 29874, 310, 278, 11462, 29913, 505, 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29928, 1665, 6134, 29905, 6134, 6525, 29938, 8839, 1407, 14205, 373, 395, 29916, 29938, 322, 526, 451, 1568, 15201, 491, 278, 10122, 310, 1439, 27964, 470, 1583, 29899, 1639, 2467, 29892, 278, 6382, 3821, 760, 779, 726, 29912, 1888, 4400, 29928, 1665, 6134, 29905, 6134, 6525, 29938, 7618, 5584, 7111, 373, 1438, 4128, 29889, 3940, 393, 278, 13331, 310, 263, 1661, 29899, 3703, 14424, 395, 29928, 1665, 6134, 29905, 6134, 1042, 20162, 471, 975, 6914, 287, 297, 278, 27791, 5996, 10679, 393, 591, 6369, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 2477, 2965, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 29913, 426, 392, 756, 451, 1063, 4586, 964, 3633, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29903, 347, 495, 261, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 29892, 24528, 1171, 29892, 29956, 283, 2153, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 1836, 29913, 13, 13, 29912, 29928, 434, 304, 278, 269, 1337, 519, 282, 3427, 292, 1840, 297, 278, 317, 29954, 4162, 29892, 6133, 29899, 2098, 3256, 29874, 310, 278, 11462, 526, 2198, 8724, 278, 9670, 22477, 11462, 29889, 11275, 19869, 508, 367, 23892, 491, 13858, 278, 6306, 310, 10884, 363, 6133, 29899, 2098, 5455, 9316, 29889, 512, 1028, 2859, 491, 278, 577, 29899, 13998, 21022, 630, 399, 21216, 11380, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29907, 29875, 11321, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 29892, 29934, 3580, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 1118, 697, 508, 2149, 393, 1009, 11896, 338, 2869, 3480, 3473, 1821, 297, 278, 2099, 29899, 2671, 4046, 15648, 297, 5356, 7790, 999, 29912, 3471, 29901, 8754, 5313, 29884, 800, 1836, 29913, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 6224, 1523, 20941, 411, 2989, 13944, 930, 13, 2887, 263, 1423, 310, 278, 2854, 537, 310, 445, 11736, 2785, 29892, 297, 5104, 7790, 999, 29912, 1003, 29901, 29947, 29913, 591, 7252, 278, 27303, 310, 278, 317, 29954, 4162, 363, 278, 12272, 4455, 310, 278, 6314, 573, 15872, 5079, 431, 586, 18893, 313, 21064, 322, 6555, 1948, 29897, 322, 363, 278, 19399, 4978, 313, 13609, 1948, 29897, 411, 278, 27303, 310, 278, 2989, 1904, 408, 10723, 297, 5356, 7790, 999, 29912, 3471, 29901, 8754, 5313, 29884, 800, 1836, 29871, 13, 13, 1576, 15872, 5079, 431, 586, 12272, 4455, 338, 7625, 491, 5608, 5921, 278, 11806, 4695, 760, 310, 278, 317, 29954, 4162, 6306, 320, 4915, 29912, 26016, 4162, 29913, 2820, 278, 27357, 29899, 3859, 29889, 263, 20837, 13944, 4076, 263, 12272, 4455, 15690, 681, 304, 278, 697, 10437, 7625, 297, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29956, 12015, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29955, 1118, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 4787, 3823, 3358, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 353, 11995, 6642, 29918, 29886, 320, 3358, 320, 3676, 741, 6642, 29918, 29886, 29985, 29906, 448, 382, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 2137, 29906, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 29871, 13, 2541, 278, 270, 1160, 292, 3443, 779, 6642, 29918, 29886, 29922, 320, 9876, 29898, 29906, 29925, 29918, 29900, 11995, 9876, 6802, 29946, 29925, 29918, 29900, 29938, 322, 278, 26440, 15872, 5079, 431 ]	841	21,504	ArXiv	-1	-1
ov dispersion $E_\mathbf{k}= \sqrt{\epsilon_\mathbf{k}(\epsilon_\mathbf{k} + 2\lambda_{\rm eff}\|\beta_0\|^2)}$. In this latter, note that the effective nonlinear term \begin{equation} \lambda_{\rm eff} = \lambda - \frac{\kappa}{2}\frac{\delta}{n_s + \|\beta_0\|^2}, \end{equation} contains two contribution: the former results from the direct photon-photon interaction $\lambda$, the latter describes the effective Kerr optical nonlinearity due to saturation of the emitters~\cite{COHE2004}. The momentum distribution shown in the bottom row is instead obtained by reintroducing the noise terms in the linearised equation and then making a small noise expansion: average of fluctuation operators like $n^s_\mathbf{k}$ are written as a linear function of the noise variances $D_{\psi^\psi}$ and $D_{\psi\psi}$. In the three columns of Fig.\ref{fig:8}, we show the result of the comparison for different system parameters: as one moves deeper in the good cavity limit (left panels), the agreement becomes very good, while significant discrepancies are expected outside this limit (right panels). As expected, the adiabatic elimination procedure for the momentum distribution is only valid at sufficiently low $k$ when the cavity field detuning is small as compared to the atomic linewidth: breakdown of this condition is indeed visible in the bottom-right panel, where a clear qualitative deviation appears at large $k$. In particular, the adiabatic elimination of the emitters in the SGPE loses track of frequency dependence amplification and therefore is not able to recover the large $k$ behaviour of the momentum distribution. Note also that the quantitative agreement visible in the figure crucially relies on the correct inclusion of the $D_{\psi\psi}$ variance. In spite of its accurate predictions illustrated in Fig.\ref{fig:8}, the stochastic equation \eqref{SGPE} is only meaningful at a linearised level. A closer look at {the top row of} Fig.\ref{fig:9} shows in fact that $\|D_{\psi\psi}\|$ is not always lower or equal to $D_{\psi\psi^}$, as it is expected from the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality for a generic Ito stochastic equation~\cite{GARD2004}. While at the linearised level one can forget this fact and formally solve the linear stochastic equation irrespectively on the positivity of the noise variance, this is no longer possible when one wishes to describe the nonlinear dynamics stemming from large fluctuations, e.g. in the vicinity of the critical point for condensation. This feature, often neglected in laser theory \cite{LOUI1973}, is particularly visible in the interacting case for $\lambda\neq 0$ or $ \delta \neq 0$. Techniques for numerically solving (generalised) stochastic differential equations with non-positive-definite noise were proposed, {the best known example being the so-called Positive-P representation which however keeps suffering from other difficulties~\cite{GARD2000}.} \subsection{{Symmetrically-ordered c-number representation}} Another possible way-out is to make a different choice for the ordering of operators when performing the projection of the operator-valued SGPE \eqref{SGPEop} onto the c-number SGPE{, e.g. the symmetric ordering of Wigner representation where c-number averages correspond to symmetrically ordered quantities. In this case, the variance matrix of the noise is indeed positive definite {(see bottom row of Fig.\ref{fig:9})}, but several other difficulties appear~\cite{GARD2000,RMP2013}. Firstly, the normal ordered saturation term in Eq. \eqref{SGPEop} cannot be easily symmetrised, which complicates writing of the deterministic part of the stochastic equation.} Secondly, the symmetrisation of any non-linear term in \eqref{SGPEop} {produces} terms proportional to the commutator $[\psi(\mathbf{x}),\psi^\dagger(\mathbf{x})]$, which is a {UV} divergent quantity. Finally, any non linear term in \eqref{SGPEop} will generate a noise {with non-vanishing third order momenta, e.g. $\langle \mathrm{d} W^2 \mathrm{d} W^*	0.649657	-0.059156	0.304724	2.366332	[ 0.781145495989779, 0.518167813622017 ]	[ 0.060592557915643726, -0.17890401483453114 ]	[ 0.5114275002209799, 0.09802021308334402 ]	[ 2.1374109800549306, 2.595252147267438 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 586, 12272, 4455, 395, 29923, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 5369, 320, 3676, 741, 5463, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 4678, 5463, 3187, 2762, 29912, 29895, 29913, 718, 29871, 29906, 29905, 2892, 1665, 1758, 1801, 29913, 4295, 3571, 29918, 29900, 15333, 29906, 29897, 4311, 512, 445, 7480, 29892, 4443, 393, 278, 11828, 1661, 10660, 1840, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 2892, 1665, 1758, 1801, 29913, 353, 320, 2892, 448, 320, 1154, 741, 9876, 1157, 29906, 1012, 1154, 741, 4181, 1157, 29876, 29918, 29879, 718, 18283, 3571, 29918, 29900, 15333, 29906, 1118, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 29871, 13, 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29839, 304, 278, 26418, 1061, 395, 7110, 6134, 1194, 2762, 29912, 29916, 9594, 29905, 6134, 3823, 21085, 1194, 2762, 29912, 29916, 1800, 25473, 607, 338, 263, 426, 29965, 29963, 29913, 17089, 5362, 14728, 29889, 9788, 29892, 738, 1661, 5608, 1840, 297, 320, 4915, 29912, 26016, 4162, 459, 29913, 674, 5706, 263, 11462, 426, 2541, 1661, 29899, 3703, 14424, 4654, 1797, 3256, 29874, 29892, 321, 29889, 29887, 29889, 779, 6990, 320, 3141, 29912, 29881, 29913, 399, 29985, 29906, 320, 3141, 29912, 29881, 29913, 399, 6622 ]	841	22,528	ArXiv	-1	-1
In 2020, The Graduate Association for Food Studies debuted Food Studies (In)Digestion, a series of conversations for graduate students to search for, critique, expand, and understand our orientations to the food studies canon. Each part of this series served as an opportunity to generate discussion about the field of food studies through its commonly read texts—and to reflect on how those texts provoke or prevent growth in the field. The three-part series, conceived by Erica Zurawski, Edward James Malin, Jessica Carbone, and Carlynn Crosby, proved to be a valuable space for dialogue and connection as graduate students shared similar experiences, imaginings, and frustrations. Inspired by these conversations and the contributions from graduate students the world over, GAFS tweaked the structure of these meetings in 2021 to offer an open space for freeform discussions centered around thematic issues in the food studies universe. These sessions are designed for open conversation among graduate students (GAFS members and non-members). Given our desire to facilitate an open and honest conversation, meetings will not be recorded but we are hopeful that these conversations lead to the development of future bibliographies and articles in the Graduate Journal of Food Studies and further programs for the broader food studies community. Give me more details! How do I join a Food Studies (In)Digestion session? Sessions will be held every couple of months with announcements to register distributed on our newsletter and social media accounts. (Not subscribed to our newsletter? Join here! You don't have to be a GAFS member to join.) Each session requires pre-registration via Zoom. Any suggested readings for the sessions will be distributed to registered participants. GAFS moderators will be present at each session. If you wish to attended a session but prefer only to listen, you may feel free to mute your camera and microphone and direct any questions or comments you have via private message to the GAFS board members moderating the session. November Session \| Reframing Academic Work for a Wider Audience Tuesday, November 16th \| 6:00 PM EST, 3:00 PM PST Join us via Zoom to learn how to transition academic work for a public or a wider audience! We'll be talking about the "elevator pitch" and connecting with a reader via your writing. Previous Sessions: 1st Session of the Canon Series \| The Food Studies Dilemma: Searching for the Food Studies Canon Thursday, October 1st \| 1:30 – 3:30 PM EST Session Moderators: Jessica Carbone & Erica Zurawski, GAFS Co-Presidents At some point all graduate students entering the field of food studies ask: "What should I read?" As we work to gain proficiency in the field, we also ask, "What do I have to read?" Yet even as we familiarize ourselves with a discipline through carefully crafted reading lists—from the scholarly world, from the popular world, and from the primary and archival sources and silences we encounter in our research—we inevitably experience a degree of scholarly indigestion. As a field that celebrates its interdisciplinarity, how do we as emerging scholars position ourselves within this interdisciplinarity? What difficulties does this pose and what possibilities does it open up? What are the real-world implications of having (or not having) clear boundaries to the field of food studies? How can a canon of food studies act as a shared language for communicating across the disciplines? How does that language exclude and silence? What strategies can we use to include and give voice as we build the canon? This first session offers an opportunity to discuss and debate the concept of a food studies canon—what the value of such a canon could be, and what the inherent limits and challenges are in assembling such a canon for this still-emerging field. 2nd Session of the Canon Series \| Bring the Canon, Push the Canon Tuesday, December 1st \| 3:30 – 5:30 PM EST Session Moderators: Carlynn Crosby, GAFS Conference Coordinator & James Malin, GAFS Library Services Liaison and Scholarly Communications Coordinator In this second session, we will begin to start thinking about texts we feel most food studies scholars are familiar with and texts we feel scholars should study more. 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Expert Lawyers WEST PAKISTAN CONCILIATION COURTS RULES, 1962 Select LanguageEnglishFrenchFrisianGalicianGeorgianGermanGreekGujaratiHaitian CreoleHausaHawaiianHebrewHindiHmongHungarianIcelandicIgboIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseJavaneseKannadaKazakhKhmerKoreanKurdish (Kurmanji)KyrgyzLaoLatinLatvianLithuanianLuxembourgishMacedonianMalagasyMalayMalayalamMalteseMaoriMarathiMongolianMyanmar (Burmese)NepaliNorwegianPashtoPersianPolishPortuguesePunjabiRomanianRussianSamoanScottish GaelicSerbianSesothoShonaSindhiSinhalaSlovakSlovenianSomaliSpanishSudaneseSwahiliSwedishTajikTamilTeluguThaiTurkishUkrainianUrduUzbekVietnameseWelshXhosaYiddishYorubaZulu No. Integ. 7-1/62.—- In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 21 of the Conciliation Courts Ordinance, (XLIV of 1961). The Government of west Pakistan is pleased to make the following rules, namely:—- 1. (1) These rules may be called the West Pakistan Conciliation Courts Rules, 1962. (2) They shell extend to the province of West Pakistan, Except the cantonments. 2. In these rules, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or Context,— a) "Form" means a form appended to these rules; b) "Ordinance" Means the Conciliation Courts Ordinance, 1961 (XLIV of 1961); c) "Part" means a part of the Schedule to the Ordinance; d) "Petitioner" means a person who made an application under section 4 of the Ordinance; e) "Respondent" means the person against whom an application under section 4 of the Ordinance is made; and f) "Section" means a section of the Ordinance. 3. (1) An application under sub-section (1) of section 4 shall be in writing and shall be signed by the petitioner and shall be presented to the Chairman of the Union Council. (2) The application under sub-rule (1) shall contain the following particular: a) The name of the union Council in which the application is made, b) The name, description and place of residence of the petitioner, c) The name, description and place of residence of the respondent, d) The name of the Union in which the offence was committed, or the cause of action arose. e) The complaint or the nature and valuation of the claim with particulars in brief, and f) The relief claimed. (3) An application under this rule shall be accompanied by a fee of one rupee if the case relates to Section A of Part 1 or Section A of Part II, and by a fee of two rupees if it relates to section B of Part I or Section B of part II. 4. When an application is rejected by the Chairman of the Union Council under Sub-Section (1) of Section 4, it shall be returned to the petitioner together with the order passed on it. 5. (1) An application for revision under sub-section (2) of section 4 shall be made with in 30days from the date of rejection:—- a) To the Controlling Authority or to an officer not lower than a Magistrate of the first class nominated by the Controlling Authority in this behalf, if the case relates to Section A of Part I or Section A of part II ; and b) To the District Judge, if the case relates to Section B of Part I or Section B of Part II. 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is made. 6. If the authority to whom an application is made under sub-section (2) of section 4 is of opinion that the order passed by the Chairman of the Union is mala fide or substantially unjust. It shall return the application to the petitioner together with order in writhing directing the chairman Union Council to admit the application. 7. (1) When an application has been admitted, its particulars shall be entered in a register to e maintained in Form I, and the number any year of the case in the said register shall also be endorsed on the application. (2) When a case is referred back under sub-section (2) of Section 8 by the Controlling Authority or the District Judge, as the case may be, for reconsideration, the case shall be entered afresh in the register in Form I and shall be heard as a fresh application. 8. (1) After having registered the application under Rule 7, the Chairman of the union Council shall direct the petitioner to be present on a date and time which he may fix and shall also issue summons to the respondent for appearing before him on the date and time so fixed. (2) Every summons issued under these rules shall e in writing in duplicate, signed and sealed by the Chairman of the Union and after the constitution of the Conciliation Court, by the Chairman of the conciliation Court. (3) Save as otherwise provided, every summons issued under these rules shall be served by a servant of the Union Council or by such other person as the chairman of the Union Council or the chairman of the Conciliation Court, as the case may be, may appoint in this behalf. (4) Service of the summons shall, if practicable, be made personally on the person summoned by delivering or tendering to him one of the duplicates of the summons. (5) Every person on whom a summons is service shall sign a receipt on the back of the other duplicate. (6) If service in the manner mentioned in the foregoing sub-rules cannot, by exercise of due diligence, be effected, the serving officer shall affix one of the duplicates of the summons to some conspicuous part of the residence in which the person summoned ordinarily resides and thereupon the summons shall be deemed the have been duly served. (7) If the person to whom a summons is issued resides outside the jurisdiction of the union Council, the Chairman of the Union Council or the Chairman of the Conciliation Court may cause the summons to be served through registered post (acknowledgment due) and the thereof shall be paid by the petitioner. 9. (1) A summons to a party shall be in Form II. (2) A summons to a witness shall be in Form III. 10. (1) If the case relates to part I and the respondent does not appear in the obedience to the summons, the Chairman of the Union Council shall ask the petitioner to nominate within seven days his representatives and the representatives so nominated and the Chairman of the Union Council shall constitute conciliation Court. (2) If the case relates to part II and of the respondents does not appear in obedience to the summons, or if he appears but does not agree to refer the case to the Conciliation Court, the Chairman of the Union Council shall issue a certificate to the effect that conciliation has failed. 11. If the case relates or part II and the parties agree to refer the case to the Conciliation Court or if the case relates to part I, the Chairman of the Union Council shall ask the parties to nominate their representatives within a period of seven days. 12. On receiving the names of the representatives the Chairman of the Union Council shall record the names in the relevant columns in the register in Form I. 13. (1) Where at any time before the Conciliation Court gives its decision, the Chairman of the Union Council is for any referred to in sub-section (2) of section 5 unable to act as Chairman of the Conciliation Court, or his impartiaity is challenged by any party, the Controlling authority may, on receiving an intimation from the Chairman, or, as the case may be, an application in writing of the party, appoint any member of the union Council (not being a member nominated by any party as his representatives) to act as Chairman of the Conciliation Court. 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The Inside Press Magazines serving the communities of Northern Westchester Advertise in One or All of our Magazines Advertising Payment Form Diane Schiro How to Obtain Your Second Act: An Interview with Local Actress Diana Schiro December 1, 2019 by Stacey Pfeffer photo courtesy of Diana Schiro The concept of emotional quotient or EQ comes up a lot in my interview with local resident and budding actress Diana Schiro. In order to be a great actress, one needs to be deeply in touch with their emotions and be able to jump into character and emote as that character would. It's a difficult craft to master and something Schiro always wanted to do but was afraid to take the proverbial leap. Schiro as Maya in The Year of the Solar Eclipse PHOTO BY FRED LAM However on the cusp of turning 40, Schiro did and worked her way up from scoring spots in commercials for companies such as Polaroid and Kartrite Resorts to her latest role as Maya, a psychotherapist in the off-Broadway production of The Year of the Solar Eclipse which opens at the Wild Project, an East Village theater on December 3rd. Tickets are available at www.theyearofthesolareclipse.com The play follows three millennial females in a year of love lost, love found & self-discovery. I had the opportunity to sit down with Schiro and hear her top ten tips on how she obtained her second act – from a suburban mom working part-time for a local real estate firm to auditioning in the city and ultimately landing on the off-Broadway stage. 1. Embrace your inner voice – Schiro recalls that from the time she was eight years old growing up in Long Island, she always wanted to be an actress and while she took acting classes in middle and high school, she felt that her insecurity when she was younger prevented her from truly following her passion. Nevertheless, she had this nagging voice in her head to follow her passion. 2. Be the best version of yourself – For Schiro, she always envied those in theater. She didn't want her envy to turn into jealousy or resentment. "I always knew I had the capacity and emotional bandwidth to act" so she flipped her thought process and decided to turn those envious feelings into inspiration and motivation. 3. Be brave in the face of fear – According to Schiro, being brave isn't the same as being fearless. She contends that she still has fears and is nervous about her upcoming performance. "When you are fearless, you take all kinds of risks" but for her, auditioning was something that was intentional and well thought out. 4. Maintain authenticity – Schiro who is a mom to 11-year old Sarina and nine year old Jared was always encouraging them to try new things but didn't want to "have a personal narrative of I wish I had done this [acting]. I knew I had to do this in order to be an authentic parent." 5. Utilize technology to your benefit – "There are resources for acting professionals that I knew about such as backstage.com, so I filled out a profile on them and checked out jobs everyday. I also created eco cast videos where instead of going for live call backs in the city, you can audition virtually with casting directors." 6. Stay organized and prepare – For Schiro, this new lifestyle is a complete 180 for her family. She now commutes into the city for rehearsals in the afternoon, so staying organized is key. She blocks time on her calendar to look for new jobs and also spends time each day rewriting her lines. She prepares meals for the family in the morning and adheres to a rigorous exercise routine to maintain physical and mental strength. 7. Seek supportive family and friends who genuinely root for you. – Schiro credits both her husband Michael and her local CrossFit community and friends for unwavering support. "I'm totally overwhelmed by the support in the community. I surround myself with mentors and role models particularly in the fitness world and I lean on them to learn and grow." 8. Continue learning and ask questions – The cast consists of 20 somethings with acting credentials so Schiro asked the director and playwright, Aileen Kyoko for additional guidance. 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experienced here, what should I do or read to help me?", she recalls. Schiro now is reading what she calls her acting bibles such as "How to Stop Acting." Taking that first step to ask for help can be daunting but is worthwhile. She also takes private acting lessons with one of the show's executive producers Mark St. Cyr to accommodate her busy schedule. 9. Follow a healthy lifestyle – Schiro is a certified health coach from the Institute of Integrative Nutrition. Fueling her body with the right foods is essential for her just like her workouts. Especially when making major life changes, exercise and nutrition shouldn't fall by the wayside, says Schiro. 10. Make time, not excuses – Just like Schiro schedules Acting 2.0 on her calendar to study her lines and look for jobs after this play, it takes commitment to obtain a second act. Schiro didn't want to live a "what if" life and to obtain a second act, you need dedication. With her determination and focus, she just might make it to the Great White Way. Filed Under: Gotta Have Arts Tagged With: Diane Schiro, inner voice, Judy Blue Eyes, Local Actress, Off Broadway, Organized, Second Act, Year of the Solar Eclipse Holocaust Survivor Helga Luden Relates her Story of Escape, Rescue and Survival Four Winters Shines a Light on the Bravery of World War II Survivors Among the 25,000 Jewish Partisans $86K State Grant Awarded to 2023 Phoenix Festival Signals Growing Focus on Tourism Scarsdale Music Festival Gearing Up for a June 3rd Event: Sponsorships, Performers and Vendors Sought Governor Hochul Urges: SHOP SMALL to Help Small Businesses Which Make Up 98% of New York State's Economy Chappaqua's Always Magical HOLIDAY STROLL on December 3rd: Ice Sculpting, Tree Lighting, Horace Greeley Encords… and More! Our Latest Issues For a full reading of our current edition, or to obtain a copy or subscription, please contact us. Search Inside Press Categories Select Category 2016 DNC After Hurricane Sandy Armonk Community Armonk Cover Stories Armonk EtCetera Armonk Just Between Us Armonk News Releases Book Excerpts Briarcliff Cover Stories camp Chappaqua Community Cover Stories Discover New Castle Election 2020 Et Cetera From the Editor From the Inside Out Good Neighbors Gotta Have Arts Graced Growing Up Here Guest Editor Happenings Happy Holidays Health & Fitness Hillary's Run Holiday Recipes Holidays with our Sponsors HRC Campaign News IC's 10th Year In and Around Town In the Know Inside My New Castle Inside Thoughts Inside Westchester International Issue Archive Just Between Us Letters to the Editor Lifestyles with our Sponsors Local Goes Global Maggie Mae Pup Reporter Merchant Profiles Momprenuers New Castle News New Castle Releases North Castle News North Castle Releases Not for Profit News Past Happenings Pleasantville Community Pleasantville Cover Stories Pleasantville Just Between Us Political Advertorial Politics Rick's Last Licks Single & Smart Speaking Your Truth Special Needs Sponsor News! Stay Connected Surviving COVID-19 The Inside Scoop Think Global Act Local Top Ten Top Ten Anything! 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Home / News / Charging station Home station from Clipper Creek will charge two EVs Eric C. Evarts June 4, 2019 New Clipper Creek hardwired unit will use the same current as a single-vehicle charge point but split it between two vehicles. Mainstream media on electric cars: more thoughtful on their growth As with any innovation, coverage of plug-in electric cars by mainstream media has been, shall we say, variable. Seven years after the first Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt were delivered to their buyers in December 2010, misconceptions and misinformation abound. Technology is often not a strong suit... John Voelcker January 5, 2018 EVgo adds mobile app for electric-car charging network access One way for electric-car charging networks to make the public charging experience more user-friendly is through the use of smartphone apps to replace the RFID cards that identify members and let them initiate charge sessions. Not only do they provide electric-car drivers a host of capabilities, but... Sean Szymkowski November 6, 2017 BMW, Mercedes, Ford, VW, Audi launch Ionity high-power fast charging across Europe A group of automakers in Europe announced on Friday they will launch "Ionity," a network of high-power fast-charging stations to build out the continent's infrastructure for electric-car travel. When it's finished in 2020, Ionity will include 400 charging stations across multiple countries... Energy Dept to award $15 million for very fast electric-car charging The United States Department of Energy has announced a new funding initiative to accelerate the development of what it calls "Extreme Fast Charging" (XFC) systems. In total, the DoE will award $15 million for the development of electric-car charging systems as well as batteries capable of very fast... Shell buys its first electric car charging station firm in Europe Even oil companies have begun to realize the future will not be nearly as reliant on fossil fuels, and Royal Dutch Shell is moving to safeguard its future business. The Dutch oil company acquired NewMotion, an electric-car charging station firm, for an undisclosed price. DON'T MISS: Shell fuel... Used Renault electric-car batteries provide DC fast-charging on highway Renault hasn't tackled the home-energy storage market to the degree its alliance partner Nissan has, but it has found another use for "second-life" batteries. The French brand has worked with UK-based Connected Energy to install two electric-car DC fast-charging stations powered by second-life batteries. Once the energy capacity of lithium-ion batteries has fallen to a point that they are no longer suitable to power vehicles, they still retain considerable capacity for use as energy storage. DON'T MISS: Nissan home energy-storage battery: another front against Tesla? The electric-car charging... Gas stations aren't a model for electric-car charging: ChargePoint CEO For more than a century, motorists have been accustomed to gas stations, which provide places to stop and fill up a car with fuel, in recent years with larger and larger convenience stores attached. The model is so commonplace, it may mean drivers don't know electric-car charging stations even... Another 'electric highway, 1,250 miles along Australia's coast The country of Australia is poised to build one of the world's longest "electric highways," which will span 1,250 miles (2,000 kilometers). Specifically, the Northeast region of the country will see the electric highway open through the state of Queensland. In total, 18 stations will be installed... BP follows other gas-station brands, adds electric-car charging Major oil companies are beginning to take the threat of electric cars seriously, and the latest evidence comes from British Petroleum. BP has begun discussions with electric-vehicle makers to partner on a network of charging stations. The move comes as many European countries announce plans to ban... 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arging System (CCS) DC standard into much higher voltages to allow much faster electric-car charging. Now, it's completed a first step: at the brand's new branch office in Berlin-Adlershof, Porsche has installed a prototype... Sean Szymkowski July 31, 2017 Electric-car charging stations rated: what's best, what's cheapest, what to avoid? There is a lot to consider when it comes to purchasing an electric-car charging station, as it can affect the ownership experience and the convenience of using the car. While some owners of plug-in hybrids may stick with the 120-volt charging cord that comes with the car, virtually all buyers of... Streetlights that charge electric cars arrive in California city As the market for electric vehicles continues to grow, electric-car infrastructure will need to keep up with the growing population of them. To solve the problem, companies are looking at a variety of new and innovative ways to charge more cars without actually taking up more space. Enter the ebee Smart Technologies streetlight charging station—which has now has arrived in Lancaster, California. DON'T MISS: Ubitricity street lamp socket provides electric-car charging The concept is similar to the Ubitricity streetlight charging stations used in the United Kingdom, but ebee's approach is... Ubitricity street lamp socket provides electric-car charging A German company has brought forth its idea of how to provide convenient, cost-effective electric-car charging and now it has made its way to the United Kingdom. Ubitricity rolled out its streetlight car charging ports two years ago, but the German company has now spread its innovation to the UK... Chargeway: the best electric-car idea you've never heard of Pretty much everyone knows how to put fuel into a conventional car. You pull up to the pump, open the vehicle's fuel door, put a credit card into the pump, select diesel or one of three grades of gasoline, lift the hose, and pump. (In New Jersey and Oregon, someone else does this for you.)... John Voelcker June 23, 2017 Car buyers have no idea electric-car charging stations even exist Electric cars have promised to revolutionize transportation for years now. As more manufacturers offer electrified vehicles and prices continue to drop for battery technology, the easy correlation would be to assume that consumer interest has spiked. Actually, it remains pretty darn low, according... Chargie app connects electric-car drivers, UK homeowners; 'AirBnB' for charging? The internet has transformed how many perceive property, allowing the rental of other peoples' personal vehicles, apartments, and other spaces when owners are not using them. Now, the idea is being applied to charging stations across the United Kingdom with the introduction of the Chargie... Sean Szymkowski May 17, 2017 Electric car charging: the basics you need to know (updated) The number of plug-in electric cars on North American roads grows every year, and with them come new buyers. Each new electric-car driver will have a few things to learn, so we've rounded up some tips on how, where, and when how to charge up that new plug-in vehicle. Whether you're already an... John Voelcker April 27, 2017 Tesla now tells electric cars about charger status en route Stephen Edelstein February 17, 2017 Unlike most automakers, Tesla doesn't schedule redesigns, updates, and new features for its cars to coincide with traditional model years. Aided by the fact that most of its new features are software-related, Tesla takes a more flexible approach. Many new features are pushed to its electric cars whenever they're ready, in the form of over-the-air software updates. DON'T MISS: Tesla releases Supercharger electric-car fast-charge prices That means, when checking for the latest Tesla updates, the best place to look typically isn't a company press release, but rather an owner forum. Sure enough... How important is fast-charging to sell electric cars? Poll results Those unfamiliar with electric cars often don't know that several different types of battery charging exist. 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APC BERATES MAKINDE, OYO ASSEMBLY OVER FRESH N20B LOAN The All Progressives Congress in Oyo state has condemned, in strong terms, the express approval obtained by Governor Seyi Makinde from the state lawmakers to draw a fresh twenty billion naira "infrastructure loan" from a named commercial bank describing the development as a sour grape in the mouth of the people. Oyo state government announced on Tuesday that it had got the nod of the state house of assembly to obtain another loan of 20 billion naira from a local commercial bank as the facility would be spent on infrastructure. Further details regarding the terms of the loan and the project(s) attached to it were, however, not contained in the information released to the public by the government. But the opposition APC said, in a statement made available to journalists in Ibadan on Wednesday by its Assistant Publicity Secretary, Prince Ayobami Adejumo, that the development was a clear manifestation of the PDP administration's resolve to subject the state to bankruptcy and thus bring it down to her knees in no time while the governor and a few people within the corridor of power must have succeeded in enriching themselves and some private institutions where they have interest. "It is no longer news that the administration of Gov. Makinde has failed to sustain the legacy of prudent and accountable management of resources it inherited from Senator Abiola Ajimobi who left power about a year ago but not without myriads of achievements in his entire eight years in office as the helmsman. In less than a year, the table has turned for the bad as what the people of Oyo state experience at the moment is a government without direction. "The whole world was again taken aback on Tuesday when it was reported that Gov. Makinde was to get another fresh loan of N20b which was even tied to anything concrete. That brought the sum total of loan facilities already taken, in about 11 months, to over N40b. The previous being a N10b Infrastructure Loan, N7.6b Agricultural Loan purportedly for the upgrade of two farm settlements in Akufo and Eruwa and another N2.5b Health Loan. All this happened at the same period when monthly federal allocations, refunds from federal government, monetary grants and donations came in simultaneously and without anything to show for it. "It is recalled the camp of Engr. Seyi Makinde was popular for sponsoring incessant propaganda against the administration of Sen. Ajimobi between 2016 and early 2019 as it kept misleading the public over the state's debt profile which they maliciously put at over N150b. However, a simple check from the Debt Management Office (DMO) indicated that the state debt profile at that time was N90b with evident heavy spending on recurrent expenditure, infrastructure, job creation, security, poverty alleviation and so on. "It was in the same mode of propaganda and deceit that Engr. Makinde stated during his 2019 electioneering that if he became the governor of Oyo state, he would improve the economy of the state such that in just six months salaries and pensions would be paid without relying on monthly handouts from Abuja or loan facilities. Unfortunately, this is a year after his inauguration and only God knows how much he has paid to banks in interests to sustain the statutory obligation of payments to workers and pensioners. "Up till today, Gov. Makinde is still commissioning key projects put in place by his predecessor (Sen. Ajimobi) while he has never done convincing on the few ones he plans to do on his own. Now, our concern is that Gov. Makinde may be out to plunge the state into life-threatening debt without any tangible thing to show after his four year tenure. More importantly, we are calling on the state house of assembly to grow from being active only when there are loan request or fresh appointments to approve by being responsive to their constitutional duties which include checkmating the governor on the issue of financial recklessness and high handedness." APC stated. 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this is a moist and light chocolate cake recipe made with whole wheat flour and without eggs. the cake is soft and moist and can be used a base cake for various chocolate frostings. i have already made this chocolate cake a couple of times to use it a basic cake for various chocolate frostings. i have even made black forest cake from this chocolate cake. the texture of this eggless chocolate cake is soft and moist. this chocolate cake recipe is vegan as i have used oil. but you can add melted butter too. i have also shared the method of cocoa frosting which is very easy. in the frosting recipe, i have used butter, but a neutral flavored oil can also be added. i have compiled a list of frequently asked questions and some tips from the comments section of this eggless chocolate cake recipe. 1. can all purpose flour (maida) be used? you can easily add all purpose flour in the recipe. depending on the quality of flour, you can add slightly less water than what is mentioned in the recipe. 2. can i double this recipe? yes, you can double this eggless chocolate cake recipe. 3. can i skip baking soda? baking soda is the only leavening ingredient added in the recipe. so it cannot be skipped. 4. can i add baking powder instead of baking soda? baking powder cannot be used instead of baking soda. 5. can i bake this chocolate cake in a convection oven or in a microwave convection oven? you can easily bake this eggless chocolate cake in a convection oven instead of a regular oven or an OTG. you can even bake this cake in a microwave convection oven. the timing will be less for convection ovens as they bake faster than an OTG or regular ovens. 6. can i make this eggless chocolate cake in a pressure cooker? 7. can i add vanilla powder in all the cakes instead of vanilla extract? vanilla powder can be added instead of vanilla extract. you can even add vanilla essence instead of vanilla extract. 8. why my chocolate cake is not spongy? in this chocolate recipe, only one leavening ingredient is used. that leaving ingredient is baking soda. the reaction of baking soda with the lemon juice helps in making this eggless chocolate cake spongy and light. its always better to check the freshness of baking soda before you proceed with the recipe. if the baking soda is not fresh or past its shelf life, the cake won't rise. so to check the freshness of baking soda, add about ½ teaspoon of baking soda in 1 tablespoon vinegar + 1 tablespoon of water mixture. the solution should fizz and bubble. if the solution does not fizz and bubble, the baking soda is not active and fresh. 9. can i add dry fruits or nuts in the chocolate cake? dry fruits and nuts like almonds, pistachios, cashews can be added in the cake batter. but before adding the dry fruits, mix them with a bit of flour, so that they do not settle down at the bottom of the cake while baking. 10. can milk be added instead of water? milk (dairy or vegan milks like almond milk, cashew milk or soy milk) can be added 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add about ½ to ⅔ teaspoon of eno in the eggless chocolate cake recipe. first grease a round baking pan of 7.5 inches diameter x 2 inches height with oil. preheat your oven to 200 degrees celsius/392 degrees fahrenheit. seive 1 cup whole wheat flour, 3 tbsp cocoa powder, a pinch of salt, ½ tsp baking soda in a plate. use good quality cocoa powder. in another pan or bowl, take ¾ cup sugar. add 1 cup cold water and stir so that the sugar dissolves. now add ¼ cup oil or melted butter. i added oil. stir briskly so that everything is mixed well. next add 1 tbsp lime juice. stir again. now add ½ tsp vanilla extract or powder. add the sieved dry ingredients to the wet mixture. using a wired whisk, mix everything well. there should be no lumps in the cake batter. the batter is not thick but thin. pour the chocolate cake batter in the prepared cake pan. tap the sides of the cake pan so that the extra air bubbles are let out. bake the eggless chocolate cake in a preheated oven for 200 degrees celsius/392 degrees fahrenhiet for 35 to 40 mins. since temperatures vary from oven to oven, do keep a check. for baking in a convection mode of microwave oven, preheat the oven at 180 degrees celsius/356 degrees fahrenheit for 15 minutes. then bake the cake at 180 degrees celsius /356 degree fahrenheit for the 30 to 35 minutes. for doneness check the cake with a tooth pick. the tooth pick should come out clean. once the chocolate cake becomes warm or cools down, unmold and place it on a wired rack. if the tooth pick is sticky, then place the cake back in the oven and continue to bake for some more minutes. before frosting let the chocolate cake cool completely. take 2 tbsp butter and 4 tbsp sugar in a saucepan. heat and melt the butter. also the sugar should dissolve. once the sugar has dissolved switch off the stove top. the sugar should be just dissolved. we don't need to cook the sugar in its various stages. next add 4 tbsp cocoa powder. with a spatula stir so that the cocoa powder gets mixed evenly with the butter-sugar mixture. add 3 tbsp milk. stir very well. to make a slightly thick frosting, you can also add 2 tbsp milk. the cocoa frosting is ready. while still hot, spread the frosting on the chocolate cake as well as the sides with a spatula. you can also slice the chocolate cake in halve and spread frosting in the center and then on the top. usually i wrap a medium sized plate with aluminium foil and then keep the cake on it. this make the frosting work easier. this time i just kept the cake directly on the plate. keep the chocolate cake covered in the fridge for the frosting to set. you can use a dome shaped bowl to cover the cake. make sure the there is enough space between the cake and the bowl which you are using for covering the cake. the frosting will set after some hours. i kept overnight. next day, sieve some icing sugar and cocoa powder on the chocolate cake. this is optional. slice and serve the the eggless chocolate cake. instead of lime juice, 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heit. 2. seive 1 cup whole wheat flour (you can use all purpose flour/maida also), 3 tbsp cocoa powder, a pinch of salt, ½ tsp baking soda in a plate. use good quality cocoa powder. 3. here are the sieved dry ingredients. 4. in another pan or bowl, take ¾ cup sugar. i have used unrefined cane sugar, regular white sugar can also be used. 5. add 1 cup cold water and stir so that the sugar dissolves. 6. now add ¼ cup oil or melted butter. i added oil. if using butter, the let the butter come at room temperature after you melt it. or you can also use butter which has softened at room temperature. then you just have to mix and whip them till the mixture looks homogeneous – meaning the water and butter should not look separate. you can also use an electric beater if required. the butter will solidify due to the cold temperature of water, so the only way to mix it evenly with the water is by briskly beating with a wired whisk or with an electric beater. use a wide deep bowl, so that the mixture does not spill out while mixing with the electric beater. 7. stir briskly so that everything is mixed well. 8. next add 1 tbsp lime juice. stir again. 9. now add ½ tsp vanilla extract or powder. here i added vanilla powder. tip from reader manasi – you can also add chocolate extract or chocolate essence instead of vanilla. 10. add the sieved dry ingredients to the wet mixture. 11. using a wired whisk, mix everything well. 12. there should be no lumps in the chocolate cake batter. the batter is not thick but thin. 13. pour the chocolate cake batter in the prepared cake pan. 14. tap the sides so that the extra air bubbles are let out. 15. bake the eggless chocolate cake in a preheated oven for 200 degrees celsius/392 fahrenhiet for 35 to 40 mins. since temperatures vary from oven to oven, do keep a check. for baking in a convection mode of microwave oven, preheat the oven at 180 degrees for 15 minutes. then bake the cake at 180 degrees celsius for the 30 to 35 minutes. 16. for doneness check the cake with a tooth pick. the tooth pick should come out clean. once the eggless chocolate cake becomes warm or cools down, unmold and place it on a wired rack. if the tooth pick is sticky, then place the chocolate cake back in the oven and continue to bake for some more minutes. before frosting, let the chocolate cake cool completely. 17. take 2 tablespoons butter and 4 tablespoons sugar in a saucepan. for the frosting its best to use superfine sugar or fine sugar. the regular large refined sugar crystals may not melt. powdered sugar can be also used. i have used organic refined cane sugar which has fine crystals so they melt easily. if you do not have fine sugar, then grind 4 tablespoons sugar in a small mixer-grinder jar to a fine powder and then use it for making the frosting. 18. heat and melt the butter. also the sugar should dissolve. once the sugar has dissolved switch off the stove top. the sugar should be just dissolved. we don't need to cook the sugar in its 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Los Angeles Clippers Salary Archive – 2016/17 Chris Paul $22,868,827 Blake Griffin $20,140,839 Jamal Crawford $13,253,012 Austin Rivers $11,000,000 J.J. Redick $7,377,500 Wesley Johnson $5,628,000 Paul Pierce $3,527,920 Luc Mbah a Moute $2,203,000 Marreese Speights $1,403,611 Brice Johnson $1,273,920 Brandon Bass $980,431 Raymond Felton $980,431 Alan Anderson $980,431 Carlos Delfino (waived) $650,000 Diamond Stone $543,471 Jordan Farmar (waived) $510,921 Miroslav Raduljica (waived) $252,043 Quick: Over the cap, hard-capped and repeater tax eligible NBA Salary Cap: $94,143,000 Luxury Tax Threshold: $113,287,000 Hard Cap: $117,287,000 Trade (C.J. Wilcox, expiring 7/17/17) — $1,209,600 Mid-Level: $0 (Wesley Johnson) Bi-Annual: $0 (Luc Mbah a Moute) PG: Chris Paul, Raymond Felton SG: J.J. Redick, Jamal Crawford SF: Luc Mbah a Moute, Austin Rivers, Wesley Johnson, Alan Anderson PF: Blake Griffin, Paul Pierce, Brandon Bass, Brice Johnson C: DeAndre Jordan, Marreese Speights, Diamond Stone 6/22/16 — Cole Aldrich, Wesley Johnson and Austin Rivers opted out of the final years of their contracts. 6/23/16 — Drafted Brice Johnson (25th). 6/23/16 — Traded the rights to Cheick Diallo (33rd) to New Orleans Pelicans for the rights to David Michineau (39th) and Diamond Stone (40th). 7/7/16 — Re-signed Wesley Johnson to a three-year, $17.6 million contract, player option on final season. 7/7/16 — Re-signed Luc Mbah a Moute to a two-year, $4.5 million contract, player option on final season. 7/7/16 — Re-signed Jamal Crawford to a three-year, partially-guaranteed $42 million contract. 7/7/16 — Re-signed Austin Rivers to a three-year, $35.5 million contract, player option on final season. 7/7/16 — Signed Marreese Speights to a two-year, $2.9 million contract, player option on final season. 7/8/16 — Signed Brice Johnson (2016-25th) to a $6.5 million rookie-scale contract. 7/14/16 — Signed Diamond Stone (2016-40th) to a two-year, $1.4 million contract. 7/15/16 — Traded C.J. Wilcox and $230,000 to Orlando Magic for Devyn Marble and a Cleveland Cavaliers' 2020 second-rounder. 7/19/16 — Signed Brandon Bass to a one-year, $1,551,659 contract. 7/25/16 — Signed Raymond Felton to a one-year, $1,551,659 contract. 8/2/16 — Signed Alan Anderson to a one-year, $1,315,448 contract. 9/20/16 — Signed Xavier Munford to a one-year, non-gu	-1.689749	0.443787	-1.674812	-1.063575	[ -1.6787915744919948, -1.7007063813559748 ]	[ 0.5136215889870025, 0.3739525596448445 ]	[ -1.6951021918633342, -1.654522335457186 ]	[ -1.0830854120421398, -1.0440648580183467 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 4602, 10722, 315, 492, 22437, 3956, 653, 9000, 785, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29953, 29914, 29896, 29955, 13, 11626, 275, 3739, 395, 29906, 29906, 29892, 29947, 29953, 29947, 29892, 29947, 29906, 29955, 13, 29933, 433, 446, 22990, 262, 395, 29906, 29900, 29892, 29896, 29946, 29900, 29892, 29947, 29941, 29929, 13, 29967, 314, 284, 315, 1610, 4006, 395, 29896, 29941, 29892, 29906, 29945, 29941, 29892, 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29892, 1661, 29899, 2543 ]	863	0	CommonCrawl	5	7
First Look Friday: Peyton Is Poised To Impact The Game With Her Passion & Pen Photo Credit: Jenni Ochoa for Okayplayer OKP: Can you also talk about the importance of the music industry scene as how you've experienced it? How do you see it evolving in the next five years? P: This is an exciting time for expression and the music scene is very diverse. Because of the internet, success in music has become a bit more attainable to people because of how quickly and easily you can connect with the world. Unfortunately, that leaves room for those who want to make music for the wrong reasons. I feel that the masses are starting to appreciate true artistry again and that the true artists are starting to outweigh the phony. In the next five years, I hope there will be fewer artists who blow up overnight for making some song with no passion behind their sound. OKP: What are some things that you've learned about yourself that comes out in your music? P: Something that I have learned about myself is that I am now much better with my words and that definitely shows in my music OKP: What was the first song that you ever wrote entitled? Can you talk about what it has come to symbolize since you've entered into the professional life? P: My earliest memory of a song that I wrote is a song called "Speak From Your Heart". It is about being honest and true to who you are. I have always stood by being your most authentic self and being honest about how you feel. There are plenty of clones out but I feel if you always continue to be the best you, you can better connect with the world. OKP: How can your music speak truth to power in an age where people are so quickly digesting sounds and disposing of artists in a nanosecond? P: When I decided to start making my own music, I knew I wanted it to be taken seriously and to last forever. I wanted whatever I made to sound classic and for listeners to feel the passion and the love behind it all. Even if I do not always make a classic song, my hope is that someone can hear and/or feel the passion in it. Although we are in a time where things are moving so quickly, I feel good music will prevail and will last. OKP: Collaboration is uniquely a key to the success of certain creative individuals who wish to change the game. Who would you want to work with this year going into the next and why? P: I would love to collaborate with James Fauntleroy, Kari Faux, Thundercat, Kid Cudi, M.I.A., Knxwledge, TOKiMONSTA, Gorillaz, Phony Ppl and T-Pain. I would love to write for T-Pain, James Fauntleroy, Thundercat, and Kid Cudi because I feel that I could write something that fits their style lyrically and melodically. I would love to work with Phony Ppl, The Gorillaz, Knxwledge, and TOKiMONSTA because they have unique sounds that I feel would mesh very well with mine. Kevito is the managing editor of Okayplayer. His top three MCs are: 1) Andre 3000, 2) Scarface, and 3) Black Thought. Debate him on Twitter @KevitoClark. Next George Clinton Announces His Retirement From Touring With Parliament-Funkadelic » Previous « "It's Crippling To See What's Happened": Van Lathan Speaks On Confronting Kanye West About Slavery Remarks Tags: First Look FridayKanye WestPeyton Eddie Murphy Talks About Being Snowed in with Rick James for Two Weeks While on Jimmy Kimmel Live! promoting his new Netflix film You People, Eddie Murphy discussed… Read More Chlöe Takes It to Church In "Pray It Away" Music Video Days after announcing her debut solo album In Pieces, Chlöe released new single and music… Read More Nikole Hannah-Jones Hopes You Have a Red Pill 'Matrix' Moment With '1619 Project' Docuseries Hulu and Nikole Hannah-Jones turned the robust 1619 Project, moving pieces of journalism into a… Read More Watch the Latest 'Shazam! Fury of the Gods' Trailer The new trailer for Shazam! Fury of the Gods has released, with Billy Batson and his… Read More	0.3925	-0.709378	-0.558866	-1.178035	[ 0.9948148629135857, -0.2098146768908241 ]	[ -0.7075871034662256, -0.711168360628845 ]	[ 0.24765843358101589, -1.3653908585633794 ]	[ -0.9348073067517255, -1.4212635469150148 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 3824, 7419, 28728, 29901, 349, 1032, 880, 1317, 3929, 3368, 1763, 14305, 627, 450, 8448, 2973, 2439, 6978, 291, 669, 7363, 13, 25971, 24596, 277, 29901, 21116, 1240, 438, 1859, 29874, 363, 20419, 9106, 13, 8949, 29925, 29901, 1815, 366, 884, 5193, 1048, 278, 13500, 310, 278, 4696, 13661, 9088, 408, 920, 366, 29915, 345, 18860, 372, 29973, 1128, 437, 366, 1074, 372, 15220, 1747, 297, 278, 2446, 5320, 2440, 29973, 13, 29925, 29901, 910, 338, 385, 5566, 11407, 931, 363, 4603, 322, 278, 4696, 9088, 338, 1407, 16984, 29889, 7311, 310, 278, 8986, 29892, 2551, 297, 4696, 756, 4953, 263, 2586, 901, 1098, 475, 519, 304, 2305, 1363, 310, 920, 9098, 322, 5948, 366, 508, 4511, 411, 278, 3186, 29889, 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306 Political Law Rev Uploaded by Sonny Morillo Atty. edwin Sandoval saveSave 306 Political Law Rev For Later Review Notes in Political Law - Part 1 Cases Consti 2 Mo Ya Lim Yo vs Commissioner of Immigration Frivaldo vs. COMELEC .docx Japzon v Comelec Legal Forms (2009) 5-AASJ-Calilung-v.-Datumanong Sangkatutak Na Tanong Sa Constitutional Law PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES Set-4 Digested Cases US v. Guinto G.R. No. 76607 Angat vs Republic Contsti 3rd Batch Ted Cruz Paper Revision 4 Justice Del Castillo Concurring and Dissenting Opinion TRS mocion citacion Ongsiako Reyes v COMELEC Gmail - To Attorney Barry Goldman, Esq., Re Assault by Your Clients, Ben Frank and Altana Staff, At the Marriott Bar (Penn Square Grill) Last Night Sunday August 8, 2016 Pre-final Exam Reviewer - Unfinished.docx Consti 2 - Chapters 14-22 THREE HUNDRED AND SIX (306) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN POLITICAL LAW AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (Culled from Significant Laws and Decisions of the Supreme Court) Attorney EDWIN REY SANDOVAL (May 7, 2002) POLITICAL LAW 1. Distinguish sovereignty from dominion. Held: Sovereignty is the right to exercise the functions of a State to the exclusion of any other State. It is often referred to as the power of imperium, which is defined as the government authority possessed by the State. On the other hand, dominion, or dominium, is the capacity of the State to own or acquire property such as lands and natural resources. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc, See Footnote 86) 2. What was the basis for the early Spanish decrees embracing the theory of jura regalia? Is this also the basis of the declaration in Section 2, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution that all lands of the public domain are owned by the State? Consequently, did Spain acquire title over all lands in the Philippines in the 16th century? Held: Dominium was the basis for the early Spanish decrees embracing the theory of jura regalia. The declaration in Section 2, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution that all lands of the public domain are owned by the State is likewise founded on dominium. If dominium, not imperium, is the basis of the theory of jura regalia, then the lands which Spain acquired in the 16th century were limited to non-private lands, because it could only acquire lands which were not yet privately-owned or occupied by the Filipinos. Hence, Spain acquired title only over lands which were unoccupied and unclaimed, i.e., public lands. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc, See Footnote 86) 3. What is the Doctrine of Constitutional Supremacy? Held: Under the doctrine of constitutional supremacy, if a law or contract violates any norm of the Constitution, that law or contract, whether promulgated by the legislative or by the executive branch or entered into by private persons for private purposes, is null and void and without any force and effect. Thus, since the Constitution is the fundamental, paramount and supreme law of the nation, it is deemed written in every statute and contract . (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 [1997] [Bellosillo]) 4. 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provisions of the Constitution? Held: A provision which lays down a general principle, such as those found in Article II of the 1987 Constitution, is usually not self-executing. But a provision which is complete in itself and becomes operative without the aid of supplementary or enabling legislation, or that which supplies sufficient rule by means of which the right it grants may be enjoyed or protected, is selfexecuting. Thus a constitutional provision is self-executing if the nature and extent of the right conferred and the liability imposed are fixed by the Constitution itself, so that they can be determined by an examination and construction of its terms, and there is no language indicating that the subject is referred to the legislature for action . (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 [1997] [Bellosillo]) 5. Are provisions of the Constitution self-executing or non-self executing? Why? Held: Unless it is expressly provided that a legislative act is necessary to enforce a constitutional mandate, the presumption now is that all provisions are self-executing. If the constitutional provisions are treated as requiring legislation instead of self-executing, the legislature would have the power to ignore and practically nullify the mandate of the fundamental law. This can be cataclysmic. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 [1997] [Bellosillo]) 6. Is the Filipino First Policy expressed in Section 10, Article XII of the Constitution a self executing provision? Held: Yes. It is a mandatory, positive command which is complete in itself and which needs no further guidelines or implementing laws or rules for its enforcement. From its very words the provision does not require any legislation to put it in operation. It is per se judicially enforceable. When our Constitution mandates that [i]n the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony, the State shall give preference to qualified Filipinos, it means just that qualified Filipinos must be preferred. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997, 267 SCRA 408 [Bellosillo]) 7. Give examples of non-self executing provisions of the Constitution. Held: By its very nature, Article II of the Constitution is a declaration of principles and state policies. These principles in Article II are not intended to be self-executing principles ready for enforcement through the courts. They are used by the judiciary as aids or as guides in the exercise of its power of judicial review, and by the legislature in its enactment of laws. As held in the leading case of Kilosbayan, Incorporated v. Morato (246 SCRA 540, 564, July 17, 1995), the principles and state policies enumerated in Article II and some sections of Article XII are not self-executing provisions, the disregard of which can give rise to a cause of action in courts. They do not embody judicially enforceable constitutional rights but guidelines for legislation. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18 [1997], En Banc [Panganiban]) 8. When are acts of persons considered State action covered by the Constitution? Held: In constitutional jurisprudence, the act of persons distinct from the government are considered state action covered by the Constitution (1) when the activity it engages in is a public function; (2) when the government is so significantly involved with the private actor as to make the government responsible for his action; and (3) when the government has approved or authorized the action. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 [1997] The Doctrine of State Immunity from Suit 9. Discuss the basis of the doctrine of State immunity from suit. Held: The basic postulate enshrined in the Constitution that [t]he State may not be sued without its consent, reflects nothing less than a recognition of the sovereign character of the State and an express affirmation of the unwritten rule effectively insulating it from the jurisdiction of courts. It is based on the very essence of sovereignty. 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451, 367, 480, 287, 1728, 967, 20218, 29892, 9432, 29879, 3078, 3109, 1135, 263, 19679, 310, 278, 577, 369, 7577, 2931, 310, 278, 4306, 322, 385, 4653, 2756, 3568, 362, 310, 278, 443, 17625, 5751, 17583, 1663, 18099, 372, 515, 278, 24894, 29467, 310, 28033, 29889, 739, 338, 2729, 373, 278, 1407, 3686, 663, 310, 577, 9359, 335, 593, 29891, 29889, 1094, 756 ]	866	1,024	CommonCrawl	3	13
been aptly observed by Justice Holmes, a sovereign is exempt from suit, not because of any formal conception or obsolete theory, but on the logical and practical ground that there can be no legal right as against the authority that makes the law on which the right depends . True, the doctrine, not too infrequently, is derisively called the royal prerogative of dishonesty because it grants the state the prerogative to defeat any legitimate claim against it by simply invoking its nonsuability. We have had occasion to explain in its defense, however, that a continued adherence to the doctrine of non-suability cannot be deplored, for the loss of governmental efficiency and the obstacle to the performance of its multifarious functions would be far greater in severity than the inconvenience that may be caused private parties, if such fundamental principle is to be abandoned and the availability of judicial remedy is not to be accordingly restricted. (Department of Agriculture v. NLRC, 227 SCRA 693, Nov. 11, 1993 [Vitug]) 10. Is the rule absolute, i.e., that the State may not be sued at all? How may consent of the State to be sued given? Held: The rule, in any case, is not really absolute for it does not say that the state may not be sued under any circumstances. On the contrary, as correctly phrased, the doctrine only conveys, the state may not be sued without its consent; its clear import then is that the State may at times be sued. The State's consent may be given either expressly or impliedly. Express consent may be made through a general law (i.e., Commonwealth Act No. 327, as amended by Presidential Decree No. 1445 [Sections 49-50], which requires that all money claims against the government must first be filed with the Commission on Audit which must act upon it within sixty days. Rejection of the claim will authorize the claimant to elevate the matter to the Supreme Court on certiorari and, in effect, sue the State thereby) or a special law. In this jurisdiction, the general law waiving the immunity of the state from suit is found in Act No. 3083, where the Philippine government consents and submits to be sued upon any money claim involving liability arising from contract, express or implied, which could serve as a basis of civil action between the private parties. Implied consent, on the other hand, is conceded when the State itself commences litigation, thus opening itself to a counterclaim or when it enters into a contract. In this situation, the government is deemed to have descended to the level of the other contracting party and to have divested itself of its sovereign immunity. This rule x x x is not, however, without qualification. Not all contracts entered into by the government operate as a waiver of its non-suability; distinction must still be made between one which is executed in the exercise of its sovereign function and another which is done in its proprietary capacity. In United States of America v. Ruiz (136 SCRA 487), where the questioned transaction dealt with the improvements on the wharves in the naval installation at Subic Bay, we held: The traditional rule of immunity exempts a State from being sued in the courts of another State without its consent or waiver. This rule is a necessary consequence of the principle of independence and equality of States. However, the rules of International Law are not petrified; they are constantly developing and evolving. And because the activities of states have multiplied, it has been necessary to distinguish them - between sovereign and governmental acts (jure imperii) and private, commercial and proprietary acts (jure gestionis). The result is that State immunity now extends only to acts jure imperii. The restrictive application of State immunity is now the rule in the United States, the United Kingdom and other states in Western Europe. Xxx The restrictive application of State immunity is proper only when the proceedings arise out of commercial transactions of the foreign sovereign, its commercial activities or economic affairs. Stated differently, a State may be said to have descended to the level of an individual and can thus be deemed to have tacitly given its consent to be sued only when it enters into business contracts. It does not apply where the contracts relate to the exercise of its sovereign functions. In this case the projects are an	0.419894	-0.071075	0.401101	1.304972	[ 0.8688047234456997, -0.029017520262987737 ]	[ 0.1268458154241033, -0.26899501533167636 ]	[ 0.729544228404027, 0.07265780282950132 ]	[ 1.3257834563600308, 1.2841615320679847 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1063, 10882, 368, 8900, 491, 17181, 4168, 4467, 29892, 263, 577, 369, 7577, 338, 429, 3456, 515, 14726, 29892, 451, 1363, 310, 738, 11595, 26192, 470, 704, 2170, 371, 6368, 29892, 541, 373, 278, 16667, 322, 15031, 5962, 393, 727, 508, 367, 694, 11706, 1492, 408, 2750, 278, 14329, 393, 3732, 278, 4307, 373, 607, 278, 1492, 7111, 869, 5852, 29892, 278, 22542, 29892, 451, 2086, 3041, 276, 339, 2705, 29892, 338, 589, 275, 3598, 2000, 278, 15150, 544, 261, 468, 1230, 310, 270, 728, 265, 14596, 1363, 372, 867, 1934, 278, 2106, 278, 544, 261, 468, 1230, 304, 20653, 738, 25204, 6490, 5995, 2750, 372, 491, 3763, 2437, 17223, 967, 302, 787, 29884, 3097, 29889, 1334, 505, 750, 10039, 304, 5649, 297, 967, 26406, 29892, 3138, 29892, 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integral part of the naval base which is devoted to the defense of both the United States and the Philippines, indisputably a function of the government of the highest order; they are not utilized for nor dedicated to commercial or business purposes. 11. When is a suit against a public official deemed to be a suit against the State? Discuss. Held: 1. The doctrine of state immunity from suit applies to complaints filed against public officials for acts done in the performance of their duties. The rule is that the suit must be regarded as one against the State where the satisfaction of the judgment against the public official concerned will require the State itself to perform a positive act, such as appropriation of the amount necessary to pay the damages awarded to the plaintiff. The rule does not apply where the public official is charged in his official capacity for acts that are unlawful and injurious to the rights of others. Public officials are not exempt, in their personal capacity, from liability arising from acts committed in bad faith. Neither does it apply where the public official is clearly being sued not in his official capacity but in his personal capacity, although the acts complained of may have been committed while he occupied a public position. (Amado J. Lansang v. CA, G.R. No. 102667, Feb. 23, 2000, 2nd Div. [Quisumbing]) 2. As early as 1954, this Court has pronounced that an officer cannot shelter himself by the plea that he is a public agent acting under the color of his office when his acts are wholly without authority. Until recently in 1991 (Chavez v. Sandiganbayan, 193 SCRA 282 [1991]), this doctrine still found application, this Court saying that immunity from suit cannot institutionalize irresponsibility and non-accountability nor grant a privileged status not claimed by any other official of the Republic. (Republic v. Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124, March 19, 1993, En Banc [Campos, Jr.]) 12. State instances when a suit against the State is proper. Held: Some instances when a suit against the State is proper are: Republic v. Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124, March 19, 1993, En Banc [Campos, Jr.]) 1) When the Republic is sued by name; 2) When the suit is against an unincorporated government agency; 3) When the suit is on its face against a government officer but the case is such that ultimate liability will belong not to the officer but to the government. 13. Has the government waived its immunity from suit in the Mendiola massacre, and, therefore, should indemnify the heirs and victims of the Mendiola incident? Consequently, is the suit filed against the Republic by petitioners in said case really a suit against the State? Held: Petitioners x x x advance the argument that the State has impliedly waived its sovereign immunity from suit. It is their considered view that by the recommendation made by the Commission for the government to indemnify the heirs and victims of the Mendiola incident and by the public addresses made by then President Aquino in the aftermath of the killings, the State has consented to be sued. Xxx This is not a suit against the State with its consent. Firstly, the recommendation made by the Commission regarding indemnification of the heirs of the deceased and the victims of the incident by the government does not in any way mean that liability automatically attaches to the State. It is important to note that A.O. 11 expressly states that the purpose of creating the Commission was to have a body that will conduct an investigation of the disorder, deaths and casualties that took place. In the exercise of its functions, A.O. 11 provides guidelines, and what is relevant to Our discussion reads: 1. Its conclusions regarding the existence of probable cause for the commission of any offense and of the persons probably guilty of the same shall be sufficient compliance with the rules on preliminary investigation and the charges arising therefrom may be filed directly with the proper court. In effect, whatever may be the findings of the Commission, the same shall only serve as the cause of action in the event that any party decides to litigate his/her claim. 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ue. The Commission is not the end in itself. Whatever recommendation it makes cannot in any way bind the State immediately, such recommendation not having become final and executory. This is precisely the essence of it being a fact-finding Secondly, whatever acts or utterances that then President Aquino may have done or said, the same are not tantamount to the State having waived its immunity from suit. The Presidents act of joining the marchers, days af ter the incident, does not mean that there was an admission by the State of any liability. In fact to borrow the words of petitioner x x x, it was an act of solidarity by the government with the people. Moreover, petitioners rely on President Aquinos speech promising that the government would address the grievances of the rallyists. By this alone, it cannot be inferred that the State has admitted any liability, much less can it be inferred that it has consented to the suit. Although consent to be sued may be given impliedly, still it cannot be maintained that such consent was given considering the circumstances obtaining in the instant case. Thirdly, the case does not qualify as a suit against the State. Xxx While the Republic in this case is sued by name, the ultimate liability does not pertain to the government. Although the military officers and personnel, then party defendants, were discharging their official functions when the incident occurred, their functions ceased to be official the moment they exceeded their authority. Based on the Commission findings, there was lack of justification by the government forces in the use of firearms. Moreover, the members of the police and military crowd dispersal units committed a prohibited act under B.P. Blg. 880 as there was unnecessary firing by them in dispersing the marchers. As early as 1954, this Court has pronounced that an officer cannot shelter himself by the plea that he is a public agent acting under the color of his office when his acts are wholly without authority. Until recently in 1991 (Chavez v. Sandiganbayan, 193 SCRA 282 [1991]) , this doctrine still found application, this Court saying that immunity from suit cannot institutionalize irresponsibility and non-accountability nor grant a privileged status not claimed by any other official of the Republic. The military and police forces were deployed to ensure that the rally would be peaceful and orderly as well as to guarantee the safety of the very people that they are duty-bound to protect. However, the facts as found by the trial court showed that they fired at the unruly crowd to disperse the latter. While it is true that nothing is better settled than the general rule that a sovereign state and its political subdivisions cannot be sued in the courts except when it has given its consent, it cannot be invoked by both the military officers to release them from any liability, and by the heirs and victims to demand indemnification from the government. The principle of state immunity from suit does not apply, as in this case, when the relief demanded by the suit requires no affirmative official action on the part of the State nor the affirmative discharge of any obligation which belongs to the State in its political capacity, even though the officers or agents who are made defendants claim to hold or act only by virtue of a title of the state and as its agents and servants. This Court has made it quite clear that even a high position in the government does not confer a license to persecute or recklessly injure another. The inescapable conclusion is that the State cannot be held civilly liable for the deaths that followed the incident. Instead, the liability should fall on the named defendants in the lower court. In line with the ruling of this Court in Shauf v. Court of Appeals (191 SCRA 713 [1990]), herein public officials, having been found to have acted beyond the scope of their authority, may be held liable for damages. (Republic v. Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124, March 19, 1993, En Banc [Campos, Jr.]) 14. To what citizenship principle does the Philippines adhere to? Explain, and give illustrative case. Held: The Philippine law on citizenship adheres to the principle of jus sanguinis. 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on the basis of place of birth. Private respondent Rosalind Ybasco Lopez was born on May 16, 1934 in Napier Terrace, Broome, Western Australia, to the spouses, Telesforo Ybasco, a Filipino citizen and native of Daet, Camarines Norte, and Theresa Marquez, an Australian. Historically, this was a year before the 1935 Constitution took into effect and at that time, what served as the Constitution of the Philippines were the principal organic acts by which the United States governed the country. These were the Philippine Bill of July 1, 1902 and the Philippine Autonomy Act of August 29, 1916, also known as the Jones Law. Among others, these laws defined who were deemed to be citizens of the Philippine Islands. x x x Under both organic acts, all inhabitants of the Philippines who were Spanish subjects on April 11, 1899 and resided therein including their children are deemed to be Philippine citizens. Private respondents father, Telesforo Ybasco, was born on January 5, 1879 in Daet, Camarines Norte, a fact duly evidenced by a certified true copy of an entry in the Registry of Births. Thus, under the Philippine Bill of 1902 and the Jones Law, Telesforo Ybasco was deemed to be a Philippine citizen. By virtue of the same laws, which were the laws in force at the time of her birth, Telesforos daughter, herein pri vate respondent Rosalind Ybasco Lopez, is likewise a citizen of the Philippines. jus sanguinis as basis for the acquisition of Philippine citizenship x x x. So also, the principle of jus sanguinis, which confers citizenship by virtue of blood relationship, was subsequently retained The signing into law of the 1935 Philippine Constitution has established the principle of under the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions. Thus, the herein private respondent, Rosalind Ybasco Lopez, is a Filipino citizen, having been born to a Filipino father. The fact of her being born in Australia is not tantamount to her losing her Philippine citizenship. If Australia follows the principle of jus soli, then at most, private respondent can also claim Australian citizenship resulting to her possession of dual citizenship. (Valles v. COMELEC, 337 SCRA 543, Aug. 9, 2000, En Banc [Purisima]) 15. What are the ways of acquiring citizenship? Discuss. Held: There are two ways of acquiring citizenship: (1) by birth, and (2) by naturalization. These ways of acquiring citizenship correspond to the two kinds of citizens: the natural-born citizen, and the naturalized citizen. A person who at the time of his birth is a citizen of a particular country, is a natural-born citizen thereof. As defined in the x x x Constitution, natural-born citizens are those citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect his Philippine citizenship. On the other hand, naturalized citizens are those who have become Filipino citizens through naturalization, generally under Commonwealth Act No. 473, otherwise known as the Revised Naturalization Law, which repealed the former Naturalization Law (Act No. 2927), and by Republic Act No. 530. (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 16. To be naturalized, what must an applicant prove? When and what are the conditions before the decision granting Philippine citizenship becomes executory? Held: To be naturalized, an applicant has to prove that he possesses all the qualifications and none of the disqualifications provided by law to become a Filipino citizen. The decision granting Philippine citizenship becomes executory only after two (2) years from its promulgation when the court is satisfied that during the intervening period, the applicant has (1) not left the Philippines; (2) has dedicated himself to a lawful calling or profession; (3) has not been convicted of any offense or violation of government promulgated rules; or (4)	-0.114622	0.569131	0.739689	0.956389	[ 0.1250709654993728, -0.35431543465019333 ]	[ 1.0400663918920598, 0.09819575812314782 ]	[ 0.3338906284440811, 1.1454877565670472 ]	[ 0.940780656658604, 0.9719970998776386 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 373, 278, 8405, 310, 2058, 310, 12060, 29889, 12230, 10049, 296, 5678, 284, 513, 612, 6500, 1111, 365, 2300, 29920, 471, 6345, 373, 2610, 29871, 29896, 29953, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29941, 29946, 297, 8344, 631, 20839, 346, 29892, 4358, 608, 29892, 10504, 8314, 29892, 304, 278, 805, 23676, 29892, 323, 5830, 1454, 29877, 612, 6500, 1111, 29892, 263, 21391, 1789, 14497, 264, 322, 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committed any act prejudicial to the interest of the nation or contrary to any government announced policies (Section 1, R.A. 530). (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 17. What qualifications must be possessed by an applicant for naturalization? Held: Section 2, Act 473 provides the following qualifications: (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) (a) He must be not less than 21 years of age on the day of the hearing of the petition; (b) He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of not less than ten years; (c) He must be of good moral character and believes in the principles underlying the Philippine Constitution, and must have conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence in the Philippines in his relation with the constituted government as well as with the community in which he is living; (d) He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than five thousand pesos, Philippine currency, or must have some known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation; (e) He must be able to speak and write English or Spanish and any of the principal languages; and (f) He must have enrolled his minor children of school age, in any of the public schools or private schools recognized by the Bureau of Private Schools of the Philippines where Philippine history, government and civic are taught or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in the Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of his petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen. 18. What are the disqualifications under Section 4, Act 473, in an application for naturalization? Held: Section 4, Act 473, provides the following disqualifications: (a) He must not be opposed to organized government or affiliated with any association or group of persons who uphold and teach doctrines opposing all organized governments; (b) He must not be defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of violence, personal assault, or assassination for the success and predominance of their ideas; (c) He must not be a polygamist or believer in the practice of polygamy; (d) He must not have been convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude; (e) He must not be suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious diseases; (f) He must have, during the period of his residence in the Philippines (or not less than six months before filing his application), mingled socially with the Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs, traditions and ideals of the Filipinos; (g) He must not be a citizen or subject of a nation with whom the Philippines is at war, during the period of such war; (h) He must not be a citizen or subject of a foreign country whose laws do not grant Filipinos the right to become naturalized citizens or subjects thereof. 19. Can a legitimate child born under the 1935 Constitution of a Filipino mother and an alien father validly elect Philippine citizenship fourteen (14) years after he has reached the age of majority? Held: Under Article IV, Section 1(3) of the 1935 Constitution, the citizenship of a legitimate child born of a Filipino mother and an alien father followed the citizenship of the father, unless, upon reaching the age of majority, the child elected Philippine citizenship. C.A. No. 625 which was enacted pursuant to Section 1(3), Article IV of the 1935 Constitution, prescribes the procedure that should be followed in order to make a valid election of Philippine citizenship. However, the 1935 Constitution and C.A. No. 625 did not prescribe a time period within which the election of Philippine citizenship should be made. The 1935 Charter only provides that the election should be made upon reaching the age of majority. The age of majority then commenced upon reaching twenty-one (21) years. 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election of Philippine citizenship, this dilemma was resolved by basing the time period on the decisions of this Court prior to the effectivity of the 1935 Constitution. In these decisions, the proper period for electing Philippine citizenship was, in turn, based on the pronouncements of the Department of State of the United States Government to the effect that the election should be made within a reasonable time after attaining the age of majority. The phrase reasonable time has been interpreted to mean that the election should be made within three (3) years from reaching the age of majority. The span of fourteen (14) years that lapsed from the time that person reached the age of majority until he finally expressed his intention to elect Philippine citizenship is clearly way beyond the contemplation of the requirement of electing upon reaching the age of majority. Philippine citizenship can never be treated like a commodity that can be claimed when needed and suppressed when convenient. One who is privileged to elect Philippine citizenship has only an inchoate right to such citizenship. As such, he should avail of the right with fervor, enthusiasm and promptitude. (Re: Application for Admission to the Philippine Bar, Vicente D. Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, Oct. 1, 1999, En Banc [Kapunan]) 20. How may Philippine citizenship be renounced? Is the application for an alien certificate of registration, and the possession of foreign passport, tantamount to acts of renunciation of Philippine citizenship? Held: Petitioner also contends that even on the assumption that the private respondent is a Filipino citizen, she has nonetheless renounced her Philippine citizenship. To buttress this contention, petitioner cited private respondents application for an alien Certificate of Registration (ACR) and Immigrant Certificate of Residence (ICR), on September 19, 1988, and the issuance to her of an Australian passport on March 3, 1988. Xxx In order that citizenship may be lost by renunciation, such renunciation must be express. Petitioners contention that the application of private respondent for an alien certificate of registration, and her Australian passport, is bereft of merit. This issue was put to rest in the case of Aznar v. COMELEC (185 SCRA 703 [1990]) and in the more recent case of Mercado v. Manzano and COMELEC (G.R. No. 135083, 307 SCRA 630, May 26, 1999). In the case of Aznar, the Court ruled that the mere fact that he is an American did not mean that he is no longer a Filipino, and that an application for an alien certificate of registration was not tantamount to renunciation of his Philippine citizenship. And, in Mercado v. Manzano and COMELEC, it was held that the fact that respondent Manzano was registered as an American citizen in the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation and was holding an American passport on April 22, 1997, only a year before he filed a certificate of candidacy for vice-mayor of Makati, were just assertions of his American nationality before the termination of his American citizenship. Thus, the mere fact that private respondent Rosalind Ybasco Lopez was a holder of an Australian passport and had an alien certificate of registration are not acts constituting an effective renunciation of citizenship and do not militate against her claim of Filipino citizenship. For renunciation to effectively result in the loss of citizenship, the same must be express. As held by this Court in the aforecited case of Aznar, an application for an alien certificate of registration does not amount to an express renunciation or repudiation of ones citizenship. The application of the herein private respondent for an alien certificate of registration, and her holding of an Australian passport, as in the case of Mercado v. Manzano, were mere acts of assertion of her Australian citizenship before she effectively renounced the same. Thus, at the most, private respondent had dual citizenship she was an Australian and a Filipino, as well. 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losing ones Philippine citizenshi p. Since private respondent did not lose or renounce her Philippine citizenship, petitioners claim that respondent must go through the process of repatriation does not hold water. (Valles v. COMELEC, 337 SCRA 543, Aug. 9, 2000, En Banc [Purisima]) 21. How may Filipino citizens who lost their citizenship reacquire the same? Answer: Filipino citizens who have lost their citizenship may x x x reacquire the same in the manner provided by law. Commonwealth Act No. 63 enumerates the three modes by which Philippine citizenship may be reacquired by a former citizen: (1) by naturalization, (2) by repatriation, and (3) by direct act of Congress . (Frivaldo v. COMELEC, 257 SCRA 727, June 28, 1996, En Banc [Panganiban]; Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 22. Distinguish naturalization from repatriation. Held: Naturalization is a mode for both acquisition and reacquisition of Philippine citizenship. As a mode of initially acquiring Philippine citizenship, naturalization is governed by Commonwealth Act No. 473, as amended. On the other hand, naturalization as a mode for reacquiring Philippine citizenship is governed by Commonwealth Act No. 63 (An Act Providing for the Ways in Which Philippine Citizenship May Be Lost or Reacquired [1936]). Under this law, a former Filipino citizen who wishes to reacquire Philippine citizenship must possess certain qualifications and none of the disqualifications mentioned in Section 4 of C.A. 473. Repatriation, on the other hand, may be had under various statutes by those who lost their citizenship due to: (1) desertion of the armed forces (Section 4, C.A. No. 63); (2) service in the armed forces of the allied forces in World War II (Section 1, Republic Act No. 965 [1953]); (3) service in the Armed Forces of the United States at any other time (Sec. 1, Republic Act No. 2630 [1960]); (4) marriage of a Filipino woman to an alien (Sec. 1, Republic Act No. 8171 [1995]); and (5) political and economic necessity (Ibid). As distinguished from the lengthy process of naturalization, repatriation simply consists of the taking of an oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and registering said oath in the Local Civil Registry of the place where the person concerned resides or last resided. In Angat v. Republic (314 SCRA 438 [1999]), we held: [P]arenthetically, under these statutes (referring to RA Nos. 965 and 2630), the person desiring to reacquire Philippine citizenship would not even be required to file a petition in court, and all that he had to do was to take an oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and to register that fact with the civil registry in the place of his residence or where he had last resided in the Philippines. Moreover, repatriation results in the recovery of the original nationality. This means that a naturalized Filipino who lost his citizenship will be restored to his prior status as a naturalized Filipino citizen. On the other hand, if he was originally a natural-born citizen before he lost his Philippine citizenship, he will be restored to his former status as a natural-born Filipino. (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 23. Who may validly avail of repatriation under R.A. No. 8171? Held: R.A. 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hip by marriage to aliens and (b) of natural-born Filipinos who have lost their Philippine citizenship on account of political or economic necessity. (Gerardo Angat v. Republic, G.R. No. 132244, Sept. 14, 1999 [Vitug]) 24. Before what agency should application for repatriation under R.A 8171 be filed? Held: Under Section 1 of P.D. No. 725, dated June 5, 1975, amending C.A. No. 63, an application for repatriation could be filed with the Special Committee on Naturalization chaired by the Solicitor General with the Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs and the Director of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency as the other members. Although the agency was deactivated by virtue of President Corazon C. Aquinos Memorandum of March 27, 1987, it was not, however, abrogated. The Committee was reactivated on June 8, 1995 . Hence, the application should be filed with said Agency, not with the Regional Trial Court. (Gerardo Angat v. Republic, G.R. No. 132244, Sept. 14, 1999 [Vitug]) 25. May a natural-born Filipino who became an American citizen still be considered a naturalborn Filipino upon his reacquisition of Philippine citizenship and, therefore, qualified to run for Congressman? Held: Repatriation results in the recovery of the original nationality. This means that a naturalized Filipino who lost his citizenship will be restored to his prior status as a naturalized Filipino citizen. On the other hand, if he was originally a natural-born citizen before he lost his Philippine citizenship, he will be restored to his former status as a natural-born Filipino. In respondent Cruzs case, he lost his Filipino citizenship when he rendered service in the Armed Forces of the United States. However, he subsequently reacquired Philippine citizenship under R.A. No. 2630, which provides: Section 1. Any person who had lost his Philippine citizenship by rendering service to, or accepting commission in, the Armed Forces of the United States, or after separation from the Armed Forces of the United States, acquired United States citizenship, may reacquire Philippine citizenship by taking an oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and registering the same with Local Civil Registry in the place where he resides or last resided in the Philippines. The said oath of allegiance shall contain a renunciation of any other citizenship. Having thus taken the required oath of allegiance to the Republic and having registered the same in the Civil Registry of Mangatarem, Pangasinan in accordance with the aforecited provision, respondent Cruz is deemed to have recovered his original status as a natural-born citizen, a status which he acquired at birth as the son of a Filipino father . It bears stressing that the act of repatriation allows him to recover, or return to, his original status before he lost his Philippine citizenship. Petitioners contention that respondent Cruz is no longer a natural-born citizen since he had to perform an act to regain his citizenship is untenable. [T]he term natural -born citizen was first defined in Article III, Section 4 of the 1973 Constitution as follows: Section 4. A natural-born citizen is one who is a citizen of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect his Philippine citizenship. Two requisites must concur for a person to be considered as such: (1) a person must be a Filipino citizen from birth and (2) he does not have to perform any act to obtain or perfect his Philippine citizenship. Under the 1973 Constitution definition, there were two categories of Filipino citizens which were not considered natural-born: (1) those who were naturalized and (2) those born before January 17, 1973 (the date of effectivity of the 1973 Constitution) , of Filipino mothers who, upon reaching the age of majority, elected Philippine citizenship. Those naturalized citizens were not considered natural-born obviously because they were not Filipinos at birth and had to perform an act to acquire Philippine citizenship. 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before the effectivity of the 1973 Constitution were likewise not considered natural-born because they also had to perform an act to perfect their Philippine citizenship. The present Constitution, however, now considers those born of Filipino mothers before the effectivity of the 1973 Constitution and who elected Philippine citizenship upon reaching the majority age as natural-born. After defining who are natural-born citizens, Section 2 of Article IV adds a sentence: Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens. Consequently, only naturalized Filipinos are considered not natural-born citizens. It is apparent from the enumeration of who are citizens under the present Constitution that there are only two classes of citizens: (1) those who are natural-born and (2) those who are naturalized in accordance with law. A citizen who is not a naturalized Filipino, i.e., did not have to undergo the process of naturalization to obtain Philippine citizenship, necessarily is a natural-born Filipino. Noteworthy is the absence in the said enumeration of a separate category for persons who, after losing Philippine citizenship, subsequently reacquire it. The reason therefore is clear: as to such persons, they would either be natural-born or naturalized depending on the reasons for the loss of their citizenship and the mode prescribed by the applicable law for the reacquisition thereof. As respondent Cruz was not required by law to go through naturalization proceedings in order to reacquire his citizenship, he is perforce a natural-born Filipino. As such, he possessed all the necessary qualifications to be elected as member of the House of Representatives. (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 26. Distinguish dual citizenship from dual allegiance. Held: Dual citizenship arises when, as a result of the concurrent application of the different laws of two or more states, a person is simultaneously considered a national by the said states. For instance, such a situation may arise when a person whose parents are citizens of a state which adheres to the principle of jus sanguinis is born in a state which follows the doctrine of jus soli. Such a person, ipso facto and without any voluntary act on his part, is concurrently considered a citizen of both states. Dual allegiance, on the other hand, refers to a situation in which a person simultaneously owes, by some positive act, loyalty to two or more states. While dual citizenship is involuntary, dual allegiance is the result of an individuals volition. (Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630, May 26, 1999, En Banc [Mendoza]) 27. What is the main concern of Section 5, Article IV, 1987 Constitution, on citizenship? Consequently, are persons with mere dual citizenship disqualified to run for elective local positions under Section 40(d) of the Local Government Code? Held: In including Section 5 in Article IV on citizenship, the concern of the Constitutional Commission was not with dual citizens per se but with naturalized citizens who maintain their allegiance to their countries of origin even after their naturalization. Hence, the phrase dual citizenship in R.A. No. 7160, Section 40(d) (Local Government Code) must be understood as referring to dual allegiance. Consequently, persons with mere dual citizenship do not fall under this disqualification. Unlike those with dual allegiance, who must, x x x, be subject to strict process with respect to the termination of their status, for candidates with dual citizenship, it should suffice if, upon the filing of their certificate of candidacy, they elect Philippine citizenship to terminate their status as persons with dual citizenship considering that their condition is the unavoidable consequence of conflicting laws of different states. By electing Philippine citizenship, such candidates at the same time forswear allegiance to the other country of which they are also citizens and thereby terminate their status as dual citizens. It may be that, from the point of view of the foreign state and of its laws, such an individual has not effectively renounced his foreign citizenship. (Mercado v. Manzano, G.R. 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26, 1999 [Mendoza]) That is of no moment. 28. Cite instances when a citizen of the Philippines may possess dual citizenship considering the citizenship clause (Article IV) of the Constitution. Held: 1) Those born of Filipino fathers and/or mothers in foreign countries which follow the principle of jus soli; 2) Those born in the Philippines of Filipino mothers and alien fathers if by the laws of their fathers country such children are citizens of that country; 3) Those who marry aliens if by the laws of the latters country the former are considered citizens, unless by their act or omission they are deemed to have renounced Philippine citizenship. (Mercado v. Manzano, G.R. No. 135083, 307 SCRA 630, May 26, 1999 [Mendoza]) 29. Does res judicata apply in cases hinging on the issue of citizenship? Held: Petitioner maintains further that when citizenship is raised as an issue in judicial or administrative proceedings, the resolution or decision thereon is generally not considered res judicata in any subsequent proceeding challenging the same; citing the case of Moy Ya Lim Yao v. Commissioner of Immigration (41 SCRA 292 [1971]). He insists that the same issue of citizenship may be threshed out anew. Petitioner is correct insofar as the general rule is concerned, i.e., the principle of res judicata generally does not apply in cases hinging on the issue of citizenship. However, in the case of Burca v. Republic (51 SCRA 248 [1973]), an exception to this general rule was recognized. The Court ruled in that case that in order that the doctrine of res judicata may be applied in cases of citizenship, the following must be present: 1) a persons citizenship be raised as a material issue in a controversy where said person is a party; 2) the Solicitor General or his authorized representative took active part in the resolution thereof, and 3) the finding on citizenship is affirmed by this Court. Although the general rule was set forth in the case of Moy Ya Lim Yao, the case did not foreclose the weight of prior rulings on citizenship. It elucidated that reliance may somehow be placed on these antecedent official findings, though not really binding, to make the effort easier or simpler. (Valles v. COMELEC, 337 SCRA 543, Aug. 9, 2000, En Banc [Purisima]) Civilian Supremacy Clause 30. The President issued Letter of Instruction (LOI) ordering the deployment of members of the Philippine Marines in the metropolis to conduct joint visibility patrols with members of the Philippine National Police in various shopping malls. Will this not violate the civilian supremacy clause under Section 3, Article II of the Constitution? Does this not amount to an "insidious incursion" of the military in the task of law enforcement in violation of Section 5(4), Article XVI of the Constitution? Held: The deployment of the Marines does not constitute a breach of the civilian supremacy clause. The calling of the marines in this case constitutes permissible use of military assets for civilian law enforcement. x x x The limited participation of the Marines is evident in the provisions of the LOI itself, which sufficiently provides the metes and bounds of the Marines' authority. It is noteworthy that the local police forces are the ones in charge of the visibility patrols at all times, the real authority belonging to the PNP. In fact, the Metro Manila Police Chief is the overall leader of the PNP-Philippine Marines joint visibility patrols. Under the LOI, the police forces are tasked to brief or orient the soldiers on police patrol procedures. It is their responsibility to direct and manage the deployment of the Marines. It is, likewise, their duty to provide the necessary equipment to the Marines and render logistical support to these soldiers. In view of the foregoing, it cannot be properly argued that military authority is supreme over civilian authority. Moreover, the deployment of the Marines to assist the PNP does not unmake the civilian character of the police force. 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ious incursion of the military in the task of law enforcement in violation of Section 5[4], Article XVI of the Constitution. In this regard, it is not correct to say that General Angelo Reyes, Chief of Staff of the AFP, by his alleged involvement in civilian law enforcement, has been virtually appointed to a civilian post in derogation of the aforecited provision. The real authority in these operations, as stated in the LOI, is lodged with the head of a civilian institution, the PNP, and not with the military. Such being the case, it does not matter whether the AFP Chief actually participates in the Task Force Tulungan since he does not exercise any authority or control over the same. Since none of the Marines was incorporated or enlisted as members of the PNP, there can be no appointment to a civilian position to speak of. Hence, the deployment of the Marines in the joint visibility patrols does not destroy the civilian character of the PNP. Considering the above circumstances, the Marines render nothing more than assistance required in conducting the patrols. As such, there can be no insidious incursion of the military in civilian affairs nor can there be a violation of the civilian supremacy clause in the Constitution. It is worth mentioning that military assistance to civilian authorities in various forms persists in Philippine jurisdiction. The Philippine experience reveals that it is not averse to requesting the assistance of the military in the implementation and execution of certain traditionally civil functions. x x x [S]ome of the multifarious activities wherein military aid has been rendered, exemplifying the activities that bring both the civilian and the military together in a relationship of cooperation, are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Elections; Administration of the Philippine National Red Cross; Relief and rescue operations during calamities and disasters; Amateur sports promotion and development; Development of the culture and the arts; Conservation of natural resources; Implementation of the agrarian reform program; Enforcement of customs laws; Composite civilian-military law enforcement activities; Conduct of licensure examinations; Conduct of nationwide tests for elementary and high school students; Anti-drug enforcement activities; Sanitary inspections; Conduct of census work; Administration of the Civil Aeronautics Board; Assistance in installation of weather forecasting devices; Peace and order policy formulation in local government units. This unquestionably constitutes a gloss on executive power resulting from a systematic, unbroken, executive practice, long pursued to the knowledge of Congress and, yet, never before questioned. What we have here is mutual support and cooperation between the military and civilian authorities, not derogation of civilian supremacy. In the United States, where a long tradition of suspicion and hostility towards the use of military force for domestic purposes has persisted and whose Constitution, unlike ours, does not expressly provide for the power to call, the use of military personnel by civilian law enforcement officers is allowed under circumstances similar to those surrounding the present deployment of the Philippine Marines. (IBP v. Hon. Ronaldo B. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, Aug. 15, 2000, En Banc [Kapunan]) The Right to a Balanced and Healthful Ecology 31. Is the right to a balanced and healthful ecology any less important than any of the civil and political rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights? Explain. Held: While the right to a balanced and healthful ecology is to be found under the Declaration of Principles and State Policies and not under the Bill of Rights, it does not follow that it is less important than any of the civil and political rights enumerated in the latter. Such a right belongs to a different category of rights altogether for it concerns nothing less than self- preservation and self-perpetuation, the advancement of which may even be said to predate all governments and constitutions. As a matter of fact, these basic rights need not even be written in the Constitution for they are assumed to exist from the inception of humankind. If they are now explicitly mentioned in the fundamental charter, it is because of the well-founded fear of its framers that unless the rights to a	0.008991	0.217273	0.235611	1.117674	[ -0.3002132552047423, 0.31819520098819803 ]	[ 0.05701130075302429, 0.3775338168074639 ]	[ -0.45107596891235024, 0.9222985463332315 ]	[ 1.0552409484617309, 1.1801067213378693 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2738, 5528, 1295, 291, 310, 278, 9121, 297, 278, 3414, 310, 4307, 24555, 13561, 297, 5537, 362, 310, 9779, 29871, 29945, 29961, 29946, 1402, 21746, 14488, 310, 278, 20063, 29889, 512, 445, 4880, 29892, 372, 338, 451, 1959, 304, 1827, 393, 4593, 3218, 7078, 830, 3582, 29892, 14546, 310, 15351, 310, 278, 23844, 29925, 29892, 491, 670, 16831, 287, 5297, 29841, 297, 7631, 713, 4307, 24555, 13561, 29892, 756, 1063, 4610, 1474, 10658, 304, 263, 7631, 713, 1400, 297, 589, 468, 362, 310, 278, 263, 1079, 29883, 1573, 25161, 29889, 450, 1855, 14329, 297, 1438, 6931, 29892, 408, 8703, 297, 278, 11247, 29902, 29892, 338, 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balanced and healthful ecology and to health are mandated as state policies by the Constitution itself, thereby highlighting their continuing importance and imposing upon the state a solemn obligation to preserve the first and protect and advance the second, the day would not be too far when all else would be lost not only for the present generation, but also for those to come generations which stand to inherit nothing but parched earth incapable of sustaining life. (Oposa v. Factoran, Jr., 224 SCRA 792 [1993][Davide]) 32. The Province of Palawan and the City of Puerto Princesa enacted ordinances prohibiting the catching and/or exportation of live tropical fishes, and imposing penalties for violations thereof, in order to stop the illegal practice of cyanide fishing which destroys the corals and other marine resources. Several fishermen apprehended for violating the ordinances in question challenged their constitutionality contending that the ordinances violated their preferential right as subsistence and marginal fishermen to the use of our communal marine resources guaranteed by the Constitution, under Section 7, Article XIII. Will you sustain the challenge? Held: The preferential right of subsistence or marginal fishermen to the use of marine resources is not absolute. In accordance with the Regalian Doctrine, marine resources belong to the State, and, pursuant to the first paragraph of Section 2, Article XII of the Constitution, their exploration, development and utilization x x x shall be under the full control and supervision of the State. Moreover, their mandated protection, development and conservation x x x imply certain restrictions on whatever right of enjoyment there may be in favor of anyone. What must be borne in mind is the State policy enshrined in the Constitution regarding the duty of the State to protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature (Section 16, Article II). The ordinances in question are meant precisely to protect and conserve our marine resources to the end that their enjoyment may be guaranteed not only for the present generation, but also for the generations to come. The right to a balanced and healthful ecology carries with it a correlative duty to refrain from impairing the environment. (Tano v. Gov. Salvador P. Socrates, G.R. No. 110249, Aug. 21, 1997) Academic Freedom 33. May a university validly revoke a degree or honor it has conferred to a student after the graduation of the latter after finding that such degree or honor was obtained through fraud? Held: In Garcia v. Faculty Admission Committee, Loyola School of Theology (68 SCRA 277 [1975]), the SC pointed out that academic freedom of institutions of higher learning is a freedom granted to institutions of higher learning which is thus given a wide sphere of authority certainly extending to the choice of students. If such institution of hi gher learning can decide who can and who cannot study in it, it certainly can also determine on whom it can confer the honor and distinction of being its graduates. Where it is shown that the conferment of an honor or distinction was obtained through fraud, a university has the right to revoke or withdraw the honor or distinction it has thus conferred. This freedom of a university does not terminate upon the graduation of a student, for it is precisely the graduation of such a student that is in quest ion. (UP Board of Regents v. Hon. Court of Appeals and Arokiaswamy William Margaret Celine, G.R. No. 134625, Aug. 31, 1999, 2nd Div. [Mendoza]) 34. What are the essential freedoms subsumed in the term academic freedom? Held: In Ateneo de Manila University v. Capulong (G.R. No. 99327, 27 May 1993), this Court cited with approval the formulation made by Justice Felix Frankfurter of the essential freedoms subsumed in the term academic freedom encompassing not only the freedom to determine x x x on academic grounds who may teach, what may be taught (and) how it shall be taught, but likewise who may be admitted to study. We have thus sanctioned its invocation by a school in rejecting students who are academically delinquent	0.241836	0.127741	1.064328	1.060444	[ 0.7263584788298286, -0.24268688718679435 ]	[ 0.23786478746530587, 0.01761747196421048 ]	[ 0.851283797622472, 1.2773722898870292 ]	[ 1.1801067213378693, 0.940780656658604 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 6411, 8362, 322, 9045, 1319, 321, 1054, 6933, 322, 304, 9045, 526, 9619, 630, 408, 2106, 24833, 491, 278, 20063, 3528, 29892, 27999, 12141, 292, 1009, 3133, 292, 13500, 322, 7275, 292, 2501, 278, 2106, 263, 26384, 10788, 362, 304, 19905, 278, 937, 322, 12566, 322, 6564, 278, 1473, 29892, 278, 2462, 723, 451, 367, 2086, 2215, 746, 599, 1683, 723, 367, 5714, 451, 871, 363, 278, 2198, 12623, 29892, 541, 884, 363, 1906, 304, 2041, 1176, 800, 607, 2317, 304, 13125, 3078, 541, 610, 26902, 8437, 297, 5030, 519, 310, 15075, 17225, 2834, 29889, 313, 29949, 22842, 325, 29889, 383, 7168, 273, 29892, 13843, 1696, 29871, 29906, 29906, 29946, 12314, 4717, 29871, 29955, 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(Tangonan v. Pano, 137 SCRA 245 [1985]), or a laywoman seeking admission to a seminary (Garcia v. Loyola School of Theology, 68 SCRA 277 [1975]), or students violating School Rules on Discipline. (Ateneo de Manila University v. Capulong, supra.) (Isabelo, Jr. v. Perpetual Help College of Rizal, Inc., 227 SCRA 595-597, Nov. 8, 1993, En Banc [Vitug]) 35. Does the Constitutional policy of a self-reliant and independent national economy rule out foreign competition? Held: The constitutional policy of a self-reliant and independent national economy does not necessarily rule out the entry of foreign investments, goods and services. It contemplates neither economic seclusion nor mendicancy in the international community. Aside from envisioning a trade policy based on equality and reciprocity, the fundamental law encourages industries that are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets, thereby demonstrating a clear policy against a sheltered domestic trade enviro nment, but one in favor of the gradual development of robust industries that can compete with the best in the foreign markets. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18 [1997]) The Rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples 36. Enumerate the Constitutional provisions recognizing and protecting the rights and interests of the indigenous peoples. Held: The framers of the 1987 Constitution, looking back to the long destitution of our less fortunate brothers, fittingly saw the historic opportunity to actualize the ideals of people empowerment and social justice, and to reach out particularly to the marginalized sectors of society, including the indigenous peoples. They incorporated in the fundamental law several provisions recognizing and protecting the rights and interests of the indigenous peoples, to wit: Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous peoples within the framework of national unity and development. (Article II of the Constitution, entitled State Principles and Policies) Section 5. The State, subject to the provisions of the Constitution and national development policies and programs, shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural wellbeing. The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws governing property rights and relations in determining the ownership and extent of ancestral domains. (Article XII of the Constitution, entitled National Economy and Patrimony) Section 1. The Congress shall give the highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequalities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good. To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use and disposition of property and its increments. (Article XIII of the Constitution, entitled Social Justice and Human Rights) Section 6. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition and utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain under lease or concession, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral lands. (Ibid.) Section 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of cultural communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall consider these rights in the formulation of national plans and policies. (Article XIV of the Constitution, entitled Education, Science, Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports) General Provisions) (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 37. Discuss the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (R.A. No. 8371). Section 12. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies affecting indigenous cultural communities, the majority of the members	0.094938	0.490343	1.328097	1.112471	[ -0.07353197170544745, 0.26340818382824766 ]	[ 0.2700961019288808, 0.7105907329310716 ]	[ 0.8411388335209349, 1.8150553872684942 ]	[ 0.7951039216364425, 1.4298382670901462 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 313, 29911, 574, 265, 273, 325, 29889, 349, 1562, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29941, 29955, 12314, 4717, 29871, 29906, 29946, 29945, 518, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29945, 11724, 470, 263, 6568, 29893, 2480, 25738, 594, 6737, 304, 263, 3031, 3821, 313, 29954, 279, 1512, 325, 29889, 4309, 29891, 2963, 4523, 310, 450, 3002, 29892, 29871, 29953, 29947, 12314, 4717, 29871, 29906, 29955, 29955, 518, 29896, 29929, 29955, 29945, 11724, 470, 8041, 5537, 1218, 4523, 390, 2540, 373, 3295, 13326, 457, 29889, 313, 29909, 841, 29872, 29877, 316, 13, 2517, 4233, 3014, 325, 29889, 5915, 352, 549, 29892, 13159, 336, 1846, 313, 3624, 1107, 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of which shall come from such communities. (Article XVI of the Constitution, entitled Held: Republic Act No. 8371 is entitled "An Act to Recognize, Protect and Promote the Rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples, Creating a National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Establishing Implementing Mechanisms, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes." It is simply known as "The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997" or the IPRA. The IPRA recognizes the existence of the indigenous cultural communities or indigenous peoples (ICCs/IPs) as a distinct sector in Philippine society. It grants these people the ownership and possession of their ancestral domains and ancestral lands, and defines the extent of these lands and domains. The ownership given is the indigenous concept of ownership under customary law which traces its origin to native title. Xxx Within their ancestral domains and ancestral lands, the ICCs/IPs are given the right to self-governance and empowerment (Sections 13 to 20), social justice and human rights (Sections 21 to 28), the right to preserve and protect their culture, traditions, institutions and community intellectual rights, and the right to develop their own sciences and technologies (Sections 29 to 37). (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 38. Define "indigenous peoples/indigenous cultural communities." Held: 1. Drawing inspiration from both our fundamental law and international law, IPRA now employs the politically-correct conjunctive term "indigenous peoples/indigenous cultural communities" as follows: Section 3. Definition of Terms. - For purposes of this Act, the following terms shall mean: (i) Indigenous peoples/Indigenous cultural communities. - refer to a group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions, and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, nonindigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos. Indigenous peoples shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present State boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains x x x. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 2. The IPRA is a law dealing with a specific group of people, i.e., the Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) or the Indigenous Peoples (IPs). The term "ICCs" is used in the 1987 Constitution while that of "IPs" is the contemporary international language in the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 169 (Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, June 27, 1989) and the United Nations (UN) Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Guide to R.A. 8371, published by the Coalition for IPs Rights and Ancestral Domains in cooperation with the ILO and Bilance-Asia Department, p. 4 [1999] hereinafter referred to as Guide to R.A. 8371). 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ogeneous societies who have continuously lived as an organized community on communally bounded and defined territory. These groups of people have actually occupied, possessed and utilized their territories under claim of ownership since time immemorial. They share common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or, they, by their resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from the Filipino majority. ICCs/IPs also include descendants of ICCs/IPs who inhabited the country at the time of conquest or colonization, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions but who may have been displaced from their traditional territories or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains. (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 39. Define "ancestral domains" and "ancestral lands." Do they constitute part of the land of the public domain? Held: Ancestral domains and ancestral lands are the private property of indigenous peoples and do not constitute part of the land of the public domain. The IPRA grants to ICCs/IPs a distinct kind of ownership over ancestral domains and ancestral lands. Ancestral lands are not the same as ancestral domains. These are defined in Section 3(a) and (b) of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act x x x. Ancestral domains are all areas belonging to ICCs/IPs held under a claim of ownership, occupied or possessed by ICCs/IPs by themselves or through their ancestors, communally or individually since time immemorial, continuously until the present, except when interrupted by war, force majeure or displacement by force, deceit, stealth or as a consequence of government projects or any other voluntary dealings with government and/or private individuals or corporations. Ancestral domains comprise lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural resources therein and includes ancestral lands, forests, pasture, residential, agricultural, and other lands individually owned whether alienable or not, hunting grounds, burial grounds, worship areas, bodies of water, mineral and other natural resources. They also include lands which may no longer be exclusively occupied by ICCs/IPs but from which they traditionally had access to for their subsistence and traditional activities, particularly the home ranges of ICCs/IPs who are still nomadic and/or shifting cultivators (Section 3[a], IPRA). Ancestral lands are lands held by the ICCs/IPs under the same conditions as ancestral domains except that these are limited to lands and that these lands are not merely occupied and possessed but are also utilized by the ICCs/IPs under claims of individual or traditional group ownership. These lands include but are not limited to residential lots, rice terraces or paddies, private forests, swidden farms and tree lots (Section 3[b], IPRA). (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 40. How may ICCs/IPs acquire rights to their ancestral domains and ancestral lands? Held: The rights of the ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains and ancestral lands may be acquired in two modes: (1) by native title over both ancestral lands and domains; or (2) by torrens title under the Public Land Act and the Land Registration Act with respect to ancestral lands only. (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 41. What is the concept of "native title"? What is a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT)? Held: Native title refers to ICCs/IPs preconquest rights to lands and domains held under a claim of private ownership as far back as memory reaches. 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putably presumed to have been held that way since before the Spanish Conquest. The rights of ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains (which also include ancestral lands) by virtue of native title shall be recognized and respected (Section 11, IPRA). Formal recognition, when solicited by ICCs/IPs concerned, shall be embodied in a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT), which shall recognize the title of the concerned ICCs/IPs over the territories identified and delineated. Native title, however, is a right of private ownership peculiarly granted to ICCs/IPs over their Like a torrens title, a CADT is evidence of private ownership of land by native title. ancestral lands and domains. The IPRA categorically declares ancestral lands and domains held by native title as never to have been public land. Domains and lands held under native title are, therefore, indisputably presumed to have never been public lands and are private. The concept of native title in the IPRA was taken from the 1909 case of Carino v. Insular Government (41 Phil. 935 [1909], 212 U.S. 449, 53 L. Ed. 594). Carino firmly established a concept of private land title that existed irrespective of any royal grant from the State. (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 42. Discuss the concept of "jura regalia" and how it evolved in the Philippines. Does it negate native title to lands held in private ownership since time immemorial? Held: Generally, under the concept of jura regalia, private title to land must be traced to some grant, express or implied, from the Spanish Crown or its successors, the American Colonial government, and thereafter, the Philippine Republic. The belief that the Spanish Crown is the origin of all land titles in the Philippines has persisted because title to land must emanate from some source for it cannot issue forth from nowhere. In its broad sense, the term "jura regalia" refers to royal grants, or those rights which the King has by virtue of his prerogatives. In Spanish law, it refers to a right which the sovereign has over anything in which a subject has a right of property or propriedad. These were rights enjoyed during feudal times by the king as the sovereign. The theory of the feudal system was that title to all lands was originally held by the King, and while the use of lands was granted out to others who were permitted to hold them under certain conditions, the King theoretically retained the title . By fiction of law, the King was regarded as the original proprietor of all lands, and the true and only source of title, and from him all lands were held. The theory of jura regalia was therefore nothing more than a natural fruit of conquest. The Regalian theory, however, does not negate native title to lands held in private ownership since time immemorial. In the landmark case of Carino v. Insular Government (41 Phil. 935, 212 U.S. 449, 53 L. Ed. 594 [1909]), the United States Supreme Court, reversing the decision of the pre-war Philippine Supreme Court, made the following pronouncement: x x x Every presumption is and ought to be taken against the Government in a case like the present. It might, perhaps, be proper and sufficient to say that when, as far back as testimony or memory goes, the land has been held by individuals under a claim of private ownership, it will be presumed to have been held in the same way from before the Spanish conquest, and never to have been public land. x x x (Carino v. Insular Government, supra note 75, at 941) The above ruling institutionalized the recognition of the existence of native title to land, or ownership of land by Filipinos by virtue of possession under a claim of ownership since time immemorial and independent of any grant from the Spanish Crown, as an exception to the theory of jura regalia. 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ent in our jurisdiction (Section 10, Philippine Bill of 1902). We applied the Carino doctrine in the 1946 case of Oh Cho v. Director of Lands (75 Phil. 890 [1946]), where we stated that "[a]ll lands that were not acquired from the Government either by purchase or by grant, belong to the public domain, but [a]n exception to the rule would be any land that should have been in the possession of an occupant and of his predecessors in interest since time immemorial, for such possession would justify the presumption that the land had never been part of the public domain or that it had been private property even before the Spanish conquest. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 43. Distinguish ownership of land under native title and ownership by acquisitive prescription against the State. Held: Ownership by virtue of native title presupposes that the land has been held by its possessor and his predecessor-in-interest in the concept of an owner since time immemorial. The land is not acquired from the State, that is, Spain or its successor-in-interest, the United States and the Philippine Government. There has been no transfer of title from the State as the land has been regarded as private in character as far back as memory goes. In contrast, ownership of land by acquisitive prescription against the State involves a conversion of the character of the property from alienable public land to private land, which presupposes a transfer of title from the State to a private person. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) The Right of the State to Recover Properties Unlawfully Acquired by Public Officials or Employees 44. Does the right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees which may not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel under Section 15, Article XI of the Constitution apply to criminal cases for the recovery of ill-gotten wealth? Held: Section 15, Article XI, 1987 Constitution provides that [T]he right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees as transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel. From the proceedings of the Constitutional Commission of 1986, however, it was clear that this provision applies only to civil actions for recovery of ill-gotten wealth, and not to criminal cases. Thus, the prosecution of offenses arising from, relating or incident to, or involving ill-gotten wealth contemplated in Section 15, Article XI of the Constitution may be barred by prescription. (Presidential Ad Hoc Fact-Finding Committee on Behest Loans, et al. v. Hon. Aniano A. Desierto, et al., G.R. No. 130140, Oct. 25, 1999, En Banc [Davide, C.J.]) STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT The Doctrine of Separation of Powers 45. May the Government, through the PCGG, validly bind itself to cause the dismissal of all cases against the Marcos heirs pending before the Sandiganbayan and other courts in a Compromise Agreement entered into between the former and the latter? Held: This is a direct encroachment on judicial power, particularly in regard to criminal jurisdiction. Well-settled is the doctrine that once a case has been filed before a court of competent jurisdiction, the matter of its dismissal or pursuance lies within the full discretion and control of the judge. In a criminal case, the manner in which the prosecution is handled, including the matter of whom to present as witnesses, may lie within the sound discretion of the government prosecutor; but the court decides, based on the evidence proffered, in what manner it will dispose of the case. 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dismiss the complaint. The prosecutions motion to withdraw or to dismiss is not the least binding upon the court. On the contrary, decisional rules require the trial court to make its own evaluation of the merits of the case, because granting such motion is equivalent to effecting a disposition of the case itself. Thus, the PCGG, as the government prosecutor of ill-gotten wealth cases, cannot guarantee the dismissal of all such criminal cases against the Marcoses pending in the courts, for said dismissal is not within its sole power and discretion. (Chavez v. PCGG, 299 SCRA 744, Dec. 9, 1998 [Panganiban]) Delegation of Powers 46. What are the tests of a valid delegation of power? Held: Empowering the COMELEC, an administrative body exercising quasi-judicial functions, to promulgate rules and regulations is a form of delegation of legislative authority x x x. However, in every case of permissible delegation, there must be a showing that the delegation itself is valid. It is valid only if the law (a) is complete in itself, setting forth therein the policy to be executed, carried out, or implemented by the delegate; and (b) fixes a standard the limits of which are sufficiently determinate and determinable to which the delegate must conform in the performance of his functions. A sufficient standard is one which defines legislative policy, marks its limits, maps out its boundaries and specifies the public agency to apply it. It indicates the circumstances under which the legislative command is to be effected . (Santiago v. COMELEC, 270 SCRA 106, March 19, 1997) The Legislative Department 47. Discuss the nature of the Party-List system. Is it, without any qualification, open to all? Held: 1. The party-list system is a social justice tool designed not only to give more law to the great masses of our people who have less in life, but also to enable them to become veritable lawmakers themselves, empowered to participate directly in the enactment of laws designed to benefit them. It intends to make the marginalized and the underrepresented not merely passive recipients of the States benevolence, but active participants in the mainstream of representative democracy. Thus, allowing all individuals and groups, including those which now dominate district elections, to have the same opportunity to participate in party-list elections would desecrate this lofty objective and mongrelize the social justice mechanism into an atrocious veneer for traditional politics. (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 2. Crucial to the resolution of this case is the fundamental social justice principle that those who have less in life should have more in law. The party-list system is one such tool intended to benefit those who have less in life. It gives the great masses of our people genuine hope and genuine power. It is a message to the destitute and the prejudiced, and even to those in the underground, that change is possible. It is an invitation for them to come out of their limbo and seize the opportunity. Clearly, therefore, the Court cannot accept the submissions x x x that the party-list system is, without any qualification, open to all. Such position does not only weaken the electoral chances of the marginalized and underrepresented; it also prejudices them. It would gut the substance of the party-list system. Instead of generating hope, it would create a mirage. Instead of enabling the marginalized, it would further weaken them and aggravate their marginalization. (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 48. Are political parties even the major ones prohibited from participating in the party-list elections? Held: Under the Constitution and RA 7941, private respondents cannot be disqualified from the party-list elections, merely on the ground that they are political parties. 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national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations. Furthermore, under Sections 7 and 8, Article IX [C] of the Constitution, political parties may be registered under the party-list system. X x x During the deliberations in the Constitutional Commission, Comm. Christian S. Monsod pointed out that the participants in the party-list system may be a regional party, a sectora l party, a national party, UNIDO, Magsasaka, or a regional party in Mindanao. x x x. Indeed, Commissioner Monsod stated that the purpose of the party-list provision was to open up the system, in order to give a chance to parties that consistently place third or fourth in congressional district elections to win a seat in Congress. He explained: The purpose of this is to open the system. In the past elections, we found out that there were certain groups or parties that, if we count their votes nationwide, have about 1,000,000 or 1,500,000 votes. But they were always third or fourth place in each of the districts. So, they have no voice in the Assembly. But this way, they would have five or six representatives in the assembly even if they would not win individually in legislative districts. So, that is essentially the mechanics, the purpose and objective of the party-list system. For its part, Section 2 of RA 7941 also provides for a party -list system of registered national, regional and sectoral parties or organizations or coalitions thereof, x x x. Section 3 expressly states that a party is either a political party or a sectoral party or a coalition of parties. More to the point, the law defines political party as an organized group of c itizens advocating an ideology or platform, principles and policies for the general conduct of government and which, as the most immediate means of securing their adoption, regularly nominates and supports certain of its leaders and members as candidates for public office. Furthermore, Section 11 of RA 7941 leaves no doubt as to the participation of political parties in the party-list system. X x x Indubitably, therefore, political parties even the major ones may participate in the party-list elections. That political parties may participate in the party-list elections does not mean, however, that any political party or any organization or group for that matter may do so. The requisite character of these parties or organizations must be consistent with the purpose of the party-list system, as laid down in the Constitution and RA 7941. X x x (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 49. Who are the marginalized and underrepresented sectors to be represented under the partylist system? Held: The marginalized and underrepresented sectors to be represented under the party-list system are enumerated in Section 5 of RA 7941 x x x. While the enumeration of marginalized and underrepresented sectors is not exclusive, it demonstrates the clear intent of the law that not all sectors can be represented under the partylist system. X x x [W]e stress that the party-list system seeks to enable certain Filipino citizens specifically those belonging to marginalized and underrepresented sectors, organizations and parties to be elected to the House of Representatives. The assertion x x x that the party-list system is not exclusive to the marginalized and underrepresented disregards the clear statutory policy. Its claim that even the super-rich and overrepresented can participate desecrates the spirit of the party-list system. Indeed, the law crafted to address the peculiar disadvantage of Payatas hovel dwellers cannot be appropriated by the mansion owners of Forbes Park. The interests of these two sectors are manifestly disparate; hence, the x x x position to treat them similarly defies reason and common sense. X x x While the business moguls and the mega-rich are, numerically speaking, a tiny minority, they are neither marginalized nor underrepresented, for the stark reality is that their economic clout engenders political power more awesome than their numerical limitation. Traditionally, political power does not necessarily emanate from the size of ones constituency; indeed, it is likely to arise more directly from the number and amount of ones bank accounts. 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ed in our midst are the majority who wallow in poverty, destitution and infirmity. It was for them that the party-list system was enacted to give them not only genuine hope, but genuine power; to give them opportunity to be elected and to represent the specific concerns of their constituencies; and simply to give them a direct vote in Congress and in the larger affairs of the State. In its noblest sense, the party-list system truly empowers the masses and ushers a new hope for genuine change. Verily, it invites those marginalized and underrepresented in the past the farm hands, the fisher folk, the urban poor, even those in the underground movement to come out and participate, as indeed many of them came out and participated during the last elections. The State cannot now disappoint and frustrate them by disabling the desecrating this social justice vehicle. Because the marginalized and underrepresented had not been able to win in the congressional district elections normally dominated by traditional politicians and vested groups, 20 percent of the seats in the House of Representatives were set aside for the party-list system. In arguing that even those sectors who normally controlled 80 percent of the seats in the House could participate in the party-list elections for the remaining 20 percent, the OSG and the Comelec disregard the fundamental difference between the congressional district elections and the party-list elections. As earlier noted, the purpose of the party-list provision was to open up the system, in order to enhance the chance of sectoral groups and organizations to gain representation in the House of Representatives through the simplest scheme possible. Logic shows that the system has been opened to those who have never gotten a foothold within it those who cannot otherwise win in regular elections and who therefore need the simplest scheme possible to do so. Conversely, it would be illogical to open the system to those who have long been within it those privileged sectors that have long dominated the congressional district elections. Xxx Verily, allowing the non-marginalized and overrepresented to vie for the remaining seats under the party-list system would not only dilute, but also prejudice the chance of the marginalized and underrepresented, contrary to the intention of the law to enhance it. The party-list system is a tool for the benefit of the underprivileged; the law could not have given the same tool to others, to the prejudice of the intended beneficiaries. (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 50. Section 5(2), Article VI of the Constitution provides that "[t]he party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives including those under the party-list." Does the Constitution require all such allocated seats to be filled up all the time and under all circumstances? Held: The Constitution simply states that "[t]he party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives including those under the party-list." Xxx We rule that a simple reading of Section 5, Article VI of the Constitution, easily conveys the equally simple message that Congress was vested with the broad power to define and prescribe the mechanics of the party-list system of representation. The Constitution explicitly sets down only the percentage of the total membership in the House of Representatives reserved for party-list representatives. In the exercise of its constitutional prerogative, Congress enacted RA 7941. As said earlier, Congress declared therein a policy to promote "proportional representation" in the election of party-list representatives in order to enable Filipinos belonging to the marginalized and underrepresented sectors to contribute legislation that would benefit them. It however deemed it necessary to require parties, organizations and coalitions participating in the system to obtain at least two percent of the total votes cast for the party-list system in order to be entitled to a party-list seat. Those garnering more than this percentage could have "additional seats in proportion to their total number of votes." Furthermore, no winning party, organization or coalition can have more than three seats in the House of Representatives. X x x Considering the foregoing statutory requirements, it will be shown x x x that Section 5(2), Article VI of the Constitution is not mandatory. It merely provides a ceiling for party-list seats in Congress. 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v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 136781, Oct. 6, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) 51. What are the inviolable parameters to determine the winners in a Philippine-style party-list election? Held: To determine the winners in a Philippine-style party-list election, the Constitution and Republic Act No. 7941 mandate at least four inviolable parameters. These are: First, the twenty percent allocation - the combined number of all party-list congressmen shall not exceed twenty percent of the total membership of the House of Representatives, including those elected under the party list. Second, the two percent threshold - only those garnering a minimum of two percent of the total valid votes cast for the party-list system are "qualified" to have a seat in the House of Representatives. Third, the three seat limit - each qualified party, regardless of the number of votes it actually obtained, is entitled to a maximum of three seats; that is, one "qualifying" and two additional seats. Fourth, proportional representation - the additional seats which a qualified party is entitled to shall be computed "in proportion to their total number of votes." (Veterans Federation Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 136781 and Companion Cases, Oct. 6, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) 52. State the guidelines for screening Party-List Participants. Held: In this light, the Court finds it appropriate to lay down the following guidelines, culled from the law and the Constitution, to assist the Comelec in its work. First, the political party, sector, organization or coalition must represent the marginalized and underrepresented groups identified in Section 5 of RA 7941. In other words, it must show through its constitution, articles of incorporation, bylaws, history, platform of government and track record that it represents and seeks to uplift marginalized and underrepresented sectors. Verily, majority of its membership should belong to the marginalized and underrepresented. And it must demonstrate that in a conflict of interest, it has chosen or is likely to choose the interest of such sectors. Second, while even major political parties are expressly allowed by RA 7941 and the Constitution to participate in the party-list system, they must comply with the declared statutory policy of enabling Filipino citizens belonging to marginalized and underrepresented sectors x x x to be elected to the House of Representatives. In other words, while they are not disqualified merely on the ground that they are political parties, they must show, however, that they represent the interests of the marginalized and underrepresented. X x x. Third, in view of the objections directed against the registration of Ang Buhay Hayaang Yumabong, which is allegedly a religious group, the Court notes the express constitutional provision that the religious sector may not be represented in the party-list system. x x x Furthermore, the Constitution provides that religious denominations and sects shall not be registered. (Sec. 2 [5], Article IX [C]) The prohibition was explained by a member of the Constitutional Commission in this wise: [T]he prohibition is on any religious organization registering as a political party. I do not see any prohibition here against a priest running as a candidate. That is not prohibited here; it is the registration of a religious sect as a political party. Fourth, a party or an organization must not be disqualified under Section 6 of RA 7941, which enumerates the grounds for disqualification as follows: 1) It is a religious sect or denomination, organization or association organized for religious purposes; 2) It advocates violence or unlawful means to seek its goal; 3) It is a foreign party or organization; 4) It is receiving support from any foreign government, foreign political party, foundation, organization, whether directly or through any of its officers or members or indirectly through third parties for partisan election purposes; 5) It violates or fails to comply with laws, rules or regulations relating to elections; 6) It declares untruthful statements in its petition; 7) It has ceased to exist for at least one (1) year; or 8) It fails to participate in the last two (2) preceding elections or fails to obtain at least two per centum (2%) of	-0.092707	0.56555	1.069401	1.200918	[ -0.18995438317034208, 0.004539527747481893 ]	[ 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the votes cast under the party-list system in the two (2) preceding elections for the constituency in which it had registered. Note should be taken of paragraph 5, which disqualifies a party or group for violation of or failure to comply with election laws and regulations. These laws include Section 2 of RA 7941, which states that the party-list system seeks to enable Filipino citizens belonging to marginalized and underrepresented sectors, organizations and parties x x x to become members of the House of Representatives. A party or organization, therefore, that does not comply with this policy must be disqualified. Fifth, the party or organization must not be an adjunct of, or a project organized or an entity funded or assisted by, the government. By the very nature of the party-list system, the party or organization must be a group of citizens, organized by citizens and operated by citizens. It must be independent of the government. The participation of the government or its officials in the affairs of a party-list candidate is not only illegal and unfair to other parties, but also deleterious to the objective of the law: to enable citizens belonging to marginalized and underrepresented sectors and organization to be elected to the House of Representatives. Sixth, the party must not only comply with the requirements of the law; its nominees must likewise do so. x x x Seventh, not only the candidate party or organization must represent marginalized and underrepresented sectors; so also must its nominees. To repeat, under Section 2 of RA 7941, the nominees must be Filipino citizens who belong to marginalized and underrepresented sectors, organizations and parties. Surely, the interests of the y outh cannot be fully represented by a retiree; neither can those of the urban poor or the working class, by an industrialist. To allow otherwise is to betray the State policy to give genuine representation to the marginalized and underrepresented. Eighth, x x x while lacking a well-defined political constituency, the nominee must likewise be able to contribute to the formulation and enactment of appropriate legislation that will benefit the nation as a whole. x x x (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 53. Accused-appellant Congressman Romeo G. Jalosjos filed a motion before the Court asking that he be allowed to fully discharge the duties of a Congressman, including attendance at legislative sessions and committee meetings despite his having been convicted in the first instance of a non-bailable offense. He contended that his reelection being an expression of popular will cannot be rendered inutile by any ruling, giving priority to any right or interest not even the police power of the State. Resolve. Held: The immunity from arrest or detention of Senators and members of the House of Representatives x x x arises from a provision of the Constitution. The history of the provision shows that the privilege has always been granted in a restrictive sense. The provision granting an exemption as a special privilege cannot be extended beyond the ordinary meaning of its terms. It may not be extended by intendment, implication or equitable considerations. The 1935 Constitution provided in its Article VI on the Legislative Department: Sec. 15. The Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of Congress, and in going to and returning from the same; x x x. Because of the broad coverage of felony and breach of the peace, the exemption applied only to civil arrests. A congressman like the accused-appellant, convicted under Title Eleven of the Revised Penal Code could not claim parliamentary immunity from arrest. He was subject to the same general laws governing all persons still to be tried or whose convictions were pending appeal. The 1973 Constitution broadened the privilege of immunity as follows: Article VIII, Sec. 9. A Member of the Batasang Pambansa shall, in all offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest during his attendance at its sessions and in going to and returning from the same. 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arrest. The restrictive interpretation of immunity and the intent to confine it within carefully defined parameters is illustrated by the concluding portion of the provision, to wit: X x x but the Batasang Pambansa shall surrender the member involved to the custody of the law within twenty four hours after its adjournment for a recess or for its next session, otherwise such privilege shall cease upon its failure to do so. The present Constitution adheres to the same restrictive rule minus the obligation of Congress to surrender the subject Congressman to the custody of the law. The requirement that he should be attending sessions or committee meetings has also been removed. For relatively minor offenses, it is enough that Congress is in session. The accused-appellant argues that a member of Congress function to attend sessions is underscored by Section 16(2), Article VI of the Constitution which states that (2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent Members in such manner, and under such penalties, as such House may provide. However, the accused-appellant has not given any reason why he should be exempted from the operation of Section 11, Article VI of the Constitution. The members of Congress cannot compel absent members to attend sessions if the reason for the absence is a legitimate one. The confinement of a Congressman charged with a crime punishable by imprisonment of more than six years is not merely authorized by law, it has constitutional foundations. [1992]), which states, inter alia, that Accused-appellants reliance on the ruling in Aguinaldo v. Santos (212 SCRA 768, at 773 The Court should never remove a public officer for acts done prior to his present term of office. To do otherwise would be to deprive the people of their right to elect their officers. When the people have elected a man to office, it must be assumed that they did this with the knowledge of his life and character, and that they disregarded or forgave his fault or misconduct, if he had been guilty of any. It is not for the Court, by reason of such fault or misconduct, to practically overrule the will of the people. will not extricate him from his predicament. It can be readily seen x x x that the Aguinaldo case involves the administrative removal of a public officer for acts done prior to his present term of office. It does not apply to imprisonment arising from the enforcement of criminal law. Moreover, in the same way that preventive suspension is not removal, confinement pending appeal is not removal. He remains a Congressman unless expelled by Congress or, otherwise, disqualified. One rationale behind confinement, whether pending appeal or after final conviction, is public self-defense. Society must protect itself. It also serves as an example and warning to others. A person charged with crime is taken into custody for purposes of the administration of justice. As stated in United States v. Gustilo (19 Phil. 208, 212), it is the injury to the public which State action in criminal law seeks to redress. It is not the injury to the complainant. After conviction in the Regional Trial Court, the accused may be denied bail and thus subjected to incarceration if there is risk of his absconding. The accused-appellant states that the plea of the electorate which voted him into office cannot be supplanted by unfounded fears that he might escape eventual punishment if permitted to perform congressional duties outside his regular place of confinement. It will be recalled that when a warrant for accused-appellants arrest was issued, he fled and evaded capture despite a call from his colleagues in the House of Representatives for him to attend the sessions ands to surrender voluntarily to the authorities. Ironically, it is now the same body whose call he initially spurned which accused-appellant is invoking to justify his present motion. This can not be countenanced because, x x x aside from its being contrary to welldefined Constitutional restrains, it would be a mockery of the aims of the States penal system. Accused-appellant argues that on several occasions, the Regional Trial Court of Makati granted several motions to temporarily leave his cell at the Makati City Jail, for official or medical reasons x x x. 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a City, when he was likewise allowed/permitted to leave the prison premises x x x. There is no showing that the above privileges are peculiar to him or to a member of Congress. Emergency or compelling temporary leaves from imprisonment are allowed to all prisoners, at the discretion of the authorities or upon court orders. What the accused-appellant seeks is not of an emergency nature. Allowing accusedappellant to attend congressional sessions and committee meetings for five (5) days or more in a week will virtually make him a free man with all the privileges appurtenant to his position. Such an aberrant situation not only elevates accused-appellants status to that of a special class, it also would be a mockery of the purposes of the correction system. X x x The accused-appellant avers that his constituents in the First District of Zamboanga del Norte want their voices to be heard and that since he is treated as bona fide member of the House of Representatives, the latter urges a co-equal branch of government to respect his mandate. He also claims that the concept of temporary detention does not necessarily curtail his duty to discharge his mandate and that he has always complied with the conditions/restrictions when he is allowed to leave jail. We remain unpersuaded. Xxx When the voters of his district elected the accused-appellant to Congress, they did so with full awareness of the limitations on his freedom of action. They did so with the knowledge that he could achieve only such legislative results which he could accomplish within the confines of prison. To give a more drastic illustration, if voters elect a person with full knowledge that he is suffering from a terminal illness, they do so knowing that at any time, he may no longer serve his full term in office. (People v. Jalosjos, 324 SCRA 689, Feb. 3, 2000, En Banc [Ynares- Santiago]) 54. Discuss the objectives of Section 26(1), Article VI of the 1987 Constitution, that "[e]very bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof." Held: The objectives of Section 26(1), Article VI of the 1987 Constitution are: 1) To prevent hodge-podge or log-rolling legislation; 2) To prevent surprise or fraud upon the legislature by means of provisions in bills of which the titles gave no information, and which might therefore be overlooked and carelessly and unintentionally adopted; and 3) To fairly apprise the people, through such publication of legislative proceedings as is usually made, of the subjects of legislation that are being considered, in order that they may have opportunity of being heard thereon by petition or otherwise if they shall so desire. Section 26(1) of Article VI of the 1987 Constitution is sufficiently complied with where x x x the title is comprehensive enough to embrace the general objective it seeks to achieve, and if all the parts of the statute are related and germane to the subject matter embodied in the title or so long as the same are not inconsistent with or foreign to the general subject and title. (Agripino A. De Guzman, Jr., et al. v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 129118, July 19, 2000, en Banc [Purisima]) 55. Section 44 of R.A. No. 8189 (The Voter's Registration Act of 1996) which provides for automatic transfer to a new station of any Election Officer who has already served for more than four years in a particular city or municipality was assailed for being violative of Section 26(1) of Article VI of the Constitution allegedly because it has an isolated and different subject from that of RA 8189 and that the same is not expressed in the title of the law. Should the challenge be sustained? Held: Section 44 of RA 8189 is not isolated considering that it is related and germane to the subject matter stated in the title of the law. 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ADOPTING A SYSTEM OF CONTINUING REGISTRATION, PRESCRIBING THE PROCEDURES THEREOF AND AUTHORIZING THE APPROPRIATION OF FUNDS THEREFOR." Section 44, which provides for the reassignment of election officers, is relevant to the subject matter of registration as it seeks to ensure the integrity of the registration process by providing guideline for the COMELEC to follow in the reassignment of election officers. It is not an alien provision but one which is related to the conduct and procedure of continuing registration of voters. In this regard, it bears stressing that the Constitution does not require Congress to employ in the title of an enactment, language of such precision as to mirror, fully index or catalogue, all the contents and the minute details therein. (Agripino A. De Guzman, Jr., et al. v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 129118, July 19, 56. Do courts have the power to inquire into allegations that, in enacting a law, a House of Congress failed to comply with its own rules? Held: The cases, both here and abroad, in varying forms of expression, all deny to the courts the power to inquire into allegations that, in enacting a law, a House of Congress failed to comply with its own rules, in the absence of showing that there was a violation of a constitutional provision or the right of private individuals. In Osmena v. Pendatun (109 Phil. At 870-871), it was held: At any rate, courts have declared that the rules adopted by deliberative bodies are subject to revocation, modification or waiver at the pleasure of the body adopting them. And it has been said that Parliamentary rules are merely proce dural, and with their observance, the courts have no concern. They may be waived or disregarded by the legislative body. Consequently, mere failure to conform to parliamentary usage will not invalidate that action (taken by a deliberative body) when the requisite number of members have agreed to a particular measure. It must be realized that each of the three departments of our government has its separate sphere which the others may not invade without upsetting the delicate balance on which our constitutional order rests. Due regard for the working of our system of government, more than mere comity, compels reluctance on the part of the courts to enter upon an inquiry into an alleged violation of the rules of the House. Courts must accordingly decline the invitation to exercise their power. (Arroyo v. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268, Aug. 14, 1997 [Mendoza]) 57. What is the Bicameral Conference Committee? Discuss the nature of its function and its jurisdiction. Held: While it is true that a conference committee is the mechanism for compromising differences between the Senate and the House, it is not limited in its jurisdiction to this question. Its broader function is described thus: A conference committee may deal generally with the subject matter or it may be limited to resolving the precise differences between the two houses. Even where the conference committee is not by rule limited in its jurisdiction, legislative custom severely limits the freedom with which new subject matter can be inserted into the conference bill. But occasionally a conference committee produces unexpected results, results beyond its mandate. These excursions occur even where the rules impose strict limitations on conference committee jurisdiction. This is symptomatic of the authoritarian power of conference committee . (Philippine Judges Association v. Prado, 227 SCRA 703, Nov. 11, 1993, En Banc [Cruz]) 58. Discuss the Enrolled Bill Doctrine. Held: Under the enrolled bill doctrine, the signing of H. Bill No. 7189 by the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate and the certification by the secretaries of both Houses of Congress that it was passed on November 21, 1996 are conclusive of its due enactment. x x x To be sure, there is no claim either here or in the decision in the EVAT cases (Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance) that the enrolled bill embodies a conclusive presumption. In one case (Astorga v. 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714 [1974]) we went behind an enrolled bill and consulted the Journal to determine whether certain provisions of a statute had been approved by the Senate. But, where as here there is no evidence to the contrary, this Court will respect the certification of the presiding officers of both Houses that a bill has been duly passed. Under this rule, this Court has refused to determine claims that the three-fourths vote needed to pass a proposed amendment to the Constitution had not been obtained, because a duly authenticated bill or resolution imports absolute verity and is binding on the courts. x x x This Court has refused to even look into allegations that the enrolled bill sent to the President contained provisions which had been surreptitiously inserted in the conference committee x x x. (Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance) It has refused to look into charges that an amendment was made upon the last reading of a bill in violation of Art. VI, Sec. 26(2) of the Constitution that upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment shall be allowed. (Philippine Judges Assn v. Prado, 227 SCRA 703, 710 [1993]) In other cases, this Court has denied claims that the tenor of a bill was otherwise than as certified by the presiding officers of both Houses of Congress. The enrolled bill doctrine, as a rule of evidence, is well-established. It is cited with approval by text writers here and abroad. The enrolled bill rule rests on the following considerations: X x x. As the President has no authority to approve a bill not passed by Congress, an enrolled Act in the custody of the Secretary of State, and having the official attestations of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, of the President of the Senate, and of the President of the United States, carries, on its face, a solemn assurance by the legislative and executive departments of the government, charged, respectively, with the duty of enacting and executing the laws, that it was passed by Congress. The respect due to coequal and independent departments requires the judicial department to act upon that assurance, and to accept, as having passed Congress, all bills authenticated in the manner stated; leaving the court to determine, when the question properly arises, whether the Act, so authenticated, is in conformity with the Constitution. (Marshall Field & Co. v. Clark, 143 U.S. 649, 672, 36 L. Ed. 294, 303 [1891]) To overrule the doctrine now, x x x is to repudiate the massive teaching of our cases and overthrow an established rule of evidence. (Arroyo v. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268, Aug. 14, 1997 [Mendoza]) 59. When should the Legislative Journal be regarded as conclusive upon the courts, and why? Held: The Journal is regarded as conclusive with respect to matters that are required by the Constitution to be recorded therein. With respect to other matters, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the Journals have also been accorded conclusive effects. Thus, in United States v. Pons (34 Phil. 729, 735 [1916]], quoting ex rel. Herron v. Smith, 44 Ohio 348 [1886]), this Court spoke of the imperatives of public policy for regarding the Journals as public memorials of the most permanent character, thus: They should be public, required to conform to them; they should be permanent, that rights acquired faith of what has been declared to be law shall not be destroyed tomorrow, or period of time, by facts resting only in the memory of individuals. X x x. because all are today upon the at some remote Venecia, 277 SCRA 268, 298-299, Aug. 14, 1997 [Mendoza]) 60. What matters are required to be entered on the Journal? (Arroyo v. De (Arroyo v. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268, 298, Aug. 14, 1997 [Mendoza]) 1) The yeas and nays on the third and final reading of a bill (Art. 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. 26[2]); 2) The yeas and nays on any question, at the request of one-fifth of the members present (Id., Sec. 16[4]); 3) The yeas and nays upon repassing a bill over the Presidents veto (Id., Sec. 27[1]); and 4) The Presidents objection to a bill he had vetoed (Id.). 61. A disqualification case was filed against a candidate for Congressman before the election with the COMELEC. The latter failed to resolve that disqualification case before the election and that candidate won, although he was not yet proclaimed because of that pending disqualification case. Is the COMELEC now ousted of jurisdiction to resolve the pending disqualification case and, therefore, should dismiss the case, considering that jurisdiction is now vested with the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (HRET)? Held: 1. In his first assignments of error, petitioner vigorously contends that after the May 8, 1995 elections, the COMELEC lost its jurisdiction over the question of petitioners qualifications to run for member of the House of Representatives. He claims that jurisdiction over the petition for disqualification is exclusively lodged with the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (HRET). Given the yet-unresolved question of jurisdiction, petitioner avers that the COMELEC committed serious error and grave abuse of discretion in directing the suspension of his proclamation as the winning candidate in the Second Congressional District of Makati City. We disagree. Petitioner conveniently confuses the distinction between an unproclaimed candidate to the House of Representatives and a member of the same. Obtaining the highest number of votes in an election does not automatically vest the position in the winning candidate. Section 17 of Article VI of the 1987 Constitution reads: The Senate and the House of Representatives shall have an Electoral Tribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications of their respective Members. Under the above-stated provision, the electoral tribunal clearly assumes jurisdiction over all contests relative to the election, returns and qualifications of candidates for either the Senate or the House only when the latter become members of either the Senate or the House of Representatives. A candidate who has not been proclaimed and who has not taken his oath of office cannot be said to be a member of the House of Representatives subject to Section 17 of Article VI of the Constitution. While the proclamation of a winning candidate in an election is ministerial, B.P. Blg. 881 in conjunction with Sec. 6 of R.A. 6646 allows suspension of proclamation under circumstances mentioned therein. Thus, petitioners contention that after the conduct of the election and (petitioner) has been established the winner of the electoral exercise from the moment of election, the COMELEC is automatically divested of authority to pass upon the question of qualification finds no basis in law, because even after the elections the COMELEC is empowered by Section 6 (in relation to Section 7) of R.A. 6646 to continue to hear and decide questions relating to qualifications of candidates. X x x. Under the above-quoted provision, not only is a disqualification case against a candidate allowed to continue after the election (and does not oust the COMELEC of its jurisdiction), but his obtaining the highest number of votes will not result in the suspension or termination of the proceedings against him when the evidence of guilt is strong. While the phrase when the evidence of guilt is strong seems to suggest that the provisions of Section 6 ought to be applicable only to disqualification cases under Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code, Section 7 of R.A. 6646 allows the application of the provisions of Section 6 to cases involving disqualification based on ineligibility under Section 78 of BP. Blg. 881. X x x. (Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400, 417-419, Sept. 18, 1995, En Banc [Kapunan, J.]) 2. 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ice it to say that HRETs jurisdiction as the sole judge of all contests relating to the elections, returns and qualifications of members of Congress begins only after a candidate has become a member of the House of Representatives (Art. VI, Sec. 17, 1987 Constitution). Petitioner not being a member of the House of Representatives, it is obvious that the HRET at this point has no jurisdiction over the question. (Romualdez-Marcos v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 300, 340-341, Sept. 18, 1995, En Banc [Kapunan, J.]) 62. Will the rule be the same if that candidate wins and was proclaimed winner and already assumed office as Congressman? Held: While the COMELEC is vested with the power to declare valid or invalid a certificate of candidacy, its refusal to exercise that power following the proclamation and assumption of the position by Farinas is a recognition of the jurisdictional boundaries separating the COMELEC and the Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives (HRET). Under Article VI, Section 17 of the Constitution, the HRET has sole and exclusive jurisdiction over all contests relative to the election, returns, and qualifications of members of the House of Representatives. Thus, once a winning candidate has been proclaimed, taken his oath, and assumed office as a member of the House of Representatives, COMELECs jurisdiction over election contests relating to his election, returns, and qualifications ends, and the HRETs ow n jurisdiction begins. Thus, the COMELECs decision to discontinue exercising jurisdiction over the case is justifiable, in deference to the HRETs own jurisdiction and functions. Xxx Petitioner further argues that the HRET assumes jurisdiction only if there is a valid proclamation of the winning candidate. He contends that if a candidate fails to satisfy the statutory requirements to qualify him as a candidate, his subsequent proclamation is void ab initio. Where the proclamation is null and void, there is no proclamation at all and the mere assumption of office by the proclaimed candidate does not deprive the COMELEC at all of its power to declare such nullity, according to petitioner. But x x x, in an electoral contest where the validity of the proclamation of a winning candidate who has taken his oath of office and assumed his post as congressman is raised, that issue is best addressed to the HRET . The reason for this ruling is self-evident, for it avoids duplicity of proceedings and a clash of jurisdiction between constitutional bodies, with due regard to the peoples mandate. (Guerrero v. COMELEC, 336 SCRA 458, July 26, 2000, En Banc [Quisumbing]) 63. Is there an appeal from a decision of the Senate or House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal? What then is the remedy, if any? Held: The Constitution mandates that the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and the Senate Electoral Tribunal shall each, respectively, be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications of their respective members. The Court has stressed that x x x so long as the Constitution grants the HRET the power to be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications of members of the House of Representatives, any final action taken by the HRET on a matter within its jurisdiction shall, as a rule, not be reviewed by this Court. The power granted to the Electoral Tribunal x x x excludes the exercise of any authority on the part of this Court that would in any wise restrict it or curtail it or even affect the same. Robles v. HRET (181 SCRA 780), the Court has explained that while the judgments of the The Court did recognize, of course, its power of judicial review in exceptional cases. In Tribunal are beyond judicial interference, the Court may do so, however, but only in the exercise of this Courts so-called extraordinary jurisdiction x x x upon a determination that the Tribunals decision or resolution was rendered without or in excess of its jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion or paraphrasing Morrero (Morrero v. 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French, Capacity Building, Nonprofits Katarzyna Piquette Senior Private Banker at TD Waterhouse Masters, Marketing and Management TD Waterhouse March 2009 - Present Luiza Matysiak Photographer Luiza Photography Langara College 2003 — 2005 Vancouver Community College 1994 — 1999 BCIT 1992 — 1993 Luiza Photography July 2004 - Present Signtext February 2003 - November 2003 Ad-Print / Ampco May 1988 - May 2000 Photography, Portraits, Portrait Photography, Digital Photography, Architectural..., Event Photography, Photoshop, Wedding Photography, Weddings, Photo Editing, Photos, Travel Photography, Retouching, Graphic Design, Mac, Sports Photography, interior and..., Commercial Product..., Image Manipulation, Advertising, Commercial Photography, Fine Art Photography, Lightroom, Headshots, Graphics, Art, Image Editing Maria Jurewicz Communications Manager at TrojanOne Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Art History Bachelor of Commerce, Marketing, Corporate Social Responsibility TrojanOne March 2015 - Present TrojanOne January 2014 - Present kate spade new york October 2014 - Present TrojanOne January 2012 - December 2013 TrojanOne August 2011 - January 2012 The Emily Post Institute May 2010 - August 2010 Department of National Defence June 2009 - August 2009 Best Buddies International June 2007 - July 2007 Marketing, Event Planning, Blogging, Strategy, Social Media Marketing, SEO, Press Releases, Sponsorship, Market Research, Research, Competitive Analysis, Leadership, Digital Marketing, Proposal Writing, Content Development, Copy Editing, Marketing Communications, Social Media, Marketing Strategy, Strategic Partnerships, Sports Marketing, Relationship Marketing, Integrated Marketing, Sports Management, Content Management, Microsoft Office, Content Marketing, Writing, Public Relations Teresa Frasunkiewicz Sales Analyst at Hanes Canada Main School of Commerce, Warsaw, Poland 1990 — 1993 Bachelor of Commerce, Hon, Economics Hanes Canada May 2014 - Present Sears Canada May 2013 - January 2014 Hudson's Bay Company September 2000 - November 2012 The Hudson Bay Company November 1997 - September 2000 St. Stanislaus - St. Casimir's Polish Parishes Credit Union Limited September 1995 - August 1996 Replenishment, Merchandising, Inventory Management, Forecasting, Allocations, Analysis, Allocation, Promotions, Planning, Excel, Supply Chain, Planograms, JDA, Import, Buying, Problem Solving, Financial Reporting, Retek, Supply Chain Management, Analytics, Asset Allocation, CPFR, Inventory Analysis, Demand Planning, Sales Analysis, Retail, Merchandise Planning, Inventory Control Wojciech Majewski, CPA, CGA, FCCA Manager, Business Planning and Analysis Airlines/Aviation Masters Degree, Finance and Banking CPA Canada Sheridan College International Business (student exchange) Greater Toronto Airports Authority March 2015 - Present The Home Depot Canada December 2013 - December 2014 Asseco Poland January 2009 - November 2013 Asseco Poland May 2008 - December 2008 Cadbury Wedel March 2005 - April 2008 Cadbury Wedel May 2002 - February 2005 Cadbury Wedel February 2000 - April 2002

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811

6,144

CommonCrawl

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Corporate Finance, Managerial Finance, Financial Analysis, Forecasting, Financial Reporting, Business Planning, Restructuring, Business Process..., FMCG, Strategy, Strategic Financial..., Mergers & Acquisitions, Hyperion Enterprise, Due Diligence, Budgets, IFRS, SAP R/3, Management Consulting, Investor Relations, Cash Flow, Financial Modeling, Project Finance, Financial Planning Artur Czupyt Hungary area Head of Finance at Provident Hungary Uniwersytet Warszawski 2004 — 2005 Post Graduate, Tax Law/Taxation Charted Association of Certified Accountants (ACCA) 2001 — 2005 Certified Accountant, Accounting and Finance Master's degree, Finance and Banking Provident Penzugyi Zrt. April 2015 - Present Provident Financial Czech & Slovakia September 2012 - March 2015 Scop Computers member of ABC Data Group April 2011 - July 2012 Provident Financial Romania February 2008 - March 2011 Provident Polska June 2001 - January 2008 Amplico AIG Life November 1999 - May 2001 Business Strategy, Business Planning, Managerial Finance, Forecasting, Financial Analysis, Risk Management, Financial Reporting, Accounting, Business Analysis, Budgets, Corporate Finance, Strategic Financial..., Team Management, Mergers & Acquisitions, Analysis, Management, Change Management, Banking, Taxation, Cash Management, Team Leadership, Tax, Internal Audit, Internal Controls, Restructuring, IFRS, Cash Flow, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Auditing, Financial Planning Cezary Romanski Supply Manufacturing Director at RB Tatabanya Kft. MSc Chemistry, Chemistry RB Hungary February 2011 - Present Reckitt Benckiser Turkey February 2009 - January 2011 Reckitt Benckiser August 2004 - January 2009 Scandic Food A/S February 2002 - June 2004 Coca-Cola HBC June 1998 - January 2002 FMCG, TPM, HACCP, Supply Chain Management, SMED, Production Planning, Continuous Improvement, 5S, Demand Planning, Supply Chain, Manufacturing..., Manufacturing Operations, Supply Chain..., Cross-functional Team..., Manufacturing Pal Pauer VP of Sales at NISZ Zrt. Degree in Economics, Foreign Trade and Diplomacy NISZ Zrt. February 2012 - Present Cellum Global January 2012 - February 2012 GTS Hungary November 2008 - October 2011 GTS Hungary October 2001 - October 2008 GTS Poland - Internet Partners November 1998 - October 2001 GTS Hungary September 1997 - October 1998 Eurohivo July 1995 - September 1997 Strategy, Start-ups, Telecommunications, Business Development, Management, Sales Operations, Account Management, Leadership, Mergers & Acquisitions, Negotiation, Sales, Sales Process, International Sales, Team Building, Marketing, Analysis, Networking, Customer Service, Teamwork, Managed Services Viktor Schmidt Owner of ARDEN & SCHMIDT LLC. Corvinus University of Budapest 2003 — 2010 M.Sc., Marketing University of Southern California 2008 — 2009 Non-Degree Program, Business University of Southern California - Marshall School of Business 2008 — 2009 CEMS 2006 — 2007 Master's degree, International Management CEMS M.Sc., International Management ARDEN & SCHMIDT LLC. September 20

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811

7,168

CommonCrawl

15

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09 - Present Ruane Medical 2013 - 2014 Pygmalion, Inc. March 2009 - July 2009 Procter & Gamble August 2007 - June 2008 Entrepreneurship, Web Design, Advertising, Brand Management, Photography, Online Advertising, Business Strategy, Marketing Communications, Online Marketing, Management, Social Media Marketing, Digital Marketing, Marketing Strategy Aleksander Granowski Puerto Rico area Vice President at WS Atkins Polska Sp. z o.o. Nuria Tolsá Caballero Washington D.C. Metro Area Consultant at InterAmerican Development Bank Columbia University - School of International and Public Affairs 2009 — 2011 Master, International Affairs ESADE Business & Law School 2006 — 2007 Master, Tax Consultancy and Management Exchange Program, Economics Universidad de Navarra 2000 — 2004 Licenciatura, Economics Inter-American Development Bank November 2013 - Present The World Bank October 2011 - October 2013 Roubini Global Economics September 2011 - October 2011 Community Lab June 2011 - September 2011 UNCTAD July 2010 - August 2010 Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira June 2006 - June 2009 Garrigues September 2004 - May 2006 Quantitative, Problem Solving, Analytical Abilities, Economics, International Trade, Latin America, Investments, Spanish, French, English, Research, International Relations, Financial Analysis, Policy Analysis, Public Policy, Econometrics, Tax, Accounting, International... Agnes Antosz Controller at Bridge Street Foundation Cittone Institute, Princeton New Jersey 2015 — 2015 Accounting I, II and III, 4.0 Master in Economics, Economics Bridge Street Foundation Inc. 2012 - 2013 Covance 2007 - 2012 Anthra Pharmaceuticals 1998 - 2000 Financial Reporting, Year End Close, Financial Analysis, Internal Reporting, 10Q, General Ledger..., Monthly Close, General Ledger..., Fixed Assets, Monthly Reporting, Reporting Analysis, 10K, SEC reporting, Financial System..., SOX, Consolidation, Intercompany, Budgeting, Account Reconciliation, Accounting, Analysis, Budgets, Business Process..., Corporate Finance, Financial Services, Forecasting, General Ledger, Internal Audit, SEC filings, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, US GAAP, Year-end Close, Process Improvement, Finance, Financial Statements, Cross-functional Team..., Internal Controls, Auditing, Management Adam Romanowski Senior Marketing Manager Global Partner Marketing at VMware Stanford Continuing Studies Leadership and Business Innovation Asian Institute of Management 2010 — 2010 MBA - Exchange Program Master's degree, Corporate Strategic Management VMware 2015 - Present VMware 2014 - 2015 Conceito O2 2011 - 2011 Danone 2010 - 2011 Auto Parts Ltd. (Nissan) 2008 - 2009 Marketing, Marketing Communications, Marketing Strategy, Lead Generation, Product Marketing, Demand Generation, Market Research, Marketing Management, Affiliate Marketing, Channel Partners, Integrated Marketing, Brand Development Adam Sek Chief Operating Officer / Chief Financial Officer at Tourneau MA in Finance&Banking, Financial Economics, Financial and Managerial Accounting, Investment Analysis Tourneau February 2011 - Present AE Ventures June 2008 - January 2011 Cambridge Place In

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[ 512, 512 ]

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811

8,192

CommonCrawl

15

4

vestment Management London April 2007 - May 2008 Gamet Holdings (owned by TDA Capital Partners / TDA TFI S.A.) August 2002 - July 2005 TDA Capital Partners - TDA TFI S.A. October 1999 - July 2002 KPMG Corporate Finance June 1998 - September 1999 MC Concordia April 1996 - May 1998 Private Equity, Corporate Finance, Structured Finance, Financial Structuring, Due Diligence, Portfolio Management, Venture Capital, Valuation, Finance, Financial Analysis, Investments, Mergers & Acquisitions, IPO, Investment Banking, Management, Restructuring, Real Estate, Emerging Markets, Alternative Investments, Trading, Capital Markets, Financial Modeling, Strategy Agnieszka (Agnes) Badek Lee Louisville, Kentucky Area Cost Modeler Analyst Humana SOIT Finance & Metrics Indiana University South East 2011 — 2013 Master's, Finance & Banking Warsaw School of Economics, Poland 2000 — 2005 Master's, International Economic Relations Universitat d'Alacant 2004 — 2004 Faculty of Finanace and Business Humana October 2013 - Present Atria Senior Living, Inc. July 2011 - October 2013 Atria Senior Living, Inc. October 2007 - July 2011 Wick's Pizza P&P, Inc., Louisville, KY April 2006 - September 2007 Nestle Polska S.A, Warsaw, Poland December 2004 - June 2005 financial analysis, financial modeling, financial reporting, treasury, accounting, finance, project management, general ledger, Microsoft Excel, Financial Analysis, Financial Modeling, Variance Analysis, Forecasting, Finance, Hyperion Enterprise, Accounting Alan Himmer Greater Boston Area Global Executive enjoying an early retirement Harvard Business School 2007 — 2007 A.M.P., Business Szkola Glówna Handlowa w Warszawie 1990 — 1992 M.A., International Business Georgetown University 1985 — 1989 B.S.F.S., Foreign Service Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu 1987 — 1988 Diploma, Law, History, Polish Phillips Academy, Andover 1981 — 1985 H.S. Diploma, Russian Studies Polski Instytut Spraw Miedzynarodowych przy MSZ PRL-u 1988 — 1988 Certificate, Foreign Policy of Poland and USSR UBS April 2013 - February 2015 N/A June 2011 - March 2013 British American Tobacco November 2008 - May 2011 BAT Nordic Oy July 2007 - November 2008 Imperal Tobacco Canada Ltd. August 2006 - June 2007 Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd. April 2004 - August 2006 BAT China Ltd. August 2003 - April 2004 BAT Asia-Pacific Region Ltd. July 2001 - December 2003 BAT Southern Europe December 1999 - June 2001 BAT Europe September 1997 - December 1999 Talent Management, Performance Management, Change Management, FMCG, Organizational..., Succession Planning, HR Consulting, Leadership Development, Organizational Design, Deferred Compensation, HR Policies, Human Resources, Mergers, Strategy, Business Transformation, Restructuring, Organizational..., Employee Engagement, HR Transformation, Personnel Management, Talent Acquisition, Employer Branding

-1.199405

-0.578886

-1.050897

-0.59728

[ -1.317197261236322, -1.0816130874485352 ]

[ -0.3463277871869898, -0.8114435611821892 ]

[ -0.9621285355272805, -1.1396654073041794 ]

[ -0.3481983112607001, -0.8463607176311274 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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811

9,216

CommonCrawl

15

4

, ERP, Management, Large Scale Change..., Shared Services, Culture Change Aleksandra Kozak YouTube Partner Monetization Support Lead at Google Jagiellonian University 2010 — 2011 Postgraduate studies, Human Resources Management master, Marketing & Management Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale 2003 — 2004 diploma, International Commerce Google November 2011 - Present Jobpartners March 2010 - February 2011 Google August 2008 - October 2009 Parc Aviation April 2007 - August 2008 Technicolor December 2004 - February 2007 Online Advertising, Microsoft Office, Project Management, Team Leadership, Account Management, Customer Service, Management, Team Management, Recruiting, Sourcing, Training, Microsoft Excel, Social Networking, Business Strategy Aleksandra Swatek Lafayette, Indiana Area Teaching Assistant at Purdue University Purdue University 2014 — 2019 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), English, Second Language Studies University of Maine 2011 — 2013 Master's Degree, English post-graduate, Online Marketing Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie 2004 — 2009 MA, English/American Studies Edinboro University of Pennsylvania 2007 — 2007 Other, American Studies/English Purdue University August 2014 - Present Study Group August 2013 - August 2014 University of Maine August 2013 - May 2014 University of Maine September 2012 - May 2013 Oriflame December 2010 - July 2011 E-GRAPHICS October 2009 - November 2010 Oriflame July 2009 - September 2009 Koziołki Poetyckie January 2006 - May 2009 Riviera Travel June 2008 - September 2008 Domino's Pizza June 2007 - August 2007 Social Media, Online Marketing, Photoshop, Digital Marketing, New Media, Marketing Communications, ESL, Academic English, English for Specific..., TESOL, Polish, Management, Web Analytics, Strategy, Marketing, Digital Strategy Alexandre (Alê) Thome Greater New York City Area Founder & CEO at Bind Health New York University 2010 — 2010 Fundação Getulio Vargas / FGV 2003 — 2007 Bachelor, Business and Economics Study abroad program, Economics, Undergraduate Bind Health November 2014 - Present DAP - Diagnósticos em Patologia January 2008 - Present Fundação Estudar October 2014 - July 2015 Fundação Estudar April 2013 - October 2014 Start-Up Chile April 2012 - September 2012 Endeavor Global January 2011 - March 2012 Endeavor Global September 2009 - December 2010 Endeavor Brazil July 2007 - September 2009 Endeavor Brazil July 2006 - July 2007 IDORT April 2006 - June 2006 Start-ups, Entrepreneurship, Venture Capital, Strategy, Financial Modeling, Leadership, Strategic Planning, Management, Management Consulting, Corporate Finance, Product Development, Product Design, Ruby on Rails, Agile Web Development, Due Diligence, Outsourcing Allen Daniel Project Manager at InfoSnap The George Washington University 2009 — 2011 MPP, Public Policy Rhodes College 2004 — 2008 BA, International Studies Eastern Europe

-1.295282

-0.99946

-0.887547

-0.990086

[ -1.2021445252004261, -1.3884203835442575 ]

[ -1.194638077582469, -0.8042810468569503 ]

[ -0.5872404089626682, -1.1878539867864804 ]

[ -0.8294518108874837, -1.1507210390167149 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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811

10,240

CommonCrawl

17

12

Area Studies InfoSnap, Inc. February 2015 - Present Teaching, Project Management, Community Outreach, Education Policy, ESL, Editing, Training, Curriculum Development, Data Collection, Analysis, SPSS, Proposal Writing Andreas Fried, M.Sc. Manager, People Advisory Services at EY University of California, San Diego 2010 — 2011 Advanced Professional Certificate in Business Management, Business Management, 3.97 GPA Post Graduate Studies, Project Management (PMP), International Finance, Internal Auditing KTH Royal Institute of Technology 2009 — 2009 Vocational studies, Project Management of Development Projects in Developing Countries Södertörn University 2005 — 2007 Master of Science in International Business and Economics, International Business Management B.Sc., Business and Economics Gripenskolan 1999 — 2002 High School Diploma, Natural Sciences and Computer Sciences Program EY January 2015 - Present Universal Consensus, LLC 2013 - January 2015 Swedish American Chamber of Commerce - San Diego March 2012 - January 2015 Swedish American Chamber of Commerce - San Diego September 2012 - March 2014 Universal Consensus 2011 - 2013 Net 1 2009 - May 2011 World Trade Center San Diego 2010 - 2011 ice.net 2008 - 2009 Academic Work 2007 - 2008 Business Process..., Global Business..., Business Analysis, Economics, Blue Ocean Strategy, History, Current Affairs, Geography, Culture, Cultural Awareness, Cost Management, Negotiation, PMP, ITIL, Business Development, Strategy, International Business, Management Consulting, Cross-functional Team..., International Trade, Management, Leadership, Business Strategy, Marketing Management, International Relations, International Sales, Product Development, International Marketing, Risk Management, Consulting, Executive Management, Change Management Aneta Moszumanska Associate Account Manager at Anisa International, Inc. Master's Degree, International Relations Bachelor's Degree, International Relations State School of Shorthand and Foreign Languages, Warsaw, Poland 1999 — 2001 Secondary Business School Graduate, International Trade Anisa International, Inc. September 2014 - Present Anisa International, Inc. March 2014 - August 2014 Harima USA January 2010 - March 2014 Ishtex Textile Products, Inc. February 2007 - December 2008 Artpol Trade Company May 2003 - June 2006 Spanish, Market Research, Microsoft Excel, Negotiation, Marketing Strategy, International Trade, Strategic Planning, Event Management, Customer Service, PowerPoint, Logistics, Marketing, Social Media, Export, New Business Development, Project Management, Purchasing, Microsoft Office, Project Planning, Leadership, English, Sales Angela Meyer-Hogan Associate Manager, Design Capability at P&G Xavier University 1994 — 1999 BS - International Affairs, minors in Peace Studies and English International Affairs, Study Abroad - Poland Notre Dame Academy, Park Hills, KY 1990 — 1994 Notre Dame Academy, Park Hills, KY P&G June 2010 - Present P&G 2000 - June 2010 Coaching, Customer Insight, Brand Equity, Strategic Thinking, Cross-functional Team..., Training Program Design, Virtual Training Design, Learning Program..., Training, Leadership, Designs, Strategy, Marketing Communications, Creative Direction, Marketing Research, Time Management, Advertising, Concept Development, Market Research, Public Speaking, Marketing Strategy, Competitive Analysis, Shopper Marketing, Program Management Anna Pienkowska Experienced Finance Professional Nonprofit Organization Management Warsaw School of Economics (SGH / SGPIS) Bach

-1.087092

-0.746981

-0.360405

-0.60297

[ -1.2624102440763716, -0.9117733342526889 ]

[ -0.7505621894176588, -0.7433996750924199 ]

[ -0.3749887381508222, -0.3458219663589031 ]

[ -0.5605351594068418, -0.6454048644085921 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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811

11,264

CommonCrawl

17

12

elors and Master's in Economics Rotary International April 2013 - July 2015 Rotary International July 2007 - March 2013 Rotary International October 2004 - June 2007 Rotary International November 2000 - October 2004 Rotary International March 1999 - November 2000 Monadnock Bakery Corp d/b/a Jacobs Bros Bagels / Big Apple Bagels June 1996 - February 1999 Financial Analysis, Budgets, Nonprofits, Management, Managerial Finance, Strategic Financial..., Finance, Financial Reporting, Data Analysis, Microsoft Excel, Customer Service, Process Improvement, International Business, Training, Continuous Improvement, Teamwork, Team Leadership, Cross-functional Team..., Hiring, Coaching, General Ledger, Variance Analysis, Financial Accounting, Governance, Statutory Compliances, Business Process..., Project Management, Social Media, Business Intelligence, Office 365, Microsoft Office, ERP Software, Adobe Professional, Visio, PowerPoint, English, Editing Director, Research and Development at Sky IT Group Baruch College, City University of New York (CUNY) 1994 — 2000 Sky IT Group January 2013 - Present Sky IT Group November 2011 - January 2013 Mediabrands July 2008 - November 2011 Universal McCann July 2007 - July 2008 Universal McCann April 2002 - July 2008 Jeffrey Saad Associates August 1999 - March 2002 Tableau, Data Warehousing, Cognos, SSRS, SSIS, SSAS 2008, iWay, SQL DB2, Software Project..., QlikView Development, IBI Webfocus, Microsoft SQL Server, Citrix Metaframe, Active Directory, MDX, Analytics, Business Intelligence, Business Analysis, Data Modeling, ETL, Analysis Services, Data Architecture, OLAP, Dashboard, Data Integration, Business Intelligence..., QlikView, Visio, DB2 Anna Węgrzynkiewicz Team Leader Accounts Receivable at Global Blue University of Economics in Cracow 2011 — 2013 Master's degree, Computer Science and Econometrics Bachelor's degree, Quantitative Methods in Economics and Information Systems Global Blue June 2015 - Present Global Blue November 2013 - June 2015 PMR January 2012 - August 2013 Infovide-Matrix August 2011 - August 2011 "Book-Keeper" The Office of Statutory Auditors Ltd. July 2010 - August 2010 Statistics, Statistica, VBA, R, Microsoft Excel, Multivariate Statistics, XML, SQL, Accounts Receivable, Databases, Data Analysis, Process mining, Data Mining, Competitive Analysis Arcadius Kazimierski FullStack Software Engineer and Options Volatility Trader, Information Technology and Financial Services Udacity 2015 — 2015 Software Engineer's Degree, Android Developer Nanodegree Fullstack Academy of Code, New York, New York Full-Stack open-source web technologies, software development Quantitative Methods and Information Systems Mila College JJ Sniadeckich, Professional Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw, Poland •Undergraduate Degree in Computer Science (European Union certified), Valedictorian, awarded Grade of Excellence Alma Options, New York Mercantile Exchange, Chicago Mercantile Exchange NYMEX, CME Group September 2006 - Present WhenTech LLC March 2006 - September 2006 Fastrack Healthcare Systems Inc, New York July 2002 - March 2006 Software Development, JavaScript, jQuery, SQL, HTML, Agile Methodologies, Java, MySQL, Web Development, Databases, MongoDB, Node.js, Management, Software Design, Linux, Web Services, Cloud

-1.276107

-0.405642

-0.523359

-0.414208

[ -1.3829416818282625, -1.169272314904456 ]

[ -0.29529487261966286, -0.5159898452660857 ]

[ -0.5924714060775232, -0.4542462701940806 ]

[ -0.3677085882725968, -0.46070757536263734 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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811

12,288

CommonCrawl

17

12

Computing, SOA, Microsoft SQL Server, XML, Integration, Visual Studio, .NET, ASP.NET, ASP.NET MVC, OOP, Web Applications, Mobile Applications, Database Design, Derivatives, C#, Mobile Devices, Python, Software Engineering, Programming, AngularJS, Backbone.js, Software Project..., Software Documentation, Entrepreneurship, Enterprise Software, AJAX, JSON, JavaScriptMVC, CSS, Unix, Android, Android Development, Process Improvement, Project Planning Beata Adamczyk on maternity leave Ph.D. student Cranfield University 2007 — 2008 National School of Public Administration (KSAP) 2006 — 2007 Nicolaus Copernicus University 1997 — 2002 III LO Gdynia 1993 — 1997 Trade and Investment Section of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland May 2012 - Present Ministry of Economy July 2009 - March 2012 Ministry of Economy October 2004 - July 2009 Beata Ambrożej Audit Assistant w Deloitte Poland Master's degree, Finance and Accounting, 4,5 Bachelor's degree, Finance and Accounting, 5 Deloitte Poland October 2014 - July 2015 Deloitte Poland October 2013 - April 2014 Trinity Corporate Services December 2011 - August 2013 SM Mlekpol August 2011 - September 2011 Leah Bloom Recruiter at Addison Group Staffing and Recruiting Brandeis University 2006 — 2010 BA, cum laude Stoughton High School 2002 — 2006 School of Continuing and Professional Studies Addison Group December 2014 - Present Michael Kors July 2012 - December 2014 Yurko, Salvesen & Remz, P.C. October 2010 - June 2012 Lord & Taylor November 2007 - January 2011 Law Office of Albert Grady June 2009 - August 2009 Retail, Merchandising, Social Media, Marketing, Sales, Styling, Management, CRM, Event Planning, Product Training, Customer Service, Fashion, Marketing Communications, Outlook, Email Marketing, PowerPoint, Recruiting, Sourcing, Job Fairs, Job Coaching, Interviews, Social Networking, Facebook, Visual Merchandising, Apparel, Hiring, Temporary Placement, Performance Management, Employee Relations, Relationship Building, Coaching Boguslaw Sidor Sr. Manager, Supply Chain Consumer Luminaires at Philips Lighting Technical University in Bialystok, Poland 1989 — 1995 Philips Lighting March 2014 - Present Philips Consumer Luminaires July 2013 - February 2014 Philips Consumer Luminaires April 2012 - June 2013 Philips Lighting June 2010 - March 2012 Philips Lighting Poland S.A. September 2006 - December 2010 Cezar Sp. z o. o. September 2005 - September 2006 Philips DAP Industries Poland June 2000 - September 2005 Supply Chain Management, Inventory Management, Procurement, Process Improvement, People Management, Change Management, Requirements Management, Data Analysis, Team Building, Team Leadership, Excel, Business Analysis, Logistics, Logistics Management, Kaizen, Forecasting, Demand Planning, Management, Product Management, Continuous Improvement, Six Sigma, Lean Manufacturing, ERP, Supply Chain..., Supply Chain, SAP, Project Planning, Strategy, Leadership, Product Development, Analysis, Project Management, Negotiation, Training, CRM, Production Planning, Supply Management, Strategic Sourcing, MRP

-1.478819

-0.762201

-0.94596

-0.735884

[ -1.3774629801122675, -1.580174943604084 ]

[ -0.8615811614588613, -0.6628213889334826 ]

[ -0.6330512624836716, -1.2588687354972399 ]

[ -0.5694773697039611, -0.9022901783985645 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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811

13,312

CommonCrawl

15

4

David Sas at Allstate Insurance Bachelors, Finance Allstate Insurance August 2009 - Present Caribou Coffee September 2006 - February 2009 Trace Laboratories, Inc December 2005 - December 2006 Litchfield Cavo LLP June 2002 - August 2002 Radosław Derkacz, MBA, PMP, MSP Section Manager, P&G Global Business Services University of Minnesota - Carlson School of Management 2009 — 2011 Master, Quantitative Methods in Economics and Information Systems V Liceum Ogolnoksztalcace Procter & Gamble March 2014 - Present Procter & Gamble May 2012 - February 2014 Procter & Gamble May 2009 - May 2012 Procter & Gamble June 2008 - April 2009 Procter & Gamble Polska November 2005 - June 2007 Procter & Gamble UK June 2005 - September 2005 Project Management, Cross-functional Team..., FMCG, Project Portfolio..., PMP, IT Strategy, IT Management, Business Intelligence, ERP, Business Process..., Business Analysis, IT Service Management, Outsourcing, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management, Management, Integration, Program Management, ITIL Erin Dian Dumbacher M.A. Candidate, Conflict Management and International Economics The Johns Hopkins University - Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) 2015 — 2017 The George Washington University Freie Universität Berlin 2006 — 2006 CEB June 2012 - June 2015 Atlantic Media January 2011 - May 2012 U.S. Fulbright Student Program December 2009 - October 2010 Atlantic Media February 2007 - December 2009 The George Washington University September 2003 - January 2007 Institute for Cultural Diplomacy March 2005 - August 2005 Rep. Robert E. "Bud" Cramer October 2003 - January 2005 Eva Sak Property Manager at Hines National Louis University 2006 — 2008 MBA, Management Post-Graduate: Strategic Marketing Management, Collegium of Business Administration Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, Finance Hines Interests, LP November 2012 - Present Hines Interests, LP August 2007 - November 2012 Hines Interests, LP October 2004 - August 2007 Sak Sp. z o. o. (joint venture) May 2002 - January 2004 Budgets, Tenant, Forecasting, Property Management, Marketing, Customer Service, Sales, Real Estate, Corporate Real Estate, Facilities Management, Dispositions Fayez Ibrahim Saleeb, PhD Executive Director of Finance and Administration at The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington American University 1987 — 1988 Advanced English Courses Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Development Economics and International Development Cairo University 1964 — 1968 Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.) The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington August 2014 - Present Al-Ahram International North America Ltd.Inc. July 2006 - Present Public Relations, Strategic Planning, Media Relations, Social Media, Corporate Communications, Strategic Communications, Business Strategy, Marketing Strategy, Event Management, Marketing Communications, Crisis Communications, Public Speaking, Strategy, Management Consulting, Press Releases, Program Management, Marketing, New Business Development, Internal Communications, International Relations, Event Planning, Proposal Writing, Market Research, Arabic, Social Media Marketing Francesco Coletti Business Analyst at goetzpartners University of

-1.314458

-0.88665

-0.929157

-0.903591

[ -1.3719842783962723, -1.2569315423603764 ]

[ -1.0012501908010194, -0.7720497323933754 ]

[ -0.8987225098926738, -0.9595922945018962 ]

[ -0.9426114175564841, -0.8645703095088977 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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811

14,336

CommonCrawl

17

12

San Diego 2015 — 2015 Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Business Administration and Management, 4.0 Università Commerciale 'Luigi Bocconi' / Bocconi University 2013 — 2015 Master's Degree, MSc Management LLP Erasmus, International Economics Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 2010 — 2013 Economics of Enterprises and Markets, Economics, 105/110 Liceo Scientifico T.Taramelli, Pavia IT 2005 — 2010 Diploma di maturità, Indirizzo scientifico PNI goetzpartners September 2015 - Present Mediobanca July 2014 - December 2014 Concordia Language Villages July 2012 - August 2012 English, French, Derivatives, Sociability, Working Abroad, Communication, Team-spirited, Foreign Languages, Financial Markets, Structured Finance, PowerPoint, Study Abroad Programs, Performance Measurement, Marketing Management, Marketing Strategy, Public Speaking, Quantitative Models, Monetary Policy, Management Consulting Greg Misiorek Member at BIS LLC The University of Connecticut School of Business 1992 — 1994 MBA, Finance and Accounting Charter Oak State College 1991 — 1992 BS, Business Master's degree cadidate - double major, Foreign Trade University of Warsaw 1985 — 1990 Master's degree candidate, Linguistics BIS LLC March 2007 - Present CSC Consulting October 2008 - August 2009 IBM November 2000 - March 2007 KPMG March 1998 - November 1999 Gartner August 1996 - March 1998 ECC6.0, Hyperion EPM, Hyperion HFM, SAP BW, Business Intelligence, ERP, Integration, Business Analysis, SAP Implementation, SAP, Business Process, Solution Architecture, Requirements Analysis, Business Process..., Consulting, SAP ERP, Enterprise Architecture Greg Turkanik Executive in Residence at Crummer Graduate School of Business at Rollins College, CoFounder at TalFit and KidsTal Rollins College 2004 — 2006 PhD candidate Crummer Graduate School of Business at Rollins College May 2015 - Present REC Global August 2015 - Present KidsTal June 2013 - Present TalFit Sp. z o.o. April 2011 - Present EdisonTeam.pl September 2009 - Present ABC Data June 2014 - April 2015 Sygnity Europe Sp. z o.o. August 2011 - October 2012 Executive Network/ IMD International Search Group December 2009 - August 2010 Ernst & Young April 2007 - December 2008 Eximuse January 2006 - March 2007 Business Strategy, Strategy, Strategic Planning, Entrepreneurship, Change Management, Organizational..., Team Management, Leadership, Business Transformation, Management Consulting, Project Management, Consulting, Telecommunications, Marketing Strategy, Business Process..., Financial Analysis, Business Analysis, Testing, Management, Business Planning, Sales, Mergers & Acquisitions, Start-ups Iga Zinkiewicz Project Manager @Ars Thanea Bachelor's Degree, Corporate Finance with Accounting Trail Master's Degree, Engineering Geology Ars Thanea 2015 - Present Ars Thanea / Hi-ReS! New York 2014 - 2015 Mindvalley 2011 - 2014 ZK Studio 2008 - 2010 Online Mark

-1.322676

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-0.498427

[ -1.207623226916421, -1.437728698988213 ]

[ -0.8400936184831447, -1.0764565912160275 ]

[ -0.7053341317071232, -0.9139399560449794 ]

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1,024

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811

15,360

CommonCrawl

15

4

eting, Marketing, Project Management, Blogging, Digital Marketing, Marketing Strategy, Social Media, Social Media Marketing, E-commerce, Online Advertising, Entrepreneurship, Team Management, Editing, Content Strategy, Product Development, Email Marketing, Digital Project..., Marketing Communications Igor Chrobot ✔Supply Chain ✔‎ S&OP ✔ PolishHungarian Business Cooperation ✔Find A Business Partner‎ Master of Economics, Foreign Trade Batory 1983 — 1987 Demand-Solutions CE Kft. March 2010 - Present FCI August 2007 - June 2010 Nestle Purina 2006 - 2007 Waberer's Holding PTE Co 2001 - 2002 Lorenz Bahlsen Snack-World Services 1997 - 2001 Coty 1996 - 1997 Kraft Foods Group 1994 - 1996 Customer Satisfaction, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management, Supply Chain..., Demand Planning, FMCG, Production Planning, Forecasting, Retail, Project Planning, Sales Plan, Logistics, Inventory Management, CPFR, MRP, Warehouse Management, Materials Management, Warehousing, Demand Forecasting, ERP, Supply Chain Operations, Logistics Management, Supply Management, Key Performance..., Operational Excellence, Business Process..., Sales Operations, 3PL, Process Improvement, Supply Chain Consulting, Continuous Improvement, International Logistics, P&L Management, SAP, Demand Management, Outsourcing, Business Planning, Business Analysis, Transportation, Strategic Sourcing, Lean Manufacturing, Supply, Management, Reverse Logistics, Six Sigma, Global Sourcing, Procurement, Purchasing, Manufacturing, Transportation... Iwona Lamar, CRCM Senior Associate Advisory Financial Services Regulatory Risk at KPMG, LLP American Bankers Association (ABA) National Compliance School 2008 — 2008 College of DuPage 2007 — 2007 Financial Accounting class Purdue University Calumet 2002 — 2002 Master's Degree, Management and Marketing Master's Degree, International Economic and Political Relations KPMG, LLP October 2013 - Present KPMG, LLP February 2012 - September 2013 Republic Bank of Chicago October 2008 - February 2012 Republic Bank of Chicago November 2006 - October 2008 Republic Bank of Chicago May 2004 - October 2006 Inland Bank (aka Westbank) February 2003 - April 2004 Microsoft Word..., Microsoft Excel -..., Microsoft Outlook -..., CRA Wiz advanced, Credit, Loans, Excel, Word, Banking, Compliance Audits, Compliance, Mortgage, Policy, Risk Management, CACS, LIS, IPHS (ACLS), RMS, FIS (Metavante), Auditing, Finance, Mortgage Lending, Analysis, Financial Services, Microsoft Excel, Consumer Lending, Microsoft Word, Quality Auditing Jacek Zdzienicki Orange County, California Area Operations and Sales Manager at PFM Packaging Machinery Packaging and Containers Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie 1977 — 1983 MSME, Machine Tools Design & Automation Systems Postgraduate Coursework in Business Administration Coursework in Business Economics PFM Packaging Machinery 2014 - Present NAFM 2003 - 2014 NJM/CLI Packaging Systems Int'l 2000 - 2003 Mission Foods Co. - GRUMA Corp. 1996 - 2000 Korab Engineering Co. 1990 - 1996 Rop

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811

16,384

CommonCrawl

15

4

ak Manufacturing Company, Inc. 1990 - 1991 Tartan Machine Company 1986 - 1990 Product Development, Advertising, Market Research, Packaging, Pricing Strategy, P&L Management, Team Building, Market Development, Key Account Management, FMCG, Sales Management, New Business Development, International Sales, B2B, Marketing Management, Consultative Selling, Key Account Development, Marketing Strategy, International Business, Cross-functional Team..., Food, Account Management, Cost Reduction, Market Analysis, P&L, Manufacturing, Contract Negotiations, Brand Development, Strategy Development, Marketing Research, Direct Sales, Negotiation, Business Strategy, Product Management, Start-ups, Pricing, Creative Problem Solving, Strategic Planning, Sourcing, Strategy, Engineering Design, Engineering Management, Machine Design, Automation, Food Packaging, Customer Satisfaction, Supply Chain, Contract Negotiation, Executive Management, Management Jan Zajac Founder, CEO at Sotrender Social media marketing || Analytics || Startups Ph. D., Social Psychology M.A., Psychology Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) 1998 — 2003 M. A., Management, Marketing XXXVII LO im. Dabrowskiego 1994 — 1998 Sotrender July 2011 - Present Warsaw University October 2009 - Present The Founder Institute January 2013 - Present Research, Data Analysis, Public Speaking, User Experience, Market Research, Social Media, Statistics, Online Advertising, Analysis, Marketing, Social Media Marketing, Project Management, Social Networking, Facebook, Data Mining, Analytics, Strategy, Business Intelligence, Marketing Strategy, Organizational..., Social Media Measurement, Business Strategy, Start-ups, Marketing Research, Digital Marketing, Online Marketing, E-commerce, Entrepreneurship, SPSS, Digital Strategy, Web Analytics, Web Marketing, New Media, Online Research, Leadership, Management, Web 2.0, Breaking News, Teaching Janelle Baranowski Account Executive at Raymond James Financial, Inc. University of Michigan 2001 — 2005 BA with Honors, History, Eastern European Studies Dundee High School Raymond James Financial Inc. August 2014 - Present Marketing, Sales, Relationship Mgmt, CRM, Marketing Strategy, Integrated Marketing, Digital Media, Digital Marketing, Social Media, Local Marketing, Marketing for Small..., B2B Marketing Strategy, Brand Development, Marketing Communications, Copywriting, Strategy, Teamwork, Management, Sales Operations, Data Analysis, Merchandising, Social Media Marketing, Advertising Jan Moś Columbia Business School MBA, McKinsey & Company, ACCA Global Prize winner Columbia University - Columbia Business School 2015 — 2016 Master of Business Administration (MBA), Operations Management and Supervision Master, Finance and Accounting (student of "Finance and management in business" comprising ACCA knowledge) McKinsey & Company June 2012 - Present McKinsey & Company March 2012 - June 2012 Ernst & Young September 2011 - December 2011 Ernst & Young January 2011 - January 2011 Student's Neurolinguistic Programming Association February 2008 - December 2010 Ernst & Young September 2010 - September 2010 Christian School under the Sails July 2010 - July 2010 Konekt Poland Sp. z.o.o. January 2009 - December 2009 AIESEC August 2009 - September 2009 McDonald's Corporation June 2008 - September 2008 MS Office (also MS..., C++, Pascal, Visual Basic, Internet researches, MS Visio, Flash, HTML, JavaScript, GAMx, Lotus Notes, Highly developed..., Broad interpersonal..., Leadership, Microsoft Office, Business Analysis, Project Management, Management, Analysis, Coaching, Management Cons

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811

17,408

CommonCrawl

15

4

ulting, Corporate Finance Jeremy de Koe Investment Banking Analyst at Teneo Capital CFA Institute 2012 — 2014 CFA Candidate - Passed all 3 CFA level exams St. Francis Xavier University 2006 — 2010 Bachelor's Degree, First Class Honours in Finance, 3.8 / 4.0 GPA Teneo Capital August 2015 - Present Kerburn Rose January 2014 - August 2015 CFA Institute June 2012 - June 2014 Elegant Flooring Ltd. September 2012 - December 2013 Elegant Flooring Ltd. June 2010 - August 2012 Kiesel Bauchemie January 2009 - February 2009 Investment Banking, Strategy, Analysis, Logistics, Financial Modeling, Financial Analysis, Management, Product Management, Investment Strategies, Market Analysis, Equity Valuation, Enterprise Valuation, Competitive Marketing..., DCF Valuation, Investment Valuation, Business Growth..., Public Speaking, Equality & Diversity, CFA Candidate, Mergers & Acquisitions, Sinatra, Investments, Corporate Finance, Microsoft Excel, Finance, Valuation Joanna Lubczynska Gordon Greater Seattle Area Bellevue Community College 2009 — 2012 Certificate, Project Management MA, Economics Information Technology College 1999 — 2001 Associate, Database Administration BA, Economics Microsoft February 2015 - Present Microsoft October 2013 - February 2015 Microsoft August 2011 - September 2013 Microsoft May 2008 - August 2011 Microsoft (via Volt) January 2008 - April 2008 Tanto Cost Management August 2005 - October 2006 Euromoney Polska S.A. (ISI Emerging Markets) November 2001 - April 2005 State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) April 2000 - May 2000 T-SQL, Reporting & Analysis, Report Writing, Data Analysis, Pivot Tables, Excel, SSRS, SSIS, Microsoft Excel, Databases, Business Analysis, Forecasting, SQL, Requirements Analysis, Analysis, Data Warehousing, Business Process, Integration Jolanta Krol Director FP&A at iDirect American University - Kogod School of Business 1999 — 2000 MA, Finance and Economics Masters, Finance and Banking iDirect October 2012 - Present Sodexo October 2008 - October 2012 Sodexo May 2007 - October 2008 Sodexo February 2004 - April 2007 Sodexo May 2001 - January 2004 American University January 1999 - December 2000 KOGOD SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY February 1999 - August 2000 Budgets, Financial Analysis, Forecasting, Managerial Finance, Financial Reporting, Process Improvement, Microsoft Excel, Hyperion Enterprise, Risk Management, Essbase, Financial Modeling, Variance Analysis, Strategic Planning, SAP, Change Management, Finance Joshua G. Bell International Financial Operations Advisory Consultant Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Finance Bachelor of Arts (BA), Economics Minor, International Business Study Abroad, Economics Nestle S.A. 2014 - 2014 KPMG US 2011 - 2013 KPMG 2010 - 2010 International Business, Emerging Markets, Risk Management, Internal Audit, Regulatory Compliance, Financial Risk..., Financial Analysis,

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811

18,432

CommonCrawl

15

4

Internal Controls, Financial Reporting, Valuation, Financial Risk, Financial Modeling, Corporate Finance, Auditing, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Global Regulatory..., Financial Services, Accounting, Financial Accounting, Due Diligence, IFRS, Economics, Economic Development, Financial Management..., Management, Finance, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Excel, Consulting, Analysis, Leadership, Project Management, Strategic Planning, Managerial Finance, Data Analysis, Business Analysis Julien H. Jung (정형식) Junior Financial Analyst at Capgemini North America ESSEC Business School 2011 — 2015 Finance/Entrepreneurship University College Dublin 2014 — 2015 Exchange Year Exchange Semester Lycée Lakanal 2011 — 2011 Economics/Mathematics NYC Sports Wearables & Technology Meetup September 2015 - Present Capgemini North America July 2015 - Present UCD Student Managed Investment Fund October 2014 - May 2015 Volkswagen Group January 2014 - June 2014 Flying Club ESSEC September 2013 - February 2014 Guangming October 2012 - July 2013 ESSEC Rugby Team October 2011 - October 2012 Hyundai Motor Company June 2012 - September 2012 Junior ESSEC Conseil September 2011 - June 2012 eFusion MMOG GmbH June 2011 - August 2011 Financial Analysis, Financial Modeling, Strategic Marketing, Market Analysis, Business Development, Strategic Partnerships, Product Management Kasia Engan Finance Manager at JLL University of Washington 2012 — 2013 Certificate in Accounting, Accounting Accounting and Finance, 3.8 Post graduate, Financial Management Masters, Economics JLL June 2015 - Present Jones Lang LaSalle September 2013 - May 2015 Clearwire November 2012 - September 2013 Trilogy International Partners, LLC August 2010 - July 2012 Trilogy International Partners, LLC June 2006 - July 2010 Western Wireless International Corporation December 2004 - February 2006 Seattle Mental Health September 2003 - December 2004 Seattle Mental Health July 2001 - August 2003 Spectra Management, LTD Warsaw-Poland September 1994 - June 2000 Accounting, Financial Reporting, Excel, General Ledger, Closing Entries, Intercompany Accounts, G/L Reconciliations, Balance Sheet Review, Close Process, Microsoft Excel, Finance, Account Management, Account Reconciliation, US GAAP, Internal Controls, Financial Analysis, Auditing, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Financial Statements, Budgets, Financial Accounting, Variance Analysis Kasia Leus Recent graduate seeking marketing positions University of Wisconsin-Madison 2012 — 2015 Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.), International Business and Marketing Business Administration and Management, General College of Lake County 2010 — 2012 Associate's degree, General Studies Wisconsin Historical Museum December 2014 - August 2015 AIESEC United States January 2015 - May 2015 International Business Student Association/UW-Rotaract September 2014 - May 2015 The Badger Herald August 2013 - May 2015 AIESEC United States September 2014 - December 2014 AIESEC United States September 2013 - January 2014 International Business Student Association September 20

-1.224059

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-0.595008

-0.562811

[ -1.0870917891645302, -1.3610268749642822 ]

[ -0.7398184179298005, -0.8042810468569503 ]

[ -0.4891195842931143, -0.7008957099127008 ]

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1,024

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811

19,456

CommonCrawl

15

4

13 - December 2013 The Wendy's Company May 2011 - October 2013 College of Lake County August 2011 - May 2012 College of Lake County February 2011 - May 2012 Marketing, Event Planning, Social Media, Spanish, Teamwork, Leadership, Social Media Marketing, Facebook, Public Relations, Marketing Research, Polish, Travel, PowerPoint, Microsoft Office Katarzyna A. Tullberg Consultant at Zurich North America Handelshögskolan i Stockholm 2007 — 2009 MSc, CEMS Master in International Managament MSc, Quantitative Methods and Information Systems MSc, Finance and Banking Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 2006 — 2007 -, Management Zurich Insurance Company Ltd February 2015 - Present Management Consulting, Management, Economics, Leadership, Analysis, Marketing Kasia Klimasinska, CFA Bloomberg economy reporter, author of "Panna Huragan" Masters, International Economic Relations Master's degree, International Economics Bloomberg LP November 2012 - Present Bloomberg News May 2006 - November 2012 Polish Press Agency January 2005 - April 2006 Radio PiN 102 FM 2003 - 2004 Breaking News, International Economics, News Writing, Business Journalism, Journalism, Sovereign Debt, International Relations, Economic Sanctions, Financial Markets, Politics, Energy, Panel Moderator, Storytelling, Online Journalism, Newspapers, Interviews, Magazines, Blogging, Copy Editing, Editorial, Media Relations, Strategic Communications, Editing, Feature Articles, Headline Writing, Event Planning Konrad Rymaszewski, FCCA Greater Atlanta Area Finance Project Manager / Accounting Director at Elavon, Inc. Dublin Business School 2007 — 2008 ACCA courses, Accountancy Master, Finance and Banking LO II w Olsztynie 1996 — 2000 Member, Accountancy SP 27 Olsztyn Elavon, Inc. January 2011 - Present Elavon, Inc. June 2014 - November 2014 Elavon Financial Services (U.S. Bancorp Group) January 2010 - January 2011 Elavon Financial Services (U.S. Bancorp Group) April 2009 - January 2010 Sloane Group October 2009 - October 2009 Elavon Financial Services (U.S. Bancorp Group) July 2008 - April 2009 Elavon Financial Services (U.S. Bancorp Group) June 2007 - July 2008 Merrill Lynch Financial Services Limited October 2006 - June 2007 BZ WBK Faktor Sp. z o.o. October 2005 - October 2006 CedarPoint May 2005 - September 2005 Accounting, Microsoft Excel, Finance, Forecasting, Internal Audit, IFRS, Managerial Finance, Tax, Financial Risk, Analysis, Process Improvement, Management, Financial Reporting, Financial Services, Account Reconciliation, Internal Controls Lars Roemheld Stanford Graduate Student, Entrepreneur Stanford University 2014 — 2016 Master of Science (MS), Management Science and Engineering Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / University of Heidelberg 2009 — 2013 Bachelor of Science (BSc), Economics Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Philosophy Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie / Warsaw School of Economics 2011 — 2012 Aging2

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-0.750562

-0.948813

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[ -0.8892833270573001, -0.47501511183802825 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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29900, 29945, 448, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 13, 29907, 287, 279, 5228, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 448, 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29945, 13, 10601, 292, 29892, 7783, 11388, 29892, 4231, 749, 29892, 28297, 4384, 292, 29892, 512, 1890, 8612, 277, 29892, 10762, 12445, 29892, 15629, 616, 4231, 749, 29892, 17847, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 390, 3873, 29892, 24352, 29892, 10554, 1954, 16123, 882, 29892, 15057, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 13969, 292, 29892, 4231, 273, 1455, 15538, 29892, 16535, 830, 535, 29883, 2638, 362, 29892, 512, 1890, 11264, 29879, 13, 29931, 1503, 1528, 331, 29882, 2495, 13, 855, 273, 4006, 1632, 13467, 403, 15740, 29892, 14447, 558, 1600, 332, 13, 855, 273, 4006, 3014, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29953, 13, 19203, 310, 9327, 313, 4345, 511, 15057, 9327, 322, 22557, 13, 29934, 786, 15320, 29899, 24115, 3137, 29899, 11574, 7033, 27300, 2552, 847, 3014, 310, 27300, 2552, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 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811

20,480

CommonCrawl

15

4

.0 2015 - 2015 Helpling March 2014 - August 2014 Rocket Internet AG September 2013 - August 2014 The Boston Consulting Group February 2012 - April 2012 AfricIntern.com July 2009 - October 2011 University of Heidelberg April 2010 - April 2011 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH July 2008 - July 2009 Deutsche Telekom: Center for Strategic Projects April 2008 - June 2008 Lech Cwiek Master, Economics Prolink 1992 - Present Business Intelligence, Business Requirements, IT Strategy, SDLC, User Acceptance Testing, Data Warehousing, Business Analysis, Requirements Gathering, Data Modeling, Systems Analysis, Requirements Analysis, ETL, Quality Center, Quality Assurance Lisa Perlmutter Director, Talent & Rewards Master of International Affairs University of Bonn 1997 — 1998 Select coursework Vassar College 1989 — 1993 Survey courses on Polish history, culture, economics, politics and language. Stuyvesant High School 1985 — 1989 Towers Watson May 2000 - Present Pfizer June 1999 - August 1999 International Planned Parenthood Federation June 1997 - August 1997 CDS International May 1993 - August 1996 YMCA International Program Serices June 1991 - August 1992 HarperCollins Publishers June 1990 - August 1990 Fluent German, Some French, Some Spanish, Nonprofits, Executive Pay, Corporate Social..., Management Consulting, Incentive Programs, Performance Management, Talent Management Piotr Lukasinski Project Consultant at Santander (Isban US) Babson College - Franklin W. Olin Graduate School of Business 2005 — 2009 MBA, Management, 3.79 Master's Degree, International Business and Political Relations Santander May 2011 - Present Bank of America September 2010 - May 2011 Bank of New York Mellon April 2008 - June 2010 Investors Bank & Trust August 2006 - November 2007 Mellon Financial Corporation July 2003 - August 2006 Bank BPH (HVB Group) November 2002 - May 2003 BRE Bank (mBank) March 2002 - November 2002 Business Analysis, Risk Management, Management, Strategy, Integration, Project Management, Process Improvement, Business Strategy Magdalena Regulska, PMP Manager, Global Strategy at Avon International Postgraduate Management Program COPERNIC in Paris 2009 — 2010 Postgraduate, International Management The George Washington University - School of Business 2008 — 2008 Associate, Project Management Master, Management and Marketing (Corporate Strategic Management) Avon February 2014 - Present Avon Products June 2011 - January 2014 Air Liquide April 2010 - September 2010 Telekomunikacja Polska S.A. May 2009 - September 2009 Deloitte Business Consulting July 2007 - March 2009 DHL Express (Poland) Sp. z o.o. December 2005 - April 2007 E.ON edis AG (Fuerstenwalde - Germany) July 2005 - August 2005 TePeeCal SAS (Lyon - France) August 2004 - August 2004 INERCONSULT Dr. Reichel&Co. GmbH (Dresden - Germany

-1.317197

-0.585824

-0.905063

-0.635325

[ -1.5089518212961484, -1.1254427011764956 ]

[ -0.5589649312175189, -0.6126837886568105 ]

[ -0.9798822227049704, -0.8302440022072984 ]

[ -0.7761237203882996, -0.49452538884992486 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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29924, 514, 265, 4231, 273, 1455, 15025, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 448, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 13, 29933, 804, 350, 19689, 313, 29950, 24281, 6431, 29897, 3979, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29906, 448, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 13, 29933, 1525, 10253, 313, 29885, 29933, 804, 29897, 4779, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29906, 448, 3979, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29906, 13, 16890, 3335, 24352, 29892, 390, 3873, 15057, 29892, 15057, 29892, 3767, 8963, 29892, 17100, 362, 29892, 8010, 15057, 29892, 10554, 1954, 16123, 882, 29892, 15197, 3767, 8963, 13, 19095, 12293, 2386, 2169, 352, 4621, 29892, 349, 3580, 13, 3260, 29892, 12002, 3767, 8963, 472, 7740, 265, 13, 17579, 1288, 4918, 5105, 27240, 15057, 7835, 315, 4590, 1001, 29940, 2965, 297, 3681, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 813, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29900, 13, 6747, 5105, 27240, 29892, 4623, 15057, 13, 1576, 5122, 7660, 3014, 448, 4523, 310, 15197, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 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811

21,504

CommonCrawl

0

3

) July 2004 - July 2004 Inercon GmbH (Dresden - Germany) August 2003 - August 2003 Project Planning, Business Analysis, Business Process, Management, Process Improvement, Project Coordination, Business Strategy, Business Process..., Visio, French, English, ERP, Cross-functional Team..., MS Project, Certified Project..., Team Leadership, Project Management, Management Consulting, Change Management, PMO, Analysis, Project Portfolio..., Business Intelligence, Project Implementation, Program Management, Strategy Magda Malone Pricing & Programs Coordinator at Western Digital California State University-Long Beach 2005 — 2006 BS, Management Western Digital Account ManagerWestern DigitalOctober 2006 - December 2007 Channel, Product Marketing, Cross-functional Team..., Storage, Marketing, Channel Partners, Product Management, Multi-channel Marketing Marcin Miller Consultant at The Boston Consulting Group Kellogg School of Management 2013 — 2014 Università Commerciale 'Luigi Bocconi' 2008 — 2009 Singapore Management University 2007 — 2008 Norwegian School of Economics (NHH) 2009 — 2009 The Boston Consulting Group October 2014 - Present Roland Berger Strategy Consultants June 2010 - October 2014 L'Oreal S.A. February 2010 - June 2010 Hydro-Vacuum Ukraine July 2008 - August 2008 Procter&Gamble June 2007 - September 2007 Hydro-Vacuum July 2006 - September 2006 Management Consulting, Strategy Development, Business Strategy, Marketing Strategy, Go-to-market Strategy, Sales Management, New Business Development, Project Management, FMCG, Organizational Structure, International Business, Strategic Consulting, Product Marketing, Strategy, Retail Mark Finelli Tucson, Arizona Area Doctor of Law (J.D.), International Business Transactions Liberty University 2011 — 2014 JD, International Business/Trade/Commerce MBA, Eastern European Studies University of Arizona, Eller College of Management 2009 — 2011 MBA, Economic/Defense Tech Transfer, US-Poland Universidad de Guanajuato 2010 — 2010 Summer Study, Technology Transfer Hampden-Sydney College 1994 — 1998 Bachelor's of Arts, History Spanish, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Office, Insurance, Equities, Microsoft Word, Sales, Bloomberg, Microsoft Money, Arabic, Statistics Marta Gwiazdowska-Kowalska Co Founder at PartyPuzzle Tel Aviv University 2009 — 2010 MBA/Exchange Program Pace University 2004 — 2008 PartyPuzzle March 2015 - Present UPENZ September 2013 - January 2015 Alpin Media Ski Mag Poland October 2012 - February 2013 Oasis Massage &SPA May 2011 - February 2012 Mercedes-Benz Polska February 2011 - March 2011 Getin Noble Bank S.A. November 2010 - December 2010 Mango, SoHo, New York CIty July 2010 - September 2010 Deutsche Bank PBC S.A. January 2009 - January 2009 National Bank of Poland, Warsaw, Poland September 2008 - September 2008 BNY Mellon, New York City April 2007 - June 2008 Sales, Customer Service, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Relations, Public Relations, Marketing, Social Media Marketing, Strategy Matthew Krzysztofik Project Manager at JO

-1.26515

-0.868744

-1.000172

-0.848962

[ -1.3555481732482872, -1.174751016620451 ]

[ -0.8866499615971974, -0.850837389971003 ]

[ -1.1168392380757208, -0.8835050637403682 ]

[ -0.8541648284358861, -0.8437593473628746 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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811

22,528

CommonCrawl

15

4

BS.PL SA University of Minnesota, Carlson School of Management 1995 — 1997 Kansas University 1988 — 1990 Fordham University 1983 — 1987 University of Tampere JOBS PL SA April 2011 - Present E-business Partner October 2008 - March 2011 JOBS PL March 1998 - September 2008 Orfe 1997 - 1998 Recruiting, CRM, Entrepreneurship, Business Development, E-commerce, Management, Online Marketing, Leadership, Technical Recruiting, Human Resources, Executive Search, Start-ups, Talent Acquisition, Business Strategy, Strategy, Social Networking, SEM, Change Management, Training, SEO, Temporary Placement, Employer Branding, Internet Recruiting, Management Consulting, Strategic Planning, New Business Development, Talent Management, Team Building, Coaching, Marketing, Sales, Partnerships, Organizational..., Team Management, Career Development, Sourcing, Social Media, International Business, Networking, Performance Management, Executive Management, Team Leadership, Vendor Management, Strategic Partnerships, Outsourcing, Applicant Tracking..., Leadership Development, Consulting, HR Consulting, Scrum Master Martin Cieslak Independent Education Management Professional J.D./Ph.D. College of Europe 2004 — 2004 University of Delaware 1998 — 2001 Institut Français de Gestion 1993 — 1994 Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Prawa im. Heleny Chodkowskiej 1991 — 1994 Consortium of Universities January 2007 - Present University of Ecology and Management November 2004 - January 2007 "Pro Futura" Foundation for Social and Economic Science Development October 2003 - June 2005 University of Management and Law in Warsaw October 1996 - September 2004 "Pro Futura" Foundation for Social and Economic Science Development February 1998 - October 2003 OGME.PL November 1991 - December 2001 Mi-Lim Chun M.B.A and MAcc. Jacksonville, Florida Area Regional Controller at Waste Pro USA Certification, Process Management University of North Florida - College of Business Administration Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Logistics, Materials, and Supply Chain Management, 3.9 Master of accountancy (MAcc.), 3.85 University of North Florida Banking, Corporate, Finance, and Securities Law Waste Pro USA August 2014 - Present Turner Pest Control October 2012 - August 2014 Waste Management, Inc. May 2010 - March 2012 Waste Management August 2008 - May 2010 Waste Management July 2007 - August 2008 Waste Management May 2006 - June 2007 Waste Management March 2005 - April 2007 Waste Management June 2003 - May 2005 Bank of America October 2002 - April 2003 KPMG September 2001 - August 2002 Business Process..., Logistics Management, Supply Chain Management, Operations Management, Financial Audits, Financial Analysis, Compliance review, Project Management Marcin Kłoda CEO at Mobica US Inc. MBA - Warsaw University of Technology Business School 2006 — 2009 MBA, International MBA postgraduate, Project Management Master of Science, Computer Engineering Mobica US Inc. September 2012 - Present Mobica May 2012 - November 2012 Mobica August 2011 - May 2012 Cybercom Poland Sp. z o.o. October 2008 -

-1.43225

-0.720569

-0.976712

-0.661176

[ -1.322675962952317, -1.5418240315921188 ]

[ -0.9582751048495861, -0.4828632165118559 ]

[ -0.7960047483646109, -1.1574190944818692 ]

[ -0.5989053708635719, -0.7234459724561787 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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811

23,552

CommonCrawl

17

12

September 2011 Cybercom Poland Sp. z o.o September 2005 - September 2008 Transbit July 2003 - October 2005 DataX Sp. z.o.o. October 2002 - June 2003 Protector Direct Sp. z o.o. May 2002 - July 2002 Integration, Team Management, New Business Development, Team Building, Product Delivery, Project Planning, Management, Telecommunications, Project Management, Scrum, Software Design, Testing, UML, Mobile Applications, Mobile Devices, Software Project..., Software Engineering, Business Analysis, P&L Budget Management, Leadership, Business Development, Product Management, Agile Methodologies, System Architecture, Agile Project Management, Start-ups, Business Intelligence, Requirements Analysis, Software Development Mateusz Mach Business Analyst, Google Payments at Google Master of Business Administration (MBA), CEMS Master's in International Management Master's degree, Strategic Management Google June 2015 - Present Google July 2013 - June 2015 Google April 2011 - June 2013 Vodafone July 2010 - January 2011 EY March 2009 - January 2010 Lexagon Group September 2008 - February 2009 Strategic Planning, Marketing Strategy, Business Strategy, Digital Marketing, Digital Media, Digital Strategy, Change Management, Project Management, Strategy, Management Consulting, Program Management, Telecommunications, Mobile Devices, Consulting, E-commerce, Entrepreneurship, Go-to-market Strategy, Acting Coach, Origami, Mexican Cuisine, Organic Gardening Harvard Law School, Harvard University University of California, Berkeley - Walter A. Haas School of Business 2009 — 2011 IESE Business School - University of Navarra 2007 — 2007 PMD, Program for Management Development PhD, Financial Economics IFP, International Faculty Program Los Arroyos High School 1988 — 1992 Bachiller, Accounting Harvard University 2015 - Present University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business January 2014 - Present Public-Private Sector Research Center November 2011 - Present IESE Business School 2008 - Present UC Berkeley September 2009 - October 2011 City of Warsaw February 2007 - August 2007 TVP 2006 - 2007 Ministry of Finance, Poland November 2005 - April 2006 Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego 2005 - 2006 Warsaw Executive MBA (SGH) 2001 - 2006 Business Valuation, Public Finance, Project Finance, Public-private..., Capital Markets, Corporate Finance, Policy, Financial Analysis, Risk Analysis Natalia Irena Gust‑Bardon Looking for a job opportunity University of Szczecin 2010 — 2015 Doctor of Economics Cracow University of Economics 2005 — 2010 magister, Spatial Economy, very good Vienna University of Economics and Business February 2013 - September 2013 Fraunhofer ISI September 2011 - August 2012 Polish Agency for Enterprise Development July 2009 - July 2009 Municipality of Cracow May 2008 - June 2008 BNP Paribas September 2006 - September 2006 Michal Tomaszewski Ruby Web Developer at VMware University of Sussex 2005 — 2009 BSc in Computer Science with American Studies, Computer Science, American Studies Masters of Science in Quantitative Methods and Information Systems, IT, Economics Physical Education, Sport, Science, Coaching, Teaching, Sport Events Organising Ruby on Rails, HTML, Haml, CSS

-1.248713

-0.505246

-0.698994

-0.592321

[ -1.3500694715322923, -1.1473575080404756 ]

[ -0.4336209305258386, -0.5768712170306161 ]

[ -0.9545198124511277, -0.44346724583619745 ]

[ -0.5335459428737181, -0.6510953618703953 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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811

24,576

CommonCrawl

17

12

, MySQL, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, jQuery, Java, Git, RubyMine, Photoshop, Linux terminal, Mac OS Terminal, Eclipse IDE, Web Applications, SQL, Web Development, Ruby, Agile, Bash, Object Oriented Design, Scrum, SASS, Eclipse, Agile Methodologies, XHTML, Web Services, Linux, PostgreSQL Nicole Passmore Global Project Manager Retirement, Health & Benefits at Mercer The Johns Hopkins University 2008 — 2012 BA, Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Economics, Entrepreneurship & Management Mercer May 2015 - Present Mercer April 2015 - May 2015 Mercer June 2012 - March 2015 Mercer June 2011 - August 2011 Actuarial Science, Microsoft Office, Social Media, Customer Service, Project Management, Retirement, Statistics, Communication Skills, Writing, Employee Benefits, Defined Benefit, Actuarial Consulting, Probability Aleksandra Kaminska Summer Associate at Barclays Master, Corporate Finance SDA Bocconi 2008 — 2008 CEMS Seminar, Entrepreneurial Finance Exchange Program, Finance Yale University - Yale School of Management Yale School of Management August 2014 - Present Barclays June 2015 - August 2015 Public Consulting Group August 2012 - July 2014 Ernst & Young Business Advisory February 2010 - July 2012 Henkel China June 2009 - December 2009 Ernst & Young October 2007 - January 2009 Financial Modeling, Valuation, Corporate Finance, Financial Analysis, Due Diligence, Management Consulting, Finance, Analysis, Mergers & Acquisitions, Business Analysis, Project Management Szymon Paciura Vice President at Deutsche Bank MA, International Management (CEMS) MA, Finance & Banking La Sorbonne (Universite Paris 1) 2005 — 2005 Deutsche Bank January 2014 - Present Deutsche Bank March 2010 - December 2013 JPMorgan August 2007 - March 2009 JPMorgan September 2006 - December 2006 Deutsche Bank July 2006 - September 2006 Deloitte Advisory August 2005 - January 2006 Investment Banking, Valuation, Corporate Finance, Financial Modeling, Capital Markets, Financial Institutions, Equities, Emerging Markets, Bloomberg, Risk Management, Mergers & Acquisitions, Financial Markets, M&A experience Pawel Majran, MBA, PMP (LION) Project Management Professional at STANLEY Healthcare City University of New York-Baruch College - Zicklin School of Business 2009 — 2012 Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Finance / Operations Management PMP, Project Management Certificate, Teacher Education Postgraduate, Value Based Management Master's Degree, Quantitative Methods and Information Systems Bachelor's Degree, Quantitative Methods and Information Systems XVIII L.O. im. Jana Zamoyskiego w Warszawie 1995 — 1999 High School, Mathematics and Computer Science S.P. nr 90 w Warszawie 1987 — 1995 STANLEY Healthcare April 2015 - Present Shipcom Wireless, Inc. June 2014 - April 2015 RFID Global Solution, Inc. May 2013 - June 2014 Freelance September 2009 - May 2013 Co.De Consulting and Design, Inc. June 2006 - August 2009 Vali Industries, Inc. August 2004 - June 2006 Warsaw School of Economics (S

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-0.278124

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1,024

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811

25,600

CommonCrawl

15

4

zkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie) October 2003 - July 2004 Vector Consultants January 2003 - September 2003 Freelance April 1998 - December 2002 Project Management, IT Strategy, IT Management, MIS, Balanced Scorecard, Business Process..., Information systems, Outsourcing, Management Consulting, Business Strategy, Team Leadership, Scope Management, Process Improvement, Business Analysis, Business Intelligence, Analysis, Project Portfolio..., Visio, Budgets, Risk Management, Consulting, Project Planning, PMBOK, Statistics, Strategic Planning, Business Process..., Change Management, Data Analysis, PMO, Information Systems, Requirements Analysis, Management, SDLC, CRM, Program Management, Strategy, Business Process..., Vendor Management, PMP, Business Process, Integration, Six Sigma, Telecommunications, ERP, Information Technology, E-commerce, Leadership, Resource Management, Cross-functional Team..., MS Project Peter Rudzinski, CTP Senior Analyst Treasury Operations at Brunswick Corporation University of Illinois at Chicago 2003 — 2007 Finance, International Finance and Banking Finance, Study Abroad Student Brunswick Corporation March 2013 - Present Brunswick Corporation March 2010 - March 2013 HSBC January 2008 - February 2010 HSBC May 2007 - December 2007 Deutsche Bank October 2006 - January 2007 Corporate Finance, Treasury, Banking, Bloomberg, Derivatives, Forecasting, Financial Risk, Investments, Cash Management, Risk Management, Treasury Management, Accounting, Finance, Account Reconciliation, Valuation, Analysis, Hedging, Variance Analysis, Auditing, Debt, Debt Restructuring, Debt Management, Cash Flow Forecasting, Trading, Trading Systems, SEPA, Europe, Eastern Europe, Commodity, Banking Relationships, Intercompany..., Intercompany Accounts, Revolving Lines of..., FX trading, FX Hedging, Wellness, Wellness Coaching, Employee Wellness..., Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, PowerPoint Piotr J Langer CEE HR Business Partner First Vice President Kozminski University 2012 — 2014 OLYMPUS College in Warsaw 2002 — 2006 Bachelor of Science (BS) UniCredit Bank Austria AG June 2013 - Present UniCredit November 2010 - May 2013 Bank Pekao September 2009 - October 2010 Bank Pekao December 2007 - August 2009 Bank BPH November 2006 - November 2007 European Commission, DG Education & Culture September 2005 - November 2006 State Accreditation Committee September 2005 - November 2006 Recruiting, Human Resources, Leadership Development, Talent Acquisition, Employer Branding, Talent Management, Project Management, Succession Planning, Change Management, HR Transformation, Executive Development, HR Policies, Public Speaking, Management, Performance Management, Strategy, Marketing Communications, Sourcing, Team Management, Employee Relations, HR Consulting, Assessment Center, Employee Engagement, KPI implementation, Organizational... Aga Pochec Harvard Business School MBA 2014 Helsinki School of Economics 2006 — 2006 Warsaw School of Economics / SGH 2001 — 2006 IBM May 2013 - August 2013 Ipsos Business Consulting (previously known as Synovate Business Consulting) January 2011 - April 2012 Euromonitor International (Asia) July 2007 - December 2010 Henkel Corporation July 2006 - December 2006 Elcoteq February 2006 - May 2006

-1.366506

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811

26,624

CommonCrawl

15

4

Tata Chemicals June 2005 - August 2005 Samsung Electronics October 2004 - December 2004 Peter Orzechowski Entrepreneur, Founder and President at Speedy Services Group Postgraduate, Management, Economics, Finance, Marketing, HR Bialystok University of Technology 1998 — 2000 Postgraduate, Pedagogic, Didactics, Psychology, Methodics MSc, Electrical Engineering Speedy Services Group May 2006 - Present Language Classes February 2010 - April 2012 Bialystok University of Technology October 2001 - February 2006 Digital Photography, Microsoft Office, Education, Electrical Engineering, Electrical..., Construction, Construction Management, Problem solving, Research, Academic Tutoring, Entrepreneurship, University Teaching, Language Teaching, Science, Higher Education, Renovation, C/C++, Public Speaking, LabVIEW, Budgets Paul Ritacco Owner & President, Talent PayMaster, Inc. and Campaign Financial Services, Financial Manager US House of Representatives Georgetown University Law Center 1999 — 2003 BA, Government St. Anselm's Abbey 1981 — 1986 Campaign Financial Services 2003 - Present US House of Representatives 1995 - Present Talent PayMaster, Inc. 1990 - Present U.S. House of Representatives January 1993 - January 1994 Entrepreneurship, Business Innovation, New Business Development, Contract Negotiation, Team Management, Human Resources, Business Process..., Process Management, Government, Legislative Affairs, Finance, Politics, Political Campaigns, Campaign Management, Program Management, Public Policy, Coalitions, Legislative Relations, Grassroots Organizing, Legislation, Federal Government, Leadership, Policy Analysis, Grassroots, Public Affairs, Public Relations, Strategic Communications Bartlomiej Rymkowski Software Engineer at Apple Apple September 2010 - Present Polar Rose April 2007 - September 2010 F.Hoffmann-La Roche September 2005 - April 2007 SAS Institute August 2003 - August 2005 Softprodukt Sp. z o.o. November 2000 - July 2003 Spring, Hibernate, Tomcat, JBoss Application Server, Oracle, Python, REST, MySQL, Ruby, Weblogic, Databases, XSLT, PostgreSQL, Perl, Application Servers, Scala, Lucene, Enterprise Software, Informix, Jetty, Maven, Test Driven Development Sebastian Domzalski (PhD) Fellow at Harvard's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Ph. D. Universität Duisburg-Essen, Standort Duisburg 2004 — 2004 Turun yliopisto 2002 — 2003 German-Polish Academic Forum 2001 — 2002 Harvard University August 2015 - Present Embassy of the Republic of Poland in New Delhi August 2014 - July 2015 Embassy of the Republic of Poland in New Delhi September 2010 - August 2014 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Asia-Pacific Department December 2009 - September 2010 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Asia-Pacific Department March 2008 - December 2009 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Warsaw February 2006 - July 2007 Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw February 2005 - July 2005 Academy of Economics and Technology, Warsaw February 2005 - July 2005 International Relations, Far East, Economic Development, EU, Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Polish, Economics, German, English, Analysis, Policy Similar Universities Université Paris Dauphine Paris Area, France Alliance Manchester Business School University of

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811

27,648

CommonCrawl

17

12

Q: how do I tell cutplace about this check class I am trying to use the API in cutplace to build a custom check http://cutplace.sourceforge.net/api.html#writing-checks Using the included demo data and code I have tried to follow the manual, at least until it ends abruptly. useCutplace.py: # Validate a test CSV file. import os.path from cutplace import interface from cutplace import checks from cutplace import ranges class FullNameLengthIsInRangeCheck(checks.AbstractCheck): """Check that total length of customer name is within the specified range.""" def __init__(self, description, rule, availableFieldNames, location=None): super(FullNameLengthIsInRangeCheck, self).__init__(description, rule, availableFieldNames, location) self._fullNameRange = ranges.Range(rule) self.reset() def checkRow(self, rowMap, location): fullName = rowMap["last_name"] + ", " + rowMap["first_name"] fullNameLength = len(fullName) try: self._fullNameRange.validate("full name", fullNameLength) except ranges.RangeValueError, error: raise CheckError("full name length is %d but must be in range %s: %r" \ % (fullNameLength, self._fullNameRange, fullName)) icdPath = os.path.join("icd_customers_field_names_only.csv") dataPath = os.path.join("customers.csv") icd = interface.InterfaceControlDocument() icd.read(icdPath) for row in interface.validatedRows(icd, dataPath): print row The interface control document with custom check: ,Interface: customers, ,, ,Data format, D,Format,CSV D,Header,1 ,, ,Fields, ,Name, F,branch_id, F,customer_id, F,first_name, F,surname, F,gender, F,date_of_birth, C,"full name must have at most 100 characters",FullNameLengthIsInRange,:100 customers.csv Branch id,Customer id,First name,Surname,Gender,Date of birth 38000,16,Daisy,Mason,female,27.02.1946 38000,42,Wendy,Davis,female,30.12.1971 38000,57,Keith,Parker,male,02.06.1984 38000,76,Kenneth,Tucker,male,15.11.1908 38053,11,Carlos,Barrett,male,09.02.1929 38053,20,Terrance,Hart,male,11.03.1961 38053,34,Lori,Dunn,female,26.09.1996 38053,73,Mary,Sutton,female,09.12.1982 38053,83,Lorraine,Castro,female,15.08.1978 38111,16,Esther,Newman,female,23.03.1932 38111,79,Tyler,Rose,male,17.12.1920 38111,127,Andrew,Dixon,male,02.10.1913 The error >python useCutplace.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "useCutplace.py", line 29, in <module> icd.read(icdPath) File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/cutplace-0.6.7-py2.6.egg/cutplace/interface.py", line

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FirstHealth Hospice Services Identical, No Matter Where Provided | Date Posted: 1/30/2015 Montgomery County residents Lois and Johnny Morton are the primary caregivers for her 94-year-old father. When he was diagnosed with terminal Alzheimer's, Morton sought the assistance of FirstHealth Hospice & Palliative Care, the same hospice program that provided services for Morton's mother nine years ago. TROY – A few months ago, when Troy resident Lois Morton learned that her 94-year-old father had terminal Alzheimer's disease, she knew he would soon need hospice care. As she had done nine years before with her mother, Morton turned to FirstHealth Hospice & Palliative Care. "I wanted the best," she says. "I had it with Mama, and I wanted it with Daddy." The only hospice affiliated with FirstHealth of the Carolinas, the not-for-profit FirstHealth Hospice & Palliative Care offers services to patients and families in both Montgomery and Moore counties. "Services are identical, no matter where the patient resides and, because of the support of the FirstHealth Hospice Foundation, are available to anyone who needs them, regardless of the ability to pay," says Hospice director Tina Gibbs. As every other FirstHealth Hospice patient, Shafter Odom, Lois Morton's father, is cared for by a specially trained team that includes a registered nurse, a social worker, a home health aide, a chaplain and support volunteers. His family also has access to substitute caregiver and medication assistance programs. The nurse, social worker and aide assigned to the Morton home make regular visits to care for Odom, who calls them his "little girls." They are also available when needed, a service that became apparent to his family when Odom broke his cheek and nose during a late-night fall a few weeks ago. Morton got in touch with the on-call Hospice nurse who said she would be on her way immediately. When Morton asked if she could call 911 instead, the nurse agreed but said she would also be calling to check on Odom's condition. She also called the emergency department where Odom had been taken to see how he was doing. "That's not just a job," Morton says. "It's going beyond a job. That made me feel so good." Services of FirstHealth Hospice are individualized to fit the needs of each patient and family and, according to Jenny Snead, R.N., assistant director, Hospice House, are available to patients who are newly diagnosed with a life-limiting illness as well as to those who are actively dying. "We talk to them about what's going to happen and how to prepare," Snead says. Although most Hospice patients are cared for in the familiar surroundings of their home – whether a private residence or a nursing home or assisted living facility, all are eligible for the acute symptom-control care that is provided in the inpatient FirstHealth Hospice House near Pinehurst. As with in-home hospice care, the services of the Hospice House are also individualized. Most of the physicians who work in the 11-bed facility are certified in hospice and palliative care, and they make regular rounds there. Each is also a hospitalist, a specialist in internal medicine with no other responsibilities than the care of their hospitalized patients. Another important component of the FirstHealth Hospice program is the family support that continues even after the death of the loved one. Located on the Hospice campus, the Grief Resource & Counseling Center is staffed by licensed clinical social workers who are trained to offer individual, family and group counseling for children, teens and adults. Center-sponsored events include community workshops, support groups and educational programs as well as Camp Lost & Found, an age-appropriate summer program for children and teens who have lost someone special. An on-site lending library has an extensive collection of books, videos and CDs on topics related to death, bereavement and end-of-life issues. Most importantly, for many Hospice families, including Lois Morton and husband Johnny, Hospice becomes "like a family." According to Morton, the nurse who

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Jay was very kind enough to let us visit Kubli Springs which is still an undeveloped properly owned by their family. You have to cross this spring and go upstream where Jay had setup lunch picnics or evening dates all for the same price of P500/person (standard line pricing). This springs is an extension of the Kinabuhayan Cafe and once developed, I'm sure this is one of the nice secret dining places in Dolores, Quezon. I love nature and settings such as these are priceless and I can already imagine a better alternative to Villa Escudero's lunch where you also eat with your feet submerge in water and tables are setup on top of the water. Unfortunately, we decided not to cross because we don't want to get our feet wet and besides I won't be able to bring my camera upstream. This is a group picture taking with the Mt. Banahaw (covered with clouds) as a backdrop. The place is still virgin and undeveloped that we were cautious when we visited Kubli Springs since it feels isolated and you are in the middle of a valley with forrest all around. Hi! Your blog was very interesting. Would like to know how to get there at Kubli Springs? and how we could get in touch with Jay in making reservations and asking for a road map? Thanks!! We went to Kinabuhayan Bed and Breakfast on the strength of your blog and found it totally horrifying! For starters,the place was filthy. Major. Big time. I went with my husband and our 3 kids –ages 14, 9 and 7. You were right though about the picnic lunch that owner, Jay Herrera, prepared. It was awesome. Roast chicken, risotto with wild mushrooms. But all it's awesomeness was cancelled out by the fact that lunch was served at 2 pm–when we were all famished and mildly homicidal.On top of that, there weren't enough seats or even places to sit on comfortably while eating so a third of us ate while standing up.Gutom ka na, nakatayo ka pa. Dinner however was horrifying–spaghetti (how can you get that wrong)–the amount heaped on our plates could have fed 5. What he lacked in quality, he made up for in sickening quantity. Together with the humongous amount of spaghetti was another humongous helping of–another pasta dish! oh my! This time spaghetti (again) with laing. Didn't work. Bombed.Doyngk. Carbo loading!! then right next to these pasta creations–was salad. carrots and radish –julienned. I mean can you imagine how that looked>?–2 mountains of pasta and julienned veggies—lahat pahaba! Just looking at the plate before me made me groan. Yuck.And breakfast was worst! You'd have to be a pretty terrible cook to botch breakfast, right? Ano ba naman yung longsilog or tapsilog or danggit, diba? Well, when breakfast was served at 9 am (yes 9am!), we were served potato omelet that was so salty, I could only take a bite. The rest we all gave to the dogs and cats. My husband and I hated this place but our kids, the city slickers, loved it. They loved the animals–birds of all kinds, Jay's dogs. This was one saving grace of this place–that our kids loved it. Lest I give the impression that this place is for kids, let me hasten to add that when we got home, all 3 got sick–from allergies, asthma, viral infections. Plus this place is a smoker's haven. Major culprit was the owner himself, Jay H. He was smoking in our cottage–and continued to do so even when I had asked him not to repeatedly. As an aside, I think Jay has heavy psychological problems. I'm a doctor so I could possibly be on to something. He was intrusive (he'd sit and have a conversation with me and my husband, uninvited), flamboyant. In small doses, I could take him but eventually he wore on me real fast. My husband and I and our kids have travelled all over the world and in the Philippines. We love going off the beaten track.

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Russian Patriarch and UK archbishop call for greater support for persecuted Christians November 23, 2017 By World Watch Monitor Russia Crimea, Iraq, Middle East, Moscow, Patriarch Kirill, Russia, Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet Union, Syria, Ukraine, Vladimir Putin The Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Archbishop of Canterbury have called for more aid to reach Middle Eastern refugees, especially Christians, and for robust safeguards against extremist ideology, which they say has spread "like an epidemic". Archbishop Welby and Patriarch Kirill voiced shared concerns for Middle Eastern Christians Patriarch Kirill and Archbishop Justin Welby released a joint statement thanking God for the opportunity "to with one voice before the entire world bear witness to our brothers and sisters who are persecuted for faith in Christ". In their statement, released on Wednesday (22 Nov), the second day of the Anglican leader's unprecedented three-day trip to Russia, they said: "We appeal to the international community to render speedy help to support the Christian and other populations of the Middle East. Wide-scale humanitarian aid is needed for those who are suffering and for the vast numbers of [refugees], including those who have ended up in Europe and America." They also called for "preventative measures against the ideology of extremism that has spread throughout the world under the influence of militants like an epidemic," and urged religious and political leaders to devise an effective response. "An important aspect of this co-operation is interreligious dialogue," they added. "In many countries of the Middle East and Africa there is persecution of Christians, manifested in mass killings, the barbaric destruction of churches, the desecration of holy sites and the expulsion of millions of people from their homes," they wrote. Referring to the Middle East they voiced concern at rapid emigration of Christians as well as "more subtle forms of discrimination where life is made so difficult that it is easier for them to leave their ancient homeland than to stay". Christians contemplating returning to their homes would need "guarantees of security, the restoration of the social infrastructure and living accommodation, the setting up of conditions for clergy to carry out their ministry and the restoration of destroyed churches", they said. This week's visit by Welby and a delegation from his Lambeth Palace residence comes just over a year after the Patriarch visited Britain, where he was received by the Queen and by Archbishop Welby. At that time, Coptic Orthodox Bishop Angaelos said the Russian Orthodox believed its suppression under Soviet rule had given it a vocation to speak up for Christians who are being persecuted. However, critics have voiced concern at the Russian Orthodox Church's close relationship with President Vladimir Putin. Bishop Hlib Lonchyna of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy in London told World Watch Monitor that President Putin "often instrumentalises the position or problems of Christians for his own political purposes". While the Orthodox Church is favoured within the Russia Federation, other Churches and denominations face restrictions. The British Government has accused Russia of "covering up" for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad after he was accused of carrying out chemical weapons attacks, but many Syrian church leaders regard Assad as a protector of Christians and the country's other minority communities against radical Islamists. A journalist from the UK's Times newspaper, who has been travelling with the Anglican delegation, reported today (23 November) that "there was no Russian attempt to introduce politics into the talks". Critics have expressed fears that the Russian Patriarch might attempt to draw Archbishop Welby into endorsing a Russian agenda on a number of broader issues. Britain's Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said last month that Britain had "deep differences deep differences with Russia, in particular over Syria and Ukraine, including the Russian Government's illegal annexation of Crimea". In a statement confirming his plans to visit his Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov in Moscow later this year, the UK's Foreign Office said the two men would nonetheless discuss "regional stability in the Middle East, and containing threats to international peace". 'There will never be peace for Nigeria's… Persecution Watch countries: Beyond the Top 50 Freed Czech charity worker recalls finding hell and… Lives in limbo – Iraqi Christians' long wait… Indian Christians faced almost as many attacks in… Christian women at double risk

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Grab your Metro Card and hop on the "International Express"! Dubbed the "International Express," the 7 train subway line connects the industrial west side of Manhattan to Flushing, Queens—hitting some of the most diverse enclaves of NYC along the way. Whether you're visiting New York for the first or fiftieth time, or looking to explore new pockets of your hometown, check out these spots along the 7 train in Queens for a taste of the world beyond. For your eating convenience, this belly-bustin' itinerary follows the stops sequentially as you're heading east on the train. Grab your MetroCard and make your way to the nearest subway stop to see a Latinx dance theater, enjoy a sizzling pan of Filipino sisig, take a bite of hearty Irish shepherd's pie, and more! The elevated 7 train pulls into the 74th Street station during a sunset commute in Queens. The Empire State Building glows red, white, and blue from Manhattan in the distance. Sandwiched between a laundromat and a bodega on Greenpoint Ave, the unassuming Thalia Theatre bills itself as the "home for Latino culture" in Queens. This is the place to watch Latin American folk dance, tango, salsa, flamenco, and zarzuelas or Spanish operettas. Once you step inside, you're greeted by the glamour of old New York theaters: a wrought-iron ticket booth and hand-carved wooden benches adorn the entryway. The only bilingual theater in the borough, it hosts traveling shows from Spain and South America throughout the year, complete with projected subtitles so viewers can follow along in English or Spanish. This helps to attract a diverse audience, but sitting in the intimate theater, it's hard to feel too separate from your neighbor when you look around and notice everyone's feet tapping to the percussion of a salsa beat, or everyone's hearts soaring at the cante jondo ("deep song") of a flamenco performance. The Thalia will make you feel welcome, no matter what language you speak. When you walk in and nearly every table is taken by large parties of Filipino families, you know you've hit the real deal. Tito Rad's has the best sizzling sisig in Queens (Woodside boasts a Little Manila along Roosevelt Ave)—and possibly in all of NYC. Diced pork and onions are served on a hot plate—yes, sizzling—with a fried egg cooking on top. The owner is known to come over and chat, extending the family feel to every table. Don't pass on dessert; their ube, or purple yam ice cream, is not to be missed. Donovan's has been voted best hamburger in the city by several local papers for years. The burger is good, but their classic Irish fare like the shepherd's pie is where it's at. The interior is deceptively large, with its main dining room designed to mimic an Irish countryside cottage. It's a great place to warm up during the winter months before making your way to the other pubs in the area: Sean Og Tavern, Cuckoo's Nest, and Saints & Sinners are all local favorites where you might want to enjoy live music and grab a pint (or three). The chili sauce drizzled dumplings of Tian Jin Dumpling House in Flushing's Golden Shopping Mall basement food court: dish number A3, pork, chives, shrimp, egg. Much has been written about the Indian food available on 74th St in Jackson Heights, so allow me to introduce you to the nabe's newest darling: Tibetan food. Specifically, momos, dumplings as ubiquitous as hamburgers in the Himalayas. Each November, Jackson Heights is home to an annual Momo Crawl, which has attracted increasingly larger crowds. Created by local Jeff Orlick, participants in the crawl vote for the best momo vendor, after which the winner receives a golden momo trophy and bragging rights. Past winner Lhasa Fast Food gets a lot of attention for its novelty (it's located at the end of a long corridor inside a cell phone store), but in my opinion, you can

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366, 508 ]

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PurposeTo investigate: (1) the cross-sectional association between polypharmacy, hyperpolypharmacy and presence of prefrailty or frailty; (2) the risk of incident prefrailty or frailty in persons with polypharmacy, and vice versa.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from 01/01/1998 to 5/2/2018. Pooled estimates were obtained through random effect models and Mantel-Haenszel weighting. Homogeneity was assessed with the I-2 statistic and publication bias with Egger's and Begg's tests.ResultsThirty-seven studies were included. The pooled proportion of polypharmacy in persons with prefrailty and frailty was 47% (95% CI 33-61) and 59% (95% CI 42-76), respectively. Increased odds ratio of polypharmacy were seen for prefrail (pooled OR=1.52; 95% CI 1.32-1.79) and frail persons (pooled OR=2.62, 95% CI 1.81-3.79). Hyperpolypharmacy was also increased in prefrail (OR=1.95; 95% CI 1.41-2.70) and frail (OR=6.57; 95% CI 9.57-10.48) persons compared to robust persons. Only seven longitudinal studies reported data on the risk of either incident prefrailty or frailty in persons with baseline polypharmacy. A significant higher odds of developing prefrailty was found in robust persons with polypharmacy (pooled OR=1.30; 95% CI 1.12-1.51). We found no papers investigating polypharmacy incidence in persons with prefrailty/frailty.ConclusionsPolypharmacy is common in prefrail and frail persons, and these individuals are also more likely to be on extreme drug regimens, i.e. hyperpolypharmacy, than robust older persons. More research is needed to investigate the causal relationship between polypharmacy and frailty syndromes, thereby identifying ways to jointly reduce drug burden and prefrailty/frailty in these individuals.Prospero registration numberCRD42018104756. Clinical decision support system for the management of osteoporosis compared to NOGG guidelines and an osteology specialist: a validation pilot study. Although osteoporosis is an easily diagnosed and treatable condition, many individuals remain untreated. Clinical decision support systems might increase appropriate treatment of osteoporosis. We designed the Osteoporosis Advisor (OPAD), a computerized tool to support physicians managing osteoporosis at the point-of-care. The present study compares the treatment recommendations provided by OPAD, an expert physician and the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). We performed a retrospective analysis of 259 patients attending the outpatient osteoporosis clinic at the University Hospital in Iceland. We entered each patient's data into the OPAD and recorded the OPAD diagnostic comments, 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture and treatment options. We compared OPAD recommendations to those given by the osteoporosis specialist, and to those of the NOGG. Risk estimates made by OPAD were highly correlated with those from FRAX (r = 0.99, 95% CI 0.99, 1.00 without femoral neck BMD; r = 0.98, 95% CI, 0.97, 0.99 with femoral neck BMD. Reassurance was recommended by the expert, NOGG and the OPAD in 68, 63 and 52% of cases, respectively. Likewise, intervention was recommended by the expert, NOGG, and the OPAD in 32, 37 and 48% of cases, respectively. The OPAD demonstrated moderate agreement with the physician (kappa 0.51, 95% CI 0.41, 0.61

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) and even higher agreement with NOGG (kappa 0.69, 95% CI 0.60, 0.77). Primary care physicians can use the OPAD to assess and treat patients' skeletal health. Recommendations given by OPAD are consistent with expert opinion and existing guidelines. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy in Europe: Results From the ERA-EDTA Registry. Data for outcomes of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) are limited. We examined the incidence and prevalence of ESRD due to scleroderma in Europe and the outcomes among these patients following initiation of RRT. Registry study of incidence and prevalence and a matched cohort study of clinical outcomes. Patients represented in any of 19 renal registries that provided data to the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry between 2002 and 2013. Scleroderma as the identified cause of ESRD. Genetic predisposition to PEG-asparaginase hypersensitivity in children treated according to NOPHO ALL2008. Psychosocial impact of undergoing prostate cancer screening for men with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. To report the baseline results of a longitudinal psychosocial study that forms part of the IMPACT study, a multi-national investigation of targeted prostate cancer (PCa) screening among men with a known pathogenic germline mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Men enrolled in the IMPACT study were invited to complete a questionnaire at collaborating sites prior to each annual screening visit. The questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics and the following measures: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Impact of Event Scale (IES), 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer, Cancer Worry Scale-Revised, risk perception and knowledge. The results of the baseline questionnaire are presented. A total of 432 men completed questionnaires: 98 and 160 had mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, respectively, and 174 were controls (familial mutation negative). Participants' perception of PCa risk was influenced by genetic status. Knowledge levels were high and unrelated to genetic status. Mean scores for the HADS and SF-36 were within reported general population norms and mean IES scores were within normal range. IES mean intrusion and avoidance scores were significantly higher in BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers than in controls and were higher in men with increased PCa risk perception. At the multivariate level, risk perception contributed more significantly to variance in IES scores than genetic status. This is the first study to report the psychosocial profile of men with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations undergoing PCa screening. No clinically concerning levels of general or cancer-specific distress or poor quality of life were detected in the cohort as a whole. A small subset of participants reported higher levels of distress, suggesting the need for healthcare professionals offering PCa screening to identify these risk factors and offer additional information and support to men seeking PCa screening. The optimal follow-up (FU) strategy for patients treated for localised renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. Using the RECUR database, we studied imaging intensity utilised in contemporary FU to evaluate its association with outcome after detection of disease recurrence. Consecutive patients with nonmetastatic RCC (n=1612) treated with curative intent at 12 institutes across eight European countries between 2006 and 2011 were included. Recurrence occurred in 336 patients. Cross-sectional (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and conventional (chest X-ray, ultrasound) methods were used in 47% and 53%, respectively. More intensive FU imaging (more than twofold) than recommended by the European Association of Urology (EAU) was not associated with improved overall survival (OS) after recurrence. Overall, per patient

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treated for recurrence remaining alive with no evidence of disease, the number of FU images needed was 542, and 697 for high-risk patients. The study results suggest that use of more imaging during FU than that recommended in the 2017 EAU guidelines is unlikely to improve OS after recurrence. Prospective studies are needed to design optimal FU strategies for the future. PATIENT SUMMARY: After curative treatment for localised kidney cancer, follow-up is necessary to detect any recurrence. This study illustrates that increasing the imaging frequency during follow-up, even to double the number of follow-up imaging procedures recommended by the European Association of Urology guidelines, does not translate into improved survival for those with recurrence. This study determined the use of standardised procedures for infant noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurements in the Nordic countries and aimed to identify factors included in the standardisation and interpretation of NIBP measurements in infants. A cross-sectional electronic questionnaire survey was sent to 84 physicians in all 23 university hospitals in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland and was completed from February to March 2017. The survey contained respondent characteristics, the presence and description of standardised procedures for NIBP measurements, daily practice of NIBP measurements and methodological considerations and interpretation of NIBP measurements in a healthy six-month-old child. We received responses from 55 of 84 physicians working in all 23 Nordic university hospitals, in paediatric cardiology (n = 22), general paediatrics (n = 16), paediatric nephrology (n = 14) and other fields (n = 3). Less than a quarter (23%) said their hospital issued specific NIBP procedures relating to infants and they referred to 19 different sources of information. The factors that were most commonly assessed for interpretation were age (100%), arousal state (78%) and cuff size (76%). Most of the university hospital units treating children lacked age-specific written procedures for measuring and interpreting infant NIBP, and there is a strong need for common Nordic guidelines. Studies on penetrating injuries in Europe are scarce and often represent data from single institutions. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and demographic features of patients hospitalized for stab injury in a whole nation. This was a retrospective nationwide population-based study on all consecutive adult patients who were hospitalized in Iceland following knife and machete-related injuries, 2000-2015. Age-standardized incidence was calculated and Injury Severity Score (ISS) was used to assess severity of injury. Altogether, 73 patients (mean age 32.6 years, 90.4% males) were admitted during the 16-year study period, giving an age-standardized incidence of 1.54/100,000 inhabitants. The incidence did not vary significantly during the study period (P = 0.826). Most cases were assaults (95.9%) occurring at home or in public streets, and involved the chest (n = 32), abdomen (n = 26), upper limbs (n = 26), head/neck/face (n = 21), lower limbs (n = 10), and the back (n = 6). Median ISS was 9, with 14 patients (19.2%) having severe injuries (defined as ISS > 15). The median length of hospital stay was 2 days (range 0-53). Forty-seven patients (64.4%) underwent surgery and 26 of them (35.6%) required admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), all with ISS scores above 15. Three patients did not survive for 30 days (4.1%); all of them had severe injuries (ISS 17, 25, and 75). Stab injuries that require hospital admission are rare in Iceland, and their incidence has remained relatively stable. One in every five patients sustained severe injuries, two-thirds of whom were treated with surgical interventions, and roughly one-third required ICU care.

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837

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Although some patients were severely injured with high injury scores, their 30-day mortality was still low in comparison to other studies. Predictors of Societal Costs of Older Care-Dependent Adults Living in the Community in 11 European Countries. The objective was to identify predictors of societal costs covering formal and informal care utilization by older home care clients in 11 European countries. Societal costs of 1907 older clients receiving home care for 12 months from the Aged in Home care (AdHoc) study were estimated using the InterRAI Minimum Data Set for Home Care's (MDS-HC) resource use items. Predictors (medical, functional, and psychosocial domains) of societal costs were identified by performing univariate and multivariate generalized linear model analyses. Mean societal costs per participant were €36 442, ranging from €14 865 in Denmark to €78 836 in the United Kingdom. In the final multivariate model, country, being married, activities of daily living (ADL) dependency, cognitive impairment, limitations of going out, oral conditions, number of medications, arthritis, and cerebro vascular accident (CVA) were significantly associated with societal costs. Of the predictors, ADL dependency and limitations of going out may be modifiable. Developing interventions targeted at improving these conditions may create opportunities to curtail societal costs. Epidemiology of community-acquired sepsis in the Faroe Islands - a prospective observational study. The aim of the study was to gather nation-wide epidemiological and clinical data in order to characterize community-acquired sepsis in the Faroe Islands, and to compare these data with epidemiological studies performed in other geographical areas. A prospective, observational study conducted from October 2013 until April 2015 to characterize sepsis, and to calculate incidence rates for community-acquired sepsis of any severity, community-acquired severe sepsis, community-acquired septic shock and community-acquired sepsis without community-acquired severe sepsis or community-acquired septic shock. Of 5279 admissions, 583 cases fulfilled the criteria for community-acquired sepsis of any severity. The mean age of all cases was 67.6 ± 18.3 years. Men accounted for 298 (51.5%) admissions. Charlson comorbidity index was greater than 2 in 247 (42.4%) cases. The incidence of community-acquired sepsis of any severity was 1414/100,000 person-years at risk (95% CI, 1374-1440). The incidence rate for community-acquired sepsis without community-acquired severe sepsis and community-acquired septic shock was 719/100,000 person-years at risk (95% CI, 695-742), for community-acquired severe sepsis 644/100,000 person-years at risk (95% CI, 623-668), for community-acquired septic shock 51/100,000 person-years at risk (95% CI, 45-58). The highest incidence was seen in elderly patients. The incidence rates were slightly higher in men and increased with age, especially in those older than 85 years. Incidence rates of sepsis of any severity were higher than previously published from other countries. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) affect more than 320 million people worldwide, which is more than HIV, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria combined. Elimination of HBV and HCV will, therefore, produce substantial public health and economic benefits and, most importantly, the prevention of 1.2 million deaths per year. In 2016, member states of the World Health Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution declaring that viral hepatitis should be eliminated by 2030. Currently, few countries have elimination programmes in place and even though the tools to achieve elimination are available, the right resources, commitments and allocations are lack

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ing. During the fifth International Viral Hepatitis Elimination Meeting (IVHEM), 7-8 December 2018, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, an expert panel of clinicians, virologists and public health specialists discussed the current status of viral hepatitis elimination programmes across multiple countries, challenges in achieving elimination and the core indicators for monitoring progress, approaches that have failed and successful elimination plans. Neuropathological investigation of cell layer thickness and myelination in the hippocampus of people with obstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is commonly associated with memory impairments. Although MRI studies have found volumetric differences in the hippocampus of people with OSA compared with controls, MRI lacks the spatial resolution to detect changes in the specific regions of the hippocampus that process different types of memory. The present study performed histopathological investigations on autopsy brain tissue from 32 people with OSA (17 females and 15 males) to examine whether the thickness and myelination of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC) vary as a function of OSA severity. Increasing OSA severity was found to be related to cortical thinning in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (r2 = 0.136, p = 0.038), the CA1 (overall, r2 = 0.135, p = 0.039; layer 1, r2 = 0.157, p = 0.025; layer 2, r2 = 0.255, p = 0.003; and layer 3, r2 = 0.185, p = 0.014) and in some layers of the EC (layer 1, r2 = 0.186, p = 0.028; trend in layer 3, r2 = 0.124, p = 0.078). OSA severity was also related to decreased myelin in the deep layers but not the superficial layers of the EC (layer 6, r2 = 0.282, p = 0.006; deep white matter, r2 = 0.390, p = 0.001). Patients known to have used continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment showed no significant reductions in cortical thickness when compared with controls, suggesting that CPAP had a protective effect. However, CPAP did not protect against myelin loss. The regions of decreased cortical thickness and demyelination are locations of synaptic connections in both the polysynaptic (episodic and spatial) and direct (semantic) memory pathways and may underpin the impairments observed in episodic, semantic, and spatial memory in people with OSA. Methotrexate polyglutamates (MTXpg) facilitate incorporation of thioguanine nucleotides into DNA (DNA-TG, the primary cytotoxic thiopurine metabolite and outcome determinant in MTX/6-mercaptopurine treatment of childhood ALL). We hypothesized that mapping erythrocyte levels of MTXpg with 1-6 glutamates and their associations with DNA-TG formation would facilitate future guidelines for maintenance therapy dosing. Summed MTX with 1-6 glutamates resolved by LCMS [median (interquartile): 5.47 (3.58-7.69) nmol/mmol hemoglobin] was in agreement with total MTX by radio ligand assay. In 16,389 blood samples from 1426 ALL maintenance therapy patients, MTXpg3 21.0 (15.2-27.4)% was the predominant metabolite, and MTXpg1 (the maternal drug) constituted 38.6 (27.2-50.2)% of MTXpg1-6. All subsets correlated; the strongest associations were between metabolites with similar polyglutamate lengths. Correlations of MTXpg1 with MTXpg2 and MTXpg3,4,5,6 were r Measuring erythrocyte MTXpg4 simplifies and can replace longer chain MTX

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pg monitoring. Resolving individual MTXpg identifies samples that are unsuitable for dose guidance due to high levels of MTXpg1 remaining in the plasma fraction because of recent MTX intake. All tested MTXpg subsets correlated with DNA-TG and may be used for ALL maintenance therapy dose adjustments, but the most informative subset remains to be identified. Background: Sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima, formerly known as Laminaria saccharina) is a brown seaweed which naturally occurs in the North Atlantic. Seaweeds may be one of the last natural food resources abundantly available. They are known to contain many compounds which may have additional functional benefits. This edible seaweed is characterized by high content of nutrients including carbohydrates and polyphenols, which are recognized antioxidants. Because their natural environment is a 3% saline solution, they are very resistant to mild extraction methods. However, extracts from solvent extractions usually contain residual solvents, making them unacceptable for high quality functional foods and high end cosmetics. The objective of this study was to test the biological properties of three extracts from sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima). Methods: Cold water, hot water, and ethanol: water (70:30 v/v) extracts were prepared. Total Carbohydrate Content (TCC) was determined by the phenol - sulphuric acid method and values were expressed as mg of fucose/g of dry extract. Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) was determined and expressed as mg of Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100g of dry extract. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay was performed for all extracts and values were expressed as mu M of Trolox (R) Equivalent/g of dry extract. Human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1) was used to investigate the bioactivity of Saccharina extracts. Extracts were applied to PMA differentiated THP-1 cells. Cytotoxicity of derived extracts was assessed by light microscopy followed by XTT proliferation assay. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed to determine secretion of interleukin - 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin - 6 (IL-6). Results: The cold water extract exhibited very toxic properties toward macrophages and was thereby excluded from the experimental proceedings with use of the macrophages. Among all the tested extracts, the hot water extract was richest in sugars (682 +/- 243 mg fucose/g dry extract) and polyphenols (96.5 +/- 5.6 mg GAE/g dry extract), which was correlated to the determined ORAC values (1686 +/- 99 mu M TE/g dry extract). The addition of hot water and ethanol extracts at concentrations 100 mu g/ml triggered secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha suggesting immunomodulatory properties of Saccharina extracts toward macrophages. Conclusions: The present study suggests that carbohydrate enriched extracts from Icelandic edible seaweed Saccharina latissima have antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties towards human THP-1 derived macrophages. The carbohydrate and polyphenol correlated with ORAC values confirming antioxidant properties of the derived extracts. The hot water extract affected the pro-inflammatory (TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine secretion in macrophages, suggesting their bioactivity through immunomodulatory actions and can be considered for practical applications in functional foods and cosmetics. Ara h 1 and Ara h 6 Sensitization Causes Clinical Peanut Allergy in Ara h 2-Negative Individuals. Of the major peanut allergens, sensitivity to Ara h 2 has the highest prediction for clinical allergy. In this study, we evaluated sensitization to peanut components in Iceland and related Ara h 2-negative sensitization to clinical allergy. Ara h 1, Ara h 2,

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837

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21

Ara h 3, Ara h 8, and Bet v 1 IgEs were measured (ImmunoCAP) in 220 peanut IgE (Pn-IgE)-positive serum samples. Ara h 2 IgE-negative individuals were invited to an open peanut challenge and evaluated for Ara h 6 and 9 sensitization (ISAC microarray). The Ara h 2 IgE-negative group (52.3%, 115/220) was older (p = 0.04) and more likely to have a history of pollen allergy than the Ara h 2-positive group (p < 0.001). Of the Ara h 2-negative participants, 24.3% were already consuming peanuts and 38.3% were unavailable. Of the 43 who underwent an open peanut challenge, 79% were negative, 14% were positive, and 7% were inconclusive. Those who reacted to peanuts had a higher Ara h 1 IgE than that of the tolerant participants, and 3 were positive to Ara h 6 IgE, and 2 of those subjects were monosensitized. Ara h 8 may have caused a positive reaction, while Ara h 9 did not. Half of the peanut-sensitized individuals in Iceland were not sensitized to the major allergen Ara h 2. Ara h 1, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6 sensitizations resulted in a positive open peanut challenge and they are therefore clinically important for individuals with a peanut allergy in Iceland. Constipation, ileus and medication use during clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia in Iceland. Purpose of the article: Clozapine is the only evidence based treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Constipation is a well known side effect of clozapine treatment. The aims of this study are to describe the prevalence of constipation and ileus during clozapine treatment of patients with schizophrenia in Iceland and to assess the concomitant use of medication that can cause constipation, and laxatives used to treat constipation. We identified 188 patients treated with clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital, during the study period 1.1.1998 - 21.11.2014. Cases of constipation and ileus were identified using an electronic search with keywords related to ileus in the patients' electronic health records. Detailed medication use was available for 154 patients that used clozapine for at least one year. Four out of 188 patients were diagnosed with ileus that resulted in admission to hospital. Two of these required a permanent stoma as a consequence of their ileus. Laxatives were prescribed for 24 out of 154 patients (15.4%) while on clozapine. In total 40.9% of the patients either had laxatives prescribed or had constipation documented in the medical records. Apart from clozapine, other medications known to cause constipation were prescribed to 28 out of 154 patients (18.2%). Constipation is a common problem during clozapine treatment which can progress to full-blown ileus which can be fatal. Clinicians need to monitor signs of constipation during treatment with clozapine and respond to it with lifestyle advice and laxative treatment. Determinants of nurse absenteeism and intent to leave: An international study. To determine factors associated with nurses' intent to leave their positions and absenteeism. There is a recognized global shortage of nurses but limited data describing and determining factors associated with nurse absenteeism and intent to leave. This study involved a secondary analysis of the results from direct-care registered nurses' responses to the MISSCARE Survey, with data from seven countries included. Multi-level modelling was used to determine nurse characteristics and working environment factors associated with nurse absenteeism and intent to leave. The level of absenteeism and intent to leave varied significantly across countries, with registered nurses in Lebanon reporting the highest intention to leave within 12 months (43%) and registered nurses in Iceland and Australia the highest level of abs

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837

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10

\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} Recent experimental demonstrations of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) phenomena in luminous gases of exciton-polaritons{~\cite{STEVENSON2000,BAUMBERG2000,BAAS2006,KASP2006}} and pure photons~\cite{KLAE2010} in optical microcavities are opening exciting new perspectives to the study of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of open, driven-dissipative systems. In contrast to usual statistical mechanics where the equilibrium density matrix is determined by the Boltzmann factor $\rho_{\rm eq}\propto \exp(-H/k_B T)$, the steady-state of open systems is determined by a dynamical balance of pumping and losses. The novel features that stem from this difference are presently attracting a lot of interest from both theoretical and experimental points of view, in particular for what concerns phase transitions and critical behavior~\cite{Zia, Cross, Henkel}. In optics, the first and most celebrated example of phase transition is the laser operation threshold and its interpretation in terms of a spontaneously broken $U(1)$ phase symmetry {was} first pointed out in the early 1970's~\cite{Graham,DEGI1970,HAKE1975}. While this {analogy with Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)} is typically discussed in textbooks for the case of single-mode laser cavities, {rigorously speaking} the concepts of phase transition and of spontaneous symmetry-breaking phenomenon are restricted to spatially infinite systems. {Only recently, the} advances in optical technology are providing examples of spatially extended laser devices for which the large system limit is a legitimate approximation, the so-called VCSELs (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers)~\cite{VCSELbook}. While these devices have received a great attention from point of view of nonlinear optics and of all-optical information processing~\cite{VCSEL}, their potential to study the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of the laser phase transition has been so far only marginally exploited~\cite{KAPON}. As it is reviewed in~\cite{RMP2013}, the interest {for these condensation} phenomena in optical systems got strongly revived in the last decade with the experimental observations of polariton and photon BECs~\cite{STEVENSON2000,BAUMBERG2000,KASP2006,KLAE2010}. {As a remarkable difference from standard lasers, it was pointed out that the effective interactions between the individual particles forming the photon and polariton gases mediated by the underlying medium may lead to collective behaviours in the gas including, e.g., superfluidity~\cite{WOUT2010}. At the same time, a significant work has been devoted to characterize the equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium nature of these condensates and quantify the observable consequences of the pumping and loss processes. On one hand, the photon BEC experiment of \cite{KLAE2010} has shown clear evidence of a thermal Bose-Einstein distribution at the temperature of the cavity medium embedding the dye molecules. On the other hand, qualitatively novel features of non-equilibrium BEC have been observed in polariton condensation experiments. For example, the early experiments of \cite{Richard:PRL2005} have shown BEC into a ring of modes at finite $\mathbf{k}$: An interpretation of this effect in terms of an interplay of driving, dissipation and energy minimization was proposed in \cite{WOUT2008} and experimentally confirmed by \cite{WERTZ}. Another, even more surprising feature was experimentally reported in \cite{BAJO2007}, where a thermal-like distribution was observed even in a weak coupling regime where collisions are expected to be too weak to allow for any thermalisation. From the theoretical point of view, the recent work~\cite{KEELING2013} has quantitatively explored the crossover from the equilibrium-like regime of~\cite{KLAE2010} where the particle distribution closely follow the Bose-Einstein distribution, to non-equilibrium regimes where the distribution is more and

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more distorted up to the standard laser regime: in particular, the ratio between the thermalisation rate (encoded by the absorption/emission rates) and the pumping and photon losses was identified as the key parameter determining the equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium nature of the momentum distribution of photons. Going beyond the one-body distribution function, several authors~\cite{SZYM2006, WOUT2006,WOUT2007} have pointed out a qualitative signature of non-equilibrium in the dispersion of the collective excitations: the typical acoustic branch of equilibrium condensates is replaced by a diffusive plateau at low wavevectors, whose $\mathbf{k}$-space extension is quantitatively related to the departure from equilibrium. Furthermore,} the non-perturbative functional renormalisation group calculation in~\cite{Sieberer2013} showed the importance of new critical exponents arising from the genuine non-equilibrium nature of the system. Finally, theoretical descriptions of the photon BEC phenomenon in purely laser terms were {aimed for in}~\cite{Fischer}. {An interesting proposal to obtain a chemical potential for photons was proposed in~\cite{hafezi2014chemical}.} {The situation is even more intriguing in the reduced dimension case that is naturally realized in experiments:} While a well-developed condensate with spatial coherence extending in the whole gas was observed in the relatively small systems of~\cite{KASP2006,KLAE2010}, quasi-condensation features are expected to arise in larger systems {because of long-wavelength fluctuations. In the equilibrium case, the well-known Mermin-Wagner theorem forbids BEC in {translationally invariant systems \footnote{{Of course, BEC remains possible if a harmonic trap potential is added to the 2D gas~\cite{PITA2004}, as done in the experiment of~\cite{KLAE2010}}} of dimension smaller or equal to 2~\cite{MERM1966}. In the non-equilibrium case,} first theoretical works based on a Gaussian linearised theory of fluctuations have anticipated that the long-distance behaviour of the non-equilibrium (interacting) quasi-condensate {should be} the same as in the corresponding equilibrium system at finite $T$, that is an exponential decay of coherence in one dimension and a power-law decay in two dimensions~\cite{SZYM2006, WOUT2006, ACIC2013}. Pioneering experiments along these lines were reported in~\cite{SPAN2012,ROUM2012}. Very recently, more refined theoretical studies going beyond the Gaussian theory have started questioning some aspects of these theoretical predictions. {In particular,} it was pointed out in~\cite{Altman,Wouters2013} that terms beyond the linearised Bogoliubov theory are essential to correctly capture the long-distance behavior of the spatial coherence {and correct some pathologies found in the non-interacting limit in~\cite{ACIC2013}. As a result,} the power-law quasi-long range order of {spatially homogeneous} two-dimensional quasi-condensates might be broken and replaced by a stretched exponential decay~\cite{Altman}. {The common starting point of all these theoretical works are phenomenological stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equations (SGPE). The only exception is the numerical simulation reported in~\cite{Ciuti2005} where the BEC phase transition was studied in the so-called Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) configuration {which is} amenable to an almost {\em ab initio} truncated-Wigner description of the field dynamics. In all other cases, the strength and the functional form of the noise terms had to be introduced in a phenomenological way~\cite{WOUT2009,ACIC2013}.} The purpose of this work is to develop a fully quantum model of the system from which one can derive a SGPE under controlled approximations. In contrast to previous derivations of the SGPE based, e.g., on Keldysh formalism~\cite{Keeling} or on the truncated-Wigner representations of the field~\cite{Ciuti2005,WOUT2009}, our derivation is performed through the quantum Langevin approach~\cite{

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GARD2000}: on one hand, this approach offers a physically transparent description of the baths and, in particular, of the incoherent pumping mechanism. On the other hand, it allows to capture {within a simple Markovian theory} the frequency-dependence of the pumping and dissipation baths. In the good cavity limit, we can then adiabatically eliminate the matter degrees of freedom, which results in an effective dynamics for the cavity photon field only: in particular, explicit expressions for the Langevin terms are provided, which can eventually be used as a starting point for more sophisticated statistical mechanics calculations. This Article is organised as follows. In Sec. \ref{sec:QL} we present the model and we derive {the quantum Langevin} equations. In Sec. \ref{sec:MF}, we present the mean-field theory of the condensation process {and we illustrate the $U(1)$ spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomenon}. In the following Sec. \ref{sec:Fluctuations} we study the excitation modes of the system and the effect of fluctuations around the condensate: in particular, predictions for the momentum distribution of the thermal component and for the luminescence spectrum are given. In Sec. \ref{sec:SGPE} we discuss the good cavity limit where our equations can be reduced to a stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Conclusions are finally drawn in Sec. \ref{sec:Conclusions}. \section{The model} \label{sec:QL} Our microscopic theory extends early models on laser operation~\cite{LAX1966,LOUI1973,GORD1967,HAKE1984} to the spatially extended case of planar cavities with a parabolic dispersion of the cavity photon as a function of the in-plane wavevector $\mathbf{k}$, \begin{equation} \omega_\mathbf{k} = \omega_0 + \frac{k^2}{2m}. \label{omegak} \end{equation} with a cut-off frequency $\omega_0$ and an effective mass $m$~\cite{RMP2013}. This simple description of cavity modes well captures the physics of planar DBR semiconductor microcavities {in both the weak and the strong light-matter coupling regimes: in particular, low-momentum polaritons used in the condensation experiment~\cite{KASP2006} are straightforwardly included as dressed photon modes with suitably renormalised $\omega_0$ and $m$ parameters. When} supplemented with an harmonic potential term accounting for the mirror curvature, {this same formalism} also describes the mesoscopic cavity of~\cite{KLAE2010}. As it is sketched in Fig.\ref{fig:sketch}, the {cavity} field is then coupled to a set of two-level emitters. Both the emitters and the cavity are subject to losses of different natures, while energy is continuously injected into the system by pumping the emitters to their excited state. The steady-state of the system is therefore determined by a dynamical balance of pumping and losses. In this description, {both Bose-Einstein condensation and lasing consist} in the appearance of a macroscopic coherent field in a single mode of the cavity (typically the $\mathbf{k}=0$ one), monochromatically oscillating at a given frequency $\omega$ and with a long-distance coherence extending in the whole system. Part of the in-cavity light eventually leaves the cavity via the non-perfectly reflecting mirror and end up forming a coherent {output beam of light}. \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{sketch.png} \caption{\label{fig:sketch}A pictorial representation of the model. {Emitters lose energy at a rate $\gamma$ while energy is pumped in at a rate $d$. Photons can leave the cavity after a time $\kappa^{-1}$.}} \end{figure} While this theory directly builds on standard laser theory, it is generic enough to capture the main specificities of exciton-polariton condensation under an incoherent pumping scheme {which was experimentally

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282, 3427, 292, 11380, 426, 4716, 471, 7639, 635 ]

841

2,048

ArXiv

-1

demonstrated in~\cite{KASP2006}. In this case, the dispersion is the polariton one and the two-level emitters provide a model description of the complex irreversible polariton scattering processes replenishing the condensate~\cite{keeling2007,DENG2010}. The main gain process consists of binary polariton scattering where two polaritons located around the inflection point of their dispersion are scattered into one condensate polariton and one exciton (which is then quickly lost). In our model, the excited state of the emitters correspond to pairs of polaritons located around the inflection point of their dispersion, while the ground state of the emitter corresponds to having one exciton resulting from the collision. At simplest order, the emitter energy $\nu$ is then approximately equal to the difference of the energy of the pair around the inflection point and of the exciton, $\hbar\nu\approx 2E_{\rm infl}-E_{\rm exc}$, that is the energy where the collisional gain is expected to be maximum. } Extensions of this theory including more complicate emitters can be used to describe the dye molecules involved in the photon condensation experiments of \cite{KLAE2010}. Several possibilities in this direction are explored in \cite{KEELING2013,DELEEUW2013}. \subsection{The field and emitter Hamiltonians and the radiation-emitter coupling} Given the translational symmetry of the system along the cavity plane, the in-plane momentum $\mathbf{k}$ of the photon is a good quantum number and the (bare) photon dispersion of a given longitudinal mode is well described by the parabolic dispersion \eqref{omegak}. The emitters are fixed in space according to a regular square lattice and do not have any direct interaction. Taking for notational simplicity $\hbar=1$, the free Hamiltonian of the field and {of} the emitters has the usual form \begin{equation} H _{\text{free}} = \sum_\mathbf{k} \omega_\mathbf{k} {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} {\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k} + \sum_i \nu S_i^z \end{equation} where $\omega_\mathbf{k}$ is the cavity dispersion defined in \eqref{omegak} and $\nu$ is the emitter frequency. The ${\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k},{\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}$ operators satisfy bosonic commutation rules $[{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k},{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}'}]=\delta_{\mathbf{k},\mathbf{k}'}$, {while the emitter operators $S^{\pm,z}$ satisfy the usual algebra of spin-1/2 operators.} Within the usual rotating-wave approximation, the radiation-matter coupling is then: \begin{equation} H _{\text{int}} = \frac{ig}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_i\sum_\mathbf{k}\left( \mathrm{e}^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot \mathbf{x}_i}\,{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}\,S_{i}^+ - \mathrm{e}^{-i\mathbf{k}\cdot \mathbf{x}_i}\,{\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}\,S_i^- \right), \end{equation} where $\mathbf{x}_i$ is the position of the $i$-th emitter and $V$ is the total volume of the system. Assuming periodic boundary conditions, we can introduce the $D$-dimensional real-space cavity field \begin{equation} \phi(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_\mathbf{k} e^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}}\,{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}. \end{equation} % In terms of the field $\phi(\mathbf{x})$, local binary interactions between the cavity photons can be added to the model via a two-body interaction term of the form \begin{equation} H^{(4)} = \frac{\lambda}{2}\int_V\mathrm{d}^Dx\,\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x})\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x})\phi(\mathbf{x})\phi(\mathbf{x}), \end{equation} which in momentum space reads: \begin{equation} H^{(4)} = \frac

0.38394

0.122817

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2.283088

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841

3,072

ArXiv

-1

{\lambda}{2V}\sum_{\mathbf{k}\kk'\mathbf{q}}{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}} {\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}'-\mathbf{q}} {\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{k}'} b_\mathbf{k}. \end{equation} Physically, such a term can describe a Kerr $\chi^{(3)}$ optical non-linearity of the cavity material or, equivalently, polariton-polariton interactions~\cite{RMP2013}. \subsection{Dissipative field dynamics: radiative losses} The cavity field is coupled to an external bath of radiative modes via the non-perfectly reflecting cavity mirrors. As usual, this can be modelled by coupling each $\mathbf{k}$ mode of the field with a bath of harmonic oscillators~\cite{ICCCPRA2006}. The resulting quantum Langevin equations~\cite{GARD2000} then have the form \begin{equation} \frac{d{\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}}{dt} = \left( i\omega_\mathbf{k} - \frac{\kappa}{2} \right) {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} + F_\mathbf{k}^\dagger. \end{equation} Here, $\kappa$ is the decay rate of the field and the zero-mean quantum noises $F_\mathbf{k}^\dagger$ are uncorrelated and have a delta-like correlation in time \begin{eqnarray} \langle F^\dagger_\mathbf{k}(t)F_{\mathbf{k}'}(t')\rangle &=& 0 \label{F1} \\ \langle F_\mathbf{k}(t)F_{\mathbf{k}'}^\dagger(t')\rangle &=& \kappa\,\delta(t - t')\,\delta_{\mathbf{k},\mathbf{k}'}. \label{F2} \end{eqnarray} This form of the quantum Langevin equation requires that the initial total density matrix factorizes in the cavity and bath parts and that the bath density matrix corresponds to an equilibrium state at very low temperature. Both approximations are well satisfied by realistic systems, since the frequencies involved in optical experiments are very high as compared to the device temperature, typically at or below room temperature. As a result, cavity photons can only spontaneously quit the cavity after a lifetime $\kappa^{-1}$, while no radiation can enter the cavity from outside. \subsection{Dissipative emitter dynamics: losses and pumping} The dissipative dynamics of the emitter requires a bit more care because of the intrinsic nonlinearity of a two-level system. We take each emitter to be independently coupled to its own loss bath with a Hamiltonian of the form \begin{equation} H_\gamma = \sum_{q}\left( \gamma_q^* S^+A_q + \gamma_q A^{\dagger}_q S^- \right). \end{equation} Here, $q$ indicates the modes of the bath, $\gamma_q$ are the coupling constants, and $A_q$ are the bath operators, assumed to have bosonic nature and an initially very low temperature. Performing a Markov approximation, the quantum Langevin equations for the spin-like operators of the emitter read \begin{equation} \begin{cases} \left.\frac{dS^z}{dt}\right|_\gamma = - \gamma\left(\frac{1}{2} + S^z\right) + G^z_\gamma\\ \left.\frac{dS^+}{dt}\right|_\gamma = \left(i\nu - \frac{\gamma}{2} \right)S^+ + G^+_\gamma. \end{cases} \end{equation} The deterministic part of these equations shows that each emitter tends to decay towards its lower state independently of its neighbors. Differently from what happened to the cavity mode in \eqref{F1} and \eqref{F2}, the noise operators $G^+_\gamma$ and $G^z_\gamma$ now depend on the initial state of the bath $A_q(t_0)$ as well as on the instantaneous spin operators: \begin{gather} \begin{split} G^z_\gamma(t) = & -i\sum_q\left[\gamma_q^*\mathrm{e}^{-i\omega_q

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841

4,096

ArXiv

-1

(t-t_0)}S^+(t)A_q(t_0)\right. + \\ &- \left. \gamma_q\mathrm{e}^{i\omega_q(t-t_0)}A_k^{\dagger}(t_0)S^-(t)\right], \end{split}\\ G^+_\gamma(t) = -2i\sum_k\gamma_k\mathrm{e}^{i\omega_k(t-t_0)}A^{\dagger}_k(t_0)S^z(t). \end{gather} Under the same conditions assumed for the cavity operators, the quantum noises on the different emitters are uncorrelated and have a delta-like temporal correlation, \begin{equation} \langle G_{\gamma,i}^\alpha(t)G_{\gamma,j}^{\alpha'}(t') \rangle = 2D^{\alpha \alpha'}_\gamma(t)\delta(t-t')\,\delta_{ij}. \end{equation} Among the many $\alpha,\alpha' = +,\, -,\, z$ terms, the only non-zero diffusion coefficients are: \begin{gather} D^{-+}_\gamma = \frac{\gamma}{2}, \qquad D^{-z}_\gamma = \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^-\rangle, \\ \qquad D^{z+}_\gamma = \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^+\rangle ,\qquad D^{zz}_\gamma = \frac{\gamma}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\langle S^z\rangle\right). \end{gather} The dependence of the diffusion coefficients on the spin operator averages stems from the intrinsic optical nonlinearity of two-level emitter and makes calculations much harder. The incoherent external pumping of the system is modelled by coupling each emitter with a bath of inverted oscillators as typically done in laser theory~\cite{GARD2000}. This leads to quantum Langevin equations of the form \begin{equation} \left\{\begin{array}{lll} \left.\frac{dS^z}{dt}\right|_d = d\left(\frac{1}{2} - S^z\right) + G^z_d,\\ \left.\frac{dS^+}{dt}\right|_d = \left(i\nu - \frac{d}{2} \right)S^+ + G^+_d \end{array} \right. \end{equation} Again, the noise operators $G_d^\alpha$ depend on the spin operators and satisfy delta-like correlation functions in time. The only non-zero diffusion coefficients are now: \begin{gather} D^{+-}_d = \frac{d}{2}, \qquad D^{+z}_d = -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^+\rangle,\\ \qquad D^{z-}_d = -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^-\rangle, \qquad D^{zz}_d = \frac{d}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}-\langle S^z\rangle\right). \end{gather} Combining the two loss and pumping contributions to the emitter dissipative dynamics, one finally obtains \begin{equation}\label{TLA_eq} \left\{ \begin{array}{lll} \left.\frac{dS^z}{dt}\right|_{\gamma+d} & = & \Gamma\left(\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - S^z\right) + G^z,\\ \left.\frac{dS^+}{dt}\right|_{\gamma+d} & = & \left(i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2} \right)S^+ + G^+, \end{array} \right. \end{equation} where $\Gamma = d + \gamma$ and $G^\alpha(t) = G^\alpha_{\gamma}(t) + G^\alpha_{d}(t) $. The stationary value of the average inversion operator $S^z$ in the absence of any cavity field can be called \emph{unsaturated population inversion} and depends only on the ratio between damping rates $x = {d}/{\gamma} $, \begin{equation} \mathcal{D} = \frac{d - \gamma }{d + \gamma}. \end{equation} In the $\alpha

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2.085384

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841

5,120

ArXiv

-1

,\alpha' = +,\, -,\, z$ basis, the diffusion matrix $D^{\alpha\alpha'}$ of the total external noise operators $G^\alpha$ is given by: \begin{equation}\label{diff_coeff} \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & \frac{\gamma}{2} &\frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^+\rangle\\ \frac{d}{2} & 0 & -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^-\rangle\\ -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^+\rangle & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^-\rangle& \frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2} - \mathcal{D}\langle S^z\rangle \right) \end{array} \right). \end{equation} \subsection{The quantum Langevin equations} Putting all terms together, we obtain the final quantum Langevin equations for the $i$-th emitter and the $\mathbf{k}$ cavity mode {operators}, \begin{gather} \begin{split} \frac{dS^z_i}{dt} = \Gamma\left(\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - S^z_i\right) + &\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{k}}\left(\mathrm{e}^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}_i}\,S_i^+\,{\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{k}} +\right.\\ &\left. +\mathrm{e}^{-i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}_i}\,{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}}\,S_i^- \right)+ G^z_i , \end{split}\label{eqn1a}\\ \frac{dS^+_i}{dt} = \left(i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2} \right)S^+_i -\frac{2g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{k}}\mathrm{e}^{-i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}_i}\,{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}}\,S^z_i + G^+_i, \label{eqn1b}\\ \frac{d{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}}}{dt} = \left( i\omega_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{\kappa}{2} \right) {\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_i\mathrm{e}^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}_i}\,S^{+}_i + F_{\mathbf{k}}^{\dagger} \label{eqn1c}. \end{gather} {These} equations can be rewritten in {{\em real space}} in terms of field and spin-density operators. Assuming the emitters to be arranged on a regular square lattice with density $n_A$ and to have a fictitious size equal to the lattice cell volume $a=n_A^{-1}$, {these latter can be defined as} \begin{equation} S^\alpha(\mathbf{x}) = \sum_i\delta_{a}^{(D)}(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}_i)\,S_i^\alpha \end{equation} in terms of delta distributions broadened over a spatial area $a$. Assuming that the bosonic field $\phi(\mathbf{x})$ is almost constant over a length $\sim a$ allows us to approximate $\delta_{a}^{(D)}(\mathbf{x})$ as a delta function, simplifying the algebra of the spin densities and the form of the quantum Langevin equations. In this representation, the spin algebra in the cartesian $\alpha_i=x,y,z$ basis has the form \begin{equation} [ S^{\alpha_1}(\mathbf{x}), S^{\alpha_2}(\mathbf{x}')] = i\varepsilon_{\alpha_1\alpha_2\alpha_3} S^{\alpha_3}(\mathbf{x}) \delta^{(D)}_a(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}'). \end{equation} {Summing up}, the {real space} quantum Langevin equations can be written as \begin{gather} \begin{split} \frac{\partial S^z(\mathbf{x})}{\partial t} = \Gamma \left[n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - S^z(\mathbf

0.008649

-0.624323

0.387152

2.272682

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841

6,144

ArXiv

-1

{x})\right] &+ g\left[ S^+(\mathbf{x})\phi(\mathbf{x})\right. + \\ & \left.+\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x}) S^-(\mathbf{x})\right] + G^z(\mathbf{x}), \end{split}\label{eq:space1}\\ \frac{\partial S^+(\mathbf{x})}{\partial t} = \left[i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2}\right] S^+(\mathbf{x}) -2g\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x}) S^z(\mathbf{x}) + G^+(\mathbf{x}), \label{eq:space2}\\ \frac{\partial\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x})}{\partial t} = \left[ i\omega(i\nabla_\mathbf{x}) - \frac{\kappa}{2}\right]\phi^\dagger(\mathbf{x}) - g S^+(\mathbf{x}) + F^\dagger(\mathbf{x}). \label{eq:space3} \end{gather} with a spatially local noise correlation \begin{equation} \langle G^\alpha(t,\mathbf{x}) G^{\alpha'}(t',\mathbf{x}')\rangle = D^{\alpha\alpha'}(\mathbf{x})\delta_a^{(D)}(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}')\delta(t-t'), \end{equation} with \begin{equation}\label{diff_coeff_x} \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & \frac{\gamma}{2}\, n_A & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^+(\mathbf{x})\rangle\\ \frac{d}{2}\,n_A & 0 & -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^-(\mathbf{x})\rangle\\ -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^+(\mathbf{x})\rangle & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^-(\mathbf{x})\rangle& \frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(\frac{n_A}{2} - \mathcal{D}\langle S^z(\mathbf{x})\rangle \right) \end{array} \right). \end{equation} Another useful representation of the previous equations is in {{\em momentum space}}: defining the Fourier transform of the spin-density as \begin{equation} S^\alpha_\mathbf{k} = \int \mathrm{d}^d x\, S^\alpha(\mathbf{x})\mathrm{e}^{-i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}}, \qquad S^\alpha(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{1}{V}\sum_\mathbf{k} S_\mathbf{k}^\alpha \mathrm{e}^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x}}, \end{equation} we have the spin commutation relations \begin{equation} [ S^{\alpha_1}_\mathbf{k}, S^{\alpha_2}_{\mathbf{k}'}] = i\varepsilon_{{\alpha_1}{\alpha_2}{\alpha_3}} S^{\alpha_3}_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}, \end{equation} and the quantum Langevin equations \begin{gather} \begin{split} \frac{dS^z_{\mathbf{k}}}{dt} = \Gamma\left(\delta_{\mathbf{k},0}N_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - S^z_{\mathbf{k}}\right) + &\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{q}}\left( S_{\mathbf{k} - \mathbf{q}}^+{\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{q}} + \right.\\ & \left. +{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{q}} S_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}}^- \right)+ G^z_{\mathbf{k}} , \end{split}\label{eqn2a}\\ \frac{dS^+_{\mathbf{k}}}{dt} = \left(i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2} \right) S^+_{\mathbf{k}} -2\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{q}}{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{q}} S^z_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}} + G^+_{\mathbf{k}} , \label{eqn2b}\\ \frac{d{\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}}}{dt} = \

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-0.670879

0.17918

2.314304

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841

7,168

ArXiv

-1

left( i\omega_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{\kappa}{2} \right) {\rm b}^\dagger_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{g}{\sqrt{V}} S^{+}_{-\mathbf{k}} + F_{\mathbf{k}}^{\dagger} \label{eqn2c}. \end{gather} Momentum space noise operators then satisfy \begin{gather} \langle G^\alpha_{\mathbf{k}}(t)G^{\alpha'}_{\mathbf{k}'}(t')\rangle = 2D_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}^{\alpha\alpha'}\delta(t-t'),\\ \end{gather} with \begin{equation}\label{diff_coeff_k} \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & \frac{\gamma}{2}\, N_A\delta_{\mathbf{k},-\mathbf{k}'} & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^+_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle\\ \frac{d}{2}\,N_A\delta_{\mathbf{k},-\mathbf{k}'} & 0 & -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^-_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle\\ -\frac{d}{2}\langle S^+_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle & \frac{\gamma}{2}\langle S^-_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle& \frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(\frac{N_A}{2}\delta_{\mathbf{k},-\mathbf{k}'} - \mathcal{D}\langle S^z_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}\rangle \right) \end{array} \right). \end{equation} {Before proceeding with our discussion, it is worth pointing out that what we have introduced so far is a minimal quantum model to describe condensation in a spatially extended geometry. Depending on the specific system under investigation, other terms might be needed, for instance dephasing of the emitter under the effect of a sort of collisional broadening, or several species of emitters with different resonance frequencies $\nu_i$ so to account for more complex gain spectra. In our formalism, dephasing corresponds to terms of the form \begin{equation} \label{eq:MEcoll} \dot{\rho} = \frac{\Gamma_{\text{coll}}}{2}\left(4S^z\rho S^z - \rho\right) \end{equation} in the master equation~\cite{COHE2004}, $\Gamma_\text{coll}$ being the contribution of the dephasing to the dipole relaxation rate. In the quantum Langevin formalism, these processes give additional deterministic terms \begin{equation} \label{QLcoll} \begin{cases} \left.\frac{dS^+}{dt}\right|_{\rm coll} = -\Gamma_\text{coll}S^+ + G_{\rm coll}^+, \\ \left.\frac{dS^z}{dt}\right|_{\rm coll} =0, \end{cases} \end{equation} and an additional contribution to the noise: % \begin{equation} \label{QLdiff} \begin{cases} \langle G_{\rm coll}^+(t)G_{\rm coll}^-(t') \rangle = 2\Gamma_\text{coll}\left(\frac{1}{2} + \langle S^z\rangle\right)\delta(t-t'),\\ \langle G_{\rm coll}^-(t)G_{\rm coll}^+(t') \rangle = 2\Gamma_\text{coll}\left(\frac{1}{2} - \langle S^z\rangle\right)\delta(t-t'). \end{cases} \end{equation} % We have checked that including such terms does not introduce any qualitatively new feature in the model.} \section{Mean-field theory} \label{sec:MF} {As a first step in our study of non-equilibrium condensation effects, we study the mean-field solution to the quantum Langevin equations.} This amounts to neglecting the quantum noise terms in \eqref{eqn2a}-\eqref{eqn2c} and replacing each operator with its expectation value. This study is the simplest in momentum representation, where the mean-field motion equations for $\beta_\mathbf{k}^* =

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0.399833

2.251871

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841

8,192

ArXiv

-1

\langle {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}\rangle$ and $\sigma^\alpha_\mathbf{k} = \langle S^\alpha_\mathbf{k} \rangle$ have the form \begin{gather} \begin{split} \dot{\sigma}^z_{\mathbf{k}} = \Gamma\left(\delta_{\mathbf{k},0}N_A\right.&\left.\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \sigma^z_{\mathbf{k}}\right) + \\ &+\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{q}}\left(\sigma_{\mathbf{k} - \mathbf{q}}^+\beta_{\mathbf{q}} + \beta_{\mathbf{q}}^*\sigma_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}}^- \right) \label{MF1a} , \end{split}\\ \dot{\sigma}^+_{\mathbf{k}} = \left(i\nu - \frac{\Gamma}{2} \right)\sigma^+_{\mathbf{k}} -2\frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sum_{\mathbf{q}}\beta_{\mathbf{q}}^*\sigma^z_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{q}} , \label{MF2a}\\ \dot{\beta}_{\mathbf{k}}^* = \left( i\omega_{\mathbf{k}} - \frac{\kappa}{2} \right) \beta_{\mathbf{k}}^* - \frac{g}{\sqrt{V}}\sigma^{+}_{-\mathbf{k}} +\frac{i\lambda}{V}\sum_{\mathbf{q}\qq'}\beta^*_{\mathbf{q}+\mathbf{q}'} \beta^*_{\mathbf{k}-\mathbf{q}'} \beta_{\mathbf{q}}, \label{MF3a} \end{gather} very similar to the ones of the semi-classical theory of lasers~\cite{SCUL1997}. \subsection{Stationary state: Bose condensation} While a trivial solution with all $\beta_\mathbf{k}^*=\sigma_\mathbf{k}^+=0$ is always present, for some values of the parameters to be specified below, {this solution becomes dynamically unstable and is replaced by} other {\em condensed} solutions with a non vanishing field amplitude. Inspired by experiments, we focus our attention on the case where condensation occurs on the $\mathbf{k}=0$ state. This corresponds to inserting the ansatz \begin{equation}\label{ansatz} \begin{cases} \beta^*_{\mathbf{k}}(t) = \delta_{\kk0}\,\sqrt{V}\,\beta_0^*\,\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t},\\ \sigma^+_{\mathbf{k}}(t) = \delta_{\kk0}\,V\,\sigma_0^+\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \\ \sigma^z_{\mathbf{k}}(t) = \delta_{\kk0}\,V\,\sigma^z_0, \end{cases} \end{equation} into the mean-field equations, with the amplitudes $\beta_0^*$ and $\sigma_0^+$, the population inversion $\sigma^z_0$ and the frequency $\omega$ to be determined in a self consistent way. In the $\lambda=0$ case where direct photon-photon interactions vanish, a direct analytical solution of the mean-field equations gives \begin{equation}\label{freq} \omega = \frac{\frac{\nu}{\Gamma} + \frac{\omega_{0}}{\kappa}}{\frac{1}{\Gamma} + \frac{1}{\kappa} } = \omega_0 + \frac{\kappa}{2}\delta, \end{equation} where $\delta = 2(\nu - \omega_0)/(\Gamma + \kappa)$ is the dimensionless detuning: the frequency $\omega$ is therefore equal to an average of the bare field and dipole frequencies, weighted with their bare lifetimes. Analogously, we find for the field and emitter observables, % \begin{eqnarray}\label{mfvalues} |\beta_0|^2 & = & \frac{\Gamma}{\kappa}\left[ n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \frac{\Gamma\kappa}{8g^2}\left(1 + \delta^2 \right) \right], \label{field}\\ \sigma^z_0 & = & \frac{\Gamma\kappa}{8g^2}\left(1 + \delta^

0.557888

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0.511428

2.376737

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841

9,216

ArXiv

-1

2\right), \label{inversion}\\ \sigma^+_0 & = & -\frac{\kappa}{2g}\left(1 + i\delta\right)\beta_0^*. \label{dipole} \end{eqnarray} The condensation threshold is clearly visible in these results: for {$\mathcal{D}/\Gamma<\kappa(1+\delta^2)/4g^2n_A$}, the right-hand side of \eqref{field} is negative, so only the trivial $\beta_0$ solution is possible. For {$\mathcal{D}/\Gamma>\kappa(1+\delta^2)/4g^2n_A$}, a condensed solution appears with a finite field intensity \eqref{field} and a corresponding emitter dipole moment proportional to \eqref{dipole}. {Remind that both $\mathcal{D}=(d-\gamma)/(d+\gamma)$ and $\Gamma=d+\gamma=\gamma(1+x)$ are here function of the pumping rate.} For finite values of $\lambda$, a similar derivation can be carried out. For the frequency, it gives \begin{equation} \label{shift} \omega = \frac{\frac{\nu}{\Gamma} + \frac{1}{\kappa}\left(\omega_0 + \lambda|\beta_0|^2\right)}{\frac{1}{\Gamma} + \frac{1}{\kappa}} = \omega_0 + \lambda|\beta_0|^2 + \frac{\kappa}{2}\delta_\lambda, \end{equation} where the dimensionless detuning $ \delta_\lambda = 2\left(\nu-\omega_0 - \lambda|\beta_0|^2\right)/\left(\Gamma+\kappa\right)$ now involves also the nonlinear frequency shift of the field mode. For the field and the emitter observables, it gives: \begin{eqnarray} |\beta_0|^2 & = & \frac{\Gamma}{\kappa}\left[ n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \frac{\Gamma\kappa}{8g^2}\left(1 + \delta_\lambda^2 \right) \right] \label{eq:MFint1}\\ \sigma^z_0 & = & \frac{\Gamma\kappa}{8g^2}\left(1 + \delta_\lambda^2\right) \label{eq:MFint2}\\ \sigma^+_0 & = & -\frac{\kappa}{2g}\left(1 + i\delta_\lambda\right)\beta_0^*. \label{eq:MFint3} \end{eqnarray} \subsection{Physical discussion} \begin{figure*}[htbp] \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=18 cm]{Intensity.pdf} \caption{Intensity of the field (upper panels) and {oscillation} frequency of the condensate (lower panels) as a function of the pumping parameter $x = d/\gamma$. Both quantities are shown for different values of self-interaction $\lambda$ and natural detuning $\nu-\omega_0$. {In all panels,} $\gamma = 10 \kappa$ and $g\sqrt{n_A} = 7 \kappa$.} \label{fig:1} \end{center} \end{figure*} The most remarkable feature of the mean-field equations is the spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomenon at the condensation threshold. The mean-field equations \eqref{MF1a}-\eqref{MF3a} are symmetric under the U(1) transformation $ (\beta^*_{\mathbf{k}},\sigma^+_{\mathbf{k}}) \rightarrow (\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi}\beta^*_{\mathbf{k}},\mathrm{e}^{i\varphi}\sigma^+_{\mathbf{k}})$ with arbitrary global phase $\varphi$. While for all values of the parameters there is a trivial $\beta_0=\sigma^+_0=0$ solution which fulfils this symmetry, any non-trivial solution has to choose a specific phase for $\beta_0$ and $\sigma_0^+$, only their modulus being fixed by \eqref{field} or \eqref{eq:MFint1}: as a result, the U(1) symmetry is {\em spontaneously broken}. In actual experiments, this phase is randomly chosen. Note that since the symmetry transformation does not involve $\sigma^z_{0}$, its mean-field value can always be non-zero. The

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-0.629695

0.103093

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841

10,240

ArXiv

-1

behaviour of the field intensity $|\beta_0|^2$ and of the oscillation frequency $\omega$ is plotted in Fig.\ref{fig:1} as a function of the pumping strength $x=d/\gamma$ for different (negative) values of the natural field-emitter detuning $\nu-\omega_0<0$ (different curves) and different values of the (positive) nonlinear coupling $\lambda>0$ (different panels). In all cases, two thresholds are well visible: the lower one corresponds to the standard switch-on of laser operation for sufficiently large pump strength. The upper one is a consequence of our specific model and is due to the fact that the gain offered by the emitters is suppressed when the effective emitter linewidth $\Gamma=d+\gamma=\gamma(1+x)$ appearing in \eqref{eqn1b} is very much broadened by the pumping term $d$. As usual, whenever a non-trivial $\beta_0\neq 0$ condensate solution is available, the trivial solution becomes dynamically unstable. For all cases shown in this figure, the order parameter $\beta_0$ grows continuously from zero, so the condensation resembles a second-order phase transition. The behavior of the oscillation frequency shown in the lower panels of Fig.\ref{fig:1} is determined by a complex interplay of the bare frequencies of the cavity and of the emitter, weighted by their respective linewidths and shifted by the nonlinear interaction energy $\lambda$ according to \eqref{shift}. The situation for positive detuning $\nu-\omega_0>0$ is more complicate and a complete analysis of the rich phenomenology goes beyond the scope of this work. {Not only the order parameter as a function of pumping strength can be discontinuous~\cite{Wouters2007} and bistable, but also the spatial shape of the condensate can develop a complicate structure. As the gain is maximum on a $\mathbf{k}$-space ring of modes at a finite $k$, the choice of the specific combination of modes is determined by complex mechanisms involving the interplay of pumping and dissipation, but also the geometrical details of the system beyond the idealised spatially homogeneous approximation. This complex physics is typical of non-equilibrium systems where no minimal free-energy criterion is available to determine the steady state of the system and is closely related to pattern formation in nonlinear dynamical systems~\cite{Cross}. First experimental evidence of condensation in spatially non-trivial modes was reported in~\cite{Richard:PRL2005} and discussed in~\cite{WOUT2008}. More complicate spatial features were investigated in~\cite{Keeling,BAUM}.} \section{Quantum fluctuations} \label{sec:Fluctuations} \subsection{{Linearised theory of small fluctuations}} The mean-field steady-state solution obtained in the previous Section is the starting point for a linearised theory of fluctuations. In the spirit of Bogoliubov and the spin wave approximations, we can linearise Eqs.\eqref{eqn2a}-\eqref{eqn2c} around the steady-state by performing the operator replacement: \begin{equation} \label{linear} \begin{cases} {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} = \left(\delta_{\kk0}\,\sqrt{V}\,\beta_0^* + \delta {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}\right)\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \\ S^+_\mathbf{k} = \left(\delta_{\kk0}\,V\,\sigma^+_0 + \delta S^+_\mathbf{k}\right)\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \\ S^z_\mathbf{k} = \delta_{\kk0}\,V\,\sigma^z_0 + \delta S^z_\mathbf{k}: \end{cases} \end{equation} $\beta_0^*$, $\sigma^+_0$ and $\sigma^z_0$ are here the mean-field steady-states as defined in \eqref{eq:MFint1}-\eqref{eq:MFint3} with a frequency $\omega$ determined by \eqref{shift}. Fluctuations around the mean-field are described by the $\delta {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}$, $\delta S^+_\mathbf{k}$ and $\delta S^z_\mathbf{k}$ operators which inherit the commutation rules from the original ${\rm b

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841

11,264

ArXiv

-1

}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}$, $S^+_\mathbf{k}$ and $S^z_\mathbf{k}$ operators. Substituting the previous expressions into the motion equations \eqref{eqn2a}-\eqref{eqn2c} and neglecting terms of second or higher order in the fluctuation operators, we obtain a set of coupled linear equations \begin{equation}\label{stoceq} \frac{d\mathbf{v}_\mathbf{k}}{dt} = \mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}\mathbf{v}_\mathbf{k} + \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_\mathbf{k}, \end{equation} for the (rescaled) fluctuation vector \begin{equation} \mathbf{v}_\mathbf{k}^t = ( \delta \widetilde{{\rm{b}}}^\dagger_{-\mathbf{k}}, \delta \widetilde{{\rm{b}}}_{\mathbf{k}}, \delta S_\mathbf{k}^+, \delta S_\mathbf{k}^- , \delta S_\mathbf{k}^z ), \end{equation} with a quantum noise vector \begin{equation} \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_\mathbf{k}^t = (\widetilde{F}_{-\mathbf{k}}^{\dagger},\widetilde{F}_\mathbf{k}, \widetilde{G}_\mathbf{k}^+, \widetilde{G}_\mathbf{k}^-, \widetilde{G}_\mathbf{k}^z). \end{equation} For notational convenience, we have used the rescaled quantities $\delta \widetilde{{\rm{b}}}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} = \sqrt{V}\delta {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}$ with rescaled noise terms $\widetilde{F}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} = \sqrt{V} \mathrm{e}^{-i\omega t}F_\mathbf{k}^\dagger$ and $\widetilde{G}^+_\mathbf{k} = \mathrm{e}^{-i\omega t}G_\mathbf{k}^+$ and $\widetilde{G}^z_\mathbf{k} = G_\mathbf{k}^z$. The equations for the Hermitian conjugate quantities $\delta S^-_\kk$ and $\delta{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}$ follow straightforwardly from $\delta S_{-\mathbf{k}}^- = (\delta S^+_\kk)^\dagger$ and $\delta{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k} = (\delta {\rm{b}}^\dagger_{-\mathbf{k}})^\dagger$. Defining the shorthands $z_\lambda = 1 + i\delta_\lambda$ and $\epsilon_\mathbf{k} = k^2/2m$, the Bogoliubov matrix $\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}$ is equal to \begin{widetext} \begin{equation} \mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k} = \left( \begin{array}{ccccc} -\frac{\kappa}{2}z_\lambda + i \epsilon_\mathbf{k} + i\lambda|\beta_0|^2 & i\lambda (\beta_0^*)^2 & -g & 0 & 0 \\ -i\lambda \beta_0^2 & -\frac{\kappa}{2}z_\lambda^* - i \epsilon_\mathbf{k} - i\lambda|\beta_0|^2 & 0 & -g & 0 \\ -2g\sigma_0^z & 0 & -\frac{\Gamma}{2}z_\lambda^* & 0 & -2g \beta_0^* \\ 0 & -2g\sigma_0^z & 0 & -\frac{\Gamma}{2}z_\lambda & -2g \beta_0 \\ g\sigma_0^- & g\sigma_0^+ & g \beta_0 & g \beta_0^* & -\Gamma \end{array} \right). \end{equation} \end{widetext} Evaluation of the noise correlation matrix requires a bit more care as the emitter noise depends on the emitter operators themselves. Inserting into \eqref{diff_coeff_k} the {steady-state value of the emitter operators}, we have that: \begin{equation} \langle\widetilde{G

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841

12,288

ArXiv

-1

}_\mathbf{k}^\alpha\widetilde{G}_{\mathbf{k}'}^{\alpha'} \rangle = 2D_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'}^{\alpha\alpha'}\,\delta(t-t') \delta_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}',0} \propto N_A: \label{noiseG} \end{equation} as in this equation the emitter noise terms $G_\mathbf{k}^\alpha \propto \sqrt{N_A}$ are of the same order as the other terms in the linearised equations, it is legitimate to replace the spin operators in the diffusion coefficients with their mean field values. Note that the $\delta_{\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}',0}$ coefficient in \eqref{noiseG} is a consequence of the assumed ordered arrangement of the emitters: Had we considered a disordered configuration, the zero value for $\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'\neq 0$ would be replaced by something proportional to $\sqrt{N_A}$, still negligible with respect to the value proportional to $N_A$ of the $\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}'=0$ term. The correlation matrix of $\widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_\mathbf{k}$ is \begin{equation} \langle \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_\mathbf{k}(t) \widetilde{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{k}'}^\dagger(t') \rangle = \mathbb{D}\delta(t-t')\delta_{\mathbf{k},\mathbf{k}'} \end{equation} with \begin{equation}\label{newdiff} \mathbb{D} = V\left( \begin{array}{ccccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \kappa & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & d\, n_A & 0 & -d \sigma_0^+ \\ 0 & 0 & 0 &\gamma \, n_A & \gamma \sigma_0^- \\ 0 & 0 & -d\sigma_0^- & \gamma \sigma_0^+ & \Gamma\left(\frac{n_A}{2} - \mathcal{D}\sigma_0^z \right) \\ \end{array} \right). \end{equation} As a final remark on the linearisation procedure, let us emphasize how our approximations are controlled by the total number of atoms $N_A$. Assume the scaling \begin{equation} S_{\mathbf{k}=0}^\alpha \sim N_A, \quad {\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{k}=0} \sim \sqrt{N_A}, \quad D^{\alpha\alpha'}_{\mathbf{k}=0} \sim N_A, \end{equation} and \begin{equation} S_{\mathbf{k}\neq0}^\alpha \sim \sqrt{N_A}, \quad {\rm{b}}_{\mathbf{k}\neq0} \sim 1, \quad D^{\alpha\alpha'}_{\mathbf{k}\neq0} \sim \sqrt{N_A}, \end{equation} together with $g\sim 1/\sqrt{n_A}$ the dependence on $N_A$ of each term in Eqs. \eqref{eqn2a}-\eqref{eqn2c} can be made explicit. Then, in the thermodynamical limit $N_A\to+\infty$, retaining the leading order in $N_A$ from such equations is equivalent to the perform mean-field approximation of Sec. \ref{sec:MF}. If the next-to-leading order is also retained, the linearised Bogoliubov theory is recovered. {In analogy with the systematic expansion of equilibrium Bogoliubov theory in powers of the dilution parameter~\cite{castindum}, we can make use of these considerations to define a systematic {\em mean-field} limit for our non-equilibrium system. To this purpose, it is useful to consider the real-space form of the quantum Langevin equations (\ref{eq:space1}-\ref{eq:space3}). If we let the atomic density and the photon density $|\phi(\mathbf{x})|^2\sim S^\alpha(\mathbf{x})\sim n_A\

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841

13,312

ArXiv

-1

to \infty$ at constant $g\sqrt{n_A}\sim g|\phi(\mathbf{x})|$ and $\lambda |\phi(\mathbf{x})|^2$, the mean-field equations are not affected [in particular, their steady-states (\ref{eq:MFint1}-\ref{eq:MFint3})], while the relative importance of the noise terms in the quantum Langevin and of the commutators tends to zero. As a result, the relative magnitude of quantum fluctuation expectation values vs. mean-field terms scale as $1/n_A$ in the mean-field limit.} \subsection{The collective Bogoliubov modes} \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{Eigenvalues.pdf} \caption{ {Dispersion $\lambda_k^{\mathrm{Bog}}$ of the collective modes as predicted by the eigenvalues of the Bogoliubov matrix $\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}$ in the interacting case with $\lambda n_A = 0.1\kappa$ and $\nu-\omega_0 = -10 \kappa$. Left panels show magnified views of the low-$\mathbf{k}$ region of right panels. System parameters: $\gamma = 100 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 25$ and $x = 5$.}} \label{fig:2} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{Distro.pdf} \caption{{Steady state momentum distribution. Left panels show magnified views of the low-$\mathbf{k}$ region of right panels. (a,b) non-interacting case $\lambda n_A = \nu-\omega_0 =0$. (c,d) $\lambda n_A =0$, $\nu-\omega_0 = -10\kappa$. (e,f) $\lambda n_A =0.1\kappa$, $\nu-\omega_0 = 0$. System parameters: $\gamma = 100 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 25$ and $x = 5$.}} \label{fig:3} \end{figure} A first step to physically understand the consequences of fluctuations is to study the dispersion of the eigenvalues $\lambda^{\rm Bog}_\mathbf{k}$ of $\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}$ as a function of $k$, which gives the generalised Bogoliubov dispersion of excitations on top of the non-equilibrium condensate. {An example of dispersion is shown in Fig.\ref{fig:2}: the upper panels show the real part of the dispersion {$\textrm{Re}[\lambda^{\bf Bog}_k]$ (describing the damping/growth rate of the mode)} and the lower panels show the imaginary part {$\textrm{Im}[\lambda^{\rm Bog}_k]$ (describing the oscillation frequency of the mode)}. The left column give magnified views of the same dispersion shown on the right column.} As expected there is a Goldstone mode corresponding to the spontaneously broken U(1) symmetry, whose frequency tends to $0$ in both real and imaginary parts as $k\to 0$. As typical in non-equilibrium systems~\cite{Cross}, this mode is however diffusive rather than sonic, that is {$\textrm{Im}[\lambda_k^{\textrm{Bog}}]=0$} for a finite range around $k=0$ and the {real} part starts from zero as {$\textrm{Re}[\lambda_k^{\textrm{Bog}}]\simeq-\zeta k^2$}. At higher momenta, the diffusive Goldstone mode transform itself into a single-particle cavity photon mode with a parabolic dispersion. Between the two regimes, for $\lambda>0$ or a finite cavity-emitter detuning $\delta$, there is a sonic-like dispersion of the {$\textrm{Im}[\lambda_k^{\textrm{Bog}}] \approx c_s |k|$} form (see Figs.\ref{fig:2}): for $\lambda>0$, this is a standard feature of the Bogoliubov dispersion of interacting photons/polaritons~\cite{RMP2013}. For a finite $\delta$, it follows from the intensity-dependence of the refractive index of det

0.745534

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841

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uned two-level systems~\cite{COHE2004}. A connection with the Gross-Pitaevskii formulation of \cite{WOUT2007} will be given at the end of Sec.\ref{sec:SGPE}. In the larger view displayed on the right column, in addition to the Goldstone mode we see two other, almost dispersionless excitation modes. As their origin is mostly due to emitter degrees of freedom, they could not be captured by the Gross-Pitaevskii approach of~\cite{WOUT2007}. Their splitting is related to the Rabi frequency of the optical dressing of the atoms due to the coherent field in the cavity corresponding to the condensate and they are visible in the emitter emission spectrum as the external sidebands of the so-called Mollow triplet of resonance fluorescence~\cite{COHE2004}. \begin{figure}[htbp][h] \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{EV_Distro5.pdf} \caption{{Imaginary (a) and real (b) part of the dispersion of the collective modes and steady state momentum distribution (c)-(d) in the vicinity of the Mollow instability onset. (c) shows a magnified view of the low-$\mathbf{k}$ region of (d). System parameters: $\gamma = 10 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 42 \kappa$, $x = 5$, $\lambda n_A = 0.1\kappa$, $\nu-\omega_0=0 $.} } \label{fig:6} \end{center} \end{figure} The effect of these additional modes is more evident in Fig.\ref{fig:6}, where the chosen parameters are close to a secondary instability. The finite instability wavevector is located at the point where the cavity field dispersion crosses the ones of the dispersionless modes: in this neighborhood, the {real} part of the dispersion {$\textrm{Re}[\lambda_\mathbf{k}^{\rm Bog}]$} approaches $0$ from below. Should {$\textrm{Re}[\lambda_\mathbf{k}^{\rm Bog}]$} go above $0$, our ansatz with a uniform condensate localised in the $\mathbf{k}=0$ mode would no longer be valid and more complicate condensate shapes with spatial modulation should be considered{~\cite{Keeling,Sarchi:2010PRB,supersolid2,supersolid1}, analogous to secondary instabilities in pattern formation theory~\cite{Cross}}. Physically, this {\em Mollow instability} can be easily interpreted in terms of the well-known optical gain offered by a two-level emitter driven by a strong coherent beam and probed by a weak probe beam detuned by approximately the Rabi frequency of the dressing~\cite{COHE2004}. \subsection{Momentum distribution} From the quantum Langevin equation \eqref{stoceq}, it is straightforward to extract predictions for one-time physical observables. As a most remarkable example, here we shall concentrate our attention on the steady-state momentum distribution of the cavity field, \begin{equation} n^s_\mathbf{k}=\langle {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} \,{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}\rangle=\langle \delta {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k} \,\delta {\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}\rangle. \label{nskk} \end{equation} On one hand, in contrast to the mean-field approximation where the cavity field is concentrated in the $\mathbf{k}=0$ mode, this observable {is a sensitive probe of} fluctuations. On the other hand, it is an experimentally accessible quantity, easily measured from the far-field angular distribution of emitted light. By Fourier transform, it is directly related to the two-points, one-time coherence function of the cavity field, a quantity which is of widespread use in experiments~\cite{KASP2006,BAAS2006,ROUM2012,SPAN2012}. Grouping in the $\mathbb{V}_\mathbf{k} = \langle \mathbf{v}^s_\mathbf{k}{\mathbf{v}^s}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}\rangle$ variance matrix the steady-state variances of all operator pairs,

0.822236

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841

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from a straightforward integration of the quantum Langevin equations~\cite{GARD2004}, we obtain a Lyapunov equation: \begin{equation}\label{eqvar} \mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}\mathbb{V}_\mathbf{k} + \mathbb{V}_\mathbf{k}\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}^\dagger = -\mathbb{D} \end{equation} from which standard linear algebra methods allow to extract the variance matrix $\mathbb{V}_\mathbf{k}$. While no simple analytical form is available for $n^s_\mathbf{k}$, plots of its behaviour are given in {the bottom panels of} Fig. \ref{fig:3} for several most relevant cases. For small $k$, the momentum distribution follows the same $1/k^2$ behaviour as equilibrium systems provided photons are effectively interacting, that is either $\lambda>0$ or $\delta\neq 0$. In the $\lambda=\delta=0$ case, the situation is more complicate and the distribution appears to diverge as $1/k^4$. Both these results are in agreement with the predictions of the stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation in~\cite{ACIC2013}. However, as it was noted in~\cite{Wouters2013}, great care has to be paid when applying the linearised Bogoliubov-like formalism to low-$k$ modes in non-equilibrium, as the effects beyond linearisation can play a dominant role. At large $k$, the momentum distribution always decays to zero as $1/k^4$. The large-$k$ decay qualitatively recovers the prediction we {guessed} in~\cite{ACIC2013} from a phenomenological stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation with a frequency-dependent pumping. The specific $1/k^4$ law is a consequence of our choice of monochromatic emitters, whose amplification spectrum decays as $1/(\omega-\nu)^2$: other choices of the emitter distribution would lead to correspondingly different high-momentum tails of $n_\mathbf{k}$. The {\em ab initio} confirmation of this large-$k$ decay of $n_\mathbf{k}$ is one of the main results of this article, as it shows that thermal-like momentum distributions can be found also in models where the quasi-particles are not interacting at all and therefore can not get thermalised by collisional processes. A similar feature was experimentally observed in~\cite{BAJO2007} using a VCSEL device in the weak coupling regime where photons are practically non-interacting. The intermediate-$k$ region shows a quite structureless plateau connecting the low-$k$ and high-$k$ regimes. The most interesting feature in this window is the peak that appears at the crossing point of the Goldstone mode and the dispersionless branch when the Mollow instability is approached, see Fig.\ref{fig:7}. As usual, the peak height diverges at the onset of the instability. \subsection{Photo-luminescence spectrum} \begin{figure*}[htbp] \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{photo1.pdf}} \hspace{0.5cm} \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{photo2.pdf}} \caption{(Color online) Normalised momentum- and frequency-resolved spectrum of the photoluminescence from the cavity. Left panel: detuned $\nu -\omega_0 = -35 \kappa$ case with $\lambda n_A = 0$. Right panel: resonant cavity $\nu -\omega_0 = 0$ with photon-photon interactions $\lambda n_A = 0.1 \kappa$. Other system parameters: $\gamma = 10\kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A}=7\kappa$ , $x = 7$.} \label{fig:7} \end{figure*} In addition to the one-time observables discussed in the previous Section, the quantum Langevin equations also allow for a straightforward evaluation of two-time observables. In particular, we shall concentrate here in the photoluminescence spectrum, \begin{equation} S_\mathbf{k}(\omega) =\int \frac{dt}{2\pi} \,e^{-i\omega t}\,\left\langle {\rm b}^\dagger_\mathbf{k}(t)\,{\rm{b}}_\mathbf{k}(0) \right\rangle

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841

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ArXiv

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\end{equation} which is accessible from a frequency- and angle-resolved measurement of the emission from the cavity. {A detailed study of this quantity in an equilibrium context can be found in~\cite{Marchetti2007}. A non-equilibrium calculation using linearised Keldysh techniques was reported in~\cite{SZYM2006}.} In our quantum Langevin approach~\cite{GARD2004}, this spectrum is directly obtained as the top-left element of the matrix \begin{equation} \mathbb{S}_\mathbf{k}(\omega) = \frac{1}{2\pi}(\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k} - i\omega)^{-1}\mathbb{D}(\mathbb{A}_\mathbf{k}^\dagger + i\omega)^{-1}: \end{equation} the resonant denominators in the right-hand side of this equation shows that the photoluminescence spectrum is peaked along the real part of the Bogoliubov dispersion, while the linewidth of the peaks is set by the imaginary part. Among the most interesting and non-trivial examples, we show in Fig.\ref{fig:7} the photoluminescence spectrum for two cases of a negative detuning $\delta<0$ (left) and of finite photon-photon interactions $\lambda>0$ (right): in both cases, photons are effectively interacting and the Bogoliubov transformation is expected to give spectral weight to the negative "ghost" branch of the Goldstone mode as well~\cite{Byrnes}. While this feature is clearly visible in the central panel, the effective interaction in the left panel is too weak to give an appreciable effect on this scale: the emitter-cavity detuning that is required for this purpose is in fact much larger than the amplification bandwidth of the emitters and therefore hardly compatible with condensation. At generic wavevectors and frequencies, the cavity luminescence from the dispersionless branches is typically suppressed by the detuning from the cavity mode. The only exception are the crossing points with the cavity mode, where clear peaks can be observed thanks to the resonance of the upper sideband of the Mollow triplet with the cavity mode (not shown). \section{The Stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation} \label{sec:SGPE} \begin{figure*}[htbp] \subfigure[Normal ordering, $\delta =0$, $\lambda\, n_A = 0$.]{\includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{Diff1.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[Normal ordering, $\delta =-150\kappa $, $\lambda\, n_A = 0$.]{\includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{Diff2.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[Normal ordering, $\delta =0$, $\lambda\, n_A = 0.05\kappa$.]{ \includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{Diff3.pdf}} \\ \subfigure[Wigner ordering, $\delta =0$, $\lambda\, n_A = 0$.]{\includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{WignerDiff1.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[Wigner ordering, $\delta =-150\kappa $, $\lambda\, n_A = 0$.]{\includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{WignerDiff2.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[Wigner ordering, $\delta =0$, $\lambda\, n_A = 0.05\kappa$.]{ \includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{WignerDiff3.pdf}} \caption{{Diffusion coefficients $D_{\phi\phi^*}$ (solid lines), $\text{Re}[D_{\phi\phi}]$ (dashed lines) and $\text{Im}[D_{\phi\phi}]$ (dotted lines) appearing {in the} SGPE for a field $\psi$ equal to the mean-field steady state. The quantities are plotted as a function of the pumping parameter $x = d/\gamma$ for different regimes of photon-photon interactions (left to right). The top (bottom) row refers to the SGPE in the normal (Wigner) ordering case. In all panels, we have taken $\gamma = 100 \kappa$ and $g\sqrt{n_A} = 25\kappa$. }} \

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841

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label{fig:9} \end{figure*} \begin{figure*}[htbp] \subfigure[$\gamma = 100 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 25\kappa$.]{\includegraphics[width=5cm]{SGPE1.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[$\gamma = 10 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 7\kappa$.]{\includegraphics[width=5cm]{SGPE2.pdf}} \hspace{0.2mm} \subfigure[$\gamma = 1 \kappa$, $g\sqrt{n_A} = 2.5\kappa$.]{ \includegraphics[width=5cm]{SGPE3.pdf}} \caption{Comparison between SGPE the full model. First row and second row: eigenvalues of the Bogoliubov matrix in functions of the momentum; solid lines refers to SGPE quantities, dashed ones to the full model. Last row: Momentum distributions. {In all panels,} $\lambda n_A = \nu - \omega_0 =0$, $x = 2$. } \label{fig:8} \end{figure*} In the previous Sections we have developed a microscopic model of condensation from which we have obtained predictions for some most interesting observable quantities. In this final Section, we are going to discuss how our model can be reduced under suitable approximations to a simpler quantum Langevin equation for the cavity field only. {In particular, we shall concentrate on the good cavity limit $\Gamma/\kappa\gg 1$, where the dynamics of the cavity field occurs on a much faster time scale as compared to the one of the emitters, which can therefore be adiabatically eliminated. Throughout this last section, we will sacrifice mathematical rigour in favor of physical intuition.} \subsection{{Adiabatic elimination}} Expressing the fields in the rotating frame as: \begin{equation} \phi^\dagger = \psi^\dagger\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \qquad S^+ = \mathcal{S}^+\mathrm{e}^{i\omega t}, \qquad S^z = \mathcal{S}^z, \end{equation} the real-space equations of motion \eqref{eq:space1}-\eqref{eq:space3} can be rewritten as \begin{gather} \frac{\partial \mathcal{S}^z}{\partial t} = \Gamma\left(n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \mathcal{S}^z\right) + g\left(\mathcal{S}^+\psi + \psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^-\right) + G^z ,\label{eq:adel3_1}\\ \frac{\partial \mathcal{S}^+}{\partial t} = -\frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(1-i\delta\right)\mathcal{S}^+ -2g\,\psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^z + \widetilde{G}^+,\label{eq:adel3_2}\\ \begin{split} \frac{\partial\psi^\dagger}{\partial t} = -\frac{\kappa}{2}\left(1+i\delta\right)\psi^\dagger -& i\frac{\nabla^2}{2m}\psi^\dagger -g\mathcal{S}^++ \\ &+i\lambda \psi^\dagger\psi^\dagger\psi+ \widetilde{F}^\dagger ,\label{eq:adel3_3} \end{split} \end{gather} where $\widetilde{G}^+ = \mathrm{e}^{-i\omega t}G^+$ and $\widetilde{F}^\dagger = \mathrm{e}^{-i\omega t}F^\dagger$. In the spirit of~\cite{LUGI1984}, the limit $\sigma\rightarrow +\infty$ can be taken provided that the quantities $ g\sqrt{n_A}/\Gamma$, $\delta$, $\langle\widetilde{G}^\alpha\widetilde{G}^{\alpha'}\rangle/n_A^2\Gamma^2$ remain finite and that the average $\lambda\langle\psi^\dagger\psi\rangle$ remains negligible with respect to $\Gamma$. {While rigourous ways to perform adiabatic elimination for ordinary differential equations exist, the situation is more complicate for our stochastic and quantum case. In what follows we shall then follow a heuristic path inspired from laser theory

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841

18,432

ArXiv

-1

\cite {LAX_IX, LOUI1973} whose validity can be checked {\em a posteriori} by comparing its predictions with the full model in the linearised case; a brief discussion of a simplified but illustrative example is given in the Appendix. A rigorous derivation of the whole approach is of course needed, but goes far beyond the scope of the present work. As a first step, we note that time derivatives} of the spin densities can be dropped from the equations as they are negligible for large $\Gamma$. The spin operators can therefore be expressed in terms of the cavity field using the equations: \begin{gather} 0 = \Gamma\left(n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \mathcal{S}^z\right) + g\left(\mathcal{S}^+\psi + \psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^-\right) + G^z ,\label{eq:adel4_1}\\ 0 = -\frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(1-i\delta\right)\mathcal{S}^+ -2g\,\psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^z + \widetilde{G}^+,\label{eq:adel4_2}\\ 0 = -\frac{\Gamma}{2}\left(1+i\delta\right)\mathcal{S}^- -2g\, \mathcal{S}^z \psi+ \widetilde{G}^-\label{eq:adel4_3}. \end{gather} From \eqref{eq:adel4_2} and \eqref{eq:adel4_3}, $\mathcal{S}^+$ and $\mathcal{S}^-$ can be expressed in terms of $\mathcal{S}^z$ as \begin{gather} \label{eq:adel6} S^+ = \frac{2}{\Gamma(1-i\delta)}\left( - 2 g \psi^\dagger \mathcal{S}^z + \widetilde{G}^+\right), \\ S^- = \frac{2}{\Gamma(1+i\delta)}\left( - 2 g \mathcal{S}^z \psi + \widetilde{G}^-\right), \end{gather} and hence inserted in \eqref{eq:adel4_1}, which reads: \begin{equation} \label{eq:adel5} \mathcal{S}^z = n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} - \frac{8g^2}{\Gamma^2(1+\delta^2)}\psi^\dagger\mathcal{S}^z\psi + \mathbb{G}^z, \end{equation} where \begin{equation} \mathbb{G}^z = \frac{2g}{\Gamma^2(1-i\delta)}\widetilde{G}^+\psi + \frac{2g}{\Gamma^2(1+i\delta)}\psi^\dagger\widetilde{G}^- + \frac{1}{\Gamma} G^z. \end{equation} {While equal-time spin and cavity operators commute in the full theory, this is no longer true after the elimination, as it was noticed in \cite{LAX_IX}. An ambiguity therefore arises when writing \eqref{eq:adel4_2} and \eqref{eq:adel4_3}. In the following, inspired by~\cite{LAX1968}, we heuristically propose to choose the generalised normal ordering, $\psi^\dagger\mathcal{S}^+ \mathcal{S}^z \mathcal{S}^- \psi$. This issue is important when solving Eq. \eqref{eq:adel5} for $\mathcal{S}^z$, which can be done by formally iterating on $\mathcal{S}^z$:} \begin{eqnarray} \mathcal{S}^z & = & n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} \sum_{m=0}^{+\infty}\frac{(-1)^m}{n_s^m}\left(\psi^\dagger\right)^m\psi^m +\sum_{m=0}^{+\infty}\frac{(-1)^m}{n_s^m}\left(\psi^\dagger\right)^m\mathbb{G}^z\psi^m \nonumber \\ & = & n_A\frac{\mathcal{D}}{2} :\frac{1}{1+\frac{\psi^\dagger\psi}{n_s}}: + :\frac{1}{1+\frac{\psi^\dagger\psi}{n_s}}\mathbb{G}^z:, \end{eqnarray}

0.245602

-0.496293

0.432804

2.418359

[ 0.42229053359210383, 0.06891427291042364 ]

[ -0.4515272163389358, -0.5410586454044217 ]

[ 0.5621523207286653, 0.3034557361394698 ]

[ 2.3247096393691384, 2.512008298683346 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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841

19,456

ArXiv

-1

where columns denote normal ordering and the saturation density is defined as \begin{equation} n_s=\frac{\Gamma^2}{8g^2}(1+\delta^2). \end{equation} The explicit expression for $\mathcal{S}^z$ can be inserted back in \eqref{eq:adel6} to obtain the expression for $\mathcal{S}^+$ and $\mathcal{S}^-$, which can be finally substituted in \eqref{eq:adel3_3} to give a quantum stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation \begin{equation} \label{SGPEop} \begin{split} \frac{\partial \psi^\dagger}{\partial t} = -\frac{\kappa}{2}(1+i\delta)\psi^\dagger & - i\frac{\nabla^2}{2m}\psi^\dagger +\\ &+\psi^\dagger:\frac{P_0(1+i\delta)}{1+\frac{\psi^\dagger\psi}{n_s}}: + i\lambda \psi^\dagger\psi^\dagger\psi +\mathbb{F}^\dagger, \end{split} \end{equation} where the pumping coefficient has the form \begin{equation} P_0 = \frac{2g^2n_A\mathcal{D}}{\Gamma(1 + \delta^2)}, \end{equation} and $\mathbb{F}^\dagger$ is a new effective noise operator given by \begin{equation} \mathbb{F}^\dagger = \widetilde{F}^\dagger -\frac{2g}{\Gamma(1-i\delta)}\widetilde{G}^+ + \frac{4g^2}{\Gamma(1-i\delta)}:\psi^\dagger\frac{1}{1+\frac{\psi^\dagger\psi}{n_s}}\mathbb{G}^z:. \end{equation} The diffusion matrix of the noise $\mathbb{F}^\dagger$ depends on the field state $\psi$ and $\psi^\dagger$ and can be written in the form \begin{equation} \left( \begin{array}{cc} \langle\mathbb{F}^\dagger(\mathbf{x},t)\mathbb{F}(\mathbf{x}',t')\rangle & \langle\mathbb{F}^\dagger(\mathbf{x},t)\mathbb{F}^\dagger(\mathbf{x}',t')\rangle \\ \langle\mathbb{F}(\mathbf{x},t)\mathbb{F}(\mathbf{x}',t')\rangle & \langle\mathbb{F}(\mathbf{x},t)\mathbb{F}^\dagger(\mathbf{x}',t')\rangle \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & C^* \\ C & B \end{array} \right), \end{equation} where $A$, $B$, $C$ are functions of $\psi$ and $\psi^\dagger$. Note in particular the non-zero $C$ term in the non-diagonal positions, which originates from the contribution of the emitter noise operators $G^\alpha$ ($\alpha = +,-,z$) to the resulting noise $\mathbb{F}$. \subsection{{Normally-ordered c-number representation}} {A useful technique to obtain physical predictions from the operator-valued stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii \eqref{SGPEop}, is to represent it in terms of} an equivalent c-number equation. In doing this, we follow the procedure explained in~\cite{Benkert}. {As one typically does for phase-space representations~\cite{GARD2000}, the first step is to choose an ordering prescription for the operator products according to which all quantities of the theory have to be consistently expressed.} A first choice is to assume normal ordering. In this case, the operator-valued SGPE \eqref{SGPEop} gets projected onto the c-number Ito SGPE \begin{equation} \label{SGPE} \begin{split} i\mathrm{d}\psi = &\left[\omega_0 -\frac{\nabla^2}{2m} + \right. \lambda|\psi|^2 +\frac{P_0\delta}{1+\frac{|\psi|^2}{n_s}}+ \\ &+\left.i\left(\frac{P_0}{1+\frac{|\psi|^2}{n_s}}-\frac{\kappa}{2}\right) \right]\psi \,\mathrm{d}t

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0.104361

2.272682

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+ \mathrm{d}W. \end{split} \end{equation} A similar equation was derived in the early theory of laser \cite{HAKE1975}. {The second order momenta of the noise} have local spatial and temporal correlations \begin{eqnarray} \left \langle \mathrm{d} W(\mathbf{x},t)\mathrm{d} W^*(\mathbf{x'},t) \right \rangle & = & 2D_{\psi\psi^*}(\mathbf{x})\,\delta^{(d)}(\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x'})\mathrm{d} t, \\ \left \langle \mathrm{d} W(\mathbf{x},t)\mathrm{d} W(\mathbf{x'},t) \right \rangle & = & 2D_{\psi\psi}(\mathbf{x})\,\delta^{(d)}(\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x'})\mathrm{d} t \end{eqnarray} {and} their variances $D_{\psi\psi^*}(\mathbf{x})$ and $D_{\psi\psi}(\mathbf{x})$ depend locally on the field $\psi(\mathbf{x})$. Their value can be determined by imposing that the motion equation for the second moments of the field determined by the c-number equation \eqref{SGPE} must be equal to the ones obtained from the operatorial equation \eqref{SGPEop} in the normal ordered form. Using this prescription, we obtain: % \begin{equation} \begin{cases} 2D_{\psi\psi^*} = A,\\ 2D_{\psi\psi} = C - \frac{P_0(1-i\delta)}{\left(1+\frac{|\psi|^2}{n_s}\right)^2} \frac{\psi^2}{n_s} -i\lambda\psi^2. \label{psipsi} \end{cases} \end{equation} % As expected from the U(1) symmetry of the original problem, both $C$ and the normal ordering terms in \eqref{psipsi} are all proportional to $\psi^2$. The dependence of the diffusion coefficients on the pumping parameter $x=d/\gamma$ are plotted in Fig. \ref{fig:9} for the mean-field steady state. Remarkably, while $D_{\psi^*\psi}$ and $\text{Re}[D_{\psi\psi}]$ depend very slowly on $x$ and are not much affected by the presence of detuning or self-interaction, the imaginary part $\text{Im}[D_{\psi\psi}]$ crucially depends on these parameters. Note that the possibility of a non-vanishing $D_{\psi\psi}$ variance was overlooked in the phenomenological discussion that we published in~\cite{ACIC2013} {and has not been taken into account in~\cite{Sieberer2013,Altman,Wouters2013}.} {Due to the saturable pumping term in the SGPE, higher-order momenta of the noise are present beyond the usual Gaussian noise. Their correlation can be extracted by considering the equation of motion for higher-order operator products. Inspired by the so-called truncated Wigner scheme~\cite{Ciuti2005,RMP2013}, one can expect that their contribution is actually negligible in the mean-field limit discussed in Sec.\ref{sec:Fluctuations}.} \subsection{{Comparison with full calculation}} As a check of the validity of this reformulation, in Fig.\ref{fig:8} we compare the predictions of the SGPE for the dispersion of the collective Bogoliubov modes (upper and central row) and for the momentum distribution (lower row) with the predictions of the full model as derived in Sec.\ref{sec:Fluctuations}. The Bogoliubov dispersion is obtained by linearising the deterministic part of the SGPE equation \eqref{SGPE} around the steady-state. a straightforward calculation gives a dispersion analogous to the one originally obtained in~\cite{WOUT2007}, \begin{equation} \omega^\pm_\mathbf{k} = -\Gamma_p \pm \sqrt{\Gamma_p^2 - E_\mathbf{k}^2} \end{equation} with the damping parameter $\Gamma_p= \kappa(2P_0 -\kappa)/4P_0$ and the equilibrium Bogoliub

0.452423

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0.420123

1.934504

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ov dispersion $E_\mathbf{k}= \sqrt{\epsilon_\mathbf{k}(\epsilon_\mathbf{k} + 2\lambda_{\rm eff}|\beta_0|^2)}$. In this latter, note that the effective nonlinear term \begin{equation} \lambda_{\rm eff} = \lambda - \frac{\kappa}{2}\frac{\delta}{n_s + |\beta_0|^2}, \end{equation} contains two contribution: the former results from the direct photon-photon interaction $\lambda$, the latter describes the effective Kerr optical nonlinearity due to saturation of the emitters~\cite{COHE2004}. The momentum distribution shown in the bottom row is instead obtained by reintroducing the noise terms in the linearised equation and then making a small noise expansion: average of fluctuation operators like $n^s_\mathbf{k}$ are written as a linear function of the noise variances $D_{\psi^*\psi}$ and $D_{\psi\psi}$. In the three columns of Fig.\ref{fig:8}, we show the result of the comparison for different system parameters: as one moves deeper in the good cavity limit (left panels), the agreement becomes very good, while significant discrepancies are expected outside this limit (right panels). As expected, the adiabatic elimination procedure for the momentum distribution is only valid at sufficiently low $k$ when the cavity field detuning is small as compared to the atomic linewidth: breakdown of this condition is indeed visible in the bottom-right panel, where a clear qualitative deviation appears at large $k$. In particular, the adiabatic elimination of the emitters in the SGPE loses track of frequency dependence amplification and therefore is not able to recover the large $k$ behaviour of the momentum distribution. Note also that the quantitative agreement visible in the figure crucially relies on the correct inclusion of the $D_{\psi\psi}$ variance. In spite of its accurate predictions illustrated in Fig.\ref{fig:8}, the stochastic equation \eqref{SGPE} is only meaningful at a linearised level. A closer look at {the top row of} Fig.\ref{fig:9} shows in fact that $|D_{\psi\psi}|$ is not always lower or equal to $D_{\psi\psi^*}$, as it is expected from the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality for a generic Ito stochastic equation~\cite{GARD2004}. While at the linearised level one can forget this fact and formally solve the linear stochastic equation irrespectively on the positivity of the noise variance, this is no longer possible when one wishes to describe the nonlinear dynamics stemming from large fluctuations, e.g. in the vicinity of the critical point for condensation. This feature, often neglected in laser theory \cite{LOUI1973}, is particularly visible in the interacting case for $\lambda\neq 0$ or $ \delta \neq 0$. Techniques for numerically solving (generalised) stochastic differential equations with non-positive-definite noise were proposed, {the best known example being the so-called Positive-P representation which however keeps suffering from other difficulties~\cite{GARD2000}.} \subsection{{Symmetrically-ordered c-number representation}} Another possible way-out is to make a different choice for the ordering of operators when performing the projection of the operator-valued SGPE \eqref{SGPEop} onto the c-number SGPE{, e.g. the symmetric ordering of Wigner representation where c-number averages correspond to symmetrically ordered quantities. In this case, the variance matrix of the noise is indeed positive definite {(see bottom row of Fig.\ref{fig:9})}, but several other difficulties appear~\cite{GARD2000,RMP2013}. Firstly, the normal ordered saturation term in Eq. \eqref{SGPEop} cannot be easily symmetrised, which complicates writing of the deterministic part of the stochastic equation.} Secondly, the symmetrisation of any non-linear term in \eqref{SGPEop} {produces} terms proportional to the commutator $[\psi(\mathbf{x}),\psi^\dagger(\mathbf{x})]$, which is a {UV} divergent quantity. Finally, any non linear term in \eqref{SGPEop} will generate a noise {with non-vanishing third order momenta, e.g. $\langle \mathrm{d} W^2 \mathrm{d} W^*

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In 2020, The Graduate Association for Food Studies debuted Food Studies (In)Digestion, a series of conversations for graduate students to search for, critique, expand, and understand our orientations to the food studies canon. Each part of this series served as an opportunity to generate discussion about the field of food studies through its commonly read texts—and to reflect on how those texts provoke or prevent growth in the field. The three-part series, conceived by Erica Zurawski, Edward James Malin, Jessica Carbone, and Carlynn Crosby, proved to be a valuable space for dialogue and connection as graduate students shared similar experiences, imaginings, and frustrations. Inspired by these conversations and the contributions from graduate students the world over, GAFS tweaked the structure of these meetings in 2021 to offer an open space for freeform discussions centered around thematic issues in the food studies universe. These sessions are designed for open conversation among graduate students (GAFS members and non-members). Given our desire to facilitate an open and honest conversation, meetings will not be recorded but we are hopeful that these conversations lead to the development of future bibliographies and articles in the Graduate Journal of Food Studies and further programs for the broader food studies community. Give me more details! How do I join a Food Studies (In)Digestion session? Sessions will be held every couple of months with announcements to register distributed on our newsletter and social media accounts. (Not subscribed to our newsletter? Join here! You don't have to be a GAFS member to join.) Each session requires pre-registration via Zoom. Any suggested readings for the sessions will be distributed to registered participants. GAFS moderators will be present at each session. If you wish to attended a session but prefer only to listen, you may feel free to mute your camera and microphone and direct any questions or comments you have via private message to the GAFS board members moderating the session. November Session | Reframing Academic Work for a Wider Audience Tuesday, November 16th | 6:00 PM EST, 3:00 PM PST Join us via Zoom to learn how to transition academic work for a public or a wider audience! We'll be talking about the "elevator pitch" and connecting with a reader via your writing. Previous Sessions: 1st Session of the Canon Series | The Food Studies Dilemma: Searching for the Food Studies Canon Thursday, October 1st | 1:30 – 3:30 PM EST Session Moderators: Jessica Carbone & Erica Zurawski, GAFS Co-Presidents At some point all graduate students entering the field of food studies ask: "What should I read?" As we work to gain proficiency in the field, we also ask, "What do I have to read?" Yet even as we familiarize ourselves with a discipline through carefully crafted reading lists—from the scholarly world, from the popular world, and from the primary and archival sources and silences we encounter in our research—we inevitably experience a degree of scholarly indigestion. As a field that celebrates its interdisciplinarity, how do we as emerging scholars position ourselves within this interdisciplinarity? What difficulties does this pose and what possibilities does it open up? What are the real-world implications of having (or not having) clear boundaries to the field of food studies? How can a canon of food studies act as a shared language for communicating across the disciplines? How does that language exclude and silence? What strategies can we use to include and give voice as we build the canon? This first session offers an opportunity to discuss and debate the concept of a food studies canon—what the value of such a canon could be, and what the inherent limits and challenges are in assembling such a canon for this still-emerging field. 2nd Session of the Canon Series | Bring the Canon, Push the Canon Tuesday, December 1st | 3:30 – 5:30 PM EST Session Moderators: Carlynn Crosby, GAFS Conference Coordinator & James Malin, GAFS Library Services Liaison and Scholarly Communications Coordinator In this second session, we will begin to start thinking about texts we feel most food studies scholars are familiar with and texts we feel scholars should study more. R

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Expert Lawyers WEST PAKISTAN CONCILIATION COURTS RULES, 1962 Select LanguageEnglishFrenchFrisianGalicianGeorgianGermanGreekGujaratiHaitian CreoleHausaHawaiianHebrewHindiHmongHungarianIcelandicIgboIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseJavaneseKannadaKazakhKhmerKoreanKurdish (Kurmanji)KyrgyzLaoLatinLatvianLithuanianLuxembourgishMacedonianMalagasyMalayMalayalamMalteseMaoriMarathiMongolianMyanmar (Burmese)NepaliNorwegianPashtoPersianPolishPortuguesePunjabiRomanianRussianSamoanScottish GaelicSerbianSesothoShonaSindhiSinhalaSlovakSlovenianSomaliSpanishSudaneseSwahiliSwedishTajikTamilTeluguThaiTurkishUkrainianUrduUzbekVietnameseWelshXhosaYiddishYorubaZulu No. Integ. 7-1/62.—- In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 21 of the Conciliation Courts Ordinance, (XLIV of 1961). The Government of west Pakistan is pleased to make the following rules, namely:—- 1. (1) These rules may be called the West Pakistan Conciliation Courts Rules, 1962. (2) They shell extend to the province of West Pakistan, Except the cantonments. 2. In these rules, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or Context,— a) "Form" means a form appended to these rules; b) "Ordinance" Means the Conciliation Courts Ordinance, 1961 (XLIV of 1961); c) "Part" means a part of the Schedule to the Ordinance; d) "Petitioner" means a person who made an application under section 4 of the Ordinance; e) "Respondent" means the person against whom an application under section 4 of the Ordinance is made; and f) "Section" means a section of the Ordinance. 3. (1) An application under sub-section (1) of section 4 shall be in writing and shall be signed by the petitioner and shall be presented to the Chairman of the Union Council. (2) The application under sub-rule (1) shall contain the following particular: a) The name of the union Council in which the application is made, b) The name, description and place of residence of the petitioner, c) The name, description and place of residence of the respondent, d) The name of the Union in which the offence was committed, or the cause of action arose. e) The complaint or the nature and valuation of the claim with particulars in brief, and f) The relief claimed. (3) An application under this rule shall be accompanied by a fee of one rupee if the case relates to Section A of Part 1 or Section A of Part II, and by a fee of two rupees if it relates to section B of Part I or Section B of part II. 4. When an application is rejected by the Chairman of the Union Council under Sub-Section (1) of Section 4, it shall be returned to the petitioner together with the order passed on it. 5. (1) An application for revision under sub-section (2) of section 4 shall be made with in 30days from the date of rejection:—- a) To the Controlling Authority or to an officer not lower than a Magistrate of the first class nominated by the Controlling Authority in this behalf, if the case relates to Section A of Part I or Section A of part II ; and b) To the District Judge, if the case relates to Section B of Part I or Section B of Part II. (2) An application under sub-rule (1) shall be in writing shall be signed by the petitioner, shall contain the names, descriptions and addresses of the parties and shall be accompanied by the original application rejected and returned by the Chairman of the Union Council, and shall also contain in a precise form the grounds on which the application for revenue

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is made. 6. If the authority to whom an application is made under sub-section (2) of section 4 is of opinion that the order passed by the Chairman of the Union is mala fide or substantially unjust. It shall return the application to the petitioner together with order in writhing directing the chairman Union Council to admit the application. 7. (1) When an application has been admitted, its particulars shall be entered in a register to e maintained in Form I, and the number any year of the case in the said register shall also be endorsed on the application. (2) When a case is referred back under sub-section (2) of Section 8 by the Controlling Authority or the District Judge, as the case may be, for reconsideration, the case shall be entered afresh in the register in Form I and shall be heard as a fresh application. 8. (1) After having registered the application under Rule 7, the Chairman of the union Council shall direct the petitioner to be present on a date and time which he may fix and shall also issue summons to the respondent for appearing before him on the date and time so fixed. (2) Every summons issued under these rules shall e in writing in duplicate, signed and sealed by the Chairman of the Union and after the constitution of the Conciliation Court, by the Chairman of the conciliation Court. (3) Save as otherwise provided, every summons issued under these rules shall be served by a servant of the Union Council or by such other person as the chairman of the Union Council or the chairman of the Conciliation Court, as the case may be, may appoint in this behalf. (4) Service of the summons shall, if practicable, be made personally on the person summoned by delivering or tendering to him one of the duplicates of the summons. (5) Every person on whom a summons is service shall sign a receipt on the back of the other duplicate. (6) If service in the manner mentioned in the foregoing sub-rules cannot, by exercise of due diligence, be effected, the serving officer shall affix one of the duplicates of the summons to some conspicuous part of the residence in which the person summoned ordinarily resides and thereupon the summons shall be deemed the have been duly served. (7) If the person to whom a summons is issued resides outside the jurisdiction of the union Council, the Chairman of the Union Council or the Chairman of the Conciliation Court may cause the summons to be served through registered post (acknowledgment due) and the thereof shall be paid by the petitioner. 9. (1) A summons to a party shall be in Form II. (2) A summons to a witness shall be in Form III. 10. (1) If the case relates to part I and the respondent does not appear in the obedience to the summons, the Chairman of the Union Council shall ask the petitioner to nominate within seven days his representatives and the representatives so nominated and the Chairman of the Union Council shall constitute conciliation Court. (2) If the case relates to part II and of the respondents does not appear in obedience to the summons, or if he appears but does not agree to refer the case to the Conciliation Court, the Chairman of the Union Council shall issue a certificate to the effect that conciliation has failed. 11. If the case relates or part II and the parties agree to refer the case to the Conciliation Court or if the case relates to part I, the Chairman of the Union Council shall ask the parties to nominate their representatives within a period of seven days. 12. On receiving the names of the representatives the Chairman of the Union Council shall record the names in the relevant columns in the register in Form I. 13. (1) Where at any time before the Conciliation Court gives its decision, the Chairman of the Union Council is for any referred to in sub-section (2) of section 5 unable to act as Chairman of the Conciliation Court, or his impartiaity is challenged by any party, the Controlling authority may, on receiving an intimation from the Chairman, or, as the case may be, an application in writing of the party, appoint any member of the union Council (not being a member nominated by any party as his representatives) to act as Chairman of the Conciliation Court. (2) The Controlling authority may pending the appointment of a Chairman of the Concili

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The Inside Press Magazines serving the communities of Northern Westchester Advertise in One or All of our Magazines Advertising Payment Form Diane Schiro How to Obtain Your Second Act: An Interview with Local Actress Diana Schiro December 1, 2019 by Stacey Pfeffer photo courtesy of Diana Schiro The concept of emotional quotient or EQ comes up a lot in my interview with local resident and budding actress Diana Schiro. In order to be a great actress, one needs to be deeply in touch with their emotions and be able to jump into character and emote as that character would. It's a difficult craft to master and something Schiro always wanted to do but was afraid to take the proverbial leap. Schiro as Maya in The Year of the Solar Eclipse PHOTO BY FRED LAM However on the cusp of turning 40, Schiro did and worked her way up from scoring spots in commercials for companies such as Polaroid and Kartrite Resorts to her latest role as Maya, a psychotherapist in the off-Broadway production of The Year of the Solar Eclipse which opens at the Wild Project, an East Village theater on December 3rd. Tickets are available at www.theyearofthesolareclipse.com The play follows three millennial females in a year of love lost, love found & self-discovery. I had the opportunity to sit down with Schiro and hear her top ten tips on how she obtained her second act – from a suburban mom working part-time for a local real estate firm to auditioning in the city and ultimately landing on the off-Broadway stage. 1. Embrace your inner voice – Schiro recalls that from the time she was eight years old growing up in Long Island, she always wanted to be an actress and while she took acting classes in middle and high school, she felt that her insecurity when she was younger prevented her from truly following her passion. Nevertheless, she had this nagging voice in her head to follow her passion. 2. Be the best version of yourself – For Schiro, she always envied those in theater. She didn't want her envy to turn into jealousy or resentment. "I always knew I had the capacity and emotional bandwidth to act" so she flipped her thought process and decided to turn those envious feelings into inspiration and motivation. 3. Be brave in the face of fear – According to Schiro, being brave isn't the same as being fearless. She contends that she still has fears and is nervous about her upcoming performance. "When you are fearless, you take all kinds of risks" but for her, auditioning was something that was intentional and well thought out. 4. Maintain authenticity – Schiro who is a mom to 11-year old Sarina and nine year old Jared was always encouraging them to try new things but didn't want to "have a personal narrative of I wish I had done this [acting]. I knew I had to do this in order to be an authentic parent." 5. Utilize technology to your benefit – "There are resources for acting professionals that I knew about such as backstage.com, so I filled out a profile on them and checked out jobs everyday. I also created eco cast videos where instead of going for live call backs in the city, you can audition virtually with casting directors." 6. Stay organized and prepare – For Schiro, this new lifestyle is a complete 180 for her family. She now commutes into the city for rehearsals in the afternoon, so staying organized is key. She blocks time on her calendar to look for new jobs and also spends time each day rewriting her lines. She prepares meals for the family in the morning and adheres to a rigorous exercise routine to maintain physical and mental strength. 7. Seek supportive family and friends who genuinely root for you. – Schiro credits both her husband Michael and her local CrossFit community and friends for unwavering support. "I'm totally overwhelmed by the support in the community. I surround myself with mentors and role models particularly in the fitness world and I lean on them to learn and grow." 8. Continue learning and ask questions – The cast consists of 20 somethings with acting credentials so Schiro asked the director and playwright, Aileen Kyoko for additional guidance. "I said I am the least

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experienced here, what should I do or read to help me?", she recalls. Schiro now is reading what she calls her acting bibles such as "How to Stop Acting." Taking that first step to ask for help can be daunting but is worthwhile. She also takes private acting lessons with one of the show's executive producers Mark St. Cyr to accommodate her busy schedule. 9. Follow a healthy lifestyle – Schiro is a certified health coach from the Institute of Integrative Nutrition. Fueling her body with the right foods is essential for her just like her workouts. Especially when making major life changes, exercise and nutrition shouldn't fall by the wayside, says Schiro. 10. Make time, not excuses – Just like Schiro schedules Acting 2.0 on her calendar to study her lines and look for jobs after this play, it takes commitment to obtain a second act. Schiro didn't want to live a "what if" life and to obtain a second act, you need dedication. With her determination and focus, she just might make it to the Great White Way. Filed Under: Gotta Have Arts Tagged With: Diane Schiro, inner voice, Judy Blue Eyes, Local Actress, Off Broadway, Organized, Second Act, Year of the Solar Eclipse Holocaust Survivor Helga Luden Relates her Story of Escape, Rescue and Survival Four Winters Shines a Light on the Bravery of World War II Survivors Among the 25,000 Jewish Partisans $86K State Grant Awarded to 2023 Phoenix Festival Signals Growing Focus on Tourism Scarsdale Music Festival Gearing Up for a June 3rd Event: Sponsorships, Performers and Vendors Sought Governor Hochul Urges: SHOP SMALL to Help Small Businesses Which Make Up 98% of New York State's Economy Chappaqua's Always Magical HOLIDAY STROLL on December 3rd: Ice Sculpting, Tree Lighting, Horace Greeley Encords… and More! Our Latest Issues For a full reading of our current edition, or to obtain a copy or subscription, please contact us. Search Inside Press Categories Select Category 2016 DNC After Hurricane Sandy Armonk Community Armonk Cover Stories Armonk EtCetera Armonk Just Between Us Armonk News Releases Book Excerpts Briarcliff Cover Stories camp Chappaqua Community Cover Stories Discover New Castle Election 2020 Et Cetera From the Editor From the Inside Out Good Neighbors Gotta Have Arts Graced Growing Up Here Guest Editor Happenings Happy Holidays Health & Fitness Hillary's Run Holiday Recipes Holidays with our Sponsors HRC Campaign News IC's 10th Year In and Around Town In the Know Inside My New Castle Inside Thoughts Inside Westchester International Issue Archive Just Between Us Letters to the Editor Lifestyles with our Sponsors Local Goes Global Maggie Mae Pup Reporter Merchant Profiles Momprenuers New Castle News New Castle Releases North Castle News North Castle Releases Not for Profit News Past Happenings Pleasantville Community Pleasantville Cover Stories Pleasantville Just Between Us Political Advertorial Politics Rick's Last Licks Single & Smart Speaking Your Truth Special Needs Sponsor News! Stay Connected Surviving COVID-19 The Inside Scoop Think Global Act Local Top Ten Top Ten Anything! Top Ten Sponsors Town Election 2019 Travel Travel Opp Uncategorized Westchester Words & Wisdoms From Our Sponsors Worth a Thousand Words Your Health Archives Select Month January 2023 December 2022 November 2022 October 2022 September 2022 August 2022 July 2022 June 2022 May 2022 April 2022 March 2022 February 2022 January 2022 December 2021 November 2021 October 2021 September 2021 August 2021 July 2021 June 2021 May 2021 April 2021 March 2021

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Home / News / Charging station Home station from Clipper Creek will charge two EVs Eric C. Evarts June 4, 2019 New Clipper Creek hardwired unit will use the same current as a single-vehicle charge point but split it between two vehicles. Mainstream media on electric cars: more thoughtful on their growth As with any innovation, coverage of plug-in electric cars by mainstream media has been, shall we say, variable. Seven years after the first Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt were delivered to their buyers in December 2010, misconceptions and misinformation abound. Technology is often not a strong suit... John Voelcker January 5, 2018 EVgo adds mobile app for electric-car charging network access One way for electric-car charging networks to make the public charging experience more user-friendly is through the use of smartphone apps to replace the RFID cards that identify members and let them initiate charge sessions. Not only do they provide electric-car drivers a host of capabilities, but... Sean Szymkowski November 6, 2017 BMW, Mercedes, Ford, VW, Audi launch Ionity high-power fast charging across Europe A group of automakers in Europe announced on Friday they will launch "Ionity," a network of high-power fast-charging stations to build out the continent's infrastructure for electric-car travel. When it's finished in 2020, Ionity will include 400 charging stations across multiple countries... Energy Dept to award $15 million for very fast electric-car charging The United States Department of Energy has announced a new funding initiative to accelerate the development of what it calls "Extreme Fast Charging" (XFC) systems. In total, the DoE will award $15 million for the development of electric-car charging systems as well as batteries capable of very fast... Shell buys its first electric car charging station firm in Europe Even oil companies have begun to realize the future will not be nearly as reliant on fossil fuels, and Royal Dutch Shell is moving to safeguard its future business. The Dutch oil company acquired NewMotion, an electric-car charging station firm, for an undisclosed price. DON'T MISS: Shell fuel... Used Renault electric-car batteries provide DC fast-charging on highway Renault hasn't tackled the home-energy storage market to the degree its alliance partner Nissan has, but it has found another use for "second-life" batteries. The French brand has worked with UK-based Connected Energy to install two electric-car DC fast-charging stations powered by second-life batteries. Once the energy capacity of lithium-ion batteries has fallen to a point that they are no longer suitable to power vehicles, they still retain considerable capacity for use as energy storage. DON'T MISS: Nissan home energy-storage battery: another front against Tesla? The electric-car charging... Gas stations aren't a model for electric-car charging: ChargePoint CEO For more than a century, motorists have been accustomed to gas stations, which provide places to stop and fill up a car with fuel, in recent years with larger and larger convenience stores attached. The model is so commonplace, it may mean drivers don't know electric-car charging stations even... Another 'electric highway, 1,250 miles along Australia's coast The country of Australia is poised to build one of the world's longest "electric highways," which will span 1,250 miles (2,000 kilometers). Specifically, the Northeast region of the country will see the electric highway open through the state of Queensland. In total, 18 stations will be installed... BP follows other gas-station brands, adds electric-car charging Major oil companies are beginning to take the threat of electric cars seriously, and the latest evidence comes from British Petroleum. BP has begun discussions with electric-vehicle makers to partner on a network of charging stations. The move comes as many European countries announce plans to ban... Sean Szymkowski August 3, 2017 Porsche prototype 350-kw electric car fast-charging station installed Porsche has big plans to expand the capability of the Combined Ch

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arging System (CCS) DC standard into much higher voltages to allow much faster electric-car charging. Now, it's completed a first step: at the brand's new branch office in Berlin-Adlershof, Porsche has installed a prototype... Sean Szymkowski July 31, 2017 Electric-car charging stations rated: what's best, what's cheapest, what to avoid? There is a lot to consider when it comes to purchasing an electric-car charging station, as it can affect the ownership experience and the convenience of using the car. While some owners of plug-in hybrids may stick with the 120-volt charging cord that comes with the car, virtually all buyers of... Streetlights that charge electric cars arrive in California city As the market for electric vehicles continues to grow, electric-car infrastructure will need to keep up with the growing population of them. To solve the problem, companies are looking at a variety of new and innovative ways to charge more cars without actually taking up more space. Enter the ebee Smart Technologies streetlight charging station—which has now has arrived in Lancaster, California. DON'T MISS: Ubitricity street lamp socket provides electric-car charging The concept is similar to the Ubitricity streetlight charging stations used in the United Kingdom, but ebee's approach is... Ubitricity street lamp socket provides electric-car charging A German company has brought forth its idea of how to provide convenient, cost-effective electric-car charging and now it has made its way to the United Kingdom. Ubitricity rolled out its streetlight car charging ports two years ago, but the German company has now spread its innovation to the UK... Chargeway: the best electric-car idea you've never heard of Pretty much everyone knows how to put fuel into a conventional car. You pull up to the pump, open the vehicle's fuel door, put a credit card into the pump, select diesel or one of three grades of gasoline, lift the hose, and pump. (In New Jersey and Oregon, someone else does this for you.)... John Voelcker June 23, 2017 Car buyers have no idea electric-car charging stations even exist Electric cars have promised to revolutionize transportation for years now. As more manufacturers offer electrified vehicles and prices continue to drop for battery technology, the easy correlation would be to assume that consumer interest has spiked. Actually, it remains pretty darn low, according... Chargie app connects electric-car drivers, UK homeowners; 'AirBnB' for charging? The internet has transformed how many perceive property, allowing the rental of other peoples' personal vehicles, apartments, and other spaces when owners are not using them. Now, the idea is being applied to charging stations across the United Kingdom with the introduction of the Chargie... Sean Szymkowski May 17, 2017 Electric car charging: the basics you need to know (updated) The number of plug-in electric cars on North American roads grows every year, and with them come new buyers. Each new electric-car driver will have a few things to learn, so we've rounded up some tips on how, where, and when how to charge up that new plug-in vehicle. Whether you're already an... John Voelcker April 27, 2017 Tesla now tells electric cars about charger status en route Stephen Edelstein February 17, 2017 Unlike most automakers, Tesla doesn't schedule redesigns, updates, and new features for its cars to coincide with traditional model years. Aided by the fact that most of its new features are software-related, Tesla takes a more flexible approach. Many new features are pushed to its electric cars whenever they're ready, in the form of over-the-air software updates. DON'T MISS: Tesla releases Supercharger electric-car fast-charge prices That means, when checking for the latest Tesla updates, the best place to look typically isn't a company press release, but rather an owner forum. Sure enough... How important is fast-charging to sell electric cars? Poll results Those unfamiliar with electric cars often don't know that several different types of battery charging exist. Overnight recharging at home can be

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APC BERATES MAKINDE, OYO ASSEMBLY OVER FRESH N20B LOAN The All Progressives Congress in Oyo state has condemned, in strong terms, the express approval obtained by Governor Seyi Makinde from the state lawmakers to draw a fresh twenty billion naira "infrastructure loan" from a named commercial bank describing the development as a sour grape in the mouth of the people. Oyo state government announced on Tuesday that it had got the nod of the state house of assembly to obtain another loan of 20 billion naira from a local commercial bank as the facility would be spent on infrastructure. Further details regarding the terms of the loan and the project(s) attached to it were, however, not contained in the information released to the public by the government. But the opposition APC said, in a statement made available to journalists in Ibadan on Wednesday by its Assistant Publicity Secretary, Prince Ayobami Adejumo, that the development was a clear manifestation of the PDP administration's resolve to subject the state to bankruptcy and thus bring it down to her knees in no time while the governor and a few people within the corridor of power must have succeeded in enriching themselves and some private institutions where they have interest. "It is no longer news that the administration of Gov. Makinde has failed to sustain the legacy of prudent and accountable management of resources it inherited from Senator Abiola Ajimobi who left power about a year ago but not without myriads of achievements in his entire eight years in office as the helmsman. In less than a year, the table has turned for the bad as what the people of Oyo state experience at the moment is a government without direction. "The whole world was again taken aback on Tuesday when it was reported that Gov. Makinde was to get another fresh loan of N20b which was even tied to anything concrete. That brought the sum total of loan facilities already taken, in about 11 months, to over N40b. The previous being a N10b Infrastructure Loan, N7.6b Agricultural Loan purportedly for the upgrade of two farm settlements in Akufo and Eruwa and another N2.5b Health Loan. All this happened at the same period when monthly federal allocations, refunds from federal government, monetary grants and donations came in simultaneously and without anything to show for it. "It is recalled the camp of Engr. Seyi Makinde was popular for sponsoring incessant propaganda against the administration of Sen. Ajimobi between 2016 and early 2019 as it kept misleading the public over the state's debt profile which they maliciously put at over N150b. However, a simple check from the Debt Management Office (DMO) indicated that the state debt profile at that time was N90b with evident heavy spending on recurrent expenditure, infrastructure, job creation, security, poverty alleviation and so on. "It was in the same mode of propaganda and deceit that Engr. Makinde stated during his 2019 electioneering that if he became the governor of Oyo state, he would improve the economy of the state such that in just six months salaries and pensions would be paid without relying on monthly handouts from Abuja or loan facilities. Unfortunately, this is a year after his inauguration and only God knows how much he has paid to banks in interests to sustain the statutory obligation of payments to workers and pensioners. "Up till today, Gov. Makinde is still commissioning key projects put in place by his predecessor (Sen. Ajimobi) while he has never done convincing on the few ones he plans to do on his own. Now, our concern is that Gov. Makinde may be out to plunge the state into life-threatening debt without any tangible thing to show after his four year tenure. More importantly, we are calling on the state house of assembly to grow from being active only when there are loan request or fresh appointments to approve by being responsive to their constitutional duties which include checkmating the governor on the issue of financial recklessness and high handedness." APC stated. Previous Posts President Muhammadu Buhari Appoints Ajimobi's Aide as Deputy Executive Secretary (Services) Universal Basic Education Commission (UBEC) Next Posts Eid el fitr:

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this is a moist and light chocolate cake recipe made with whole wheat flour and without eggs. the cake is soft and moist and can be used a base cake for various chocolate frostings. i have already made this chocolate cake a couple of times to use it a basic cake for various chocolate frostings. i have even made black forest cake from this chocolate cake. the texture of this eggless chocolate cake is soft and moist. this chocolate cake recipe is vegan as i have used oil. but you can add melted butter too. i have also shared the method of cocoa frosting which is very easy. in the frosting recipe, i have used butter, but a neutral flavored oil can also be added. i have compiled a list of frequently asked questions and some tips from the comments section of this eggless chocolate cake recipe. 1. can all purpose flour (maida) be used? you can easily add all purpose flour in the recipe. depending on the quality of flour, you can add slightly less water than what is mentioned in the recipe. 2. can i double this recipe? yes, you can double this eggless chocolate cake recipe. 3. can i skip baking soda? baking soda is the only leavening ingredient added in the recipe. so it cannot be skipped. 4. can i add baking powder instead of baking soda? baking powder cannot be used instead of baking soda. 5. can i bake this chocolate cake in a convection oven or in a microwave convection oven? you can easily bake this eggless chocolate cake in a convection oven instead of a regular oven or an OTG. you can even bake this cake in a microwave convection oven. the timing will be less for convection ovens as they bake faster than an OTG or regular ovens. 6. can i make this eggless chocolate cake in a pressure cooker? 7. can i add vanilla powder in all the cakes instead of vanilla extract? vanilla powder can be added instead of vanilla extract. you can even add vanilla essence instead of vanilla extract. 8. why my chocolate cake is not spongy? in this chocolate recipe, only one leavening ingredient is used. that leaving ingredient is baking soda. the reaction of baking soda with the lemon juice helps in making this eggless chocolate cake spongy and light. its always better to check the freshness of baking soda before you proceed with the recipe. if the baking soda is not fresh or past its shelf life, the cake won't rise. so to check the freshness of baking soda, add about ½ teaspoon of baking soda in 1 tablespoon vinegar + 1 tablespoon of water mixture. the solution should fizz and bubble. if the solution does not fizz and bubble, the baking soda is not active and fresh. 9. can i add dry fruits or nuts in the chocolate cake? dry fruits and nuts like almonds, pistachios, cashews can be added in the cake batter. but before adding the dry fruits, mix them with a bit of flour, so that they do not settle down at the bottom of the cake while baking. 10. can milk be added instead of water? milk (dairy or vegan milks like almond milk, cashew milk or soy milk) can be added instead of water. make sure that the milk is chilled. 11. can i add honey instead of sugar? avoid adding honey. according to ayurveda, honey should not be heated as it becomes toxic. you can add jaggery, coconut sugar or palm sugar instead. 12. can I use vinegar instead of lemon juice? you can easily use vinegar instead of lemon juice. use white vinegar or apple cider vinegar. 13. can i use eno (fruit salt) instead of baking soda? you can use eno in this eggless chocolate recipe. so i would suggest to

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add about ½ to ⅔ teaspoon of eno in the eggless chocolate cake recipe. first grease a round baking pan of 7.5 inches diameter x 2 inches height with oil. preheat your oven to 200 degrees celsius/392 degrees fahrenheit. seive 1 cup whole wheat flour, 3 tbsp cocoa powder, a pinch of salt, ½ tsp baking soda in a plate. use good quality cocoa powder. in another pan or bowl, take ¾ cup sugar. add 1 cup cold water and stir so that the sugar dissolves. now add ¼ cup oil or melted butter. i added oil. stir briskly so that everything is mixed well. next add 1 tbsp lime juice. stir again. now add ½ tsp vanilla extract or powder. add the sieved dry ingredients to the wet mixture. using a wired whisk, mix everything well. there should be no lumps in the cake batter. the batter is not thick but thin. pour the chocolate cake batter in the prepared cake pan. tap the sides of the cake pan so that the extra air bubbles are let out. bake the eggless chocolate cake in a preheated oven for 200 degrees celsius/392 degrees fahrenhiet for 35 to 40 mins. since temperatures vary from oven to oven, do keep a check. for baking in a convection mode of microwave oven, preheat the oven at 180 degrees celsius/356 degrees fahrenheit for 15 minutes. then bake the cake at 180 degrees celsius /356 degree fahrenheit for the 30 to 35 minutes. for doneness check the cake with a tooth pick. the tooth pick should come out clean. once the chocolate cake becomes warm or cools down, unmold and place it on a wired rack. if the tooth pick is sticky, then place the cake back in the oven and continue to bake for some more minutes. before frosting let the chocolate cake cool completely. take 2 tbsp butter and 4 tbsp sugar in a saucepan. heat and melt the butter. also the sugar should dissolve. once the sugar has dissolved switch off the stove top. the sugar should be just dissolved. we don't need to cook the sugar in its various stages. next add 4 tbsp cocoa powder. with a spatula stir so that the cocoa powder gets mixed evenly with the butter-sugar mixture. add 3 tbsp milk. stir very well. to make a slightly thick frosting, you can also add 2 tbsp milk. the cocoa frosting is ready. while still hot, spread the frosting on the chocolate cake as well as the sides with a spatula. you can also slice the chocolate cake in halve and spread frosting in the center and then on the top. usually i wrap a medium sized plate with aluminium foil and then keep the cake on it. this make the frosting work easier. this time i just kept the cake directly on the plate. keep the chocolate cake covered in the fridge for the frosting to set. you can use a dome shaped bowl to cover the cake. make sure the there is enough space between the cake and the bowl which you are using for covering the cake. the frosting will set after some hours. i kept overnight. next day, sieve some icing sugar and cocoa powder on the chocolate cake. this is optional. slice and serve the the eggless chocolate cake. instead of lime juice, add same quantity of white vinegar or apple cider vinegar. you can use ½ to ⅔ teaspoon eno instead of baking soda. you cannot use baking powder instead of baking soda. 1. first grease a round baking pan of 7.5 inches diameter x 2 inches height with oil. preheat your oven to 200 degrees celsius/392 degrees fahren

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heit. 2. seive 1 cup whole wheat flour (you can use all purpose flour/maida also), 3 tbsp cocoa powder, a pinch of salt, ½ tsp baking soda in a plate. use good quality cocoa powder. 3. here are the sieved dry ingredients. 4. in another pan or bowl, take ¾ cup sugar. i have used unrefined cane sugar, regular white sugar can also be used. 5. add 1 cup cold water and stir so that the sugar dissolves. 6. now add ¼ cup oil or melted butter. i added oil. if using butter, the let the butter come at room temperature after you melt it. or you can also use butter which has softened at room temperature. then you just have to mix and whip them till the mixture looks homogeneous – meaning the water and butter should not look separate. you can also use an electric beater if required. the butter will solidify due to the cold temperature of water, so the only way to mix it evenly with the water is by briskly beating with a wired whisk or with an electric beater. use a wide deep bowl, so that the mixture does not spill out while mixing with the electric beater. 7. stir briskly so that everything is mixed well. 8. next add 1 tbsp lime juice. stir again. 9. now add ½ tsp vanilla extract or powder. here i added vanilla powder. tip from reader manasi – you can also add chocolate extract or chocolate essence instead of vanilla. 10. add the sieved dry ingredients to the wet mixture. 11. using a wired whisk, mix everything well. 12. there should be no lumps in the chocolate cake batter. the batter is not thick but thin. 13. pour the chocolate cake batter in the prepared cake pan. 14. tap the sides so that the extra air bubbles are let out. 15. bake the eggless chocolate cake in a preheated oven for 200 degrees celsius/392 fahrenhiet for 35 to 40 mins. since temperatures vary from oven to oven, do keep a check. for baking in a convection mode of microwave oven, preheat the oven at 180 degrees for 15 minutes. then bake the cake at 180 degrees celsius for the 30 to 35 minutes. 16. for doneness check the cake with a tooth pick. the tooth pick should come out clean. once the eggless chocolate cake becomes warm or cools down, unmold and place it on a wired rack. if the tooth pick is sticky, then place the chocolate cake back in the oven and continue to bake for some more minutes. before frosting, let the chocolate cake cool completely. 17. take 2 tablespoons butter and 4 tablespoons sugar in a saucepan. for the frosting its best to use superfine sugar or fine sugar. the regular large refined sugar crystals may not melt. powdered sugar can be also used. i have used organic refined cane sugar which has fine crystals so they melt easily. if you do not have fine sugar, then grind 4 tablespoons sugar in a small mixer-grinder jar to a fine powder and then use it for making the frosting. 18. heat and melt the butter. also the sugar should dissolve. once the sugar has dissolved switch off the stove top. the sugar should be just dissolved. we don't need to cook the sugar in its various stages. 19. next add 4 tbsp cocoa powder. 20. with a spatula stir so that the cocoa powder gets mixed evenly with the butter-sugar mixture. 21. add 3 tbsp milk. to make a slightly thick frosting, you can also add 2 tbsp milk. 22. stir very well. the cocoa frosting is ready. 23. while still hot, spread the frosting on the chocolate cake as well as the sides with a spatula. you can also slice the chocolate cake in halve and spread

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Los Angeles Clippers Salary Archive – 2016/17 Chris Paul $22,868,827 Blake Griffin $20,140,839 Jamal Crawford $13,253,012 Austin Rivers $11,000,000 J.J. Redick $7,377,500 Wesley Johnson $5,628,000 Paul Pierce $3,527,920 Luc Mbah a Moute $2,203,000 Marreese Speights $1,403,611 Brice Johnson $1,273,920 Brandon Bass $980,431 Raymond Felton $980,431 Alan Anderson $980,431 Carlos Delfino (waived) $650,000 Diamond Stone $543,471 Jordan Farmar (waived) $510,921 Miroslav Raduljica (waived) $252,043 Quick: Over the cap, hard-capped and repeater tax eligible NBA Salary Cap: $94,143,000 Luxury Tax Threshold: $113,287,000 Hard Cap: $117,287,000 Trade (C.J. Wilcox, expiring 7/17/17) — $1,209,600 Mid-Level: $0 (Wesley Johnson) Bi-Annual: $0 (Luc Mbah a Moute) PG: Chris Paul, Raymond Felton SG: J.J. Redick, Jamal Crawford SF: Luc Mbah a Moute, Austin Rivers, Wesley Johnson, Alan Anderson PF: Blake Griffin, Paul Pierce, Brandon Bass, Brice Johnson C: DeAndre Jordan, Marreese Speights, Diamond Stone 6/22/16 — Cole Aldrich, Wesley Johnson and Austin Rivers opted out of the final years of their contracts. 6/23/16 — Drafted Brice Johnson (25th). 6/23/16 — Traded the rights to Cheick Diallo (33rd) to New Orleans Pelicans for the rights to David Michineau (39th) and Diamond Stone (40th). 7/7/16 — Re-signed Wesley Johnson to a three-year, $17.6 million contract, player option on final season. 7/7/16 — Re-signed Luc Mbah a Moute to a two-year, $4.5 million contract, player option on final season. 7/7/16 — Re-signed Jamal Crawford to a three-year, partially-guaranteed $42 million contract. 7/7/16 — Re-signed Austin Rivers to a three-year, $35.5 million contract, player option on final season. 7/7/16 — Signed Marreese Speights to a two-year, $2.9 million contract, player option on final season. 7/8/16 — Signed Brice Johnson (2016-25th) to a $6.5 million rookie-scale contract. 7/14/16 — Signed Diamond Stone (2016-40th) to a two-year, $1.4 million contract. 7/15/16 — Traded C.J. Wilcox and $230,000 to Orlando Magic for Devyn Marble and a Cleveland Cavaliers' 2020 second-rounder. 7/19/16 — Signed Brandon Bass to a one-year, $1,551,659 contract. 7/25/16 — Signed Raymond Felton to a one-year, $1,551,659 contract. 8/2/16 — Signed Alan Anderson to a one-year, $1,315,448 contract. 9/20/16 — Signed Xavier Munford to a one-year, non-gu

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First Look Friday: Peyton Is Poised To Impact The Game With Her Passion & Pen Photo Credit: Jenni Ochoa for Okayplayer OKP: Can you also talk about the importance of the music industry scene as how you've experienced it? How do you see it evolving in the next five years? P: This is an exciting time for expression and the music scene is very diverse. Because of the internet, success in music has become a bit more attainable to people because of how quickly and easily you can connect with the world. Unfortunately, that leaves room for those who want to make music for the wrong reasons. I feel that the masses are starting to appreciate true artistry again and that the true artists are starting to outweigh the phony. In the next five years, I hope there will be fewer artists who blow up overnight for making some song with no passion behind their sound. OKP: What are some things that you've learned about yourself that comes out in your music? P: Something that I have learned about myself is that I am now much better with my words and that definitely shows in my music OKP: What was the first song that you ever wrote entitled? Can you talk about what it has come to symbolize since you've entered into the professional life? P: My earliest memory of a song that I wrote is a song called "Speak From Your Heart". It is about being honest and true to who you are. I have always stood by being your most authentic self and being honest about how you feel. There are plenty of clones out but I feel if you always continue to be the best you, you can better connect with the world. OKP: How can your music speak truth to power in an age where people are so quickly digesting sounds and disposing of artists in a nanosecond? P: When I decided to start making my own music, I knew I wanted it to be taken seriously and to last forever. I wanted whatever I made to sound classic and for listeners to feel the passion and the love behind it all. Even if I do not always make a classic song, my hope is that someone can hear and/or feel the passion in it. Although we are in a time where things are moving so quickly, I feel good music will prevail and will last. OKP: Collaboration is uniquely a key to the success of certain creative individuals who wish to change the game. Who would you want to work with this year going into the next and why? P: I would love to collaborate with James Fauntleroy, Kari Faux, Thundercat, Kid Cudi, M.I.A., Knxwledge, TOKiMONSTA, Gorillaz, Phony Ppl and T-Pain. I would love to write for T-Pain, James Fauntleroy, Thundercat, and Kid Cudi because I feel that I could write something that fits their style lyrically and melodically. I would love to work with Phony Ppl, The Gorillaz, Knxwledge, and TOKiMONSTA because they have unique sounds that I feel would mesh very well with mine. Kevito is the managing editor of Okayplayer. His top three MCs are: 1) Andre 3000, 2) Scarface, and 3) Black Thought. Debate him on Twitter @KevitoClark. Next George Clinton Announces His Retirement From Touring With Parliament-Funkadelic » Previous « "It's Crippling To See What's Happened": Van Lathan Speaks On Confronting Kanye West About Slavery Remarks Tags: First Look FridayKanye WestPeyton Eddie Murphy Talks About Being Snowed in with Rick James for Two Weeks While on Jimmy Kimmel Live! promoting his new Netflix film You People, Eddie Murphy discussed… Read More Chlöe Takes It to Church In "Pray It Away" Music Video Days after announcing her debut solo album In Pieces, Chlöe released new single and music… Read More Nikole Hannah-Jones Hopes You Have a Red Pill 'Matrix' Moment With '1619 Project' Docuseries Hulu and Nikole Hannah-Jones turned the robust 1619 Project, moving pieces of journalism into a… Read More Watch the Latest 'Shazam! Fury of the Gods' Trailer The new trailer for Shazam! Fury of the Gods has released, with Billy Batson and his… Read More

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306 Political Law Rev Uploaded by Sonny Morillo Atty. edwin Sandoval saveSave 306 Political Law Rev For Later Review Notes in Political Law - Part 1 Cases Consti 2 Mo Ya Lim Yo vs Commissioner of Immigration Frivaldo vs. COMELEC .docx Japzon v Comelec Legal Forms (2009) 5-AASJ-Calilung-v.-Datumanong Sangkatutak Na Tanong Sa Constitutional Law PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES Set-4 Digested Cases US v. Guinto G.R. No. 76607 Angat vs Republic Contsti 3rd Batch Ted Cruz Paper Revision 4 Justice Del Castillo Concurring and Dissenting Opinion TRS mocion citacion Ongsiako Reyes v COMELEC Gmail - To Attorney Barry Goldman, Esq., Re Assault by Your Clients, Ben Frank and Altana Staff, At the Marriott Bar (Penn Square Grill) Last Night Sunday August 8, 2016 Pre-final Exam Reviewer - Unfinished.docx Consti 2 - Chapters 14-22 THREE HUNDRED AND SIX (306) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN POLITICAL LAW AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (Culled from Significant Laws and Decisions of the Supreme Court) Attorney EDWIN REY SANDOVAL (May 7, 2002) POLITICAL LAW 1. Distinguish sovereignty from dominion. Held: Sovereignty is the right to exercise the functions of a State to the exclusion of any other State. It is often referred to as the power of imperium, which is defined as the government authority possessed by the State. On the other hand, dominion, or dominium, is the capacity of the State to own or acquire property such as lands and natural resources. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc, See Footnote 86) 2. What was the basis for the early Spanish decrees embracing the theory of jura regalia? Is this also the basis of the declaration in Section 2, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution that all lands of the public domain are owned by the State? Consequently, did Spain acquire title over all lands in the Philippines in the 16th century? Held: Dominium was the basis for the early Spanish decrees embracing the theory of jura regalia. The declaration in Section 2, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution that all lands of the public domain are owned by the State is likewise founded on dominium. If dominium, not imperium, is the basis of the theory of jura regalia, then the lands which Spain acquired in the 16th century were limited to non-private lands, because it could only acquire lands which were not yet privately-owned or occupied by the Filipinos. Hence, Spain acquired title only over lands which were unoccupied and unclaimed, i.e., public lands. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc, See Footnote 86) 3. What is the Doctrine of Constitutional Supremacy? Held: Under the doctrine of constitutional supremacy, if a law or contract violates any norm of the Constitution, that law or contract, whether promulgated by the legislative or by the executive branch or entered into by private persons for private purposes, is null and void and without any force and effect. Thus, since the Constitution is the fundamental, paramount and supreme law of the nation, it is deemed written in every statute and contract . (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 [1997] [Bellosillo]) 4. What are self-executing and non-self executing

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866

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CommonCrawl

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provisions of the Constitution? Held: A provision which lays down a general principle, such as those found in Article II of the 1987 Constitution, is usually not self-executing. But a provision which is complete in itself and becomes operative without the aid of supplementary or enabling legislation, or that which supplies sufficient rule by means of which the right it grants may be enjoyed or protected, is selfexecuting. Thus a constitutional provision is self-executing if the nature and extent of the right conferred and the liability imposed are fixed by the Constitution itself, so that they can be determined by an examination and construction of its terms, and there is no language indicating that the subject is referred to the legislature for action . (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 [1997] [Bellosillo]) 5. Are provisions of the Constitution self-executing or non-self executing? Why? Held: Unless it is expressly provided that a legislative act is necessary to enforce a constitutional mandate, the presumption now is that all provisions are self-executing. If the constitutional provisions are treated as requiring legislation instead of self-executing, the legislature would have the power to ignore and practically nullify the mandate of the fundamental law. This can be cataclysmic. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 [1997] [Bellosillo]) 6. Is the Filipino First Policy expressed in Section 10, Article XII of the Constitution a self executing provision? Held: Yes. It is a mandatory, positive command which is complete in itself and which needs no further guidelines or implementing laws or rules for its enforcement. From its very words the provision does not require any legislation to put it in operation. It is per se judicially enforceable. When our Constitution mandates that [i]n the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony, the State shall give preference to qualified Filipinos, it means just that qualified Filipinos must be preferred. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997, 267 SCRA 408 [Bellosillo]) 7. Give examples of non-self executing provisions of the Constitution. Held: By its very nature, Article II of the Constitution is a declaration of principles and state policies. These principles in Article II are not intended to be self-executing principles ready for enforcement through the courts. They are used by the judiciary as aids or as guides in the exercise of its power of judicial review, and by the legislature in its enactment of laws. As held in the leading case of Kilosbayan, Incorporated v. Morato (246 SCRA 540, 564, July 17, 1995), the principles and state policies enumerated in Article II and some sections of Article XII are not self-executing provisions, the disregard of which can give rise to a cause of action in courts. They do not embody judicially enforceable constitutional rights but guidelines for legislation. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18 [1997], En Banc [Panganiban]) 8. When are acts of persons considered State action covered by the Constitution? Held: In constitutional jurisprudence, the act of persons distinct from the government are considered state action covered by the Constitution (1) when the activity it engages in is a public function; (2) when the government is so significantly involved with the private actor as to make the government responsible for his action; and (3) when the government has approved or authorized the action. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 [1997] The Doctrine of State Immunity from Suit 9. Discuss the basis of the doctrine of State immunity from suit. Held: The basic postulate enshrined in the Constitution that [t]he State may not be sued without its consent, reflects nothing less than a recognition of the sovereign character of the State and an express affirmation of the unwritten rule effectively insulating it from the jurisdiction of courts. It is based on the very essence of sovereignty. As has

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866

1,024

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been aptly observed by Justice Holmes, a sovereign is exempt from suit, not because of any formal conception or obsolete theory, but on the logical and practical ground that there can be no legal right as against the authority that makes the law on which the right depends . True, the doctrine, not too infrequently, is derisively called the royal prerogative of dishonesty because it grants the state the prerogative to defeat any legitimate claim against it by simply invoking its nonsuability. We have had occasion to explain in its defense, however, that a continued adherence to the doctrine of non-suability cannot be deplored, for the loss of governmental efficiency and the obstacle to the performance of its multifarious functions would be far greater in severity than the inconvenience that may be caused private parties, if such fundamental principle is to be abandoned and the availability of judicial remedy is not to be accordingly restricted. (Department of Agriculture v. NLRC, 227 SCRA 693, Nov. 11, 1993 [Vitug]) 10. Is the rule absolute, i.e., that the State may not be sued at all? How may consent of the State to be sued given? Held: The rule, in any case, is not really absolute for it does not say that the state may not be sued under any circumstances. On the contrary, as correctly phrased, the doctrine only conveys, the state may not be sued without its consent; its clear import then is that the State may at times be sued. The State's consent may be given either expressly or impliedly. Express consent may be made through a general law (i.e., Commonwealth Act No. 327, as amended by Presidential Decree No. 1445 [Sections 49-50], which requires that all money claims against the government must first be filed with the Commission on Audit which must act upon it within sixty days. Rejection of the claim will authorize the claimant to elevate the matter to the Supreme Court on certiorari and, in effect, sue the State thereby) or a special law. In this jurisdiction, the general law waiving the immunity of the state from suit is found in Act No. 3083, where the Philippine government consents and submits to be sued upon any money claim involving liability arising from contract, express or implied, which could serve as a basis of civil action between the private parties. Implied consent, on the other hand, is conceded when the State itself commences litigation, thus opening itself to a counterclaim or when it enters into a contract. In this situation, the government is deemed to have descended to the level of the other contracting party and to have divested itself of its sovereign immunity. This rule x x x is not, however, without qualification. Not all contracts entered into by the government operate as a waiver of its non-suability; distinction must still be made between one which is executed in the exercise of its sovereign function and another which is done in its proprietary capacity. In United States of America v. Ruiz (136 SCRA 487), where the questioned transaction dealt with the improvements on the wharves in the naval installation at Subic Bay, we held: The traditional rule of immunity exempts a State from being sued in the courts of another State without its consent or waiver. This rule is a necessary consequence of the principle of independence and equality of States. However, the rules of International Law are not petrified; they are constantly developing and evolving. And because the activities of states have multiplied, it has been necessary to distinguish them - between sovereign and governmental acts (jure imperii) and private, commercial and proprietary acts (jure gestionis). The result is that State immunity now extends only to acts jure imperii. The restrictive application of State immunity is now the rule in the United States, the United Kingdom and other states in Western Europe. Xxx The restrictive application of State immunity is proper only when the proceedings arise out of commercial transactions of the foreign sovereign, its commercial activities or economic affairs. Stated differently, a State may be said to have descended to the level of an individual and can thus be deemed to have tacitly given its consent to be sued only when it enters into business contracts. It does not apply where the contracts relate to the exercise of its sovereign functions. In this case the projects are an

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866

2,048

CommonCrawl

11

19

integral part of the naval base which is devoted to the defense of both the United States and the Philippines, indisputably a function of the government of the highest order; they are not utilized for nor dedicated to commercial or business purposes. 11. When is a suit against a public official deemed to be a suit against the State? Discuss. Held: 1. The doctrine of state immunity from suit applies to complaints filed against public officials for acts done in the performance of their duties. The rule is that the suit must be regarded as one against the State where the satisfaction of the judgment against the public official concerned will require the State itself to perform a positive act, such as appropriation of the amount necessary to pay the damages awarded to the plaintiff. The rule does not apply where the public official is charged in his official capacity for acts that are unlawful and injurious to the rights of others. Public officials are not exempt, in their personal capacity, from liability arising from acts committed in bad faith. Neither does it apply where the public official is clearly being sued not in his official capacity but in his personal capacity, although the acts complained of may have been committed while he occupied a public position. (Amado J. Lansang v. CA, G.R. No. 102667, Feb. 23, 2000, 2nd Div. [Quisumbing]) 2. As early as 1954, this Court has pronounced that an officer cannot shelter himself by the plea that he is a public agent acting under the color of his office when his acts are wholly without authority. Until recently in 1991 (Chavez v. Sandiganbayan, 193 SCRA 282 [1991]), this doctrine still found application, this Court saying that immunity from suit cannot institutionalize irresponsibility and non-accountability nor grant a privileged status not claimed by any other official of the Republic. (Republic v. Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124, March 19, 1993, En Banc [Campos, Jr.]) 12. State instances when a suit against the State is proper. Held: Some instances when a suit against the State is proper are: Republic v. Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124, March 19, 1993, En Banc [Campos, Jr.]) 1) When the Republic is sued by name; 2) When the suit is against an unincorporated government agency; 3) When the suit is on its face against a government officer but the case is such that ultimate liability will belong not to the officer but to the government. 13. Has the government waived its immunity from suit in the Mendiola massacre, and, therefore, should indemnify the heirs and victims of the Mendiola incident? Consequently, is the suit filed against the Republic by petitioners in said case really a suit against the State? Held: Petitioners x x x advance the argument that the State has impliedly waived its sovereign immunity from suit. It is their considered view that by the recommendation made by the Commission for the government to indemnify the heirs and victims of the Mendiola incident and by the public addresses made by then President Aquino in the aftermath of the killings, the State has consented to be sued. Xxx This is not a suit against the State with its consent. Firstly, the recommendation made by the Commission regarding indemnification of the heirs of the deceased and the victims of the incident by the government does not in any way mean that liability automatically attaches to the State. It is important to note that A.O. 11 expressly states that the purpose of creating the Commission was to have a body that will conduct an investigation of the disorder, deaths and casualties that took place. In the exercise of its functions, A.O. 11 provides guidelines, and what is relevant to Our discussion reads: 1. Its conclusions regarding the existence of probable cause for the commission of any offense and of the persons probably guilty of the same shall be sufficient compliance with the rules on preliminary investigation and the charges arising therefrom may be filed directly with the proper court. In effect, whatever may be the findings of the Commission, the same shall only serve as the cause of action in the event that any party decides to litigate his/her claim. Therefore, the Commission is merely a preliminary ven

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866

3,072

CommonCrawl

11

19

ue. The Commission is not the end in itself. Whatever recommendation it makes cannot in any way bind the State immediately, such recommendation not having become final and executory. This is precisely the essence of it being a fact-finding Secondly, whatever acts or utterances that then President Aquino may have done or said, the same are not tantamount to the State having waived its immunity from suit. The Presidents act of joining the marchers, days af ter the incident, does not mean that there was an admission by the State of any liability. In fact to borrow the words of petitioner x x x, it was an act of solidarity by the government with the people. Moreover, petitioners rely on President Aquinos speech promising that the government would address the grievances of the rallyists. By this alone, it cannot be inferred that the State has admitted any liability, much less can it be inferred that it has consented to the suit. Although consent to be sued may be given impliedly, still it cannot be maintained that such consent was given considering the circumstances obtaining in the instant case. Thirdly, the case does not qualify as a suit against the State. Xxx While the Republic in this case is sued by name, the ultimate liability does not pertain to the government. Although the military officers and personnel, then party defendants, were discharging their official functions when the incident occurred, their functions ceased to be official the moment they exceeded their authority. Based on the Commission findings, there was lack of justification by the government forces in the use of firearms. Moreover, the members of the police and military crowd dispersal units committed a prohibited act under B.P. Blg. 880 as there was unnecessary firing by them in dispersing the marchers. As early as 1954, this Court has pronounced that an officer cannot shelter himself by the plea that he is a public agent acting under the color of his office when his acts are wholly without authority. Until recently in 1991 (Chavez v. Sandiganbayan, 193 SCRA 282 [1991]) , this doctrine still found application, this Court saying that immunity from suit cannot institutionalize irresponsibility and non-accountability nor grant a privileged status not claimed by any other official of the Republic. The military and police forces were deployed to ensure that the rally would be peaceful and orderly as well as to guarantee the safety of the very people that they are duty-bound to protect. However, the facts as found by the trial court showed that they fired at the unruly crowd to disperse the latter. While it is true that nothing is better settled than the general rule that a sovereign state and its political subdivisions cannot be sued in the courts except when it has given its consent, it cannot be invoked by both the military officers to release them from any liability, and by the heirs and victims to demand indemnification from the government. The principle of state immunity from suit does not apply, as in this case, when the relief demanded by the suit requires no affirmative official action on the part of the State nor the affirmative discharge of any obligation which belongs to the State in its political capacity, even though the officers or agents who are made defendants claim to hold or act only by virtue of a title of the state and as its agents and servants. This Court has made it quite clear that even a high position in the government does not confer a license to persecute or recklessly injure another. The inescapable conclusion is that the State cannot be held civilly liable for the deaths that followed the incident. Instead, the liability should fall on the named defendants in the lower court. In line with the ruling of this Court in Shauf v. Court of Appeals (191 SCRA 713 [1990]), herein public officials, having been found to have acted beyond the scope of their authority, may be held liable for damages. (Republic v. Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124, March 19, 1993, En Banc [Campos, Jr.]) 14. To what citizenship principle does the Philippines adhere to? Explain, and give illustrative case. Held: The Philippine law on citizenship adheres to the principle of jus sanguinis. Thereunder, a child follows the nationality or citizenship of the parents regardless of the place of his/her birth, as opposed to the doctrine of jus soli which determines nationality or citizenship

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866

4,096

CommonCrawl

11

19

on the basis of place of birth. Private respondent Rosalind Ybasco Lopez was born on May 16, 1934 in Napier Terrace, Broome, Western Australia, to the spouses, Telesforo Ybasco, a Filipino citizen and native of Daet, Camarines Norte, and Theresa Marquez, an Australian. Historically, this was a year before the 1935 Constitution took into effect and at that time, what served as the Constitution of the Philippines were the principal organic acts by which the United States governed the country. These were the Philippine Bill of July 1, 1902 and the Philippine Autonomy Act of August 29, 1916, also known as the Jones Law. Among others, these laws defined who were deemed to be citizens of the Philippine Islands. x x x Under both organic acts, all inhabitants of the Philippines who were Spanish subjects on April 11, 1899 and resided therein including their children are deemed to be Philippine citizens. Private respondents father, Telesforo Ybasco, was born on January 5, 1879 in Daet, Camarines Norte, a fact duly evidenced by a certified true copy of an entry in the Registry of Births. Thus, under the Philippine Bill of 1902 and the Jones Law, Telesforo Ybasco was deemed to be a Philippine citizen. By virtue of the same laws, which were the laws in force at the time of her birth, Telesforos daughter, herein pri vate respondent Rosalind Ybasco Lopez, is likewise a citizen of the Philippines. jus sanguinis as basis for the acquisition of Philippine citizenship x x x. So also, the principle of jus sanguinis, which confers citizenship by virtue of blood relationship, was subsequently retained The signing into law of the 1935 Philippine Constitution has established the principle of under the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions. Thus, the herein private respondent, Rosalind Ybasco Lopez, is a Filipino citizen, having been born to a Filipino father. The fact of her being born in Australia is not tantamount to her losing her Philippine citizenship. If Australia follows the principle of jus soli, then at most, private respondent can also claim Australian citizenship resulting to her possession of dual citizenship. (Valles v. COMELEC, 337 SCRA 543, Aug. 9, 2000, En Banc [Purisima]) 15. What are the ways of acquiring citizenship? Discuss. Held: There are two ways of acquiring citizenship: (1) by birth, and (2) by naturalization. These ways of acquiring citizenship correspond to the two kinds of citizens: the natural-born citizen, and the naturalized citizen. A person who at the time of his birth is a citizen of a particular country, is a natural-born citizen thereof. As defined in the x x x Constitution, natural-born citizens are those citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect his Philippine citizenship. On the other hand, naturalized citizens are those who have become Filipino citizens through naturalization, generally under Commonwealth Act No. 473, otherwise known as the Revised Naturalization Law, which repealed the former Naturalization Law (Act No. 2927), and by Republic Act No. 530. (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 16. To be naturalized, what must an applicant prove? When and what are the conditions before the decision granting Philippine citizenship becomes executory? Held: To be naturalized, an applicant has to prove that he possesses all the qualifications and none of the disqualifications provided by law to become a Filipino citizen. The decision granting Philippine citizenship becomes executory only after two (2) years from its promulgation when the court is satisfied that during the intervening period, the applicant has (1) not left the Philippines; (2) has dedicated himself to a lawful calling or profession; (3) has not been convicted of any offense or violation of government promulgated rules; or (4)

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866

5,120

CommonCrawl

11

19

committed any act prejudicial to the interest of the nation or contrary to any government announced policies (Section 1, R.A. 530). (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 17. What qualifications must be possessed by an applicant for naturalization? Held: Section 2, Act 473 provides the following qualifications: (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) (a) He must be not less than 21 years of age on the day of the hearing of the petition; (b) He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of not less than ten years; (c) He must be of good moral character and believes in the principles underlying the Philippine Constitution, and must have conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence in the Philippines in his relation with the constituted government as well as with the community in which he is living; (d) He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than five thousand pesos, Philippine currency, or must have some known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation; (e) He must be able to speak and write English or Spanish and any of the principal languages; and (f) He must have enrolled his minor children of school age, in any of the public schools or private schools recognized by the Bureau of Private Schools of the Philippines where Philippine history, government and civic are taught or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in the Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of his petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen. 18. What are the disqualifications under Section 4, Act 473, in an application for naturalization? Held: Section 4, Act 473, provides the following disqualifications: (a) He must not be opposed to organized government or affiliated with any association or group of persons who uphold and teach doctrines opposing all organized governments; (b) He must not be defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of violence, personal assault, or assassination for the success and predominance of their ideas; (c) He must not be a polygamist or believer in the practice of polygamy; (d) He must not have been convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude; (e) He must not be suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious diseases; (f) He must have, during the period of his residence in the Philippines (or not less than six months before filing his application), mingled socially with the Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs, traditions and ideals of the Filipinos; (g) He must not be a citizen or subject of a nation with whom the Philippines is at war, during the period of such war; (h) He must not be a citizen or subject of a foreign country whose laws do not grant Filipinos the right to become naturalized citizens or subjects thereof. 19. Can a legitimate child born under the 1935 Constitution of a Filipino mother and an alien father validly elect Philippine citizenship fourteen (14) years after he has reached the age of majority? Held: Under Article IV, Section 1(3) of the 1935 Constitution, the citizenship of a legitimate child born of a Filipino mother and an alien father followed the citizenship of the father, unless, upon reaching the age of majority, the child elected Philippine citizenship. C.A. No. 625 which was enacted pursuant to Section 1(3), Article IV of the 1935 Constitution, prescribes the procedure that should be followed in order to make a valid election of Philippine citizenship. However, the 1935 Constitution and C.A. No. 625 did not prescribe a time period within which the election of Philippine citizenship should be made. The 1935 Charter only provides that the election should be made upon reaching the age of majority. The age of majority then commenced upon reaching twenty-one (21) years. In the opinions of the Secretary of Justice on cases involving the validity of

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866

6,144

CommonCrawl

3

13

election of Philippine citizenship, this dilemma was resolved by basing the time period on the decisions of this Court prior to the effectivity of the 1935 Constitution. In these decisions, the proper period for electing Philippine citizenship was, in turn, based on the pronouncements of the Department of State of the United States Government to the effect that the election should be made within a reasonable time after attaining the age of majority. The phrase reasonable time has been interpreted to mean that the election should be made within three (3) years from reaching the age of majority. The span of fourteen (14) years that lapsed from the time that person reached the age of majority until he finally expressed his intention to elect Philippine citizenship is clearly way beyond the contemplation of the requirement of electing upon reaching the age of majority. Philippine citizenship can never be treated like a commodity that can be claimed when needed and suppressed when convenient. One who is privileged to elect Philippine citizenship has only an inchoate right to such citizenship. As such, he should avail of the right with fervor, enthusiasm and promptitude. (Re: Application for Admission to the Philippine Bar, Vicente D. Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, Oct. 1, 1999, En Banc [Kapunan]) 20. How may Philippine citizenship be renounced? Is the application for an alien certificate of registration, and the possession of foreign passport, tantamount to acts of renunciation of Philippine citizenship? Held: Petitioner also contends that even on the assumption that the private respondent is a Filipino citizen, she has nonetheless renounced her Philippine citizenship. To buttress this contention, petitioner cited private respondents application for an alien Certificate of Registration (ACR) and Immigrant Certificate of Residence (ICR), on September 19, 1988, and the issuance to her of an Australian passport on March 3, 1988. Xxx In order that citizenship may be lost by renunciation, such renunciation must be express. Petitioners contention that the application of private respondent for an alien certificate of registration, and her Australian passport, is bereft of merit. This issue was put to rest in the case of Aznar v. COMELEC (185 SCRA 703 [1990]) and in the more recent case of Mercado v. Manzano and COMELEC (G.R. No. 135083, 307 SCRA 630, May 26, 1999). In the case of Aznar, the Court ruled that the mere fact that he is an American did not mean that he is no longer a Filipino, and that an application for an alien certificate of registration was not tantamount to renunciation of his Philippine citizenship. And, in Mercado v. Manzano and COMELEC, it was held that the fact that respondent Manzano was registered as an American citizen in the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation and was holding an American passport on April 22, 1997, only a year before he filed a certificate of candidacy for vice-mayor of Makati, were just assertions of his American nationality before the termination of his American citizenship. Thus, the mere fact that private respondent Rosalind Ybasco Lopez was a holder of an Australian passport and had an alien certificate of registration are not acts constituting an effective renunciation of citizenship and do not militate against her claim of Filipino citizenship. For renunciation to effectively result in the loss of citizenship, the same must be express. As held by this Court in the aforecited case of Aznar, an application for an alien certificate of registration does not amount to an express renunciation or repudiation of ones citizenship. The application of the herein private respondent for an alien certificate of registration, and her holding of an Australian passport, as in the case of Mercado v. Manzano, were mere acts of assertion of her Australian citizenship before she effectively renounced the same. Thus, at the most, private respondent had dual citizenship she was an Australian and a Filipino, as well. Moreover, under Commonwealth Act 63, the fact that a child of Filipino parent/s was born in another country has not been included as a ground for

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866

7,168

CommonCrawl

11

19

losing ones Philippine citizenshi p. Since private respondent did not lose or renounce her Philippine citizenship, petitioners claim that respondent must go through the process of repatriation does not hold water. (Valles v. COMELEC, 337 SCRA 543, Aug. 9, 2000, En Banc [Purisima]) 21. How may Filipino citizens who lost their citizenship reacquire the same? Answer: Filipino citizens who have lost their citizenship may x x x reacquire the same in the manner provided by law. Commonwealth Act No. 63 enumerates the three modes by which Philippine citizenship may be reacquired by a former citizen: (1) by naturalization, (2) by repatriation, and (3) by direct act of Congress . (Frivaldo v. COMELEC, 257 SCRA 727, June 28, 1996, En Banc [Panganiban]; Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 22. Distinguish naturalization from repatriation. Held: Naturalization is a mode for both acquisition and reacquisition of Philippine citizenship. As a mode of initially acquiring Philippine citizenship, naturalization is governed by Commonwealth Act No. 473, as amended. On the other hand, naturalization as a mode for reacquiring Philippine citizenship is governed by Commonwealth Act No. 63 (An Act Providing for the Ways in Which Philippine Citizenship May Be Lost or Reacquired [1936]). Under this law, a former Filipino citizen who wishes to reacquire Philippine citizenship must possess certain qualifications and none of the disqualifications mentioned in Section 4 of C.A. 473. Repatriation, on the other hand, may be had under various statutes by those who lost their citizenship due to: (1) desertion of the armed forces (Section 4, C.A. No. 63); (2) service in the armed forces of the allied forces in World War II (Section 1, Republic Act No. 965 [1953]); (3) service in the Armed Forces of the United States at any other time (Sec. 1, Republic Act No. 2630 [1960]); (4) marriage of a Filipino woman to an alien (Sec. 1, Republic Act No. 8171 [1995]); and (5) political and economic necessity (Ibid). As distinguished from the lengthy process of naturalization, repatriation simply consists of the taking of an oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and registering said oath in the Local Civil Registry of the place where the person concerned resides or last resided. In Angat v. Republic (314 SCRA 438 [1999]), we held: [P]arenthetically, under these statutes (referring to RA Nos. 965 and 2630), the person desiring to reacquire Philippine citizenship would not even be required to file a petition in court, and all that he had to do was to take an oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and to register that fact with the civil registry in the place of his residence or where he had last resided in the Philippines. Moreover, repatriation results in the recovery of the original nationality. This means that a naturalized Filipino who lost his citizenship will be restored to his prior status as a naturalized Filipino citizen. On the other hand, if he was originally a natural-born citizen before he lost his Philippine citizenship, he will be restored to his former status as a natural-born Filipino. (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 23. Who may validly avail of repatriation under R.A. No. 8171? Held: R.A. No. 8171, which has lapsed into law on October 23, 1995, is an act providing for the repatriation (a) of Filipino women who have lost their Philippine citizens

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866

8,192

CommonCrawl

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hip by marriage to aliens and (b) of natural-born Filipinos who have lost their Philippine citizenship on account of political or economic necessity. (Gerardo Angat v. Republic, G.R. No. 132244, Sept. 14, 1999 [Vitug]) 24. Before what agency should application for repatriation under R.A 8171 be filed? Held: Under Section 1 of P.D. No. 725, dated June 5, 1975, amending C.A. No. 63, an application for repatriation could be filed with the Special Committee on Naturalization chaired by the Solicitor General with the Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs and the Director of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency as the other members. Although the agency was deactivated by virtue of President Corazon C. Aquinos Memorandum of March 27, 1987, it was not, however, abrogated. The Committee was reactivated on June 8, 1995 . Hence, the application should be filed with said Agency, not with the Regional Trial Court. (Gerardo Angat v. Republic, G.R. No. 132244, Sept. 14, 1999 [Vitug]) 25. May a natural-born Filipino who became an American citizen still be considered a naturalborn Filipino upon his reacquisition of Philippine citizenship and, therefore, qualified to run for Congressman? Held: Repatriation results in the recovery of the original nationality. This means that a naturalized Filipino who lost his citizenship will be restored to his prior status as a naturalized Filipino citizen. On the other hand, if he was originally a natural-born citizen before he lost his Philippine citizenship, he will be restored to his former status as a natural-born Filipino. In respondent Cruzs case, he lost his Filipino citizenship when he rendered service in the Armed Forces of the United States. However, he subsequently reacquired Philippine citizenship under R.A. No. 2630, which provides: Section 1. Any person who had lost his Philippine citizenship by rendering service to, or accepting commission in, the Armed Forces of the United States, or after separation from the Armed Forces of the United States, acquired United States citizenship, may reacquire Philippine citizenship by taking an oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and registering the same with Local Civil Registry in the place where he resides or last resided in the Philippines. The said oath of allegiance shall contain a renunciation of any other citizenship. Having thus taken the required oath of allegiance to the Republic and having registered the same in the Civil Registry of Mangatarem, Pangasinan in accordance with the aforecited provision, respondent Cruz is deemed to have recovered his original status as a natural-born citizen, a status which he acquired at birth as the son of a Filipino father . It bears stressing that the act of repatriation allows him to recover, or return to, his original status before he lost his Philippine citizenship. Petitioners contention that respondent Cruz is no longer a natural-born citizen since he had to perform an act to regain his citizenship is untenable. [T]he term natural -born citizen was first defined in Article III, Section 4 of the 1973 Constitution as follows: Section 4. A natural-born citizen is one who is a citizen of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect his Philippine citizenship. Two requisites must concur for a person to be considered as such: (1) a person must be a Filipino citizen from birth and (2) he does not have to perform any act to obtain or perfect his Philippine citizenship. Under the 1973 Constitution definition, there were two categories of Filipino citizens which were not considered natural-born: (1) those who were naturalized and (2) those born before January 17, 1973 (the date of effectivity of the 1973 Constitution) , of Filipino mothers who, upon reaching the age of majority, elected Philippine citizenship. Those naturalized citizens were not considered natural-born obviously because they were not Filipinos at birth and had to perform an act to acquire Philippine citizenship. Those born of Filipino mothers

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866

9,216

CommonCrawl

3

13

before the effectivity of the 1973 Constitution were likewise not considered natural-born because they also had to perform an act to perfect their Philippine citizenship. The present Constitution, however, now considers those born of Filipino mothers before the effectivity of the 1973 Constitution and who elected Philippine citizenship upon reaching the majority age as natural-born. After defining who are natural-born citizens, Section 2 of Article IV adds a sentence: Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens. Consequently, only naturalized Filipinos are considered not natural-born citizens. It is apparent from the enumeration of who are citizens under the present Constitution that there are only two classes of citizens: (1) those who are natural-born and (2) those who are naturalized in accordance with law. A citizen who is not a naturalized Filipino, i.e., did not have to undergo the process of naturalization to obtain Philippine citizenship, necessarily is a natural-born Filipino. Noteworthy is the absence in the said enumeration of a separate category for persons who, after losing Philippine citizenship, subsequently reacquire it. The reason therefore is clear: as to such persons, they would either be natural-born or naturalized depending on the reasons for the loss of their citizenship and the mode prescribed by the applicable law for the reacquisition thereof. As respondent Cruz was not required by law to go through naturalization proceedings in order to reacquire his citizenship, he is perforce a natural-born Filipino. As such, he possessed all the necessary qualifications to be elected as member of the House of Representatives. (Antonio Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001, En Banc [Kapunan]) 26. Distinguish dual citizenship from dual allegiance. Held: Dual citizenship arises when, as a result of the concurrent application of the different laws of two or more states, a person is simultaneously considered a national by the said states. For instance, such a situation may arise when a person whose parents are citizens of a state which adheres to the principle of jus sanguinis is born in a state which follows the doctrine of jus soli. Such a person, ipso facto and without any voluntary act on his part, is concurrently considered a citizen of both states. Dual allegiance, on the other hand, refers to a situation in which a person simultaneously owes, by some positive act, loyalty to two or more states. While dual citizenship is involuntary, dual allegiance is the result of an individuals volition. (Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630, May 26, 1999, En Banc [Mendoza]) 27. What is the main concern of Section 5, Article IV, 1987 Constitution, on citizenship? Consequently, are persons with mere dual citizenship disqualified to run for elective local positions under Section 40(d) of the Local Government Code? Held: In including Section 5 in Article IV on citizenship, the concern of the Constitutional Commission was not with dual citizens per se but with naturalized citizens who maintain their allegiance to their countries of origin even after their naturalization. Hence, the phrase dual citizenship in R.A. No. 7160, Section 40(d) (Local Government Code) must be understood as referring to dual allegiance. Consequently, persons with mere dual citizenship do not fall under this disqualification. Unlike those with dual allegiance, who must, x x x, be subject to strict process with respect to the termination of their status, for candidates with dual citizenship, it should suffice if, upon the filing of their certificate of candidacy, they elect Philippine citizenship to terminate their status as persons with dual citizenship considering that their condition is the unavoidable consequence of conflicting laws of different states. By electing Philippine citizenship, such candidates at the same time forswear allegiance to the other country of which they are also citizens and thereby terminate their status as dual citizens. It may be that, from the point of view of the foreign state and of its laws, such an individual has not effectively renounced his foreign citizenship. (Mercado v. Manzano, G.R. No. 135083, 307 SCRA 630, May

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866

10,240

CommonCrawl

3

13

26, 1999 [Mendoza]) That is of no moment. 28. Cite instances when a citizen of the Philippines may possess dual citizenship considering the citizenship clause (Article IV) of the Constitution. Held: 1) Those born of Filipino fathers and/or mothers in foreign countries which follow the principle of jus soli; 2) Those born in the Philippines of Filipino mothers and alien fathers if by the laws of their fathers country such children are citizens of that country; 3) Those who marry aliens if by the laws of the latters country the former are considered citizens, unless by their act or omission they are deemed to have renounced Philippine citizenship. (Mercado v. Manzano, G.R. No. 135083, 307 SCRA 630, May 26, 1999 [Mendoza]) 29. Does res judicata apply in cases hinging on the issue of citizenship? Held: Petitioner maintains further that when citizenship is raised as an issue in judicial or administrative proceedings, the resolution or decision thereon is generally not considered res judicata in any subsequent proceeding challenging the same; citing the case of Moy Ya Lim Yao v. Commissioner of Immigration (41 SCRA 292 [1971]). He insists that the same issue of citizenship may be threshed out anew. Petitioner is correct insofar as the general rule is concerned, i.e., the principle of res judicata generally does not apply in cases hinging on the issue of citizenship. However, in the case of Burca v. Republic (51 SCRA 248 [1973]), an exception to this general rule was recognized. The Court ruled in that case that in order that the doctrine of res judicata may be applied in cases of citizenship, the following must be present: 1) a persons citizenship be raised as a material issue in a controversy where said person is a party; 2) the Solicitor General or his authorized representative took active part in the resolution thereof, and 3) the finding on citizenship is affirmed by this Court. Although the general rule was set forth in the case of Moy Ya Lim Yao, the case did not foreclose the weight of prior rulings on citizenship. It elucidated that reliance may somehow be placed on these antecedent official findings, though not really binding, to make the effort easier or simpler. (Valles v. COMELEC, 337 SCRA 543, Aug. 9, 2000, En Banc [Purisima]) Civilian Supremacy Clause 30. The President issued Letter of Instruction (LOI) ordering the deployment of members of the Philippine Marines in the metropolis to conduct joint visibility patrols with members of the Philippine National Police in various shopping malls. Will this not violate the civilian supremacy clause under Section 3, Article II of the Constitution? Does this not amount to an "insidious incursion" of the military in the task of law enforcement in violation of Section 5(4), Article XVI of the Constitution? Held: The deployment of the Marines does not constitute a breach of the civilian supremacy clause. The calling of the marines in this case constitutes permissible use of military assets for civilian law enforcement. x x x The limited participation of the Marines is evident in the provisions of the LOI itself, which sufficiently provides the metes and bounds of the Marines' authority. It is noteworthy that the local police forces are the ones in charge of the visibility patrols at all times, the real authority belonging to the PNP. In fact, the Metro Manila Police Chief is the overall leader of the PNP-Philippine Marines joint visibility patrols. Under the LOI, the police forces are tasked to brief or orient the soldiers on police patrol procedures. It is their responsibility to direct and manage the deployment of the Marines. It is, likewise, their duty to provide the necessary equipment to the Marines and render logistical support to these soldiers. In view of the foregoing, it cannot be properly argued that military authority is supreme over civilian authority. Moreover, the deployment of the Marines to assist the PNP does not unmake the civilian character of the police force. Neither does it amount to an insid

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1,024

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866

11,264

CommonCrawl

11

19

ious incursion of the military in the task of law enforcement in violation of Section 5[4], Article XVI of the Constitution. In this regard, it is not correct to say that General Angelo Reyes, Chief of Staff of the AFP, by his alleged involvement in civilian law enforcement, has been virtually appointed to a civilian post in derogation of the aforecited provision. The real authority in these operations, as stated in the LOI, is lodged with the head of a civilian institution, the PNP, and not with the military. Such being the case, it does not matter whether the AFP Chief actually participates in the Task Force Tulungan since he does not exercise any authority or control over the same. Since none of the Marines was incorporated or enlisted as members of the PNP, there can be no appointment to a civilian position to speak of. Hence, the deployment of the Marines in the joint visibility patrols does not destroy the civilian character of the PNP. Considering the above circumstances, the Marines render nothing more than assistance required in conducting the patrols. As such, there can be no insidious incursion of the military in civilian affairs nor can there be a violation of the civilian supremacy clause in the Constitution. It is worth mentioning that military assistance to civilian authorities in various forms persists in Philippine jurisdiction. The Philippine experience reveals that it is not averse to requesting the assistance of the military in the implementation and execution of certain traditionally civil functions. x x x [S]ome of the multifarious activities wherein military aid has been rendered, exemplifying the activities that bring both the civilian and the military together in a relationship of cooperation, are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Elections; Administration of the Philippine National Red Cross; Relief and rescue operations during calamities and disasters; Amateur sports promotion and development; Development of the culture and the arts; Conservation of natural resources; Implementation of the agrarian reform program; Enforcement of customs laws; Composite civilian-military law enforcement activities; Conduct of licensure examinations; Conduct of nationwide tests for elementary and high school students; Anti-drug enforcement activities; Sanitary inspections; Conduct of census work; Administration of the Civil Aeronautics Board; Assistance in installation of weather forecasting devices; Peace and order policy formulation in local government units. This unquestionably constitutes a gloss on executive power resulting from a systematic, unbroken, executive practice, long pursued to the knowledge of Congress and, yet, never before questioned. What we have here is mutual support and cooperation between the military and civilian authorities, not derogation of civilian supremacy. In the United States, where a long tradition of suspicion and hostility towards the use of military force for domestic purposes has persisted and whose Constitution, unlike ours, does not expressly provide for the power to call, the use of military personnel by civilian law enforcement officers is allowed under circumstances similar to those surrounding the present deployment of the Philippine Marines. (IBP v. Hon. Ronaldo B. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, Aug. 15, 2000, En Banc [Kapunan]) The Right to a Balanced and Healthful Ecology 31. Is the right to a balanced and healthful ecology any less important than any of the civil and political rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights? Explain. Held: While the right to a balanced and healthful ecology is to be found under the Declaration of Principles and State Policies and not under the Bill of Rights, it does not follow that it is less important than any of the civil and political rights enumerated in the latter. Such a right belongs to a different category of rights altogether for it concerns nothing less than self- preservation and self-perpetuation, the advancement of which may even be said to predate all governments and constitutions. As a matter of fact, these basic rights need not even be written in the Constitution for they are assumed to exist from the inception of humankind. If they are now explicitly mentioned in the fundamental charter, it is because of the well-founded fear of its framers that unless the rights to a

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balanced and healthful ecology and to health are mandated as state policies by the Constitution itself, thereby highlighting their continuing importance and imposing upon the state a solemn obligation to preserve the first and protect and advance the second, the day would not be too far when all else would be lost not only for the present generation, but also for those to come generations which stand to inherit nothing but parched earth incapable of sustaining life. (Oposa v. Factoran, Jr., 224 SCRA 792 [1993][Davide]) 32. The Province of Palawan and the City of Puerto Princesa enacted ordinances prohibiting the catching and/or exportation of live tropical fishes, and imposing penalties for violations thereof, in order to stop the illegal practice of cyanide fishing which destroys the corals and other marine resources. Several fishermen apprehended for violating the ordinances in question challenged their constitutionality contending that the ordinances violated their preferential right as subsistence and marginal fishermen to the use of our communal marine resources guaranteed by the Constitution, under Section 7, Article XIII. Will you sustain the challenge? Held: The preferential right of subsistence or marginal fishermen to the use of marine resources is not absolute. In accordance with the Regalian Doctrine, marine resources belong to the State, and, pursuant to the first paragraph of Section 2, Article XII of the Constitution, their exploration, development and utilization x x x shall be under the full control and supervision of the State. Moreover, their mandated protection, development and conservation x x x imply certain restrictions on whatever right of enjoyment there may be in favor of anyone. What must be borne in mind is the State policy enshrined in the Constitution regarding the duty of the State to protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature (Section 16, Article II). The ordinances in question are meant precisely to protect and conserve our marine resources to the end that their enjoyment may be guaranteed not only for the present generation, but also for the generations to come. The right to a balanced and healthful ecology carries with it a correlative duty to refrain from impairing the environment. (Tano v. Gov. Salvador P. Socrates, G.R. No. 110249, Aug. 21, 1997) Academic Freedom 33. May a university validly revoke a degree or honor it has conferred to a student after the graduation of the latter after finding that such degree or honor was obtained through fraud? Held: In Garcia v. Faculty Admission Committee, Loyola School of Theology (68 SCRA 277 [1975]), the SC pointed out that academic freedom of institutions of higher learning is a freedom granted to institutions of higher learning which is thus given a wide sphere of authority certainly extending to the choice of students. If such institution of hi gher learning can decide who can and who cannot study in it, it certainly can also determine on whom it can confer the honor and distinction of being its graduates. Where it is shown that the conferment of an honor or distinction was obtained through fraud, a university has the right to revoke or withdraw the honor or distinction it has thus conferred. This freedom of a university does not terminate upon the graduation of a student, for it is precisely the graduation of such a student that is in quest ion. (UP Board of Regents v. Hon. Court of Appeals and Arokiaswamy William Margaret Celine, G.R. No. 134625, Aug. 31, 1999, 2nd Div. [Mendoza]) 34. What are the essential freedoms subsumed in the term academic freedom? Held: In Ateneo de Manila University v. Capulong (G.R. No. 99327, 27 May 1993), this Court cited with approval the formulation made by Justice Felix Frankfurter of the essential freedoms subsumed in the term academic freedom encompassing not only the freedom to determine x x x on academic grounds who may teach, what may be taught (and) how it shall be taught, but likewise who may be admitted to study. We have thus sanctioned its invocation by a school in rejecting students who are academically delinquent

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866

13,312

CommonCrawl

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17

(Tangonan v. Pano, 137 SCRA 245 [1985]), or a laywoman seeking admission to a seminary (Garcia v. Loyola School of Theology, 68 SCRA 277 [1975]), or students violating School Rules on Discipline. (Ateneo de Manila University v. Capulong, supra.) (Isabelo, Jr. v. Perpetual Help College of Rizal, Inc., 227 SCRA 595-597, Nov. 8, 1993, En Banc [Vitug]) 35. Does the Constitutional policy of a self-reliant and independent national economy rule out foreign competition? Held: The constitutional policy of a self-reliant and independent national economy does not necessarily rule out the entry of foreign investments, goods and services. It contemplates neither economic seclusion nor mendicancy in the international community. Aside from envisioning a trade policy based on equality and reciprocity, the fundamental law encourages industries that are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets, thereby demonstrating a clear policy against a sheltered domestic trade enviro nment, but one in favor of the gradual development of robust industries that can compete with the best in the foreign markets. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18 [1997]) The Rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples 36. Enumerate the Constitutional provisions recognizing and protecting the rights and interests of the indigenous peoples. Held: The framers of the 1987 Constitution, looking back to the long destitution of our less fortunate brothers, fittingly saw the historic opportunity to actualize the ideals of people empowerment and social justice, and to reach out particularly to the marginalized sectors of society, including the indigenous peoples. They incorporated in the fundamental law several provisions recognizing and protecting the rights and interests of the indigenous peoples, to wit: Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous peoples within the framework of national unity and development. (Article II of the Constitution, entitled State Principles and Policies) Section 5. The State, subject to the provisions of the Constitution and national development policies and programs, shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural wellbeing. The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws governing property rights and relations in determining the ownership and extent of ancestral domains. (Article XII of the Constitution, entitled National Economy and Patrimony) Section 1. The Congress shall give the highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequalities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good. To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use and disposition of property and its increments. (Article XIII of the Constitution, entitled Social Justice and Human Rights) Section 6. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition and utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain under lease or concession, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral lands. (Ibid.) Section 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of cultural communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall consider these rights in the formulation of national plans and policies. (Article XIV of the Constitution, entitled Education, Science, Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports) General Provisions) (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 37. Discuss the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (R.A. No. 8371). Section 12. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies affecting indigenous cultural communities, the majority of the members

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866

14,336

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of which shall come from such communities. (Article XVI of the Constitution, entitled Held: Republic Act No. 8371 is entitled "An Act to Recognize, Protect and Promote the Rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples, Creating a National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Establishing Implementing Mechanisms, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes." It is simply known as "The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997" or the IPRA. The IPRA recognizes the existence of the indigenous cultural communities or indigenous peoples (ICCs/IPs) as a distinct sector in Philippine society. It grants these people the ownership and possession of their ancestral domains and ancestral lands, and defines the extent of these lands and domains. The ownership given is the indigenous concept of ownership under customary law which traces its origin to native title. Xxx Within their ancestral domains and ancestral lands, the ICCs/IPs are given the right to self-governance and empowerment (Sections 13 to 20), social justice and human rights (Sections 21 to 28), the right to preserve and protect their culture, traditions, institutions and community intellectual rights, and the right to develop their own sciences and technologies (Sections 29 to 37). (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 38. Define "indigenous peoples/indigenous cultural communities." Held: 1. Drawing inspiration from both our fundamental law and international law, IPRA now employs the politically-correct conjunctive term "indigenous peoples/indigenous cultural communities" as follows: Section 3. Definition of Terms. - For purposes of this Act, the following terms shall mean: (i) Indigenous peoples/Indigenous cultural communities. - refer to a group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions, and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, nonindigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos. Indigenous peoples shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present State boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains x x x. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 2. The IPRA is a law dealing with a specific group of people, i.e., the Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) or the Indigenous Peoples (IPs). The term "ICCs" is used in the 1987 Constitution while that of "IPs" is the contemporary international language in the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 169 (Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, June 27, 1989) and the United Nations (UN) Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Guide to R.A. 8371, published by the Coalition for IPs Rights and Ancestral Domains in cooperation with the ILO and Bilance-Asia Department, p. 4 [1999] hereinafter referred to as Guide to R.A. 8371). Indigenous Cultural Communities or Indigenous Peoples refer to a group of people or hom

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29947, 29941, 29955, 29896, 467, 13, 2568, 2101, 681, 23287, 20473, 1907, 470, 1894, 2101, 681, 3938, 459, 793, 2737, 304, 263, 2318, 310, 2305, 470, 3632 ]

866

15,360

CommonCrawl

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ogeneous societies who have continuously lived as an organized community on communally bounded and defined territory. These groups of people have actually occupied, possessed and utilized their territories under claim of ownership since time immemorial. They share common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or, they, by their resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from the Filipino majority. ICCs/IPs also include descendants of ICCs/IPs who inhabited the country at the time of conquest or colonization, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions but who may have been displaced from their traditional territories or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains. (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 39. Define "ancestral domains" and "ancestral lands." Do they constitute part of the land of the public domain? Held: Ancestral domains and ancestral lands are the private property of indigenous peoples and do not constitute part of the land of the public domain. The IPRA grants to ICCs/IPs a distinct kind of ownership over ancestral domains and ancestral lands. Ancestral lands are not the same as ancestral domains. These are defined in Section 3(a) and (b) of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act x x x. Ancestral domains are all areas belonging to ICCs/IPs held under a claim of ownership, occupied or possessed by ICCs/IPs by themselves or through their ancestors, communally or individually since time immemorial, continuously until the present, except when interrupted by war, force majeure or displacement by force, deceit, stealth or as a consequence of government projects or any other voluntary dealings with government and/or private individuals or corporations. Ancestral domains comprise lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural resources therein and includes ancestral lands, forests, pasture, residential, agricultural, and other lands individually owned whether alienable or not, hunting grounds, burial grounds, worship areas, bodies of water, mineral and other natural resources. They also include lands which may no longer be exclusively occupied by ICCs/IPs but from which they traditionally had access to for their subsistence and traditional activities, particularly the home ranges of ICCs/IPs who are still nomadic and/or shifting cultivators (Section 3[a], IPRA). Ancestral lands are lands held by the ICCs/IPs under the same conditions as ancestral domains except that these are limited to lands and that these lands are not merely occupied and possessed but are also utilized by the ICCs/IPs under claims of individual or traditional group ownership. These lands include but are not limited to residential lots, rice terraces or paddies, private forests, swidden farms and tree lots (Section 3[b], IPRA). (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 40. How may ICCs/IPs acquire rights to their ancestral domains and ancestral lands? Held: The rights of the ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains and ancestral lands may be acquired in two modes: (1) by native title over both ancestral lands and domains; or (2) by torrens title under the Public Land Act and the Land Registration Act with respect to ancestral lands only. (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 41. What is the concept of "native title"? What is a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT)? Held: Native title refers to ICCs/IPs preconquest rights to lands and domains held under a claim of private ownership as far back as memory reaches. These lands are deemed never to have been public lands and are indis

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putably presumed to have been held that way since before the Spanish Conquest. The rights of ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains (which also include ancestral lands) by virtue of native title shall be recognized and respected (Section 11, IPRA). Formal recognition, when solicited by ICCs/IPs concerned, shall be embodied in a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT), which shall recognize the title of the concerned ICCs/IPs over the territories identified and delineated. Native title, however, is a right of private ownership peculiarly granted to ICCs/IPs over their Like a torrens title, a CADT is evidence of private ownership of land by native title. ancestral lands and domains. The IPRA categorically declares ancestral lands and domains held by native title as never to have been public land. Domains and lands held under native title are, therefore, indisputably presumed to have never been public lands and are private. The concept of native title in the IPRA was taken from the 1909 case of Carino v. Insular Government (41 Phil. 935 [1909], 212 U.S. 449, 53 L. Ed. 594). Carino firmly established a concept of private land title that existed irrespective of any royal grant from the State. (Separate Opinion, Puno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et al., G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 42. Discuss the concept of "jura regalia" and how it evolved in the Philippines. Does it negate native title to lands held in private ownership since time immemorial? Held: Generally, under the concept of jura regalia, private title to land must be traced to some grant, express or implied, from the Spanish Crown or its successors, the American Colonial government, and thereafter, the Philippine Republic. The belief that the Spanish Crown is the origin of all land titles in the Philippines has persisted because title to land must emanate from some source for it cannot issue forth from nowhere. In its broad sense, the term "jura regalia" refers to royal grants, or those rights which the King has by virtue of his prerogatives. In Spanish law, it refers to a right which the sovereign has over anything in which a subject has a right of property or propriedad. These were rights enjoyed during feudal times by the king as the sovereign. The theory of the feudal system was that title to all lands was originally held by the King, and while the use of lands was granted out to others who were permitted to hold them under certain conditions, the King theoretically retained the title . By fiction of law, the King was regarded as the original proprietor of all lands, and the true and only source of title, and from him all lands were held. The theory of jura regalia was therefore nothing more than a natural fruit of conquest. The Regalian theory, however, does not negate native title to lands held in private ownership since time immemorial. In the landmark case of Carino v. Insular Government (41 Phil. 935, 212 U.S. 449, 53 L. Ed. 594 [1909]), the United States Supreme Court, reversing the decision of the pre-war Philippine Supreme Court, made the following pronouncement: x x x Every presumption is and ought to be taken against the Government in a case like the present. It might, perhaps, be proper and sufficient to say that when, as far back as testimony or memory goes, the land has been held by individuals under a claim of private ownership, it will be presumed to have been held in the same way from before the Spanish conquest, and never to have been public land. x x x (Carino v. Insular Government, supra note 75, at 941) The above ruling institutionalized the recognition of the existence of native title to land, or ownership of land by Filipinos by virtue of possession under a claim of ownership since time immemorial and independent of any grant from the Spanish Crown, as an exception to the theory of jura regalia. Xxx Carino was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1909, at a time when decisions of the U.S. Court were binding as preced

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866

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CommonCrawl

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ent in our jurisdiction (Section 10, Philippine Bill of 1902). We applied the Carino doctrine in the 1946 case of Oh Cho v. Director of Lands (75 Phil. 890 [1946]), where we stated that "[a]ll lands that were not acquired from the Government either by purchase or by grant, belong to the public domain, but [a]n exception to the rule would be any land that should have been in the possession of an occupant and of his predecessors in interest since time immemorial, for such possession would justify the presumption that the land had never been part of the public domain or that it had been private property even before the Spanish conquest. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) 43. Distinguish ownership of land under native title and ownership by acquisitive prescription against the State. Held: Ownership by virtue of native title presupposes that the land has been held by its possessor and his predecessor-in-interest in the concept of an owner since time immemorial. The land is not acquired from the State, that is, Spain or its successor-in-interest, the United States and the Philippine Government. There has been no transfer of title from the State as the land has been regarded as private in character as far back as memory goes. In contrast, ownership of land by acquisitive prescription against the State involves a conversion of the character of the property from alienable public land to private land, which presupposes a transfer of title from the State to a private person. (Separate Opinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000, En Banc) The Right of the State to Recover Properties Unlawfully Acquired by Public Officials or Employees 44. Does the right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees which may not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel under Section 15, Article XI of the Constitution apply to criminal cases for the recovery of ill-gotten wealth? Held: Section 15, Article XI, 1987 Constitution provides that [T]he right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees as transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel. From the proceedings of the Constitutional Commission of 1986, however, it was clear that this provision applies only to civil actions for recovery of ill-gotten wealth, and not to criminal cases. Thus, the prosecution of offenses arising from, relating or incident to, or involving ill-gotten wealth contemplated in Section 15, Article XI of the Constitution may be barred by prescription. (Presidential Ad Hoc Fact-Finding Committee on Behest Loans, et al. v. Hon. Aniano A. Desierto, et al., G.R. No. 130140, Oct. 25, 1999, En Banc [Davide, C.J.]) STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT The Doctrine of Separation of Powers 45. May the Government, through the PCGG, validly bind itself to cause the dismissal of all cases against the Marcos heirs pending before the Sandiganbayan and other courts in a Compromise Agreement entered into between the former and the latter? Held: This is a direct encroachment on judicial power, particularly in regard to criminal jurisdiction. Well-settled is the doctrine that once a case has been filed before a court of competent jurisdiction, the matter of its dismissal or pursuance lies within the full discretion and control of the judge. In a criminal case, the manner in which the prosecution is handled, including the matter of whom to present as witnesses, may lie within the sound discretion of the government prosecutor; but the court decides, based on the evidence proffered, in what manner it will dispose of the case. Jurisdiction, once acquired by the trial court, is not lost despite a resolution, even by the justice secretary, to withdraw the information or to

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866

18,432

CommonCrawl

11

19

dismiss the complaint. The prosecutions motion to withdraw or to dismiss is not the least binding upon the court. On the contrary, decisional rules require the trial court to make its own evaluation of the merits of the case, because granting such motion is equivalent to effecting a disposition of the case itself. Thus, the PCGG, as the government prosecutor of ill-gotten wealth cases, cannot guarantee the dismissal of all such criminal cases against the Marcoses pending in the courts, for said dismissal is not within its sole power and discretion. (Chavez v. PCGG, 299 SCRA 744, Dec. 9, 1998 [Panganiban]) Delegation of Powers 46. What are the tests of a valid delegation of power? Held: Empowering the COMELEC, an administrative body exercising quasi-judicial functions, to promulgate rules and regulations is a form of delegation of legislative authority x x x. However, in every case of permissible delegation, there must be a showing that the delegation itself is valid. It is valid only if the law (a) is complete in itself, setting forth therein the policy to be executed, carried out, or implemented by the delegate; and (b) fixes a standard the limits of which are sufficiently determinate and determinable to which the delegate must conform in the performance of his functions. A sufficient standard is one which defines legislative policy, marks its limits, maps out its boundaries and specifies the public agency to apply it. It indicates the circumstances under which the legislative command is to be effected . (Santiago v. COMELEC, 270 SCRA 106, March 19, 1997) The Legislative Department 47. Discuss the nature of the Party-List system. Is it, without any qualification, open to all? Held: 1. The party-list system is a social justice tool designed not only to give more law to the great masses of our people who have less in life, but also to enable them to become veritable lawmakers themselves, empowered to participate directly in the enactment of laws designed to benefit them. It intends to make the marginalized and the underrepresented not merely passive recipients of the States benevolence, but active participants in the mainstream of representative democracy. Thus, allowing all individuals and groups, including those which now dominate district elections, to have the same opportunity to participate in party-list elections would desecrate this lofty objective and mongrelize the social justice mechanism into an atrocious veneer for traditional politics. (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 2. Crucial to the resolution of this case is the fundamental social justice principle that those who have less in life should have more in law. The party-list system is one such tool intended to benefit those who have less in life. It gives the great masses of our people genuine hope and genuine power. It is a message to the destitute and the prejudiced, and even to those in the underground, that change is possible. It is an invitation for them to come out of their limbo and seize the opportunity. Clearly, therefore, the Court cannot accept the submissions x x x that the party-list system is, without any qualification, open to all. Such position does not only weaken the electoral chances of the marginalized and underrepresented; it also prejudices them. It would gut the substance of the party-list system. Instead of generating hope, it would create a mirage. Instead of enabling the marginalized, it would further weaken them and aggravate their marginalization. (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 48. Are political parties even the major ones prohibited from participating in the party-list elections? Held: Under the Constitution and RA 7941, private respondents cannot be disqualified from the party-list elections, merely on the ground that they are political parties. Section 5, Article VI of the Constitution, provides that members of the House of Representatives may be elected through a party-list system of registered

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866

19,456

CommonCrawl

11

19

national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations. Furthermore, under Sections 7 and 8, Article IX [C] of the Constitution, political parties may be registered under the party-list system. X x x During the deliberations in the Constitutional Commission, Comm. Christian S. Monsod pointed out that the participants in the party-list system may be a regional party, a sectora l party, a national party, UNIDO, Magsasaka, or a regional party in Mindanao. x x x. Indeed, Commissioner Monsod stated that the purpose of the party-list provision was to open up the system, in order to give a chance to parties that consistently place third or fourth in congressional district elections to win a seat in Congress. He explained: The purpose of this is to open the system. In the past elections, we found out that there were certain groups or parties that, if we count their votes nationwide, have about 1,000,000 or 1,500,000 votes. But they were always third or fourth place in each of the districts. So, they have no voice in the Assembly. But this way, they would have five or six representatives in the assembly even if they would not win individually in legislative districts. So, that is essentially the mechanics, the purpose and objective of the party-list system. For its part, Section 2 of RA 7941 also provides for a party -list system of registered national, regional and sectoral parties or organizations or coalitions thereof, x x x. Section 3 expressly states that a party is either a political party or a sectoral party or a coalition of parties. More to the point, the law defines political party as an organized group of c itizens advocating an ideology or platform, principles and policies for the general conduct of government and which, as the most immediate means of securing their adoption, regularly nominates and supports certain of its leaders and members as candidates for public office. Furthermore, Section 11 of RA 7941 leaves no doubt as to the participation of political parties in the party-list system. X x x Indubitably, therefore, political parties even the major ones may participate in the party-list elections. That political parties may participate in the party-list elections does not mean, however, that any political party or any organization or group for that matter may do so. The requisite character of these parties or organizations must be consistent with the purpose of the party-list system, as laid down in the Constitution and RA 7941. X x x (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 49. Who are the marginalized and underrepresented sectors to be represented under the partylist system? Held: The marginalized and underrepresented sectors to be represented under the party-list system are enumerated in Section 5 of RA 7941 x x x. While the enumeration of marginalized and underrepresented sectors is not exclusive, it demonstrates the clear intent of the law that not all sectors can be represented under the partylist system. X x x [W]e stress that the party-list system seeks to enable certain Filipino citizens specifically those belonging to marginalized and underrepresented sectors, organizations and parties to be elected to the House of Representatives. The assertion x x x that the party-list system is not exclusive to the marginalized and underrepresented disregards the clear statutory policy. Its claim that even the super-rich and overrepresented can participate desecrates the spirit of the party-list system. Indeed, the law crafted to address the peculiar disadvantage of Payatas hovel dwellers cannot be appropriated by the mansion owners of Forbes Park. The interests of these two sectors are manifestly disparate; hence, the x x x position to treat them similarly defies reason and common sense. X x x While the business moguls and the mega-rich are, numerically speaking, a tiny minority, they are neither marginalized nor underrepresented, for the stark reality is that their economic clout engenders political power more awesome than their numerical limitation. Traditionally, political power does not necessarily emanate from the size of ones constituency; indeed, it is likely to arise more directly from the number and amount of ones bank accounts. It is ironic, therefore, that the marginalized and underrepresent

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5480, 29892, 393, 278, 15276, 979, 1891, 322, 1090, 276, 6338 ]

866

20,480

CommonCrawl

18

15

ed in our midst are the majority who wallow in poverty, destitution and infirmity. It was for them that the party-list system was enacted to give them not only genuine hope, but genuine power; to give them opportunity to be elected and to represent the specific concerns of their constituencies; and simply to give them a direct vote in Congress and in the larger affairs of the State. In its noblest sense, the party-list system truly empowers the masses and ushers a new hope for genuine change. Verily, it invites those marginalized and underrepresented in the past the farm hands, the fisher folk, the urban poor, even those in the underground movement to come out and participate, as indeed many of them came out and participated during the last elections. The State cannot now disappoint and frustrate them by disabling the desecrating this social justice vehicle. Because the marginalized and underrepresented had not been able to win in the congressional district elections normally dominated by traditional politicians and vested groups, 20 percent of the seats in the House of Representatives were set aside for the party-list system. In arguing that even those sectors who normally controlled 80 percent of the seats in the House could participate in the party-list elections for the remaining 20 percent, the OSG and the Comelec disregard the fundamental difference between the congressional district elections and the party-list elections. As earlier noted, the purpose of the party-list provision was to open up the system, in order to enhance the chance of sectoral groups and organizations to gain representation in the House of Representatives through the simplest scheme possible. Logic shows that the system has been opened to those who have never gotten a foothold within it those who cannot otherwise win in regular elections and who therefore need the simplest scheme possible to do so. Conversely, it would be illogical to open the system to those who have long been within it those privileged sectors that have long dominated the congressional district elections. Xxx Verily, allowing the non-marginalized and overrepresented to vie for the remaining seats under the party-list system would not only dilute, but also prejudice the chance of the marginalized and underrepresented, contrary to the intention of the law to enhance it. The party-list system is a tool for the benefit of the underprivileged; the law could not have given the same tool to others, to the prejudice of the intended beneficiaries. (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 50. Section 5(2), Article VI of the Constitution provides that "[t]he party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives including those under the party-list." Does the Constitution require all such allocated seats to be filled up all the time and under all circumstances? Held: The Constitution simply states that "[t]he party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives including those under the party-list." Xxx We rule that a simple reading of Section 5, Article VI of the Constitution, easily conveys the equally simple message that Congress was vested with the broad power to define and prescribe the mechanics of the party-list system of representation. The Constitution explicitly sets down only the percentage of the total membership in the House of Representatives reserved for party-list representatives. In the exercise of its constitutional prerogative, Congress enacted RA 7941. As said earlier, Congress declared therein a policy to promote "proportional representation" in the election of party-list representatives in order to enable Filipinos belonging to the marginalized and underrepresented sectors to contribute legislation that would benefit them. It however deemed it necessary to require parties, organizations and coalitions participating in the system to obtain at least two percent of the total votes cast for the party-list system in order to be entitled to a party-list seat. Those garnering more than this percentage could have "additional seats in proportion to their total number of votes." Furthermore, no winning party, organization or coalition can have more than three seats in the House of Representatives. X x x Considering the foregoing statutory requirements, it will be shown x x x that Section 5(2), Article VI of the Constitution is not mandatory. It merely provides a ceiling for party-list seats in Congress. (Veterans Federation Party

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550, 20438, 9173 ]

866

21,504

CommonCrawl

18

15

v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 136781, Oct. 6, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) 51. What are the inviolable parameters to determine the winners in a Philippine-style party-list election? Held: To determine the winners in a Philippine-style party-list election, the Constitution and Republic Act No. 7941 mandate at least four inviolable parameters. These are: First, the twenty percent allocation - the combined number of all party-list congressmen shall not exceed twenty percent of the total membership of the House of Representatives, including those elected under the party list. Second, the two percent threshold - only those garnering a minimum of two percent of the total valid votes cast for the party-list system are "qualified" to have a seat in the House of Representatives. Third, the three seat limit - each qualified party, regardless of the number of votes it actually obtained, is entitled to a maximum of three seats; that is, one "qualifying" and two additional seats. Fourth, proportional representation - the additional seats which a qualified party is entitled to shall be computed "in proportion to their total number of votes." (Veterans Federation Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 136781 and Companion Cases, Oct. 6, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) 52. State the guidelines for screening Party-List Participants. Held: In this light, the Court finds it appropriate to lay down the following guidelines, culled from the law and the Constitution, to assist the Comelec in its work. First, the political party, sector, organization or coalition must represent the marginalized and underrepresented groups identified in Section 5 of RA 7941. In other words, it must show through its constitution, articles of incorporation, bylaws, history, platform of government and track record that it represents and seeks to uplift marginalized and underrepresented sectors. Verily, majority of its membership should belong to the marginalized and underrepresented. And it must demonstrate that in a conflict of interest, it has chosen or is likely to choose the interest of such sectors. Second, while even major political parties are expressly allowed by RA 7941 and the Constitution to participate in the party-list system, they must comply with the declared statutory policy of enabling Filipino citizens belonging to marginalized and underrepresented sectors x x x to be elected to the House of Representatives. In other words, while they are not disqualified merely on the ground that they are political parties, they must show, however, that they represent the interests of the marginalized and underrepresented. X x x. Third, in view of the objections directed against the registration of Ang Buhay Hayaang Yumabong, which is allegedly a religious group, the Court notes the express constitutional provision that the religious sector may not be represented in the party-list system. x x x Furthermore, the Constitution provides that religious denominations and sects shall not be registered. (Sec. 2 [5], Article IX [C]) The prohibition was explained by a member of the Constitutional Commission in this wise: [T]he prohibition is on any religious organization registering as a political party. I do not see any prohibition here against a priest running as a candidate. That is not prohibited here; it is the registration of a religious sect as a political party. Fourth, a party or an organization must not be disqualified under Section 6 of RA 7941, which enumerates the grounds for disqualification as follows: 1) It is a religious sect or denomination, organization or association organized for religious purposes; 2) It advocates violence or unlawful means to seek its goal; 3) It is a foreign party or organization; 4) It is receiving support from any foreign government, foreign political party, foundation, organization, whether directly or through any of its officers or members or indirectly through third parties for partisan election purposes; 5) It violates or fails to comply with laws, rules or regulations relating to elections; 6) It declares untruthful statements in its petition; 7) It has ceased to exist for at least one (1) year; or 8) It fails to participate in the last two (2) preceding elections or fails to obtain at least two per centum (2%) of

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CommonCrawl

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15

the votes cast under the party-list system in the two (2) preceding elections for the constituency in which it had registered. Note should be taken of paragraph 5, which disqualifies a party or group for violation of or failure to comply with election laws and regulations. These laws include Section 2 of RA 7941, which states that the party-list system seeks to enable Filipino citizens belonging to marginalized and underrepresented sectors, organizations and parties x x x to become members of the House of Representatives. A party or organization, therefore, that does not comply with this policy must be disqualified. Fifth, the party or organization must not be an adjunct of, or a project organized or an entity funded or assisted by, the government. By the very nature of the party-list system, the party or organization must be a group of citizens, organized by citizens and operated by citizens. It must be independent of the government. The participation of the government or its officials in the affairs of a party-list candidate is not only illegal and unfair to other parties, but also deleterious to the objective of the law: to enable citizens belonging to marginalized and underrepresented sectors and organization to be elected to the House of Representatives. Sixth, the party must not only comply with the requirements of the law; its nominees must likewise do so. x x x Seventh, not only the candidate party or organization must represent marginalized and underrepresented sectors; so also must its nominees. To repeat, under Section 2 of RA 7941, the nominees must be Filipino citizens who belong to marginalized and underrepresented sectors, organizations and parties. Surely, the interests of the y outh cannot be fully represented by a retiree; neither can those of the urban poor or the working class, by an industrialist. To allow otherwise is to betray the State policy to give genuine representation to the marginalized and underrepresented. Eighth, x x x while lacking a well-defined political constituency, the nominee must likewise be able to contribute to the formulation and enactment of appropriate legislation that will benefit the nation as a whole. x x x (Ang Bagong Bayani OFW Labor Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001, En Banc [Panganiban]) 53. Accused-appellant Congressman Romeo G. Jalosjos filed a motion before the Court asking that he be allowed to fully discharge the duties of a Congressman, including attendance at legislative sessions and committee meetings despite his having been convicted in the first instance of a non-bailable offense. He contended that his reelection being an expression of popular will cannot be rendered inutile by any ruling, giving priority to any right or interest not even the police power of the State. Resolve. Held: The immunity from arrest or detention of Senators and members of the House of Representatives x x x arises from a provision of the Constitution. The history of the provision shows that the privilege has always been granted in a restrictive sense. The provision granting an exemption as a special privilege cannot be extended beyond the ordinary meaning of its terms. It may not be extended by intendment, implication or equitable considerations. The 1935 Constitution provided in its Article VI on the Legislative Department: Sec. 15. The Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of Congress, and in going to and returning from the same; x x x. Because of the broad coverage of felony and breach of the peace, the exemption applied only to civil arrests. A congressman like the accused-appellant, convicted under Title Eleven of the Revised Penal Code could not claim parliamentary immunity from arrest. He was subject to the same general laws governing all persons still to be tried or whose convictions were pending appeal. The 1973 Constitution broadened the privilege of immunity as follows: Article VIII, Sec. 9. A Member of the Batasang Pambansa shall, in all offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest during his attendance at its sessions and in going to and returning from the same. For offenses punishable by more than six years imprisonment, there was no immunity from

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CommonCrawl

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arrest. The restrictive interpretation of immunity and the intent to confine it within carefully defined parameters is illustrated by the concluding portion of the provision, to wit: X x x but the Batasang Pambansa shall surrender the member involved to the custody of the law within twenty four hours after its adjournment for a recess or for its next session, otherwise such privilege shall cease upon its failure to do so. The present Constitution adheres to the same restrictive rule minus the obligation of Congress to surrender the subject Congressman to the custody of the law. The requirement that he should be attending sessions or committee meetings has also been removed. For relatively minor offenses, it is enough that Congress is in session. The accused-appellant argues that a member of Congress function to attend sessions is underscored by Section 16(2), Article VI of the Constitution which states that (2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent Members in such manner, and under such penalties, as such House may provide. However, the accused-appellant has not given any reason why he should be exempted from the operation of Section 11, Article VI of the Constitution. The members of Congress cannot compel absent members to attend sessions if the reason for the absence is a legitimate one. The confinement of a Congressman charged with a crime punishable by imprisonment of more than six years is not merely authorized by law, it has constitutional foundations. [1992]), which states, inter alia, that Accused-appellants reliance on the ruling in Aguinaldo v. Santos (212 SCRA 768, at 773 The Court should never remove a public officer for acts done prior to his present term of office. To do otherwise would be to deprive the people of their right to elect their officers. When the people have elected a man to office, it must be assumed that they did this with the knowledge of his life and character, and that they disregarded or forgave his fault or misconduct, if he had been guilty of any. It is not for the Court, by reason of such fault or misconduct, to practically overrule the will of the people. will not extricate him from his predicament. It can be readily seen x x x that the Aguinaldo case involves the administrative removal of a public officer for acts done prior to his present term of office. It does not apply to imprisonment arising from the enforcement of criminal law. Moreover, in the same way that preventive suspension is not removal, confinement pending appeal is not removal. He remains a Congressman unless expelled by Congress or, otherwise, disqualified. One rationale behind confinement, whether pending appeal or after final conviction, is public self-defense. Society must protect itself. It also serves as an example and warning to others. A person charged with crime is taken into custody for purposes of the administration of justice. As stated in United States v. Gustilo (19 Phil. 208, 212), it is the injury to the public which State action in criminal law seeks to redress. It is not the injury to the complainant. After conviction in the Regional Trial Court, the accused may be denied bail and thus subjected to incarceration if there is risk of his absconding. The accused-appellant states that the plea of the electorate which voted him into office cannot be supplanted by unfounded fears that he might escape eventual punishment if permitted to perform congressional duties outside his regular place of confinement. It will be recalled that when a warrant for accused-appellants arrest was issued, he fled and evaded capture despite a call from his colleagues in the House of Representatives for him to attend the sessions ands to surrender voluntarily to the authorities. Ironically, it is now the same body whose call he initially spurned which accused-appellant is invoking to justify his present motion. This can not be countenanced because, x x x aside from its being contrary to welldefined Constitutional restrains, it would be a mockery of the aims of the States penal system. Accused-appellant argues that on several occasions, the Regional Trial Court of Makati granted several motions to temporarily leave his cell at the Makati City Jail, for official or medical reasons x x x. He also calls attention to various instances, after his transfer at the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlup

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866

24,576

CommonCrawl

11

19

a City, when he was likewise allowed/permitted to leave the prison premises x x x. There is no showing that the above privileges are peculiar to him or to a member of Congress. Emergency or compelling temporary leaves from imprisonment are allowed to all prisoners, at the discretion of the authorities or upon court orders. What the accused-appellant seeks is not of an emergency nature. Allowing accusedappellant to attend congressional sessions and committee meetings for five (5) days or more in a week will virtually make him a free man with all the privileges appurtenant to his position. Such an aberrant situation not only elevates accused-appellants status to that of a special class, it also would be a mockery of the purposes of the correction system. X x x The accused-appellant avers that his constituents in the First District of Zamboanga del Norte want their voices to be heard and that since he is treated as bona fide member of the House of Representatives, the latter urges a co-equal branch of government to respect his mandate. He also claims that the concept of temporary detention does not necessarily curtail his duty to discharge his mandate and that he has always complied with the conditions/restrictions when he is allowed to leave jail. We remain unpersuaded. Xxx When the voters of his district elected the accused-appellant to Congress, they did so with full awareness of the limitations on his freedom of action. They did so with the knowledge that he could achieve only such legislative results which he could accomplish within the confines of prison. To give a more drastic illustration, if voters elect a person with full knowledge that he is suffering from a terminal illness, they do so knowing that at any time, he may no longer serve his full term in office. (People v. Jalosjos, 324 SCRA 689, Feb. 3, 2000, En Banc [Ynares- Santiago]) 54. Discuss the objectives of Section 26(1), Article VI of the 1987 Constitution, that "[e]very bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof." Held: The objectives of Section 26(1), Article VI of the 1987 Constitution are: 1) To prevent hodge-podge or log-rolling legislation; 2) To prevent surprise or fraud upon the legislature by means of provisions in bills of which the titles gave no information, and which might therefore be overlooked and carelessly and unintentionally adopted; and 3) To fairly apprise the people, through such publication of legislative proceedings as is usually made, of the subjects of legislation that are being considered, in order that they may have opportunity of being heard thereon by petition or otherwise if they shall so desire. Section 26(1) of Article VI of the 1987 Constitution is sufficiently complied with where x x x the title is comprehensive enough to embrace the general objective it seeks to achieve, and if all the parts of the statute are related and germane to the subject matter embodied in the title or so long as the same are not inconsistent with or foreign to the general subject and title. (Agripino A. De Guzman, Jr., et al. v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 129118, July 19, 2000, en Banc [Purisima]) 55. Section 44 of R.A. No. 8189 (The Voter's Registration Act of 1996) which provides for automatic transfer to a new station of any Election Officer who has already served for more than four years in a particular city or municipality was assailed for being violative of Section 26(1) of Article VI of the Constitution allegedly because it has an isolated and different subject from that of RA 8189 and that the same is not expressed in the title of the law. Should the challenge be sustained? Held: Section 44 of RA 8189 is not isolated considering that it is related and germane to the subject matter stated in the title of the law. The title of RA 8189 is "The Voter's Registration Act of 1996" with a subject matter enunciated in the explanatory note as "AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A GENERAL REGISTRATION OF VOTERS,

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1,024

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866

25,600

CommonCrawl

3

13

ADOPTING A SYSTEM OF CONTINUING REGISTRATION, PRESCRIBING THE PROCEDURES THEREOF AND AUTHORIZING THE APPROPRIATION OF FUNDS THEREFOR." Section 44, which provides for the reassignment of election officers, is relevant to the subject matter of registration as it seeks to ensure the integrity of the registration process by providing guideline for the COMELEC to follow in the reassignment of election officers. It is not an alien provision but one which is related to the conduct and procedure of continuing registration of voters. In this regard, it bears stressing that the Constitution does not require Congress to employ in the title of an enactment, language of such precision as to mirror, fully index or catalogue, all the contents and the minute details therein. (Agripino A. De Guzman, Jr., et al. v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 129118, July 19, 56. Do courts have the power to inquire into allegations that, in enacting a law, a House of Congress failed to comply with its own rules? Held: The cases, both here and abroad, in varying forms of expression, all deny to the courts the power to inquire into allegations that, in enacting a law, a House of Congress failed to comply with its own rules, in the absence of showing that there was a violation of a constitutional provision or the right of private individuals. In Osmena v. Pendatun (109 Phil. At 870-871), it was held: At any rate, courts have declared that the rules adopted by deliberative bodies are subject to revocation, modification or waiver at the pleasure of the body adopting them. And it has been said that Parliamentary rules are merely proce dural, and with their observance, the courts have no concern. They may be waived or disregarded by the legislative body. Consequently, mere failure to conform to parliamentary usage will not invalidate that action (taken by a deliberative body) when the requisite number of members have agreed to a particular measure. It must be realized that each of the three departments of our government has its separate sphere which the others may not invade without upsetting the delicate balance on which our constitutional order rests. Due regard for the working of our system of government, more than mere comity, compels reluctance on the part of the courts to enter upon an inquiry into an alleged violation of the rules of the House. Courts must accordingly decline the invitation to exercise their power. (Arroyo v. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268, Aug. 14, 1997 [Mendoza]) 57. What is the Bicameral Conference Committee? Discuss the nature of its function and its jurisdiction. Held: While it is true that a conference committee is the mechanism for compromising differences between the Senate and the House, it is not limited in its jurisdiction to this question. Its broader function is described thus: A conference committee may deal generally with the subject matter or it may be limited to resolving the precise differences between the two houses. Even where the conference committee is not by rule limited in its jurisdiction, legislative custom severely limits the freedom with which new subject matter can be inserted into the conference bill. But occasionally a conference committee produces unexpected results, results beyond its mandate. These excursions occur even where the rules impose strict limitations on conference committee jurisdiction. This is symptomatic of the authoritarian power of conference committee . (Philippine Judges Association v. Prado, 227 SCRA 703, Nov. 11, 1993, En Banc [Cruz]) 58. Discuss the Enrolled Bill Doctrine. Held: Under the enrolled bill doctrine, the signing of H. Bill No. 7189 by the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate and the certification by the secretaries of both Houses of Congress that it was passed on November 21, 1996 are conclusive of its due enactment. x x x To be sure, there is no claim either here or in the decision in the EVAT cases (Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance) that the enrolled bill embodies a conclusive presumption. In one case (Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA

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866

26,624

CommonCrawl

11

19

714 [1974]) we went behind an enrolled bill and consulted the Journal to determine whether certain provisions of a statute had been approved by the Senate. But, where as here there is no evidence to the contrary, this Court will respect the certification of the presiding officers of both Houses that a bill has been duly passed. Under this rule, this Court has refused to determine claims that the three-fourths vote needed to pass a proposed amendment to the Constitution had not been obtained, because a duly authenticated bill or resolution imports absolute verity and is binding on the courts. x x x This Court has refused to even look into allegations that the enrolled bill sent to the President contained provisions which had been surreptitiously inserted in the conference committee x x x. (Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance) It has refused to look into charges that an amendment was made upon the last reading of a bill in violation of Art. VI, Sec. 26(2) of the Constitution that upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment shall be allowed. (Philippine Judges Assn v. Prado, 227 SCRA 703, 710 [1993]) In other cases, this Court has denied claims that the tenor of a bill was otherwise than as certified by the presiding officers of both Houses of Congress. The enrolled bill doctrine, as a rule of evidence, is well-established. It is cited with approval by text writers here and abroad. The enrolled bill rule rests on the following considerations: X x x. As the President has no authority to approve a bill not passed by Congress, an enrolled Act in the custody of the Secretary of State, and having the official attestations of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, of the President of the Senate, and of the President of the United States, carries, on its face, a solemn assurance by the legislative and executive departments of the government, charged, respectively, with the duty of enacting and executing the laws, that it was passed by Congress. The respect due to coequal and independent departments requires the judicial department to act upon that assurance, and to accept, as having passed Congress, all bills authenticated in the manner stated; leaving the court to determine, when the question properly arises, whether the Act, so authenticated, is in conformity with the Constitution. (Marshall Field & Co. v. Clark, 143 U.S. 649, 672, 36 L. Ed. 294, 303 [1891]) To overrule the doctrine now, x x x is to repudiate the massive teaching of our cases and overthrow an established rule of evidence. (Arroyo v. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268, Aug. 14, 1997 [Mendoza]) 59. When should the Legislative Journal be regarded as conclusive upon the courts, and why? Held: The Journal is regarded as conclusive with respect to matters that are required by the Constitution to be recorded therein. With respect to other matters, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the Journals have also been accorded conclusive effects. Thus, in United States v. Pons (34 Phil. 729, 735 [1916]], quoting ex rel. Herron v. Smith, 44 Ohio 348 [1886]), this Court spoke of the imperatives of public policy for regarding the Journals as public memorials of the most permanent character, thus: They should be public, required to conform to them; they should be permanent, that rights acquired faith of what has been declared to be law shall not be destroyed tomorrow, or period of time, by facts resting only in the memory of individuals. X x x. because all are today upon the at some remote Venecia, 277 SCRA 268, 298-299, Aug. 14, 1997 [Mendoza]) 60. What matters are required to be entered on the Journal? (Arroyo v. De (Arroyo v. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268, 298, Aug. 14, 1997 [Mendoza]) 1) The yeas and nays on the third and final reading of a bill (Art. VI, Sec

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1,024

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866

27,648

CommonCrawl

11

19

. 26[2]); 2) The yeas and nays on any question, at the request of one-fifth of the members present (Id., Sec. 16[4]); 3) The yeas and nays upon repassing a bill over the Presidents veto (Id., Sec. 27[1]); and 4) The Presidents objection to a bill he had vetoed (Id.). 61. A disqualification case was filed against a candidate for Congressman before the election with the COMELEC. The latter failed to resolve that disqualification case before the election and that candidate won, although he was not yet proclaimed because of that pending disqualification case. Is the COMELEC now ousted of jurisdiction to resolve the pending disqualification case and, therefore, should dismiss the case, considering that jurisdiction is now vested with the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (HRET)? Held: 1. In his first assignments of error, petitioner vigorously contends that after the May 8, 1995 elections, the COMELEC lost its jurisdiction over the question of petitioners qualifications to run for member of the House of Representatives. He claims that jurisdiction over the petition for disqualification is exclusively lodged with the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (HRET). Given the yet-unresolved question of jurisdiction, petitioner avers that the COMELEC committed serious error and grave abuse of discretion in directing the suspension of his proclamation as the winning candidate in the Second Congressional District of Makati City. We disagree. Petitioner conveniently confuses the distinction between an unproclaimed candidate to the House of Representatives and a member of the same. Obtaining the highest number of votes in an election does not automatically vest the position in the winning candidate. Section 17 of Article VI of the 1987 Constitution reads: The Senate and the House of Representatives shall have an Electoral Tribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications of their respective Members. Under the above-stated provision, the electoral tribunal clearly assumes jurisdiction over all contests relative to the election, returns and qualifications of candidates for either the Senate or the House only when the latter become members of either the Senate or the House of Representatives. A candidate who has not been proclaimed and who has not taken his oath of office cannot be said to be a member of the House of Representatives subject to Section 17 of Article VI of the Constitution. While the proclamation of a winning candidate in an election is ministerial, B.P. Blg. 881 in conjunction with Sec. 6 of R.A. 6646 allows suspension of proclamation under circumstances mentioned therein. Thus, petitioners contention that after the conduct of the election and (petitioner) has been established the winner of the electoral exercise from the moment of election, the COMELEC is automatically divested of authority to pass upon the question of qualification finds no basis in law, because even after the elections the COMELEC is empowered by Section 6 (in relation to Section 7) of R.A. 6646 to continue to hear and decide questions relating to qualifications of candidates. X x x. Under the above-quoted provision, not only is a disqualification case against a candidate allowed to continue after the election (and does not oust the COMELEC of its jurisdiction), but his obtaining the highest number of votes will not result in the suspension or termination of the proceedings against him when the evidence of guilt is strong. While the phrase when the evidence of guilt is strong seems to suggest that the provisions of Section 6 ought to be applicable only to disqualification cases under Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code, Section 7 of R.A. 6646 allows the application of the provisions of Section 6 to cases involving disqualification based on ineligibility under Section 78 of BP. Blg. 881. X x x. (Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400, 417-419, Sept. 18, 1995, En Banc [Kapunan, J.]) 2. As to the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunals supposed assumption of jurisdiction over the issue of petitioners qualifications after the May 8, 1995 elections, suff

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866

28,672

CommonCrawl

18

15

ice it to say that HRETs jurisdiction as the sole judge of all contests relating to the elections, returns and qualifications of members of Congress begins only after a candidate has become a member of the House of Representatives (Art. VI, Sec. 17, 1987 Constitution). Petitioner not being a member of the House of Representatives, it is obvious that the HRET at this point has no jurisdiction over the question. (Romualdez-Marcos v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 300, 340-341, Sept. 18, 1995, En Banc [Kapunan, J.]) 62. Will the rule be the same if that candidate wins and was proclaimed winner and already assumed office as Congressman? Held: While the COMELEC is vested with the power to declare valid or invalid a certificate of candidacy, its refusal to exercise that power following the proclamation and assumption of the position by Farinas is a recognition of the jurisdictional boundaries separating the COMELEC and the Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives (HRET). Under Article VI, Section 17 of the Constitution, the HRET has sole and exclusive jurisdiction over all contests relative to the election, returns, and qualifications of members of the House of Representatives. Thus, once a winning candidate has been proclaimed, taken his oath, and assumed office as a member of the House of Representatives, COMELECs jurisdiction over election contests relating to his election, returns, and qualifications ends, and the HRETs ow n jurisdiction begins. Thus, the COMELECs decision to discontinue exercising jurisdiction over the case is justifiable, in deference to the HRETs own jurisdiction and functions. Xxx Petitioner further argues that the HRET assumes jurisdiction only if there is a valid proclamation of the winning candidate. He contends that if a candidate fails to satisfy the statutory requirements to qualify him as a candidate, his subsequent proclamation is void ab initio. Where the proclamation is null and void, there is no proclamation at all and the mere assumption of office by the proclaimed candidate does not deprive the COMELEC at all of its power to declare such nullity, according to petitioner. But x x x, in an electoral contest where the validity of the proclamation of a winning candidate who has taken his oath of office and assumed his post as congressman is raised, that issue is best addressed to the HRET . The reason for this ruling is self-evident, for it avoids duplicity of proceedings and a clash of jurisdiction between constitutional bodies, with due regard to the peoples mandate. (Guerrero v. COMELEC, 336 SCRA 458, July 26, 2000, En Banc [Quisumbing]) 63. Is there an appeal from a decision of the Senate or House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal? What then is the remedy, if any? Held: The Constitution mandates that the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and the Senate Electoral Tribunal shall each, respectively, be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications of their respective members. The Court has stressed that x x x so long as the Constitution grants the HRET the power to be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications of members of the House of Representatives, any final action taken by the HRET on a matter within its jurisdiction shall, as a rule, not be reviewed by this Court. The power granted to the Electoral Tribunal x x x excludes the exercise of any authority on the part of this Court that would in any wise restrict it or curtail it or even affect the same. Robles v. HRET (181 SCRA 780), the Court has explained that while the judgments of the The Court did recognize, of course, its power of judicial review in exceptional cases. In Tribunal are beyond judicial interference, the Court may do so, however, but only in the exercise of this Courts so-called extraordinary jurisdiction x x x upon a determination that the Tribunals decision or resolution was rendered without or in excess of its jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion or paraphrasing Morrero (Morrero v. Bocar [66 Phil. 429

-0.485119

-0.614698

-0.058593

1.003214

[ -0.36801218894018095, -0.602226687298969 ]

[ -0.29260892974769825, -0.9367875618738696 ]

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[ 1.1592957591918462, 0.8471313270015002 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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29953, 29953, 5241, 29889, 29871, 29946, 29906, 29929 ]

866

29,696

CommonCrawl

11

19