princeton-nlp/QuRatedPajama-1B_tokens_for_analysis

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Resolution No. 2499, which took effect on August 27, 1992. However, Comelec Resolution No. 2824, which took effect on February 6, 1996 and was passed pursuant to R.A. 7808, in relation to Arts. 252-253 of the Omnibus Election Code, has since transferred the cognizance of such cases from the Board of Election Supervisors to the MTCs, MCTCs and MeTCs. Thus, the doctrine of Mercado is no longer controlling. (Francis King L. Marquez v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127318, Aug. 25, 1999, En Banc [Purisima]) THE LAW OF PUBLIC CORPORATIONS What is an autonomous region? Answer: An autonomous region consists of provinces, cities, municipalities, and geographical areas sharing common and distinctive historical and cultural heritage, economic and social structures, and other relevant characteristics within the framework of the Constitution and the national sovereignty as well as the territorial integrity of the Republic of the Philippines. (Sec. 15, Art. X, 1987 Constitution) 245. What are administrative regions? Are they considered territorial and political subdivisions of the State? Who has the power to create administrative regions? Held: Administrative regions are mere groupings of contiguous provinces for administrative purposes. They are not territorial and political subdivisions like provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays. While the power to merge administrative regions is not expressly provided for in the Constitution, it is a power which has traditionally been lodged with the President to facilitate the exercise of the power of general supervision over local governments . (Abbas v. COMELEC, 179 SCRA 287, Nov. 10, 1989, En Banc [Cortes]) 246. Is there a conflict between the power of the President to merge administrative regions with the constitutional provision requiring a plebiscite in the merger of local government units? Held: There is no conflict between the power of the President to merge administrative regions with the constitutional provision requiring a plebiscite in the merger of local government units because the requirement of a plebiscite in a merger expressly applies only to provinces, cities, municipalities or barangays, not to administrative regions. (Abbas v. COMELEC, 179 SCRA 287, Nov. 10, 1989, En Banc [Cortes]) 247. What is the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)? Is it a local government unit or public corporation endowed with legislative power? May it validly exercise police power? How is it distinguished from the former Metro Manila Council (MMC) created under PD No. 824? Held: Metropolitan or Metro Manila is a body composed of several local government units i.e., twelve (12) cities and five (5) municipalities x x x. With the passage of Republic Act No. 7924 in 1995, Metropolitan Manila was declared as a special development and administrative region and the Administration of metrowide basic services affecting the region placed under a development authority referred to as the MMDA. The governing board of the MMDA is the Metro Manila Council. The Council is composed of the mayors of the component 12 cities and 5 municipalities, the president of the Metro Manila Vice-Mayors League and the president of the Metro Manila Councilors League. The Council is headed by a Chairman who is appointed by the President and vested with the rank of cabinet member. As the policy-making body of the MMDA, the Metro Manila Council approves metrowide plans, programs and projects, and issues the necessary rules and regulations for the implementation of said plans; it approves the annual budget of the MMDA and promulgates the rules and regulations for the delivery of basic services, collection of service and regulatory fees, fines and penalties. X x x Clearly, the scope of the MMDAs function is limited to the delivery of the seven (7) basic services. One of these is transport and traffic management x x x. It will be noted that the powers of the MMDA are limited to the following acts: formulation, coordination, regulation, implementation, prepar	-0.677559	0.497506	0.493674	0.86274	[ -0.7802844930688079, -0.5748331787189938 ]	[ 0.37037130248222505, 0.6246405610282051 ]	[ 0.3034557361394698, 0.6838918899471101 ]	[ 0.7430765162713848, 0.9824025809506501 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 13, 12375, 918, 1939, 29889, 29871, 29906, 29946, 29929, 29929, 29892, 607, 3614, 2779, 373, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29955, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29906, 29889, 2398, 29892, 422, 6146, 29883, 24062, 918, 1939, 29889, 29871, 29906, 29947, 29906, 29946, 29892, 607, 3614, 2779, 373, 6339, 29871, 29953, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 322, 471, 4502, 12359, 29884, 424, 304, 390, 29889, 29909, 29889, 29871, 29955, 29947, 29900, 29947, 29892, 297, 8220, 304, 11401, 29889, 29871, 29906, 29945, 29906, 29899, 29906, 29945, 29941, 310, 278, 13352, 29876, 19699, 382, 1464, 5920, 29892, 756, 1951, 18440, 278, 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ation, management, monitoring, setting of policies, installation of a system and administration. There is no syllable in R.A. No. 7924 that grants the MMDA police power, let alone legislative power. Even the Metro Manila Council has not been delegated any legislative power. Unlike the legislative bodies of the local government units, there is no provision in R.A. No. 7924 that empowers the MMDA or its Council to enact ordinances, approve resolutions and appropriate funds for the general welfare of the inhabitants of Metro Manila. The MMDA is x x x a development authority. It is an agency created for the purpose of laying down policies and coordinating with the various national government agencies, peoples organizations, non-governmental organizations and the private sector for the efficient and expeditious delivery of basic services in the vast metropolitan area. All its functions are administrative in nature and these are actually summed up in the charter itself x x x. Secondly, the MMDA is not the same entity as the MMC in Sangalang. Although the MMC is the forerunner of the present MMDA, an examination of Presidential Decree No. 824, the charter of the MMC, shows that the latter possessed greater powers which were not bestowed on the present MMDA. Metropolitan Manila was first created in 1975 by Presidential Decree No. 824. It comprised the Greater Manila Area composed of the contiguous four (4) cities of Manila, Quezon, Pasay and Caloocan, and the thirteen (13) municipalities x x x. Metropolitan Manila was created as a response to the finding that the rapid growth of population and the increase of social and economic requirements in these areas demand a call for simultaneous and unified development; that the public services rendered by the respective local governments could be administered more efficiently and economically if integrated under a system of central planning; and this coordination, especially in the maintenance of peace and order and the eradication of social and economic ills that fanned the flames of rebellion and discontent [were] part of the reform measures under Martial Law essential to the safety and security of the State. Metropolitan Manila was established as a public corporation x x x. The administration of Metropolitan Manila was placed under the Metro Manila Commission (MMC) x x x. The MMC was the central government of Metro Manila for the purpose of establishing and administering programs providing services common to the area. As a central government it had the power to levy and collect taxes and special assessments, the power to charge and collect fees; the power to appropriate money for its operation, and at the same time, review appropriations for the city and municipal units within its jurisdiction. It was bestowed the power to enact or approve ordinances, resolutions and fix penalties for violation of such ordinances and resolutions. It also had the power to review, amend, revise or repeal all ordinances, resolutions and acts of any of the x x x cities and x x x municipalities comprising Metro Manila. The creation of the MMC also carried with it the creation of the Sangguniang Bayan. This was composed of the members of the component city and municipal councils, barangay captains chosen by the MMC and sectoral representatives appointed by the President. The Sangguniang Bayan had the power to recommend to the MMC the adoption of ordinances, resolutions or measures. It was the MMC itself, however, that possessed legislative powers. All ordinances, resolutions and measures recommended by the Sangguniang Bayan were subject to the MMCs approval. Moreover, the power to impose taxes and other levies, the power to appropriate money, and the power to pass ordinances or resolutions with penal sanctions were vested exclusively in the MMC. Thus, Metropolitan Manila had a central government, i.e., the MMC which fully possessed legislative and police powers. Whatever legislative powers the component cities and municipalities had were all subject to review and approval by the MMC. After President Corazon Aquino assumed power, there was a clamor to restore the autonomy of the local government units in Metro Manila. Hence, Sections 1 and 2 of Article X of the 1987 Constitution x x x. The Constitution, however, recognized the necessity of creating metropolitan regions not only in the existing National Capital Region but also in potential equival	-0.330004	0.406184	0.427732	0.810712	[ -0.40499342552314743, -0.2550139660477832 ]	[ 0.43483393140937493, 0.3775338168074639 ]	[ 0.2831658079363957, 0.5722972848302024 ]	[ 0.8471313270015002, 0.7742929594904194 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 362, 29892, 10643, 29892, 29652, 29892, 4444, 310, 24833, 29892, 11161, 310, 263, 1788, 322, 17517, 29889, 1670, 338, 694, 9878, 645, 519, 297, 390, 29889, 29909, 29889, 1939, 29889, 13, 29955, 29929, 29906, 29946, 393, 867, 1934, 278, 341, 5773, 29909, 10974, 3081, 29892, 1235, 7432, 13332, 1230, 3081, 29889, 7753, 278, 23803, 2315, 4233, 13, 29907, 1309, 5553, 756, 451, 1063, 16000, 630, 738, 13332, 1230, 3081, 29889, 853, 4561, 278, 13332, 1230, 17873, 310, 278, 1887, 5874, 10340, 29892, 727, 338, 694, 25161, 297, 390, 29889, 29909, 29889, 1939, 29889, 29871, 29955, 29929, 29906, 29946, 393, 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ents in the Visayas and Mindanao. X x x The Constitution itself expressly provides that Congress may, by law, create special metropolitan political subdivisions which shall be subject to approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite in the political units directly affected; the jurisdiction of this subdivision shall be limited to basic services requiring coordination; and the cities and municipalities comprising this subdivision shall retain their basic autonomy and their own local executive and legislative assemblies (Section 11, Article X, 1987 Constitution). Pending enactment of this law, the Transitory Provisions of the Constitution gave the President of the Philippines the power to constitute the Metropolitan Authority x x x. In 1990, President Aquino issued Executive Order No. 392 and constituted the Metropolitan Manila Authority (MMA). The powers and functions of the MMC were devolved to the MMA. It ought to be stressed, however, that not all powers and functions of the MMC were passed to the MMA. The MMAs power was limited to the delivery of basic urban services requiring coordination in Metropolitan Manila. The MMAs governing body, the Metropolitan Manila Council, although composed of the mayors of the component cities and municipalities, was merely given the power of: (1) formulation of policies on the delivery of basic services requiring coordination and consolidation; and (2) promulgation of resolutions and other issuances, approval of a code of basic services and the exercise of its rule-making power. Under the 1987 Constitution, the local government units became primarily responsible for the governance of their respective political subdivisions. The MMAs jurisdiction was limited to addressing common problems involving basic services that transcended local boundaries. It did not have legislative power. Its power was merely to provide the local government units technical assistance in the preparation of local development plans. Any semblance of legislative power it had was confined to a review [of] legislation proposed by the l ocal legislative assemblies to ensure consistency among local governments and with the comprehensive development plan of Metro Manila, and to advise the local governments accordingly. When R.A. No. 7924 took effect, Metropolitan Manila became a speci al development and administrative region and the MMDA a special development authority whose functions were without prejudice to the autonomy of the affected local government units. The character of the MMDA was clearly defined in the legislative debates enacting its charter. Clearly, the MMDA is not a political unit of government. The power delegated to the MMDA is that given to the Metro Manila Council to promulgate administrative rules and regulations in the implementation of the MMDAs fun ctions. There is no grant of authority to enact ordinances and regulations for the general welfare of the inhabitants of the metropolis. This was explicitly stated in the last Committee deliberations prior to the bills presentation to Congress. X x x It is thus beyond doubt that the MMDA is not a local government unit or a public corporation endowed with legislative power. It is not even a special metropolitan political subdivision as contemplated in Section 11, Article X of the Constitution. The cr eation of a special metropolitan political subdivision requires the approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite in the political units directly affected. R.A. No. 7924 was not submitted to the inhabitants of Metro Manila in a plebiscite. The Chairman of the MMDA is not an official elected by the people, but appointed by the President with the rank and privileges of a cabinet member. In fact, part of his function is to perform such other duties as may be assigned to him by the President, whereas in local government units, the President merely exercises supervisory authority. This emphasizes the administrative character of the MMDA. Clearly then, the MMC under P.D. No. 824 is not the same entity as the MMDA under R.A. No. 7924. Unlike the MMC, the MMDA has no power to enact ordinances for the welfare of the community. It is the local government units, acting through their respective legislative councils, that possess legislative power and police power. In the case at bar, the Sangguniang Panlungsod of Makati City did not pass any ordinance or resolution ordering the opening of Neptune Street, hence, its proposed opening by petitioner MMDA is	-0.303295	-0.182038	0.2261	0.815915	[ -0.08654388828093568, -0.5200461615590434 ]	[ 0.20921473016435038, -0.5732899598679967 ]	[ 0.6078046591855821, -0.15560388945508288 ]	[ 0.9824025809506501, 0.649427186614281 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1237, 297, 278, 5741, 388, 294, 322, 20152, 1648, 29877, 29889, 1060, 921, 921, 13, 1576, 20063, 3528, 4653, 368, 8128, 393, 11559, 1122, 29892, 491, 4307, 29892, 1653, 4266, 25311, 8929, 8604, 1014, 4563, 12112, 607, 4091, 367, 4967, 304, 2134, 791, 491, 263, 13638, 310, 278, 18952, 13, 4384, 297, 263, 5644, 18809, 2036, 297, 278, 8604, 10340, 4153, 15201, 29936, 278, 24894, 29467, 310, 445, 1014, 4563, 2459, 4091, 367, 9078, 304, 6996, 5786, 26795, 29311, 3381, 29936, 322, 278, 14368, 322, 11677, 1907, 7199, 5921, 445, 1014, 4563, 2459, 4091, 11551, 1009, 6996, 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illegal x x x. (MMDA v. Bel- Air Village Association, Inc., 328 SCRA 836, March 27, 2000, 1st Div. [Puno]) 248. Discuss the concept of local autonomy. Held: Autonomy is either decentralization of administration or decentralization of power. There is decentralization of administration when the central government delegates administrative powers to political subdivisions in order to broaden the base of government and in the process to make local governments more responsive and accountable, and ensure their fullest development as self-reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the pursuit of national development and social progress. At the same time, it relieves the central government of the burden of managing local affairs and enables it to concentrate on national concerns. The President exercises general supervision over them, but only to ensure that local affairs are administered according to law. He has no control over their acts in the sense that he can substitute their judgments with his own. Decentralization of power, on the other hand, involves an abdication of political power in favor of local government units declared autonomous. In that case, the autonomous government is free to chart its own destiny and shape its own future with minimum intervention from central authorities. According to a constitutional author, decent ralization of power amounts to selfimmolation, since in that event, the autonomous government becomes accountable not to the central authorities but to its constituency. (Limbona v. Mangelin, 170 SCRA 786, Feb. 28, 1989, En Banc [Sarmiento]) 249. What kind of local autonomy is contemplated by the Constitution? What about the kind of autonomy contemplated insofar as the autonomous regions are concerned? Held: 1. The principle of local autonomy under the 1987 Constitution simply means decentralization. It does not make local governments sovereign within the state or an imperium in imperio. Remaining to be an intra sovereign subdivision of one sovereign nation, but not intended, however, to be an imperium in imperio, the local government unit is autonomous in the sense that it is given more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources. Power which used to be highly centralized in Manila, is thereby deconcentrated, enabling especially the peripheral local government units to develop not only at their own pace and discretion but also with their own resources and assets. (Alvarez v. Guingona, Jr., 252 SCRA 695, Jan. 31, 1996, En Banc [Hermosisima]) The constitutional guarantee of local autonomy in the Constitution refers to the administrative autonomy of local government units or, cast in more technical language, the decentralization of government authority. On the other hand, the creation of autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras, which is peculiar to the 1987 Constitution, contemplates the grant of political autonomy and not just administrative autonomy to these regions. Thus, the provision in the Constitution for an autonomous regional government with a basic structure consisting of an executive department and a legislative assembly and special courts with personal, family and property law jurisdiction in each of the autonomous regions . (Cordillera Broad Coalition v. COA, 181 SCRA 495, Jan. 29, 1990, En Banc [Cortes]) 250. Whether or not the Internal Revenue allotments (IRAs) are to be included in the computation of the average annual income of a municipality for purposes of its conversion into an independent component city? Held: Yes. The IRAs are items of income because they form part of the gross accretion of the funds of the local government unit. The IRAs regularly and automatically accrue to the local treasury without need of any further action on the part of the local government unit . They thus constitute income which the local government can invariably rely upon as the source of much needed funds. Xxx [T]o reiterate, IRAs are a regular, recurring item of income; nil is there a basis, too, to classify the same as a special fund or transfer, since IRAs have a technical definition and meaning all its own as used in the Local Government Code that unequivocally makes it distinct from special funds or transfers referred to when the Code speaks	-0.178997	-0.307382	0.531717	0.737874	[ -0.5310035649910334, 0.17300960551432942 ]	[ -0.6323807030512174, 0.01761747196421048 ]	[ 0.597659695084045, 0.46577516176406303 ]	[ 0.7222655541253618, 0.7534819973443964 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 27302, 921, 921, 921, 29889, 313, 29924, 5773, 29909, 325, 29889, 3741, 29899, 13, 29909, 381, 24720, 7993, 29892, 9266, 1696, 29871, 29941, 29906, 29947, 12314, 4717, 29871, 29947, 29941, 29953, 29892, 4779, 29871, 29906, 29955, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 29892, 29871, 29896, 303, 4910, 29889, 518, 29925, 9447, 2314, 29871, 29906, 29946, 29947, 29889, 8565, 1558, 278, 6964, 310, 1887, 1120, 21926, 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of funding support from the national government, its instrumentalities and government-owned or controlled corporations. Thus, Department of Finance Order No. 35-93 correctly encapsulizes the full import of the above disquisition when it defined ANNUAL INCOME to be revenues and receipts realized by provinces, cities and municipalities from regular sources of the Local General Fund including the internal revenue allotment and other shares provided for in Sections 284, 290 and 291 of the Code, but exclusive of non-recurring receipts, such as other national aids, grants, financial assistance, loan proceeds, sales of fixed assets, and similar others. Such order, constituting executive or contemporaneous construction of a statute by an administrative agency charged with the task of interpreting and applying the same, is entitled to full respect and should be accorded great weight by the courts, unless such construction is clearly shown to be in sharp conflict with the Constitution, the governing statute, or other laws . (Alvarez v. Guingona, Jr., 252 SCRA 695, Jan. 31, 1996, En Banc [Hermosisima, Jr., J.]) 251. State the importance of drawing with precise strokes the territorial boundaries of a local government unit. Held: The importance of drawing with precise strokes the territorial boundaries of a local unit of government cannot be overemphasized. The boundaries must be clear for they define the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a local government unit. It can legitimately exercise powers of government only within the limits of its territorial jurisdiction. Beyond these limits, its acts are ultra vires. Needless to state, any uncertainty in the boundaries of local government units will sow costly conflicts in the exercise of governmental powers which ultimately will prejudice the peoples welfare. This is the evil sought to be avoided by the Local Government Code in requiring that the land area of a local government unit must be spelled out in metes and bounds, with technical descriptions. (Mariano, Jr. v. COMELEC, 242 SCRA 211, 217-219, Mar. 7, 1995, En Banc [Puno]) 252. R.A. 7854 was enacted converting the Municipality of Makati into a highly urbanized city. Section 2 thereof did not provide for a cadastral type of description of its boundary but merely provided that the boundary of the new city of Makati shall be the boundary of the present municipality of Makati. Petitioners contended in a petition brought the SC that R.A. 7854 was defective because it did not comply with the requirement in the Local Government Code that the territorial jurisdiction of newly created or converted cities should be described by metes and bounds, with technical descriptions. Note that at the time the law was enacted, there was a pending boundary dispute between Makati and one of its neighbors, Taguig, before the regular court. Should the contention be upheld? Held: Given the facts of the cases at bench, we cannot perceive how this evil (uncertainty in the boundaries of local government units will sow costly conflicts in the exercise of government powers which ultimately will prejudice the peoples welfare) can be brought about by the description made in Section 2 of R.A. No. 7854. Petitioners have not demonstrated that the delineation of the land area of the proposed City of Makati will cause confusion as to its boundaries. We note that said delineation did not change even by an inch the land area previously covered by Makati as a municipality. Section 2 did not add, subtract, divide, or multiply the established land area of Makati. In language that cannot be any clearer, Section 2 stated that the citys land area shall comprise the present territory of the municipality. The deliberations of Congress will reveal that there is a legitimate reason why the land area of the proposed City of Makati was not defined by metes and bounds, with technical descriptions. At the time of the consideration of R.A. No. 7854, the territorial dispute between the municipalities of Makati and Taguig over Fort Bonifacio was under court litigation. Out of a becoming sense of respect to a co-equal department of government, the legislators felt that the dispute should be left to the courts to decide. 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decide the issue. This would have ensued if they defined the land area of the proposed city by its exact metes and bounds, with technical descriptions. We take judicial notice of the fact that Congress has also refrained from using the metes and bounds description of the land area of other local government units with unsettled boundary disputes. We hold that the existence of a boundary dispute does not per se present an insurmountable difficulty which will prevent Congress from defining with reasonable certitude the territorial jurisdiction of a local government unit. In the cases at bench, Congress maintained the existing boundaries of the proposed City of Makati but as an act of fairness, made them subject to the ultimate resolution by the courts. Considering these peculiar circumstances, we are not prepared to hold that Section 2 of R.A. No. 7854 is unconstitutional. We sustain the submission of the Solicitor General in this regard, viz: Going now to Sections 7 and 450 of the Local Government Code, it is beyond cavil that the requirement started therein, viz: the territorial jurisdiction of newly created or converted cities should be described by metes and bounds, with technical descriptions was made in order to provide a means by which the area of said cities may be reasonably ascertained. In other words, the requirement on metes and bounds was meant merely as a tool in the establishment of local government units. It is not an end in itself. Ergo, so long as the territorial jurisdiction of a city may be reasonably ascertained, i.e., by referring to common boundaries with neighboring municipalities, as in this case, then, it may be concluded that the legislative intent behind the law has been sufficiently served. Certainly, Congress did not intend that laws creating new cities must contain therein detailed technical descriptions similar to those appearing in Torrens titles, as petitioners seem to imply. To require such description in the law as a condition sine qua non for its validity would be to defeat the very purpose which the Local Government Code seeks to serve. The manifest intent of the Code is to empower local government units and to give them their rightful due. It seeks to make local governments more responsive to the needs of their constituents while at the same time serving as a vital cog in national development. To invalidate R.A. No. 7854 on the mere ground that no cadastral type of description was used in the law would serve the letter but defeat the spirit of the Code. It then becomes a case of the master serving the slave, instead of the other way around. This could not be the intendment of the law. X x x (Mariano, Jr. v. COMELEC, 242 SCRA 211, 217-219, Mar. 7, 1995, En Banc [Puno]) 253. What is the meaning of "devolution"? Answer: The term "devolution" refers to the act by which the National government confers power and authority upon the various local government units to perform specific functions and responsibilities. (Sec. 17[e], 2nd par., Local Government Code) 254. Have the powers of the Land Transportation Office (LTO) to register, tricycles in particular, as well as to issue licenses for the driving thereof, been devolved likewise to local government units? Held: Only the powers of the Land Transportation Franchising Regulatory Board (LTFRB) to regulate the operation of tricycles-for-hire and to grant franchises for the operation thereof have been devolved to local governments under the Local Government Code. Clearly unaffected by the Local Government Code are the powers of the LTO under R.A. No. 4136 requiring the registration of all kinds of motor vehicles used or operated on or upon any public highway in the country. This can be gleaned from the explicit language of the statute itself, as well as the corresponding guidelines issued by the DOTC. In fact, even the power of LGUs to regulate the operation of tricycles and to grant franchises for the operation thereof is still subject to the guidelines prescribed by the DOTC. (LTO v. City of Butuan, G.R. No. 131512, Jan. 20, 2000, 3rd Div. [Vitug]) 255. 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particular profession. Held: Distinction must be made between the grant of a license or permit to do business and the issuance of a license to engage in the practice of a particular profession. The first is usually granted by the local authorities and the second is issued by the Board or Commission tasked to regulate the particular profession. A business permit authorizes the person, natural or otherwise, to engage in business or some form of commercial activity. A professional license, on the other hand, is the grant of authority to a natural person to engage in the practice or exercise of his or her profession. In the case at bar, what is sought by petitioner (Acebedo Optical Company, Inc.) from respondent City Mayor is a permit to engage in the business of running an optical shop. It does not purport to seek a license to engage in the practice of optometry as a corporate body or entity, although it does have in its employ, persons who are duly licensed to practice optometry by the Board of Examiners in Optometry. Xxx In the present case, the objective of the imposition of subject conditions on petitioners business permit could be attained by requiring the optometrists in petitioners employ to produce a valid certificate of registration as optometrists, from the Board of Examiners in Optometry. A business permit is issued primarily to regulate the conduct of business and the City Mayor cannot, through the issuance of such permit, regulate the practice of a profession, like that of optometry. Such a function is within the exclusive domain of the administrative agency specifically empowered by law to supervise the profession, in this case the Professional (Acebedo Optical Company, Inc. v. CA, 329 SCRA 314, March 31, 2000, En Banc [Purisima]) Regulations Commission and the Board of Examiners in Optometry. 256. May a local government unit validly authorize an expropriation of private property through a mere resolution of its lawmaking body? Held: The Local Government Code expressly and clearly requires an ordinance or a local law for that purpose. A resolution that merely expresses the sentiment or opinion of the Municipal Council will not suffice. The case of Province of Camarines Sur v. Court of Appeals which held that a mere resolution may suffice to support the exercise of eminent domain by a local government unit is not in point because the applicable law at that time was B.P. 337, the previous Local Government Code, which had provided that a mere resolution would enable an LGU to exercise eminent domain. In contrast, R.A. 7160, the present Local Government Code, explicitly required an ordinance for this purpose. (Municipality of Paranaque v. V.M. Realty Corp., 292 SCRA 678, July 20, 1998 [Panganiban]) 257. What are the requisites before a Local Government Unit can validly exercise the power of eminent domain? Held: 1) An ordinance is enacted by the local legislative council authorizing the local chief executive, in behalf of the LGU, to exercise the power of eminent domain or pursue expropriation proceedings over a particular private property; 2) The power of eminent domain is exercised for public use, purpose or welfare, or for the benefit of the poor and the landless; 3) There is payment of just compensation, as required under Section 9, Article III of the Constitution, and other pertinent laws; 4) A valid and definite offer has been previously made to the owner of the property sought to be expropriated, but said offer was not accepted. (Municipality of Paranaque v. V.M. Realty Corp., 292 SCRA 678, July 20, 1998 [Panganiban]) 258. May the Sangguniang Panlalawigan validly disapprove a resolution or ordinance of a municipality calling for the expropriation of private property to be made site of a Farmers Center and Other Government Sports Facilities on the ground that said expropriation is unnecessary considering that there are still available lots of the municipality for the establishment of a government center? Held: Under the Local Government Code, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan is granted the power to declare a municipal resolution invalid on the sole ground that it is beyond the power of the Sangguniang Bayan or Mayor to issue. 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held in Velazco v. Blas (G.R. No. L-30456, July 30, 1982, 115 SCRA 540, 544-545), The only ground upon which a provincial board may declare any municipal resolution, ordinance or order invalid is when such resolution, ordinance, or order is beyond the powers conferred upon the council or president making the same. A strictly le gal question is before the provincial board in its consideration of a municipal resolution, ordinance, or order. The provincial boards disapproval of any resolution, ordinance, or order must be premised specifically upon the fact that such resolution, ordinance, or order is outside the scope of the legal powers conferred by law. If a provincial board passes these limits, it usurps the legislative functions of the municipal council or president. Such has been the consistent course of executive authority. (Moday v. CA, 268 SCRA 586, Feb. 20, 1997) 259. Under Section 8, Article X of the Constitution, "[T]he term of office of elective local officials x x x shall be three years and no such official shall serve for more than three consecutive terms." How is this term limit for elective local officials to be interpreted? Held: The term limit for elective local officials must be taken to refer to the right to be elected as well as the right to serve in the same elective position. Consequently, it is not enough that an individual has served three consecutive terms in an elective local office, he must also have been elected to the same position for the same number of times before the disqualification can apply. (Borja, Jr. v. COMELEC and Capco, Jr., G.R. No. 133495, Sept. 3, 1998, 295 SCRA 157, En Banc [Mendoza]) Case No. 1. Suppose A is a vice-mayor who becomes mayor by reason of the death of the incumbent. Six months before the next election, he resigns and is twice elected thereafter. Can he run again for mayor in the next election? Answer: Yes, because although he has already first served as mayor by succession and subsequently resigned from office before the full term expired, he has not actually served three full terms in all for the purpose of applying the term limit. Under Art. X, Sec. 8, voluntary renunciation of the office is not considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term only if the term is one for which he was elected. Since A is only completing the service of the term for which the deceased and not he was elected, A cannot be considered to have completed one term. His resignation constitutes an interruption of the full term. Case No. 2. Suppose B is elected Mayor and, during his first term, he is twice suspended for misconduct for a total of 1 year. If he is twice reelected after that, can he run for one more term in the next election? Answer: Yes, because he has served only two full terms successively. In both cases, the mayor is entitled to run for reelection because the two conditions for the application of the disqualification provisions have not concurred, namely, that the local official concerned has been elected three consecutive times and that he has fully served three consecutive terms. In the first case, even if the local official is considered to have served three full terms notwithstanding his resignation before the end of the first term, the fact remains that he has not been elected three times. In the second case, the local official has been elected three consecutive times, but he has not fully served three consecutive terms. Case No. 3. The case of vice-mayor C who becomes mayor by succession involves a total failure of the two conditions to concur for the purpose of applying Art. X, Sec. 8. Suppose he is twice elected after that term, is he qualified to run again in the next election? Answer: Yes, because he was not elected to the office of mayor in the first term but simply found himself thrust into it by operation of law. Neither had he served the full term because he only continued the service, interrupted by the death, of the deceased mayor. (Borja, Jr. v. COMELEC and Capco, Jr., G.R. 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60. What are the policies embodied in the constitutional provision barring elective local officials, with the exception of barangay officials, from serving more than three consecutive terms? Held: To prevent the establishment of political dynasties is not the only policy embodied in the constitutional provision in question (barring elective local officials, with the exception of barangay officials, from serving more than three consecutive terms). The other policy is that of enhancing the freedom of choice of the people. To consider, therefore, only stay in office regardless of how the official concerned came to that office whether by election or by succession by operation of law would be to disregard one of the purposes of the constitutional provision in question. (Borja, Jr. v. COMELEC and Capco, Jr., G.R. No. 133495, Sept. 3, 1998, 295 SCRA 157, En Banc [Mendoza]) 261. Lonzanida was previously elected and served two consecutive terms as mayor of San Antonio, Zambales prior to the May 1995 mayoral elections. In the May 1995 elections he again ran for mayor of San Antonio, Zambales and was proclaimed winner. He assumed office and discharged the rights and duties of mayor until March 1998 when he was ordered to vacate the post by reason of the COMELEC decision on the election protest against him which declared his opponent Juan Alvez the duly elected mayor. Alvez served the remaining portion of the 1995-1998 mayoral term. Is Lonzanida still qualified to run for mayor of San Antonio, Zambales in the May 1998 local elections? Held: The two requisites for the application of the three term rule was absent. First, Lonzanida cannot be considered as having been duly elected to the post in the May 1995 elections, and second, he did not fully serve the 1995-1998 mayoral term by reason of involuntary relinquishment of office. After a re-appreciation and revision of the contested ballots the COMELEC itself declared by final judgment that Lonzanida lost in the May 1995 mayoral elections and his previous proclamation as winner was declared null and void. His assumption of office as mayor cannot be deemed to have been by reason of a valid election but by reason of a void proclamation. It has been repeatedly held by the SC that a proclamation subsequently declared void is no proclamation at all and while a proclaimed candidate may assume office on the strength of the proclamation of the Board of Canvassers he is only a presumptive winner who assumes office subject to the final outcome of the election protest. Lonzanida did not serve a term as mayor of San Antonio, Zambales from May 1995 to March 1998 because he was not duly elected to the post; he merely assumed office as presumptive winner, which presumption was later overturned by the COMELEC when it decided with finality that Lonzanida lost in the May 1995 mayoral elections. Second, Lonzanida cannot be deemed to have served the May 1995 to 1998 term because he was ordered to vacate his post before the expiration of the term. His opponents' contention that Lonzanida should be deemed to have served one full term from May 1995-1998 because he served the greater portion of that term has no legal basis to support it; it disregards the second requisite for the application of the disqualification, i.e., that he has fully served three consecutive terms. The second sentence of the constitutional provision under scrutiny states, "Voluntary renunciation of office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of service for the full term for which he was elected." The clear intent of the framers of the Constitution to bar any attempt to circumvent the three-term limit by a voluntary renunciation of office and at the same time respect the people's choice and grant their elected official full service of a term is evident in this provision. Voluntary renunciation of a term does not cancel the renounced term in the computation of the three term limit; conversely, involuntary severance from office for any length of time short of the full term provided by law amounts to an interruption of continuity of service. 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ated his post a few months before the next mayoral elections, not by voluntary renunciation but in compliance with the legal process of writ of execution issued by the COMELEC to that effect. Such involuntary severance from office is an interruption of continuity of service and thus, Lonzanida did not fully serve the 1995-1998 mayoral term. In sum, Lonzanida was not the duly elected mayor and that he did not hold office for the full term; hence, his assumption of office from May 1995 to March 1998 cannot be counted as a term for purposes of computing the three term limit. (Lonzanida v. COMELEC, 311 SCRA 602, July 28, 1999, En Banc [Gonzaga-Reyes]) 262. May the President validly withhold a portion of the internal revenue allotments of Local Government Units legally due them by administrative fiat? Held: The Constitution vests the President with the power of supervision, not control, over local government units (LGUs). Such power enables him to see to it that LGUs and their officials execute their tasks in accordance with law. While he may issue advisories and seek their cooperation in solving economic difficulties, he cannot prevent them from performing their tasks and using available resources to achieve their goals. He may not withhold or alter any authority or power given them by the law. Thus, the withholding of a portion of internal revenue allotments legally due them cannot be directed by administrative fiat. Xxx Section 4 of AO 372 cannot x x x be upheld. A basic feature of local fiscal autonomy is the automatic release of the shares of LGUs in the National internal revenue. This is mandated by no less than the Constitution. The Local Government Code (Sec. 286[a]) specifies further that the release shall be made directly to the LGU concerned within five (5) days after every quarter of the year and shall not be subject to any lien or holdback that may be imposed by the national government for whatever purpose. As a rule, the term shall is a word of command that must be given a compulsory meaning. The provision is, therefore, imperative. Section 4 of AO 372, however, orders the withholding, effective January 1, 1998, of 10 percent of the LGUs IRA pending the assessment and evaluation by the Development Budget Coordinating Committee of the emerging fiscal situation in the country. Such withholding clearly contravenes the Constitution and the law. Although, temporary, it is equivalent to a holdback, which means something held back or withheld. Often temporarily. Hence, the temporary nature of the retention by the national government does not matter. Any retention is prohibited. In sum, while Section 1 of AO 372 may be upheld as an advisory effected in times of national crisis, Section 4 thereof has no color of validity at all. The latter provision effectively encroaches on the fiscal autonomy of local governments. Concededly, the President was wellintentioned in issuing his Order to withhold the LGUs IRA, but the rule of law requires that even the best intentions must be carried out within the parameters of the Constitution and the law. Verily, laudable purposes must be carried out by legal methods. (Pimentel, Jr. v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 132988, 336 SCRA 201, July 19, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) 263. What is meant by fiscal autonomy of Local Governments? Does it rule out in any manner national government intervention by way of supervision in order to ensure that local programs are consistent with national goals? Held: Under existing law, local government units, in addition to having administrative autonomy in the exercise of their functions, enjoy fiscal autonomy as well. Fiscal autonomy means that local governments have the power to create their own sources of revenue in addition to their equitable share in the national taxes released by the national government, as well as the power to allocate their resources in accordance with their own priorities. It extends to the preparation of their budgets, and local officials in turn have to work within the constraints thereof. 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are relevant to local needs and resources or not. Hence, the necessity of a balancing of viewpoints and the harmonization of proposals from both local and national officials , who in any case are partners in the attainment of national goals. Local fiscal autonomy does not, however, rule out any manner of national government intervention by way of supervision, in order to ensure that local programs, fiscal and otherwise, are consistent with national goals. Significantly, the President, by constitutional fiat, is the head of the economic and planning agency of the government (Section 9, Article XII of the Constitution), primarily responsible for formulating and implementing continuing, coordinated and integrated social and economic policies, plans and programs (Section 3, Chapter 1, Subtitle C, Title II, Book V, EO 292 [Administrative Code of 1987]) for the entire country. However, under the Constitution, the formulation and the implementation of such policies and programs are subject to consultations with the appropriate public agencies, various private sectors, and local government units. The President cannot do so unilaterally. (Pimentel, Jr. v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201, July 19, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) 264. What are the requisites before the President may interfere in local fiscal matters? Held: x x x [T]he Local Government Code provides (Sec. 284. See also Art. 379 of the Rules and Regulations Implementing the Local Government Code of 1991) : x x x [I]n the event the national government incurs an unmanaged public sector deficit, the President of the Philippines is hereby authorized, upon the recommendation of [the] Secretary of Finance, Secretary of the Interior and Local Government and Secretary of Budget and Management, and subject to consultation with the presiding officers of both Houses of Congress and the presidents of the liga, to make the necessary adjustments in the internal revenue allotment of local government units but in no case shall the allotment be less than thirty percent (30%) of the collection of national internal revenue taxes of the third fiscal year preceding the current fiscal year x x x There are therefore several requisites before the President may interfere in local fiscal matters: (1) an unmanaged public sector deficit of the national government; (2) consultations with the presiding officers of the Senate and the House of Representatives and the presidents of the various local leagues; and (3) the corresponding recommendation of the secretaries of the Department of Finance, Interior and Local Government, and Budget and Management. Furthermore, any adjustment in the allotment shall in no case be less than thirty percent (30%) of the collection of national internal revenue taxes of the third fiscal year preceding the current one. (Pimentel, Jr. v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201, July 19, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) Distinguish an ordinance from a mere resolution. Held: A municipal ordinance is different from a resolution. An ordinance is a law, but a resolution is merely a declaration of the sentiment or opinion of a lawmaking body on a specific matter. An ordinance possesses a general and permanent character, but a resolution is temporary in nature. Additionally, the two are enacted differently a third reading is necessary for an ordinance, but not for a resolution, unless decided otherwise by a majority of all the Sanggunian members. (Municipality of Paranaque v. V.M. Realty Corporation, 292 SCRA 678, July 20, 1998 [Panganiban]) 266. On its first regular session, may the Sanggunian transact business other than the matter of adopting or updating its existing rules or procedure? Held: We cannot infer the mandate of the (Local Government) Code that no other business may be transacted on the first regular session except to take up the matter of adopting or updating rules. All that the law requires is that on the first regular session x x x the sanggunian concerned shall adopt or update its existing rules or procedures. There is nothing in the language thereof that restricts the matters to be taken up during the first regular session merely to the adoption or updating of the house rules. 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done so in clear and unequivocal terms. But as it is, there is no such intent. Moreover, adopting or updating of house rules would necessarily entail work beyond the day of the first regular session. Does this mean that prior thereto, the local council's hands were tied and could not act on any other matter? That would certainly be absurd for it would result in a hiatus and a paralysis in the local legislature's work which could not have been intended by the law. (Malonzo v. Zamora, 311 SCRA 224, July 27, 1999, En Banc [Romero]) 267. May an incumbent Vice-Governor, while concurrently the Acting Governor, continue to preside over the sessions of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP)? If no, who may preside in the meantime? Held: Being the acting governor, the Vice-governor cannot continue to simultaneously exercise the duties of the latter office, since the nature of the duties of the Provincial Governor calls for a full-time occupant to discharge them. Such is not only consistent with but also appears to be the clear rationale of the new (Local Government) Code wherein the policy of performing dual functions in both offices has already been abandoned. To repeat, the creation of a temporary vacancy in the office of the Governor creates a corresponding vacancy in the office of the Vice-Governor whenever the latter acts as Governor by virtue of such temporary vacancy. This event constitutes an inability on the part of the regular presiding officer (Vice -Governor) to preside during the SP sessions, which thus calls for the operation of the remedy set in Article 49(b) of the Local Government Code concerning the election of a temporary presiding officer. The continuity of the Acting Governors (Vice-Governor) powers as presiding officer of the SP is suspended so long as he is in such capacity. Under Section 49(b), in the event of the inability of the regular presiding officer to preside at the sanggunian session, the members present and constituting a quorum shall elect from among themselves a temporary presiding officer. (Gamboa, Jr. v. Aguirre, Jr., G.R. No. 134213, July 20, 1999, En Banc [YnaresSantiago]) 268. What is recall? Held: Recall is a mode of removal of a public officer by the people before the end of his term of office. The people's prerogative to remove a public officer is an incident of their sovereign power and in the absence of constitutional restraint, the power is implied in all governmental operations. Such power has been held to be indispensable for the proper administration of public affairs. Not undeservedly, it is frequently described as a fundamental right of the people in a representative democracy. (Garcia v. COMELEC, 227 SCRA 108, Oct. 5, 1993, En Banc [Puno]) 269. What is the ground for recall? Is this subject to judicial inquiry? Held: Former Senator Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., a major author of the subject law in his book The Local Government Code of 1991: The Key to National Development, stressed the same reason why the substantive content of a vote of lack of confidence is beyond any inquiry, thus: There is only one ground for recall of local government officials: loss of confidence. This means that the people may petition or the Preparatory Recall Assembly may resolve to recall any local elective official without specifying any particular ground except loss of confidence. There is no need for them to bring up any charge of abuse or corruption against the local elective officials who are subject of any recall petition. In the case of Evardone v. Commission on Elections, et al., 204 SCRA 464, 472 (1991), the Court ruled that loss of confidence as a ground for recall is a political question. In the words of the Court, 'whether or not the electorate of the municipality of Sulat has lost confidence in the incumbent mayor is a political question. (Garcia v. COMELEC, 227 SCRA 108, Oct. 5, 1993, En Banc [Puno]) 270. 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all Assembly (PRA) of the province of Bataan adopted a resolution calling for the recall of Governor Garcia. It was admitted, however, by the proponents of the recall resolution that only those members of the assembly inclined to agree were notified of the meeting where said resolution was adopted as a matter of strategy and security. They justified these selective notices on the ground that the law (Local Government Code) does not specifically mandate the giving of notice. Should this submission be sustained? Held: We reject this submission of the respondents. The due process clause of the Constitution requiring notice as an element of fairness is inviolable and should always be considered part and parcel of every law in case of its silence. The need for notice to all the members of the assembly is also imperative for these members represent the different sectors of the electorate of Bataan. To the extent that they are not notified of the meeting of the assembly, to that extent is the sovereign voice of the people they represent nullified. The resolution to recall should articulate the majority will of the members of the assembly but the majority will can be genuinely determined only after all the members of the assembly have been given a fair opportunity to express the will of their constituents. Needless to stress, the requirement of notice is mandatory for it is indispensable in determining the collective wisdom of the members of the Preparatory Recall Assembly. Its non-observance is fatal to the validity of the resolution to recall petitioner Garcia as Governor of the province of Bataan. (Garcia v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 111511, Sept. 21, 1993; 227 SCRA 100, Oct. 5, 1993, En Banc [Puno]) 271. Will it be proper for the Commission on Elections to act on a petition for recall signed by just one person? Held: A petition for recall signed by just one person is in violation of the statutory 25% minimum requirement as to the number of signatures supporting any petition for recall. Sec. 69(d) of the Local Government Code of 1991 expressly provides that 'recall of any elective x x x municipal x x x official may also be validly initiated upon petition of at least twenty-five percent (25%) of the total number of registered voters in the local government unit concerned during the election in which the local official sought to be recalled was elected.' The law is plain and unequivocal as to what constitutes recall proceedings: only a petition of at least 25% of the total number of registered voters may validly initiate recall proceedings. (Angobung v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 126576, March 5, 1997) 272. Section 74 of the Local Government Code provides that no recall shall take place within one year x x x immediately preceding a regular local election. What does the term regular local election, as used in this section, mean? Held: The term regular local election under Sec. 74 of the Local Government Code of 1991 which provides that no recall shall take place within one (1) year x x x immediately preceding a regular local election refers to one where the position of the official sought to be recalled is to be actually contested and filled by the electorate (Paras v. Comelec, G.R. No. 123169, Nov. 4, 1996). The one-year time bar will not apply where the local official sought to be recalled is a Mayor and the approaching election is a barangay election. (Angobung v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 126576, March 5, 1997) 273. Does the word Recall in paragraph (b) of Section 74 of the Local Government Code include the convening of the Preparatory Recall Assembly and the filing by it of a recall resolution? Discuss. Held: Petitioner contends that the term recall in Sec. 74 (b) refers to a process, in contrast to the term recall election found in Sec. 74 (a), which obviously refers to an election . He claims that when several barangay chairmen met and convened on May 19, 1999 and unanimously resolved to initiate the recall, followed by the taking of votes by	-0.604624	-0.105041	0.382079	0.758685	[ -0.1550276597308737, -1.05421957886856 ]	[ -0.06833269993865601, -0.14174847177235447 ]	[ 0.44041275151022036, 0.323745664342544 ]	[ 0.8471313270015002, 0.6702381487603041 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 497, 13266, 313, 29925, 4717, 29897, 310, 278, 12291, 310, 350, 532, 273, 16356, 263, 10104, 5432, 363, 278, 17386, 310, 15431, 7455, 1512, 29889, 739, 471, 20186, 29892, 3138, 29892, 491, 278, 410, 9340, 310, 278, 17386, 10104, 393, 871, 1906, 5144, 310, 278, 11470, 1343, 1312, 304, 8661, 892, 451, 2164, 310, 278, 11781, 988, 1497, 10104, 471, 16356, 408, 263, 4383, 310, 13705, 322, 6993, 29889, 2688, 925, 2164, 1438, 1831, 573, 451, 1575, 373, 278, 5962, 393, 278, 4307, 313, 7717, 10354, 5920, 29897, 947, 451, 10816, 9619, 403, 278, 6820, 310, 8369, 29889, 10575, 445, 29240, 367, 15075, 7114, 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the PRA on May 29, 1999 for the purpose of adopting a resolution to initiate the recall of Jovito Claudio as Mayor of Pasay City for loss of confidence, the process of recall began and, since May 29, 1999 was less than a year after he had assumed office, the PRA was illegally convened and all proceedings held thereafter, including the filing of the recall petition on July 2, 1999, were null and void. The COMELEC, on the other hand, maintains that the process of recall starts with the filing of the petition for recall and ends with the conduct of the recall election, and that, since the petition for recall in this case was filed on July 2, 1999, exactly one year and a day after petitioners assumption of office, the recall was validly initiated outside the one -year prohibited period. Both petitioner Claudio and the COMELEC thus agree tha t the term recall as used in Sec. 74 refers to a process. They disagree only as to when the process starts for purpose of the one-year limitation in paragraph (b) of Sec. 74. We can agree that recall is a process which begins with the convening of the preparatory recall assembly or the gathering of the signatures at least 25% of the registered voters of a local government unit, and then proceeds to the filing of a recall resolution or petition with the COMELEC, the verification of such resolution or petition, the fixing of the date of the recall election, and the holding of the election on the scheduled date. However, as used in paragraph (b) of Sec. 74, recall refers to the election itself by means of which voters decide whether they should retain their local official or elect his replacement. Xxx To sum up, the term recall in paragraph (b) refers to the recall election and not to the preliminary proceedings to initiate recall 1) Because Sec. 74 speaks of limitations on recall which, according to Sec. 69, is a power which shall be exercised by the registered voters of a local government unit. Since the voters do not exercise such right except in an election, it is clear that the initiation of recall proceedings is not prohibited within the one-year period provided in paragraph (b); 2) Because the purpose of the first limitation in paragraph (b) is to provide voters a sufficient basis for judging an elective local official, and final judging is not done until the day of the election; and 3) Because to construe the limitation in paragraph (b) as including the initiation of recall proceedings would unduly curtail freedom of speech and of assembly guaranteed in the Constitution. (Jovito O. Claudio v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 140560, May 4, 2000, En Banc [Mendoza]) 274. Who has the legal authority to represent a municipality in lawsuits? Held: Only the provincial fiscal, provincial attorney, and municipal attorney should represent a municipality in its lawsuits. Only in exceptional instances may a private attorney be hired by a municipality to represent it in lawsuits. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 275. What are the exceptional instances when a private attorney may be validly hired by a municipality in its lawsuits? Held: In Alinsug v. RTC Br. 58, San Carlos City, Negros Occidental (225 SCRA 553, Aug. 23, 1993), it was held that the law allows a private counsel to be hired by a municipality only when the municipality is an adverse party in a case involving the provincial government or another municipality or city within the province. This provision has its apparent origin in De Guia v. The Auditor General (44 SCRA 169, March 29, 1979) where the Court held that the municipalitys authority to employ a private attorney is expressly limited only to situation s where the provincial fiscal would be disqualified to serve and represent it. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 1997) 276. Cite instances when the provincial fiscal may be disqualified to represent in court a particular municipality. Held: As held in Enriquez, Sr.	-0.870683	-0.573738	-0.094893	0.724867	[ -0.9556029479806493, -0.7857631947848029 ]	[ -0.768468475230756, -0.3790067587958922 ]	[ -0.4881684939085952, 0.29838325408870126 ]	[ 0.48814222998260215, 0.9615916188046271 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 278, 349, 4717, 373, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29929, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 363, 278, 6437, 310, 9332, 292, 263, 10104, 304, 14511, 403, 278, 17386, 310, 435, 586, 2049, 6015, 2881, 408, 22186, 310, 10043, 388, 4412, 363, 6410, 310, 16420, 29892, 278, 1889, 310, 17386, 4689, 322, 29892, 1951, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29929, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 471, 3109, 1135, 263, 1629, 1156, 540, 750, 12023, 8034, 29892, 278, 349, 4717, 471, 980, 1397, 635, 9973, 287, 322, 599, 8469, 886, 4934, 727, 7045, 29892, 3704, 278, 977, 292, 310, 278, 17386, 5697, 654, 373, 5468, 29871, 29906, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 29892, 892, 1870, 322, 1780, 29889, 450, 4810, 2303, 1307, 29907, 29892, 373, 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v. Gimenez (107 Phil. 932 [1960]), the provincial fiscal may be disqualified to represent in court a particular municipality in the following instances: 1) If and when original jurisdiction of case involving the municipality is vested in the Supreme Court; 2) When the municipality is a party adverse to the provincial government or to some other municipality in the same province; and 3) When, in a case involving the municipality, he, or his wife, or child, is pecuniarily involved, as heir, legatee, creditor or otherwise. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 1997) 277. May a municipality be represented by a private law firm which had volunteered its services gratis, in collaboration with the municipal attorney and the fiscal? Held: No. Such representation will be violative of Section 1983 of the old Administrative Code. This strict coherence to the letter of the law appears to have been dictated by the fact that the municipality should not be burdened with expenses of hiring a private lawyer and that the interests of the municipality would be best protected if a government lawyer handles its litigations. Private lawyers may not represent municipalities on their own. Neither may they do so even in collaboration with authorized government lawyers. This is anchored on the principle that only accountable public officers may act for and in behalf of public entities and that public funds should not be expended to hire private lawyers. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 278. May a municipality adopt the work already performed in good faith by a private lawyer, which work proved beneficial to it? Held: Although a municipality may not hire a private lawyer to represent it in litigations, in the interest of substantial justice, however, it was held that a municipality may adopt the work already performed in good faith by such private lawyer, which work is beneficial to it (1) provided that no injustice is thereby heaped on the adverse party and (2) provided further that no compensation in any guise is paid therefor by said municipality to the private lawyer. Unless so expressly adopted, the private lawyers work cannot bind the municipality. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 1997) 279. May the Punong Barangay validly appoint or remove the barangay treasurer, the barangay secretary, and other appointive barangay officials without the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Sangguniang Barangay? Held: The Local Government Code explicitly vests on the punong barangay, upon approval by a majority of all the members of the sangguniang barangay, the power to appoint or replace the barangay treasurer, the barangay secretary, and other appointive barangay officials. Verily, the power of appointment is to be exercised conjointly by the punong barangay and a majority of all the members of the sangguniang barangay. Without such conjoint action, neither an appointment nor a replacement can be effectual. Applying the rule that the power to appoint includes the power to remove, the questioned dismissal from office of the barangay officials by the punong barangay without the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Sangguniang Barangay cannot be legally justified. To rule otherwise could also create an absurd situation of the Sangguniang Barangay members refusing to give their approval to the replacements selected by the punong barangay who has unilaterally terminated the services of the incumbents. It is likely that the legislature did not intend this absurdity to follow from its enactment of the law. (Ramon Alquizola, Sr. v. Gallardo Ocol, G.R. No. 132413, Aug. 27, 1999, 3rd Div. [Vitug]) What is the doctrine of incorporation? How is it applied by local courts? Held: Under the doctrine of incorporation, rules of international law form part of the law of the land and no further legislative action is needed to make such rules applicable in the domestic sphere. The doctrine of incorporation is applied whenever municipal tribunals (or local courts) are confronted with situations in which there appears to be a conflict between a rule of international law and	-0.572094	-0.237547	0.369398	0.956389	[ -0.5720938278609963, -0.5720938278609963 ]	[ -0.3781114445052373, -0.09698275723961151 ]	[ 0.09041149000719122, 0.6483845155917304 ]	[ 1.0448354673887195, 0.8679422891475232 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 325, 29889, 402, 326, 10281, 313, 29896, 29900, 29955, 5241, 29889, 29871, 29929, 29941, 29906, 518, 29896, 29929, 29953, 29900, 11724, 278, 25750, 16436, 1052, 1122, 367, 766, 15380, 2164, 304, 2755, 297, 8973, 263, 3153, 21511, 297, 278, 1494, 8871, 29901, 29871, 29896, 29897, 960, 322, 746, 2441, 24894, 29467, 310, 1206, 21677, 278, 21511, 338, 325, 2868, 297, 278, 22569, 9245, 29936, 29871, 29906, 29897, 1932, 278, 21511, 338, 263, 6263, 594, 3901, 304, 278, 25750, 5874, 470, 304, 777, 916, 21511, 297, 278, 1021, 12291, 29936, 322, 29871, 29941, 29897, 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the provisions of the Constitution or statute of the local state. Efforts should first be exerted to harmonize them, so as to give effect to both since it is to be presumed that municipal law was enacted with proper regard for the generally accepted principles of international law in observance of the Incorporation Clause in Section 2, Article II of the Constitution. In a situation however, where the conflict is irreconcilable and a choice has to be made between a rule of international law and municipal law, jurisprudence dictates that municipal law should be upheld by the municipal courts for the reason that such courts are organs of municipal law and are accordingly bound by it in all circumstances. The fact that international law has been made part of the law of the land does not pertain to or imply the primacy of international law over national or municipal law in the municipal sphere. The doctrine of incorporation, as applied in most countries, decrees that rules of international law are given equal standing with, but are not superior to, national legislative enactments. Accordingly, the principle of lex posterior derogat priori takes effect a treaty may repeal a statute and a statute may repeal a treaty. In states where the Constitution is the highest law of the land, such as the Republic of the Philippines, both statutes and treaties may be invalidated if they are in conflict with the Constitution. (Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Jan. 18, 2000, En Banc [Melo]) 281. Is sovereignty really absolute and all-encompassing? If not, what are its restrictions and limitations? Held: While sovereignty has traditionally been deemed absolute and all-encompassing on the domestic level, it is however subject to restrictions and limitations voluntarily agreed to by the Philippines, expressly or impliedly, as a member of the family of nations. By the doctrine of incorporation, the country is bound by generally accepted principles of international law, which are considered to be automatically part of our own laws. One of the oldest and most fundamental rules in international law is pacta sunt servanda international agreements must be performed in good faith. A state which has contracted valid international obligations is bound to make in its legislations such modifications as may be necessary to ensure the fulfillment of the obligations. By their inherent nature, treaties really limit or restrict the absoluteness of sovereignty. By their voluntary act, nations may surrender some aspects of their state power in exchange for greater benefits granted by or derived from a convention or pact. After all, states, like individuals, live with coequals, and in pursuit of mutually covenanted objectives and benefits, they also commonly agree to limit the exercise of their otherwise absolute rights. Thus, treaties have been used to record agreements between States concerning such widely diverse matters as, for example, the lease of naval bases, the sale or cession of territory, the termination of war, the regulation of conduct of hostilities, the formation of alliances, the regulation of commercial relations, the settling of claims, the laying down of rules governing conduct in peace and the establishment of international organizations. The sovereignty of a state therefore cannot in fact and in reality be considered absolute. Certain restrictions enter into the picture: (1) limitations imposed by the very nature of membership in the family of nations and (2) limitations imposed by treaty stipulations. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18, May 2, 1997 [Panganiban]) 282. What must a person who feels aggrieved by the acts of a foreign sovereign do to espouse his cause? Held: Under both Public International Law and Transnational Law, a person who feels aggrieved by the acts of a foreign sovereign can ask his own government to espouse his cause through diplomatic channels. Private respondent can ask the Philippine government, through the Foreign Office, to espouse its claims against the Holy See. Its first task is to persuade the Philippine government to take up with the Holy See the validity of its claims. Of course, the Foreign Office shall first make a determination of the impact of its espousal on the relations between the Philippine government and the Holy See. Once the Philippine government decides to espouse the claim, the latter ceases to be a private cause. 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373, 278, 5302, 1546, 278, 12325, 457, 5874, 322, 278, 17733, 2823, 29889, 9038, 278, 12325, 457, 5874, 1602, 2247, 304, 5152, 1709, 278, 5995, 29892, 278, 7480, 2257, 2129, 304, 367, 263, 2024, 4556, 29889, 7579, 304, 278, 349, 3504, 296, 9245, 310, 4623, 17181, 29892, 278, 363, 261, 348, 1089, 310, 278, 4623 ]	866	148,480	CommonCrawl	11	19
Court of Justice: By taking up the case of one of its subjects and by resorting to diplomatic action or international judicial proceedings on his behalf, a State is in reality asserting its own rights its right to ensure, in the person of its subjects, respect for the rules of international law. (The Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, 1 Hudson, World Court Reports 293, 302 [1924]) (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, 533-534, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 283. Discuss the Status of the Vatican and the Holy See in International Law. Held: Before the annexation of the Papal States by Italy in 1870, the Pope was the monarch and he, as the Holy See, was considered a subject of International Law. With the loss of the Papal States and the limitation of the territory under the Holy See to an area of 108.7 acres, the position of the Holy See in International Law became controversial. In 1929, Italy and the Holy See entered into the Lateran Treaty, where Italy recognized the exclusive dominion and sovereign jurisdiction of the Holy See over the Vatican City. It also recognized the right of the Holy See to receive foreign diplomats, to send its own diplomats to foreign countries, and to enter into treaties according to International Law. The Lateran Treaty established the statehood of the Vatican City for the purpose of assuring to the Holy See absolute and visible independence and of guaranteeing to it indisputable sovereignty also in the field of international relations. In view of the wordings of the Lateran Treaty, it is difficult to determine whether the statehood is vested in the Holy See or in the Vatican City. Some writers even suggested that the treaty created two international persons - the Holy See and Vatican City. The Vatican City fits into none of the established categories of states, and the attribution to it of sovereignty must be made in a sense different from that in which it is applied to other states. In a community of national states, the Vatican City represents an entity organized not for political but for ecclesiastical purposes and international objects. Despite its size and object, the Vatican City has an independent government of its own, with the Pope, who is also head of the Roman Catholic Church, as the Holy See or Head of State, in conformity with its traditions, and the demands of its mission in the world. Indeed, the world-wide interests and activities of the Vatican City are such as to make it in a sense an international state. One authority wrote that the recognition of the Vatican City as a state has significant implication - that it is possible for any entity pursuing objects essentially different from those pursued by states to be invested with international personality. Inasmuch as the Pope prefers to conduct foreign relations and enter into transactions as the Holy See and not in the name of the Vatican City, one can conclude that in the Pope's own view, it is the Holy See that is the international person. The Republic of the Philippines has accorded the Holy See the status of a foreign sovereign. The Holy See, through its Ambassador, the Papal Nuncio, has had diplomatic representations with the Philippine government since 1957. This appears to be the universal practice in international relations. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, 533-534, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 284. What are international organizations? Discuss their nature. Held: International organizations are institutions constituted by international agreement between two or more States to accomplish common goals. The legal personality of these international organizations has been recognized not only in municipal law, but in international law as well. Permanent international commissions and administrative bodies have been created by the agreement of a considerable number of States for a variety of international purposes, economic or social and mainly non-political. In so far as they are autonomous and beyond the control of any one State, they have distinct juridical personality independent of the municipal law of the State where they are situated. As such, they are deemed to possess a species of international personality of their own. (SEAFDEC-AQD v. 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4, 285. Discuss the basic immunities of international organizations and the reason for affording them such immunities. Held: One of the basic immunities of an international organization is immunity from local jurisdiction, i.e., that it is immune from legal writs and processes issued by the tribunals of the country where it is found. The obvious reason for this is that the subjection of such an organization to the authority of the local courts would afford a convenient medium through which the host government may interfere in their operations or even influence or control its policies and decisions; besides, such subjection to local jurisdiction would impair the capacity of such body to discharge its responsibilities impartially on behalf of its member-states. (SEAFDEC-AQD v. NLRC, 206 SCRA 283, Feb. 4, 1992) 286. Discuss the two conflicting concepts of sovereign immunity from suit. Held: There are two conflicting concepts of sovereign immunity, each widely held and firmly established. According to the classical or absolute theory, a sovereign cannot, without its consent, be made a respondent in the courts of another sovereign. According to the newer or restrictive theory, the immunity of the sovereign is recognized only with regard to public acts or acts jure imperii of a state, but not with regard to private acts or acts jure gestionis. Some states passed legislation to serve as guidelines for the executive or judicial determination when an act may be considered as jure gestionis. The United States passed the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, which defines a commercial activity as either a regular course of commercial conduct or a particular commercial transaction or act. Furthermore, the law declared that the commercial character of the activity shall be determined by reference to the nature of the course of conduct or particular transaction or act, rather than by reference to its purpose. The Canadian Parliament enacted in 1982 an Act to Provide For State Immunity in Canadian Courts. The Act defines a commercial activity as any particular transaction, act or conduct or any regular course of conduct that by reason of its nature, is of a commercial character. The restrictive theory, which is intended to be a solution to the host of problems involving the issue of sovereign immunity, has created problems of its own. Legal treatises and the decisions in countries which follow the restrictive theory have difficulty in characterizing whether a contract of a sovereign state with a private party is an act jure gestionis or an act jure imperii. The restrictive theory came about because of the entry of sovereign states into purely commercial activities remotely connected with the discharge of governmental functions. This is particularly true with respect to the Communist states which took control of nationalized business activities and international trading. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 287. Cite some transactions by a foreign state with private parties that were considered by the Supreme Court as acts jure imperii and acts jure gestionis. Held: This Court has considered the following transactions by a foreign state with private parties as acts jure imperii: (1) the lease by a foreign government of apartment buildings for use of its military officers (Syquia v. Lopez, 84 Phil. 312 [1949]); (2) the conduct of public bidding for the repair of a wharf at a United States Naval Station (United States of America v. Ruiz, supra.); and (3) the change of employment status of base employees (Sanders v. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88 [1988]). On the other hand, this Court has considered the following transactions by a foreign state with private parties as acts jure gestionis: (1) the hiring of a cook in the recreation center, consisting of three restaurants, a cafeteria, a bakery, a store, and a coffee and pastry shop at the John Hay Air Station in Baguio City, to cater to American servicemen and the general public (United States of America v. Rodrigo, 182 SCRA 644 [1990]; and (2) the bidding for the operation of barber shops in Clark Air Base in Angeles City (United States of America v. 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into, 182 SCRA 644 [1990]). The operation of the restaurants and other facilities open to the general public is undoubtedly for profit as a commercial and not a governmental activity. By entering into the employment contract with the cook in the discharge of its proprietary function, the United States government impliedly divested itself of it sovereign immunity from suit. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 288. What should be the guidelines to determine what activities and transactions shall be considered commercial and as constituting acts jure gestionis by a foreign state? Held: In the absence of legislation defining what activities and transactions shall be considered commercial and as constituting acts jure gestionis, we have to come out with our own guidelines, tentative they may be. Certainly, the mere entering into a contract by a foreign state with a private party cannot be the ultimate test. Such an act can only be the start of the inquiry. The logical question is whether the foreign state is engaged in the activity in the regular course of business. If the foreign state is not engaged regularly in a business or trade, the particular act or transaction must then be tested by its nature. If the act is in pursuit of a sovereign activity, or an incident thereof, then it is an act jure imperii, especially when it is not undertaken for gain or profit. As held in United States of America v. Guinto (supra.): There is no question that the United States of America, like any other state, will be deemed to have impliedly waived its non-suability if it has entered into a contract in its proprietary or private capacity. It is only when the contract involves its sovereign or governmental capacity that no such waiver may be implied. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 289. May the Holy See be sued for selling the land it acquired by donation from the Archdiocese of Manila to be made site of its mission or the Apostolic Nunciature in the Philippines but which purpose cannot be accomplished as the land was occupied by squatters who refused to vacate the area? Held: In the case at bench, if petitioner (Holy See) has bought and sold lands in the ordinary course of a real estate business, surely the said transaction can be categorized as an act jure gestionis. However, petitioner has denied that the acquisition and subsequent disposal of Lot 5-A were made for profit but claimed that it acquired said property for the site of its mission or the Apostolic Nunciature in the Philippines. X x x Lot 5-A was acquired by petitioner as a donation from the Archdiocese of Manila. The donation was made not for commercial purpose, but for the use of petitioner to construct thereon the official place of residence of the Papal Nuncio. The right of a foreign sovereign to acquire property, real or personal, in a receiving state, necessary for the creation and maintenance of its diplomatic mission, is recognized in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. This treaty was concurred in by the Philippine Senate and entered into force in the Philippines on November 15, 1965. In Article 31(a) of the Convention, a diplomatic envoy is granted immunity from the civil and administrative jurisdiction of the receiving state over any real action relating to private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving state which the envoy holds on behalf of the sending state for the purposes of the mission. If this immunity is provided for a diplomatic envoy, with all the more reason should immunity be recognized as regards the sovereign itself, which in this case is the Holy See. The decision to transfer the property and the subsequent disposal thereof are likewise clothed with a governmental character. Petitioner did not sell Lot 5-A for profit or gain. It merely wanted to dispose off the same because the squatters living thereon made it almost impossible for petitioner to use it for the purpose of the donation. (Holy See, The v. 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Quiason]) 290. How is sovereign or diplomatic immunity pleaded in a foreign court? Held: In Public International Law, when a state or international agency wishes to plead sovereign or diplomatic immunity in a foreign court, it requests the Foreign Office of the state where it is sued to convey to the court that said defendant is entitled to immunity. In the United States, the procedure followed is the process of suggestion, where the foreign state or the international organization sued in an American court requests the Secretary of State to make a determination as to whether it is entitled to immunity. If the Secretary of State finds that the defendant is immune from suit, he, in turn, asks the Attorney General to submit to the court a suggestion that the defendant is entitled to immunity. In England, a similar procedure is followed, only the Foreign Office issues a certification to that effect instead of submitting a suggestion. In the Philippines, the practice is for the foreign government or the international organization to first secure an executive endorsement of its claim of sovereign or diplomatic immunity. But how the Philippine Foreign Office conveys its endorsement to the courts varies. In International Catholic Migration Commission v. Calleja, 190 SCRA 130 (1990), the Secretary of Foreign Affairs just sent a letter directly to the Secretary of Labor and Employment, informing the latter that the respondent-employer could not be sued because it enjoyed diplomatic immunity. In World Health Organization v. Aquino, 48 SCRA 242 (1972), the Secretary of Foreign Affairs sent the trial court a telegram to that effect. In Baer v. Tizon, 57 SCRA 1 (1974), the U.S. Embassy asked the Secretary of Foreign Affairs to request the Solicitor General to make, in behalf of the commander of the United States Naval Base at Olongapo City, Zambales, a suggestion to respondent Judge. The Solicitor General embodied the suggestion in a Manifestation and Memorandum as amicus curiae. In the case at bench, the Department of Foreign Affairs, through the Office of Legal Affairs moved with this Court to be allowed to intervene on the side of petitioner. The Court allowed the said Department to file its memorandum in support of petitioners claim of sovereign immunity. In some cases, the defense of sovereign immunity was submitted directly to the local courts by the respondents through their private counsels. In cases where the foreign states bypass the Foreign Office, the courts can inquire into the facts and make their own determination as to the nature of the acts and transactions involved. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 291. Is the determination of the executive branch of the government that a state or instrumentality is entitled to sovereign or diplomatic immunity subject to judicial review, or is it a political question and therefore, conclusive upon the courts? Held: The issue of petitioners (The Holy See) non-suability can be determined by the trial court without going to trial in light of the pleadings x x x. Besides, the privilege of sovereign immunity in this case was sufficiently established by the Memorandum and Certification of the Department of Foreign Affairs. As the department tasked with the conduct o f the Philippines foreign relations, the Department of Foreign Affairs has formally intervened in this case and officially certified that the Embassy of the Holy See is a duly accredited diplomatic mission to the Republic of the Philippines exempt from local jurisdiction and entitled to all the rights, privileges and immunities of a diplomatic mission or embassy in this country. The determination of the executive arm of government that a state or instrumentality is entitled to sovereign or diplomatic immunity is a political question that is conclusive upon the courts . Where the plea of immunity is recognized and affirmed by the executive branch, it is the duty of the courts to accept this claim so as not to embarrass the executive arm of the government in conducting the countrys foreign relations. As in International Catholic Migration Commission and in World Health Organization, we abide by the certification of the Department of Foreign Affairs. (Holy See, The v. 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[Quiason]) 292. What is extradition? To whom does it apply? Held: It is the process by which persons charged with or convicted of crime against the law of a State and found in a foreign State are returned by the latter to the former for trial or punishment. It applies to those who are merely charged with an offense but have not been brought to trial; to those who have been tried and convicted and have subsequently escaped from custody; and those who have been convicted in absentia. It does not apply to persons merely suspected of having committed an offense but against whom no charge has been laid or to a person whose presence is desired as a witness or for obtaining or enforcing a civil judgment. (Weston, Falk, D' Amato, International Law and Order, 2nd ed., p. 630 [1990], cited in Dissenting Opinion, Puno, J., in Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Jan. 18, 2000, En Banc) 293. Discuss the basis for allowing extradition. Held: Extradition was first practiced by the Egyptians, Chinese, Chaldeans and AssyroBabylonians but their basis for allowing extradition was unclear. Sometimes, it was granted due to pacts; at other times, due to plain good will. The classical commentators on international law thus focused their early views on the nature of the duty to surrender an extraditee --- whether the duty is legal or moral in character. Grotius and Vattel led the school of thought that international law imposed a legal duty called civitas maxima to extradite criminals. In sharp contrast, Puffendorf and Billot led the school of thought that the so-called duty was but an "imperfect obligation which could become enforceable only by a contract or agreement between states. Modern nations tilted towards the view of Puffendorf and Billot that under international law there is no duty to extradite in the absence of treaty, whether bilateral or multilateral. Thus, the US Supreme Court in US v. Rauscher (119 US 407, 411, 7 S Ct. 234, 236, 30 L. ed. 425 [1886]), held: x x x it is only in modern times that the nations of the earth have imposed upon themselves the obligation of delivering up these fugitives from justice to the states where their crimes were committed, for trial and punishment. This has been done generally by treaties x x x Prior to these treaties, and apart from them there was no well-defined obligation on one country to deliver up such fugitives to another; and though such delivery was often made it was upon the principle of comity x x x. (Dissenting Opinion, Puno, J., in Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Jan. 18, 2000, En Banc) 294. What is the nature of an extradition proceeding? Is it akin to a criminal proceeding? Held: [A]n extradition proceeding is sui generis. It is not a criminal proceeding which will call into operation all the rights of an accused as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. To begin with, the process of extradition does not involve the determination of the guilt or innocence of an accused. His guilt or innocence will be adjudged in the court of the state where he will be extradited. Hence, as a rule, constitutional rights that are only relevant to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused cannot be invoked by an extraditee especially by one whose extradition papers are still undergoing evaluation. As held by the US Supreme Court in United States v. Galanis: An extradition proceeding is not a criminal prosecution, and the constitutional safeguards that accompany a criminal trial in this country do not shield an accused from extradition pursuant to a valid treaty. 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1 [1998], citing United States v. Galanis, 429 F. Supp. 1215 [D. Conn. 1977]) There are other differences between an extradition proceeding and a criminal proceeding. An extradition proceeding is summary in natural while criminal proceedings involve a full-blown trial. In contradistinction to a criminal proceeding, the rules of evidence in an extradition proceeding allow admission of evidence under less stringent standards . In terms of the quantum of evidence to be satisfied, a criminal case requires proof beyond reasonable doubt for conviction while a fugitive may be ordered extradited upon showing of the existence of a prima facie case. Finally, unlike in a criminal case where judgment becomes executory upon being rendered final, in an extradition proceeding, our courts may adjudge an individual extraditable but the President has the final discretion to extradite him . The United States adheres to a similar practice whereby the Secretary of State exercises wide discretion in balancing the equities of the case and the demands of the nation's foreign relations before making the ultimate decision to extradite. As an extradition proceeding is not criminal in character and the evaluation stage in an extradition proceeding is not akin to a preliminary investigation, the due process safeguards in the latter do not necessarily apply to the former. This we hold for the procedural due process required by a given set of circumstances must begin wit h a determination of the precise nature of the government function involved as well as the private interest that has been affected by governmental action. The concept of due process is flexible for not all situations calling for procedural safeguards call for the same kind of procedure. (Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Oct. 17, 2000, En Banc [Puno]) 295. Will the retroactive application of an extradition treaty violate the constitutional prohibition against "ex post facto" laws? Held: The prohibition against ex post facto law applies only to criminal legislation which affects the substantial rights of the accused. This being so, there is no merit in the contention that the ruling sustaining an extradition treatys retroact ive application violates the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws. The treaty is neither a piece of criminal legislation nor a criminal procedural statute. (Wright v. CA, 235 SCRA 341, Aug. 15, 1994 [Kapunan]) Discuss the rules in the interpretation of extradition treaties. Held: [A]ll treaties, including the RP-US Extradition Treaty, should be interpreted in light of their intent. Nothing less than the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to which the Philippines is a signatory provides that a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose. X x x. It cannot be gainsaid that today, countries like th e Philippines forge extradition treaties to arrest the dramatic rise of international and transnational crimes like terrorism and drug trafficking. Extradition treaties provide the assurance that the punishment of these crimes will not be frustrated by the frontiers of territorial sovereignty. Implicit in the treaties should be the unbending commitment that the perpetrators of these crimes will not be coddled by any signatory state. It ought to follow that the RP-US Extradition Treaty calls for an interpretation that will minimize if not prevent the escape of extraditees from the long arm of the law and expedite their trial. X x x [A]n equally compelling factor to consider is the understanding of the parties themselves to the RP-US Extradition Treaty as well as the general interpretation of the issue in question by other countries with similar treaties with the Philippines . The rule is recognized that while courts have the power to interpret treaties, the meaning given them by the departments of government particularly charged with their negotiation and enforcement is accorded great weight . The reason for the rule is laid down in Santos III v. Northwest Orient Airlines, et al. 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ative act which enjoys the presumption that it was first carefully studied and determined to be constitutional before it was adopted and given the force of law in the country. (Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Oct. 17, 2000, En Banc [Puno]) 297. What is a Treaty? Discuss. Held: A treaty, as defined by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties , is an international instrument concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments, and whatever its particular designation. There are many other terms used for a treaty or international agreement, some of which are: act, protocol, agreement, compromis d' arbitrage, concordat, convention, declaration, exchange of notes, pact, statute, charter and modus vivendi. All writers, from Hugo Grotius onward, have pointed out that the names or titles of international agreements included under the general term treaty have little or no significance. Certain terms are useful, but they furnish little more than mere description Article 2(2) of the Vienna Convention provides that the provisions of paragraph 1 regarding the use of terms in the present Convention are without prejudice to the use of those terms, or to the meanings which may be given to them in the internal law of the State. (BAYAN [Bagong Alyansang Makabayan] v. Executive Secretary Ronaldo Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, Oct. 10, 2000, En Banc [Buena]) 298. Discuss the binding effect of treaties and executive agreements in international law. Held: [I]n international law, there is no difference between treaties and executive agreements in their binding effect upon states concerned, as long as the functionaries have remained within their powers. International law continues to make no distinction between treaties and executive agreements: they are equally binding obligations upon nations. (BAYAN [Bagong Alyansang Makabayan] v. Executive Secretary Ronaldo Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, Oct. 10, 2000, En Banc [Buena]) 299. Does the Philippines recognize the binding effect of executive agreements even without the concurrence of the Senate or Congress? Held: In our jurisdiction, we have recognized the binding effect of executive agreements even without the concurrence of the Senate or Congress. In Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea Trading (3 SCRA 351, 356-357 [1961]), we had occasion to pronounce: x x x the right of the Executive to enter into binding agreements without the necessity of subsequent Congressional approval has been confirmed by long usage. From the earliest days of our history we have entered into executive agreements covering such subjects as commercial and consular relations, most-favored-nation rights, patent rights, trademark and copyright protection, postal and navigation arrangements and the settlement of claims. The validity of these has never been seriously questioned by our courts. " (BAYAN [Bagong Alyansang Makabayan] v. Executive Secretary Ronaldo Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, Oct. 10, 2000, En Banc [Buena]) What is a "protocol de cloture"? Will it require concurrence by the Senate? Held: A final act, sometimes called protocol de cloture, is an instrument which records the winding up of the proceedings of a diplomatic conference and usually includes a reproduction of the texts of treaties, conventions, recommendations and other acts agreed upon and signed by the plenipotentiaries attending the conference. It is not the treaty itself. It is rather a summary of the proceedings of a protracted conference which may have taken place over several years. It will not require the concurrence of the Senate. The documents contained therein are deemed adopted without need for ratification. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18, May 2, 1997 [Panganiban]) 301. What is the most-favored-nation clause? What is its purpose? Answer: 1. 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may be defined, in general, as a pledge by a contracting party to a treaty to grant to the other party treatment not less favorable than that which has been or may be granted to the most favored among other countries. The clause has been commonly included in treaties of commercial nature. There are generally two types of most-favored-nation clause, namely, conditional and unconditional. According to the clause in its unconditional form, any advantage of whatever kind which has been or may in future be granted by either of the contracting parties to a third State shall simultaneously and unconditionally be extended to the other under the same or equivalent conditions as those under which it has been granted to the third State. (Salonga & Yap, Public International Law, 5th Edition, 1992, pp. 141-142) 2. The purpose of a most favored nation clause is to grant to the contracting party treatment not less favorable than that which has been or may be granted to the "most favored" among other countries. The most favored nation clause is intended to establish the principle of equality of international treatment by providing that the citizens or subjects of the contracting nations may enjoy the privileges accorded by either party to those of the most favored nation (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., 309 SCRA 87, 107108, June 25, 1999, 3rd Div. [Gonzaga-Reyes]) 302. What is the essence of the principle behind the "most-favored-nation" clause as applied to tax treaties? Held: The essence of the principle is to allow the taxpayer in one state to avail of more liberal provisions granted in another tax treaty to which the country of residence of such taxpayer is also a party provided that the subject matter of taxation x x x is the same as that in the tax treaty under which the taxpayer is liable. In Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., 309 SCRA 87, June 25, 1999, the SC did not grant the claim filed by S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., a nonresident foreign corporation based in the USA, with the BIR for refund of overpaid withholding tax on royalties pursuant to the most-favored-nation clause of the RP-US Tax Treaty in relation to the RP-West Germany Tax Treaty. It held: Given the purpose underlying tax treaties and the rationale for the most favored nation clause, the concessional tax rate of 10 percent provided for in the RP-Germany Tax Treaty should apply only if the taxes imposed upon royalties in the RP-US Tax Treaty and in the RP-Germany Tax Treaty are paid under similar circumstances. This would mean that private respondent (S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc.) must prove that the RP-US Tax Treaty grants similar tax reliefs to residents of the United States in respect of the taxes imposable upon royalties earned from sources within the Philippines as those allowed to their German counterparts under the RP-Germany Tax Treaty. The RP-US and the RP-West Germany Tax Treaties do not contain similar provisions on tax crediting. Article 24 of the RP-Germany Tax Treaty x x x expressly allows crediting against German income and corporation tax of 20% of the gross amount of royalties paid under the law of the Philippines. On the other hand, Article 23 of the RP-US Tax Treaty, which is the counterpart provision with respect to relief for double taxation, does not provide for similar crediting of 20% of the gross amount of royalties paid. X x x X x x The entitlement of the 10% rate by U.S. firms despite the absence of matching credit (20% for royalties) would derogate from the design behind the most favored nation clause to grant equality of international treatment since the tax burden laid upon the income of the investor is not the same in the two countries. The similarity in the circumstances of payment of taxes is a condition for the enjoyment of most favored nation treatment precisely to underscore the need for equality of treatment. What is ratification? Discuss its function in the treaty-making process. 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held to be an executive act, undertaken by the head of state or of the government, as the case may be, through which the formal acceptance of the treaty is proclaimed. A State may provide in its domestic legislation the process of ratification of a treaty. The consent of the State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by ratification when: (a) the treaty provides for such ratification, (b) it is otherwise established that the negotiating States agreed that ratification should be required, (c) the representative of the State has signed the treaty subject to ratification, or (d) the intention of the State to sign the treaty subject to ratification appears from the full powers of its representative, or was expressed during the negotiation. (BAYAN [Bagong Alyansang Makabayan] v. Executive Secretary Ronaldo Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, Oct. 10, 2000, En Banc [Buena]) 304. Explain the pacta sunt servanda rule. Held: One of the oldest and most fundamental rules in international law is pacta sunt servanda international agreements must be performed in good faith. A treaty engagement is not a mere moral obligation but creates a legally binding obligation on the parties x x x. A state which has contracted valid international obligations is bound to make in its legislations such modifications as may be necessary to ensure the fulfillment of the obligations undertaken. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18, May 2, 1997 [Panganiban]) 305. Explain the "rebus sic stantibus" rule (i.e., things remaining as they are). Does it operate automatically to render a treaty inoperative? Held: According to Jessup, the doctrine constitutes an attempt to formulate a legal principle which would justify non-performance of a treaty obligation if the conditions with relation to which the parties contracted have changed so materially and so unexpectedly as to create a situation in which the exaction of performance would be unreasonable. The key element of this doctrine is the vital change in the condition of the contracting parties that they could not have foreseen at the time the treaty was concluded. The doctrine of rebus sic stantibus does not operate automatically to render the treaty inoperative. There is a necessity for a formal act of rejection, usually made by the head of state, with a statement of the reasons why compliance with the treaty is no longer required. (Santos III v. Northwest Orient Airlines, 210 SCRA 256, June 23, 1992) 306. What is the doctrine of effective nationality (genuine link doctrine)? Held: This principle is expressed in Article 5 of the Hague Convention of 1930 on the Art. 5. Within a third State a person having more than one nationality shall be treated as if he had only one. Without prejudice to the application of its law in matters of personal status and of any convention in force, a third State shall, of the nationalities which any such person possesses, recognize exclusively in its territory either the nationality of the country in which he is habitually and principally resident or the nationality of the country with which in the circumstances he appears to be in fact most closely connected. (Frivaldo v. COMELEC, 174 SCRA 245, June 23, 1989) Conflict of Nationality Laws as follows: Documents Similar To 306 Political Law Rev ancaye1962 Carol Jacinto Yasser Aureada Nivra Lyn Empiales Charisse Toledo Glean Myrrh Almine Valde Benjamin Cruz Roque maikadjim Reyniere Alo Dianne Comon Bim Saw Anonymous tKTWCxQFb CBCP for Life Oscar J. Serrano Jamie Vod Stan J. Caterbone jumpincatfish yvonnebioyo 3:13-cv-24068 #155 Equality Case Files FC61F936C67F4DD143A0359BAEDB1841 Issa Avena National Science Foundation: tbC05 Order Denying State of Hawaii's Renew	-0.366985	0.046491	0.454362	1.068248	[ -0.07421680941994684, -0.6597530553169169 ]	[ 0.2808398734167391, -0.18785715774107972 ]	[ 1.013603223247065, -0.10487906894739751 ]	[ 1.5338930778202615, 0.602602521785729 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 4934, 304, 367, 385, 22760, 1044, 29892, 22332, 9424, 491, 278, 2343, 310, 2106, 470, 310, 278, 5874, 29892, 408, 278, 1206, 1122, 367, 29892, 1549, 607, 278, 11595, 3544, 749, 310, 278, 7539, 29891, 338, 9580, 13190, 29889, 319, 4306, 1122, 3867, 297, 967, 21849, 13332, 362, 278, 1889, 310, 7548, 2450, 310, 263, 7539, 29891, 29889, 450, 20218, 310, 278, 4306, 304, 367, 3216, 491, 263, 7539, 29891, 338, 13384, 491, 7548, 2450, 746, 29901, 313, 29874, 29897, 278, 7539, 29891, 8128, 363, 1316, 7548, 2450, 29892, 313, 29890, 29897, 372, 338, 6467, 7841, 393, 278, 27214, 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29894, 7293, 24840, 9029, 13, 29941, 29901, 29896, 29941, 29899, 11023, 29899, 29906, 29946, 29900, 29953, 29947, 396, 29896, 29945, 29945, 13, 6108, 2877, 11733, 12745, 13, 8610, 29953, 29896, 29943, 29929, 29941, 29953, 29907, 29953, 29955, 29943, 29946, 7858, 29896, 29946, 29941, 29909, 29900, 29941, 29945, 29929, 5688, 3352, 29933, 29896, 29947, 29946, 29896, 13, 29902, 893, 29874, 28943, 29874, 13, 27325, 9327, 10606, 29901, 260, 29890, 29907, 29900, 29945, 13, 7514, 3384, 5414, 4306, 310, 26901, 29875, 29915, 29879, 7493, 809 ]	866	157,696	CommonCrawl	3	13
ed Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law or, in the Alternative, for a New Trial, Bridge Aina Lea, LLC v. State of Hawaii Land Use Comm'n, No. 11-00414 (D. Haw. June 27, 2018) RHT Alep v US Authority Keanu SAI v Clinton Invoking Cherokee drpaulmaas Election Notes Part 1- Lmo Laurence Obaob rhetorical analysis first draft D'Addabbo v. United States, 10th Cir. (2008) CONSTI 2 Crombonds Short Finals Reviewer velasquez0731 Trade Unions Act 1926 Amit Gurav More From Sonny Morillo Sonny Morillo StartMenuAnimCode Ronald Galang Bar Questions 2011 With Answers Pre Med Case Flow RHIS_0610 fs 10-13-10 - updated Omnibus Rules Implementing the Labor Code DO 40-03 Civil 2011 Bar Exam Questionnaire Ally Bernales 2nd Quarter of Fiscal Year 03-12 1987 Philippine Constitution SHARP Operation Guide r.a. 8424 National Internal Revenue Code of 1997 and Its Amendments Natres.mp3 10 Proclamation No. 459, s. 2012 _ Official Gazette of the Republic of the Phil Natres.mp3 8 Manalo vs Intemediate Appellate Court Leviste vs Alameda karljoszef Dir of Lands v CA, 178 SCRA 709 R.A. No. 10022 Natres.javier Memo of State Department IG Interview of Consular Section Chief in Saudi Arabia before 9/11 9/11 Document Archive Healthcare Provider Abuse Report Ethical Argument gideon mbatha edu 210 artifact 1 Tc - Jpa Map Tor 1-2015 1 April 2015 Izzat Mahadi Romania Sorin Dumitrascu Preparatory Work Federatia Sindicatelor din Administratia Nationala a Penitenciarelor Managing Systemic Risk Niña Alfonso 04_Berenguer v Carranza Trek Alojado Effects of the Ruhr Crisis Hansel Nietsche 'The Near and the Far' Why Is India's Liberal-Political Democracy Rotten? bhaRathirajeswaran RICHARD RYNEARSON V. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BORDER PATROL AGENT, CAPTAIN RAUL PEREZ CopBlock Romualdez vs. Regional Trial Court G.R. No. 104960 Anonymous kf6dxr6ULl Parmod and Sachin SC_34604_2018_Order_09-Oct-2018 Disability Rights Alliance inc_ear_384 Kong Sotheara Nigeria Tax Articles and Tax Related Publications Dauda Usman Certificate of Good Moral Character Iamalpoy Marcera great expectations and carlyles vision Case Digest Shirley Briz Amended Complaint Nathaniel Woods Data Report 2010 [1] Q Skills 5 (Unit 4) AnswerKey Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia nguyenhavn ELEC-Subic Metropolitan & Raul Lambino MariaAyraCelinaBatacan HOUSE HEARING, 108TH CONGRESS - PRIVATE SECURITY OFFICER EMPLOYMENT AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2003 2014 Moot Problem Rick San Jito The Revised United Nation Minnesota Protocol on the Investigation of Potentially Unlawful Death kuimbae Giacalone Daniel Mora Gómez	-2.23214	-1.405932	-1.48713	-1.047967	[ -2.128045115203588, -2.3362357804114 ]	[ -1.4739761362667851, -1.3378883640872465 ]	[ -1.380608304715685, -1.5936525508479635 ]	[ -0.8203470149485986, 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29941, 13, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29946, 341, 3155, 11583, 13, 29934, 860, 3087, 435, 2049, 13, 1576, 830, 11292, 3303, 22900, 20994, 1019, 5770, 373, 278, 28246, 362, 310, 10173, 9247, 853, 10653, 1319, 14450, 13, 2120, 326, 2291, 29872, 13, 29954, 423, 1052, 650, 13, 29866, 341, 2207, 25055, 21660, 13 ]	866	158,720	CommonCrawl	11	19
HomePosts tagged 'happy number' happy number Significant Number Factoid Friday – Today The Number Is Twenty-Eight 28 February 15, 2013 fasab Factoids, Numbers, Uncategorized, Unusual 1919 Peace Nobel Prize, 28 billion light years, 28 days, 28 Days Later, 28 degrees latitude, 28 degrees longitude, 28 Hotel Rooms, 28 letters, 28 permanent teeth, 28 Weeks Later, 28th President of the United States, 28th State to enter the Union, 30th NASA Space Shuttle mission, ABC television, Abner Haynes, Adam Hall, Arab alphabet, asteroid, asteroid belt, Atlantic City, atlantic ocean, atomic mass, atomic number, aviation, B28, Barnardius zonarius semitorquatus, Bellona, Bert Blyleven, Betty Thomas, Birkat Hachama, books, British aircraft, C J Spiller, California, canada, Canadian CF-104, Canberra, car number twenty-eight, carbon monoxide, cells, centered nonagonal number, central Florida, Challenger disaster, Chapter 28, Chicago Bears, Chinese constellations, Christa McAuliffe, classified, Clemson Tigers, Cleveland skyscrapers, CO, Commander Brewster H Shaw Jr, composite number, concrete, constellation Phoenix, constellation Sagittarius, convex uniform honeycombs, created the heavens and the earth, cricket, Crimean War, curing time, Curtis Martin, Daltons, date of birth, Davey Allison, David C Leestma, Diane Ladd, distance of our universe, Dominic West, domino set, dutch, edge to edge, education, Edwards Air Force Base, eight and twenty cubits, elliptical galaxy, Enstrom F-28, Enstrom Helicopter Corporation, Entertainment, epidermis, Eure-et-Loir, factoid, fictional aircraft, first female teacher in space, Fokker, Fokker F28 Fellowship, Fokker-VFW, Fourteen, fourth magic number in physics, François Pérusse, Frédéric Chopin, French department, Gematriya, Genesis, globular cluster, God, God's promise, Gregorian calendar, Hall of Famer, happy number, harmonic divisor, Hebrew Numerology, hexagonal number, HMS Cleopatra (F28), HMS Kandahar (F28), Holland, horticulture, human menstrual cycle, India, Indian magic square, Isaac, Istanbul, Jacob, Jacob's Ladder, James C Adamson, jersey number 28, Johannesburg, Jupiter, K-class destroyer, Kansas City, Kansas City Chiefs, Kerala, koakh, length of one curtain, Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, Lt. Pete Maverick Mitchell, lucky number, lunar mansions, M/28, M/28-30, Madrid, Major League Baseball, Mark N Brown, Mars, Marshall Faulk, mathematics, MBB, medium battle tank, Mersenne prime 7, Messier, Messier object M28, MiG-28, Miles M.28 Mercury, Militaria, military aircraft, Minnesota Twins, Misc, Miscellaneous, Mission Specialists, mission STS-51-L, Missouri, molars, molecular weight, monopoly, Moon, Morton Thiokol, Moscow, Mosin-Nagant, movies, Municipal Stadium, music, N2, nasa, NASA managers, NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, NATO, neo-Nazi, New Delhi, New General Catalogue, New York Jets, NFL, nickel, nitrogen, NJ, North American Aviation, Northern Ireland, nuclear weapons, number, numbers, O-ring seal, object NGC 28, Opus 28, Parker Brothers, parrot, perfect number, phases, Pilot Richard N Richards, piston-engined helicopters, poisonous, politics, postal code, Preludes, Pretoria, Princeton University, Professor of Jurisprudence & Political Economy, quebec, Quiller novel, R Luther, Random, RCAF Nuclear Strike Force, Red Army, Red Square,	-1.226799	1.756318	-0.899991	-0.774823	[ -1.311718559520327, -1.1418788063244807 ]	[ 1.54860490898402, 1.9640307398478745 ]	[ -0.7744466996488446, -1.0255345611618871 ]	[ -1.4316690279880264, -0.11797704252031987 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 8778, 6747, 29879, 4055, 3192, 525, 29882, 14862, 1353, 29915, 13, 29882, 14862, 1353, 13, 10140, 928, 424, 9681, 26748, 3398, 28728, 785, 20628, 450, 9681, 1317, 8168, 6478, 29899, 29923, 523, 29871, 29906, 29947, 13, 29943, 3205, 653, 29871, 29896, 29945, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 25995, 370, 26748, 3398, 29879, 29892, 11848, 2596, 29892, 853, 29883, 20440, 1891, 29892, 853, 375, 950, 12, 29896, 29929, 29896, 29929, 24819, 27813, 20604, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29947, 24464, 3578, 2440, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29947, 3841, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29947, 24728, 12699, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29947, 14496, 26271, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29947, 14496, 28745, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29947, 16923, 1528, 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religion, revolution time, Rogers Commission, Roman goddess of war, Roman numeral, Rose, Roses, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, Runik alphabet, SACEUR, Sandra Bullock, science, SDS-2 communications satellite, second perfect number, Second World War, seven words, shipping, Short Brothers, short range jet airliner, Silicon, skin research, solid rocket booster, South Africa, South Australia, Soviet T-28, space, space related disasters, Space Shuttle Challenger, Space Shuttle Columbia, spain, sport, St Louis Rams, Stone of Bethel, structural failure, STS-28, sun, Supercarrier, T-28 Trojan, Teacher in Space Project, technology, Texas, the Bible, the number twenty-eight, The Sinkiang Executive, thermonuclear bomb, Tom Cruise, Top Gun, triangular number, Turkey, twenty and eight cubits, twenty-eight, United States Army Air Corps, United States Department of Defense, United States Navy Fighter Weapons School, United States President Ronald Reagan, US Air Force, US Northrop F-5, Valiant, Viggo Nortensen, Warrick Dunn, West Germany, Western Australia, wheel of fortune, Willie Galimore, wisdom teeth, Woodrow Wilson, XB-28, Xiu, Yates Racing It's been a few weeks since we had a numbers factoid. Today we are having a look at the number twenty-eight, so if that's your lucky number or your date of birth or if you are just interested in numbers and things associated with them then read on. And enjoy. The Number Twenty-Eight 28 In religion In Hebrew, the first verse of the Bible "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth" (Genesis I.1) has seven words and 28 letters. The length of one curtain shall be eight and twenty cubits. (Exodus, 26.2) The length of one curtain was twenty and eight cubits, and the breadth of one curtain four cubits: the curtains were all of one size. (Exodus, 36.9) In Chapter 28 in Genesis: Isaac blesses Jacob; Jacob's Ladder; God's promise; Stone of Bethel: Artistic impression of Jacob's Ladder 28 is a composite number, its proper divisors being 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14. Twenty-eight is the second perfect number. As a perfect number, it is related to the Mersenne prime 7, since 22(23 – 1) = 28. The next perfect number is 496, the previous being 6. Twenty-eight is a harmonic divisor number, a happy number, a triangular number, a hexagonal number, and a centered nonagonal number. Twenty-eight is the ninth and last number in early Indian magic square of order 3. There are twenty-eight convex uniform honeycombs. In science & technology 28 is the atomic mass of silicon and the atomic number of nickel. 28 is the molecular weight of nitrogen, (N2 = 28.02) and the molecular weight of carbon monoxide, (CO = 12 + 16 = 28.01); also interesting in that while carbon monoxide is poisonous, nitrogen is essential to life, yet they have the same molecular weight of 28 daltons. 28 is the fourth magic number in physics. The average human menstrual cycle is 28 days although no link has been established with the nightlighting and the Moon. Skin research has discovered that the epidermis is constantly regenerating itself, and all of its cells are replaced every 28 days. By the age of fourteen most people have 28 permanent teeth; the last four molars, the wisdom teeth, erupt only if the jaw allows space for them. The curing time of concrete is classically considered 28 days. Our universe is 28 billion light years in distance from edge to edge. The revolution time of the surface of the Sun on itself is 28 days while its core is revolving in 33 days. The moon completes 4 phases once it has wandered through the 28 lunar mansions. 28 Bell	-0.585106	2.408107	0.185521	-0.145291	[ -0.4803255741180793, -0.6898859147548896 ]	[ 2.3078314274593406, 2.5083818285660286 ]	[ 0.057440356677195714, 0.3136007002410069 ]	[ -0.27145788834724005, -0.01912497232671028 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 13433, 29892, 19479, 931, 29892, 9272, 414, 11444, 29892, 5917, 7339, 19521, 310, 1370, 29892, 5917, 4825, 284, 29892, 14008, 29892, 5678, 267, 29892, 7021, 5593, 11004, 29892, 7021, 13166, 29892, 7525, 638, 22968, 29892, 317, 11538, 4574, 29892, 8564, 336, 8313, 908, 29892, 10466, 29892, 8073, 29903, 29899, 29906, 7212, 800, 28421, 29892, 1473, 4922, 1353, 29892, 6440, 2787, 3362, 29892, 9881, 3838, 29892, 528, 17347, 29892, 13899, 25522, 29892, 3273, 3464, 22588, 4799, 1915, 261, 29892, 5664, 4144, 29892, 19309, 5925, 29892, 7773, 696, 3522, 14505, 261, 29892, 4275, 10557, 29892, 4275, 8314, 29892, 15308, 323, 29899, 29906, 29947, 29892, 2913, 29892, 2913, 4475, 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ona is a large main belt asteroid between Mars and Jupiter. Bellona was discovered by R. Luther on March 1, 1854. It is named after Bellona, the Roman goddess of war; the name was chosen to mark the beginning of the Crimean War. Its diameter is 120.9 km, rotation period of 15.7 hours, and orbital period of 4.63 years. The New General Catalogue object NGC 28, an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Phoenix. Messier object M28 is a magnitude 8.5 globular cluster in the constellation Sagittarius. Messier object m28 STS-28 was the 30th NASA Space Shuttle mission, and the fourth dedicated to United States Department of Defense purposes. It was also the eighth flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. The mission launched on 8 August 1989 and traveled 2.1 million miles during 81 orbits of the Earth, before landing on runway 17 of Edwards Air Force Base, California, on 13 August. The mission details of STS-28 are classified, but the payload is widely believed to have been the first SDS-2 communications satellite. The crew consisted of Commander Brewster H. Shaw, Jr., Pilot Richard N. Richards, and three Mission Specialists, James C. Adamson, David C. Leestma and Mark N. Brown. Space Shuttle Challenger One of the worst space related disasters happened on January 28 1986. On that fateful day Space Shuttle Challenger (mission STS-51-L) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida at 11:38 EST (16:38 UTC). Disintegration of the entire vehicle began after an O-ring seal in its right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed at liftoff. The O-ring failure caused a breach in the SRB joint it sealed, allowing pressurized hot gas from within the solid rocket motor to reach the outside and impinge upon the adjacent SRB attachment hardware and external fuel tank. This led to the separation of the right-hand SRBs aft attachment and the structural failure of the external tank. Aerodynamic forces promptly broke up the orbiter. The crew compartment and many other vehicle fragments were eventually recovered from the ocean floor after a lengthy search and recovery operation. Although the exact timing of the death of the crew is unknown, several crew members are known to have survived the initial breakup of the spacecraft. However, the shuttle had no escape system and the impact of the crew compartment with the ocean surface was too violent to be survivable. The disaster resulted in a 32-month hiatus in the shuttle program and the formation of the Rogers Commission, a special commission appointed by United States President Ronald Reagan to investigate the accident. The Rogers Commission found NASA's organizational culture and decision-making processes had been key contributing factors to the accident. NASA managers had known contractor Morton Thiokol's design of the SRBs contained a potentially catastrophic flaw in the O-rings since 1977, but failed to address it properly. They also disregarded warnings from engineers about the dangers of launching posed by the low temperatures of that morning and had failed to adequately report these technical concerns to their superiors. What Rogers did not highlight was the fact the vehicle was never certified to operate in temperatures that low. Many viewed the launch live because of the presence of crew member Christa McAuliffe, the first member of the Teacher in Space Project and the (planned) first female teacher in space. The Challenger disaster has been used as a case study in many discussions of engineering safety and workplace ethics. 28th President of the United States is Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), who served (1913-1921). Wilson was President of Princeton University (1902-1910), where he graduated (1879) and taught as Professor of Jurisprudence & Political Economy (1890-1902). Wilson won the 1919 Peace Nobel Prize. 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2 28th State to enter the Union is Texas (December 29, 1845) The jersey number 28 has been retired by several North American sports teams in honor of past playing greats or other key figures: In Major League Baseball: the Minnesota Twins, for Hall of Famer Bert Blyleven. In the NFL: the Chicago Bears, for Willie Galimore; the Kansas City Chiefs, for Abner Haynes; the New York Jets, for Hall of Famer Curtis Martin; the St. Louis Rams, for Hall of Famer Marshall Faulk. Car number twenty-eight was formerly run in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series by Yates Racing. The most notable driver was Davey Allison, who had the ride for his entire Cup Series career. Baseball's 28th All-Star Game was played at Municipal Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri, on July 11, 1960. In the British game of cricket, the wicket is made of three wooden stakes each 28 inches high stuck into the ground. The widely used 6-6 domino set contains 28 pieces. In books, music and movies In Quebec, Canada, François Pérusse, made a parody of Wheel of Fortune in which all of the letters picked by the contestant were present 28 times. As a result, 28 became an almost Mythical number used by many Quebec youths, the phrase "Y'en a 28" (There are 28 [Letters]) became a running gag still used and recognized more than 15 years later. The Preludes, Opus 28 consists of Frédéric Chopin's 24 preludes for piano, ordinarily but not necessarily played together in concert. 28 Days (2000) is a 104-minute movie directed by Betty Thomas and starring Sandra Bullock, Viggo Nortensen, Dominic West, Diane Ladd. A big-city newspaper columnist is forced to enter a drug and alcohol rehab center after ruining her sister's wedding and crashing a stolen limousine. 28 Days Later (2002). Four weeks after a mysterious, incurable virus spreads throughout the UK, a handful of survivors try to find sanctuary. 28 Weeks Later (2007). Six months after the rage virus was inflicted on the population of Great Britain, the US Army helps to secure a small area of London for the survivors to repopulate and start again. But not everything goes to plan. 28 Hotel Rooms (2012). A novelist and an accountant meet while they are traveling for work, and though they both are in relationships, their one-night stand could become something more. In militaria, shipping and aviation T-28 Trojan T-28 Trojan is a training military aircraft. In 1948 the U.S. Air Force originally acquired the T-28A as a trainer to replace the venerable AT-6. The T-28B and T-28C were acquired by the U.S. Navy and included a tailhook for carrier landing training. T-28 was shown on Card #15 of Topps Wings: Friend or Foe (1952). Miles M.28 Mercury The Miles M.28 Mercury was a British aircraft designed for either training or communications during the Second World War. It was a single-engine, monoplane of wooden construction with a twin tail and a tailwheel undercarriage with retractable main units. Originally, the M.28 had been planned as a replacement for the Whitney Straight and Monarch, but this was shelved when war broke out. In 1941, the project was revived in response to a requirement for a training and communications aircraft. The design was produced as a private venture by Ray Bournon using Miles' normal wooden construction. The resulting machine introduced several features not found on trainers ncluding retractable undercarriage and trailing edge flaps. In the communications role, the M.28 had four seats and a range of 500 miles (800 km). 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46. Examples were operated in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Australia. XB-28 The North American XB-28 (NA-63) was an aircraft proposed by the North American Aviation to fill a strong need in the United States Army Air Corps for a high-altitude medium bomber. It never entered into full production, with only two aircraft having been built. The MiG-28 is a fictional aircraft that has appeared in several different unrelated works. These fictional aircraft have been independently created and the aircraft share nothing but a name. The first instance of a "MiG-28" was in the 1978 Quiller novel The Sinkiang Executive written by Adam Hall. Referred to in the work as the MiG-28D, it was an aircraft that resembled a somewhat modified MiG-25, but with sharper air intakes and swept wings. In the 1986 film Top Gun, Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (Tom Cruise) squared off against MiG-28s of unspecified nationality. These were actually US Northrop F-5s, which at the time were being used as aggressor aircraft for dissimilar air combat training at the real TOPGUN seminar (now known as the United States Navy Fighter Weapons School). The F-5s "acting" as MiG-28s were painted flat black to indicate their villainous status, and retained those paint jobs after production closed. The paint also increased the aircraft's visibility, a plus for filmmaking. Another MiG-28 is "seen" in the 1988 ABC television series Supercarrier. This MiG-28 was a fictional Soviet stealth fighter. An F-16 fighter in Soviet-style markings was used to "simulate" the Soviet fighter. Top Gun pretendy MiG-28 Fokker F-28 Fellowship The Fokker F28 Fellowship is a short range jet airliner designed developed in Holland (1964) and assembled by defunct Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. The Fokker F-28 Fellowship jet was to complement Fokker's highly successful F-27 turboprop. Announced by Fokker in April 1962, production was a collaboration between a number of European companies, namely Fokker, MBB of West Germany, Fokker-VFW (also of Germany), and Short Brothers of Northern Ireland. There was also government money invested in the project, with the Dutch government providing 50% of Fokker's stake and the West German government having 60% of the 35% German stake. In total 241 Fokker F-28s were sold, including 160 in commercial service and 10 used as corporate jets. The Fokker F-28 shown on a 40¡ Nauru stamp. Postage stamps with Fokker airplanes Enstrom F-28 The Enstrom F-28 and 280 are a family of small, light piston-engined helicopters produced by the Enstrom Helicopter Corporation.[1] Since delivering their first helicopter shortly after Federal Aviation Administration type certification of the F-28 model in April 1965, Enstrom helicopter has produced (as of 2007) approx 1,200 aircraft.[2] The company produces three models, the F-28, the more aerodynamic 280 and the turbine-engined 480, each with their own variants. The F-28 and 280 both use Lycoming piston engines virtually identical to those found in general aviation fixed-wing aircraft T-28 Tank The Soviet T-28 multi-turret medium battle tank was among the world's first medium tanks and became a symbol of the Red Army as was its heavier "brother" the T-35. Its silhouette is well known from pre-war newsreel about Soviet military parades in Moscow's Red Square. 41 T-28 tanks were built in 1933 with hightest production of 131 in 1939. 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vehicles. The T-28 could hit any German tank from long distances. The B28, originally Mark 28, was a thermonuclear bomb carried by U.S. tactical fighter bombers and bomber aircraft. From 1962 to 1972 under the NATO nuclear weapons sharing program, American B28s also equipped six Europe-based Canadian CF-104 squadrons known as the RCAF Nuclear Strike Force. It was also supplied for delivery by UK-based Royal Air Force Valiant and Canberra aircraft assigned to NATO under the command of SACEUR. Also USN carrier based attack aircraft such as the A3D Skywarrior and the A4D Skyhawk were equipped with the MK 28. HMS Kandahar (F28) HMS Kandahar (F28) was a K-class destroyer of the Royal Navy, named after the Afghan city of Kandahar. Kandahar was launched on 21 March 1939, and on 21 February 1941, in company with HMS Kimberley and HMS Manchester, she captured the German blockade runner SS Wahehe off Iceland. On 19 December 1941, she was part of British Force K, tasked to intercept an Italian convoy bound for Tripoli when she was irreparably damaged by a newly laid Italian mine whilst attempting to rescue the stricken HMS Neptune. She was scuttled the next day by Jaguar. 73 men went down with the ship. HMS Cleopatra (F28) HMS Cleopatra (F28) was a Leander-class frigate of the Royal Navy, built at HMNB Devonport. She was launched on 25 March 1964 and commissioned on 4 January 1966. Upon Cleopatra's commissioning, she joined the 2nd Destroyer Squadron, Far East Fleet and then participated in the Beira Patrol, which was designed to prevent oil reaching the landlocked Rhodesia via the then Portuguese colony of Mozambique (Lorenzo Marques). In 1969, Cleopatra was present at the Evans-Melbourne collision. In 1972, Cleopatra took part in escort duties during the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh's South East Asia tour. In 1973, Cleopatra was dispatched to protect British trawlers against the Icelandic Coast Guard in the Second Cod War. Afterwards, Cleopatra began her modernisation, becoming the first Batch Two Leander to do so, which included the removal of her one twin 4.5-in gun to allow the addition of the Exocet anti-ship missile system. On 31 January 1992, Cleopatra was decommissioned. The following year, Cleopatra was sold for scrap. Mosin–Nagant M/28 The Mosin–Nagant is a bolt-action, internal magazine-fed, military rifle created under the government commission by Russian inventors, and used by the armed forces of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and various other nations. It has gone through many variations, the M/28 designed by the White Guard. The M/28 differs from the Army's M/27 primarily in the barrel band design, which is a single piece compared to the M/27's hinged band, and an improved trigger design. Barrels for the M/28 were initially purchased from SIG, and later from Tikkakoski and SAKO. The M/28-30 is an upgraded version of the M/28. The most noticeable modification is a new rear sight design. Smith & Wesson (S & W) Model 28 The most famous handgun with the 28 designation is the Smith & Wesson (S & W) Model 28, also known as the Highway Patrolman. It is an N-frame revolver chambered for the .357 Magnum cartridge, in production from 1954 to 1986. It is a budget version of the S&W Model 27. The Roman numeral for 28 is XXVIII. The Arab alphabet has 28 letters Cities located at 28o latitude include: New Delhi, India. 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longitude include: Johannesburg, South Africa; Pretoria, South Africa; and Istanbul, Turkey. 28 is not yet used as the code for international direct dial phone calls. Two Cleveland skyscrapers have 28 floors, the McDonald Investment Center (1969): East 9th St. at Superior Ave. (305 ft);and the Marriott at Key Tower (1991): 127 Public Square, Cleveland (320 ft) Parker Brothers Monopoly board game consists of 40 squares with 28 properties for sale. In the U.S. version, the properties are named after locations in Atlantic City, NJ. The Runik alphabet, also called Futhark, used by Germanic peoples of northern Europe, Britain, Scandinavia, and Iceland (3rd century to the 16th or 17th century AD) has 28 letters. In Gematriya, the system of Hebrew Numerology, the number 28 corresponds to the word koakh, meaning "power", "energy". The number of days in the shortest month of the Gregorian calendar, February (except in leap years, when there are twenty-nine). The Gregorian calendar follows a 28-year cycle for the most part, since there are seven days in a week and leap year generally occurs every four years; usually, a calendar from any year is the same as that from 28 years earlier (e.g., 2008 and 1980 or 2009 and 2037). However, that rule holds only when there have been exactly seven leap days in a 28-year interval; years divisible by 100 but not by 400 are not leap years. Indeed, 1900 (as well as 2100, 2200, etc.) does not use the same calendar as 1872 (2072, 2172, etc., respectively) for the simple reason that 1900 is not a leap year. In 28 years, any day-of-the-week and date combination occurs exactly four times. February 29 will fall on each day of the week once. In Jewish tradition there is a 28 year solar cycle in which the sun returns to its place in Creation every 28 solar years. This is commemorated in April every 28 years with the recitation of Birkat Hachama, the blessing of the sun. There are 28 wheels on a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy. 28 is the common name for the parrot 'Barnardius zonarius semitorquatus', widely distributed in Western Australia and South Australia, because its call sounds like "wenniate". In neo-Nazi circles, twenty-eight indicates Blood and Honour (28 = BH – B – second letter of the alphabet and H – the eight letter). The number of Chinese constellations, "Xiu" or "mansions" (a literal translation), equivalent to the 12 western zodiac constellations. 28 is the postal code of the province of Madrid, in Spain. Twenty Eight is a popular game played in Kerala India. 28 is the number of the French department Eure-et-Loir. There are approximately twenty-eight grams in an ounce, a measure frequently used in the illegal drug trade. In horticulture the America and Cherish Roses have 28 orange pink petals; the Black Velvet Rose has 28 dark red petals; the Maestro Rose has 28 petals with a red center, pink edges and speckles; the Garden Party Rose has 28 white blend petals; and the Ophelia Rose has 28 light pink petals. Significant Number Factoid Friday – Today Number Forty-Four 44 November 9, 2012 fasab Factoids, Numbers, Politics, Sport, Uncategorized, Unusual, War "Broomhandle" Mauser C96 pistol, .44 Remington Magnum, .44 Special, 1944, 44, 44 Cent Cure, 44th Shuttle mission, 44th state, 44th US President, A-44, A-44 mystery tank, Adam Mickiewicz,	-0.898077	1.681111	-0.568025	-0.671985	[ -1.07613438573254, -0.7200187741928624 ]	[ 1.5127923373578256, 1.8494305106440525 ]	[ -0.5850211980654569, -0.5510296240104046 ]	[ -0.6101186993441072, -0.7338514535291902 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 28745, 3160, 29901, 15265, 3074, 29892, 4275, 10557, 29936, 349, 2267, 4108, 29892, 4275, 10557, 29936, 322, 11066, 273, 8645, 29892, 26459, 29889, 13, 29906, 29947, 338, 451, 3447, 1304, 408, 278, 775, 363, 6121, 1513, 270, 616, 9008, 5717, 29889, 13, 13985, 27249, 2071, 952, 29883, 2390, 414, 505, 29871, 29906, 29947, 5685, 943, 29892, 278, 4052, 28080, 512, 10147, 358, 7817, 313, 29896, 29929, 29953, 29929, 1125, 6932, 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Adolf Hitler, Amsterdam, Anne Frank, Arbil, Argentina, Armenia, assassination attempt, assault rifle, atomic number, Augusta, Auschwitz, B-29A, Baghdad, Barack Obama, baseball players, Beech Aircraft Corporation, Beehive Cluster, Belgrade, Bergen-Belsen, BlasTech Industries, Blink-182, Bordeaux, Brazil, Bucharest, canada, carbines, Claus von Stauffenberg, Cleveland, Clint Eastwood, constellation Cancer, D-Day invasion of Normandy, D-Day landings, Dan Issel, Denver Broncos, Denver Nuggets, Devon, Dirty Harry, DL-44, dutch, earthquake, education, Emanuel Weiss, Entertainment, Ernie Davis, events, Exercise Tiger, factoid, Floyd Little, forgotten disaster of WWII, forty-four, Fosse Ardeatine massacre, fourth term, France, Franklin D Roosevelt, franklin delano roosevelt, Friday, Galactic Civil War, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, George Gervin, Gestapo, Get Smart, Great Atlantic Hurricane, Great Escape, Halifax, Hank Aaron, Hanukkah candles, happy number, Hargeisa, Harry, Harvard Mark I, hitter's number, HMS Hawkins, Hollywood movies, IBM, iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan, Italian Resistance, Japanese army, Jerry West, Jim Brown, Kansas, LA Lakers, Lawrence of Arabia, LNG explosion, Lockheed Martin, Louis Buchalter, Louis Capone, lunar eclipse, lunar eclipses, Maine, Margot Frank, Mark Hoppus, Maschinenpistole, mathematics, Maxwell Smart, Messier object M44, Militaria, Minneapolis, Misc, Miscellaneous, Montpelier, MP 43, MP 44, Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft, Murder Inc., nasa, Nazi troops, NBA, new york, New York City, NFL, Nizhny Novgorod, Normandy, northern France, Nova Scotia, octahedral number, Ohio, Operation Overlord, Operation Tiger, Ossining, Ottoman Empire, palindromic number, Panzerfaust 44, Paul Westphal, People, Pete Retzlaff, Philadelphia Eagles, Phoenix Suns, Pierre, politics, Pratt & Whitney, President Obama, Pzf 44, Random, Reggie Jackson, revolvers, rifles, Rob Konrad, Romania, Rome, Royal Air Force, Russia, ruthenium, Sacramento Kings, Sam Lacey, San Antonio Spurs, San Juan, Sana'a, Saros number, São Luís, science, Serbia, Significant Number, Simferopol, Sing Sing, Slapton Beach, Slapton Sands, Smith & Wesson, Smith & Wesson Model 29, solar eclipse, Somalia, South Dakota, Soviet Union, space, sport, Stalag Luft III, StG 44, STS-44, Sturmgewehr 44, Supreme Allied Commander, Syracuse University, T-44, T-44A "Pegasus", T. E. Lawrence, tank, Tbilisi. Georgia, the most powerful handgun in the world, Thomas E. Dewey, TKX, Travis Barker, tribonacci number, tunnel, U.S. Air Force, U.S. presidential election, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vermont, Vicks Formula 44, Warsaw Uprising, Westerbork, Wichita, Willie McCovey, Winston Churchill, Wolfram Alpha, world war ii, WWII, Wyoming, X-44 MANTA, XB-44, Yemen, Yerevan, Šabac Okay, this week's significant number was either going to be 44 or 45, but, rightly or wrongly, the American people voted for Barack Obama and so the number is 44 – hard luck Mitt. So here we go, and just like President Obama we're not sure exactly where. 44 Forty-four In the U.S. presidential election of 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt won reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. 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, becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term. A few days ago Barack Obama was elected to his second term as the 44th US President. Barack Obama 44th President of the United States of America 44 is a tribonacci number, a happy number, an octahedral number and a palindromic number. 44 is the atomic number of ruthenium STS-44 was the 44th Shuttle mission. It was cut short after one of its three navigational units failed. Messier object M44, also known as the Beehive Cluster, is a magnitude 4.0 open cluster in the constellation Cancer, 44 is the Saros number of the solar eclipse series which began on April 30, 1448 BC and ended on June 7, 168 BC . The duration of Saros series 44 was 1280.1 years, and it contained 72 solar eclipses. The Saros number of the lunar eclipse series which began on October 1, 1363 BC and ended on March 27, 153 . The duration of Saros series 44 was 1514.5 years, and it contained 85 lunar eclipses. 44 is the retired number for former baseball players Hank Aaron, Willie McCovey and Reggie Jackson; the number is sometimes considered to be a "hitter's number". In the NFL 44 was the number of Floyd Little (Denver Broncos) and Pete Retzlaff (Philadelphia Eagles) Floyd Little In the NBA 44 was the number of Dan Issel, (Denver Nuggets); Jerry West (L.A. Lakers); Paul Westphal (Phoenix Suns); Sam Lacey (Sacramento Kings); and George Gervin (San Antonio Spurs). Dan Issel A number of football legends at Syracuse University also wore 44, most notably by Jim Brown, Ernie Davis, Floyd Little, and Rob Konrad. Although the number was officially retired in 2005, the legend of 44 remains an important part of the identity of Syracuse University. In WWII 1944 was arguably the most interesting year of World War II. Incidents of note included: The Fosse Ardeatine massacre in Rome when 335 Italians are killed, including 75 Jews and over 200 members of the Italian Resistance from various groups. The real "Great Escape" (as opposed to the famous movie version) when 76 Royal Air Force prisoners escape by tunnel "Harry" from Stalag Luft III. Only three made it back to the UK, and of those recaptured, fifty were executed. Exercise Tiger, or Operation Tiger, was the code name for one in a series of large-scale rehearsals for the D-Day invasion of Normandy, which took place on Slapton Sands or Slapton Beach in Devon. The first practice assault took place on the morning of 27 April. H-hour was set for 7:30 am, and was to be preceded by a live firing exercise to acclimatize the troops to the sights, sounds and even smells of a naval bombardment. During the landing itself, live rounds were to be fired over the heads of the incoming troops by forces on land, for the same reason. This followed an order made by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, who felt that the men must be hardened by exposure to real battle conditions. The British heavy cruiser HMS Hawkins was to shell the beach with live ammunition, from 6:30 to 7:00 am, giving the beachmasters half an hour to inspect the beach and declare it safe. However, several of the landing ships for that morning were delayed, and the officer in charge decided to delay the bombardment until 8:30am. This message was received by HMS Hawkins, but not by a number of the landing craft, with the result that troops were landing on the beach at the same time as the bombardment was taking place. This unfortunate mix-up resulted in a "friendly fire" incident with 946 American servicemen losing their lives. 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. As a result it has been a largely "forgotten" disaster of WWII. On June 6 Operation Overlord, or the D-Day landings, took place, when 155,000 Allied troops shipped from England land on the beaches of Normandy in northern France. It was the largest amphibious military operation in history and was the beginning of the liberation of France and the other countries in Europe invaded by Nazi Germany. D-Day Landings Also in 1944, on July 20 there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt on the life of Adolf Hitler led by Claus von Stauffenberg. Führerhauptquartier, Stauffenberg, Hitler At the beginning of August 1944 the Warsaw Uprising began and lasted until October 2, when it was finally ended by Nazi troops. Warsaw Uprising Symbol Also in August of that year, the Gestapo, acting on a tip off from a Dutch informer, sealed-off an area in an Amsterdam warehouse and captured Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family. They were placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz, and on October 30, Anne Frank and sister Margot Frank are deported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. In militaria The .44 Remington Magnum or .44 Special are popular large-bore cartridge calibres. Originally designed for revolvers, a their introduction, they were quickly adopted for carbines and rifles as well. 44 calibre ammo However many people mistakenly believe that the Smith & Wesson (S&W) .44 calibre revolver heavily featured in numerous Hollywood movies, particularly Clint Eastwood's Dirty Harry is called the .44 Magnum (the most powerful handgun in the world), neither of which are true. The revolver used in those movies is actually the Smith & Wesson Model 29, a six-shot, double-action revolver chambered for the .44 Magnum cartridge. It comes in a variety of models with 3″, 4″, 5″, 6″, 6½", 8″ and, later, 10″ barrel lengths. StG 44 The StG 44 (Sturmgewehr 44) is an assault rifle developed in Nazi Germany during World War II that was the first of its kind to see major deployment and is considered by many historians to be the first modern assault rifle. It is also known under the designations MP 43 and MP 44 (Maschinenpistole 43, Maschinenpistole 44 respectively). Sturmgewehr StG44 Pzf 44 Panzerfaust 44 "Lanze" (or Pzf 44 in short) is an antitank weapon. Development of this weapon commenced circa 1960, with grenade and launcher developed by German company Dynamit-Nobel AG. The Pzf 44 entered German service during mid-sixties and in several modifications served until mid-eighties, when it was replaced by moremodern Panzerfaust 3 (Pzf 3) weapon. It is a .44 Magnum carbine with a synthetic stock and stainless steel fittings. In common with many Ruger carbines it uses a rotary magazine which holds 4 rounds and fits inside the stock under the breech. Panzerfaust 44 "Lanze" Pzf 44 DL-44 The BlasTech Industries DL-44 heavy blaster pistol was a powerful sidearm from the time of the Galactic Civil War (yes, a little bit of sci-fi talk here). The DL-44 is described as a powerful, highly modifiable and accurate blaster pistol. BlasTech Industries DL-44 heavy blaster pistol – tech drawing However, in outward design it is uncannily like the (real) German "Broomhandle" Mauser C96 pistol, used by both its German creators and the Ottoman Empire during World War I, and wound up in the hands of such notable figures as T. E. 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following the First World War. "Broomhandle" Mauser C96 The T-44 was a medium tank first produced towards the end of the Second World War by the Soviet Union. It was the successor to the famous T-34. Fewer than two thousand T-44s were built, but the design became the basis for the T-54/55 series of main battle tanks, the most-produced tank of all time. Soviet T44 tank The TKX is a relatively new Japanese tank with a 120mm gun, costing approximately $7 million and weighing in at 44 tons weight. Japanese Army TKX 44 ton tank Sometimes known as the 'mystery tank', the A-44 was developed as T-34 modernization program in 1941. 29-30 tonns, Hull front armour – up to 75 at 60 degrees, sides – 60mm, 76.2mm and 57mm cannons, 600hp enqine. Only paper project. A-44 'mystery' tank One B-29A was handed over to Pratt & Whitney to be used as a testbed for the installation of the new Wasp Major 28-cylinder engines in the B-29. They came up with the XB-44 variant. XB-44-1 variant of the B-29A X-44 MANTA The Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA (Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft) was a conceptual aircraft design that has been studied by NASA and the U.S. Air Force. It was intended to test the feasibility of full yaw, pitch and roll control without tailplanes (horizontal or vertical), attitude manipulation relying purely on 3D thrust vectoring. The aircraft design was derived from the F-22 Raptor and featured a stretched delta wing and no tail surfaces. The Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA (Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft) T-44A The T-44A "Pegasus" aircraft is a twin-engine, pressurized, fixed-wing monoplane, manufactured by Beech Aircraft Corporation, Wichita, Kansas, whose mission is to train Navy and Marine Corps pilots. The T-44A "Pegasus" Cities on the 44th parallel include, Minneapolis, Simferopol (Ukraine), Bordeaux (France), Belgrade and Šabac (Serbia), Halifax (Nova Scotia, Canada), Bucharest (Romania), Pierre (South Dakota), Augusta (Maine), and Montpelier (Vermont). Cities on the 44th line of longitude include, São Luís (Brazil), Sana'a (Yemen), Baghdad (Iraq), Nizhny Novgorod (Russia), Hargeisa (Somalia), Arbil (Iraqi Kurdistan), Yerevan (Armenia), and Tbilisi (Georgia). 44 is the international direct dial code for phone calls to the United Kingdom; Interstate 44 is the freeway that runs from Texas to Missouri; U.S. Route 44, is the highway that runs from New York to Massachusetts; In Pennsylvania Route 44(PA 44), is the long state highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania The name of a mysterious savior of Poland was prophesied by the Polish national poet Adam Mickiewicz in his masterpiece dramatic poem Dziady (Forefathers). In scene 5 of act 3, the priest Piotr announces a "reviver of the nation" who is to bring back the lost freedom of Poland, and describes him as: "Born from a foreign mother, his blood of ancient heroes, And his name will be forty and four." 44 is the name of a variant of the card game poker. +44 is the name of a band that includes Blink-182 vocalist/bassist Mark Hoppus and Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker. 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Статьи о жизни и смерти. Журнал "Похоронный Дом" Статьи о жизни и смерти. Аллея памяти Статьи о жизни и смерти. Зарубежье Abandoned Ontario cemetery with graves of Black settlers to be restored after campaign by local advocates Photograph of a slave boy in Zanzibar c. 1890 Source: Wikipedia.org https://adoption.com/wiki/Slaves_and_Adoption Haldimand County, which is working to acquire the site, budgeting $100K for rehabilitation Michael Smee · CBC News Aileen Duncan stands near the entrance to the abandoned cemetery where several of her ancestors are buried. (Mike Smee/CBC) An abandoned cemetery southeast of Hamilton which is the final resting place for Black settlers — including the niece of a famed anti-slavery icon — will soon be restored thanks to some local volunteers and county councillors. People who escaped slavery in the United States are buried at the Street-Barnes Cemetery, tucked away in a copse of trees in the middle of a field. No one's been buried there since the 1940s, and the 500-square-metre site is now littered with overturned tombstones, unkempt brush, dead trees and tangles of old fence wire. Sylvia Weaver, a local historian and author, says at least a dozen people are buried in the cemetery, which is near Canfield in Haldimand County — including Carrie Barnes, whose renowned aunt Harriet Tubman helped slaves escape to Canada via the Underground Railroad in the 1800s. Rosemary Sadlier, a Toronto-based historian and former president of the Ontario Black History Society, says the rehabilitation work can't come soon enough. "Often, sadly, because of racism, because of ignorance, because of migration, the presence of people of African descent in certain communities is completely erased," she said, noting that cemeteries "often provide the only tangible evidence of their living there ... of a Black settlement." Sylvia Weaver, a local author, worked to persuade Haldimand County to erect a memorial to the area's Black settlers in 2018. (Mike Smee/CBC) 'It's Canadian history' Aileen Duncan, from nearby Hamilton and a descendant of the Street family, after whom the cemetery is named, said it was a "thrill" for her to see her great-great-grandparents' names at the site. "This just absolutely left me speechless," she said. Tombstones lie broken at the historic Street-Barnes Cemetery, soon to be the subject of a $100,000 facelift. (Chris Mulligan/CBC) Only eight grave markers are still visible, but Duncan says it's important that everyone be able to visit the site, not just those whose relatives are buried there. "This isn't just for my family or the other descendants.... It's Canadian history." But, right now, the site is not accessible to the public. Duncan, who uses a walker, needs to get permission before she can visit her ancestors' graves because the cemetery is on private land and is publicly inaccessible from the nearest road. The current landowner allows Duncan into the site using his driveway because she has promised not to hold him liable for any potential injuries. $100K budget set for rehabilitation Duncan, Weaver and Graeme Bachiu, a local filmmaker, have been advocating for the cemetery's restoration for several years and it appears they're finally getting some traction. Coun. John Metcalfe, who sits on Haldimand County council and its heritage board, says Haldimand is in the process of acquiring the cemetery and has budgeted about $100,000 for its rehabilitation. Haldimand County Coun. John Metcalfe has been helping organize the drive to take over and rehabilitate the Street-Barnes Cemetery. 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pjdickens Activism, Africa, Boycott Namibia, Hatem Yavuz, Namibia Seals, Pat Dickens, Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd, The Seals of Nam Leave a comment The beginning of September I was fortunate enough to make representation on behalf of The Seals of Nam to the Namibian Government regarding their annual seal cull. Part of my presentation included handing over a petition with over ten thousand signatures from people supporting a boycott of Namibia and requesting the Government to immediately end the slaughter of 91 000 seals each year (the largest slaughter of wildlife on earth) This was a massive success, as it certainly got the tourism industry very worried. The problem with the meeting was that the Ombudsman, who is to make a decision regarding the future of this barbaric practice, failed to give any clear indication as to when he will make decision. He implied that it would be before September 2012. Not good enough. This would allow for another season of slaughter and consequently another 91 000 animals brutally and savagely bludgeoned to death. The next step is to petition the ombudsman into placing an immediate moratorium on ALL seal culling activities until such stage as he has made his decision. Clearly, the seal cull in Namibia has been shown to be not only an animal rights issue, but it also impacts on the economy. The workers involved are being exploited to such an extent that they live in makeshift shacks while an elite foreigner, Hatem Yavuz, reaps millions from his fur businesses. We have also produced Namibian legislation, such as the Animal Protection Act and The Marine Resources Act to show that the annual massacre is in contravention of Namibia's own laws. It is ILLEGAL. YOU can help us getting this moratorium passed. Please sign the petition by clicking HERE Namibia. Seal cull facts. pjdickens Africa, animal rights, Animal testing, aphrodisiac, Boycott Namibia, Charlize Theron, fur, habitat loss, IFAW, Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd, seal culling, seals, South Africa Leave a comment Tomorrow the annual slaughter of thousands of seals is set to begin in Namibia. I am getting a lot of people asking me the same questions and how to respond to various counter arguments. In order for you to understand the complexities, and to put the whole thing in perspective, I have put this note together. Please feel free to use, tag and share. The Seals are eating the fish. Their numbers need to be controlled. What do you expect them to eat? Lettuce? The seal population has dropped from over 2 million to less than 850 000. They are an endangered species, appearing on both Appendix II of CITES as well as on the IUCN Red List. They have a natural mortality rate of over 30% in the first few weeks of being born. 90% of their preferred habitats of small off shore islands have been wiped out in the last 60 years. They have suffered several mass die offs, the most recent being in 2006 where an estimated 350 000 seals died from starvation. This is the largest die off of any marine mammal in recorded history. Cape Fur Seals will normally breed every third year. By killing the baby at seven months, the seal cows will breed EVERY year. If the seals are eating the fish, why are they beating baby seals to death? These juveniles are still suckling from the teat and only begin to eat solids at around 12 months. Is it simply coincidence their soft pelts are more valuable?? Since independence, the Namibian government increased its annual fishing harvest from 300 000 tons to 600 000 tons without doing any sustainability studies. At the time, the colony stood at well over million, and you can ask any avid fisherman, fish were PLENTIFUL in Namibia. The annual slaughter then killed 30 000 seals. Now, the population stands at 850 000 seals, there are no fish and they slaughter 91 000. 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no sense. They are not doing this to protect fisheries. This is a blatant case of gross mismanagement of resources based on economic greed. When SA ended our seal culling policy in 1990, our own fisheries were up in arms. But, SA fishing industry has seen nothing but positive growth. The best way to control their numbers would be to end this slaughter immediately, give the seals the protection they deserve and allow the population to stabilise and recover. The Slaughter provides much needed employment and is an important industry for Govt revenue. The slaughter of seals in Namibia is not an industry. It amounts to nothing more than a small business. If a pelt retails for $7 and the govt get $2 of that, the equation is simple. US$2 x 91 000 seals = $182 000. Grannies knitting circle can do better. When the annual quota for slaughter stood at 30 000 seals, 160 people were involved in the clubbing. The quota now stands at 91 000 and only 81 people are SEASONALLY employed for 4 months of the year. They earn less than R50/day. (Around US$8 per day) A seal pelt sells for US$7 It takes 6 pelts to make a coat. These coats sell for US$30 000.00 The money goes to a foreign Turkish businessman who sucks the money OUT of Namibia so he can live the high life in Australia. There is no profit sharing scheme in place. The workers live in tin shacks in shanties in Henties Bay. They cannot even feed their families. Drug and alcohol abuse is rife. Domestic violence is common. Beating hundreds of baby animals to death each day is an assault on their human dignity. They have no recourse to stress and trauma councelling. A medium sized hotel, with tours to the colony, sight seeing etc can employ as many as 1000 people. All year round. Niche markets can be developed for seal guano as fertilizer, conservation initiatives developed, skills training, job creation. Models based on eco-tourism show that 80 x more revenue can be generated with subsidary industries being developed. But no; Namibia will carry on violating its own laws to get a benefit of less than $200 000 in revenue. Your decision to boycott has back fired. Namibia has now banned media from covering the cull and a boycott is unfair to the people of Namibia. Backfired? Don't be naive! This is an incredible VICTORY! Boycott was NOT our first option. We began this campaign by first looking into a broad spectrum of alternatives. We approached the Namibian SPCA and asked them to intervene. To our shock and horror, it turned out they do not believe a seal is an animal and they publicly condoned the cull. We turned to the Ministry of Fisheries. In the face of no scientific evidence, the Ministry blamed the mismanagement of their own resources of the seals. Respected organizations from around the world pleaded with the government, the Ministry of Fisheries, the Directorate of Environmental Affairs and the Department of Environment and Tourism. Francois Hugo met with the Prime Minister, campaigns got no-where. Individuals wrote letters to Namibian embassies around the world. Despite an EU ban on seal products, the seals continued to be slaughtered and journalists were getting beaten up and detained on non existent laws. After exhausting all possible angles, we found we were left with no other alternative but to institute an economic boycott. Namibia are feeling the pressure. They have responded with a media ban. This is GREAT! I am absolutely thrilled! Firstly, it shows that the boycott is having an effect. It has got the Namibian Government to react. Now we have yet ANOTHER avenue to attack them with. Not only is this an animal rights issue, where Namibia are contravening their own animal protection act, this is also a human rights issue. Namibia are violating their media laws and the freedom of speech. It does not mean the media is out of the picture. 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will demand to know what is going on. When South Africa was under Apartheid, we were hit with boycotts. This was done to generate media awareness and force a change in the status quo. Sadly people in South Africa were affected even though they did not support the government policy. While we regret this "collateral damage" we implore the citizens of Namibia to demand that the government change its seal culling policy with immediate effect. It is costing Namibia untold millions. It is tarnishing the reputation of a fantastic country and is crippling an already unstable economy. If change comes from within, the slaughter will be ended a lot sooner than from external pressure of foreigners. The slaughter of seals is about maintaining balance. It is a conservation initiative. Get real! The removal of any apex predator from the food chain goes against all scietifically proven and internationally accepted conservation practices. The fact that hundreds of thousands of these animals are bludgeoned to death, even though they are endangered, is nothing short of foolish, iniquitous, barbaric and savage. CITES does allow for a sustainable harvest. The conditions to this are that the harvest falls under the juristiction of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. This is not a sustainable harvest. It is a commercial harvest, as the slaughter falls under the Department of Fisheries. Here AGAIN, Namibia are contravening their own laws. The juristiction of the Department of Fisheries is the off-shore islands, the sea, the sea bed up to the high water mark. Slaughter takes place on a reserve, 150 meters ABOVE the high water mark Have you ever been to see the colony or witnessed the slaughter? No. By the same token, one does not need to have survived Auschwitz in order to know German Nazi concentration camps were horrific, despicable and vile. Your argument is flawed. It is based on emotional reasoning, not scientific fact. The only people who have no scientific fact are the Namibian Government. Not a single publication of theirs in support of the slaughter has been acceptably peer reviewed using independent sources. Please refer to the following links before you make such groundless accusations. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y4652E/y4652e0c.htm http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/pendaprf.pdf http://www.harpseals.org/about_the_hunt/cape_fur_seal_alert.php http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=29210&no_cache=1 http://www.observer.com.na/component/content/article/12-slideshow/725-seal-culling-controversy-rages-on http://www.namibian.org/travel/namibia/cape-cross.html http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0025326X80900521 http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MFMR/Laws_and_Policies/docs/MarineRegulations.pdf http://books.google.co.za/books?id=0gcM467vDgcC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=seal+cull+protocol&source=bl&ots=yZyrJk_Mrr&sig=TO0BQpLfzqy65Ob2qu83zdy6LBI&hl=en&ei=ea4LTsXbK4iBOvb1-JEB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=seal%20cull%20protocol&f=false SA Journal of Science 2010, 106(3/4), 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asset_upload_file777_61691.pdf http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/s610.pdf Namibia's animal protection act http://www.environment-namibia.net/tl_files/pdf_documents/legal/acts/ACT_1962-12_%2371_Animals%20Protection%20Act.pdf I have tons of scientific information. Enough to fill 8 gigs. But there is only ONE piece of scientific information you need. Watch this clip and tell me if this is justifiable. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7EGV5Jw_V4 For further information, please refer to The Seals of Nam website. https://sites.google.com/site/thesealsofnam/ Boycott Namibia – Namibia Seal Cull pjdickens Air Namibia, aphrodisiac, Beer, Boycott Namibia, Cape Fur Seal, de Beers, Diamonds, Karakul, Namibia, seal culling, sex, Skeleton Coast Leave a comment Seal, skinned & left to rot on the ice floes With all the hype surrounding the Canadian seal cull, regular readers of this blog will know I decided to focus my attentions on the lesser known, but far more violent and cruel, Namibian seal slaughter. I began an intensive campaign called "The Seals of Nam" to spread the word and hopefully draw more attention to this heinous annual onslaught on the Cape Fur seals. Each year, 85 000 baby seals, still nursing from their mothers teats, are savagely beaten to death on the beaches of Namibia. Their pelts are sold for a paltry US$7. A further 6 000 bull seals are shot at point blank range so that their penises can be used to make an ineffective aphrodisiac. Read further and join me in fighting this madness. When I first began, I approached Francois Hugo, a man many believe to be the worlds leading expert on these animals. I informed Hugo of my intentions, not only with regards to an awareness campaign, but also to set up international protests and to even go so far as to institute an economic boycott of Namibia. Initially, it appeared as though Hugo was in favour of my plan. He willingly provided me with information and encouraged and supported my efforts. I used some of the info he provided me with on social media sites and credited him accordingly. However, for reasons still unclear to me, Hugo abruptly changed his tune. He accused me of stealing his info and labelled me with all manner of things. In his eyes, I was relegated to persona non grata, and (quoting) "a stupid prick behind a keyboard." He publicly let it be known that he thought protests and a boycott were a complete waste of time. HIS plan was the only solution to ending the cull. Basically it entailed giving him vast quantities on money. Some US$16 million if I am not mistaken. Personally, I find this amount rather distasteful and amounts to nothing more than emotional extortion. Never one to be shy of controversy, I did not allow his personal attack to dampen my enthusiasm for the project I had come to embrace. On the contrary, it strengthened my resolve to find an alternative solution and I began to achieve a certain measure of success. Protests sprang up all over the world, and top notch organizations such as Sea Shepherd, Fur Free SA, Beauty Without Cruelty, Bite Back, Seal Pup Defenders and the International Anti Fur Coalition sprang to my aid. Within a matter of weeks, we had celebrities endorsing our campaign and media were (and still are) reporting on our plans to BOYCOTT NAMIBIA . I am forever indebted to these organizations and cannot begin to thank them enough for their massive contributions. But how can YOU, the reader of this humble blog, predominantly from countries FAR removed from Namibia, possibly get involved? Well, we have put together a list of simple actions that would undoubtedly help the cause. To find out which companies are the major contributors to the Namibian GDP, who you can	0.00317	0.782216	-0.201573	-0.125781	[ -0.9446455445486591, 0.9509852491856253 ]	[ 0.7177532472563105, 0.8466785051106102 ]	[ -0.6406599855598244, 0.23751346947947882 ]	[ -0.32348529371229773, 0.07192298706214066 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 24129, 29918, 9009, 29918, 1445, 29955, 29955, 29955, 29918, 29953, 29896, 29953, 29929, 29896, 29889, 5140, 13, 1124, 597, 1636, 29889, 1389, 4977, 29889, 29872, 24861, 29889, 12932, 29914, 264, 29914, 1389, 29879, 1175, 4659, 29914, 1514, 29914, 29879, 29953, 29896, 29900, 29889, 5140, 13, 29940, 314, 747, 423, 29915, 29879, 13019, 13047, 1044, 1732, 597, 1636, 29889, 20944, 29899, 8588, 747, 423, 29889, 1212, 29914, 15206, 29918, 5325, 29914, 5140, 29918, 3225, 29879, 29914, 12018, 29914, 627, 29879, 29914, 17923, 29918, 29896, 29929, 29953, 29906, 29899, 29896, 29906, 29918, 29995, 29906, 29941, 29955, 29896, 29918, 21645, 1338, 29995, 29906, 29900, 1184, 371, 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Belgium extends 'right-to-die' to ill kids Belgium has become the first country to allow euthanasia for terminally ill children of any age. Belgium has become the first country to allow euthanasia for terminally ill children of any age. Picture: Stock.XCHNG Adult euthanasia Child euthanasia Terminally ill children Eyewitness News \| 2528 days ago BRUSSELS - Belgium became the first country to allow euthanasia for terminally ill children of any age on Thursday when its lower house of Parliament passed new 'right-to-die' legislation by a large majority. The law goes beyond Dutch legislation that set a minimum age of 12 for children judged mature enough to decide to end their lives. It has popular support in Belgium, where adult euthanasia became legal in 2002. In the Chamber of Representatives, 86 lawmakers voted in favor, 44 against and 12 abstained. Most opposition parties supported it, as well as the governing socialists and liberals. One man in the public gallery shouted 'murderers' in French when the vote was passed. The Christian Democrats, although members of Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo's coalition, voted against. Christian, Muslim and Jewish leaders denounced the law ahead of the vote in a rare joint declaration and Catholic bishops have led days of prayer and fasting against it. "This is not about lethal injections for children. This is about terminally ill children, whose death is imminent and who suffer greatly," said Carina Van Cauter, a lawmaker for the Flemish Liberal Democrats who back the law. "There are clear checks and balances in the law to prevent abuse," she said of the legislation, which now has to pass the largely symbolic stage of being signed by the country's monarch. 'SLIPPERY SLOPE' The vote has attracted more attention abroad than in Belgium, where none of the major newspapers carried the news of Thursday's vote on their front pages, and television news concentrated on Belgium being in the international spotlight. Children seeking to end their lives must be 'capable of discernment', the law says, and psychologists must test them to confirm they understand what they are doing. Parents must also approve of their child's decision. Supporters of the law say these safeguards would rule out the very young and teenagers not mature enough to decide. Opponents have dismissed these rules as arbitrary and warned the new law will lead to a slippery slope of ever wider interpretation and a 'banalisation' of euthanasia. Brussels Archbishop Andre-Joseph Leonard, head of the Catholic Church in Belgium, asked at a prayer vigil last week why the state wanted to give minors such responsibility when they had to wait until 18 for many other legal rights. "The law says adolescents cannot make important decisions on economic or emotional issues, but suddenly they've become able to decide that someone should make them die," he said. Belgium's rules on euthanasia have come under international scrutiny in the past year after it granted the right to die to deaf twin brothers who were about to turn blind and to a transgender person after an unsuccessful sex change operation. The new law specifies that children seeking euthanasia must be terminally ill rather than just in a state of unbearable suffering, which is the qualification for adults. FEW EXPECTED TO OPT TO DIE Belgian nurse Sonja Develter, who has cared for some 200 children in the final stages of their lives since 1992, said she opposed the law. "In my experience as a nurse, I never had a child asking to end their life," Develter told Reuters before the vote. But requests for euthanasia did often come from parents who were emotionally exhausted after seeing their children fight for their lives for so long, she added. In practice, supporters of child euthanasia say, there are likely to be few minors who will be allowed to die. The Netherlands has had five cases of child euthanasia since the law went into effect there in 2002. 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La Basse Cour was settled in the mid 1800's as a diversified family farm. The first recording lists Samuel Craig who sold 205 acres to David Dixon in 1833. The next mentions Moses Kilpatrick and his wife Mary Ann who sold 100 acres in 1853 to Orrin Hanford. Charles and Eliza Hanford must have inherited the land from Orrin, as they are listed as the sellers to David and Elizabeth Dixon in 1866. The Hanfords built the farmhouse in 1853, and signed and dated the plastor in the parlor! The entire 372 acres was assembled by the Dixons and eventually sold to Herman and Florence Bouton in 1914. The Boutons sold the farm to brothers Paul and Grant White in 1935. The White family owned the tract until 1985 when all but 32.5 acres was leased and then sold to Einar Eklund after the farm shifted from dairy to sheep. The remaining parcel, including the farmhouse and all the outbuildings, was sold to Gary Cordial and Deborah Alton in 1991. For a short while it was a gentleman's farm; the farmhouse was lovingly restored and the land was used to graze beautiful Belgian draft horses. We purchased it from Deborah in 1996. Many of the original outbuildings remain today, including the hen house, sap house, ice house, dairy barn and carriage house for the horses that once powered the plows. Now we are restoring barns and outbuildings, raising chickens for eggs, vegetables, and sheep and goats for fiber, dreaming of the day when this farm comes full circle - a diversified family farm once again. And over 150 years later, the Hanford family legacy continues not only here on our farm, also at Hanford Mills Museum in East Meredith, where you can see the lumber and feed mills powered by a water wheel on the mill pond just as it was when this area was settled. La Basse Cour is a diversified family farm in balance with nature. Founded by the Hanford family in the mid 1800's, this farm was operated by horse-power and relied on natural methods of production. Land was cleared for pastures for grazing the livestock who returned rich manure for fertilizer. Timber was used to build the house, the barns and the outbuildings, and a woodlot was managed for a constant supply of firewood for heat and for cooking. A no-name creek that flows into the West Branch of the Delaware River runs through the farm and at one time provided power for a grain mill, ice for refrigeration, and water for the farm animals. A gravity-fed spring provided clean water to the barn and for the family. A horse-drawn wagon took the family into town for worship and for supplies they didn't produce for themselves on the farm. It was a life in harmony with its surroundings, its natural resources and their cycles. Over the years, the original 300+ acres were sub-divided and sold as our region continues to change. We have been fortunate to add back a parcel, including a wetland filled with native plants and wildlife which also acts as a buffer for snowmelt and heavy rains. We are working toward our goal of being self-sustaining for hay and grain for our farm animals and wood for our woodstoves, with an additional parcel of meadow and woods. These parcels have been walked with Michael Kudish, our very own Catskills Forest Historian, and namesake of the Michael Kudish Natural History Preserve and cataloged for your exploration and enjoyment as well. Much has changed in the 150+ years since the farm was founded, yet we strive to restore that harmony within today's context as we raise our produce and farm animals, and operate our farm store, studio, and bed & breakfast for your enjoyment. Our personal values coupled with our chosen location in this beautiful, environmentally sensitive area of the Catskill Watershed motivates us each day to seek ways to minimize our impact and work to regenerate the natural resources we are so fortunate to live among. We invite our visitors and guests to share in this ongoing labor of love. Stay among our animal friends, bask in their love and nearly irresistable charm! 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EFE THE MENTOR ISSUES & SOLUTIONS PRESS & ACCOLADES Youth Mentoring & Inspiration For The World To Shine Ushine ishine MENTORING OUR CHILDREN TO LIGHT THE WORLD WITH GREATNESS & SHINE LIKE THE SUN IINSPIRING For over 10 successsful years Ushine Ishine has mentored, taught and guided thousands of our Children and Young people all over the UK from the ages of 3 - 25 years. We enable all of our students and mentees to shine bright in their Personal Development, Education, Relationships and the most important Life Skills. This is always delivered in the most magical, fun. energetic and engaging way. Our Philosophy and Vision is to 'Empower every child to shine then show others that they can and will Shine too' Adults & millennials coach DREAM BIG BRIGHT & BEAUTIFULLY Efe has created and facilitated thousands of workshops, working with Schools, Colleges, Universities, Prisons, Charities and businesses as part of professional development, lifeSkills and education programmes. She has also mentored hundreds of young people to go after their dreams and make them a reality. Want Efe to inspire your young to Shine ? Efe has spoken at schools conferences and events all over the UK on youth issues, popular culture, media, positivity, fashion, technology, advertising, creativity, culture, careers and other current trends and issues. Want Efe to speak at your event and shine? TV EXPERT We love being part of TV, Radio and the Online world. Efe has been a Presenter for the BBC and has appeared numerous times on SKY News for interviews and appearances as a Youth Expert and Inspirational Speaker. She is also a vlogger, producer and writer. Want to book Efe for a Media Appearance? Our Joy is to work on Youth Issues with people who care about children and their future. We consult with education bodies, government agencies, TV companies and Charities. Want to book Efe for a Consulation? Efe has been one of the UK's leading Youth Mentors for over a decade. She has dedicated her life to the service of our children. Efe has worked with every age group from babies to young adults. Many believe that she truly has a gift. She is multi-dimensional and also works in other roles from being a TV Youth Expert, TV Presenter, Keynote Speaker, TV/Radio Producer, Blogger, Vlogger, Writer, Author, Primary School Ambassador, Designer, Secondary School Board Member. In 2018, she was awarded the 'British Empire Medal' on the Queen's New Years Honours List for her services to Young people. Most Importantly, she is a lover of life, encouraging pure happiness, passionate about humanity and learning more about this wonderful world. A professional & dedicated mentor is a shortcut to success and happiness Benefits of a Mentor GALLERY OF SHINE Youth Issues & Solutions Higher Inspirations Over the many years of mentoring we have observed that young people have specific problems and challenges that can distinctively relate to their transition from childhood to adulthood. However, in our rapidly changing time there are additional issues that we have not seen or experienced before as adults that young people are having to deal with like online bullying, anxiety, stress, exams, higher rates of low self-image, long-term unemployment, racism, family fractures, low self-confidence, victims of youth violence, loneliness, sexuality, identity, standards of beauty, and constant Peer Pressure to be less than you are. Most importantly, and sadly they feel so disenfranchised from society and disconnected from adults who they feel are not invested in their future. Plus much more. These issues are not just UK wide but globally. The teenage years are a wonderful stage of life so we encourage young people to focus on the good and then we support and elevate them to speak out about their issues and then feel comfortable to seek out the professional help. We are a youth resource for them to face a problem and move forward to creating a better a happier foundation for their lives. 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Vol. 22, No. 08 (19 – 25 Feb 2019) / All India Shiksha Hunkaar Rally in Delhi Student-Youth THE All India Forum for Right to Education (AIFRTE) organized a massive Shiksha Hunkaar rally in Delhi on 18 February. The rally began with a protest demonstration at Parliament street which was addressed by Prof. Anil Sadgopal, CPIML PB member Kavita Krishnan, CPI (M) PB member Brinda Karat, RJD spokesperson Prof. Manoj Jha, Prof. Hargopal, Samajwadi Jan Parishad's Aflatoon, Advocate Ashok Agrawal, Social jurist (Delhi High Court) and several others. The speakers affirmed their support for the struggle for a common school system that will ensure that be it a child of rich or poor, all of them get same quality education as a right. Addressing the protestors, Com. Kavita Krishnan expressed solidarity with AIFRTE's demand and said that CPIML was committed for fighting for quality public education for all. She also condemned the attacks on the social justice provisions in education and employment and said that the attempts to end reservation through 13 point roster and 10% reservation for the general category must be strongly resisted. Prof. Manoj Jha also shared that his party supported the demand for the common school system and would fight against attacks on reservation. Prof. Anil Sadgopal and Prof. Hargopal talked about the various educational policies of the current government including Draft Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) bill, National Medical Council Bill, 13 point roster, etc. that are leading to inequality and exclusion. Effigies of such educational policies were also burnt. The rally then proceeded from Parliament Street to Ambedkar Bhawan and was joined by several student and youth organizations. A people's parliament on education was held at Ambedkar Bhawan which was presided by Prof. Prabhat Patnaik, Prof. KM Shrimali, Prof. Zhatsu Terhuja, Prof. Chakradhar Rao, Sri Prabhakar Arade and Prof. Anil Sadgopal. AIFRTE has also been conducting a nation-wide referendum on educational policies and the ballot papers of the referendum were also distributed. The People's Parliament was addressed by representatives of various people's, students and youth movements. Prof. Prabhat Patnaik highlighted the fascist attacks on education across the world and shared how fascist regimes across the world focus on critical education as one of their main targets. Kawalpreet (AISA, Delhi unit president) shared how the universities are being destroyed by the current government through privatization and other policies of exclusion. She said that student movement in the country will resist all such attacks and carrying forward the dream of Rohith Vemula, will continue to fight for the right of quality education for all. She demanded that charges of sedition against student leaders must be withdrawn and the crackdown on campus democracy must end. JNUSU President N Sai Balaji also addressed the People's Parliament. He asked that if education is a fundamental right, why is it that it is only the poor quality schooling that is available for the poor. Right to education must ensure similar high quality education for all. He also pointed that the attack on public Higher education institutes was also to ensure the rise and profits of the private universities in India. He said the student-youth movement will continue to resist the agenda of saffronization and neo-liberal assaults on education. Several groups presented songs of resistance and protest. Comrades from Sangwari also presented revolutionary songs on the occasion. The People's Parliament adopted two resolutions- the first resolution condemned the illegal arrest and the continuing threat of arrest on false charges against Prof. Anand Teltumbde, member of the AIFRTE Presidium. The second resolution demanded that any future government should reverse the trend of corporatization being followed at the command of WTO-GATS in pursuit of the neo-liberal reforms policies promoting profit-making in education and contractualisation of services. It also stated its unequivocal opposition to the communalization in education. 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Darling Darling has a plot so complicated that only two persons in the cast finally understand what has happened, and those two do not include the heroine or the hero. The heroine cannot understand it for the simple reason that she has just about enough gray matter to crack jumbles of one letter, and any plot that needs more than that much of language to narrate would be too much for the poor girl. The hero cannot understand it for an even simpler reason - the movie doesn't have a hero! So read on as we narrate the mind-numbing plot, but be warned that you will be using up your next 9 months' quota of IQ. Kiran (Saikiran) starts out by trying to be the hero of the movie when he promises a friend that he'll get him married to his sweetheart (the friend's sweetheart, not Kiran's - the complications don't start so early) against all opposition. Unfortunately, he's grossly overestimated his machismo, and has to run away from the village when he's caught in the process of running away with the girl (this latter running away is what he does before he actually needs to run away, which is the former running away, that is a consequence of the latter running away - and the complications haven't even started). Incidentally, a good way to read this review is to ignore everything in brackets. A better way is to ignore everything outside them, too. If you are still around, well, here we go again. Chinni falls despoly in love with a girl Lata (Shaheen) who he sees randomly for about 5 seconds. He swears that he will now sing only with her, and confines his little black book (actually that's more like a little black book library) to the flames. He manages to get to know her address, but on the way there gets his car into a lady who eventually turns out to be Lata's aunt. He beats it from there fearing an enraged crowd. Kiran, who coincidentally just happens to be at the same spot, helps put aunt in a hospital, but scared that there will be a police case, gives Chinni's card as his identity. Now Lata, whose real name is Hema (no, it is Shaheen, but in the movie), is grateful to this Chinni (actually Kiran), and calls him home, but Chinni (the real Chinni) is scared to take the call because he is afraid they'll find out he did the accident, and so gives all the calls to Kiran, who is Chinni anyway now to Lata, Hema, and their cumulative aunt. Chinni (the Kiran Chinni) and Hema fall in love over some conversations on the phone whose profundity makes you wish you were 4 years old all over again. They are about to meet up, but then Chinni (the Chinni Chinni) realizes that Hema is his Lata, and decides that he is going to be the villain of the movie, since there is no one fit to be hero. He does a pretty good job of making sure that Kiran and Hema fail to meet despite repeated attempts, and is happy when Kiran's dad (Chandramohan) fixes up a match for Kiran, but then realizes that the bride-to-be just happens, again, to be Hema. And he's at it all over again trying to disrupt the marriage. The film proceeds now at breakneck speed (relative, that is, to a full-length documentary feature on the life and times of a desert snail). Kiran realizes that Chinni is trying to steal Hema, and thus becomes only the second member in the cast to know what is happening. But since Srikanth is the bigger star (relative, relative, so don't get so worked up), Kiran can't be the hero (and given his screen presence, you're happy for that), and so is dragged away by the goons. Hema's granddads' henchmen now accost Chinni, and he badly beats them up, thereby giving the all-important twist to this movie where the bad guy beats up the good guys in the climax. Since he's now done what the hero is supposed to do, he decides he might as well become the hero, and sacrifices his love by uniting Kiran and Hema. But it is too late! The audiences have already left! 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An MBA is something that is more of an assurance to graduates, of better career prospects and a better salary. Evidently, some countries are known to have good faculties across their universities while others have better placement records, but what are 'the'' countries that offer stupendous placements, unparalleled teaching and learning, state of the art infrastructure and great exposure all under one roof for students from around the world? Below is a list of 6 destinations that have the best MBA courses globally. The United States of America, the country where power roars, and dollar rules, is the main place for the best MBA education. It is a no brainer that US business schools rule the global league tables for the subject. According to a recent survey from the global business rankings as suggested by the Financial Times, for the year 2018, 12 business schools in the USA are amongst the top 20; Harvard, Stanford, and Columbia are the most elite universities in terms of education. Considering the world's foremost influencers, Sony's CEO, the founders of eBay and Nike are all alumni from these three paramount educational institutes. Regarding the cost of living, tuition fees, and other expenses, an amount of $112,000 for 10 months is a fair estimate, if a student wants to pursue an MBA at any of these prestigious institutions. Other than these elite institutions, students can also consider other options like Michigan State University which offers more economically healthy options. For any international student, the average cost of any MBA college in the United States would be around $90,000. Also known as the origin of business, France is the next country in the world after the United States of America which is the leading provider of prodigious business professionals. According to popular ranking websites, INSEAD Business School is among the highest grosser of valuable MBA graduates who are valued and seized by the biggest Multinational Corporations of the world. As per a survey conducted by Financial Times, INSEAD is on the brink of out-ranking UK's top academic institution i.e. Cambridge. Few of the other elite business schools after INSEAD, are HEC Paris, EDHEC Business School and Grenoble Ecole de Management. The average cost of a 10 month MBA programme taught at these top institutions, inclusive of everything for any international MBA aspirant is around $67, 131. The salary of any MBA professional successfully graduating from these universities is around $105,700 per year. The range of educational expenses may depend on the ranking of the university or college. Students should spend a minimum of six months preparing for the GMAT. If your proficiency in English is better than your mathematics, then focus on solving more quantitative problems. If it is the opposite, then read more to enhance your English language. It is vital to read newspapers (The Times, Guardian and Daily Telegraph) and rewrite the articles in your own words. There are hundreds of websites offering GMAT mock-tests, while some websites also analyse your test performance and give you timely reports with advice. Since the last 10 years, India has proven to be the producer of worthy and notable professionals, who at present are handling top positions at many multinational corporations. Companies like Google, Microsoft, MasterCard, Nokia, Adobe, PepsiCo, and others have Indian CEOs which inspires trust in the country's educational pyramid. IIMs and IITs are two profound educational foundations in the country which has in the past developed majority of the global influencers the world has today. Regarding the cost of education, accommodation and other living expenses involved, the cost per student can be around $ 42, 522 per year. The only challenging point here is the already existing highly competitive entry in India. The country has a population who invest a minimum of two years on an average to get themselves into colleges like IIM Ahmedabad and IIM Bangalore. If you wish to get an entry into the affordable yet highly competitive business schools of India, then you have to attain nothing short of an excellent GMAT score. Known as Asia's tiger economy, Singapore stands tall in the world for hosting some of the best business schools in the world. 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Ableton Live III: Shape Your Own Audio & Beats Brian Jackson, Music Producer, Audio Engineer, Musician, Author 14 Lessons (1h 21m) 1. Trailer 2. Audio Preferences and Dealing with Latency 3. Recording Audio in Session View 4. Recording Audio in Arrangement View 5. Beats Mode in Detail 6. Other Warp Modes in Detail 7. Sample Box Parameters 8. Warp Options in the Context Menu 9. Intermediate Warping Techniques 10. Cropping Clips 11. Clip To Sample Instrument 12. Impulse and Simpler 101 13. Drum Racks 101 14. Saving Custom Presets 19 students are watching this class Create a 30-second song. It can be from scratch or using a combination of MIDI sounds and Live's sample instruments. Experiment with the sounds you like best. Ableton Live 9 is uniquely powerful audio software, equally strong in helping you create, produce, and perform music. This third, 79-minute class from audio engineer, musician, and producer Brian Jackson is all about working with audio samples. It's perfect for learning how to record and import sound, work with a wide range of samples, make beats, and warp full tracks. The class culminates with a practical, thorough look at using Live's sample instruments so that you can achieve the sound you want. Whether you're a producer, musician, or audio enthusiast, you'll have all the knowledge you need to create your very own short song. Ready to learn more? Check out all 4 classes in Brian's series: Ableton Live I: The First Steps of Digital Music Production Ableton Live II: MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) Ableton Live IV: Finishing a Track Create a 30-second song from scratch or audio samples Music Producer, Audio Engineer, Musician, Author Brian Jackson is an internationally released electronic musician and audio engineer. He was one of the first Ableton Certified Trainers, is the author of both The Music Producer's Survival Guide (2018) and The Music Producer's Survival Stories (2014), and specializes in one-on-one training in audio engineering and music production for beginners and Grammy winners alike. Music Production Creative Ableton Live Skillshare Original Using Push 2 to Play Chords and Scales Will Edwards 1. Trailer: Ableton Live is uniquely powerful audio software because it's equally strong in three areas helping you to create, produce, and also perform music. Though other software is useful for one or two of these, nothing comes close to being as good at all three. This class, part of my Ableton series here on Skillshare, is perfect for getting started and learning the fundamentals of Ableton Live 9. Whether, you're a producer, musician, sound designer, DJ, or just interested in working with audio or MIDI on a computer. In this third class, we're going to get into recording audio into live. I'll show you how to set up your audio interface, how to set good levels, and then how to manipulate your new audio recordings for practical and creative effect. We'll dig deeper into warping audio clips as we cover a central concepts and techniques for working with long files, such as whole songs, which is great not only for Dj-ing with live, but also doing remixes, mashups, and sampling in general. Finally, I'll introduce you to Ableton's core sample playback virtual instruments: simpler, impulse, and drum racks. So, you can use MIDI to perform parts with any sound that you want. My name is Brian Jackson, and I'm an electronic musician, audio engineer, author, and educator based here in Brooklyn, New York. I've been around music my whole life and had been making music with computers since the mid '90s. I was one of the very first Ableton certified trainers and I'm the author of the Music Producers' Survival Guide Chaos Creativity and Career in Independent and Electronic Music and its companion book full of interviews, the Music Producers' Survival Stories. For well over a decade, I've taught every level of student from true beginners to Grammy winners. 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production is my passion and I love teaching people how to do what I do for a living, Let's get started. 2. Audio Preferences and Dealing with Latency: So, you may have guessed that we're looking at recording audio right now. Well, in fact, the topic of this class or this class in general is going to be about audio and sampling, but recording audio is going to be a big part of it. So, I figured it'd be a good way to start out and show you how that would work. But mainly for this particular topic, is going to be looking at the preferences and a couple of the basic configuration and setup items that commonly cause people a little bit of problems. So, first off, let's go into our preferences. Before you start on anything, you need to make sure that you have the right driver selected, on Mac this will always be CoreAudio, in Windows, use ASIO A-S-I-O if possible. I have here my Fireface 800 selected as my input and I've also told it which inputs to enable, you can save a little CPU if you have some of them turned off. Then for the outputs, the same although for our purposes right now the output's not going to be as important as the input. Then the sample rate which you can see I have set here at 44,100, that will serve most people most of the time. Then for my recording settings here, the file type I was recording was an AIFF and see the track name was bass and so it name my file bass.aiff and you can see there it's 44.1 and 24 bit and that's because I picked 24 bit as my bit depth and that's the one I recommend you use. There's really no reason to use 16 bit, and 32 bit is really a special case kind of use. So, just use 24 bit for all your recordings if possible. Then we'll come back to this a little later but I did also tell everyone early on in my first class to turn off the start transport with record option. Now, one of the issues people commonly have problems with is what is known as latency. So, let me go back into the audio tab here and you'll see under the latency section, you have your buffer size and this is always given in samples and in samples in the same way that there are 44,100 samples per second for my sample rate. There's a trade off between how hard your CPU has to work and how much latency you have. Now, when you're recording with virtual instruments with a midi keyboard, this isn't as big a deal because there's only the output latency. But if you're recording vocals or bass, you may want to play around with this. Now, the fact of the matter is, I just set my buffer to what my CPU could handle because I wasn't even monitoring the bass through Ableton. To make sure that you're able to hear that, I had to do a couple different things while this was recording. The fact of the matter is as I was listening to my bass performance through my audio interface and notice that the input here was set to off. So, we'll come back to this in a little bit later on. But basically, because your computer needs to handle things like making sure the mouse moves, drawing the images on the screen, accessing the hard drive, it needs to buffer some samples ahead of time and everyone's computer is a little different. So, you can use this test tone not just for the purposes of hearing to make sure you're getting sound, but notice you can turn the CPU usage simulator up to 80 percent and then you can set your buffer until you start hearing crackles. So, let's jump all the way down to 32. Yeah that's no good. A little better. Well, I just set it 512 and not worry about it. Have a few cracks there so maybe I want to go to 1,024. The only reason I'm even having to set that high is because I have screen-capture software running in the background. So, you can use the test here to figure out what your buffer setting is but the fact of the matter is you want to do what's called direct monitoring. So, if you do a search on any of your search engines, you'll find an article called Living with Latency on Sound on Sound website which by the way is the best audio tech magazine out there, I highly recommend it. This will walk you through why you have latency and it's good reading to do. 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of other websites. So, here's one I found on starthomerecording.com and explains how direct monitoring works. Basically, it has the output going to your headphones from your software at the same time, your guitar vocals are going in and you can mix between them. For those of you that are curious, this is my interface here. It has lots of functionality for helping me do all this direct monitoring stuff. So, let's go back into live. So, in the coming lessons, we're going to come back into recording audio and using audio for sampling and all sorts of different techniques and workflows. So, these basic configurations are the ones you're going to want to make sure you're comfortable with and I do recommend doing a little bit of reading on direct monitoring and latency. So, you don't really have to worry about it. But just one last little demo here. Let's set this backup all the way and I'm going to record enable this track that has my voice coming in on it. Check. Let me set the monitor to auto. Check. Check. Check. You can hear a delay there right now that's because we're monitoring through my interface right into where I'm recording my voice, and into live and you'll hear me talking at the same time. What if I go to 256 samples. So, notice there's maybe a little bit of an ambiance but there's no more delay. That's really the example here and you'll notice that my CPU is going to change drastically too. If I go to 128 I'm going about 21 percent and if I go all the way back up to 2,048 where I have an echo, you'll notice that the CPU dropped by about 10 percent. So, that is why we use direct monitoring and we don't have to care about what our buffer setting is. 3. Recording Audio in Session View: Now that we're all configured for recording audio, let's actually look at some workflows for recording audio in session view. Now you may recall from class two that we went over a lot of the different features you'd use for recording MIDI, and for the most part, they're all the same, whether we're talking about the metronome, the count in and also the quantization setting here in the control bar. So we don't need the metronome now because I'm going to use this drumbeat here, and this is just one of the loops that comes with live suite in the solid sounds pack. Then whenever I'm ready, essentially, I can click on this record button here and according to the quantization, it will come in and start recording. Now I want to first set the levels and that's something we've yet to talk about. So I have an analogue synth out here in the real world that I have plugged in. I have a coming into my audio interface. You can put 19 and 20 on your interface. It would be different depending on how you set everything up, and the level is set in the hardware. See, if I turn this down in here, it's not going to affect the level coming in. So you'd have to do that at your audio interface or on the synth. So what is a good level? Well, that would be a little too low and we are recording at 24-bit so we don't have to be all the way up. Somewhere above the minus 36 and between minus 6. So this would be a good level. If you record really low, at 24-bit, it'll still sound okay, possibly it'll still sound okay, but it'll be hard to see the waveforms. So, this would be a good solid signal for my 24-bit recording. If you're working in 16-bit, which there's no reason you should be, you might want to try to record it a little harder but this would be a good level regardless. So now that I'm sure that my level is set good, I'm not clipping, its not too low, I'm not amplifying too much noise, let's go ahead and do a couple takes. So actually maybe I want this to play. I'm going to practice along a little bit. Okay. That's going to go ahead and work great. So whenever I'm ready, I can just click on this circle to start, or I can give myself my count in and I have the trigger recording on launch preference set up here and let's go ahead and do this now. I want to see what I'm doing here. 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one, I can just click here whenever I'm ready. While we can't quantize audio in the same way, we can use our warping to tighten up our performances and we can do some basic quantizing. So I'm gonna do my shift command U, eighth-note triplet and let's see what it does. Essentially, you could see it did some quantizing for me. Let's go to tones. Let's go into this one. Let's set this to one bar. Let's just go to a straight eighth note. If I wanted to do another one, I can just go ahead. You'll see this sometimes when you're working with MIDI and synths, there'll be a little bit of latency at the beginning. So I'm going to drag that over, and then maybe I want to quantize this. So you can go back into any of the warping functionality we talked about earlier on. In the next class, we are going to talk about editing on the timeline in arrangement view, but the next topic is going to be about recording in arrangement view, and I'm gonna show you a loop recording technique that can be really useful when you want to keep trying the same thing over and over again and then picking just the best take. So that's a quick overview on recording audio in session view. Let's go onto recording in arrangement view now. 4. Recording Audio in Arrangement View: Now, the reason it's not recording anything, is because I've not turned on the Record button in the control bar. This is the first time we've actually talked about using this button up here. Now, this is the reason also I told you to turn off this preference in the Record Warp Launch tab. Start Transport with Record, if I had that on, the second I enabled Global Record up here, it would've started playing and for most people, you're not going to like that. So, this is what you're going to want to do. Set up the track you want to record on, set your levels, hit Record and then whenever you're ready, you can go ahead and have your Count-In active if you want or not. I'm going to turn off Loop and I'm just going to tell it where I want to start from. So, notice this was more of like a longer part. I had it going on for, in this case, eight bars roughly. Now, if I was going to do two bars or four bars then working in Session view is just fine. If I'm going to do 8, 16, 32 or even longer, then that's where Arrangement view is really useful. Now, I can zoom in here and I could do edits on the timeline, move things around, we could still do all of our warping, tricks down here in the Clip view and notice though that Loop is not on. This is the kind of stuff we're going to come back to in the next class, which is all about working in Arrangement view. So, that's one of the reasons I might want to record in here and that would be because I want to do a longer section or maybe I want to do a Loop recording. So, I'm going to use the Loop brace, which acts more or less like the Loop brace in Clip view except for it's going to be for everything in the song. So, let's say I wanted to loop just this section. Now, because I already have audio there, I'm going to go ahead and record somewhere else. It's not like MIDI, you can add overdub into audio. So, if the Loop switch enabled here, I'm going to press Record here and then I'm going to let it loop a bunch of times and enable punching. So, it's going to start from here and then start recording here and now, watch what happens when we start playing. Don't worry I missed one. So, it looks like I just have this one clip here, but look what it did. Every time it looped, it actually set the Loop brace in the start, for each one I last did. So, if I want to use this one, I'll turn loop on, looks like I kind of stopped in a weird spot. Let me go back here and line this up. I want to make sure I have a nice two-bar loop, there we go. Now, once I have loop on, I can pick the take that I want. I'll quantize that, maybe I want to check this one out. Let's turn this down a little bit here. 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drag this out for however many times I wanted to play. So, a couple of different things we did here. One of them was I started introducing you to a bunch of the features and topics we're going to be getting into in the next class, but the main point was to start getting used to seeing the way we can record in Arrangement view, not just Session view. Finally, let's just say I had done a longer recording in here, I'm not stuck in here, I'm just going to click on this Command C to copy and then Command V to paste and I can go back into Session view and I could also copy and paste stuff back and forth this way, and that's what we're going to start looking at in class four. In the meantime, we're going to dig back into further warping techniques for working with recorded audio, in addition how to take our recordings and turn them into sample playback instruments. 5. Beats Mode in Detail: So, when we're working with drums it's really important that we have the right warp mode set up, and we talked about that earlier in other classes about using Beats mode. Well, we didn't go into anything other than the fact that you should pick Beats mode from when you're slowing down or speeding up audio that's drums or percussion bass. There's a lot of other things you can do with these few little settings that are available down here under where you actually pick the mode. So, if we go over to this other version of the same file, notice I've slowed down to 70 bpm from what was originally 112, and if we go back up for this one listen to how it doesn't sound so hot. There are all kinds of weird stuff, and here's one with just a few different settings. So, what I did was, is I changed the Preserve setting to half of a bar and by default, usually this is set to Transient, and what that means is that everywhere it detects one of these little events, it puts a little triangle. That is a transient mark and it tries to line up each of those with the current tempo with the musical grid. But if you're slowing things down, sometimes it doesn't really know what to do with that additional time. So, it's going to loop it backwards and forwards, or it's going to try to restart it, or I'll show you what you can do some cool stuff with the one here, where it just goes to the end and then stops of the segment. But if you set the preserve a little shorter, you can get some cool different feels out of it. If I went to 16th note. Or if I went to quarter note. If I don't want that backwards piece there, maybe I wanted to go forward and then forwards, we'll get little double hits. Sounds a little drunk but it could be a fun beat to build something around. Let's go back to Transient. I guess it sounds way glitchier that way and you may like that. But let's go back to our half note here. Now, let's check out another one. So, this here was originally in 95 bpm. You can see it's set to the default which is Preserve, the Transient. Set to loop backwards and forward. Again, this is really only for when you're slowing down audio when you have the Transient setting. Now, let's check out one where I've made some changes to it, and let's go to our forward-forward. Now, what if I don't want that happening? I'm just going to go to Transient, and check this out. It's going to go to where it detects the transient and then stop before it gets to the next transient, if there's extra time. Notice how it sounds a lot tighter now. So, there's a couple of different ways to approach using Beats mode. One of them is to try to make things sound as natural as possible, kind of what I'm doing here. The other one is to just have fun with it and use some different techniques to try to bring out different grooves and feels, and you should try this all out when you're speeding up audio as well, not just slowing it down. Now, there's one last piece I want to show you. So, I want to go over to this drone all the way over here. So, this is a drone and I have it set to Beats mode, which it normally would be set to Texture and we're going to look at that in the next topic. 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misused the warp mode here? So, essentially, I'm forcing a rhythm on top of this droning part and let's actually go ahead and transpose this up. Maybe set this down to 16th. Essentially, this acts as a gate, this little field right here. What if I go- Let's try this one. Let's put a quarter note. Go forward. Maybe shorten it more. Let's go back to say, 16th. Let's go to 32nd note. So, Beats mode can be used for everything from making your drums sound natural at a slower or faster tempo to, as you hopefully can see, obviously really neat creative options. So, on the next topic, we're going to go into the other warp modes more in detail. 6. Other Warp Modes in Detail: So, on the last topic, we left off messing around with beats mode for creative usage. Now, we're going to look at the other warp modes a little bit more in detail. So, tone's mode is really ideal for tones. You can hear a little bit of glitching in there. So basically, the only other parameter we have for tones mode is the grain size and just play around with it. Usually, smaller settings, the default of 30 tends to work pretty well on most sound. But as you can hear with this one, this single piano hit, a larger one seems to work better. Again, you'll notice these much more when you're slowing something down. So, it was guessing this was originally around 112 and we're playing at about 88. So, let's look at texture mode now. So, texture mode is designed for textures. Something like this droning sound here. We can try to play around with it a little bit. Let's hear it without warp on. So, I want to try to find it. So, the grain size is how big of a chunk it's analyzing and warping, and flux is random fluctuation. So, grain size and flux are essentially fine tunings for how it's going to try to keep a texture sounding like a texture. Now, that's for making sounds seem as natural as possible. Let's check out some fun things you can do with texture move. So, what did this start out at? This started out as this. Instead of using beats mode, I slowed it way down. I hit times 2 here until it was as long as it possibly could be stretched. Then we can play around with the grain size, give it some fluctuation. Take a bigger chunk of last parts. So, that's fun with texture modes, and then let's go look at repitch. So, here is a funk drum beat that I've done a lot of warping on. That's the natural sound and notice there's no other parameters and transposing is even disabled. So, let's hear what happens when you put it on a voice. So, here is me talking. So, that's kind of cool. But what if we wanted to do some transposing and a voice and have it sound a little bit less chipmunk. So, let's try. Hear what this sounds like in tones. Notice I've transposed it up a full octave and that was what it would sound like in tones a little bit like an elf or a chipmunk. So, it's great for sound design for video games or cartoons. Let's hear it in complex mode. A little better but let's go to complex pro. So, the format parameter here is especially good when you're transposing. Notice it sounds more chipmunky here. No, it doesn't sound like me, but it doesn't sound as bad. What if I will lower this? Notice you get more of the Darth Vader monster effect with performance turned all the way down. The envelope has to do with how it's shifting around the frequency content. So, you can hear it sounds a little bit glitchy but notice it doesn't have the common transposing issues. Let's go even lower here. What will happen went out of tones? So, that's the same sound in tones mode, texture, repitch, complex and let's do this. So, hopefully that gives you some idea for some fun effects but also why you might use this when you're doing some transposing and maybe I'll go back to something a little bit less extreme. 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't sound like the typical Darth Vader, chipmunk effect. Now, complex and complex pro were really designed for whole songs. So, this is a track I produced over a decade ago now in a project called Memory Systems this came out in late 2002. Let's hear this now, set to maybe beats mode. It was around 100 ppm originally and playing in 88. Let me make this even slower. Stride tones, texture, repitch, complex, and then complex pro. So, back up 88 here to 89. So, complex pro and and complex do use more CPU but They're going to sound a lot better especially when you're slowing stuff way down let's say, tones or beats. You hear how wobbly the bass is there. Stop ahead here a little bit. This is the original with no warping but slow away back down in here. So, I was able to slow it down quite a bit and maintain most of the sound quality. So, if you're going to be using live for deejaying or doing mashups or remixes, and you're working with whole songs or pieces of audio that are complex in terms of having beats, tones and textures, use complex and then if need be, use complex pro. So, in future topics we're going to get into warping long songs, some more of the finer points when dealing with bigger chunks of audio, and then also how to grab pieces for sampling or just to make them smaller and more manageable. 7. Sample Box Parameters: For the project steps, you're going to do a bunch of warping, and just playing around and having fun with different types of audio, using the different warp modes and other features over here in the clip view that we've already talked about. So now, I want to just go ahead and show you the rest of what all of these parameters are for, so when you're messing around and doing your stuff, and working on your projects you'll know whether or not you even need to care about some of these. Now, some of these is in the Preferences. So, let's go into our Preferences, and in the File Folder tab, you'll see they have this section here called Sample Editor. That's going to be for when we hit this Edit button. So, if we want to open up our file on another piece of software, which I'll show you how to do momentarily, you'll want to make sure that you have something set up here. I'm using one called DSP-Quattro, of course there's WaveLab, there's a free one out there called WavePad. There's a whole assortment of other pieces of software you can use if you want to do permanent destructive edit and again I'll come back to this in a second. The other place that you're going to want to reference is over here where it says Fade in the sample box. That has to do with this preference right here, Create Fades on Clip Edges. Now I do have that on and I'm going to demonstrate this and show you what these are in a little bit. So, those are the two places in the preferences that are relevant to what's happening here. Of course, we've already talked about warping in other topics and classes and that's where you'd find these other preferences but we've already done that. So, let's go back over here and let's check out this sample. So of course, we have basic controls like volume, which I find to be very useful especially when you have a bunch of different clips on the same track and you don't want to worry about automation, a lot of times I will just turn down the clip. First, we can transpose and detuning here is for fine tuning, so there's a 100 cents per semitone. So, notice as I go past the certain amount, it just moves the knob here for me. Little trick I mentioned before, whenever you see the little box on our parameter to go back to your default just press Delete. Now, what if I wanted to reverse a sample, let's do that. Then, once you've reversed it, it's going to be instant the next time. So, if you have a really long song, it can take awhile. I don't recommend reversing whole songs and we're going to talk about cropping and taking out smaller pieces in a little bit. 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had slower older computers. Now occasionally, this will be useful. All the way here in the upper right there's this little D button and if this comes on orange with that saying is that your hard drive is too slow. So, this is really useful when you're launching a lot of little tiny pieces really fast. Now, high-quality mode here, is for high-quality sample transposition, and sample rate conversion. You may or may not even notice a difference here, depends on the type of sample you're working with. But the high-quality mode I usually have ON by default. Again, like I said sometimes you really can't tell the difference other times you will. Now, the Edit button here which I mentioned at the onset of this topic has to do with destructive edit. So what I mean by destructive, I mean permanent changes to the file on the hard drive. So, if I hit Edit, says sample offline and it opened it up in the piece of software I specified in the press. Now, I might use a piece of software like this for fixing clicks. You'd go into a pencil tool mode and zoom way in here and get rid of little clicks and pops. But for the most part I'm not going to be doing that because you can usually just do editing in Arrangement View and then bring it back over, so again be very careful. If this file was being used in another project or another piece of software, any change I'm making here would be updated in every single other piece of software that was using that file. So, only use Edit if you really have to, and for the most part I don't think most of you will. I don't honestly remember the last time I actually had to use that feature but it is very useful for some people. Let's talk briefly now about the Save button. This is really something that's more relevant for when you're working with longer chunks and you've spent a lot of time warping them. If you don't want to have to rework them and it doesn't have to be for whole songs, it could be for any variety of little chunks or pieces. If you pressed this Save button, it is going to right to a file. So, let me show this in the Finder, and you can see here there is this.asd file and that's an Ableton analysis file. Let me see if you can see the name of it, over here on Kind, where it says Sample Analysis File. So, this.asd is a couple of things, one it draws the picture the wave form, but if you hit Save here any settings in the sample box. Any settings in the sample box, so the Start, the End, whether Loop is on, the Warp Mode and any other parameters you have set up over here, it's going to save that into that asd file and then the next time you import that file into a Live-set it will remember those settings. So, we'll come back to that a little bit more detail when we get to warping long songs. You can always open up the Info View at the bottom here, and it will tell you what everything is. Last thing here is I wanted to show you the Fade settings. So, if I hit Tab to go back into Arrangement View, you'll see here at the clip edges we have this little fade, so if you want to see them, you can go into here and we're going to come back to this stuff in Arrangement View in a little bit more. But this is happening in Session View when you're looping even though you don't see it and then when you do bring the clips over into Arrangement View, we can adjust them and fine tune them. But sometimes you'll notice it takes the puncher impact off of drums or percussion and you may want to go in here and get rid of them. But if you're having trouble with that just turn the Fade off here and then you won't have to worry about deleting them out later. So, in the next couple of topics we're going to go more in depth into warping and working with audio in a couple of different ways. 8. Warp Options in the Context Menu: So, in previous topics, we looked at warping for a bunch of different scenarios, but the one thing I promised we'd come back to is looking at how to deal with long files, and in particular, whole songs. So, before we get started, I just want to make sure you have a few preferences set up in the record warp launch tab. I did recommend a while back that you turn off the auto warp long samples preference. 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're doing and you have a workflow that you've come to that makes sense to have this on. Otherwise, it's not the end of the world if you leave this on, it just can cause you a few extra steps if you have to undo some things. The other one, is in the file folder tab here. You'll see they have something called the decoding cash. Now when I dragged in this MP3, live actually decoded this into a AIF file or wave file depending which platform you're on. Because trying to play back in warp, MP3s or other compressed formats, would just be too CPU heavy. So, they convert it into a PCM audio file, which is your standard AIF or wave. Here you can kind of manage how much disk space it can take up if you want to clean up the cache itself, if you press this cleanup button it'll get rid of all of the decoded files except for the ones that are currently in the open set. Then your projects actually manage the MP3s or whatever decoded files you've imported into the project. But if you do move the set to another computer, you might have to wait a second while it decompresses those. So, the decoding cash here, you can see I've set it to be on a different drive than my startup drive. But as long as you just pay attention to this and set it up for how it makes sense to you, then you'll be okay. So, let's go back into here now, and this is a song I produced in 2002 and we heard it in one of the other topics. So, let's just give this a listen really quick. I'm going to turn on the metronome. So, we can tell it doesn't match the tempo at all of the current project. So, what I want to do is first of all, whenever you're dealing with any long files, you always want to zoom in right at the beginning and make sure that you set the one exactly where it's supposed to be. Now for this song, I know this actually comes in on a one, and in a lot of cases though, it's not going to actually come in on a one. There might be a pickup note, a lot of times there's an introduction that does not actually start in any sort of reliably rhythmic way, and there's ways of dealing with those things we would do in a more advanced class. But for right now, just find where the one is, and then go ahead and right-click and choose set 111 here. You'll see what it did, is it set the one and it put in a few warp markers and you'll notice here just set this at 120, and of course I know this is not 120, but live didn't. So, I'm going to set this to complex and then I'm going to right-click again, right where on the start and you'll see it gives me five options. Warp From Here, Warp From Here Start at, Warp From Here Straight, Warp 120 BPM From Here and Warp as Loop. They got the tempo numbers here from the global tempo. So, if I actually knew the tempo of the song, it would've been a good idea for me to type it in before I turned on warp and that's one of the reasons why you want to have the auto warp off. So, when you turn this on you have a little bit more control over what live does. But let's just go ahead and see what happens if I choose Warp from here. Notice what it did, it didn't round it off to 100 but 99.99 essentially that's a 100. So, let's go ahead and turn the metronome and let's give it a listen. So, now my 100 BPM song is playing back at 120 BPM. Maybe I want to set this to 100, and the reason I'm turning the metronome on is so I can tell if it warped it correctly cause it may be speeding it up or slowing it down, but at least I'm able to tell whether it did it correctly. So, this one worked right away just choosing the warp from here option. Now, we're going to come back to this one, the warp from here start at in a little bit. Let me just talk briefly about these, warp from here straight would be if you knew there was no tempo changes at all or there was no shifts. 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sure that it was a straight beat. Then warp 100 BPM from here would be if I was a 100% sure, that it started at 100 and I wanted it to just make this whole thing 100 BPM. It may seem like they're all the same, but they are slight differences in the algorithms that able to news using in the background. So, that the start at 100 would make adjustments on the fly, whereas the warp 100 from here is pretty much just going to set it to 100 even if further into the song it changed. Then the warp as x bar loop, in this case 64, would be useful if you knew as a certain number of bars, eight bars, six bars, seven bars what have you. So, I'm not actually going to demo these right now, what I want to do is, show you one of the other ones. So, this is another song I produced, I did this one in about 2005 and again I want to zoom in here at the beginning and I want to set the one where I want it. So, I'm going to move this over here and I'm going to try set one. Then if you do the warping while it's playing, a lot of times, you just stop and then start. Now it just happened to be that this song was also about 100 BPM. Let's see what happens a jump ahead here a little bit. I could see everything is around the beats, I should be able to play these two songs together now as if I was a DJing, and they should be in tempo. So, that would be the basic approach that you would do for songs are going to warp right away and just work for you. Then one last thing, as you may recall from previous topics, once you've spent time warping the songs, make sure to press the Save button over here. So, you don't have to keep doing that every time you import those files into a new live set. Now that information is stored in this live set right here, the one called warp options and context menu. But if I were to drag these files into another brand new set and I had not hit save, I would have to go again and warp them all over. So, in the next topic, we're going to look a little bit more in detail in some of these other options particularly the warp from here. For when you're having trouble getting the tempos to work right, and then also a couple more things having to do with fine-tuning, the warping that you've already done. 9. Intermediate Warping Techniques: In the last topic, we looked at some of the basics of warping long songs, and now I want to show you a couple techniques for helping you out when the straight ahead warp from here option isn't doing what you want. So, these are a couple of songs I produced back in 2006, and one of them is pretty straightforward and the other one has a weird introduction. So, let's first start out with the one that's more straightforward. Zoom in here, and I want to set my one. So, I am going to right click, set the one here, and then I want to go back in and warp from here, and make sure you just set the complex mode of course. You'll notice sometimes if you warp it after it's already started, you just have to stop and start again. But notice, it still sounds a little off and part of the reason for that is this first kick, was a little soft. So, what I want to do is find the first strong kick. So, maybe after the first bar, right here where it should be on the two, Iet me try setting the one there, and then I'll go ahead and choose warp from here. Let's see if that did a better job. You see it thinks it was a 130, so, let's see what happens if I set it to 130. So, it should sound the same now if I turn more above, and if I turn it on. Then, what I could do is I could backtrack and figure out why this first kick wasn't coming in exactly as it should. But for our purposes, this is actually fine. I don't really need that extra bar at the intro. So, that one wasn't too tricky, but let's hear what happens now if I try another song or the intro is not really in four four. Try to figure out where the one is on something like this. 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on compact in the early 2000s, where they would bring in the kick out of one. But because of the way the intro was arranged, they would feel like it's coming in in a weird spot. So, really what I'm going to do, is I'm just going to get this right on before the kick comes in. Set the one there, and then I'm going to try a warp from here, and let's see how this did. Get I want to make sure this is on complex mode. So, that worked pretty well. Now, I'm going to show you another technique in case you're having a hard time figuring out exactly what the tempo is of the song. So, I'm actually going to drag this all the way back to the beginning and set the one back at the top there, and I'm going to pretend like we didn't actually get this warp correctly. I'm going to type in this field here, but I don't recommend you ever do that unless you're 100 percent sure what the tempo is of a file, and by a 100 percent sure, I mean really the whole file being that one tempo. But I did that just to reset everything back to what would be a default if I hadn't done things correctly. So, let's go back in here and zoom in. Make sure that my one is where it really should be, and so, I'll go ahead and maybe set my one there and then give it a listen. Okay, so that's not working, maybe I'll try start at. That's not really working either. So, what I want to do is, I want to tell live what the tempo is of the song. Now, I happen to know it's about 130, but let's just say I didn't. So, I'm going to turn this off, and if we go into MIDI map, you'll see that I mapped a button to the tap tempo. Of course, you can just tap on that, or you can map a key, or any sort of MIDI parameter on your controllers. But I don't like using the mouse. So, I'm going to go ahead and launch this, and by the way, you have to do this step in session view. If you don't, it's going to jump around and you won't be able to tap along, and you want the metronome off too. So, I'm just going to hit play and tap along. So, it seems to be around 128. So, I'm going to actually leave that at right where it is, I could round it off if I wanted to but that's not that important. I'm going to go ahead and choose warp from here, start at. Because it's starting there, it doesn't matter if this is in a rounded number, it's going to make adjustments on the fly. So, let's hear how that did. So, it's on tempo, but of course the count is off because the intro is not an even number of bars. Now, if we zoom ahead, you can see it is starting to drift a little bit. So, this is where again, I would recommend you actually find where the first downbeat is. Set the one there, and then work from there and let's hear how this did. Let me jump ahead here a little bit. So, let's say I want to set my tempo to 125. Let's hear what would happen if I were to deejay these. So, there's some syncopations and they may not match all the notes, but at least we can tell that these are in tempo. Should I choose I wanted to play these together, then they would work. So, if there was going to be an advanced topic in this class, it would be going into what to do with these intros after you've warped it. But as a beginners class, this is something we're not going to get into now. So, look for advanced warping techniques in future classes. 10. Cropping Clips: This is going to be a pretty brief topic. It's a really useful technique to know how to make big files into small, usable pieces, and there's a feature called cropping. Now, let's say, I wanted just this kick drum, and I wanted to use that to drop into one of my samplers, something we'll be looking at later, and something you'll be doing as part of your project steps. 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want to make a copy. So, I'm going to option drag. Then on the one here, l want to make sure I have this selected, you may even want to change the color on it, so you're sure you're looking down here. Notice I have the loop brace set to surround this one kick. I'm just going to go ahead and right-click on it here and choose Crop Sample. Then notice it got rid of everything, except for just the piece I wanted. So, what I might do is then make another copy, and again, I might want to change the color on it to make sure I'm cropping the correct one. What I can do is, using the tricks we've learned in previous topics, is use my loop brace. So, that would be a hi-hat. So then I could go ahead here, I'll right-click, l'll crop the sample, and now, I have just a hi-hat. So, I have a kick and a hat. Now, of course, we're not going to use these later on just for looping them like this. We're going to turn them into playable instruments. Then one last little thing. Let's say that I didn't want just a tiny little chunk. If you have the loop brace after the start, so notice if I have the start here, and then the loop here, when I crop it, it's going to go from there to there. So, let's do that. Notice it kept the part before the loop brace but then it went up to where loop was and what if, I'm going to go ahead and make a copy of this now, what if loop was off? When loop is off it's then going to use the end and notice it did something kind of weird here that, actually, in my opinion is a bug. So, let me go ahead and bring the end flag over. So, when I crop now, since loop is off, it's just going to keep what's between the start and the end flag. So, essentially, when loop is on, it uses the loop brace, or if the start is to the left of the loop brace, it's going to keep that amount of time. If loop is off, it's just going to use the start and the end. Now, I would have this little chunk here. Let's turn off that hi-hat, don't need that, and then let's go ahead and loop this. So, I'd have this one bar section that maybe I wanted to use for a remix or a mashup. Any audio files that you crop are new files. It doesn't actually make an edit to the old file, and you would find those in the samples folder in your current project under processed crop and you could see the names of the files they came from, and it's just going to keep adding numbers after them. So, I would go back through and name them. You can just do command R when you're up here or always rename stuff from within Live. I would not want to rename it from the finder or Explorer, or then Live's not going to be able to find those files. So, rename everything from within Live and then you'll be good. So, in a few topics, we're going come back to what to do with things like this but cropping is a really useful technique, whether for finding individual drum hits or just finding loops or pieces that you want to sample from larger chunks of audio. 11. Clip To Sample Instrument: Before we dig in to Ableton's course sample instruments, I wanted to pick up where we left off last time when we are talking about cropping clips. But this time, I'm going to show you some other ways of thinking about grabbing pieces of audio. Then, this time, we're going to actually dump them into some instruments and play them with MIDI. So, first of all, let's give a listen to this scene of some of the loops that come with one of the live packs. So, let's say that I just want to grab one of these bass notes. So, let's go ahead and solo this track and launch it. Maybe, I just want this first piece. So, just like we did when we were cropping, I'm going to select it and then loop it. But this time, instead of cropping it, I'm going to go over to a MIDI track and you see where it says drop an instrument or sample here. I go ahead and drop this down here, and it just created a simpler for me, me on solo. 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to play that. We're going to come back to simpler in the next topic. Now, I could do something similar with drums. On this track here, I have impulse, another device we're going to look at shortly. Let me find a couple sounds. So, let's say, I want to grab this kick. So, what I'm going to do is set my loop raise, go back to impulse, drag this here. Then, let's say, I want to grab a snare, I'll just go back over to it. Now, I'm going to find tune, my position there. Then let's go back over the impulse and drop this down here. Also, I did was pencil in a few different notes and let's give this a listen. So, nothing too great, but the moment. But, I just put in a really simple beat here. So, right now, we're just hearing the kick and the snare. Let's say, I wanted to grab some of the high hats. So, let's find the high hats in this. It's a little bit more like a shaker tambourine, but that's fine. Go back over here and I maybe drop this over here, and let's give it a listen. So, notice, we didn't even have to crop anything. All you have to do is set the loop raise and drop it either onto an empty track to have it create simpler or in impulse, you can drop it into any of these slot. In the next topic, we're going to look a little bit deeper into each of these devices. 12. Impulse and Simpler 101: Okay. So, I guess I've been channeling my inner ED, Sci-Fi, B movie soundtrack here for this one. We're going to take a look a little bit deeper at Impulse and Simpler. Before we get back into where we left off last time, let's actually look at Impulse a little bit more here. So, on this track, I have the Dub Delay preset pulled up, and you can find this under Instruments, and then under Impulse, under Dub Delay. I actually turned off the effects that they already had built into this rack, and so Impulse is the center section here, and they've mapped out some of the volumes for the different sounds. So, what we're looking at are eight different slots. As you saw briefly in previous topics, you can dump a sample into each one of these. Then, over here on the bottom, you have controls for each of the samples. So, let's say, for this kick, if I didn't want that distortion on there, I could turn that off there, and then of course, we also have things like Decay, Panning, Velocity, Sensitivity, which is usually at 70 percent, and we're going to leave it right, though you can turn that up or down. Then, we have the global controls which affect all of the samples in Impulse. Now, one of the cool things about Impulses is that, it was set up to work with your computer MIDI keyboard. So, right when you turn it on by default, if you haven't moved the octaves up or down, it's just going to trigger. So, Impulse does not follow the general MIDI mapping. It starts at C3, right here, and then it's just C major from C3 to C4. So, there's no black keys, it would be just the white keys in the key of C from C3 to C4. Let's look a little bit at how I program this. You may notice that this ride sound that I have at the end here. When it gets to the first hi-hat here at the beginning, it shuts off, and I'll explain that, but just give it a listen. What if I move this down to this hi-hat? Notice how it wrings out longer, and the reason for that, you undo there, is because there's one setting that only shows up when you click on the eighth slot, and you see there's a link button here. What that means is that only one of these two can be playing at a time, so slot eight can be linked to slot seven, and it's what's known as a choke group into really simple feature, but it's a nice way if you want to mimic open hats and closed hats. In this case, it's a ride cymbal and a hi-hat. So, if I have this link off, it doesn't really matter. 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can leave this there, or if I move this down, and then go back in here. I'll move this back up. So, Impulse gives you some really cool ways of manipulating the sound really fast. We're going to look at Drum RFdrumacks in the next topic, which in some ways gives you a lot more options. But, there's certain things you can only do in Impulse, such as affect the transposing and the timing, which would be all of the decays and stretch parameter for all the samples, which something you cannot do with the Drum Rack. Even though Impulse is pretty basic compared to what a lot of people are into using these days, I do recommend that you actually start out doing your drums in Impulse, and we looked in the last couple of topics on how to find pieces of samples from either loops or songs, and then drag them in down here. Now, you can put the samples wherever you want, but generally speaking, it's going to be kick, snare, possibly another snare clap sound, then percussion, and then hi-hats. Though, you can see in this kit, they did a little differently with a couple of hi-hats at the ride cymbal. So, that is a quick look at the Impulse, and I do recommend spending some time playing around with it. By the way, we are going to come back to it in Class four when we look at routing, where I'm going to show you how to route the kick and snare and all the other sounds out onto their own tracks for mixing. Now, in the last topic, we looked at grabbing this bass sound and dragging it into a Simpler. So, let's see what I actually did with that, and let's look at the track here, and I fine tune the sample a little bit. To do that, you can just drag around the sample start and end here in the waveform overview, and you can also play around with the sample controls here. Now, since this is a bass sound, I didn't want to play around with the synthesis controls too much, and I added some effects to get a little bit of a Bootsy Collins kind of a feel to it, and this is stuff we're going to talk about in Class for a little bit. Now, before I move on to showing you a little bit more about Simpler, I do want to point out that because this bassline was originally in A, this first note was an A, and I wanted it to be able to trigger on the normal keyboard. If I play a C, I want to here a C, so I transposed it up three semitones. So, A, A-sharp, B, C, and that's why it's playing key right now. If you don't know the note when you play on your MIDI keyboard, when you see the notes you have in here, say D-sharp, in this case it may not actually play a D-sharp unless you know the note that it's supposed to be playing. A lot of times the samples will tell you the note and the name. In this case, since we grabbed it ourselves from this loop over here, I just had to figure that out, and I guess that the node A was the first note which in fact it is, and then I went over here and just transposed it up. So, when I play the note C, it plays the note C. So, let's look a little bit more at some of the synthesis type parameters that you have here. So, this section here lets you control the sample, how it plays back, how it loops. If you want the sample to actually be able to play longer than the note, you hold down, when you're dealing with samples at something you'll bump into. So, you want to turn loop on, you can play around with which part of the sample is actually going to be looped, and then we have synthesis type controls, such as the filter, which you can turn on over here, an LFO, which I could use to modulate my filter. You see, it's set to a sample on hold on an eighth note, and then we have three different envelopes. Let's say, I wanted the sound of feed in a little bit more, take a little longer to feed in. Also, this, you'll notice was transposed up. Now, this was a preset called Warm Bubbly Pad that I grabbed from the browser, and it looks like they did the same thing here. They transposed this up four semitones, so when you play a C, it would play back in C. 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introduction to Simpler and Impulse. In future classes, you get more into advanced sampling, but this is a lot for you to get started with. There's tons you can do in here. For those of you that are wondering, if you did want to do more than load in one sample, if you right-click anywhere on the top here, notice it was cut off at the bottom of the screen, but you can convert Simpler into sampler, which is a more sophisticated sample instrument. Instead of only being able to load in one sample, I can load in multiple samples, and map them to different keys. So, if you've never gotten into sampling before, this is probably not going to make a lot of sense to you. But for those of you that have played around with other samplers, you can use Sampler instead of Simpler if you do have Ableton Suite. And then, if you convert it back to a Simpler, you'll see this multisample mode, and you're also going to bump into that when you load a lot of the Simpler presets, whether they're using a single sample or not. So, hopefully, between the last couple of topics and this one, you have a basic idea on how you can select pieces from different types of files, drop them into the various samplers, and then if you go back to the stuff we covered in class two, dealing with recording MIDI and editing MIDI notes, you can start recording your own sounds and making your own music with existing samples, but not using the performances in using your own performances to create your own music. So, in the next topic, we're going to get into Drum Rack, which are a more involved version of Impulse, more or less, and I will talk to you more about options when we get there. 13. Drum Racks 101: So, this topic is about drum racks, and I promised we would look a little bit closer at these really deep fascinating devices. Now, impulse can do a lot of things really quick and easily, but if you want more sophisticated drum options, then drum racks are something you're going to want to look into. Now, we're looking at a couple of their presets that come with the live suite, and for example, this one here called, Kit big punchy. If you look at the bottom, they've mapped out all 16 of these sounds with acoustic samples, loaded up into instances of samplers, some of their built-in devices. This is a pretty sophisticated sample instrument, this would take you a long time to build out yourself. Now, they've also gone ahead and mapped out additional sounds, you can see I just press the up arrow, so I could see, the other more 16 sounds that they've added up in here. So, a drum rack can have up to 128 sounds loaded in, and they actually don't have to be just samples, they can be whole devices. So, a drum rack technically is a container for other devices. When you drop a sample on one of these squares, let's go over to this empty drum rack here, I've dropped a few things in here, I'll explain in a second. But let's say if I were to drop a sample in here like we've been doing in the past. So, I set up this clip, to have just this kick drum ready to go like we looked at in the previous topics. So, let's go ahead and drag this over. Since I'm dragging a sample in, it's actually creating a simpler for me, and by default, that's what's going to happen. When you drop a sample in any of these squares, it's going to create a simpler. Now, you'll notice if you look at the bottom where my mouse is, keep your eye here. If I put my cursor over one of the pads, it gives a general MIDI suggestion as to what sound should go on that note. Now, you can do whatever you want. For example, in this kit-core 606, they really have kept it still you can see all 16 of the sounds at once that are not necessarily following the general MIDI mapping, but they've tried to keep it as close as possible. The reason to do that is so you can take the same beat, like this one I have here, and all I did was copy this over onto this track and it should trigger the same sounds. 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drums. So, you can follow those recommendations though you don't have to, and then one other thing here you'll notice I've dropped in an impulse, into this square where it said a snare drum should go. Now, when we looked at impulse in the last topic, I said impulse could do some things that you couldn't do in drum racks, and that's not entirely true because you can drop impulse into a drum rack. Now, it's only going to trigger in this first slot. So, if you do use an impulse, it will only trigger one of the cells here. Like I was saying, you can do things like changing the time in transposing really quickly and easily, but if you want it to have that work on all of the sounds in a kit, you'd have to do some pretty extensive mapping, and that would be for an intermediate or advanced drum rack class. But just keep in mind, even though I told you certain things you had to do in impulse you couldn't do in drum racks. You can put impulse in drum rack, and not only that, you can actually put synthesizers, full-blown synthesizers into the drum rack. Now, this is only going to trigger this one note. So, I can use this synth as a Tom sound. I wouldn't be able to play it poly-phonically unless I spent a lot of time putting multiple instances in here. So, there's some really neat stuff you can do with drum racks by combining samples, and synthesis to create your sounds. Now, what if I didn't want to spend a whole bunch of time going through a sample like this, whether it was a song I warped, or it was just a loop I want to do grab some sounds. Then, set the loop race, drag it over, set the loop race, drag it over. If you have two or three sounds that's good to do, but what if you want a whole bunch of them? Well, notice in this copy of the same clip here, what I did, was just set it so it would only loop one bar of this four-bar stock loop that comes with live. So, check this out. I am going to right-click here and choose slice to new MIDI track, and this is going to create a drum rack for me, and it's going to map out the slices based on what I specify here. So, I'm just introducing this feature. You can go really deep with it and customize all these presets yourself. As you can see, some of them go to sampler, as well, but we're just going to use their built-in, let's do it on eighth note, and let's see what happens. So, it's going to automatically create a drum rack for me, with some of the macro is mapped, and if I play this back now, it's going to sound like it did, for but notice what it's done here, it's just created MIDI notes. So, let me set my grid, something a little bit bigger there. Let me get rid of all these and check this out. Now, I can pencil in, settling velocities up here more. If I wanted to I could go in here, rename these. I can edit them, but they also give us some really cool macro controls. So, that's just a little sneak peek into some of the power of drum racks, and as part of your project, you can choose how much you want to use the drum racks or impulse, but you can see that simpler is going to be involved either way. Now, if you wanted to use simple beats, again, I did recommend starting with impulse, if you want to build your own kits. But, it can't hurt to jump right into some of their core kits, especially the ones that are only using 16 sounds, and then once you get good at this, feel free to spend more time getting into all of the possible options that Ableton gives us for doing drums. So, in the next topic, I'm going to show you how to save out your custom presets. 14. Saving Custom Presets: Once you've spent time making your own presets whether drum racks, impulse, simpler, or anything else, you want to be able to save them. By saving them, I don't mean just in the current set, I mean somewhere in the library so you can quickly access those anytime you want to get to the same sounds or the same presets. 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the location of your user library. I moved mine to a different drive. But as long as you know where this is, your fine. That means anytime you want to take your presets with you to another computer or back them up, this is the folder that you want to manage. Also, up top here where it says Browser Behavior, Collect Files on Export, this does a lot of different things, but one of them is related to saving presets that have audio samples in them. I highly recommend that you either set this to ask, which is my preferred method, or always. The only reason you set this to never is if you were doing a certain project and you knew that you had a lot of the same samples already and you're managing them carefully. So, never is pretty dangerous unless you're pretty expert digital audio user. So, always or ask, again, ask is my preferred one. So, let's close this up, and what we're looking at here is the drum rack that I made in the previous topic by slicing this loop up and I cleaned it up a little bit, I renamed some of them, I did some high-pass filtering on a couple of the sounds. I've spent a little bit of time in here, and I don't want to have to redo all of this in the future. So, what I'm going to do is over here, in the middle part of the title bar for this particular drum rack, you have this disk button which is the save button. When I click on that, it's going to ask me what I want to do with all the different audio files. Now, this particular one which is being used and for all of the samplers in here was part of the factory packs. But I might not always have that pack installed on every computer. So I'm going to go ahead and leave that one on, and then I usually recommend leaving all of these on when you're new at this until you really know where all your samples are, where they're coming from. So I'm going to go ahead and hit copy, and then it's going to ask me what I wanted to name it, and I'll just go ahead and just hit return. So now, this preset is over here, and anytime I want to access it, I would just go to my user library and then under presets for drum rack. Now, I also have this baseline that we did a few topics back, and let's give this a listen so you can hear how I combine these two pieces. So, here is my drum rack that I programmed myself, and here's that same baseline from the few topics back, but it's that up and I've also modified the distortion a little bit. Now, what if not only do I want to save this sampler here that has the sample in it, which I should go ahead and do, I'm going go ahead and say yes. Now, let's go ahead and hit return. But what if I want to save this with all of these effects in here, too? So, I'm going to select all of them by holding down shift, and then I'm going to right-click and choose group. Not group the drum rack, just group. This creates what's called an instrument rack, and we're going to get into this stuff a little bit more in future classes. But for right now, think of it as a good way to make a super preset, which is how a lot of their presets coming anyways. So, for right now, we just want to be able to save this out. So I'm going to click on the save button, asked me what I want to do with the samples, I know a copy of this already but it's not going to take up a lot of disk space, so I'll go ahead and do that. I'm going to call it My Funky Base. Now, we'll have that preset with me anytime I want to get to it. So, let's just say I had deleted this out of here. So, I'm going to delete out all this stuff, and if I want to get back to it and make a new part, see it brings everything in for me. That is the last thing we're going to cover in this class. Just make sure to pay attention to how you manage all of your presets and samples, and file management is something that takes a while to get good at, but it is highly recommended that you spend a little bit of time between creative sessions to organize your files and presets so you don't end up as one of those people that inevitably will lose data and lose work and it really sucks	-1.174751	-1.892983	-0.58835	-0.866521	[ -0.9336881411166691, -1.4158138921242327 ]	[ -1.4954636792425018, -2.290502769344017 ]	[ -0.5163841753159952, -0.6603158535065524 ]	[ -0.777424405522426, -0.9556182688977486 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 278, 4423, 310, 596, 1404, 3489, 29889, 306, 6153, 7903, 304, 263, 1422, 7899, 29889, 1205, 408, 1472, 408, 366, 1073, 988, 445, 338, 29892, 596, 2691, 29889, 2193, 2794, 738, 2230, 366, 864, 304, 2125, 596, 2225, 1691, 411, 366, 304, 1790, 6601, 470, 1250, 963, 701, 29892, 445, 338, 278, 4138, 393, 366, 864, 304, 10933, 29889, 3115, 29892, 701, 2246, 1244, 988, 372, 4083, 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Nazism & Zionism, Syria Crisis See, that's no chemical weapons factory, Mr. Trump April 16, 2018 Geopolitics101 29 Comments Mission accomplished, that's how Triumphant Trump congratulated himself after the missile attacks on an alleged chemical weapons factory used to gas Syrian civilians in Ghouta, days ago, in compliance to the Deep State narrative that the Assad government is killing its own people, which therefore, requires the highly indispensable Western intervention . But the reality in ground zero is exactly the opposite. Nobody is wearing any chemical suit after the Trumpian missiles hit this particular "chemical weapons plant." Now, compare that to the Skripal investigations where everyone, at least, wore the mandatory plastic props, made in China probably, to signify that they are indeed dealing with deadly toxins… … supposedly right at the door knob. Yeah, we can excuse the London police who were there maskless, too, in the immediate aftermath of the Skripal false flag. They're not part of the earlier briefing. The fully documented destruction of Syrian chemical weapons was the first Russian intervention, which put the Deep State on the defensive. On 23 June, the head of OPCW, Ahmet Üzümcü, announced in The Hague that the last of Syria's declared chemical weapons had been shipped out of the country for destruction. The last 8% of the chemical stockpile was loaded onto ships at Latakia. … On 4 January 2015, the OPCW confirmed that the destruction was completed. – Wikipedia Reviving the same strategy right now is just showing that the Western criminal cabal is running out of ammunition by which they can implement their Greater Israel Plan and control the sea and land based gas fields in the region. Everybody should watch this video in order to understand the bigger problem in Syria that the Western population needs to see. After all, it's their taxes which made this hell possible. Even the two-state solution is not something that the Jews deserve. Apartheid Israel must go inside the United States instead, where they are mostly welcome by the government and its Jewish friendly people. The same people who are barely surviving the onslaught of chemical attacks in their municipal water supply, legislated mandatory vaccinations, full legalization of chemotherapy that even the prescribing doctors are not willing to take, and the genetically modified industrial food sources that they are forced to partake. Apathy, indeed, is not without cost. no chemical weapons in syriano gas masks in syria Previous PostThese tweets summarize what is going on with the West todayNext PostRussia and India on the Brink of a Major Trade Breakthrough 29 thoughts on "See, that's no chemical weapons factory, Mr. Trump" IRONKRAFT says: An excellent expose' of Deep State theater. Can we now kill off the main actors? kznwatch says: As HW Bush was purported to have said, if the American people know what we have done, they will drag onto the street and lynch us! Something to the effect– not the exact quote, but close! Sorry typo– should read, "they will drag us into the street" ONLY when the EXPOSURE of WHO the REAL Jews are from the FAKE ones will the world saved from ISRA-HELL's Satanic goals. Also includes exposure of what the VATICAN's role is in world affairs. You know what is sad to me– is that the whole global scenario at the top is so complex and so much truth remains hidden from ordinary people– because it is not revealed due to behind the scenes arrangements or pacts– as Putin said in his interview with Soloviev– every player (nation) looks to achieve only its own interests– but then situations arise, where nations have to arrive at an agreement which works for all– which is damaging to none of the parties bound to the agreement. Trouble is, us ordinary cusses, have no clue what is going on behind the scenes. Yes, some genuinely worry that Russia is too soft on Israel– but when none knows the full story– how can they judge?– especially in situations as explosive as we have witnessed unfolding in the ME– in Syria, Gaza and also the ongoing Palestinian situation and not forgetting the Kurds	-0.620032	-0.165922	-1.350173	-0.000915	[ -0.4899133021210706, -0.7501516336308351 ]	[ 0.2772586162541197, -0.609102531494191 ]	[ -1.3197385201064624, -1.380608304715685 ]	[ 0.1655723167192445, -0.16740307761712467 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 11409, 1608, 669, 796, 291, 1608, 29892, 8713, 2849, 29524, 275, 13, 13393, 29892, 393, 29915, 29879, 694, 22233, 25340, 12529, 29892, 3237, 29889, 27504, 13, 29909, 3193, 29871, 29896, 29953, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29947, 1879, 13242, 277, 1199, 29896, 29900, 29896, 29871, 29906, 29929, 461, 29879, 13, 29924, 2333, 24799, 29892, 393, 29915, 29879, 920, 8602, 19149, 424, 27504, 378, 629, 271, 7964, 3654, 1156, 278, 3052, 488, 16661, 373, 385, 16831, 287, 22233, 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… Case in point– Trump strikes Syria; Syria defends herself well– oh me lord!– people go mad criticising Russia for not setting the US on its ear there and then– for not supplying Syria with S-400's — but especially, as is happening now– even Putin admirers, say he needs to up his game as the US only understands a full on returned military response. These couch potatoes suddenly become top military experts and call out Putin and Russia as weak and scared— sorry but it really gets my goat! How ruddy shortsighted and actually basically blind — not only ordinary people, but supposedly seasoned journalists still remain! When Putin is nobody's fool and neither are the highly experienced military strategists and experts surrounding him! When some amongst us definitely know that Putin knows of US/UK/Europe and Israel transgressions of the past– I mean really grave and horrific ones– still while officially not a word is there to confirm what many of us have come to learn through our own investigations– then one comprehends just how complex global politics are. As I said in the beginning– its all about protecting interests that these horrible truths of the past remain secret– are hardly every revealed by global leaders– no matter how bad things get. With this background the case– and full scale bloody media wars the order of the day– it still is us ordinary folks who lose out– while only a small percentage of us know what is really going on– the moment attempt to inform our fellows– our comments are not acceptable… get deleted. As if by bringing the truth we are attempting to stoke unrest! Ludicrous! In other words deception at the top, due to pacts and arrangements between global leaders, keep the common man in ignorance– like a mushroom left in the dark– not worthy of knowing the truth– while only a few seekers of the truth and nothing but the truth, no matter how ugly it is– know quite a bit about what is going on behind the scenes at the top– but not even the relatively informed amongst us, are considered worthy of knowing it all– only our taxes are! That is what puzzles me. I mean– If we share the truth with each other and with others– naturally it makes virtually no difference– because it carries no weight– but if for instance, Putin brings the same truth to light– then of course, its backed by official evidence and it instantly hits the headlines– no longer relegated as a conspiracy theory– ha ha!– while of course the west will do their best to shoot it down! So I ask– How can the world progress towards God honesty– when our past and even our present, remain hidden from us all– ensures we remain divided and set up against each other? What a screwed up world! Rick2012 says: More "food for thought"(and more peaces for the complex puzzle) http://redefininggod.com/2018/04/globalist-agenda-watch-war-mass-arrests-watch-part-2/ beLIEve says: CONFU$ION….Like every thing el$e….IT I$ ENGINEERED…by..you u$ual $CUM ! Karl Rove's Prophecy: "We're an Empire Now, and When We Act, We Create our Own Reality" "We're an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality. And while you're studying that reality – judiciously, as you will – we'll act again, CREATING other NEW REALITIES, which you can study too, and that's how things will sort out. WE'RE HI$TORY'$ ACTOR$… . . AND you, ALL of YOU, WILL be LEFT to..JUST STUDY WHAT WE DO." (Ron Suskind, NYTimes Magazine, Oct. 17, 2004). Rove served as a "high official" at the "court" of George W. Bush. https://www.globalresearch.ca/karl-roves-prophecy-were-an-empire-now-and-when-we-act-we-create-our-own-reality/5572533 Yes– ever studying the 'reality' of the unreality … Meanwhile someone suggests a different truth…https://www.neonrevolt.com/2018	-0.963821	-1.266263	-1.788943	-0.356653	[ -0.8515076153767435, -1.07613438573254 ]	[ -1.1588255059562746, -1.3737009357134409 ]	[ -1.7610444585233254, -1.816841761081779 ]	[ -0.06074689661875643, -0.6525586326462876 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 30098, 13, 8259, 297, 1298, 29994, 27504, 19492, 267, 8713, 2849, 29936, 8713, 2849, 822, 1975, 8735, 1532, 29994, 9360, 592, 18120, 29991, 29994, 2305, 748, 10395, 11164, 5921, 12710, 363, 451, 4444, 278, 3148, 373, 967, 2326, 727, 322, 769, 29994, 363, 451, 1462, 5890, 8713, 2849, 411, 317, 29899, 29946, 29900, 29900, 29915, 29879, 813, 541, 7148, 29892, 408, 338, 10464, 1286, 29994, 1584, 12065, 262, 7336, 381, 414, 29892, 1827, 540, 4225, 304, 701, 670, 3748, 408, 278, 3148, 871, 2274, 29879, 263, 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/04/14/sparrow-red-and-syria-qanon-greatawakening/ Espoir Love Manirambona says: shame on you trump supporters… We told u not to vote for a racist fascist lunatic…but you said "but clinton…." bernie 2020 Oh, u mean the pro vaccines coward Bernie who hides behind his houses when promoting Marxism is what America needs now after being SO AFRAID to stand up AGAINST those rotting by day Clintons😅 Wish I could have given the one who wrote this a 1000 up votes– and more, I was a magician too– capable of writing this short essay in flaming letters across the global sky! Thank you for your tireless commitment to open hearts and minds!~ Sorry to bust your bubble….http://lizzadisu.blogspot.in/2018/04/putin-warns-of-consequences-as-photos.html So someone gets it? Rodney Hoff says: Excellent conference ..How is it the Russians can give news conferences, with any questions from any news agency, and come across as actually answering those questions, but when we have an Amerikan or British Conference its usually by invite only and to questions already vetted so all we get is sound bytes and unsubstantiated accusations? Despite the chaos of this week, President Donald Trump remains "laser beam" focused on protecting America. This President, when all of this is going on, is focused, like a laser beam, on protecting America. I've never seen him get distracted. He is a very focused guy. He is a disciplined guy and that's why he won the presidency. I think we're much more respected and safer today since he became President. Sloopyjoe says: I believe the best solution to the "Jewish" problem is to bring ALL the Jews (real and fake) of the world and wall them off within Palestine and under Palestinian Management for the next 60 years. Sending them somewhere else would be akin to spreading the virus to again metastasize at a later date. The Jews could then be on the receiving end of all that love and caring they inflicted upon the Palestinians. Karma would then be served. Actually Only the FAKE Jews (Khazarian/Zionist/Satanist) needs to be removed…The REAL Jews would become the BEST replacement, because of THEIR "Experience" of the worst of what has happened to mankind since THEIR "Fall from Grace" and UNDERSTANDING of WHO "GOD" is. Watch a DVD called: "Out of Darkness" to capture THAT meaning. WE ARE "ALL" SPIRITUAL BEINGS" HAVING A HUMAN (3D) EXPERIENCE! Very good practical idea … do unto others, as you would have them do unto you … lol APOLOGIES for posting this…. Syria Is Not What You Think: It's Evil. Pure Evil. As In Massive Organ Harvesting And Trafficking Ring https://www.silverdoctors.com/headlines/world-news/syria-is-not-what-you-think-it-is-evil-pure-evil-as-in-massive-organ-harvesting-and-trafficking-ring-evil/ I wouldn't TRUST Any info posted from "Silver Doctors"!…Like many other "Financial site" They LIE a LOT about everything (laugh!) I only watch most sites ONLY as a (Keep you ENEMIES Closer venue) reading BETWEEN THE LIES THEY POST…From a fully Researched and INFORM prospectus. THAT way you can SPOT all the LIES. The REAL reason for the WHOLE fiasco of the middle east goes MUCH "Deeper" than financial matters and is "Ancient". Watch the vidoes: "The LIE NASA told" for Huge clues! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c69vZyE74Zg/ ORGAN HARVESTING……and people	-1.782887	-1.760477	-2.3038	-1.160151	[ -1.6787915744919948, -1.8869822396998064 ]	[ -1.946702081732551, -1.5742513368201294 ]	[ -2.2226403251432623, -2.3849597507678553 ]	[ -1.8062663466164417, -0.5140356658618215 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29914, 29900, 29946, 29914, 29896, 29946, 29914, 29879, 862, 798, 29899, 1127, 29899, 392, 29899, 29879, 29891, 2849, 29899, 29939, 19930, 29899, 7979, 532, 29893, 557, 8333, 29914, 13, 15784, 6390, 8155, 2315, 381, 1117, 2681, 4083, 29901, 13, 845, 420, 373, 366, 534, 3427, 1462, 272, 2153, 30098, 1334, 5429, 318, 451, 304, 11719, 363, 263, 11021, 391, 21028, 391, 25081, 2454, 30098, 4187, 366, 1497, 376, 4187, 1067, 16929, 30098, 1213, 13, 495, 2786, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29906, 29900, 13, 9048, 29892, 318, 2099, 278, 410, 325, 5753, 1475, 21282, 538, 6209, 347, 1058, 298, 2247, 5742, 670, 12955, 746, 2504, 11427, 28579, 1608, 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traffiking… in the CHAO$ of "war"…..is a "known"…..to such an extent one wonders IF………. IT I$ $IMPLY on the "shopping -list" …of those WHO ENGINEER WAR……aka… $TEAL ORGANS……$TEAL OIL……Traffick people…….and perpetrate ALL other EVIL$ that will generate……$HEKEL$ ! Some HISTORICAL articles……. Balkans….. When the spoils of war are human organs Bill Clinton's Kosovo 'freedom fighters' trafficked in body parts https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/aug/4/bovard-when-the-spoils-of-war-are-human-organs/ PM Hashim Thaci: The Monster of Kosovo We stumbled upon this article by an AMERICAN DEFENSE LEAGUE (ADL) about Kosovo's de facto Prime Minister Hashim Thaci regarding his involvement in organ trade, "Yellow house" and Kosovo mafia. Also there are some pretty strong accusations about Boris Yelcin taking bribe in exchange for his silence during the bombing of FRY in 1999 and his promise not to arm the Serbs, from the Swiss account of MABEX owned by Pacoli. As usual, the symbol for manipulation and funding of regime change everywhere -Soros appears here also as a supporter of Kosovo mafia. Here is the full article: "It was Council of Europe Investigator Dick Marty's Swiss Investigation that led to the accusation that the installed Prime Minister of Kosovo, Hashim Thaci, and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) terrorists were the organizers and leaders behind the kidnapping of Serbs, who were mostly young people, off the streets of Kosovo and then transporting them to the Yellow House in the Albanian mountains for the sole purpose of extracting their organs and selling them throughout Europe. http://serbiasos.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/pm-hashim-thaci-monster-of-kosovo.html Archived TONY PODESTA represents Albanian Gov; Thaci, CGI, KLA, Albanian Mafia & Human Trafficking (pizzagate) https://archive.is/mgeg3 https://archive.is/http://pastebin.com/raw/jeeBdyQK N.B There is an article on BIN…yup…the site has an "aroma" of di$INfo…that suggests that the father of PODESTA was Josef Mengele; ORGAN THEFT is in "the blood" ! "Dr. Mengele Likely was John Podesta's Father" Say Espionage Historians Known for Record of Peculiar Accuracy, Citing Significant Circumstantial Evidence http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2017/12/john-podestas-father-was-dr-josef-mengele-3583140.html Wouldn't surprise me if he was Dr. Mengele's father when you consider How Many Nazi's were rescued by the USA and Vatican using "Operation Paper Clip" after WW2 was WON by the Nazi's…NOT the USA. When a country WINS a war they usually OCCUPY the country to where they CHANGE everything to suit THEIR desires. Just step back and WATCH What is happening since WW2 ended to the USA and you will SEE it has become just as FASCIST as the Nazi's were…WORSE! They even named one of the newer support agencies after Hitler's Germany called "Homeland Security" right after 9/11…GET-IT??? OooooH I almost forgot…The Bush family are Nazi's too…Right from Germany after a Name change…LOOK how far THEY came up the ladder in the USA…Presidents??? Its also not secret that traitors in this country tried a Nazi take over here back in 1934 BEFORE WW2 started! Read all about it in retired General Smedly Butler's book: "War	-1.881504	-0.068333	-2.128799	-0.129033	[ -1.580174943604084, -2.1828321323635387 ]	[ 0.20921473016435038, -0.3458801300416624 ]	[ -1.7610444585233254, -2.496554355884763 ]	[ 0.09793668974466951, -0.3560024220654588 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1020, 600, 638, 292, 30098, 297, 278, 5868, 29909, 29949, 29938, 310, 376, 4495, 29908, 30098, 636, 275, 263, 376, 5203, 29908, 30098, 636, 517, 1316, 385, 15834, 697, 281, 18452, 10762, 30098, 30098, 30098, 29889, 13, 1806, 306, 29938, 395, 29902, 3580, 16786, 373, 278, 376, 845, 29877, 3262, 448, 1761, 29908, 16088, 974, 1906, 399, 8187, 382, 9312, 8895, 1001, 399, 1718, 30098, 30098, 8245, 30098, 13, 29938, 4330, 1964, 6323, 29954, 2190, 29903, 30098, 30098, 29938, 4330, 1964, 438, 6227, 30098, 30098, 5323, 600, 860, 2305, 30098, 30098, 29889, 392, 25722, 10492, 15149, 916, 13, 22240, 6227, 29938, 393, 674, 5706, 30098, 30098, 29938, 9606, 6059, 29931, 29938, 1738, 13, 9526, 379, 9047, 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is a Racket"! Douma Chemical Attack False Flag Operation EXPOSED!. (Translated) https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=17&v=vSrRV-zdNic Syria Chemical Attack: The Deep State And The BIG Lie https://www.silverdoctors.com/headlines/world-news/syria-chemical-attack-the-deep-state-and-the-big-lie/ EVERYONE!…Should read the latest article posted at Paul Craig Roberts site, because it comes CLOSEST to WHAT the REAL reason why America is destined to FAIL…IF certain GROUPS of people don't AWAKEN Soon: http://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2018/04/18/conversation-race-paul-craig-roberts/ Only in a couple of areas is he slightly wrong about, but otherwise DEAD-On!!! What WE as "HuMan Beings" MUST recognize is that there is ONLY ONE RACE on this planet. We NEED to rid this planet of RACISM…and the BEST way to accomplish that is for OUR REAL History to be EXPOSED, and the ones MOST responsible for EXPOSED as LIARS…THEN REMOVED…PAST AND PRESENT!!! PLEASE READ THIS! GO$H Kenneth….. there is ONLY ONE RACE on this plane(t) ? ! AND….there was me thinking the a$hkeNAZI khazar "joo$" came from el$ewhere; THEIR DI$TINCT and…..OTHER "dimen$ion" ORIGIN….being the "key" to the…. HEINOU$, GENOCIDAL, LYING, THIEVING DE$ECRATING……….. "CHO$INITI$"…….behaviours……THEY……di$-PLAY ! Rabbi Laitman – "We (jews) Are Aliens From Another Galaxy" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS5pvuR6RmQ Cor blimey O'Reilly, as we say in the UK when expressing surprise ! I AM JUST WONDERING…..IF……the "joo$" are AWAKENING….to the fACT that……WE are….. "ON to THEM"…….and are becoming concerned about ……THEIR future as…..TRE$PA$$ER$…to these lands ? HOW CAN WE ALL BE the SAME when the "joo$" …..DISINGENUOU-$LY… "PROFE$$"…….CHO$ENITE status ? I $U$PECT…..a CHANGE of NARRATIVE is in the "offing" ! Crimes of the Bolsheviks https://www.darkmoon.me/2011/crimes-of-the-bolsheviks/ The book ….'A Sea Of Blood: The Truth About Bolshevik Russia' by Dr Gregor "PAINT$"…the perpetrators as…..a "breed-apart"…displaying "behaviours reserved", fortunately …by a FEW ! 'A Sea Of Blood: The Truth About Bolshevik Russia' by Dr Gregor https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/18343883/a-sea-of-blood-the-truth-about-bolshevik-russia-bamboo-delight- @BeLIEve I fully understand where you are coming from about this and agree with with you about MOST of it. If you have researched the REAL history of ALL Mankind, you should have learned that the HU-Man (God-Man) BE-Ing is actually a fractural PART of God. What happen to get US into the mess we are in Now, was cause by a "Rebellion" by certain group of "Creator Beings" that wrongfully decided to go against "Divine Providence" (Prime Source Creator) to SEE what would happen when going in an "Opposite" direction	-2.10613	-1.781964	-2.268293	-1.07203	[ -2.1828321323635387, -2.0294284843156776 ]	[ -1.5599263081696517, -2.004002196334462 ]	[ -2.33423493026017, -2.2023503969401883 ]	[ -0.821647700082725, -1.3224114767214052 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 338, 263, 390, 547, 300, 29908, 29991, 13, 29928, 283, 655, 12677, 936, 6212, 547, 7700, 28697, 20462, 8528, 13152, 1660, 29928, 21520, 313, 4300, 29880, 630, 29897, 13, 991, 597, 1636, 29889, 19567, 29889, 510, 29914, 12344, 29973, 2230, 29918, 19878, 29922, 29896, 29955, 29987, 29894, 29922, 29894, 29903, 29878, 29934, 29963, 29899, 8849, 29940, 293, 13, 29903, 29891, 2849, 12677, 936, 6212, 547, 29901, 450, 21784, 4306, 1126, 450, 350, 6259, 7326, 13, 991, 597, 1636, 29889, 25590, 369, 1867, 14359, 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of "Divine Light" into "Darkness". Lucifer was the leader of this group that went THIS direction and along with the group only known to US as "The Fallen Angels" (Archons) Although being FROM Divine Providence, They decided to rebel and as a result of THAT rebellion, they were "Confined" to this planet by Prime Source Creator (Prison-Planet) Lucifer goes by several names (SET/ Satan/Etc) and is the founder of ALL present forms of RELIGION and GOVERNMENT (Both mean "Mind-Control")…Which lead to the creation of the MONEY system of International Control. ALL of it being Lucfifer's control grid, including the so-called "SECRET Space Program"…Which actually exist UNDER the Earth's ground and NOT above. Mankind (3D) has NEVER left this planet beyond the "Van Allen Belt" http://www.youtube.com/watch?=RaghqW1QWQQ/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=RcBowjBTE_s/ The "AshkaNazi's" (Kharzarian's are PART of Satan's group) and are NOT even PART the ORIGINAL Hebrew Nation. Since ANYONE who aligns themselves with Satan/ Lucifer cannot be INCLUDED with God's creation BECAUSE of His rebellion…They MUST suffer the SAME fate as Lucifer did…and NO Longer considered Hu-Man (God's Men) According to sources Lucifer, upon SEEING this disaster he created HERE has been "UN-Created" some time ago. All that is Left of thie rebellion group is some "Stasis beings" who make up the "Chimera Group" who still try to hold on as long as they can, or will be ALLOWED to do. This is the group making up the SSP managed from Antartican and BELOW the earth's surface. THEY WON'T FOR LONG THOUGH! MOST of their BUMB's have been removed or destroyed. So, Although THESE types of people WERE once Hu-man Be-ings they are NOT by THEIR own choices and will be "UN-Created" just as Lucifer was…VERY SOON. My understanding of the "situation" is there are at least TWO DISTINCT created "editions" of man. 1. ManKIND…..created by The Prime Creator; The Creator of the Organic paradise that is…… The Planes Domains and Dominions of Earth. Science Has Found Evidence of God (Video) Surprisingly, all the evidence they've discovered points out to the existence of a Creator or a Supreme Intelligent Being who…PERFECTLY engineered… EVERYTHING…..that exists in the universe. Instead of disproving the existence of God, most scientists concluded that the more they discovered about the beginning of life, the more it proves Genesis 1:1 in the Bible, "In the beginning, God created the Heavens and the earth." Even scientists said that the…CODING behind DNA REVEALS SUCH INTELLIGENCE… that…IT STAGGERS THEIR IMAGINATION. http://beforeitsnews.com/prophecy/2017/10/science-has-found-evidence-of-god-video-2494906.html The…..SECOND version…of "man"…i$……HUe-man….a …$atanic "type" crea$HUN. Hue….meaning……in the LIKENESS of….aka…….a COPY… created with HEINOUS intent to DUPE…..ManKIND; the Title holder to the entirety of the creation, of the entirety of the Planes Domains and Dominions of Earth. Aka….. a "Trojan horse"…..with the appearance of ManKIND as a means of INSINUATING THEM$elves into the "community" of ManKIND…to…MANIPULATE…THIEVE…LIE…GENOCIDE..DUPE & DOMINATE ! As	-1.552781	-0.875906	-1.682421	-0.030831	[ -1.5582601367401039, -1.5473027333081137 ]	[ -0.3852739588304762, -1.366538421388202 ]	[ -1.9081464379956128, -1.4566955354772129 ]	[ 0.18638327886526757, -0.2480455559329641 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 310, 376, 12596, 457, 12790, 29908, 964, 376, 29928, 935, 2264, 1642, 13, 29931, 1682, 9633, 471, 278, 11822, 310, 445, 2318, 393, 3512, 3446, 3235, 5305, 322, 3412, 411, 278, 2318, 871, 2998, 304, 3148, 408, 376, 1576, 383, 5442, 3218, 1379, 29908, 313, 13197, 787, 29897, 13, 2499, 3592, 1641, 3895, 4910, 457, 9133, 5084, 29892, 2688, 8459, 304, 337, 6596, 322, 408, 263, 1121, 310, 3446, 1299, 337, 12562, 291, 29892, 896, 892, 376, 16376, 1312, 29908, 304, 445, 15754, 491, 15512, 7562, 6760, 1061, 313, 4040, 2285, 29899, 20334, 300, 29897, 13, 29931, 1682, 9633, 5771, 491, 3196, 2983, 313, 10490, 29914, 12178, 273, 29914, 29923, 14246, 29897, 322, 338, 278, 25331, 310, 15149, 2198, 7190, 310, 5195, 5265, 29954, 2725, 322, 21947, 5348, 29940, 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STATED by …Rabbi Michael Laitman…the "joo$" from another "galaxy" were given the…."form"…..of…THOSE of US who are ManKIND. NO….the "joo$" were….NOT "GIVEN" …the "form" of ManKIND ! In TRUE "joo" style…..ManKINDs….DNA was…."acquired"/STOLEN…to construct…..COPIE$. ADDED to the STOLEN DNA of ManKIND was….the "dna"….of the DEGENERATE …mutt-ANT$…..WHO$E AGENDA…WA$ & I$……DOMINATION… "uber alles". HUe-man…I$ a ……FRACTURAL part of ManKIND…a…"knock-off"….a FRAUDULENT "copy"…an…..INFERIOR version…..LACKING the ESSENTIAL essence of ManKIND, due to the FACT that The Prime Creator ….LOCKED the BLUEPRINT. The DISPARITY that exists between ManKIND and….HUe-man "joo$"….. is the…..result of….a….FAILED ATTEMPT…. to COPY ManKIND. The….FAILURE…man-I-FE$T-ing…in….paedophilia…ambiguity of gender….. the LYING… & THIEVING of BANK$TER "joo$" ……the JE$T of a "caught" CYSTem …..lamentable "politician$"…..endle$$ engineering of WAR$…..POI$ON PHARMA …etc…etc.. A CAVEAT being, it may have been the intention, at the outset; on the part of the…..DNA THIEVES…to create the "joo$" as a ManKIND lookalike…. PORTRAYING…all the "attribute$…of a….HANNIBAL LECTER/Herod hybrid. Kenneth QUOTE…..If you have researched the REAL history of ALL Mankind, you …SHOULD HAVE LEARNED that…. the HU-Man (God-Man) BE-Ing is actually a fractural PART of God. Ye$ Kenneth the….HUe-man (God-Man) BE-ing…..I$ actually….a fractural PART of God…..by a TERTIARY "route" …as a…RE$ULT of THEFT ! ! INTEGRITY of The Prime Creator ManKIND……carries the "Prime Creator God of Creation"…….WITHIN. The Great I Am…..OF…..WHOM….I …AM. I, integrity of The Prime Creator…."carry"…..THE God of…MY….CREATION…. The….GREAT…I …AM…..within me…as ……I….AM…a….creation….of……The Prime Creator……The…..Great I Am. I…AM……an…..A U T H E N T I C ….FRACTURAL…PART…..of The Prime Creator. As are, other integrity of The Prime Creator……members of ManKIND. The…HUe-man "joo$"..are a CON-FAB-U-LEY-$HUN…of…..STOLEN/UNLAWFULLY "accquired" DNA….that render$ them….NOT……. of The Prime Creator…"integrity"… creations. 1. STOLEN DNA. 2. MIXED with a……FORBIDDEN/Not of The Prime Creator…. "entity" 3. SPAWNING……of an UNLAWFULLY…."created"….."entity"… the… "joo"/a$hkeNAZI khazar ! ! 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Educational sponsoring Bible distribution Approaching the Turkana tribe Bishop Makarios of Nairobi I always remember with the best of thoughts and feelings the time, when I first walked on the holy land of Africa in 1977. My meeting with the people and the rich culture of the Turkana tribe was a revealing experience. This ethnic group consists of nomadic herders that live at Rift Valley Province in Kenya, in the region of Lake Turkana, a long and narrow lake on the border between Ethiopia and Sudan. They speak the Turkana language, which is a Nilotic language and similar to that of the Masaai. The people of this tribe, like the Samburu and Maasai, still hold on to their own traditions without wishing to change them at all. Ethnological info Background of this tribe The Turkana tribe has its origins in the Karamojong region of north-eastern Uganda. Oral tradition has it that they reached Kenya, when hunting an untamed bull. The land they occupied is hard and arid. As a result, in comparison with other tribes, they were less affected by the English colonialism, because the British saw little value in their land. Culture and way of life As is the case with all stockbreeding tribes in Kenya, livestock, mainly cattle, comprises the core of their culture. Its people live a nomadic life, always moving from one place to another. Traditional Turkana dress This tribe maintains a variety of colors regarding their emblems and clothing. The men dye their hair with a special colored soil, while the women are adorned with traditional jewelry and bead necklaces. The social status of a woman determines the quantity and style of the jewelry she wears. When setting eyes on a woman, a man can immediately discern her social status. Art and Handicraft Some of their most beautiful creations are the bangles and necklaces for women. The craftsmen of the tribe also make a large number of other handicrafts, such as spears, clubs and knives. They are characterized by their skillfulness in metal work, wood carving and stone carving. Unfortunately, the majority of the Turkana are committed to their traditional African religion. They believe in a "god of the heavens", whom they call "Akuj" or "Kuj".They pray to him either directly or through the spirits of their ancestors. They usually invoke their god in periods of crisis or during natural disasters, like extreme drought. In the 1970's, the first Orthodox missionary, who visited them, catechized and baptized them, was His Eminence the current Most Reverend Metropolitan Amphilochios Tsoukos of New Zealand. Life today Cattle still remains the main source of livelihood, especially in rural areas. Livestock provides food and can often be sold for money. Fishing in the lake is another important source of income for those who live nearby. Even though illiteracy rates are still high in the tribe, there are a small number of very well educated Turkana people who have joined other fields of the Kenyan economy. For women, marriage takes place in the first and main phase of their adulthood. Girls get married between 15 and 20 years old. They usually have a say in the choice of their husband. A wedding can last two days and is probably the most important event in the social life of the Turkana, with big ceremonies, dancing and merriment. An Orthodox Turkana narrates One quiet afternoon, I was walking to our church. Suddenly I saw a car moving towards the same direction. I realized it was the Metropolitan of Kenya and his entourage. His first question was to check out whether there was land available for the Orthodox Church to start its missionary work in that region. We showed him the land, and immediately his reaction was positive, saying that one day a beautiful Holy Church would be built there in the heart of that barren area of the Turkana, maybe a school and a medical center as well, in order to help the local people. And he added: I feel that God will open more doors here so that Orthodoxy can be established in this region. Now we had to find a place for our guests to eat and sleep. This was a traditional local lodging, plain, humble and yet so privileged, for there was at least a bed and clean water for one to rest. His Eminence seemed to be pleased because he had managed to reach the most remote part of our country	1.079735	1.383867	1.099835	-0.011321	[ 1.0167296697775658, 1.1427398092454517 ]	[ 1.5557674233092587, 1.2119667356977928 ]	[ 1.2165025052778067, 0.9831683309424539 ]	[ -0.2142277424456766, 0.19158601940177333 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 7519, 29883, 1288, 21955, 8253, 13, 29933, 1821, 4978, 13, 2052, 307, 9733, 278, 16559, 1648, 29563, 13, 29933, 9835, 17232, 8596, 310, 405, 26025, 5365, 13, 29902, 2337, 6456, 411, 278, 1900, 310, 13133, 322, 21737, 278, 931, 29892, 746, 306, 937, 17096, 373, 278, 26630, 2982, 310, 10557, 297, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29955, 29955, 29889, 1619, 11781, 411, 278, 2305, 322, 278, 8261, 9257, 310, 278, 16559, 1648, 29563, 471, 263, 10320, 12818, 7271, 29889, 13, 4013, 11314, 7823, 2318, 11624, 310, 2245, 26538, 902, 8623, 393, 5735, 472, 390, 2027, 13939, 17325, 297, 10015, 3761, 29892, 297, 278, 5120, 310, 9459, 16559, 1648, 29892, 263, 1472, 322, 12474, 19437, 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Kristin Moore grew up in the beautiful heat of Tucson, Arizona. Her love for fashion started when she was just in high school at Flowing Wells. She had needed an outfit for a Metallica concert she was going to with some of her close friends. She went to a boutique called Merry Go Round and that quickly sparked her interest for fashion. She soon found herself as an employee for the boutique. As this passion grew so did her career, now she is the proud owner of Divaz Boutique and Grand Central Clothing. Divaz Boutique and Grand Central Clothing are a go to shop for college students as well as a fun place to splurge for Mom. Kristin has opened up a business, where everyone feels welcomed. I had the honor to chat with her over a cup of tea and get to know how she got to be where she is now. What truly stuck out to me about her was her hard work and determination. Surprisingly upon our greeting she shared with me that she caught a bug from her travels (not the cute kind with four legs). Nonetheless, it did not stop her from meeting me for an interview, Kristin has a pride in her profession. Kristin grew up with her four siblings: Bobbie, Carrie, Jennifer and Lenny. Sadly, Bobby is no longer with them, he passed away on duty as our sheriff her in the Pima County. Kristin values her family and on occasion works beside her sister, Jennifer. I have to share with you guys that when we were having our tea, Jennifer (who was also under the weather) pops in with warm soup for Kristin. The admirable thing about Kristin and her shops is the amount of respect and friendship that is always exchanged. Kristin gives an honorable mention to the ambitious, Andrea Reiss, who has been working by her side for seventeen years and counting. A person who is "loved by all" Andrea is the managing director for all the store's locations and a partner at the Tempe Marketplace location. I've had the luxury of visiting her Tucson location, Grand Central Clothing and here is what you will find. A warm welcoming environment, positive-workers, dazzling articles of clothing (that will make you look and feel like a million bucks). Her experience for finding all the right items goes back to searching for her 1st concert outfit. Also traveling abroad, she helped out her dear friend by helping her edit clothing items for her line. Kristin Moore is the definition of loving what you do, doing what you love and most importantly, living your best life. Andrea grew up in Northern Phoenix, Arizona where she graduated high school from Paradise Valley. She was a member of the schools cheer team and pom line. Thanks to her background in gymnastics, Andrea has gained a good work ethic and strong self discipline. She was a competitive gymnast at Arizona Sunrays from the time she was young. Her favorite event? Her answer, the uneven bars because she loves swinging and being upside down. Andrea can still do back hand springs and back flips, which she once showed everyone at a work Christmas party. Kristin and Andrea have been working side by side for seventeen years. She started working for Divaz in the summer of 2001. Ever since then she has been helping Kristen shape what Divaz Boutique and Grand Central Clothing is to this day. Andrea shares that she has learned everything in all aspects of life, from coaching to management to merchandising. In 2007, she officially partnered with Kristin and became a managing partner with her. The success doesn't stop there, she also received her degree in 2005 for psychology. Her other passions reside in bringing awareness to mental health, which she is a very big advocate for. Andrea is a hard working girl who appreciates where she is in life. With parents that started with little and made something of themselves, Andrea has made a passionate life for herself. A hard worker who has a funny-fun side, I asked her to pick a spirit animal for herself and she goes with a platypus. This made me chuckle, Andrea is more than a Platypus though. She is a loyal hardworking employee who can bring fun into anything. Nicole Silvaer grew up here in good ole Tucson. She spent her childhood cheering for the, now, Tanque Verde Cowboys as well as the Sabino Sabercats. 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Home Columns The challenge of navigating Palestinian politics The challenge of navigating Palestinian politics Ray Hanania The existence and growth of the Hamas movement is directly linked to the brutality of Israel's policies against the Palestinians. That was demonstrated in recent municipal election contests between the two largest rival Palestinian factions, Fatah founded by Yasser Arafat and Hamas founded by Sheik Ahmed Yassin. Although Yassin was murdered by Israeli assassins, the growth of his movement ends the Israeli myth that the personality-driven policies of the occupied Palestinians can be controlled by killing the leader. Fatah and Hamas are strikingly different. Fatah is a secular ideological movement capable of making political compromises with Israel. Hamas is a religious political movement driven by faith and incapable of compromise. For Palestinian voters, the choice is simple, continue to believe Fatah and its leader Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas can deliver an independent state through compromise, or that Israel can be eventually defeated by the promise of more Hamas militancy. A third movement marginalized by the Hamas-Fatah rivalry also exists, but it influence is among Diaspora Palestinians and led by the disciples of the more violent and uncompromising secular movement, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, founded by George Habash's and commonly called the "Jabha." Jabha activists in the United States and Europe have been forced into a marriage of convenience with Hamas movement. They dominate most of the NGOs based outside of occupied Palestine including the powerful international al-Awda movement, which defines the rights of Palestinian refugees but fails to offer a strategy to implement those rights. And the Jabha rejects compromise with Israel. Like many Palestinians, the Jabha activists see that one day Hamas will dominate all Palestinian politics. Hamas got its start by accident when Likud leaders in the 1970s sought to "create" a rival to Arafat by shoring up the disorganized religious factions under Sheik Yassin in the Gaza Strip. Yassin accepted Israeli help in raising funds and in building hospitals, schools and social centers that later became a political base. During the first Intifada, Yassin used that strength to launch Hamas, something the Israeli plotters never envisioned. Ironically, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon who played a direct role in shoring up Yassin's strength, ordered his murder last year. Although it is denounced as a terrorist organization, it's main attraction is the very network of social, health and public services, an area where other groups like Fatah have failed. In fact, during the recent municipal elections, Hamas candidates countered their open rejection of compromise with Israel by promising more increased social and health services. Support for that message grows. Fatah won 56 percent of the overall vote compared to 33 percent for Hamas. Early returns show Fatah won in 45 of 84 communities while Hamas won 23 including in the three biggest towns up for grabs. When you examine past election returns, Fatah dominates areas where the occupation and the deterioration of public services are less severe. Hamas dominates areas of heightened conflict and oppression. Qalqaliya, where Israel has imposed the harshest of conditions on its residents, has become a Hamas stronghold. The Apartheid Wall encircles divides the city into zones, separating farmers from their land. The Apartheid Wall doesn't protect Israelis from Palestinian attacks, but allows Israel to confiscate more land and define new political borders. The Apartheid Wall is built inside occupied Palestinian territory, not on the 1967 "Green Line." The path of the Apartheid Wall places important land assets such as farms and water wells on Israel's side while imprisoning the bulk of Palestinian population on the other. This has created an enormous hardship on the residents worse than most other occupied cities, feeding a growing political discontent and undermining confidence in Abbas. Hamas has found footholds outside of the Gaza Strip in West Bank towns like Qalqaliya where it staged a massive post-election victory rally. 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Viticulture/Vinification: The vineyards here are situated at 600-1200m, with 10 year old vines yielding 4,500 litres per hectare. The grapes are destemmed and soft-crushed, using only the run-off must. The wine does not receive oak treatment. This is in green glass, which just doesn't look as appealing as clear. Cherry aroma. Bitter taste. Viticulture/Vinification: Following harvest the grapes were destemmed and crushed. They then spent two weeks fermenting on the skins at 14-15°C in stainless steel fermentation tanks. Smells of cardboard. Dry and with a hint of bitterness but, chilled right down, it could be good in the summer. Viticulture/Vinification: This wine is made from a blend of predominantly Barbera grapes with a small percentage of Pinot Noir. A short pre-fermentation maceration on skins at a low temperature was followed by gentle pressing. Fermentation took place in stainless steel at low temperatures with cultured yeasts. Light on the nose. A slightly bitter taste but the fruit flavour lasts and lasts. Viticulture/Vinification: The 10-20 year old vines here are trellised, grow on shallow clay-calcareous soils, and have an average yield of 8.000kg/hectare. The grapes are machine harvested, and then undergo an eight hour long cold maceration. After the must has been bled, the fermentation takes place in stainless steel vats at a controlled temperature of 16°C. A bit stinky – matchboxes. Fizzy and not very nice. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine are from vineyards surrounding Beziers and were directly pressed before being cold fermented. The winemaking is largely undertaken at Maison Virginie. Lightly fruity nose. Bitter cherry aftertaste. Viticulture/Vinification: These vines are planted on gravely slopes, trained in the Cordon de Royat trellis system, and pruned using the Gobelet method. Direct pressing was followed by 24 hours of controlled temperature vatting between 20-25°C in cement tanks. Very pale colour. Intense palate. Good length. Bone dry. Viticulture/Vinification: After harvesting, the grapes were immediately placed in a vibrating hopper that gently moves the fruit to the crusher and eliminates any green materials. Once the fruit was crushed, it was gently transferred through a cooling system that was kept at 12°C or lower, and into a Bucher Vasselin 40 tonne press. The juice was then macerated on the skins for between 6-18 hours, and run off into fermentation tanks. After cold stabilisation and settling, the juice was run off into another tank, where fermentation at cool temperatures of around 16°C commenced. The wine was cold stabilised and then left on lees prior to bottling. Light on the nose. A bit chewey. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were sourced from 5-20 year old vines and most of the grapes were whole bunch pressed. The juices were cold fermented between 12-18°C in stainless steel tanks with selected yeasts. The wine received no oak treatment. A little floral. Juicy with lots of lively fruit. Just a bit expensive. Viticulture/Vinification: The Pinot Nero grapes used to produce this wine were grown at 550 metres above sea level on the volcanic soils of the foothills of the Italian Dolomites. The vineyards here comprise 5000 vines per hectare, and are on average between 15 and 20 years old. The vines are trained on the Guyot system using simple Trentino split pergola. Very pale colour. Gentle nose. Very pinot lite, but quite pleasant. Lunchtime wine. Juicy acidity. 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Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine grow on 15 year old vines, and are hand-picked late in mid-September. The grapes were destemmed, but not crushed. Selected yeasts were added, and fermentation took place at 20-22°C. Remontage was practised until 7% alcohol was achieved, and as soon as the fermentation was completed the wine was separated from the skins. Spontaneous malolactic fermentation took place immediately after the primary fermentation was completed. The wine was then kept on fine lees and stirred periodically, receiving no oak ageing. Very pale red. Fragrant and appealing. Perfumed palate. Rather good. Lightweight. Suggest chilling it for a summer lunch. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine grow in vineyards planted on limestone and chalk soils. They were hand-picked and macerated for 16-18 hours. Only the first must from the pressing, approximately 45%, is fermented under temperature controlled conditions. The wine does not undergo malolactic fermentation or receive oak treatment. Very purply red. Smells like pink shrimps. Tastes of bitter cherries – very bitter – and makes you pull a face. Fairly dry. Viticulture/Vinification: The vineyards here have an average age of 15 years and a yield of 9.5 tonnes per hectare. Fermentation occurs at a controlled temperature of 25°C. Nice savoury nose. Nice juicy taste. Easy and pleasant. Good price. Viticulture/Vinification: Following harvest the grapes for this wine were immediately destemmed and crushed, before a five to seven day long maceration on the skins took place. Malolactic fermentation was completed before winter and the wine was stabilised in stainless steel tanks before resting for a few months in bottle. Purply red. Really gorgeous aroma. Violets, perhaps? Young, with powdery tannins. Really juicy and fresh. I'd serve this one chilled. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked and destemmed, before maceration and fermentation occurred at a controlled temperature of 25°C for 18 days. This was followed by malolactic fermentation in stainless steel tanks. I would never pick this off the shelves because the label is bright turquoise. The same colour as Sandra's phone. Dark wine. Smells dark and plummy and rich. Tastes the same. A big wine, but with balanced acidity. Savoury, dry finish. Like it. Viticulture/Vinification: The vineyards here are located in the hills of the Marche region, 15km from the sea at an altitude of 150-200m above sea level. The vines benefit from very deep clay loam soil and produce yields of 9/10 tons per hectare. Harvest normally takes place at the end of September. The grapes were destemmed and lightly pressed before undergoing maceration at 24°C for a maximum of 10 days in stainless steel vats. Malolactic fermentation followed, and the wine was then aged in stainless steel tanks for about four months. A short period in bottle completed the ageing process. Nice spicy nose. Rich, with chalky tannin and plenty of darkfruit. Alcohol seems warmer than 12.5%. Quite good. Viticulture/Vinification: The Renato Ratti Winery vineyards are situated near the 15th century Abbey of Annunziata in La Morra and were historically denominated "Marcenasco". They are planted in Tortonian (bluish marl) soils and trained in classic Guyot style at an altitude of 780m with a south-easterly and south-westerly exposure. There are approx. 5,000 vines per hectare with an average yield of 45hl/ha. Harvesting took place between 28 September and 13 October 2009. 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es were destemmed and crushed, followed by a thermo-controlled fermentation at 30ºC. Maceration lasted approximately seven days, and malolactic fermentation took place in stainless steel in October. Part of the wine was aged in 25hl Slovenian oak casks, and part in old barrels. Bottling took place in the summer of 2012. Typical brick red colour. Beautifully aromatic, with woody, earthy loveliness. Caramelised and stunning. A really, really excellent wine. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were fermented separately for 10 days between 25⁰C and 28⁰C using traditional winemaking methods but modern winemaking technology. Malolactic fermentation took place in stainless steel tanks and this wine did not receive oak treatment. Rich and oaky aroma. Ripe and juicy and moreish. Good price. Easy drinking. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked gradually, before being crushed and destemmed. Fermentation occurred at a controlled temperature of 26 to 29ºC and lasted for 15 days. The wine was aged in American oak barrels for 12 months prior to bottling. Very little sign of the American oak barrels on the nose but plenty in the mouth. Quite good. Winemaker: Claudio Goncalves, Bodegas y Vinedos de Aguirre S.A. Viticulture/Vinification: The vineyards here boast soils derived from volcanic ash, as well as excellent exposure to sunlight due to the flat terrain. The region has a Mediterranean climate and the yields are small. The Carmenère grapes were hand-harvested in the middle of April. The must was fermented for a seven day period in stainless steel tanks with selected yeasts at 26-28°C. The wine was stabilised and filtered prior to bottling. A very lovely smell of green peppers, perhaps fried with a little coriander. The green pepper carries onto the palate. The alcohol's quite warm. Viticulture/Vinification: The Trapiche vineyards are situated at an altitude of 1,150m above sea level in the Uco Valley, Mendoza, and planted on clay soils with heavy set boulders. The grapes were manually selected and hand-harvested. 70% were destemmed and 30% were put in the vat with stems. Maceration lasted seven days and took place at 8ºC in oak vats. Fermentation was encouraged by native yeasts and up to 30g/l of residual sugar, and completed in French oak barrels, where malolactic fermentation also occurred. The wine was aged on lees for nine months in barrel. Earthy, oaky and appealing nose. Smooth and lovely mouth feel. Nice wine. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked on the last day of March and in to the first week of April. Once destemmed, they underwent a six day long cold maceration before fermentation in open stainless steel tanks commenced. After drying the wine was racked in French oak barrels and aged for 10 months. A lot more oak than the Altos Condor. Much bigger altogether. A little reductive on the nose, so decant it early. Bright, juicy and massive. Alc is quite warm. Viticulture/Vinification: Grapes are harvested followed by five to seven days skin contact with two hour pump-overs every eight hours, increased to every six hours during the peak of ferment. Following this malolactic fermentation, the wine was clarified, stabilized, stored in oak, blended and fined. The nose leads with alcohol. It's sweet, hot and simple. Not great. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes were de-stemmed and then minimally crushed, leaving some whole berries. A two day cold-soak took place before fermentation. 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French oak barrels. Nice slim label. Fresh and aromatic. Lovely. Juicy and delicious. I like this very much. Viticulture/Vinification: The 2010 vintage in McLaren Vale had minimal rainfall in the ripening season. The soil here is limestone under red, sandy loams, and the vines are on average six years old. 100% Sangiovese from clones MS1 and MS2 was used to produce this wine. The grapes were hand-picked and destemmed, with no cold soak, and macerated for two weeks post fermentation. The wine underwent a 12 month ageing period in four year old barriques. Viticulture/Vinification: For this wine whole bunches of Malbec were hand-harvested, before being gently crushed and naturally fermented in open fermenters for eight days, with hand plunging twice a day. This was followed by basket pressing into new and older French and American Oak Hogsheads to finish fermentation. After 8-10 months maturation and a racking in the same oak, the wine was blended and bottled. Not a huge amount on the nose, but maybe because it's after an absolute stonker. Tastes good, though. Juicy and fresh. Viticulture/Vinification: Fermentation took place at 25°C for seven days followed by five more days of skin contact. The wine was then matured in predominantly French oak barriques, of which 30% were new. 40% of the blend underwent malolactic fermentation in barrel. Beautiful aroma – oak, vanilla and spices. Massive taste, but with juicy acidity. Really very lovely indeed. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes used to produce this wine were hand-picked, destemmed and transferred to open fermenters, a small percentage remaining as whole bunches. The wine underwent three days of cold soaking and a further 14 days of skin contact before being transferred to French oak barrels. The wine remained in barrel for eight months, where malolactic fermentation was completed. Bottling took place in December 2011. Beautiful pinot nose. Really comes out and grabs you. Delicious smooth, juicy taste. Very good indeed. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked from three Southern Valley vineyard sites in Wither Hills. The whole cluster bunches were chilled overnight, destemmed, and then transferred to a fermentation tank without pumping, before being hand-plunged in small-batch fermentation vessels. Basket pressing followed, after which the wine was matured for one year in French oak barriques (30% new oak) with only one racking. Very pale colour with a hint of brick. It's delicious, but the Red Claw from Mornington Peninsular is way better. Viticulture/Vinification: This wine originates from vineyards with average yields of 18-20 tonnes per hectare. Fruity nose. Juicy and easy. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-harvested, partially crushed and destemmed. The primary fermentation occurred in Rototanks, and was followed by gentle pressing before drying. Malolactic fermentation was encouraged prior to 12 months ageing in a combination of French and American oak. Quite farmyard and stinky. Sweet and fruity and bordering on fizzy. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-harvested, destemmed, crushed, and chilled to 18-20°C. A controlled fermentation at 20-25°C took place in vertical fermenters, and selected yeasts were added for optimal skin contact. After fermentation the wine was drained into stainless steel tanks and underwent malolactic fermentation. Sweet, floral nose. Thin and simple. 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located between the middle and northern end of the St. Joseph AC. The wine underwent carbonic maceration, but did not receive oak treatment. A bit stinky but the gamay aroma does fight its way through. Juicy and light. Pleasant and good value for money. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine are hand-picked, and placed in boxes to avoid crushing. The wine undergoes semi-carbonic maceration for 16 days and is matured in vats on fine lees. Not much on the nose. Mineral, perhaps. Dry and very French (not surprisingly). I'd want it with food. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked and sorted manually on arrival at the winery, after which a three day long cold maceration in stainless steel tanks commenced. Fermentation took place over 18 days, and the cap was punched twice daily during this time. The wine was put in barrels (80% in 1, 2 or 3 year old oak, 10% in oak tank and 10% in stainless steel) for the malolactic fermentation and ageing. This wine was blended in October 2011, and bottled in February 2012. Aromatic with pinot and oak. Light but really tasty. Not yet started to develop but feels as if 12/18 months might make it rather lovely. Viticulture/Vinification: These vines are planted on gravely slopes, trained in the Cordon de Royat trellis system, and pruned in the Gobelet method. The wine underwent two weeks of temperature controlled vatting between 25-30°C in cement tanks. Quite a cardboard nose. Sweet and simple. Viticulture/Vinification: This wine is from the Saint Beauzille area, and is assembled from wines from the Tarn area. The wine undergoes traditional maceration. Cherry aroma. Sweet cherry flavour. Nope. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked from vines aged between 25 and 100 years. Chilled maceration was followed by a long, slow fermentation lasting up to six weeks. The wine was not fined and received no oak treatment. Dark fruits and alcohol on the nose. It's a lot better on the palate but the alcohol is stupidly high. Viticulture/Vinification: The vinification process for this wine did not use SO2, or any other additive. The grapes were destemmed, and then left to macerate for around 10 days. During this time the only extraction work involved pumping over daily. The grapes were then pressed, with the presses kept separate, and the wines were then racked in order to remove the coarser lees before malolactic fermentation began. After fermentation the wines were racked again, and then cooled. Deep purple. Not a cabernet nose. Dark and quite pleasant. Not recognisable, but OK. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine are hand-picked very ripe, and the whole bunches are then placed in a vat for carbonic maceration, which lasted for 10-18 days for the Carignan and Syrah, and 15 - 20 days for the Grenache and Mourvèdre. The wine was blended in January, and in February placed in French oak barrels, 30-40% of which were new, for 10-12 months ageing, according to the vintage. The wine was racked every three months but not filtered. After bottling, the wine was allowed several months additional bottle-ageing before release. Lovely farmyardy, manure-y smell – a smell I love. Delicious wine. Really exactly my sort of thing. Savoury, oaky and with smooth tannin and some development. Mmm. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were crushed, and then underwent maceration for 15 – 21 days between	0.440096	0.128189	-0.508141	-0.216829	[ 0.17027025465633192, 0.7099223736818434 ]	[ -0.08892492862371777, 0.345302502343889 ]	[ -0.7604973740092311, -0.2557854099577615 ]	[ -0.41713462336940155, -0.016523602058457397 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 5982, 1546, 278, 7256, 322, 14622, 1095, 310, 278, 624, 29889, 6936, 14614, 29889, 450, 19006, 1090, 29893, 296, 22004, 293, 5825, 261, 362, 29892, 541, 1258, 451, 7150, 288, 557, 14502, 29889, 13, 29909, 2586, 380, 682, 29891, 541, 278, 24988, 388, 263, 456, 29874, 947, 8589, 967, 982, 1549, 29889, 5342, 4245, 322, 3578, 29889, 19777, 13186, 322, 1781, 995, 363, 6909, 29889, 13, 29963, 277, 3953, 545, 29914, 29963, 262, 2450, 29901, 450, 330, 2390, 267, 363, 445, 19006, 526, 1361, 29899, 29886, 17840, 29892, 322, 7180, 297, 16273, 304, 4772, 2181, 21616, 29889, 450, 19006, 1090, 1484, 267, 12647, 29899, 4287, 6718, 293, 5825, 261, 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End goaltender in marc ( andre fleury A no-brainer here, running away with the rookie scoring title at 85 points – tied for 13th overall – and becoming the first freshman to record 60-plus assists since Sidney Crosby in 2006.Reynolds returned for the 1984 sequel, Cannonball Run II, but passed on the franchise's third installment, 1989's Speed Zone.Buffalo is also adding one of the top centers available: Mitch Morse.I'm going to make it clear: Don't ask me about it. The couple divorced in 1974 and their settlement totaled a then-record $874 million dollars – equivalent to more than $2 billion today.The Vikings have to be financially choosy with the needs they address in free agency.But the Hawks aren't far off; signs of progress were evident this season.After finishing second in the Atlantic Division, they went on a run in the playoffs, eventually losing to the champion Pittsburgh Penguins in seven games in the Eastern Conference finals.In many countries, poor diet now causes more deaths than tobacco smoking and high blood pressure, said Ashkan Afshin, an assistant professor at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington. Olympians Kendall Coyne Schofield and Brianna Decker participate in the 2019 NHL All-Star Skills competition?They also improved Gonzaga from +700 to +500 and Kentucky and Virginia from +800 to +700.Smith was the MVP of the Pac-12 Tournament, and Carleton was the Big 12 player of the year.on Sunday, and the visiting team will be the same Miami Dolphins who slapped them around South Florida on that October afternoon when their four-game losing streak began. I've seen him really relaxed and he's just doing what he loves — playing hockey on the highest level, longtime linemate said.It was so much fun.Any commercial use or distribution without the express written consent of AP is strictly prohibited. Gionta lost the faceoff to Czech center Jan Kovar, who played the puck to himself and quickly fed Kolar at the point.Premier League.I like to pick a play and teach concepts of the game, like going low-to-high, and how it creates confusion and then use examples of how mistakes happen.When the Moon is directly overhead , the moonlight has to pass through less of the atmosphere and thus appears as usual. I'll take a look at both teams, starting with Tyrone in today's column.Explore at your own risk!The visitors' frustrations were summed up in added time when Messi was brought down by Ferland Mendy just outside the area, only to smack his free-kick into the wall before his effort from the rebound was also blocked, leaving the second leg of this tie, on March 13, very much in the balance.But according to The Athletic, there's still one team that remains more interested in the 30-year-old than other free agent Dallas Keuchel.Justin Fields and the receivers The Georgia transfer is the favorite to replace record-setting quarterback Dwayne Haskins, who finished third in the Heisman Trophy voting after setting Big Ten single-season records in passing yards and touchdowns . Posted in Detroit Red WingsLeave a Comment on End goaltender in marc ( andre fleury 1 overall draft pick jadeveon clowney 11 04 2019 by RotoWire Staff \| RotoWire Flames' Sean Monahan: Likely out Saturday.But that hasn't been the case so far in this tournament.For now, Fox is trying to regain strength and balance, through marching and skipping exercises that will re-train his foot's movements.A follow-up MRI on Luke Weaver's elbow showed improvement, Steve Gilbert of reports.Weaver has been sidelined since the end of May with a mild https://www.officialramsfootballshops.com/YOUTH+JARED+GOFF+JERSEY flexor pronator strain and a minor UCL sprain. Punted five times for an average of 44 yards per punt vs.This film enters the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.The last time Cincinnati was at	-1.369245	-0.993864	-1.755972	-1.468088	[ -1.169272314904456, -1.5692175401720938 ]	[ -0.3490137300589544, -1.6387139657472791 ]	[ -1.7508994944217882, -1.7610444585233254 ]	[ -1.3900471036959803, -1.5461293197911532 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2796, 748, 1997, 1581, 297, 25335, 313, 322, 276, 9115, 2857, 13, 29909, 694, 29899, 2634, 4983, 1244, 29892, 2734, 3448, 411, 278, 696, 554, 347, 26654, 3611, 472, 29871, 29947, 29945, 3291, 785, 21351, 363, 29871, 29896, 29941, 386, 12463, 785, 322, 14171, 278, 937, 10849, 1171, 304, 2407, 29871, 29953, 29900, 29899, 11242, 1223, 2879, 1951, 19732, 3801, 315, 1883, 1609, 297, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29953, 29889, 1123, 948, 3361, 4133, 363, 278, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29946, 8617, 295, 29892, 315, 23453, 2135, 7525, 1944, 29892, 541, 4502, 373, 278, 23272, 895, 29915, 29879, 4654, 2601, 358, 29892, 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baseball's epicenter was 2015, when the Reds hosted the All-Star Game. So recruit a group of friends or coworkers and lead your team to victory!He was doing what he calls was his parents' dream."We're not there yet," Silas said.Poor coaching and disconcerting development have mired the 22-year-old D-man and have unfairly and prematurely cast the young Finn into the draft bust category, at least in the eyes of some peers and press alike. Or maybe more.With the calendar turning to May, it's time to start compiling huge lists of prospects that could hear their name called Game Jared Goff Jersey on the floor of American Airlines Center in Dallas.The sixth win in seven games is the best start in UNC Greensboro program history, and gives Louisiana Tech two losses in its last three games after starting the season 3. Regular closer Wily Peralta pitched the eighth and ninth innings, giving Limited Youth Ted Ginn Jr Jersey Barlow the opportunity for the first save of his career when the took the lead in the top of the 10th.Dehydration can also cause dark urine, as registered dietitian Fiorella DiCarlo RD, CDN, explained that urine can be a good indicator of whether you are hydrated or not.Luckily, the Magic got some help across the scoreboard from opponents of teams in the playoff race.CAR – None. Pederson has had good fortune promoting from within http://www.saintsshopfootballonline.com/Authentic-Ted-Ginn-Jr-Jersey as well as adding from the outside, so the Eagles head into 2019 with some admirable continuity on the coaching staff, some intriguing additions made, and some young, rising coaches getting their chances to lead rooms. Posted in Jared Goff JerseyTagged Game Jared Goff Jersey, Limited Youth Ted Ginn Jr JerseyLeave a Comment on 1 overall draft pick jadeveon clowney 11 Last eight games so he'll start steps step second Caught 59 passes for 487 yards and five touchdowns.Available for Rs 850 in the market, you can get it here for just Rs 444.A good playmaker out there every game.Up until Jan. The problem was that he was interested only in testing the boundaries of the latter.See how they answered in the video above. It also can potentially be tolerated by folks diagnosed with lactose intolerance. Reay, the wily bench boss whom fans wanted to escort out of the building in October, was carried off the ice by his players. He had a passed ball on the next pitch.The week before we did.1 cake: 420 calories, 29 g fat , 330 mg sodium, 34 g carbs , 6 g protein We're hoping you're not picking up this cheesecake on the reg because the 18 grams of saturated fat, one gram of trans fat, and a full day's worth of added sugar is simply unjustifiable.Ivan Rabb 17.Ramon Foster missed last week but he has a chance this week, and like some of these other cases, his practice participation will be our guide. just to be able to share stage, sing and dance with #waheeda ji is inexplicable #Asha jis wit and humility was overwhelming.Must watch #superdancerchapter3 this Saturday and Sunday instafam .Before the show, Jay-Z's manager invited Durant backstage to meet HOV himself.If you're looking for a candidate to take a significant leap from Year 1 to Year 2, it could be Josh Sweat, a fourth-round draft pick who played in just 68 defensive snaps before going to IR in December with an ankle injury. Skaggs gave up a solo homer to Lourdes Gurriel during the fourth inning but otherwise dominated in Toronto.The offseason had started.is not in Saturday's lineup against the Blue Jays.He'll take the active roster spot of infielder Ildemaro Vargas, who was optioned back to Triple-A. 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.The fake punt was the Redskins' first successful fake kick Authentic Marvin Jones Jr Jersey of any kind since Week 10 of the 2009 season vs.If they can get some additional points on the board, we'll have a clearer picture of their contender status once February hits.Rodgers' Year 1 cash flow consisted of $66 million, stemming from his $57 million signing bonus, his $7 million roster bonus, a $1 million base salary and a $500 workout bonus. Three days later, an unamused NHL's director of justice, Colin Campbell, rendered his verdict.If you would like http://www.houstontexanslockerroom.com/julien-davenport-jersey-wholesale to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Day Search' option.The Columbus Blue Jackets .We'll see about http://www.officialauthenticslionshop.com/lions+marvin+jones+jr+jersey that.I don't take them too seriously because this is someone's opinion. He especially loves Christmas time.We head out to the practice fields to see two scrimmages between the 49ers and Broncos taking place.It would be great for us to continue our journey together.It could've been better, but it probably wasn't as catastrophic as his statistics , said Tomlin. Posted in Marvin Jones Jr JerseyTagged Authentic Marvin Jones Jr Jersey, Elite Womens Julien Davenport JerseyLeave a Comment on Last eight games so he'll start steps step second Assistant coach on tom Thibodeau's staff Brown added: I'm confident the team is working hard together, well together, and we've made changes to understand and identify where we made mistakes and looking not to repeat those going in to next year.A: A lot of times it's post-snap but it's always continually looking for tips, where you can see things pre-snap.The Raptors could very well lose to the Sixers or Bucks , but at least it won't be because http://www.officialbluejacketshop.com/authentic-72-sergei-bobrovsky-jersey.html of LeBron.Then James can even be better. 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The emergence of the 3M Line as among the most proficient both-sides-of-the-puck trios in hockey.The data is so new, there are so few data points right now it's going to take a while to work its way through.Upgrade Your Game Using the Penguins App Pittsburgh Penguins fans in attendance can get the VIP treatment with Upgrade Your Game!This recipe by takes all of your favorite fall flavors to create one mouthwatering bowl of deliciousness.The ex-Labour Minister bought a West London house for £730 and sold it in 2014 for £1million, paying no capital gains tax on a profit of £870.A whack from Oiler enforcer Marty McSorley on goaltender Mike Vernon got the party started. Copyright 2019 http://www.billsofficialonlineshop.com/YOUTH+MITCH+MORSE+JERSEY by AP.If you would like to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Day Search' option.Jose Mourinho, along with Pep Guardi	-1.667834	-1.624389	-2.100901	-1.715218	[ -1.711663784787965, -1.6240045573320443 ]	[ -1.6029013941210848, -1.645876480072518 ]	[ -2.070465863620206, -2.131335648229429 ]	[ -1.665792352130786, -1.7646444223243956 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29889, 1576, 25713, 11978, 471, 278, 4367, 808, 1144, 29915, 937, 9150, 25713, 24817, 13189, 4173, 1085, 3845, 10920, 13843, 14500, 310, 738, 2924, 1951, 15511, 29871, 29896, 29900, 310, 278, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29929, 4259, 7186, 29889, 3644, 896, 508, 679, 777, 5684, 3291, 373, 278, 7613, 29892, 591, 29915, 645, 505, 263, 26135, 7623, 310, 1009, 640, 1581, 4660, 2748, 6339, 19572, 29889, 29934, 397, 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ola, is one of the greatest managers of the last 20 years.When you fight the best against the best, it will be a real game changer. She played a prominent role in shaping the design, décor, sponsor integration and overall presentation of AT&T Stadium, the renowned state-of-the-art venue that opened in Arlington, Texas in 2009.It's a continuous process.The Redhawks play Chattanooga and Jacksonville faces South Alabama in Saturday's games.Last week it was announced that she and Barrowman would stand-in for presenters Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby on ITV's This Morning over Easter weekend.She went on to make a £20 loss selling her second home in her constituency. We want to make sure I come back when I'm supposed to, not a game or two too early." The 40-year-old Malone missed 10 games before this season _ six due to injuries or illness and four because of suspensions _ and never sat out more than two games in any one season.Notre Dame falls to 8 in 2010 and 2011.Duke's freshman sensation has set the online ticket resale market on fire, with fans paying big money, and driving hundreds of miles, to watch the 6, 285-pound Williamson in the flesh.U16 Euro Championship B. This 152-page cookbook provides over 70 cherished recipes with beautiful photos and stories by the ladies of the Penguins.at LAC: Recorded one carry for six yards.Discovered in the personal effects of a former Coca-Cola employee, it appears to be the only surviving intact prototype, making it highly desirable among collectors.U16 Euro Championship B.Before speaking to the media on Wednesday, Burke was defeated by freshman Caris LeVert in a one-on-one drill. 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The exact opposite, actually.Like it or not, his Blackhawk season's will be used as a barometer during his time in Columbus.The lat strain is separate Limited Womens Lawrence Taylor Jersey and different from the shoulder injury.- Lindsey Adler April 9 This means that the earliest Severino could return to the bump in the http://www.authenticnikegiantshop.com/Lawrence-Taylor-Jersey majors is mid-June.A fire in 2012 broke out in one of the oldest galleries of the Biblioteca Palatina. These nuts are an excellent source of vitamin E, magnesium, and manganese, and a good source of fiber, copper, phosphorus, and riboflavin.Radhika Sarathkumar, Keyshawn Johnson Womens Jersey Vignesh Shivn, Chinmayi, Vishal and many others had publicly condemned Radha Ravi's statements.So far in the tournament, he's taken charge of three Pool A games; the semi-finals took place on Friday – Australia beat England 2, and India lost 3 to New Zealand – and then come the all-important medal matches.Much of the rest of http://www.newyorkjetslockerroom.com/keyshawn-johnson-jersey-wholesale the game belonged to the visitors, but Perez sealed his hat-trick cour	-1.22132	-1.194638	-1.880248	-1.579947	[ -0.7090613707608724, -1.733578591651945 ]	[ -0.9009749902476751, -1.4883011649172628 ]	[ -1.7407545303202512, -2.019741043112521 ]	[ -1.3796416226229686, -1.7802526439339128 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2963, 29892, 338, 697, 310, 278, 14176, 767, 18150, 310, 278, 1833, 29871, 29906, 29900, 2440, 29889, 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tesy of a touch of fortune late on, diverting Matt Ritchie's header beyond Angus Gunn to secure the match ball four minutes from time. to lift steel and aluminum tariffs imposed on them as all three countries work to have their legislatures ratify Trump's replacement for Nafta.Goalie Spencer Knight listed at 15 is a surprise sleeper pick if the Red Wings go off the board with their first-round selection.Take a concessionaire boat to visit, via Glacier Bay Lodge and Tours.While the Cabinet formally endorsed May's idea for a U.K.-EU Free Trade Area, it questioned the Government's proposed future relationship with the EU.And from what I hear there is a sense within that dressing room that they want to make a statement on All-Ireland final day and absolutely put down an emphatic marker. But now that their closer Corey Knebel elected to undergo Tommy John surgery, Milwaukee's need for someone to close out games just got a lot more urgent.�?When he was younger, family members, friends and teammates called him Tut-Tut, a nickname he earned from his aunt as a small child because she said he walked like a turtle.He'd been watching Jaguars dominate the British saloon car series and thought he could put the big Chevy above them on the podiums, so after rebuilding the motor to his liking Mr. Posted in Keyshawn Johnson JerseyTagged Keyshawn Johnson Womens Jersey, Limited Womens Lawrence Taylor JerseyLeave a Comment on National park (is fed healthy meltwater from glaciers Hopeful last week and lakers start of offered Rachel Anderson and Tony Wolak are the muckers who makeup THW's forechecking unit and sound off on Red Wings topics.The Edmonton Oilers believe he has boat loads of it.There is a chance we could see a ton of goals over the two legs, and whoever wins this one will solidify themselves as a legit contender.He said because Switzer's not a true running back he doesn't think he'd get some of the same matchups against linebackers. If you don't follow them, you can use any of the below links to subscribe to or download our podcast each week: OMAHA, Neb.GM Tim Murray, who was crafting a roster around star center Jack Eichel after tanking during his draft year, was turfed.U16 Euro Championship B.A closer look reveals that Verrett just might be seizing this chance to make an impression.Zach Bogosian was supposed to rebound from last season's 11 points under head coach Phil Housley but hasn't played a game due to an injury suffered in the preseason. In addition to the presentation and mock child's bedroom tour, there will be experts on hand to speak one-on-one with parents to address their individual concerns as well as examples of the latest street drugs, vaping materials and resource materials for addiction and recovery.We all felt very good about the decision we made today.And then you have the players that Boston fans are most excited about.at Detroit : Appeared in all 69 offensive plays…protected RB Todd Gurley II to rush for two touchdowns… We will look at what she did for Buffalo during her first year with the team, as well as what she will bring for this upcoming season. I'd be totally fine with that. This artist's illustration depicts a coronal mass ejection, or CME, which involves a large-scale expulsion of material, and has frequently been observed on our Sun.The Otters fell just short this season but are looking strong next season.Rose: My Confidence Is Through The Roof, I Just Need To Play Nov 29 2 PM Derrick Rose had 21 points and four rebounds in the Chicago Bulls' 109 win over the Boston Celtics on Friday. And that's a huge mistake, obviously, because I guarantee that every single person who tries You vs Wild will do it for one reason and one reason only; to murder Bear Grylls in as grisly a manner as possible.Given the strong pitching and number of close losses this year, even a small number of extra hits like that should be enough to swing a few games.I love the confidence this team is playing with, Paul Pogba looks like a new man and Marcus Rashford is delivering.And he has developed	-1.303501	-1.189266	-1.811769	-1.400453	[ -1.306239857804332, -1.3007611560883368 ]	[ -1.1695692774441329, -1.2089631062329467 ]	[ -2.100900755924817, -1.522637802137204 ]	[ -1.3588306604769456, -1.4420745090610378 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2167, 29891, 310, 263, 6023, 310, 19717, 5683, 373, 29892, 17089, 1259, 9811, 390, 2335, 347, 29915, 29879, 4839, 8724, 3218, 375, 402, 5963, 304, 11592, 278, 1993, 8287, 3023, 6233, 515, 931, 29889, 13, 517, 13777, 22973, 322, 394, 9735, 398, 9913, 28324, 527, 4752, 373, 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a knack for picking Texas Tech basketball, made evident by his 3 run picking for or against the Red Raiders.Ron Ellis, a teammate for parts of 12 seasons, marveled at the ways Keon could help his team win.Blake Swihart will catch Pomeranz, with Eduardo Nunez slotting back into the lineup and playing second base after getting Monday off. �?Casey totaled nine sacks and 22 tackles for loss during his three seasons at Southern California.We're really excited to get him back, so we'd like him to play, we're hoping we can get him in there in a number of situations.There's evidence to the notion that ownership wanted an expedited process.It's kind of like college recruiting, Rondo said on Friday. Blount added 13 points and nine rebounds. Posted in Detroit Red WingsLeave a Comment on Hopeful last week and lakers start of offered McKenzie skinner will return to the WHL's lethbridge hurricanes The car flags flying.Would Notre Dame be eliminated with one loss because of the lack of a conference championship game?But I did a lot of things like that. Rondo Wants To Stay With Celtics, Realistic About Short-Term Prognosis Sep 29 8 PM Rajon Rondo will begin the 14 season coming back from a left hand injury, but it will be an important year with free agency looming in July.Appearing on today, Rhodri said he has 'moved on' and also spoke about appearing in a recent betting ad that poked fun at his brother's 'loyalty'.Instead, Nichols recommends stepping on the scale once a week-or even every two weeks-to better track your progress.Saturday 7th March.That might still be the case, but his and Fleury's performances mean the world to this organization now and should resonate far into the future. To search for players who were born on a certain date, for example all players born on December 25, choose the month, day and year with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Full Date Search' option.Tennessee beats the John Cooper-led Buckeyes 31 in the BCS championship game.The more you play the more it pays. Ben Vander Plas had 12 points.Go with a type of cross-training that mimics running, such as cross-country skiing or pool running.'It happens.Rader Memorial Award.The Highmark Gate is located along Centre Avenue near the Mario Lemieux statue. Overall, the 27-year-old has a 4 ERA and 1 WHIP with 78 strikeouts in 79 innings heading into his next scheduled start against the Rangers in hitter-friendly Arlington.We think so.He has the full support of our team and organization.- AUDI AG April 2 BMW will be taking the covers off its new X3M and X4M Coupe SUVs in Shanghai next week.Hyman's ability to get the puck to his linemates �?who know better what to do with it than Hyman does at the NHL level �?is why he is with Matthews and Marner.by Uber, a monthly feature here on . It incenses the public when they see their hard-earned money used badly like this, she said.So it's not hard to see why Cuban and the Mavericks zeroed in on Slovenian wunderkind Luka Doncic early on in the draft process, then traded a 2019 first-round draft pick to the Hawks in order to get him.Mandy went for a high ponytail to compliment her beaded shoulders while attending the 2012 CFDA Fashion Awards.Related video: China upbeat on U.S.Devey played in 15 games with the 49ers in 2015, starting nine, then was waived by the 49ers in May of 2016. Yoshida almost scored himself shortly afterwards when he was denied at close range by Patricio, and Saints comfortably held out to move a step closer to survival.The XJ barely managed 5000 units last year. Posted in Detroit Red WingsLeave a Comment on McKenzie skinner will return to the WHL's lethbridge hurricanes Baby 2 the NHS run stretch We did	-1.689749	-1.545601	-2.070466	-1.881706	[ -1.6459193641960246, -1.733578591651945 ]	[ -1.4381635646405908, -1.653038994397757 ]	[ -1.9893061508079095, -2.1516255764325027 ]	[ -1.7178197574958436, -2.045592411295707 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 263, 889, 547, 363, 5839, 292, 10319, 1920, 305, 20305, 29892, 1754, 13602, 491, 670, 29871, 29941, 1065, 5839, 292, 363, 470, 2750, 278, 4367, 6981, 11376, 29889, 29934, 265, 11001, 275, 29892, 263, 3815, 25046, 363, 5633, 310, 29871, 29896, 29906, 20084, 29892, 1766, 345, 839, 472, 278, 5837, 4813, 265, 1033, 1371, 670, 3815, 5401, 29889, 29933, 433, 446, 3925, 4861, 442, 674, 4380, 349, 12392, 4096, 29892, 411, 7519, 6491, 405, 1540, 29920, 21497, 1259, 1250, 964, 278, 1196, 786, 322, 8743, 1473, 2967, 1156, 2805, 27822, 1283, 29889, 13, 30140, 29973, 8259, 29891, 2025, 7943, 14183, 269, 26514, 322, 29871, 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not speak for another 12 years, when I reconnected with him through Facebook.The final frame stated The Macallan."We've got to be playing our best basketball over these next two, three weeks.Egg McMuffins were added to the national menu in 1975 after being created by owner and operator Herb Peterson, who ran the Santa Barbara McDonald's in California.Berry's journey and efforts to raise awareness of Hodgkin's Lymphoma stand as a monument of hope and strength for others experiencing hard times. Located near modern Naples, in the Campania region of Italy, the ruins of Pompeii were discovered by Italian architect Domenico Fontana in 1549, but it was excavated only in 1748 by Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre.He later resurfaced in upstate New York and eventually surrendered on Sept.They performed clerical duties such as typing, stenography, telephone operations and, in some cases, radio operators and electricians. He plays with initial quickness and balance.The Gordie Howe Hat Trick is the most hockey player stat in the game, and is a fitting testament to one of the most complete players of all time.Richard was still elite in the 1950s, as evidenced by his 294 goals .Ellenson will rejoin the on Sunday and will be available to play in Monday's matchup versus the Nuggets if called upon. Not just because the Raps have reassembled the gang once again and the Clips are entering the demi-hell of a post-Chris Paul reality, but because where the Clips made playing not-quite-great basketball look like an extravagantly difficult trip to the laundromat, the Raps have always seemed to be having fun.Gallery: From Athena to Zavvi, shops that disappeared forever from UK high streets.Biggest movers: Arsenal , Borussia Monchengladbach and Porto Out of top 25: Atalanta Honorable mentions: Getafe and Lyon.Ware, 27, is a former sixth-round pick of the Seahawks back in 2013. UP NEXT Hurricanes: http://www.officialsunsproshop.com/authentic-21-richaun-holmes-jersey.html turn their attention to the Alex Ovechkin and the Washington Capitals in the first round of the playoffs.For anyone who needs a reminder, http://www.lionsshopnfl.com/Authentic-Matt-Prater-Jersey Darwin, now 68, a former teacher and prison officer, was living with first wife Anne in the seaside town Matt Prater Jersey when spiralling debts prompted him to come up with a wild idea.Did he Richaun Holmes Youth Jersey ever miss me?Adam Flagler led Presbyterian with 13 points and Ethan Kay added 11 points.The Ravens hope they aren't the team that allows him to return to form. If you would like to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Day Search' option.There have been rumors for more than a year that Rondo's days with the Celtics are numbered, but on Monday he insisted that he wants to remain with the Celtics over the long-term.Dennis Bergkamp, Johan Cruyff and Wim Jonk pose on March 30 at the Amsterdam ArenA.U16 Euro Championship B. The experts are now inviting companies and organizations to show that they're committed to trustworthy AI by voluntarily adopting the guidelines – and especially by using a particular checklist when developing and deploying AI systems.14 Louisville.The Flyers were on the receiving end of Thursday's 7 shellacking by the Blues in St.National Siblings Day, a day on which siblings express their appreciation for one another, is upon us.Miami has two players averaging double figures in points, sophomore guard Nike Sibande and sophomore forward Dalonte Brown . White and Brown will be game-changers, and Chabot was named MVP of the 2017 World Junior Championship despite playing for the silver-medal team.To replace Weaver on the 4	-1.267889	-0.999012	-1.728073	-1.691806	[ -0.8898585273887087, -1.6459193641960246 ]	[ -0.4094474446781574, -1.588576365470607 ]	[ -1.5480002123910466, -1.9081464379956128 ]	[ -1.5149128765721187, -1.868699233054511 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 451, 7726, 363, 1790, 29871, 29896, 29906, 2440, 29892, 746, 306, 8265, 484, 2954, 411, 1075, 1549, 13327, 29889, 1576, 2186, 3515, 8703, 450, 4326, 497, 273, 1213, 4806, 29915, 345, 2355, 304, 367, 8743, 1749, 1900, 20305, 975, 1438, 2446, 1023, 29892, 2211, 11405, 29889, 29923, 1505, 4052, 29924, 3096, 1144, 892, 2715, 304, 278, 4797, 6143, 297, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29955, 29945, 1156, 1641, 2825, 491, 12271, 322, 5455, 2439, 29890, 5879, 1330, 29892, 1058, 6350, 278, 7510, 18506, 4052, 28080, 29915, 29879, 297, 8046, 29889, 17104, 719, 29915, 29879, 16342, 322, 14231, 304, 12020, 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0-man roster, Yasmany Tomas had his contract selected from Triple-A Reno.In 27 appearances with Indiana, Turner scored just 7 points on 41% shooting in 21 minutes per game.A source familiar with the situation said Hill's fiancee has been in contact with Overland Park police.�?Senior honors included SuperPrep All-American; Under Armour All-American game participant; Frank Kush Award as the state of Arizona's top interior offensive lineman; Arizona Republic and East Valley Tribune first-team All-State; and Desert Sky first-team All-Region. �?Casey and teammate Wesley Woodyard coach a women's flag football team that is comprised of wives and significant others of Titans players.04 2019 by RotoWire Staff \| RotoWire Flames' Sean Monahan: Game-time call.Egg McMuffins were added to the national menu in 1975 after being created by owner and operator Herb Peterson, who ran the Santa Barbara McDonald's in California.He'll now miss at least 10 days, but X-Tampa Bay Rays confirmed that he was able to avoid a fracture.Brooks was the 25th overall pick of the 2011 NBA Draft and is currently playing for the Nets. Emily Kaplan: The Golden Knights were better equipped than any expansion team in recent memory – with legit goaltending, proven scoring and an embarrassment of defensive depth.Hancock, 24, went undrafted in June after playing two collegiate years at George Mason and his final two for Rick Pitino.Located just steps away from Dubrovnik's Old Town �?i.e.Notre Dame 31, Florida 10. With more free weight-loss apps available than ever, instant motivation is just a tap away. Posted in Richaun Holmes JerseyTagged Matt Prater Jersey, Richaun Holmes Youth JerseyLeave a Comment on Baby 2 the NHS run stretch Did position a good series probably problem means We make an effort to protect discussions from repeated comments either by the same reader Wade Megan Jersey or different readers We follow the same standards for taste as the daily newspaper.Chop my name off that leaderboard.In his place, Kasperi Kapanen or Josh Leivo should be given an opportunity in a top-nine role and on the power play.At Michigan, he was a four-year starter, anchoring the line at left tackle for 48 career starts. Utah State http://www.detroitredwingsofficialonline.com/Adidas-Wade-Megan-Jersey outscored Boise State 6 in the final 1 of overtime.Before and after that, it was all about defense – a game filled with air balls, blocked shots and clogged-up passing lanes.He's done a solid job in the closer role for the Angels Bryant Reeves Jersey in 2019, as he's sporting a 2 ERA, 1 WHIP and 57 K:BB across 59 innings. said that if you make it a rule for yourself to never miss a workout twice, chances are it will eventually become a habit.Key people: James Watson and Francis Crick Regarded by many as the greatest discovery in history, James Watson and Francis Crick's combined work facilitated the study of the molecular structure of all living organisms.Most people would agree.And if you play basketball the right way, the contract situation will handle itself.But your options about where to have your baby will depend on your needs, risks and, to some extent, on where you live.It's a daunting challenge even when you've experienced success like Guentzel had. Sean Monahan was not at practice Saturday and will likely miss the game against the Oilers, Pat Steinberg of Sportsnet 960 The Fan reports.With Monahan out, Elias Lindholm shifts to center and James Neal will feature on the top line in the regular-season finale: To summarize for those that like their numbers in pictures, we include below a graph illustrating the total compensation of our top-ten earners, broken down by the source of their income; That's where my http://www.authenticgrizzliestore.com/Bryant_Reeves_Jersey focus is and always will be; Since joining the	-1.418553	-1.162407	-1.794016	-1.504507	[ -1.6240045573320443, -1.2131019286324163 ]	[ -1.0084127051262584, -1.31640082111153 ]	[ -1.9690162226048353, -1.619014961101806 ]	[ -1.5929539846197052, -1.4160608063785092 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29900, 29899, 1171, 696, 2475, 29892, 612, 294, 13011, 4335, 294, 750, 670, 8078, 4629, 515, 8602, 552, 29899, 29909, 7493, 29877, 29889, 797, 29871, 29906, 29955, 21712, 411, 21817, 29892, 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team, he's averaging 14 points, 5 assists, 2 rebounds and 1 steals on 40 percent shooting; Posted in Wade Megan JerseyTagged Bryant Reeves Jersey, Wade Megan JerseyLeave a Comment on Did position a good series probably problem means At home left saturday rate san That deal valued LK Bennett at £100m, although the company has endured a difficult time more recently, making pre-tax losses for several years.It was in this decade that the parity in the NHL began to approach the levels of today's game.It would be great to come back for Tokyo and try to defend that title with the boys again, but we'll have to see, I suppose.at Detroit : Appeared in all 69 offensive plays…protected RB Todd Gurley II to rush for two touchdowns…John Womens Joe Flacco Jersey Konchar had 27 points and eight rebounds for the Mastodons . 44 fantastic food hacks you can't do without.His ERA fell a bit from 4 to 4 alongside a 128 K:BB.And while Ajax being involved in big European nights may seem like the natural order of things, this will be their first Champions League quarter-final since 2003.The only thing that concerns me is the central defense.Hansel Robles has seen the bulk of the work as the ' closer over the last few weeks, but Buttrey has been just as effective in high-leverage spots, reeling off eight straight scoreless appearances with a 13 K:BB over 10 innings during that stretch. It's also that reinterpreting history as a way to create a new nationalist narrative is a rhetorical hallmark of parties such as Germany's AfD and Poland's ruling right-wing-populist Law and Justice Party .Darren Dreger was on TSN 1260 and suggested it shouldn't take too long to figure out a deal, and with Nurse in Edmonton, things are probably closer than they are farther.Dawn entered orbit around this rocky world on 6 March 2015, and studied its icy, cratered, uneven surface until it ran out of fuel in October of 2018.When we view the moon on the horizon, the moonlight has to pass through a greater distance of the atmosphere to our eyes. In his first season with Los Angeles, Smith has slashed .246 .369 with a pair of homers in 139 plate appearances.He said that his experience in Dallas was listening to a simulcast of the http://www.sanfrancisco49erslockerroom.com/dwight-clark-jersey-wholesale Dallas Stars on the radio, and that the Hurricanes will implement the simulcast model going Dwight Clark Youth Jersey forward. "We knew there was a disruption," Auburn coach Bruce Pearl said. While no one factor caused their season to unravel, the single largest factor was their goaltending. Pro-EU supporters protest outside the Houses of Parliament on Aug.Bayern Munich : A matchup of two titans that is chock full of undeniable talent.If you would like to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Day Search' option.Willis might be the most accomplished pass rusher in this game, with 20 sacks over https://www.officialsauthenticbroncos.com/YOUTH+JOE+FLACCO+JERSEY his final two seasons in college.Blown leads and early exits have been their story – never more than when the Cavaliers lost to UMBC, a school known for chess, not hoops. The teams playing the best soccer — in their respective leagues and in international competitions — will be considered.�?Follow Lewan on Instagram at taylorlewan.We've seen flashes of that in practice that he's shown here. �?Lewan was the originator of the 2018 Offseason Titan Games, inspired by the popular video game Fortnite.Re-signing Tomas Plekanec gives the Habs veteran leadership and some stability defensively, while newcomer Joel Armia provides both that	-1.478819	-1.210754	-1.796552	-1.478494	[ -1.591132347036074, -1.3665055766802774 ]	[ -1.1265941914926998, -1.2949132781358133 ]	[ -1.9487262944017611, -1.6443773713556489 ]	[ -1.618967687302234, -1.3380196983309225 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 3815, 29892, 540, 29915, 29879, 4759, 6751, 29871, 29896, 29946, 3291, 29892, 29871, 29945, 1223, 2879, 29892, 29871, 29906, 15121, 3885, 322, 29871, 29896, 1886, 1338, 373, 29871, 29946, 29900, 10151, 27904, 29936, 13, 6747, 287, 297, 399, 1943, 13727, 273, 14500, 8176, 3192, 13307, 424, 830, 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Set up my studio We have a little studio outside our house, that originally was going to be my art studio. When it was first set up, there was a massive table that was not level in there, and it was turned the wrong way, and it felt tight in there because of the layout. So for a long time I took over the dining room table. The light was great, the big bay window overlooking the garden inspirational, the wax getting on the floor, the complaining from the family we want the dining room back... The studio space had gone through some changes too. From unhappy art space to storage to a little guest room, back to semi storage..... I found an old table on craigslist that was perfect for the art studio. So, there was a big move around from dining room to art studio, and I am happy. Family is happy. It feels spacious, inviting and it works. Yay! So off to making encaustic medium and settling in. :) It has been fun getting back into the studio and working with some new ideas. Recently I have been working with encaustics and mixed media, and finding some exciting effects. It has been fun watching the elements fuse together and have their own way of moving under the heat of the blow torch. The paintings truly start to have a life of their own during the process. Below are some of the recent works. I already have my panels primed and ready for another session. Finding myself dreaming of the paintings that are yet to be put onto panel. Excited. Sold - Misty Run Misty Run is made out of acrylic, pumice stone and encaustic. The horses are in pumice stone and acrylic applied with a pallet knife to the canvas. Encaustic medium is then applied over the painting to help create depth. Painting size is 8" x 24" x 2". Sold - Into the Sunset This lovely painting, is going to live in Vancouver BC. Into the Sunset is made out of oil encaustic (beeswax and oil pigments) Japanese rice papers and charcoal. The painting is 24" x 48" x 2" in size on a panel. Congratulations Else! Dressage through the levels - Christmas Gift Show Earlier in December I attended the Dressage through the levels symposium, at Donida Farm as a vendor. We were able to set up our booths in the stalls. I have to say, my work really looks lovely against worn wooden panels. They fit so well and there was a great response to my work. Very fun! Thank you Donida Farms! In the works... A new painting is underway. The "five horses" is oil encaustic on a panel which is 24" x 48" 2" in size. At our barn there is a field of youngsters who come to the gate and get pushy about who is going to be pet. They are all under the age of three. Their playful gosling for attention always makes me laugh. The painting is from a sketch, seen below. Then put onto the panel. I'm trying not to get caught up in much detail, and let the painting to be playful and free.. we will see how I do with that intention. HITS Press Release - Gabrielle England 2014 Follow the HITS Championship Tour HITS Triple Crown of Show Jumping - Thermal, CA \| Ocala, FL \| Saugerties, NY HITS Championship - Saugerties, NY \| September 3-7, 2014 Gabrielle England's Releasing Energy Selected as 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program Cover SAUGERTIES, NY (May 20, 2014) — HITS, Inc. is pleased to announce Gabrielle England's Releasing Energy has been chosen as the cover art for the 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program. England is an award-winning artist who is mostly self-taught, though did attend Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle, Washington. She specializes in creating abstract paintings of horses in oil encaustics, which is beeswax and oil pigment on panels. 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of the Pacific Northwest. The image for the painting Releasing Energy, which will don the cover of the 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program, was first seen in England's mind. "Most times I see the image for the painting in my mind's eye, and then the fun begins as I try to recreate it in oil encaustics," she said. "This panting was done layer by layer – I had to work backwards from top layer to bottom, dissecting the painting that I have seen so that I can recreate it." England also has a special affinity for line drawings. For Releasing Energy, she incorporated an abstract line drawing into the painting, embellishing it with gold, copper and bronze leaf. Then, the rich colors of beeswax helped create motion and energy from the horse. England says that the piece is one of her favorite paintings. Horses have always been England's first love, and continue to feed her passion, life vision and creative connection. England is a dressage rider who currently owns two horses, Aston Marvin, an off-the-track Thoroughbred, and Jubilee, a six-year-old Morgan/Oldenburg. England's 12-year-old daughter Amira is also a dressage rider and a member of the Baywood Pony Club. More of England's work can be viewed at www.gabrielleengland.com. England is happy to accept commissioned work. The 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson circuit boasts nine weeks of competition, welcoming riders of all levels, and offers the final qualifying opportunities for the popular HITS Championship in Saugerties, New York September 3-7, 2014 and the Marshall & Sterling Insurance League Finals, September 10-14. Image Provided Releasing Energy on the cover of the 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program. About HITS, Inc. HITS, Inc. produces high-quality, international-level hunter/jumper horse shows. Based in upstate New York in the village of Saugerties, HITS has been producing shows since 1982 and is now a nationwide company with world-class circuits in California, Florida, Arizona, New York and Virginia. HITS hosts the richest weekend in show jumping at HITS-on-the-Hudson, as well as the Triple Crown of Show Jumping. The Triple Crown includes the AIG Thermal $1 Million Grand Prix at HITS Thermal, the Great American $1 Million Grand Prix in Ocala, Florida and the Zoetis $1 Million Grand Prix in Saugerties, New York. For more information and a complete schedule of classes and events, visit www.HitsShows.com. Stay connected with HITS, join us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter! Media should contact the HITS Media Team at 845.246.8833 or e-mail Media_Info@HitsShows.com. 2014 Horse Show Dates HITS Desert Circuit HITS Ocala Winter Circuit HITS Arizona Winter Circuit January 29 - March 9, 2014 HITS Culpeper Show Series April / July / August / September HITS Saugerties Show Series May-June / July-August / September HITS Championship September 3-7, 2014 Find us on or follow us on HITS, Inc. • 319 Main Street • Saugerties, NY 12477-1330 845.246.8833 Tel • Media_Info@HitsShows.com • HitsShows.com 2014 HITS Official Summer Show Program Cover Artwork 'Releasing Energy' by Gabrielle England Equine artist Gabrielle England's painting 'Releasing Energy' has been selected as the 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program Cover. HITS-on-the-Hudson is held in Saugerties, NY. 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Review: "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" is a remarkable achievement Film Rating: A- My favorite episode of The Simpsons is "A Fish Called Selma," a 1996 installment from the show's seventh season. It's the one where has-been movie star Troy McClure, voiced by Phil Hartman, marries Marge's sister Selma as a publicity stunt to further his stalled career, and it's my favorite episode because McClure winds up starring in a Planet of the Apes Broadway musical. From the "Dr. Zaius" song to McClure singing "I hate every ape I see, from Chimpan-a to Chimpan-z," this is just a note-perfect, hilarious parody, one that works because it lovingly pokes fun at how incredibly silly the entire Apes premise really is. Film concepts don't get much more ridiculous than a planet full of intelligent, talking chimpanzees, and that makes the franchise ripe for spoofing. The concept does not seem to lend itself well to a serious, introspective, and thoughtful look at how the apes wound up conquering our planet, and I bring up the Simpsons comparison to highlight exactly what a remarkable achievement Rise of the Planet of the Apes truly is. Twisting Apes lore for comedic purposes isn't exactly a stretch, as the Simpsons demonstrated, but crafting an intelligent and emotional drama - all from the Apes' perspective, mind you - has got to be one of the toughest challenges a summer movie has ever taken on. I'm floored to report that this new prequel rises (no pun intended) to that challenge spectacularly. More after the jump... Writers Amanda Silver and Rick Jaffa have crafted a wonderful story that uses realistic, modern scientific dilemmas - the main human character, a scientist named Will (James Franco), is trying to find a cure for Alzheimer's, which his father suffers from - to set the ape revolution in motion. By testing his cure on apes, Will creates Caesar, a hyper-intelligent chimpanzee, and I love how the film illustrates that the entire ape revolution originated from the complex friendship between a man and an ape. Will only wants to protect Caesar, but there really isn't a place in human society for a primate with human intelligence; the ultimate purpose of the ape revolution is not, therefore, about vengeful conquest, but instead about carving out a place in that society. Make no mistake - James Franco may get top billing, but Caesar the ape is the film's main character, and any discussion of the film will inevitably start and end with the actor who brings Caesar to life: Andy Serkis. Like all the apes in the film, Caesar is a CGI creation, but Serkis plays the role through performance capture technology, the same effect used when Serkis portrayed Gollum in The Lord of the Rings or the title character in King Kong. Serkis is the king of his craft at this point, and with all due respect to Gollum, Caesar is his best performance yet. It's a completely silent role, yet Serkis conveys more through facial expressions and body language than talkative human characters do in most movies. Caesar's journey is a complex one; his transformation from fun loving baby ape to fearless, brilliant warlord isn't marked by one singular event. His motives are never simple, nor is his morality black and white. Serkis portrays all of this with flawless nuance, and I have no qualms in labeling it the best performance of the summer movie season, if not the year so far. Yet Serkis couldn't achieve this without the artists at Weta Digital; all of the many apes featured in the film are CGI creations, but it's impossible to tell this by watching the movie. This is the most realistic CGI I've ever seen, even better than Avatar or Transformers, and I'd go so far as to add that this is the best utilization of CGI effects yet seen in a live-action film. Creating one fascinating character like Caesar is certainly a monumental achievement, but it's been done before, particularly in other Serkis performances like Gollum. 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distinctive personalities and traits? That is truly revolutionary, and it's what Weta has accomplished. Caesar leads an entire band of apes, and the second act is primarily focused on introducing us to these characters, while continuing to further Caesar's own arc. Not all the apes have names, but by the time the revolution actually begins, you'll be able to recognize at lest six or seven of them as distinct and vivid characters. When one of the apes dies, it's a big, emotional moment, one that really hits the viewer where it hurts. This should always be the goal of CGI, to tell a story that couldn't be told without the use of computers, and since Rise of the Planet of the Apes does this from the opening moments to the very end, it should be considered a landmark moment in the history of special effects. In fact, the CGI ape cast actually overshadows the human characters. Much of this is simply a function of the narrative - this is a story about the apes, not the people - but some members of the human cast are little more than caricatures. Brian Cox and Tom Felton (i.e. Draco Malfoy) are the most problematic as the sadistic owners of an ape 'santuary.' They simply exist to be 'evil,' and we are given no reason to empathize with or understand them. They are just the 'bad guys,' and Cox and Felton aren't asked to do anything more than be their normal, villainous selves. The same can be said of a few other characters in the film, and it's a bit disappointing when you consider how much nuance and thought can be found in the rest of the movie. James Franco fares much better, thankfully; since his quest for an Alzheimer's cure is driven by a need to save his ailing father, he is 100% sympathetic throughout, and Franco does a tremendous job acting across from Caeser who, as a CGI creation, was never actually on set. Franco's character has a girlfriend, played by Frieda Pinto, who is completely useless, serving no purpose in the story. She also appears so infrequently that her presence is never much of a problem. Rupert Wyatt's direction is confident and sharp; visually, this is a beautiful film, and not just because of the awe-inspiring special effects. Wyatt, who has only ever directed one other film, also proves himself a brilliant action director; once the ape revolution starts, he stages several thrilling sequences, one of which, set on the Golden Gate Bridge, stands as a highlight of this entire summer movie season. Wyatt even manages to include several applause-worthy, crowd pleasing moments - such as the first time an ape rides a horse - that work without betraying the film's serious, thoughtful tone. The film also does an expert job opening the door for some sequels; though the title promises a rise of the entire 'planet of the apes,' the film actually only goes so far; at the end, the apes have only just started their revolution, which is an excellent choice. It's clear that making this story plausible and realistic takes time, and by spending an entire movie simply establishing the origins of the revolution, they've crafted a unique experience that is moving and thoughtful. Considering what a silly premise this franchise is based on, that's a bit of a miracle. Posted by Jonathan R. Lack at 3:59 PM Labels: Movie Reviews Review: A strong cast makes "Our Idiot Brother" a ... Doctor Who: "Let's Kill Hitler" Review and Analysi... "Chuck Versus Phase Three" and "Chuck Versus the L... Early Review: "I'm With You" puts the Red Hot Chil... "Doctor Who": Farewell Series Six Part One Extrava... Review: "Fright Night" is a messy horror flick, bu... The Monday Musings #3 - End of Summer Movie Awards... Review: "The Guard" falls short but provides big l... "Doctor Who" Flashback Review: "A Good Man Goes to... "Chuck Versus the First Fight" and "Chuck Versus t... Review: "The Help" offers a surprisingly thoughtfu... "Doctor Who" Flashback Reviews: "The Rebel Flesh" ... 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News Research New nanowire sensors are the next step in the Internet of Things Post author By Samara Thorn Post date 5th January 2023 A new miniscule nitrogen dioxide sensor could help protect the environment from vehicle pollutants that cause lung disease and acid rain. Researchers from TMOS, the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems have developed a sensor made from an array of nanowires, in a square one fifth of a millimetre per side, which means it could be easily incorporated into a silicon chip. In research published in the latest issue of Advanced Materials, PhD scholar at the Centre's Australian National University team and lead author Shiyu Wei describes the sensor as requiring no power source, as it runs on its own solar powered generator. Wei says, "As we integrate devices like this into the sensor network for the Internet of Things technology, having low power consumption is a huge benefit in terms of system size and costs. The sensor could be installed in your car with an alarm sounding and alerts sent to your phone if it detects dangerous levels of nitrogen dioxide emitted from the exhaust." Co-lead author Dr. Zhe Li says "This device is just the beginning. It could also be adapted to detect other gases, such as acetone, which could be used as a non-invasive breath test of ketosis including diabetic ketosis, which could save countless lives. Existing gas detectors are bulky and slow, and require a trained operator. In contrast, the new device can quickly and easily measure less than 1 part per billion, and the TMOS prototype used a USB interface to connect to a computer. Nitrogen dioxide is one of the NOx category of pollutants. As well as contributing to acid rain, it is dangerous to humans even in small concentrations. It is a common pollutant from cars, and also is created indoors by gas stoves. The key to the device is a PN junction – the engine of a solar cell – in the shape of a nanowire (a small hexagonal pillar with diameter about 100 nanometres, height 3 to 4 microns) sitting on a base. An ordered array of thousands of nanowire solar cells, spaced about 600 nanometres apart formed the sensor. The whole device was made from indium phosphide, with the base doped with zinc to form the P part, and the N section at the tip of the nanowires, doped with silicon. The middle part of each nanowire was undoped (the intrinsic section, I) separating the P and N sections. Light falling on the device causes a small current to flow between the N and P sections. However, if the intrinsic middle section of the PN junction is touched by any nitrogen dioxide, which is a strong oxidiser that sucks away electrons, this will cause a dip in the current. The size of the dip allows the concentration of the nitrogen dioxide in the air to be calculated. Numerical modelling by Dr Zhe Li, a postdoctoral fellow in EME, showed that the PN junction's design and fabrication are crucial to maximising the signal. The characteristics of nitrogen dioxide – strong adsorption, strong oxidisation – make it easy for indium phosphide to distinguish it from other gases. The sensor could also be optimised to detect other gases by functionalising the indium phosphide nanowire surface. TMOS Chief Investigator Professor Lan Fu, leader of the research group says "The ultimate aim is to sense multiple gases on the one small chip. As well as environmental pollutants, these sensors could be deployed for healthcare, for example, for breath tests for biomarkers of disease. "The tiny gas sensor is easily integratable and scalable. This, combined with meta-optics, promises to achieve multiplexing sensors with high performance and multiple functionalities, which will enable them to fit into smart sensing networks. TMOS is a network of research groups across Australia dedicated to progressing this field. "The technologies we develop will transform our life and society in the coming years, with large‐scale implementation of Internet of Things technology for real‐time data collection and autonomous response in applications such as air pollution monitoring, industrial chemical hazard detection, smart cities, and personal healthcare." 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How Latino activists are standing up to the Israel lobby / ei Fecha: marzo 16, 2014Autor/a: Estudios Fronterizos Grupo de Investigación UACM 0 Comentarios How Latino activists are standing up to the Israel lobby Adriana Maestas and Rania Khalek Wall along the border between the US city of Nogales, Arizona, and the Mexican city of Nogales, Sonora. Graffiti says "The border is big because we are on our knees" and "No wall!" (Steev Hise/Flickr) This special report for The Electronic Intifada is the second of two. The first looked at the Israel lobby's outreach campaign to the Latino American community. As the pro-Israel lobby's aggressive recruitment of Latino Americans intensifies, a number of Latino and Chicano groups are pushing back by aligning themselves with the Palestinian struggle. At its March 2012 annual conference, chapter leaders of the Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán (MEChA), a Chicano (Mexican-American) student group with a four-decade history of activism and a presence throughout the US, endorsed the call toboycott, divest from and sanction Israel for its occupation and settlement in Palestine. Drawing on the parallels of the Chicano struggle for justice in the US, the endorsement of the boycott was announced on National Cesar Chavez Day, which also happened to fall on Palestinian Land Day. Chavez famously led strikes and boycotts in the struggle for justice for farmworkers and is widely considered one of the most important Latino leaders in American history. In a joint press release, Students for Justice in Palestine at Arizona State University and National MEChA highlighted the growing trend of building "cross-movement relationships" between Latino groups and Palestine solidarity organizations at universities across the country. A Tale of two checkpoints Gabriel Camacho, a Boston-based immigrant rights advocate and coordinator for immigration programs with the American Friends Service Committee, has been involved in countering the efforts of Zionists who invite Latino leaders on all-expenses-paid trips to Israel. The AFSC has a history of supporting Palestinian refugees since 1948, when 750,000 Palestinians were ethnically cleansed from what would become Israel. Beyond his professional work in immigration, Camacho became more involved in the Palestine solidarity movement after he noticed that Latino leaders in the Boston metropolitan area were being invited on all-expenses-paid trips to Israel sponsored by groups including the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the American Jewish Committee. To offer an alternative perspective, Camacho organized a delegation to Palestine in 2010 for people of color. "There were Chicanos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans," said Camacho. "We were mostly in the West Bank – we weren't able to go to the Gaza strip." Many of the participants recognized parallels between the oppression of Palestinians and their own oppression as colonized and marginalized people. "A young Chicano from San Diego who was part of the delegation said, 'Wow, this was just like home,' and then he went on to describe how the border patrol asks for your ID and can stop you when you take a trolley to San Ysidro," explained Camacho. San Diego's trolley system provides service to the San Ysidro point of entry, which is one of the busiest land border crossings in the world adjacent to Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Back in 2002, Latino rights organizations criticized the Border Patrol for targeting Latinos who were riding the San Diego trolley in its pursuit of undocumented immigrants. "Two Walls, One Struggle" When he returned from Palestine, Camacho immediately got working on a PowerPoint presentation titled, "Two Walls, One Struggle: a structural comparison of colonialization, territorial loss, and racist aggression in Mexico and Palestine" to present to Latinos who are invited on trips to Israel by some of the Israel advocacy organizations. 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ionist colonization of Palestine. At the end of the US-Mexican war in 1848, Mexico lost nearly half of its territory to the US, which annexed the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. In his book, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos, scholar Rudolfo Acuña argues that people of Mexican descent in the US southwest live under the domination of Anglo-American invaders. Building on this connection, the presentation noted that Elbit Systems, the Israeli company that helps operate the illegal separation wall in the West Bank, also has a contract with the US Department of Homeland Security to build high tech portions of the border wall between the US and Mexico. Camacho has managed to connect some Latinos with organizations in Palestine during their Israel hasbara — propaganda — trips so that they can stay a few more days and get an unfiltered view of places in the West Bank, like Hebron. Still, Camacho said, it is rare for a Latino leader who is disturbed by what they have witnessed in Palestine to speak out due to backlash from the pro-Israel groups. From Puerto Rico to Palestine Puerto Rico has been a colony since 1493, but the island was not formally ceded to the United States until 1898 at the end of the Spanish-American War. Sometimes referred to as "the oldest colony in the world," some Puerto Ricans have compared their political situation to that of the Palestinians. René Pérez, of the hip-hop group Calle 13, shot a music video in Bethlehem, in the occupied West Bank in December 2013. Pérez told the Associated Press during that trip that Puerto Ricans are connected to Palestinians "because we are a colony of the United States. Here you have the situation with Israel." He added, "It would be good to start building bridges between Palestine and Puerto Rico." Building bridges is something that Natasha Lycia Ora Bannan is doing as well. The Puerto Rican attorney who serves as the executive vice president of the National Lawyers Guild (NLG) told The Electronic Intifada about her efforts to expose Puerto Ricans to the situation in Palestine with an upcoming trip she is leading with the NLG. "The National Lawyers Guild is a progressive legal organization of lawyers, law students and legal workers who work to ensure that human rights shall be regarded as more sacred than property interests," Bannan explained in a written statement. "NLG has long supported Palestine's right to self-determination and has sent previous delegations to the occupied territories in Gaza and the West Bank before to observe, investigate and document the numerous human rights abuses being committed against Palestinians by the Israeli government." Bannan continued: "Our delegations are open to all NLG members and we will likely have the participation of some of our colleagues from Puerto Rico join us this year." Bannan noted that there would be a "focus on the conditions of detention for Palestinian political prisoners, an issue that has long affected Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico and Palestine have a shared history of fighting for their independence and sovereignty, leading to the imprisonment of many political prisoners." Ironically, thousands of Palestinians who have fled their land have moved to Puerto Rico. Israel's trail of blood in Latin America "You cannot talk about the Israel lobby and Latinos without mentioning the long history of Israeli intervention in Latin America," says Ron Gochez, a member of the California community-based group Union del Barrio. Union del Barrio has taken a clear stand in supporting Palestinian self-determination. "We are a political organization, not a non-profit. We are clear on the issue — we are not anti-Semitic. We are anti-imperialist. A lot of people are afraid to speak on this topic," explained Gochez, underscoring Israel's sordid history in Latin America. "In almost every country in the region that has had a repressive government, Israel has had a hand in it in recent history." Indeed, Israel has been a source of weapons and military and security training for some of the most despotic regimes in Latin America. Efraín Ríos Montt, the former de facto president of Guatemala who was convicted	0.67979	1.630974	0.704182	0.878348	[ 0.5839122342139575, 0.7756667942737839 ]	[ 1.9210556538964412, 1.3408919935520924 ]	[ 0.6636019617440361, 0.7447616745563327 ]	[ 0.940780656658604, 0.8159148837824656 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 291, 391, 8104, 2133, 310, 22053, 457, 29889, 13, 4178, 278, 1095, 310, 278, 3148, 29899, 29924, 735, 2185, 1370, 297, 29871, 29896, 29947, 29946, 29947, 29892, 12568, 5714, 8886, 4203, 310, 967, 20123, 304, 278, 3148, 29892, 607, 385, 13996, 287, 278, 2198, 29899, 3250, 5922, 310, 8046, 29892, 26572, 1114, 29892, 14950, 801, 29892, 1570, 12568, 29892, 1556, 310, 23716, 322, 21137, 29892, 322, 5633, 310, 10319, 29892, 27879, 29892, 20029, 29892, 322, 10167, 28826, 29889, 13, 797, 670, 3143, 29892, 16117, 786, 1000, 6813, 29901, 319, 5298, 310, 678, 2185, 359, 29892, 21344, 10670, 324, 1181, 319, 4979, 9658, 1852, 1041, 393, 2305, 310, 24777, 26815, 297, 278, 3148, 7062, 5933, 5735, 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of genocide and crimes against humanity last May for his role in the Guatemalan civil war, received support from Israel (Ríos Montt's conviction was overturned after a spat between judges over technicalities). In addition, Israel has armed and trained right-wing groups and regimes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuelaaccording to investigative journalist Jeremy Bigwood ("Israel's Latin American trail of terror," Al Jazeera English, 5 June 2003). Mexico also has a history of purchasing weapons from Israel and utilizing Israeli military personnel against the Zapatista uprising twenty years ago. In recent years, Mexico has purchased drones to spy on drug cartels in its bloody and ongoing drug war. Israel's cozy relationship with Latin America's military juntas extended to the Israel lobby as well. As writer and activist Roberto Lovato told The Electronic Intifada, "When I was in LA in the early '90s, and we were opposed to the death-squad government of Armando Calderon Sol of El Salvador, I remember seeing the ADL award Calderon Sol with a human rights award. We staged some protests – we were asking 'what is this?' He was presented with a Humanitas award in Century City in Los Angeles." Chilling silence In 2010, Janet Murguia, the president and CEO of the National Council of La Raza, the largest national Latino civil rights organization in the US, went on a trip to Israel withProject Interchange with several other Latina leaders. When contacted for comment regarding this piece in early February, the communications director for the council responded via e-mail, "I'm sorry, we cannot speak about this. We don't have an expert that can comment." Pro-Israel organizations also heavily donate to Latino elected officials. According to Open Secrets in the current election cycle, Florida congressional representatives Joe Garcia (Democrat) and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Republican) have received over $20,000 from the pro-Israel lobby. Additionally, representatives Linda Sanchez (D-California), Albio Sires (D-New Jersey), Loretta Sanchez (D-Califorinia), Mario Diaz-Balart (R-Florida), and Raúl Grijalva (D-Arizona) have all received at least $1,000 from pro-Israel groups in the current election cycle. We contacted these Latino congressional representatives, all of whom support a path to immigration for the undocumented, asking if they supported the apartheid conditions in Israeli-occupied Palestinian territories and the treatment of African migrants by the Israeli government, but not a single one responded. All of them have been supportive of an immigration overhaul in the US, with Representative Garcia being a chief sponsor of H.R. 15, a comprehensive immigration reform bill introduced in the House of Representatives last fall. Carlos Montes, a long-time Chicano activist based in Los Angeles, with a history of anti-war advocacy, believes Latino elected officials and leaders are reluctant to speak out against Israel's human rights abuses due to the lobby. "They see that the Israel lobby is strong, and they are politicians," said Montes. "If they take a position that is against Israel, they will get snapped. They are looking to get support locally for any of their campaigns." "They [Latino leaders] go, they get a trip, but they ought to be smart enough to know that the lobby will want them to be neutral or to say nothing." Gabriel Camacho added that fear of upsetting pro-Israel groups has Latino activists scared silent as well. "These organizations, like the ADL and the JCRC [Jewish Community Relations Council] silence dissent and the Palestinian narrative. They also have a huge influence on the Congress and the Senate. And that influence is trickling down to community activists," Camacho said. "It's difficult if your primary responsibility is to keep a small organization afloat. You don't want to be blacklisted by very influential organizations."	0.042719	1.459073	-0.262126	0.854935	[ 0.16068252665334057, -0.0752440659916959 ]	[ 2.092955997702174, 0.8251909621348936 ]	[ -0.35596693046044015, -0.16828509458200425 ]	[ 1.096862872753777, 0.6130080028587406 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 310, 2531, 29877, 8204, 322, 2181, 1355, 2750, 5199, 537, 1833, 2610, 363, 670, 6297, 297, 278, 2088, 17533, 284, 273, 7631, 1370, 29892, 4520, 2304, 515, 11996, 313, 29934, 27251, 4526, 29873, 29915, 29879, 7602, 2463, 471, 975, 685, 287, 1156, 263, 805, 271, 1546, 6577, 2710, 975, 16905, 1907, 467, 13, 797, 6124, 29892, 11996, 756, 23926, 322, 16370, 1492, 29899, 16958, 6471, 322, 1072, 1355, 297, 13798, 29892, 25765, 423, 29892, 16078, 29892, 21078, 29892, 17513, 29750, 29892, 13430, 29892, 278, 13298, 2185, 8063, 29892, 382, 26719, 29892, 1260, 22194, 29892, 379, 1249, 29875, 29892, 379, 898, 10939, 29892, 13656, 279, 29296, 29892, 6518, 3304, 29892, 1459, 10617, 388, 29892, 25493, 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Q: pygame Slideshow freezes Context: My current project to automate some of my work is to make a program that will prompt a picture, allow me to type in a name for the picture and then save it in a new folder on my desktop to be sorted. Current situation: I've put together a basic slide show app using pygame (Tried Tkinter and I was having problems cycling and allowing for an input so I scrapped it). The below program works great for 2/3 pictures and then it freezes completely and if i move the pygame window, it's bricked again. Question: Is there any better way of cycling pictures that I'm missing out on? Or is there a way to stop pygame from freezing? I don't think it's memory leak, but I'm only a noob. All suggestions/help welcome and if you can give any guidance to get to my end goal I would be grateful as heck! dave import pygame from pygame.locals import * import os from os import listdir location = input() os.chdir(location) main = os.listdir() print(main) pygame.init() display_width = 500 display_height = 500 black = (0,0,0) white = (255,255,255) blue = (0,0,255) gameDisplay = pygame.display.set_mode((display_width, display_height)) pygame.display.set_caption('A bit racey') clock = pygame.time.Clock() def car(x,y): for image in main: print(image) carImg = pygame.image.load(image) picture = pygame.transform.scale(carImg, (500, 500)) gameDisplay.blit(picture,(x,y)) pygame.display.update() pygame.time.delay(2000) gameDisplay.fill(white) x = (0) y = (0) crashed = False while not crashed: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: crashed = True gameDisplay.fill(blue) car(x,y) pygame.display.update() clock.tick(60) pygame.quit() quit() A: Your OS thinks the program has frozen since you don't call any functions from the event module in time. Easy fix is just to put the line pygame.event.pump() inside your car() function. It would not be a good fix however since you still can't handle any events like closing the window. When you're entering the car function you're delaying the program for 2amount_of_images seconds, making the program unable to do anything else. I would do a total refactor of your program (see below). Also, I see you're looking into sentdex pygame tutorial. Make sure to name your variables accordingly to your program so it makes sense. car(x, y) is not a good name for displaying images and main is not a good name for a list of directories. Try follow PEP8 as well, naming all variables and function with lowercase_and_underscore as it's a convention for Python. Sentdex does unfortunately not follow these. Here's a short example on how I would do it (although there are many other ways to do it): import pygame pygame.init() def load_images(): # This is just a mock-up function. images = [] for i in range(5): image = pygame.Surface((500, 360)) image.fill((51i, 100, 100)) images.append(image) return images def main(): clock = pygame.time.Clock() time = 0 # Time to keep track of when to swap images. images = load_images() # List of images. image_index = 0 # Current image that's being displayed. total_images = len(images) while True: dt = clock.tick(60) / 1000 # Amount of seconds between each loop. time +=	-1.393899	-1.248357	-0.191111	-0.582322	[ -1.4979944178641584, -1.2898037526563468 ]	[ -1.25193819218438, -1.2447756778591412 ]	[ -0.21647367406430534, -0.16574885355661997 ]	[ -0.7423059069010121, -0.4223373639059073 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 660, 29901, 22028, 14866, 2247, 3525, 3889, 10947, 15228, 29901, 29871, 13, 3421, 1857, 2060, 304, 3345, 403, 777, 310, 590, 664, 338, 304, 1207, 263, 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by: Elizabeth Chmurak WILMINGTON, Del. (NewsNation Now) — Hunter Biden, son of President-elect Joe Biden, said in a statement on Wednesday that his 'tax affairs' are under investigation. According to the statement obtained by NewsNation, the investigation is being conducted by the U.S. Attorney's office in Delaware. "I take this matter very seriously but I am confident that a professional and objective review of these matters will demonstrate that I handled my affairs legally and appropriately, including with the benefit of professional tax advisors," Hunter Biden said in a statement. The Justice Department's investigation scrutinizing Hunter Biden's taxes has been examining some of his Chinese business dealings, among other financial transactions, a person familiar with the matter told The Associated Press. The investigation was launched in 2018, a year before his father, Joe Biden, announced his candidacy for the presidency, but it isn't clear which entities might be tied up in the probe. Hunter Biden has a history of international affairs and business dealings in a number of countries. Federal investigators served a round of subpoenas on Tuesday, including for Hunter Biden, according to another person familiar with the investigation who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss an ongoing probe. The tax investigation centers on his business dealings, the person said. Investigators did not reach out in the weeks prior to the election because of a Justice Department policy surrounding elections that prohibits overt investigative acts, one of the people said. Biden calls for action on virus as he introduces health team The Biden-Harris presidential transition team also released a statement in response to the investigation: "President-elect Biden is deeply proud of his son, who has fought through difficult challenges, including the vicious personal attacks of recent months, only to emerge stronger." A New Yorker profile on Hunter Biden last year detailed some of his business work in China, including how he accompanied his father on a 2013 trip to Beijing, where he met with a business associate. He also acknowledged having received a diamond from a Chinese energy tycoon involved in liquified natural gas projects. He downplayed the idea that the gift could have been intended to affect his father's policy. He told the magazine that he gave the diamond to an associate. "What would they be bribing me for? My dad wasn't in office," he said. Hunter Biden has been caught up in controversies before. While his father was vice president, Hunter joined the Naval Reserve and was discharged after testing positive for cocaine in his system, later revealing a yearslong struggle with addiction. He also joined the board of Ukrainian energy company Burisma in 2014, sparking concerns about the perceptions of a conflict of interest given the elder Biden was deeply involved in U.S. policy toward Ukraine. An investigation by the Republican-led Senate did not identify any policies that were directly affected by Hunter Biden's work. In the weeks before the election, Trump supporters used the existence of a laptop they said was connected to Hunter Biden — and the emergence of someone who maintains he had business discussions with him — to raise questions about Joe Biden's knowledge of his son's activities in Ukraine and China. The president-elect has said he did not discuss his son's international business dealings with him and has denied having ever taken money from a foreign country. The laptop surfaced publicly in October when The New York Post reported on emails that it said had come from Hunter Biden's laptop and that it said it received from Rudy Giuliani, Trump's personal lawyer. A third person familiar with the matter said the tax investigation does not have anything to do with the laptop. Like the other people who spoke to the AP, the person was not authorized to discuss the matter publicly and spoke on condition of anonymity. This is a developing story, check back for updates. by PAUL J. WEBER, Associated Press / Jan 15, 2021 AUSTIN, Texas (AP) — The National Rifle Association announced Friday it has filed for bankruptcy and will seek to incorporate the nation's most politically influential gun-rights group in Texas instead of New York. The announcement made on the NRA's website comes months after New York's attorney general sued the organization over claims that top executives illegally diverted tens of millions of dollars for lavish personal tri	-0.290026	0.302327	-0.772545	-0.232437	[ -0.40773277638114497, -0.17231981202198304 ]	[ 0.2020522158391115, 0.40260261694579996 ]	[ -0.6489027688923232, -0.8961862688672895 ]	[ -0.3781140693456083, -0.08676059930128527 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 491, 29901, 13061, 678, 29885, 332, 557, 13, 29956, 6227, 29924, 4214, 29911, 1164, 29892, 5556, 29889, 313, 29328, 29940, 362, 2567, 29897, 813, 25703, 350, 3615, 29892, 1487, 310, 7178, 29899, 15436, 11131, 350, 3615, 29892, 1497, 297, 263, 3229, 373, 15050, 4515, 3250, 393, 670, 525, 20725, 19469, 29915, 526, 1090, 22522, 29889, 13, 7504, 3278, 304, 278, 3229, 7625, 491, 10130, 29940, 362, 29892, 278, 22522, 338, 1641, 18043, 491, 278, 501, 29889, 29903, 29889, 6212, 25252, 29915, 29879, 8034, 297, 5556, 28327, 29889, 13, 29908, 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Resolution No. 2499, which took effect on August 27, 1992. However, Comelec Resolution No. 2824, which took effect on February 6, 1996 and was passed pursuant to R.A. 7808, in relation to Arts. 252-253 of the Omnibus Election Code, has since transferred the cognizance of such cases from the Board of Election Supervisors to the MTCs, MCTCs and MeTCs. Thus, the doctrine of Mercado is no longer controlling. (Francis King L. Marquez v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127318, Aug. 25, 1999, En Banc [Purisima]) THE LAW OF PUBLIC CORPORATIONS What is an autonomous region? Answer: An autonomous region consists of provinces, cities, municipalities, and geographical areas sharing common and distinctive historical and cultural heritage, economic and social structures, and other relevant characteristics within the framework of the Constitution and the national sovereignty as well as the territorial integrity of the Republic of the Philippines. (Sec. 15, Art. X, 1987 Constitution) 245. What are administrative regions? Are they considered territorial and political subdivisions of the State? Who has the power to create administrative regions? Held: Administrative regions are mere groupings of contiguous provinces for administrative purposes. They are not territorial and political subdivisions like provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays. While the power to merge administrative regions is not expressly provided for in the Constitution, it is a power which has traditionally been lodged with the President to facilitate the exercise of the power of general supervision over local governments . (Abbas v. COMELEC, 179 SCRA 287, Nov. 10, 1989, En Banc [Cortes]) 246. Is there a conflict between the power of the President to merge administrative regions with the constitutional provision requiring a plebiscite in the merger of local government units? Held: There is no conflict between the power of the President to merge administrative regions with the constitutional provision requiring a plebiscite in the merger of local government units because the requirement of a plebiscite in a merger expressly applies only to provinces, cities, municipalities or barangays, not to administrative regions. (Abbas v. COMELEC, 179 SCRA 287, Nov. 10, 1989, En Banc [Cortes]) 247. What is the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)? Is it a local government unit or public corporation endowed with legislative power? May it validly exercise police power? How is it distinguished from the former Metro Manila Council (MMC) created under PD No. 824? Held: Metropolitan or Metro Manila is a body composed of several local government units i.e., twelve (12) cities and five (5) municipalities x x x. With the passage of Republic Act No. 7924 in 1995, Metropolitan Manila was declared as a special development and administrative region and the Administration of metrowide basic services affecting the region placed under a development authority referred to as the MMDA. The governing board of the MMDA is the Metro Manila Council. The Council is composed of the mayors of the component 12 cities and 5 municipalities, the president of the Metro Manila Vice-Mayors League and the president of the Metro Manila Councilors League. The Council is headed by a Chairman who is appointed by the President and vested with the rank of cabinet member. As the policy-making body of the MMDA, the Metro Manila Council approves metrowide plans, programs and projects, and issues the necessary rules and regulations for the implementation of said plans; it approves the annual budget of the MMDA and promulgates the rules and regulations for the delivery of basic services, collection of service and regulatory fees, fines and penalties. X x x Clearly, the scope of the MMDAs function is limited to the delivery of the seven (7) basic services. One of these is transport and traffic management x x x. It will be noted that the powers of the MMDA are limited to the following acts: formulation, coordination, regulation, implementation, prepar

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866

133,120

CommonCrawl

6

2

ation, management, monitoring, setting of policies, installation of a system and administration. There is no syllable in R.A. No. 7924 that grants the MMDA police power, let alone legislative power. Even the Metro Manila Council has not been delegated any legislative power. Unlike the legislative bodies of the local government units, there is no provision in R.A. No. 7924 that empowers the MMDA or its Council to enact ordinances, approve resolutions and appropriate funds for the general welfare of the inhabitants of Metro Manila. The MMDA is x x x a development authority. It is an agency created for the purpose of laying down policies and coordinating with the various national government agencies, peoples organizations, non-governmental organizations and the private sector for the efficient and expeditious delivery of basic services in the vast metropolitan area. All its functions are administrative in nature and these are actually summed up in the charter itself x x x. Secondly, the MMDA is not the same entity as the MMC in Sangalang. Although the MMC is the forerunner of the present MMDA, an examination of Presidential Decree No. 824, the charter of the MMC, shows that the latter possessed greater powers which were not bestowed on the present MMDA. Metropolitan Manila was first created in 1975 by Presidential Decree No. 824. It comprised the Greater Manila Area composed of the contiguous four (4) cities of Manila, Quezon, Pasay and Caloocan, and the thirteen (13) municipalities x x x. Metropolitan Manila was created as a response to the finding that the rapid growth of population and the increase of social and economic requirements in these areas demand a call for simultaneous and unified development; that the public services rendered by the respective local governments could be administered more efficiently and economically if integrated under a system of central planning; and this coordination, especially in the maintenance of peace and order and the eradication of social and economic ills that fanned the flames of rebellion and discontent [were] part of the reform measures under Martial Law essential to the safety and security of the State. Metropolitan Manila was established as a public corporation x x x. The administration of Metropolitan Manila was placed under the Metro Manila Commission (MMC) x x x. The MMC was the central government of Metro Manila for the purpose of establishing and administering programs providing services common to the area. As a central government it had the power to levy and collect taxes and special assessments, the power to charge and collect fees; the power to appropriate money for its operation, and at the same time, review appropriations for the city and municipal units within its jurisdiction. It was bestowed the power to enact or approve ordinances, resolutions and fix penalties for violation of such ordinances and resolutions. It also had the power to review, amend, revise or repeal all ordinances, resolutions and acts of any of the x x x cities and x x x municipalities comprising Metro Manila. The creation of the MMC also carried with it the creation of the Sangguniang Bayan. This was composed of the members of the component city and municipal councils, barangay captains chosen by the MMC and sectoral representatives appointed by the President. The Sangguniang Bayan had the power to recommend to the MMC the adoption of ordinances, resolutions or measures. It was the MMC itself, however, that possessed legislative powers. All ordinances, resolutions and measures recommended by the Sangguniang Bayan were subject to the MMCs approval. Moreover, the power to impose taxes and other levies, the power to appropriate money, and the power to pass ordinances or resolutions with penal sanctions were vested exclusively in the MMC. Thus, Metropolitan Manila had a central government, i.e., the MMC which fully possessed legislative and police powers. Whatever legislative powers the component cities and municipalities had were all subject to review and approval by the MMC. After President Corazon Aquino assumed power, there was a clamor to restore the autonomy of the local government units in Metro Manila. Hence, Sections 1 and 2 of Article X of the 1987 Constitution x x x. The Constitution, however, recognized the necessity of creating metropolitan regions not only in the existing National Capital Region but also in potential equival

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7037, 5737 ]

866

134,144

CommonCrawl

6

2

ents in the Visayas and Mindanao. X x x The Constitution itself expressly provides that Congress may, by law, create special metropolitan political subdivisions which shall be subject to approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite in the political units directly affected; the jurisdiction of this subdivision shall be limited to basic services requiring coordination; and the cities and municipalities comprising this subdivision shall retain their basic autonomy and their own local executive and legislative assemblies (Section 11, Article X, 1987 Constitution). Pending enactment of this law, the Transitory Provisions of the Constitution gave the President of the Philippines the power to constitute the Metropolitan Authority x x x. In 1990, President Aquino issued Executive Order No. 392 and constituted the Metropolitan Manila Authority (MMA). The powers and functions of the MMC were devolved to the MMA. It ought to be stressed, however, that not all powers and functions of the MMC were passed to the MMA. The MMAs power was limited to the delivery of basic urban services requiring coordination in Metropolitan Manila. The MMAs governing body, the Metropolitan Manila Council, although composed of the mayors of the component cities and municipalities, was merely given the power of: (1) formulation of policies on the delivery of basic services requiring coordination and consolidation; and (2) promulgation of resolutions and other issuances, approval of a code of basic services and the exercise of its rule-making power. Under the 1987 Constitution, the local government units became primarily responsible for the governance of their respective political subdivisions. The MMAs jurisdiction was limited to addressing common problems involving basic services that transcended local boundaries. It did not have legislative power. Its power was merely to provide the local government units technical assistance in the preparation of local development plans. Any semblance of legislative power it had was confined to a review [of] legislation proposed by the l ocal legislative assemblies to ensure consistency among local governments and with the comprehensive development plan of Metro Manila, and to advise the local governments accordingly. When R.A. No. 7924 took effect, Metropolitan Manila became a speci al development and administrative region and the MMDA a special development authority whose functions were without prejudice to the autonomy of the affected local government units. The character of the MMDA was clearly defined in the legislative debates enacting its charter. Clearly, the MMDA is not a political unit of government. The power delegated to the MMDA is that given to the Metro Manila Council to promulgate administrative rules and regulations in the implementation of the MMDAs fun ctions. There is no grant of authority to enact ordinances and regulations for the general welfare of the inhabitants of the metropolis. This was explicitly stated in the last Committee deliberations prior to the bills presentation to Congress. X x x It is thus beyond doubt that the MMDA is not a local government unit or a public corporation endowed with legislative power. It is not even a special metropolitan political subdivision as contemplated in Section 11, Article X of the Constitution. The cr eation of a special metropolitan political subdivision requires the approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite in the political units directly affected. R.A. No. 7924 was not submitted to the inhabitants of Metro Manila in a plebiscite. The Chairman of the MMDA is not an official elected by the people, but appointed by the President with the rank and privileges of a cabinet member. In fact, part of his function is to perform such other duties as may be assigned to him by the President, whereas in local government units, the President merely exercises supervisory authority. This emphasizes the administrative character of the MMDA. Clearly then, the MMC under P.D. No. 824 is not the same entity as the MMDA under R.A. No. 7924. Unlike the MMC, the MMDA has no power to enact ordinances for the welfare of the community. It is the local government units, acting through their respective legislative councils, that possess legislative power and police power. In the case at bar, the Sangguniang Panlungsod of Makati City did not pass any ordinance or resolution ordering the opening of Neptune Street, hence, its proposed opening by petitioner MMDA is

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866

135,168

CommonCrawl

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illegal x x x. (MMDA v. Bel- Air Village Association, Inc., 328 SCRA 836, March 27, 2000, 1st Div. [Puno]) 248. Discuss the concept of local autonomy. Held: Autonomy is either decentralization of administration or decentralization of power. There is decentralization of administration when the central government delegates administrative powers to political subdivisions in order to broaden the base of government and in the process to make local governments more responsive and accountable, and ensure their fullest development as self-reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the pursuit of national development and social progress. At the same time, it relieves the central government of the burden of managing local affairs and enables it to concentrate on national concerns. The President exercises general supervision over them, but only to ensure that local affairs are administered according to law. He has no control over their acts in the sense that he can substitute their judgments with his own. Decentralization of power, on the other hand, involves an abdication of political power in favor of local government units declared autonomous. In that case, the autonomous government is free to chart its own destiny and shape its own future with minimum intervention from central authorities. According to a constitutional author, decent ralization of power amounts to selfimmolation, since in that event, the autonomous government becomes accountable not to the central authorities but to its constituency. (Limbona v. Mangelin, 170 SCRA 786, Feb. 28, 1989, En Banc [Sarmiento]) 249. What kind of local autonomy is contemplated by the Constitution? What about the kind of autonomy contemplated insofar as the autonomous regions are concerned? Held: 1. The principle of local autonomy under the 1987 Constitution simply means decentralization. It does not make local governments sovereign within the state or an imperium in imperio. Remaining to be an intra sovereign subdivision of one sovereign nation, but not intended, however, to be an imperium in imperio, the local government unit is autonomous in the sense that it is given more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources. Power which used to be highly centralized in Manila, is thereby deconcentrated, enabling especially the peripheral local government units to develop not only at their own pace and discretion but also with their own resources and assets. (Alvarez v. Guingona, Jr., 252 SCRA 695, Jan. 31, 1996, En Banc [Hermosisima]) The constitutional guarantee of local autonomy in the Constitution refers to the administrative autonomy of local government units or, cast in more technical language, the decentralization of government authority. On the other hand, the creation of autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras, which is peculiar to the 1987 Constitution, contemplates the grant of political autonomy and not just administrative autonomy to these regions. Thus, the provision in the Constitution for an autonomous regional government with a basic structure consisting of an executive department and a legislative assembly and special courts with personal, family and property law jurisdiction in each of the autonomous regions . (Cordillera Broad Coalition v. COA, 181 SCRA 495, Jan. 29, 1990, En Banc [Cortes]) 250. Whether or not the Internal Revenue allotments (IRAs) are to be included in the computation of the average annual income of a municipality for purposes of its conversion into an independent component city? Held: Yes. The IRAs are items of income because they form part of the gross accretion of the funds of the local government unit. The IRAs regularly and automatically accrue to the local treasury without need of any further action on the part of the local government unit . They thus constitute income which the local government can invariably rely upon as the source of much needed funds. Xxx [T]o reiterate, IRAs are a regular, recurring item of income; nil is there a basis, too, to classify the same as a special fund or transfer, since IRAs have a technical definition and meaning all its own as used in the Local Government Code that unequivocally makes it distinct from special funds or transfers referred to when the Code speaks

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866

136,192

CommonCrawl

6

2

of funding support from the national government, its instrumentalities and government-owned or controlled corporations. Thus, Department of Finance Order No. 35-93 correctly encapsulizes the full import of the above disquisition when it defined ANNUAL INCOME to be revenues and receipts realized by provinces, cities and municipalities from regular sources of the Local General Fund including the internal revenue allotment and other shares provided for in Sections 284, 290 and 291 of the Code, but exclusive of non-recurring receipts, such as other national aids, grants, financial assistance, loan proceeds, sales of fixed assets, and similar others. Such order, constituting executive or contemporaneous construction of a statute by an administrative agency charged with the task of interpreting and applying the same, is entitled to full respect and should be accorded great weight by the courts, unless such construction is clearly shown to be in sharp conflict with the Constitution, the governing statute, or other laws . (Alvarez v. Guingona, Jr., 252 SCRA 695, Jan. 31, 1996, En Banc [Hermosisima, Jr., J.]) 251. State the importance of drawing with precise strokes the territorial boundaries of a local government unit. Held: The importance of drawing with precise strokes the territorial boundaries of a local unit of government cannot be overemphasized. The boundaries must be clear for they define the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a local government unit. It can legitimately exercise powers of government only within the limits of its territorial jurisdiction. Beyond these limits, its acts are ultra vires. Needless to state, any uncertainty in the boundaries of local government units will sow costly conflicts in the exercise of governmental powers which ultimately will prejudice the peoples welfare. This is the evil sought to be avoided by the Local Government Code in requiring that the land area of a local government unit must be spelled out in metes and bounds, with technical descriptions. (Mariano, Jr. v. COMELEC, 242 SCRA 211, 217-219, Mar. 7, 1995, En Banc [Puno]) 252. R.A. 7854 was enacted converting the Municipality of Makati into a highly urbanized city. Section 2 thereof did not provide for a cadastral type of description of its boundary but merely provided that the boundary of the new city of Makati shall be the boundary of the present municipality of Makati. Petitioners contended in a petition brought the SC that R.A. 7854 was defective because it did not comply with the requirement in the Local Government Code that the territorial jurisdiction of newly created or converted cities should be described by metes and bounds, with technical descriptions. Note that at the time the law was enacted, there was a pending boundary dispute between Makati and one of its neighbors, Taguig, before the regular court. Should the contention be upheld? Held: Given the facts of the cases at bench, we cannot perceive how this evil (uncertainty in the boundaries of local government units will sow costly conflicts in the exercise of government powers which ultimately will prejudice the peoples welfare) can be brought about by the description made in Section 2 of R.A. No. 7854. Petitioners have not demonstrated that the delineation of the land area of the proposed City of Makati will cause confusion as to its boundaries. We note that said delineation did not change even by an inch the land area previously covered by Makati as a municipality. Section 2 did not add, subtract, divide, or multiply the established land area of Makati. In language that cannot be any clearer, Section 2 stated that the citys land area shall comprise the present territory of the municipality. The deliberations of Congress will reveal that there is a legitimate reason why the land area of the proposed City of Makati was not defined by metes and bounds, with technical descriptions. At the time of the consideration of R.A. No. 7854, the territorial dispute between the municipalities of Makati and Taguig over Fort Bonifacio was under court litigation. Out of a becoming sense of respect to a co-equal department of government, the legislators felt that the dispute should be left to the courts to decide. They did not want to foreclose the dispute by making a legislative finding of fact which could

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866

137,216

CommonCrawl

3

13

decide the issue. This would have ensued if they defined the land area of the proposed city by its exact metes and bounds, with technical descriptions. We take judicial notice of the fact that Congress has also refrained from using the metes and bounds description of the land area of other local government units with unsettled boundary disputes. We hold that the existence of a boundary dispute does not per se present an insurmountable difficulty which will prevent Congress from defining with reasonable certitude the territorial jurisdiction of a local government unit. In the cases at bench, Congress maintained the existing boundaries of the proposed City of Makati but as an act of fairness, made them subject to the ultimate resolution by the courts. Considering these peculiar circumstances, we are not prepared to hold that Section 2 of R.A. No. 7854 is unconstitutional. We sustain the submission of the Solicitor General in this regard, viz: Going now to Sections 7 and 450 of the Local Government Code, it is beyond cavil that the requirement started therein, viz: the territorial jurisdiction of newly created or converted cities should be described by metes and bounds, with technical descriptions was made in order to provide a means by which the area of said cities may be reasonably ascertained. In other words, the requirement on metes and bounds was meant merely as a tool in the establishment of local government units. It is not an end in itself. Ergo, so long as the territorial jurisdiction of a city may be reasonably ascertained, i.e., by referring to common boundaries with neighboring municipalities, as in this case, then, it may be concluded that the legislative intent behind the law has been sufficiently served. Certainly, Congress did not intend that laws creating new cities must contain therein detailed technical descriptions similar to those appearing in Torrens titles, as petitioners seem to imply. To require such description in the law as a condition sine qua non for its validity would be to defeat the very purpose which the Local Government Code seeks to serve. The manifest intent of the Code is to empower local government units and to give them their rightful due. It seeks to make local governments more responsive to the needs of their constituents while at the same time serving as a vital cog in national development. To invalidate R.A. No. 7854 on the mere ground that no cadastral type of description was used in the law would serve the letter but defeat the spirit of the Code. It then becomes a case of the master serving the slave, instead of the other way around. This could not be the intendment of the law. X x x (Mariano, Jr. v. COMELEC, 242 SCRA 211, 217-219, Mar. 7, 1995, En Banc [Puno]) 253. What is the meaning of "devolution"? Answer: The term "devolution" refers to the act by which the National government confers power and authority upon the various local government units to perform specific functions and responsibilities. (Sec. 17[e], 2nd par., Local Government Code) 254. Have the powers of the Land Transportation Office (LTO) to register, tricycles in particular, as well as to issue licenses for the driving thereof, been devolved likewise to local government units? Held: Only the powers of the Land Transportation Franchising Regulatory Board (LTFRB) to regulate the operation of tricycles-for-hire and to grant franchises for the operation thereof have been devolved to local governments under the Local Government Code. Clearly unaffected by the Local Government Code are the powers of the LTO under R.A. No. 4136 requiring the registration of all kinds of motor vehicles used or operated on or upon any public highway in the country. This can be gleaned from the explicit language of the statute itself, as well as the corresponding guidelines issued by the DOTC. In fact, even the power of LGUs to regulate the operation of tricycles and to grant franchises for the operation thereof is still subject to the guidelines prescribed by the DOTC. (LTO v. City of Butuan, G.R. No. 131512, Jan. 20, 2000, 3rd Div. [Vitug]) 255. Distinguish the power to grant a license or permit to do business and the power to issue a license to engage in the practice of a

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866

138,240

CommonCrawl

6

2

particular profession. Held: Distinction must be made between the grant of a license or permit to do business and the issuance of a license to engage in the practice of a particular profession. The first is usually granted by the local authorities and the second is issued by the Board or Commission tasked to regulate the particular profession. A business permit authorizes the person, natural or otherwise, to engage in business or some form of commercial activity. A professional license, on the other hand, is the grant of authority to a natural person to engage in the practice or exercise of his or her profession. In the case at bar, what is sought by petitioner (Acebedo Optical Company, Inc.) from respondent City Mayor is a permit to engage in the business of running an optical shop. It does not purport to seek a license to engage in the practice of optometry as a corporate body or entity, although it does have in its employ, persons who are duly licensed to practice optometry by the Board of Examiners in Optometry. Xxx In the present case, the objective of the imposition of subject conditions on petitioners business permit could be attained by requiring the optometrists in petitioners employ to produce a valid certificate of registration as optometrists, from the Board of Examiners in Optometry. A business permit is issued primarily to regulate the conduct of business and the City Mayor cannot, through the issuance of such permit, regulate the practice of a profession, like that of optometry. Such a function is within the exclusive domain of the administrative agency specifically empowered by law to supervise the profession, in this case the Professional (Acebedo Optical Company, Inc. v. CA, 329 SCRA 314, March 31, 2000, En Banc [Purisima]) Regulations Commission and the Board of Examiners in Optometry. 256. May a local government unit validly authorize an expropriation of private property through a mere resolution of its lawmaking body? Held: The Local Government Code expressly and clearly requires an ordinance or a local law for that purpose. A resolution that merely expresses the sentiment or opinion of the Municipal Council will not suffice. The case of Province of Camarines Sur v. Court of Appeals which held that a mere resolution may suffice to support the exercise of eminent domain by a local government unit is not in point because the applicable law at that time was B.P. 337, the previous Local Government Code, which had provided that a mere resolution would enable an LGU to exercise eminent domain. In contrast, R.A. 7160, the present Local Government Code, explicitly required an ordinance for this purpose. (Municipality of Paranaque v. V.M. Realty Corp., 292 SCRA 678, July 20, 1998 [Panganiban]) 257. What are the requisites before a Local Government Unit can validly exercise the power of eminent domain? Held: 1) An ordinance is enacted by the local legislative council authorizing the local chief executive, in behalf of the LGU, to exercise the power of eminent domain or pursue expropriation proceedings over a particular private property; 2) The power of eminent domain is exercised for public use, purpose or welfare, or for the benefit of the poor and the landless; 3) There is payment of just compensation, as required under Section 9, Article III of the Constitution, and other pertinent laws; 4) A valid and definite offer has been previously made to the owner of the property sought to be expropriated, but said offer was not accepted. (Municipality of Paranaque v. V.M. Realty Corp., 292 SCRA 678, July 20, 1998 [Panganiban]) 258. May the Sangguniang Panlalawigan validly disapprove a resolution or ordinance of a municipality calling for the expropriation of private property to be made site of a Farmers Center and Other Government Sports Facilities on the ground that said expropriation is unnecessary considering that there are still available lots of the municipality for the establishment of a government center? Held: Under the Local Government Code, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan is granted the power to declare a municipal resolution invalid on the sole ground that it is beyond the power of the Sangguniang Bayan or Mayor to issue. As

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CommonCrawl

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held in Velazco v. Blas (G.R. No. L-30456, July 30, 1982, 115 SCRA 540, 544-545), The only ground upon which a provincial board may declare any municipal resolution, ordinance or order invalid is when such resolution, ordinance, or order is beyond the powers conferred upon the council or president making the same. A strictly le gal question is before the provincial board in its consideration of a municipal resolution, ordinance, or order. The provincial boards disapproval of any resolution, ordinance, or order must be premised specifically upon the fact that such resolution, ordinance, or order is outside the scope of the legal powers conferred by law. If a provincial board passes these limits, it usurps the legislative functions of the municipal council or president. Such has been the consistent course of executive authority. (Moday v. CA, 268 SCRA 586, Feb. 20, 1997) 259. Under Section 8, Article X of the Constitution, "[T]he term of office of elective local officials x x x shall be three years and no such official shall serve for more than three consecutive terms." How is this term limit for elective local officials to be interpreted? Held: The term limit for elective local officials must be taken to refer to the right to be elected as well as the right to serve in the same elective position. Consequently, it is not enough that an individual has served three consecutive terms in an elective local office, he must also have been elected to the same position for the same number of times before the disqualification can apply. (Borja, Jr. v. COMELEC and Capco, Jr., G.R. No. 133495, Sept. 3, 1998, 295 SCRA 157, En Banc [Mendoza]) Case No. 1. Suppose A is a vice-mayor who becomes mayor by reason of the death of the incumbent. Six months before the next election, he resigns and is twice elected thereafter. Can he run again for mayor in the next election? Answer: Yes, because although he has already first served as mayor by succession and subsequently resigned from office before the full term expired, he has not actually served three full terms in all for the purpose of applying the term limit. Under Art. X, Sec. 8, voluntary renunciation of the office is not considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term only if the term is one for which he was elected. Since A is only completing the service of the term for which the deceased and not he was elected, A cannot be considered to have completed one term. His resignation constitutes an interruption of the full term. Case No. 2. Suppose B is elected Mayor and, during his first term, he is twice suspended for misconduct for a total of 1 year. If he is twice reelected after that, can he run for one more term in the next election? Answer: Yes, because he has served only two full terms successively. In both cases, the mayor is entitled to run for reelection because the two conditions for the application of the disqualification provisions have not concurred, namely, that the local official concerned has been elected three consecutive times and that he has fully served three consecutive terms. In the first case, even if the local official is considered to have served three full terms notwithstanding his resignation before the end of the first term, the fact remains that he has not been elected three times. In the second case, the local official has been elected three consecutive times, but he has not fully served three consecutive terms. Case No. 3. The case of vice-mayor C who becomes mayor by succession involves a total failure of the two conditions to concur for the purpose of applying Art. X, Sec. 8. Suppose he is twice elected after that term, is he qualified to run again in the next election? Answer: Yes, because he was not elected to the office of mayor in the first term but simply found himself thrust into it by operation of law. Neither had he served the full term because he only continued the service, interrupted by the death, of the deceased mayor. (Borja, Jr. v. COMELEC and Capco, Jr., G.R. No. 133495, Sept. 3, 1998, 295 SCRA 157, En Banc [Mendoza]) 2

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866

140,288

CommonCrawl

3

13

60. What are the policies embodied in the constitutional provision barring elective local officials, with the exception of barangay officials, from serving more than three consecutive terms? Held: To prevent the establishment of political dynasties is not the only policy embodied in the constitutional provision in question (barring elective local officials, with the exception of barangay officials, from serving more than three consecutive terms). The other policy is that of enhancing the freedom of choice of the people. To consider, therefore, only stay in office regardless of how the official concerned came to that office whether by election or by succession by operation of law would be to disregard one of the purposes of the constitutional provision in question. (Borja, Jr. v. COMELEC and Capco, Jr., G.R. No. 133495, Sept. 3, 1998, 295 SCRA 157, En Banc [Mendoza]) 261. Lonzanida was previously elected and served two consecutive terms as mayor of San Antonio, Zambales prior to the May 1995 mayoral elections. In the May 1995 elections he again ran for mayor of San Antonio, Zambales and was proclaimed winner. He assumed office and discharged the rights and duties of mayor until March 1998 when he was ordered to vacate the post by reason of the COMELEC decision on the election protest against him which declared his opponent Juan Alvez the duly elected mayor. Alvez served the remaining portion of the 1995-1998 mayoral term. Is Lonzanida still qualified to run for mayor of San Antonio, Zambales in the May 1998 local elections? Held: The two requisites for the application of the three term rule was absent. First, Lonzanida cannot be considered as having been duly elected to the post in the May 1995 elections, and second, he did not fully serve the 1995-1998 mayoral term by reason of involuntary relinquishment of office. After a re-appreciation and revision of the contested ballots the COMELEC itself declared by final judgment that Lonzanida lost in the May 1995 mayoral elections and his previous proclamation as winner was declared null and void. His assumption of office as mayor cannot be deemed to have been by reason of a valid election but by reason of a void proclamation. It has been repeatedly held by the SC that a proclamation subsequently declared void is no proclamation at all and while a proclaimed candidate may assume office on the strength of the proclamation of the Board of Canvassers he is only a presumptive winner who assumes office subject to the final outcome of the election protest. Lonzanida did not serve a term as mayor of San Antonio, Zambales from May 1995 to March 1998 because he was not duly elected to the post; he merely assumed office as presumptive winner, which presumption was later overturned by the COMELEC when it decided with finality that Lonzanida lost in the May 1995 mayoral elections. Second, Lonzanida cannot be deemed to have served the May 1995 to 1998 term because he was ordered to vacate his post before the expiration of the term. His opponents' contention that Lonzanida should be deemed to have served one full term from May 1995-1998 because he served the greater portion of that term has no legal basis to support it; it disregards the second requisite for the application of the disqualification, i.e., that he has fully served three consecutive terms. The second sentence of the constitutional provision under scrutiny states, "Voluntary renunciation of office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of service for the full term for which he was elected." The clear intent of the framers of the Constitution to bar any attempt to circumvent the three-term limit by a voluntary renunciation of office and at the same time respect the people's choice and grant their elected official full service of a term is evident in this provision. Voluntary renunciation of a term does not cancel the renounced term in the computation of the three term limit; conversely, involuntary severance from office for any length of time short of the full term provided by law amounts to an interruption of continuity of service. Lonzanida vac

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838, 13325, 278, 270, 11850, 11467, 9105, 29889, 838, 13325, 6766, 278, 9886, 11910, 310, 278, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29945, 29899, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 9105, 284, 1840, 29889, 1317, 365, 265, 24912, 1458, 1603, 18698, 304, 1065, 363, 9105, 310, 3087, 9630, 29892, 796, 1117, 2122, 297, 278, 2610, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 1887, 20209, 29973, 13, 29950, 2495, 29901, 450, 1023, 5054, 275, 3246, 363, 278, 2280, 310, 278, 2211, 1840, 5751, 471, 29207, 29889, 3824, 29892, 365, 265, 24912, 1458, 2609, 367, 5545, 408, 2534, 1063, 270, 11850, 11467, 304, 278, 1400, 297, 278, 2610, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29945, 20209, 29892, 322, 1473, 29892, 540, 1258, 451, 8072, 9080, 278, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29945, 29899, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 9105, 284, 1840, 491, 2769, 310, 5297, 1657, 653, 1104, 262, 339, 18310, 310, 8034, 29889, 2860, 263, 337, 29899, 932, 4361, 362, 322, 26554, 310, 278, 640, 2868, 8287, 1862, 278, 4810, 2303, 1307, 29907, 3528, 8052, 491, 2186, 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2669, 29889, 365, 265, 24912, 1458, 11757 ]

866

141,312

CommonCrawl

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ated his post a few months before the next mayoral elections, not by voluntary renunciation but in compliance with the legal process of writ of execution issued by the COMELEC to that effect. Such involuntary severance from office is an interruption of continuity of service and thus, Lonzanida did not fully serve the 1995-1998 mayoral term. In sum, Lonzanida was not the duly elected mayor and that he did not hold office for the full term; hence, his assumption of office from May 1995 to March 1998 cannot be counted as a term for purposes of computing the three term limit. (Lonzanida v. COMELEC, 311 SCRA 602, July 28, 1999, En Banc [Gonzaga-Reyes]) 262. May the President validly withhold a portion of the internal revenue allotments of Local Government Units legally due them by administrative fiat? Held: The Constitution vests the President with the power of supervision, not control, over local government units (LGUs). Such power enables him to see to it that LGUs and their officials execute their tasks in accordance with law. While he may issue advisories and seek their cooperation in solving economic difficulties, he cannot prevent them from performing their tasks and using available resources to achieve their goals. He may not withhold or alter any authority or power given them by the law. Thus, the withholding of a portion of internal revenue allotments legally due them cannot be directed by administrative fiat. Xxx Section 4 of AO 372 cannot x x x be upheld. A basic feature of local fiscal autonomy is the automatic release of the shares of LGUs in the National internal revenue. This is mandated by no less than the Constitution. The Local Government Code (Sec. 286[a]) specifies further that the release shall be made directly to the LGU concerned within five (5) days after every quarter of the year and shall not be subject to any lien or holdback that may be imposed by the national government for whatever purpose. As a rule, the term shall is a word of command that must be given a compulsory meaning. The provision is, therefore, imperative. Section 4 of AO 372, however, orders the withholding, effective January 1, 1998, of 10 percent of the LGUs IRA pending the assessment and evaluation by the Development Budget Coordinating Committee of the emerging fiscal situation in the country. Such withholding clearly contravenes the Constitution and the law. Although, temporary, it is equivalent to a holdback, which means something held back or withheld. Often temporarily. Hence, the temporary nature of the retention by the national government does not matter. Any retention is prohibited. In sum, while Section 1 of AO 372 may be upheld as an advisory effected in times of national crisis, Section 4 thereof has no color of validity at all. The latter provision effectively encroaches on the fiscal autonomy of local governments. Concededly, the President was wellintentioned in issuing his Order to withhold the LGUs IRA, but the rule of law requires that even the best intentions must be carried out within the parameters of the Constitution and the law. Verily, laudable purposes must be carried out by legal methods. (Pimentel, Jr. v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 132988, 336 SCRA 201, July 19, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) 263. What is meant by fiscal autonomy of Local Governments? Does it rule out in any manner national government intervention by way of supervision in order to ensure that local programs are consistent with national goals? Held: Under existing law, local government units, in addition to having administrative autonomy in the exercise of their functions, enjoy fiscal autonomy as well. Fiscal autonomy means that local governments have the power to create their own sources of revenue in addition to their equitable share in the national taxes released by the national government, as well as the power to allocate their resources in accordance with their own priorities. It extends to the preparation of their budgets, and local officials in turn have to work within the constraints thereof. They are not formulated at the national level and imposed on local governments, whether they

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866

142,336

CommonCrawl

3

13

are relevant to local needs and resources or not. Hence, the necessity of a balancing of viewpoints and the harmonization of proposals from both local and national officials , who in any case are partners in the attainment of national goals. Local fiscal autonomy does not, however, rule out any manner of national government intervention by way of supervision, in order to ensure that local programs, fiscal and otherwise, are consistent with national goals. Significantly, the President, by constitutional fiat, is the head of the economic and planning agency of the government (Section 9, Article XII of the Constitution), primarily responsible for formulating and implementing continuing, coordinated and integrated social and economic policies, plans and programs (Section 3, Chapter 1, Subtitle C, Title II, Book V, EO 292 [Administrative Code of 1987]) for the entire country. However, under the Constitution, the formulation and the implementation of such policies and programs are subject to consultations with the appropriate public agencies, various private sectors, and local government units. The President cannot do so unilaterally. (Pimentel, Jr. v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201, July 19, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) 264. What are the requisites before the President may interfere in local fiscal matters? Held: x x x [T]he Local Government Code provides (Sec. 284. See also Art. 379 of the Rules and Regulations Implementing the Local Government Code of 1991) : x x x [I]n the event the national government incurs an unmanaged public sector deficit, the President of the Philippines is hereby authorized, upon the recommendation of [the] Secretary of Finance, Secretary of the Interior and Local Government and Secretary of Budget and Management, and subject to consultation with the presiding officers of both Houses of Congress and the presidents of the liga, to make the necessary adjustments in the internal revenue allotment of local government units but in no case shall the allotment be less than thirty percent (30%) of the collection of national internal revenue taxes of the third fiscal year preceding the current fiscal year x x x There are therefore several requisites before the President may interfere in local fiscal matters: (1) an unmanaged public sector deficit of the national government; (2) consultations with the presiding officers of the Senate and the House of Representatives and the presidents of the various local leagues; and (3) the corresponding recommendation of the secretaries of the Department of Finance, Interior and Local Government, and Budget and Management. Furthermore, any adjustment in the allotment shall in no case be less than thirty percent (30%) of the collection of national internal revenue taxes of the third fiscal year preceding the current one. (Pimentel, Jr. v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201, July 19, 2000, En Banc [Panganiban]) Distinguish an ordinance from a mere resolution. Held: A municipal ordinance is different from a resolution. An ordinance is a law, but a resolution is merely a declaration of the sentiment or opinion of a lawmaking body on a specific matter. An ordinance possesses a general and permanent character, but a resolution is temporary in nature. Additionally, the two are enacted differently a third reading is necessary for an ordinance, but not for a resolution, unless decided otherwise by a majority of all the Sanggunian members. (Municipality of Paranaque v. V.M. Realty Corporation, 292 SCRA 678, July 20, 1998 [Panganiban]) 266. On its first regular session, may the Sanggunian transact business other than the matter of adopting or updating its existing rules or procedure? Held: We cannot infer the mandate of the (Local Government) Code that no other business may be transacted on the first regular session except to take up the matter of adopting or updating rules. All that the law requires is that on the first regular session x x x the sanggunian concerned shall adopt or update its existing rules or procedures. There is nothing in the language thereof that restricts the matters to be taken up during the first regular session merely to the adoption or updating of the house rules. If it were the intent of Congress to limit the business of the local council to such matters, then it would have

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866

143,360

CommonCrawl

6

2

done so in clear and unequivocal terms. But as it is, there is no such intent. Moreover, adopting or updating of house rules would necessarily entail work beyond the day of the first regular session. Does this mean that prior thereto, the local council's hands were tied and could not act on any other matter? That would certainly be absurd for it would result in a hiatus and a paralysis in the local legislature's work which could not have been intended by the law. (Malonzo v. Zamora, 311 SCRA 224, July 27, 1999, En Banc [Romero]) 267. May an incumbent Vice-Governor, while concurrently the Acting Governor, continue to preside over the sessions of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP)? If no, who may preside in the meantime? Held: Being the acting governor, the Vice-governor cannot continue to simultaneously exercise the duties of the latter office, since the nature of the duties of the Provincial Governor calls for a full-time occupant to discharge them. Such is not only consistent with but also appears to be the clear rationale of the new (Local Government) Code wherein the policy of performing dual functions in both offices has already been abandoned. To repeat, the creation of a temporary vacancy in the office of the Governor creates a corresponding vacancy in the office of the Vice-Governor whenever the latter acts as Governor by virtue of such temporary vacancy. This event constitutes an inability on the part of the regular presiding officer (Vice -Governor) to preside during the SP sessions, which thus calls for the operation of the remedy set in Article 49(b) of the Local Government Code concerning the election of a temporary presiding officer. The continuity of the Acting Governors (Vice-Governor) powers as presiding officer of the SP is suspended so long as he is in such capacity. Under Section 49(b), in the event of the inability of the regular presiding officer to preside at the sanggunian session, the members present and constituting a quorum shall elect from among themselves a temporary presiding officer. (Gamboa, Jr. v. Aguirre, Jr., G.R. No. 134213, July 20, 1999, En Banc [YnaresSantiago]) 268. What is recall? Held: Recall is a mode of removal of a public officer by the people before the end of his term of office. The people's prerogative to remove a public officer is an incident of their sovereign power and in the absence of constitutional restraint, the power is implied in all governmental operations. Such power has been held to be indispensable for the proper administration of public affairs. Not undeservedly, it is frequently described as a fundamental right of the people in a representative democracy. (Garcia v. COMELEC, 227 SCRA 108, Oct. 5, 1993, En Banc [Puno]) 269. What is the ground for recall? Is this subject to judicial inquiry? Held: Former Senator Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., a major author of the subject law in his book The Local Government Code of 1991: The Key to National Development, stressed the same reason why the substantive content of a vote of lack of confidence is beyond any inquiry, thus: There is only one ground for recall of local government officials: loss of confidence. This means that the people may petition or the Preparatory Recall Assembly may resolve to recall any local elective official without specifying any particular ground except loss of confidence. There is no need for them to bring up any charge of abuse or corruption against the local elective officials who are subject of any recall petition. In the case of Evardone v. Commission on Elections, et al., 204 SCRA 464, 472 (1991), the Court ruled that loss of confidence as a ground for recall is a political question. In the words of the Court, 'whether or not the electorate of the municipality of Sulat has lost confidence in the incumbent mayor is a political question. (Garcia v. COMELEC, 227 SCRA 108, Oct. 5, 1993, En Banc [Puno]) 270. The members of the Preparatory Rec

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866

144,384

CommonCrawl

6

2

all Assembly (PRA) of the province of Bataan adopted a resolution calling for the recall of Governor Garcia. It was admitted, however, by the proponents of the recall resolution that only those members of the assembly inclined to agree were notified of the meeting where said resolution was adopted as a matter of strategy and security. They justified these selective notices on the ground that the law (Local Government Code) does not specifically mandate the giving of notice. Should this submission be sustained? Held: We reject this submission of the respondents. The due process clause of the Constitution requiring notice as an element of fairness is inviolable and should always be considered part and parcel of every law in case of its silence. The need for notice to all the members of the assembly is also imperative for these members represent the different sectors of the electorate of Bataan. To the extent that they are not notified of the meeting of the assembly, to that extent is the sovereign voice of the people they represent nullified. The resolution to recall should articulate the majority will of the members of the assembly but the majority will can be genuinely determined only after all the members of the assembly have been given a fair opportunity to express the will of their constituents. Needless to stress, the requirement of notice is mandatory for it is indispensable in determining the collective wisdom of the members of the Preparatory Recall Assembly. Its non-observance is fatal to the validity of the resolution to recall petitioner Garcia as Governor of the province of Bataan. (Garcia v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 111511, Sept. 21, 1993; 227 SCRA 100, Oct. 5, 1993, En Banc [Puno]) 271. Will it be proper for the Commission on Elections to act on a petition for recall signed by just one person? Held: A petition for recall signed by just one person is in violation of the statutory 25% minimum requirement as to the number of signatures supporting any petition for recall. Sec. 69(d) of the Local Government Code of 1991 expressly provides that 'recall of any elective x x x municipal x x x official may also be validly initiated upon petition of at least twenty-five percent (25%) of the total number of registered voters in the local government unit concerned during the election in which the local official sought to be recalled was elected.' The law is plain and unequivocal as to what constitutes recall proceedings: only a petition of at least 25% of the total number of registered voters may validly initiate recall proceedings. (Angobung v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 126576, March 5, 1997) 272. Section 74 of the Local Government Code provides that no recall shall take place within one year x x x immediately preceding a regular local election. What does the term regular local election, as used in this section, mean? Held: The term regular local election under Sec. 74 of the Local Government Code of 1991 which provides that no recall shall take place within one (1) year x x x immediately preceding a regular local election refers to one where the position of the official sought to be recalled is to be actually contested and filled by the electorate (Paras v. Comelec, G.R. No. 123169, Nov. 4, 1996). The one-year time bar will not apply where the local official sought to be recalled is a Mayor and the approaching election is a barangay election. (Angobung v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 126576, March 5, 1997) 273. Does the word Recall in paragraph (b) of Section 74 of the Local Government Code include the convening of the Preparatory Recall Assembly and the filing by it of a recall resolution? Discuss. Held: Petitioner contends that the term recall in Sec. 74 (b) refers to a process, in contrast to the term recall election found in Sec. 74 (a), which obviously refers to an election . He claims that when several barangay chairmen met and convened on May 19, 1999 and unanimously resolved to initiate the recall, followed by the taking of votes by

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866

145,408

CommonCrawl

3

13

the PRA on May 29, 1999 for the purpose of adopting a resolution to initiate the recall of Jovito Claudio as Mayor of Pasay City for loss of confidence, the process of recall began and, since May 29, 1999 was less than a year after he had assumed office, the PRA was illegally convened and all proceedings held thereafter, including the filing of the recall petition on July 2, 1999, were null and void. The COMELEC, on the other hand, maintains that the process of recall starts with the filing of the petition for recall and ends with the conduct of the recall election, and that, since the petition for recall in this case was filed on July 2, 1999, exactly one year and a day after petitioners assumption of office, the recall was validly initiated outside the one -year prohibited period. Both petitioner Claudio and the COMELEC thus agree tha t the term recall as used in Sec. 74 refers to a process. They disagree only as to when the process starts for purpose of the one-year limitation in paragraph (b) of Sec. 74. We can agree that recall is a process which begins with the convening of the preparatory recall assembly or the gathering of the signatures at least 25% of the registered voters of a local government unit, and then proceeds to the filing of a recall resolution or petition with the COMELEC, the verification of such resolution or petition, the fixing of the date of the recall election, and the holding of the election on the scheduled date. However, as used in paragraph (b) of Sec. 74, recall refers to the election itself by means of which voters decide whether they should retain their local official or elect his replacement. Xxx To sum up, the term recall in paragraph (b) refers to the recall election and not to the preliminary proceedings to initiate recall 1) Because Sec. 74 speaks of limitations on recall which, according to Sec. 69, is a power which shall be exercised by the registered voters of a local government unit. Since the voters do not exercise such right except in an election, it is clear that the initiation of recall proceedings is not prohibited within the one-year period provided in paragraph (b); 2) Because the purpose of the first limitation in paragraph (b) is to provide voters a sufficient basis for judging an elective local official, and final judging is not done until the day of the election; and 3) Because to construe the limitation in paragraph (b) as including the initiation of recall proceedings would unduly curtail freedom of speech and of assembly guaranteed in the Constitution. (Jovito O. Claudio v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 140560, May 4, 2000, En Banc [Mendoza]) 274. Who has the legal authority to represent a municipality in lawsuits? Held: Only the provincial fiscal, provincial attorney, and municipal attorney should represent a municipality in its lawsuits. Only in exceptional instances may a private attorney be hired by a municipality to represent it in lawsuits. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 275. What are the exceptional instances when a private attorney may be validly hired by a municipality in its lawsuits? Held: In Alinsug v. RTC Br. 58, San Carlos City, Negros Occidental (225 SCRA 553, Aug. 23, 1993), it was held that the law allows a private counsel to be hired by a municipality only when the municipality is an adverse party in a case involving the provincial government or another municipality or city within the province. This provision has its apparent origin in De Guia v. The Auditor General (44 SCRA 169, March 29, 1979) where the Court held that the municipalitys authority to employ a private attorney is expressly limited only to situation s where the provincial fiscal would be disqualified to serve and represent it. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 1997) 276. Cite instances when the provincial fiscal may be disqualified to represent in court a particular municipality. Held: As held in Enriquez, Sr.

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866

146,432

CommonCrawl

11

19

v. Gimenez (107 Phil. 932 [1960]), the provincial fiscal may be disqualified to represent in court a particular municipality in the following instances: 1) If and when original jurisdiction of case involving the municipality is vested in the Supreme Court; 2) When the municipality is a party adverse to the provincial government or to some other municipality in the same province; and 3) When, in a case involving the municipality, he, or his wife, or child, is pecuniarily involved, as heir, legatee, creditor or otherwise. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 1997) 277. May a municipality be represented by a private law firm which had volunteered its services gratis, in collaboration with the municipal attorney and the fiscal? Held: No. Such representation will be violative of Section 1983 of the old Administrative Code. This strict coherence to the letter of the law appears to have been dictated by the fact that the municipality should not be burdened with expenses of hiring a private lawyer and that the interests of the municipality would be best protected if a government lawyer handles its litigations. Private lawyers may not represent municipalities on their own. Neither may they do so even in collaboration with authorized government lawyers. This is anchored on the principle that only accountable public officers may act for and in behalf of public entities and that public funds should not be expended to hire private lawyers. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 278. May a municipality adopt the work already performed in good faith by a private lawyer, which work proved beneficial to it? Held: Although a municipality may not hire a private lawyer to represent it in litigations, in the interest of substantial justice, however, it was held that a municipality may adopt the work already performed in good faith by such private lawyer, which work is beneficial to it (1) provided that no injustice is thereby heaped on the adverse party and (2) provided further that no compensation in any guise is paid therefor by said municipality to the private lawyer. Unless so expressly adopted, the private lawyers work cannot bind the municipality. (Ramos v. CA, 269 SCRA 34, March 3, 1997) 279. May the Punong Barangay validly appoint or remove the barangay treasurer, the barangay secretary, and other appointive barangay officials without the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Sangguniang Barangay? Held: The Local Government Code explicitly vests on the punong barangay, upon approval by a majority of all the members of the sangguniang barangay, the power to appoint or replace the barangay treasurer, the barangay secretary, and other appointive barangay officials. Verily, the power of appointment is to be exercised conjointly by the punong barangay and a majority of all the members of the sangguniang barangay. Without such conjoint action, neither an appointment nor a replacement can be effectual. Applying the rule that the power to appoint includes the power to remove, the questioned dismissal from office of the barangay officials by the punong barangay without the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Sangguniang Barangay cannot be legally justified. To rule otherwise could also create an absurd situation of the Sangguniang Barangay members refusing to give their approval to the replacements selected by the punong barangay who has unilaterally terminated the services of the incumbents. It is likely that the legislature did not intend this absurdity to follow from its enactment of the law. (Ramon Alquizola, Sr. v. Gallardo Ocol, G.R. No. 132413, Aug. 27, 1999, 3rd Div. [Vitug]) What is the doctrine of incorporation? How is it applied by local courts? Held: Under the doctrine of incorporation, rules of international law form part of the law of the land and no further legislative action is needed to make such rules applicable in the domestic sphere. The doctrine of incorporation is applied whenever municipal tribunals (or local courts) are confronted with situations in which there appears to be a conflict between a rule of international law and

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263, 5751, 310, 6121, 4307, 322 ]

866

147,456

CommonCrawl

11

19

the provisions of the Constitution or statute of the local state. Efforts should first be exerted to harmonize them, so as to give effect to both since it is to be presumed that municipal law was enacted with proper regard for the generally accepted principles of international law in observance of the Incorporation Clause in Section 2, Article II of the Constitution. In a situation however, where the conflict is irreconcilable and a choice has to be made between a rule of international law and municipal law, jurisprudence dictates that municipal law should be upheld by the municipal courts for the reason that such courts are organs of municipal law and are accordingly bound by it in all circumstances. The fact that international law has been made part of the law of the land does not pertain to or imply the primacy of international law over national or municipal law in the municipal sphere. The doctrine of incorporation, as applied in most countries, decrees that rules of international law are given equal standing with, but are not superior to, national legislative enactments. Accordingly, the principle of lex posterior derogat priori takes effect a treaty may repeal a statute and a statute may repeal a treaty. In states where the Constitution is the highest law of the land, such as the Republic of the Philippines, both statutes and treaties may be invalidated if they are in conflict with the Constitution. (Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Jan. 18, 2000, En Banc [Melo]) 281. Is sovereignty really absolute and all-encompassing? If not, what are its restrictions and limitations? Held: While sovereignty has traditionally been deemed absolute and all-encompassing on the domestic level, it is however subject to restrictions and limitations voluntarily agreed to by the Philippines, expressly or impliedly, as a member of the family of nations. By the doctrine of incorporation, the country is bound by generally accepted principles of international law, which are considered to be automatically part of our own laws. One of the oldest and most fundamental rules in international law is pacta sunt servanda international agreements must be performed in good faith. A state which has contracted valid international obligations is bound to make in its legislations such modifications as may be necessary to ensure the fulfillment of the obligations. By their inherent nature, treaties really limit or restrict the absoluteness of sovereignty. By their voluntary act, nations may surrender some aspects of their state power in exchange for greater benefits granted by or derived from a convention or pact. After all, states, like individuals, live with coequals, and in pursuit of mutually covenanted objectives and benefits, they also commonly agree to limit the exercise of their otherwise absolute rights. Thus, treaties have been used to record agreements between States concerning such widely diverse matters as, for example, the lease of naval bases, the sale or cession of territory, the termination of war, the regulation of conduct of hostilities, the formation of alliances, the regulation of commercial relations, the settling of claims, the laying down of rules governing conduct in peace and the establishment of international organizations. The sovereignty of a state therefore cannot in fact and in reality be considered absolute. Certain restrictions enter into the picture: (1) limitations imposed by the very nature of membership in the family of nations and (2) limitations imposed by treaty stipulations. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18, May 2, 1997 [Panganiban]) 282. What must a person who feels aggrieved by the acts of a foreign sovereign do to espouse his cause? Held: Under both Public International Law and Transnational Law, a person who feels aggrieved by the acts of a foreign sovereign can ask his own government to espouse his cause through diplomatic channels. Private respondent can ask the Philippine government, through the Foreign Office, to espouse its claims against the Holy See. Its first task is to persuade the Philippine government to take up with the Holy See the validity of its claims. Of course, the Foreign Office shall first make a determination of the impact of its espousal on the relations between the Philippine government and the Holy See. Once the Philippine government decides to espouse the claim, the latter ceases to be a private cause. According to the Permanent Court of International Justice, the forerunner of the International

0.657875

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1,024

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866

148,480

CommonCrawl

11

19

Court of Justice: By taking up the case of one of its subjects and by resorting to diplomatic action or international judicial proceedings on his behalf, a State is in reality asserting its own rights its right to ensure, in the person of its subjects, respect for the rules of international law. (The Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, 1 Hudson, World Court Reports 293, 302 [1924]) (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, 533-534, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 283. Discuss the Status of the Vatican and the Holy See in International Law. Held: Before the annexation of the Papal States by Italy in 1870, the Pope was the monarch and he, as the Holy See, was considered a subject of International Law. With the loss of the Papal States and the limitation of the territory under the Holy See to an area of 108.7 acres, the position of the Holy See in International Law became controversial. In 1929, Italy and the Holy See entered into the Lateran Treaty, where Italy recognized the exclusive dominion and sovereign jurisdiction of the Holy See over the Vatican City. It also recognized the right of the Holy See to receive foreign diplomats, to send its own diplomats to foreign countries, and to enter into treaties according to International Law. The Lateran Treaty established the statehood of the Vatican City for the purpose of assuring to the Holy See absolute and visible independence and of guaranteeing to it indisputable sovereignty also in the field of international relations. In view of the wordings of the Lateran Treaty, it is difficult to determine whether the statehood is vested in the Holy See or in the Vatican City. Some writers even suggested that the treaty created two international persons - the Holy See and Vatican City. The Vatican City fits into none of the established categories of states, and the attribution to it of sovereignty must be made in a sense different from that in which it is applied to other states. In a community of national states, the Vatican City represents an entity organized not for political but for ecclesiastical purposes and international objects. Despite its size and object, the Vatican City has an independent government of its own, with the Pope, who is also head of the Roman Catholic Church, as the Holy See or Head of State, in conformity with its traditions, and the demands of its mission in the world. Indeed, the world-wide interests and activities of the Vatican City are such as to make it in a sense an international state. One authority wrote that the recognition of the Vatican City as a state has significant implication - that it is possible for any entity pursuing objects essentially different from those pursued by states to be invested with international personality. Inasmuch as the Pope prefers to conduct foreign relations and enter into transactions as the Holy See and not in the name of the Vatican City, one can conclude that in the Pope's own view, it is the Holy See that is the international person. The Republic of the Philippines has accorded the Holy See the status of a foreign sovereign. The Holy See, through its Ambassador, the Papal Nuncio, has had diplomatic representations with the Philippine government since 1957. This appears to be the universal practice in international relations. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, 533-534, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 284. What are international organizations? Discuss their nature. Held: International organizations are institutions constituted by international agreement between two or more States to accomplish common goals. The legal personality of these international organizations has been recognized not only in municipal law, but in international law as well. Permanent international commissions and administrative bodies have been created by the agreement of a considerable number of States for a variety of international purposes, economic or social and mainly non-political. In so far as they are autonomous and beyond the control of any one State, they have distinct juridical personality independent of the municipal law of the State where they are situated. As such, they are deemed to possess a species of international personality of their own. (SEAFDEC-AQD v. NLRC, 206 SCRA 283, Feb. 1

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4717, 29871, 29906, 29947, 29941, 29892, 26319, 29889, 29871, 29896 ]

866

149,504

CommonCrawl

6

2

4, 285. Discuss the basic immunities of international organizations and the reason for affording them such immunities. Held: One of the basic immunities of an international organization is immunity from local jurisdiction, i.e., that it is immune from legal writs and processes issued by the tribunals of the country where it is found. The obvious reason for this is that the subjection of such an organization to the authority of the local courts would afford a convenient medium through which the host government may interfere in their operations or even influence or control its policies and decisions; besides, such subjection to local jurisdiction would impair the capacity of such body to discharge its responsibilities impartially on behalf of its member-states. (SEAFDEC-AQD v. NLRC, 206 SCRA 283, Feb. 4, 1992) 286. Discuss the two conflicting concepts of sovereign immunity from suit. Held: There are two conflicting concepts of sovereign immunity, each widely held and firmly established. According to the classical or absolute theory, a sovereign cannot, without its consent, be made a respondent in the courts of another sovereign. According to the newer or restrictive theory, the immunity of the sovereign is recognized only with regard to public acts or acts jure imperii of a state, but not with regard to private acts or acts jure gestionis. Some states passed legislation to serve as guidelines for the executive or judicial determination when an act may be considered as jure gestionis. The United States passed the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, which defines a commercial activity as either a regular course of commercial conduct or a particular commercial transaction or act. Furthermore, the law declared that the commercial character of the activity shall be determined by reference to the nature of the course of conduct or particular transaction or act, rather than by reference to its purpose. The Canadian Parliament enacted in 1982 an Act to Provide For State Immunity in Canadian Courts. The Act defines a commercial activity as any particular transaction, act or conduct or any regular course of conduct that by reason of its nature, is of a commercial character. The restrictive theory, which is intended to be a solution to the host of problems involving the issue of sovereign immunity, has created problems of its own. Legal treatises and the decisions in countries which follow the restrictive theory have difficulty in characterizing whether a contract of a sovereign state with a private party is an act jure gestionis or an act jure imperii. The restrictive theory came about because of the entry of sovereign states into purely commercial activities remotely connected with the discharge of governmental functions. This is particularly true with respect to the Communist states which took control of nationalized business activities and international trading. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 287. Cite some transactions by a foreign state with private parties that were considered by the Supreme Court as acts jure imperii and acts jure gestionis. Held: This Court has considered the following transactions by a foreign state with private parties as acts jure imperii: (1) the lease by a foreign government of apartment buildings for use of its military officers (Syquia v. Lopez, 84 Phil. 312 [1949]); (2) the conduct of public bidding for the repair of a wharf at a United States Naval Station (United States of America v. Ruiz, supra.); and (3) the change of employment status of base employees (Sanders v. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88 [1988]). On the other hand, this Court has considered the following transactions by a foreign state with private parties as acts jure gestionis: (1) the hiring of a cook in the recreation center, consisting of three restaurants, a cafeteria, a bakery, a store, and a coffee and pastry shop at the John Hay Air Station in Baguio City, to cater to American servicemen and the general public (United States of America v. Rodrigo, 182 SCRA 644 [1990]; and (2) the bidding for the operation of barber shops in Clark Air Base in Angeles City (United States of America v. Gu

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1,024

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866

150,528

CommonCrawl

11

19

into, 182 SCRA 644 [1990]). The operation of the restaurants and other facilities open to the general public is undoubtedly for profit as a commercial and not a governmental activity. By entering into the employment contract with the cook in the discharge of its proprietary function, the United States government impliedly divested itself of it sovereign immunity from suit. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 288. What should be the guidelines to determine what activities and transactions shall be considered commercial and as constituting acts jure gestionis by a foreign state? Held: In the absence of legislation defining what activities and transactions shall be considered commercial and as constituting acts jure gestionis, we have to come out with our own guidelines, tentative they may be. Certainly, the mere entering into a contract by a foreign state with a private party cannot be the ultimate test. Such an act can only be the start of the inquiry. The logical question is whether the foreign state is engaged in the activity in the regular course of business. If the foreign state is not engaged regularly in a business or trade, the particular act or transaction must then be tested by its nature. If the act is in pursuit of a sovereign activity, or an incident thereof, then it is an act jure imperii, especially when it is not undertaken for gain or profit. As held in United States of America v. Guinto (supra.): There is no question that the United States of America, like any other state, will be deemed to have impliedly waived its non-suability if it has entered into a contract in its proprietary or private capacity. It is only when the contract involves its sovereign or governmental capacity that no such waiver may be implied. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 289. May the Holy See be sued for selling the land it acquired by donation from the Archdiocese of Manila to be made site of its mission or the Apostolic Nunciature in the Philippines but which purpose cannot be accomplished as the land was occupied by squatters who refused to vacate the area? Held: In the case at bench, if petitioner (Holy See) has bought and sold lands in the ordinary course of a real estate business, surely the said transaction can be categorized as an act jure gestionis. However, petitioner has denied that the acquisition and subsequent disposal of Lot 5-A were made for profit but claimed that it acquired said property for the site of its mission or the Apostolic Nunciature in the Philippines. X x x Lot 5-A was acquired by petitioner as a donation from the Archdiocese of Manila. The donation was made not for commercial purpose, but for the use of petitioner to construct thereon the official place of residence of the Papal Nuncio. The right of a foreign sovereign to acquire property, real or personal, in a receiving state, necessary for the creation and maintenance of its diplomatic mission, is recognized in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. This treaty was concurred in by the Philippine Senate and entered into force in the Philippines on November 15, 1965. In Article 31(a) of the Convention, a diplomatic envoy is granted immunity from the civil and administrative jurisdiction of the receiving state over any real action relating to private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving state which the envoy holds on behalf of the sending state for the purposes of the mission. If this immunity is provided for a diplomatic envoy, with all the more reason should immunity be recognized as regards the sovereign itself, which in this case is the Holy See. The decision to transfer the property and the subsequent disposal thereof are likewise clothed with a governmental character. Petitioner did not sell Lot 5-A for profit or gain. It merely wanted to dispose off the same because the squatters living thereon made it almost impossible for petitioner to use it for the purpose of the donation. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [

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29946, 29892, 1174, 350, 4564, 518 ]

866

151,552

CommonCrawl

3

13

Quiason]) 290. How is sovereign or diplomatic immunity pleaded in a foreign court? Held: In Public International Law, when a state or international agency wishes to plead sovereign or diplomatic immunity in a foreign court, it requests the Foreign Office of the state where it is sued to convey to the court that said defendant is entitled to immunity. In the United States, the procedure followed is the process of suggestion, where the foreign state or the international organization sued in an American court requests the Secretary of State to make a determination as to whether it is entitled to immunity. If the Secretary of State finds that the defendant is immune from suit, he, in turn, asks the Attorney General to submit to the court a suggestion that the defendant is entitled to immunity. In England, a similar procedure is followed, only the Foreign Office issues a certification to that effect instead of submitting a suggestion. In the Philippines, the practice is for the foreign government or the international organization to first secure an executive endorsement of its claim of sovereign or diplomatic immunity. But how the Philippine Foreign Office conveys its endorsement to the courts varies. In International Catholic Migration Commission v. Calleja, 190 SCRA 130 (1990), the Secretary of Foreign Affairs just sent a letter directly to the Secretary of Labor and Employment, informing the latter that the respondent-employer could not be sued because it enjoyed diplomatic immunity. In World Health Organization v. Aquino, 48 SCRA 242 (1972), the Secretary of Foreign Affairs sent the trial court a telegram to that effect. In Baer v. Tizon, 57 SCRA 1 (1974), the U.S. Embassy asked the Secretary of Foreign Affairs to request the Solicitor General to make, in behalf of the commander of the United States Naval Base at Olongapo City, Zambales, a suggestion to respondent Judge. The Solicitor General embodied the suggestion in a Manifestation and Memorandum as amicus curiae. In the case at bench, the Department of Foreign Affairs, through the Office of Legal Affairs moved with this Court to be allowed to intervene on the side of petitioner. The Court allowed the said Department to file its memorandum in support of petitioners claim of sovereign immunity. In some cases, the defense of sovereign immunity was submitted directly to the local courts by the respondents through their private counsels. In cases where the foreign states bypass the Foreign Office, the courts can inquire into the facts and make their own determination as to the nature of the acts and transactions involved. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc [Quiason]) 291. Is the determination of the executive branch of the government that a state or instrumentality is entitled to sovereign or diplomatic immunity subject to judicial review, or is it a political question and therefore, conclusive upon the courts? Held: The issue of petitioners (The Holy See) non-suability can be determined by the trial court without going to trial in light of the pleadings x x x. Besides, the privilege of sovereign immunity in this case was sufficiently established by the Memorandum and Certification of the Department of Foreign Affairs. As the department tasked with the conduct o f the Philippines foreign relations, the Department of Foreign Affairs has formally intervened in this case and officially certified that the Embassy of the Holy See is a duly accredited diplomatic mission to the Republic of the Philippines exempt from local jurisdiction and entitled to all the rights, privileges and immunities of a diplomatic mission or embassy in this country. The determination of the executive arm of government that a state or instrumentality is entitled to sovereign or diplomatic immunity is a political question that is conclusive upon the courts . Where the plea of immunity is recognized and affirmed by the executive branch, it is the duty of the courts to accept this claim so as not to embarrass the executive arm of the government in conducting the countrys foreign relations. As in International Catholic Migration Commission and in World Health Organization, we abide by the certification of the Department of Foreign Affairs. (Holy See, The v. Rosario, Jr., 238 SCRA 524, Dec. 1, 1994, En Banc

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1,024

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866

152,576

CommonCrawl

11

19

[Quiason]) 292. What is extradition? To whom does it apply? Held: It is the process by which persons charged with or convicted of crime against the law of a State and found in a foreign State are returned by the latter to the former for trial or punishment. It applies to those who are merely charged with an offense but have not been brought to trial; to those who have been tried and convicted and have subsequently escaped from custody; and those who have been convicted in absentia. It does not apply to persons merely suspected of having committed an offense but against whom no charge has been laid or to a person whose presence is desired as a witness or for obtaining or enforcing a civil judgment. (Weston, Falk, D' Amato, International Law and Order, 2nd ed., p. 630 [1990], cited in Dissenting Opinion, Puno, J., in Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Jan. 18, 2000, En Banc) 293. Discuss the basis for allowing extradition. Held: Extradition was first practiced by the Egyptians, Chinese, Chaldeans and AssyroBabylonians but their basis for allowing extradition was unclear. Sometimes, it was granted due to pacts; at other times, due to plain good will. The classical commentators on international law thus focused their early views on the nature of the duty to surrender an extraditee --- whether the duty is legal or moral in character. Grotius and Vattel led the school of thought that international law imposed a legal duty called civitas maxima to extradite criminals. In sharp contrast, Puffendorf and Billot led the school of thought that the so-called duty was but an "imperfect obligation which could become enforceable only by a contract or agreement between states. Modern nations tilted towards the view of Puffendorf and Billot that under international law there is no duty to extradite in the absence of treaty, whether bilateral or multilateral. Thus, the US Supreme Court in US v. Rauscher (119 US 407, 411, 7 S Ct. 234, 236, 30 L. ed. 425 [1886]), held: x x x it is only in modern times that the nations of the earth have imposed upon themselves the obligation of delivering up these fugitives from justice to the states where their crimes were committed, for trial and punishment. This has been done generally by treaties x x x Prior to these treaties, and apart from them there was no well-defined obligation on one country to deliver up such fugitives to another; and though such delivery was often made it was upon the principle of comity x x x. (Dissenting Opinion, Puno, J., in Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Jan. 18, 2000, En Banc) 294. What is the nature of an extradition proceeding? Is it akin to a criminal proceeding? Held: [A]n extradition proceeding is sui generis. It is not a criminal proceeding which will call into operation all the rights of an accused as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. To begin with, the process of extradition does not involve the determination of the guilt or innocence of an accused. His guilt or innocence will be adjudged in the court of the state where he will be extradited. Hence, as a rule, constitutional rights that are only relevant to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused cannot be invoked by an extraditee especially by one whose extradition papers are still undergoing evaluation. As held by the US Supreme Court in United States v. Galanis: An extradition proceeding is not a criminal prosecution, and the constitutional safeguards that accompany a criminal trial in this country do not shield an accused from extradition pursuant to a valid treaty. (Wiehl, Extradition Law at the Crossroads: The Trend Toward Extending Greater Constitutional Procedural Protections To Fugitives Fighting Extradition from the United States, 19 Michigan Journal of International Law 729, 74

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CommonCrawl

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1 [1998], citing United States v. Galanis, 429 F. Supp. 1215 [D. Conn. 1977]) There are other differences between an extradition proceeding and a criminal proceeding. An extradition proceeding is summary in natural while criminal proceedings involve a full-blown trial. In contradistinction to a criminal proceeding, the rules of evidence in an extradition proceeding allow admission of evidence under less stringent standards . In terms of the quantum of evidence to be satisfied, a criminal case requires proof beyond reasonable doubt for conviction while a fugitive may be ordered extradited upon showing of the existence of a prima facie case. Finally, unlike in a criminal case where judgment becomes executory upon being rendered final, in an extradition proceeding, our courts may adjudge an individual extraditable but the President has the final discretion to extradite him . The United States adheres to a similar practice whereby the Secretary of State exercises wide discretion in balancing the equities of the case and the demands of the nation's foreign relations before making the ultimate decision to extradite. As an extradition proceeding is not criminal in character and the evaluation stage in an extradition proceeding is not akin to a preliminary investigation, the due process safeguards in the latter do not necessarily apply to the former. This we hold for the procedural due process required by a given set of circumstances must begin wit h a determination of the precise nature of the government function involved as well as the private interest that has been affected by governmental action. The concept of due process is flexible for not all situations calling for procedural safeguards call for the same kind of procedure. (Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Oct. 17, 2000, En Banc [Puno]) 295. Will the retroactive application of an extradition treaty violate the constitutional prohibition against "ex post facto" laws? Held: The prohibition against ex post facto law applies only to criminal legislation which affects the substantial rights of the accused. This being so, there is no merit in the contention that the ruling sustaining an extradition treatys retroact ive application violates the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws. The treaty is neither a piece of criminal legislation nor a criminal procedural statute. (Wright v. CA, 235 SCRA 341, Aug. 15, 1994 [Kapunan]) Discuss the rules in the interpretation of extradition treaties. Held: [A]ll treaties, including the RP-US Extradition Treaty, should be interpreted in light of their intent. Nothing less than the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to which the Philippines is a signatory provides that a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose. X x x. It cannot be gainsaid that today, countries like th e Philippines forge extradition treaties to arrest the dramatic rise of international and transnational crimes like terrorism and drug trafficking. Extradition treaties provide the assurance that the punishment of these crimes will not be frustrated by the frontiers of territorial sovereignty. Implicit in the treaties should be the unbending commitment that the perpetrators of these crimes will not be coddled by any signatory state. It ought to follow that the RP-US Extradition Treaty calls for an interpretation that will minimize if not prevent the escape of extraditees from the long arm of the law and expedite their trial. X x x [A]n equally compelling factor to consider is the understanding of the parties themselves to the RP-US Extradition Treaty as well as the general interpretation of the issue in question by other countries with similar treaties with the Philippines . The rule is recognized that while courts have the power to interpret treaties, the meaning given them by the departments of government particularly charged with their negotiation and enforcement is accorded great weight . The reason for the rule is laid down in Santos III v. Northwest Orient Airlines, et al. (210 SCRA 256, 261 [1992]), where we stressed that a treaty is a joint executive-legisl

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ative act which enjoys the presumption that it was first carefully studied and determined to be constitutional before it was adopted and given the force of law in the country. (Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Ralph C. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, Oct. 17, 2000, En Banc [Puno]) 297. What is a Treaty? Discuss. Held: A treaty, as defined by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties , is an international instrument concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments, and whatever its particular designation. There are many other terms used for a treaty or international agreement, some of which are: act, protocol, agreement, compromis d' arbitrage, concordat, convention, declaration, exchange of notes, pact, statute, charter and modus vivendi. All writers, from Hugo Grotius onward, have pointed out that the names or titles of international agreements included under the general term treaty have little or no significance. Certain terms are useful, but they furnish little more than mere description Article 2(2) of the Vienna Convention provides that the provisions of paragraph 1 regarding the use of terms in the present Convention are without prejudice to the use of those terms, or to the meanings which may be given to them in the internal law of the State. (BAYAN [Bagong Alyansang Makabayan] v. Executive Secretary Ronaldo Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, Oct. 10, 2000, En Banc [Buena]) 298. Discuss the binding effect of treaties and executive agreements in international law. Held: [I]n international law, there is no difference between treaties and executive agreements in their binding effect upon states concerned, as long as the functionaries have remained within their powers. International law continues to make no distinction between treaties and executive agreements: they are equally binding obligations upon nations. (BAYAN [Bagong Alyansang Makabayan] v. Executive Secretary Ronaldo Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, Oct. 10, 2000, En Banc [Buena]) 299. Does the Philippines recognize the binding effect of executive agreements even without the concurrence of the Senate or Congress? Held: In our jurisdiction, we have recognized the binding effect of executive agreements even without the concurrence of the Senate or Congress. In Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea Trading (3 SCRA 351, 356-357 [1961]), we had occasion to pronounce: x x x the right of the Executive to enter into binding agreements without the necessity of subsequent Congressional approval has been confirmed by long usage. From the earliest days of our history we have entered into executive agreements covering such subjects as commercial and consular relations, most-favored-nation rights, patent rights, trademark and copyright protection, postal and navigation arrangements and the settlement of claims. The validity of these has never been seriously questioned by our courts. " (BAYAN [Bagong Alyansang Makabayan] v. Executive Secretary Ronaldo Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, Oct. 10, 2000, En Banc [Buena]) What is a "protocol de cloture"? Will it require concurrence by the Senate? Held: A final act, sometimes called protocol de cloture, is an instrument which records the winding up of the proceedings of a diplomatic conference and usually includes a reproduction of the texts of treaties, conventions, recommendations and other acts agreed upon and signed by the plenipotentiaries attending the conference. It is not the treaty itself. It is rather a summary of the proceedings of a protracted conference which may have taken place over several years. It will not require the concurrence of the Senate. The documents contained therein are deemed adopted without need for ratification. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18, May 2, 1997 [Panganiban]) 301. What is the most-favored-nation clause? What is its purpose? Answer: 1. The most-favored-nation clause

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866

155,648

CommonCrawl

3

13

may be defined, in general, as a pledge by a contracting party to a treaty to grant to the other party treatment not less favorable than that which has been or may be granted to the most favored among other countries. The clause has been commonly included in treaties of commercial nature. There are generally two types of most-favored-nation clause, namely, conditional and unconditional. According to the clause in its unconditional form, any advantage of whatever kind which has been or may in future be granted by either of the contracting parties to a third State shall simultaneously and unconditionally be extended to the other under the same or equivalent conditions as those under which it has been granted to the third State. (Salonga & Yap, Public International Law, 5th Edition, 1992, pp. 141-142) 2. The purpose of a most favored nation clause is to grant to the contracting party treatment not less favorable than that which has been or may be granted to the "most favored" among other countries. The most favored nation clause is intended to establish the principle of equality of international treatment by providing that the citizens or subjects of the contracting nations may enjoy the privileges accorded by either party to those of the most favored nation (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., 309 SCRA 87, 107108, June 25, 1999, 3rd Div. [Gonzaga-Reyes]) 302. What is the essence of the principle behind the "most-favored-nation" clause as applied to tax treaties? Held: The essence of the principle is to allow the taxpayer in one state to avail of more liberal provisions granted in another tax treaty to which the country of residence of such taxpayer is also a party provided that the subject matter of taxation x x x is the same as that in the tax treaty under which the taxpayer is liable. In Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., 309 SCRA 87, June 25, 1999, the SC did not grant the claim filed by S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., a nonresident foreign corporation based in the USA, with the BIR for refund of overpaid withholding tax on royalties pursuant to the most-favored-nation clause of the RP-US Tax Treaty in relation to the RP-West Germany Tax Treaty. It held: Given the purpose underlying tax treaties and the rationale for the most favored nation clause, the concessional tax rate of 10 percent provided for in the RP-Germany Tax Treaty should apply only if the taxes imposed upon royalties in the RP-US Tax Treaty and in the RP-Germany Tax Treaty are paid under similar circumstances. This would mean that private respondent (S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc.) must prove that the RP-US Tax Treaty grants similar tax reliefs to residents of the United States in respect of the taxes imposable upon royalties earned from sources within the Philippines as those allowed to their German counterparts under the RP-Germany Tax Treaty. The RP-US and the RP-West Germany Tax Treaties do not contain similar provisions on tax crediting. Article 24 of the RP-Germany Tax Treaty x x x expressly allows crediting against German income and corporation tax of 20% of the gross amount of royalties paid under the law of the Philippines. On the other hand, Article 23 of the RP-US Tax Treaty, which is the counterpart provision with respect to relief for double taxation, does not provide for similar crediting of 20% of the gross amount of royalties paid. X x x X x x The entitlement of the 10% rate by U.S. firms despite the absence of matching credit (20% for royalties) would derogate from the design behind the most favored nation clause to grant equality of international treatment since the tax burden laid upon the income of the investor is not the same in the two countries. The similarity in the circumstances of payment of taxes is a condition for the enjoyment of most favored nation treatment precisely to underscore the need for equality of treatment. What is ratification? Discuss its function in the treaty-making process. Held: Ratification is generally

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866

156,672

CommonCrawl

3

13

held to be an executive act, undertaken by the head of state or of the government, as the case may be, through which the formal acceptance of the treaty is proclaimed. A State may provide in its domestic legislation the process of ratification of a treaty. The consent of the State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by ratification when: (a) the treaty provides for such ratification, (b) it is otherwise established that the negotiating States agreed that ratification should be required, (c) the representative of the State has signed the treaty subject to ratification, or (d) the intention of the State to sign the treaty subject to ratification appears from the full powers of its representative, or was expressed during the negotiation. (BAYAN [Bagong Alyansang Makabayan] v. Executive Secretary Ronaldo Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, Oct. 10, 2000, En Banc [Buena]) 304. Explain the pacta sunt servanda rule. Held: One of the oldest and most fundamental rules in international law is pacta sunt servanda international agreements must be performed in good faith. A treaty engagement is not a mere moral obligation but creates a legally binding obligation on the parties x x x. A state which has contracted valid international obligations is bound to make in its legislations such modifications as may be necessary to ensure the fulfillment of the obligations undertaken. (Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18, May 2, 1997 [Panganiban]) 305. Explain the "rebus sic stantibus" rule (i.e., things remaining as they are). Does it operate automatically to render a treaty inoperative? Held: According to Jessup, the doctrine constitutes an attempt to formulate a legal principle which would justify non-performance of a treaty obligation if the conditions with relation to which the parties contracted have changed so materially and so unexpectedly as to create a situation in which the exaction of performance would be unreasonable. The key element of this doctrine is the vital change in the condition of the contracting parties that they could not have foreseen at the time the treaty was concluded. The doctrine of rebus sic stantibus does not operate automatically to render the treaty inoperative. There is a necessity for a formal act of rejection, usually made by the head of state, with a statement of the reasons why compliance with the treaty is no longer required. (Santos III v. Northwest Orient Airlines, 210 SCRA 256, June 23, 1992) 306. What is the doctrine of effective nationality (genuine link doctrine)? Held: This principle is expressed in Article 5 of the Hague Convention of 1930 on the Art. 5. Within a third State a person having more than one nationality shall be treated as if he had only one. Without prejudice to the application of its law in matters of personal status and of any convention in force, a third State shall, of the nationalities which any such person possesses, recognize exclusively in its territory either the nationality of the country in which he is habitually and principally resident or the nationality of the country with which in the circumstances he appears to be in fact most closely connected. (Frivaldo v. COMELEC, 174 SCRA 245, June 23, 1989) Conflict of Nationality Laws as follows: Documents Similar To 306 Political Law Rev ancaye1962 Carol Jacinto Yasser Aureada Nivra Lyn Empiales Charisse Toledo Glean Myrrh Almine Valde Benjamin Cruz Roque maikadjim Reyniere Alo Dianne Comon Bim Saw Anonymous tKTWCxQFb CBCP for Life Oscar J. Serrano Jamie Vod Stan J. Caterbone jumpincatfish yvonnebioyo 3:13-cv-24068 #155 Equality Case Files FC61F936C67F4DD143A0359BAEDB1841 Issa Avena National Science Foundation: tbC05 Order Denying State of Hawaii's Renew

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866

157,696

CommonCrawl

3

13

ed Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law or, in the Alternative, for a New Trial, Bridge Aina Lea, LLC v. State of Hawaii Land Use Comm'n, No. 11-00414 (D. Haw. June 27, 2018) RHT Alep v US Authority Keanu SAI v Clinton Invoking Cherokee drpaulmaas Election Notes Part 1- Lmo Laurence Obaob rhetorical analysis first draft D'Addabbo v. United States, 10th Cir. (2008) CONSTI 2 Crombonds Short Finals Reviewer velasquez0731 Trade Unions Act 1926 Amit Gurav More From Sonny Morillo Sonny Morillo StartMenuAnimCode Ronald Galang Bar Questions 2011 With Answers Pre Med Case Flow RHIS_0610 fs 10-13-10 - updated Omnibus Rules Implementing the Labor Code DO 40-03 Civil 2011 Bar Exam Questionnaire Ally Bernales 2nd Quarter of Fiscal Year 03-12 1987 Philippine Constitution SHARP Operation Guide r.a. 8424 National Internal Revenue Code of 1997 and Its Amendments Natres.mp3 10 Proclamation No. 459, s. 2012 _ Official Gazette of the Republic of the Phil Natres.mp3 8 Manalo vs Intemediate Appellate Court Leviste vs Alameda karljoszef Dir of Lands v CA, 178 SCRA 709 R.A. No. 10022 Natres.javier Memo of State Department IG Interview of Consular Section Chief in Saudi Arabia before 9/11 9/11 Document Archive Healthcare Provider Abuse Report Ethical Argument gideon mbatha edu 210 artifact 1 Tc - Jpa Map Tor 1-2015 1 April 2015 Izzat Mahadi Romania Sorin Dumitrascu Preparatory Work Federatia Sindicatelor din Administratia Nationala a Penitenciarelor Managing Systemic Risk Niña Alfonso 04_Berenguer v Carranza Trek Alojado Effects of the Ruhr Crisis Hansel Nietsche 'The Near and the Far' Why Is India's Liberal-Political Democracy Rotten? bhaRathirajeswaran RICHARD RYNEARSON V. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BORDER PATROL AGENT, CAPTAIN RAUL PEREZ CopBlock Romualdez vs. Regional Trial Court G.R. No. 104960 Anonymous kf6dxr6ULl Parmod and Sachin SC_34604_2018_Order_09-Oct-2018 Disability Rights Alliance inc_ear_384 Kong Sotheara Nigeria Tax Articles and Tax Related Publications Dauda Usman Certificate of Good Moral Character Iamalpoy Marcera great expectations and carlyles vision Case Digest Shirley Briz Amended Complaint Nathaniel Woods Data Report 2010 [1] Q Skills 5 (Unit 4) AnswerKey Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia nguyenhavn ELEC-Subic Metropolitan & Raul Lambino MariaAyraCelinaBatacan HOUSE HEARING, 108TH CONGRESS - PRIVATE SECURITY OFFICER EMPLOYMENT AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2003 2014 Moot Problem Rick San Jito The Revised United Nation Minnesota Protocol on the Investigation of Potentially Unlawful Death kuimbae Giacalone Daniel Mora Gómez

-2.23214

-1.405932

-1.48713

-1.047967

[ -2.128045115203588, -2.3362357804114 ]

[ -1.4739761362667851, -1.3378883640872465 ]

[ -1.380608304715685, -1.5936525508479635 ]

[ -0.8203470149485986, -1.2755868118928533 ]

1,024

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866

158,720

CommonCrawl

11

19

HomePosts tagged 'happy number' happy number Significant Number Factoid Friday – Today The Number Is Twenty-Eight 28 February 15, 2013 fasab Factoids, Numbers, Uncategorized, Unusual 1919 Peace Nobel Prize, 28 billion light years, 28 days, 28 Days Later, 28 degrees latitude, 28 degrees longitude, 28 Hotel Rooms, 28 letters, 28 permanent teeth, 28 Weeks Later, 28th President of the United States, 28th State to enter the Union, 30th NASA Space Shuttle mission, ABC television, Abner Haynes, Adam Hall, Arab alphabet, asteroid, asteroid belt, Atlantic City, atlantic ocean, atomic mass, atomic number, aviation, B28, Barnardius zonarius semitorquatus, Bellona, Bert Blyleven, Betty Thomas, Birkat Hachama, books, British aircraft, C J Spiller, California, canada, Canadian CF-104, Canberra, car number twenty-eight, carbon monoxide, cells, centered nonagonal number, central Florida, Challenger disaster, Chapter 28, Chicago Bears, Chinese constellations, Christa McAuliffe, classified, Clemson Tigers, Cleveland skyscrapers, CO, Commander Brewster H Shaw Jr, composite number, concrete, constellation Phoenix, constellation Sagittarius, convex uniform honeycombs, created the heavens and the earth, cricket, Crimean War, curing time, Curtis Martin, Daltons, date of birth, Davey Allison, David C Leestma, Diane Ladd, distance of our universe, Dominic West, domino set, dutch, edge to edge, education, Edwards Air Force Base, eight and twenty cubits, elliptical galaxy, Enstrom F-28, Enstrom Helicopter Corporation, Entertainment, epidermis, Eure-et-Loir, factoid, fictional aircraft, first female teacher in space, Fokker, Fokker F28 Fellowship, Fokker-VFW, Fourteen, fourth magic number in physics, François Pérusse, Frédéric Chopin, French department, Gematriya, Genesis, globular cluster, God, God's promise, Gregorian calendar, Hall of Famer, happy number, harmonic divisor, Hebrew Numerology, hexagonal number, HMS Cleopatra (F28), HMS Kandahar (F28), Holland, horticulture, human menstrual cycle, India, Indian magic square, Isaac, Istanbul, Jacob, Jacob's Ladder, James C Adamson, jersey number 28, Johannesburg, Jupiter, K-class destroyer, Kansas City, Kansas City Chiefs, Kerala, koakh, length of one curtain, Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, Lt. Pete Maverick Mitchell, lucky number, lunar mansions, M/28, M/28-30, Madrid, Major League Baseball, Mark N Brown, Mars, Marshall Faulk, mathematics, MBB, medium battle tank, Mersenne prime 7, Messier, Messier object M28, MiG-28, Miles M.28 Mercury, Militaria, military aircraft, Minnesota Twins, Misc, Miscellaneous, Mission Specialists, mission STS-51-L, Missouri, molars, molecular weight, monopoly, Moon, Morton Thiokol, Moscow, Mosin-Nagant, movies, Municipal Stadium, music, N2, nasa, NASA managers, NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, NATO, neo-Nazi, New Delhi, New General Catalogue, New York Jets, NFL, nickel, nitrogen, NJ, North American Aviation, Northern Ireland, nuclear weapons, number, numbers, O-ring seal, object NGC 28, Opus 28, Parker Brothers, parrot, perfect number, phases, Pilot Richard N Richards, piston-engined helicopters, poisonous, politics, postal code, Preludes, Pretoria, Princeton University, Professor of Jurisprudence & Political Economy, quebec, Quiller novel, R Luther, Random, RCAF Nuclear Strike Force, Red Army, Red Square,

-1.226799

1.756318

-0.899991

-0.774823

[ -1.311718559520327, -1.1418788063244807 ]

[ 1.54860490898402, 1.9640307398478745 ]

[ -0.7744466996488446, -1.0255345611618871 ]

[ -1.4316690279880264, -0.11797704252031987 ]

1,024

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religion, revolution time, Rogers Commission, Roman goddess of war, Roman numeral, Rose, Roses, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, Runik alphabet, SACEUR, Sandra Bullock, science, SDS-2 communications satellite, second perfect number, Second World War, seven words, shipping, Short Brothers, short range jet airliner, Silicon, skin research, solid rocket booster, South Africa, South Australia, Soviet T-28, space, space related disasters, Space Shuttle Challenger, Space Shuttle Columbia, spain, sport, St Louis Rams, Stone of Bethel, structural failure, STS-28, sun, Supercarrier, T-28 Trojan, Teacher in Space Project, technology, Texas, the Bible, the number twenty-eight, The Sinkiang Executive, thermonuclear bomb, Tom Cruise, Top Gun, triangular number, Turkey, twenty and eight cubits, twenty-eight, United States Army Air Corps, United States Department of Defense, United States Navy Fighter Weapons School, United States President Ronald Reagan, US Air Force, US Northrop F-5, Valiant, Viggo Nortensen, Warrick Dunn, West Germany, Western Australia, wheel of fortune, Willie Galimore, wisdom teeth, Woodrow Wilson, XB-28, Xiu, Yates Racing It's been a few weeks since we had a numbers factoid. Today we are having a look at the number twenty-eight, so if that's your lucky number or your date of birth or if you are just interested in numbers and things associated with them then read on. And enjoy. The Number Twenty-Eight 28 In religion In Hebrew, the first verse of the Bible "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth" (Genesis I.1) has seven words and 28 letters. The length of one curtain shall be eight and twenty cubits. (Exodus, 26.2) The length of one curtain was twenty and eight cubits, and the breadth of one curtain four cubits: the curtains were all of one size. (Exodus, 36.9) In Chapter 28 in Genesis: Isaac blesses Jacob; Jacob's Ladder; God's promise; Stone of Bethel: Artistic impression of Jacob's Ladder 28 is a composite number, its proper divisors being 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14. Twenty-eight is the second perfect number. As a perfect number, it is related to the Mersenne prime 7, since 22(23 – 1) = 28. The next perfect number is 496, the previous being 6. Twenty-eight is a harmonic divisor number, a happy number, a triangular number, a hexagonal number, and a centered nonagonal number. Twenty-eight is the ninth and last number in early Indian magic square of order 3. There are twenty-eight convex uniform honeycombs. In science & technology 28 is the atomic mass of silicon and the atomic number of nickel. 28 is the molecular weight of nitrogen, (N2 = 28.02) and the molecular weight of carbon monoxide, (CO = 12 + 16 = 28.01); also interesting in that while carbon monoxide is poisonous, nitrogen is essential to life, yet they have the same molecular weight of 28 daltons. 28 is the fourth magic number in physics. The average human menstrual cycle is 28 days although no link has been established with the nightlighting and the Moon. Skin research has discovered that the epidermis is constantly regenerating itself, and all of its cells are replaced every 28 days. By the age of fourteen most people have 28 permanent teeth; the last four molars, the wisdom teeth, erupt only if the jaw allows space for them. The curing time of concrete is classically considered 28 days. Our universe is 28 billion light years in distance from edge to edge. The revolution time of the surface of the Sun on itself is 28 days while its core is revolving in 33 days. The moon completes 4 phases once it has wandered through the 28 lunar mansions. 28 Bell

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ona is a large main belt asteroid between Mars and Jupiter. Bellona was discovered by R. Luther on March 1, 1854. It is named after Bellona, the Roman goddess of war; the name was chosen to mark the beginning of the Crimean War. Its diameter is 120.9 km, rotation period of 15.7 hours, and orbital period of 4.63 years. The New General Catalogue object NGC 28, an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Phoenix. Messier object M28 is a magnitude 8.5 globular cluster in the constellation Sagittarius. Messier object m28 STS-28 was the 30th NASA Space Shuttle mission, and the fourth dedicated to United States Department of Defense purposes. It was also the eighth flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. The mission launched on 8 August 1989 and traveled 2.1 million miles during 81 orbits of the Earth, before landing on runway 17 of Edwards Air Force Base, California, on 13 August. The mission details of STS-28 are classified, but the payload is widely believed to have been the first SDS-2 communications satellite. The crew consisted of Commander Brewster H. Shaw, Jr., Pilot Richard N. Richards, and three Mission Specialists, James C. Adamson, David C. Leestma and Mark N. Brown. Space Shuttle Challenger One of the worst space related disasters happened on January 28 1986. On that fateful day Space Shuttle Challenger (mission STS-51-L) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida at 11:38 EST (16:38 UTC). Disintegration of the entire vehicle began after an O-ring seal in its right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed at liftoff. The O-ring failure caused a breach in the SRB joint it sealed, allowing pressurized hot gas from within the solid rocket motor to reach the outside and impinge upon the adjacent SRB attachment hardware and external fuel tank. This led to the separation of the right-hand SRBs aft attachment and the structural failure of the external tank. Aerodynamic forces promptly broke up the orbiter. The crew compartment and many other vehicle fragments were eventually recovered from the ocean floor after a lengthy search and recovery operation. Although the exact timing of the death of the crew is unknown, several crew members are known to have survived the initial breakup of the spacecraft. However, the shuttle had no escape system and the impact of the crew compartment with the ocean surface was too violent to be survivable. The disaster resulted in a 32-month hiatus in the shuttle program and the formation of the Rogers Commission, a special commission appointed by United States President Ronald Reagan to investigate the accident. The Rogers Commission found NASA's organizational culture and decision-making processes had been key contributing factors to the accident. NASA managers had known contractor Morton Thiokol's design of the SRBs contained a potentially catastrophic flaw in the O-rings since 1977, but failed to address it properly. They also disregarded warnings from engineers about the dangers of launching posed by the low temperatures of that morning and had failed to adequately report these technical concerns to their superiors. What Rogers did not highlight was the fact the vehicle was never certified to operate in temperatures that low. Many viewed the launch live because of the presence of crew member Christa McAuliffe, the first member of the Teacher in Space Project and the (planned) first female teacher in space. The Challenger disaster has been used as a case study in many discussions of engineering safety and workplace ethics. 28th President of the United States is Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), who served (1913-1921). Wilson was President of Princeton University (1902-1910), where he graduated (1879) and taught as Professor of Jurisprudence & Political Economy (1890-1902). Wilson won the 1919 Peace Nobel Prize. President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 191

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2 28th State to enter the Union is Texas (December 29, 1845) The jersey number 28 has been retired by several North American sports teams in honor of past playing greats or other key figures: In Major League Baseball: the Minnesota Twins, for Hall of Famer Bert Blyleven. In the NFL: the Chicago Bears, for Willie Galimore; the Kansas City Chiefs, for Abner Haynes; the New York Jets, for Hall of Famer Curtis Martin; the St. Louis Rams, for Hall of Famer Marshall Faulk. Car number twenty-eight was formerly run in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series by Yates Racing. The most notable driver was Davey Allison, who had the ride for his entire Cup Series career. Baseball's 28th All-Star Game was played at Municipal Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri, on July 11, 1960. In the British game of cricket, the wicket is made of three wooden stakes each 28 inches high stuck into the ground. The widely used 6-6 domino set contains 28 pieces. In books, music and movies In Quebec, Canada, François Pérusse, made a parody of Wheel of Fortune in which all of the letters picked by the contestant were present 28 times. As a result, 28 became an almost Mythical number used by many Quebec youths, the phrase "Y'en a 28" (There are 28 [Letters]) became a running gag still used and recognized more than 15 years later. The Preludes, Opus 28 consists of Frédéric Chopin's 24 preludes for piano, ordinarily but not necessarily played together in concert. 28 Days (2000) is a 104-minute movie directed by Betty Thomas and starring Sandra Bullock, Viggo Nortensen, Dominic West, Diane Ladd. A big-city newspaper columnist is forced to enter a drug and alcohol rehab center after ruining her sister's wedding and crashing a stolen limousine. 28 Days Later (2002). Four weeks after a mysterious, incurable virus spreads throughout the UK, a handful of survivors try to find sanctuary. 28 Weeks Later (2007). Six months after the rage virus was inflicted on the population of Great Britain, the US Army helps to secure a small area of London for the survivors to repopulate and start again. But not everything goes to plan. 28 Hotel Rooms (2012). A novelist and an accountant meet while they are traveling for work, and though they both are in relationships, their one-night stand could become something more. In militaria, shipping and aviation T-28 Trojan T-28 Trojan is a training military aircraft. In 1948 the U.S. Air Force originally acquired the T-28A as a trainer to replace the venerable AT-6. The T-28B and T-28C were acquired by the U.S. Navy and included a tailhook for carrier landing training. T-28 was shown on Card #15 of Topps Wings: Friend or Foe (1952). Miles M.28 Mercury The Miles M.28 Mercury was a British aircraft designed for either training or communications during the Second World War. It was a single-engine, monoplane of wooden construction with a twin tail and a tailwheel undercarriage with retractable main units. Originally, the M.28 had been planned as a replacement for the Whitney Straight and Monarch, but this was shelved when war broke out. In 1941, the project was revived in response to a requirement for a training and communications aircraft. The design was produced as a private venture by Ray Bournon using Miles' normal wooden construction. The resulting machine introduced several features not found on trainers ncluding retractable undercarriage and trailing edge flaps. In the communications role, the M.28 had four seats and a range of 500 miles (800 km). Owing to Miles' heavy commitment to war-production, however, only six aircraft were built, of slightly varying specifications, the last being the Mercury 6 which first flew in early 19

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46. Examples were operated in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Australia. XB-28 The North American XB-28 (NA-63) was an aircraft proposed by the North American Aviation to fill a strong need in the United States Army Air Corps for a high-altitude medium bomber. It never entered into full production, with only two aircraft having been built. The MiG-28 is a fictional aircraft that has appeared in several different unrelated works. These fictional aircraft have been independently created and the aircraft share nothing but a name. The first instance of a "MiG-28" was in the 1978 Quiller novel The Sinkiang Executive written by Adam Hall. Referred to in the work as the MiG-28D, it was an aircraft that resembled a somewhat modified MiG-25, but with sharper air intakes and swept wings. In the 1986 film Top Gun, Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (Tom Cruise) squared off against MiG-28s of unspecified nationality. These were actually US Northrop F-5s, which at the time were being used as aggressor aircraft for dissimilar air combat training at the real TOPGUN seminar (now known as the United States Navy Fighter Weapons School). The F-5s "acting" as MiG-28s were painted flat black to indicate their villainous status, and retained those paint jobs after production closed. The paint also increased the aircraft's visibility, a plus for filmmaking. Another MiG-28 is "seen" in the 1988 ABC television series Supercarrier. This MiG-28 was a fictional Soviet stealth fighter. An F-16 fighter in Soviet-style markings was used to "simulate" the Soviet fighter. Top Gun pretendy MiG-28 Fokker F-28 Fellowship The Fokker F28 Fellowship is a short range jet airliner designed developed in Holland (1964) and assembled by defunct Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. The Fokker F-28 Fellowship jet was to complement Fokker's highly successful F-27 turboprop. Announced by Fokker in April 1962, production was a collaboration between a number of European companies, namely Fokker, MBB of West Germany, Fokker-VFW (also of Germany), and Short Brothers of Northern Ireland. There was also government money invested in the project, with the Dutch government providing 50% of Fokker's stake and the West German government having 60% of the 35% German stake. In total 241 Fokker F-28s were sold, including 160 in commercial service and 10 used as corporate jets. The Fokker F-28 shown on a 40¡ Nauru stamp. Postage stamps with Fokker airplanes Enstrom F-28 The Enstrom F-28 and 280 are a family of small, light piston-engined helicopters produced by the Enstrom Helicopter Corporation.[1] Since delivering their first helicopter shortly after Federal Aviation Administration type certification of the F-28 model in April 1965, Enstrom helicopter has produced (as of 2007) approx 1,200 aircraft.[2] The company produces three models, the F-28, the more aerodynamic 280 and the turbine-engined 480, each with their own variants. The F-28 and 280 both use Lycoming piston engines virtually identical to those found in general aviation fixed-wing aircraft T-28 Tank The Soviet T-28 multi-turret medium battle tank was among the world's first medium tanks and became a symbol of the Red Army as was its heavier "brother" the T-35. Its silhouette is well known from pre-war newsreel about Soviet military parades in Moscow's Red Square. 41 T-28 tanks were built in 1933 with hightest production of 131 in 1939. In the summer of 1941, the design of the T-28 became obsolete due to the drawbacks of multi-turret

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873

4,096

CommonCrawl

8

11

vehicles. The T-28 could hit any German tank from long distances. The B28, originally Mark 28, was a thermonuclear bomb carried by U.S. tactical fighter bombers and bomber aircraft. From 1962 to 1972 under the NATO nuclear weapons sharing program, American B28s also equipped six Europe-based Canadian CF-104 squadrons known as the RCAF Nuclear Strike Force. It was also supplied for delivery by UK-based Royal Air Force Valiant and Canberra aircraft assigned to NATO under the command of SACEUR. Also USN carrier based attack aircraft such as the A3D Skywarrior and the A4D Skyhawk were equipped with the MK 28. HMS Kandahar (F28) HMS Kandahar (F28) was a K-class destroyer of the Royal Navy, named after the Afghan city of Kandahar. Kandahar was launched on 21 March 1939, and on 21 February 1941, in company with HMS Kimberley and HMS Manchester, she captured the German blockade runner SS Wahehe off Iceland. On 19 December 1941, she was part of British Force K, tasked to intercept an Italian convoy bound for Tripoli when she was irreparably damaged by a newly laid Italian mine whilst attempting to rescue the stricken HMS Neptune. She was scuttled the next day by Jaguar. 73 men went down with the ship. HMS Cleopatra (F28) HMS Cleopatra (F28) was a Leander-class frigate of the Royal Navy, built at HMNB Devonport. She was launched on 25 March 1964 and commissioned on 4 January 1966. Upon Cleopatra's commissioning, she joined the 2nd Destroyer Squadron, Far East Fleet and then participated in the Beira Patrol, which was designed to prevent oil reaching the landlocked Rhodesia via the then Portuguese colony of Mozambique (Lorenzo Marques). In 1969, Cleopatra was present at the Evans-Melbourne collision. In 1972, Cleopatra took part in escort duties during the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh's South East Asia tour. In 1973, Cleopatra was dispatched to protect British trawlers against the Icelandic Coast Guard in the Second Cod War. Afterwards, Cleopatra began her modernisation, becoming the first Batch Two Leander to do so, which included the removal of her one twin 4.5-in gun to allow the addition of the Exocet anti-ship missile system. On 31 January 1992, Cleopatra was decommissioned. The following year, Cleopatra was sold for scrap. Mosin–Nagant M/28 The Mosin–Nagant is a bolt-action, internal magazine-fed, military rifle created under the government commission by Russian inventors, and used by the armed forces of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and various other nations. It has gone through many variations, the M/28 designed by the White Guard. The M/28 differs from the Army's M/27 primarily in the barrel band design, which is a single piece compared to the M/27's hinged band, and an improved trigger design. Barrels for the M/28 were initially purchased from SIG, and later from Tikkakoski and SAKO. The M/28-30 is an upgraded version of the M/28. The most noticeable modification is a new rear sight design. Smith & Wesson (S & W) Model 28 The most famous handgun with the 28 designation is the Smith & Wesson (S & W) Model 28, also known as the Highway Patrolman. It is an N-frame revolver chambered for the .357 Magnum cartridge, in production from 1954 to 1986. It is a budget version of the S&W Model 27. The Roman numeral for 28 is XXVIII. The Arab alphabet has 28 letters Cities located at 28o latitude include: New Delhi, India. Cities located at 28o

-0.567985

2.042818

-0.73038

0.073224

[ -0.6214021433049516, -0.5145674598430483 ]

[ 2.0356558831002634, 2.049980911750741 ]

[ -0.6812398419659726, -0.7795191816996131 ]

[ 0.311249051741406, -0.16480170734887178 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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873

5,120

CommonCrawl

8

11

longitude include: Johannesburg, South Africa; Pretoria, South Africa; and Istanbul, Turkey. 28 is not yet used as the code for international direct dial phone calls. Two Cleveland skyscrapers have 28 floors, the McDonald Investment Center (1969): East 9th St. at Superior Ave. (305 ft);and the Marriott at Key Tower (1991): 127 Public Square, Cleveland (320 ft) Parker Brothers Monopoly board game consists of 40 squares with 28 properties for sale. In the U.S. version, the properties are named after locations in Atlantic City, NJ. The Runik alphabet, also called Futhark, used by Germanic peoples of northern Europe, Britain, Scandinavia, and Iceland (3rd century to the 16th or 17th century AD) has 28 letters. In Gematriya, the system of Hebrew Numerology, the number 28 corresponds to the word koakh, meaning "power", "energy". The number of days in the shortest month of the Gregorian calendar, February (except in leap years, when there are twenty-nine). The Gregorian calendar follows a 28-year cycle for the most part, since there are seven days in a week and leap year generally occurs every four years; usually, a calendar from any year is the same as that from 28 years earlier (e.g., 2008 and 1980 or 2009 and 2037). However, that rule holds only when there have been exactly seven leap days in a 28-year interval; years divisible by 100 but not by 400 are not leap years. Indeed, 1900 (as well as 2100, 2200, etc.) does not use the same calendar as 1872 (2072, 2172, etc., respectively) for the simple reason that 1900 is not a leap year. In 28 years, any day-of-the-week and date combination occurs exactly four times. February 29 will fall on each day of the week once. In Jewish tradition there is a 28 year solar cycle in which the sun returns to its place in Creation every 28 solar years. This is commemorated in April every 28 years with the recitation of Birkat Hachama, the blessing of the sun. There are 28 wheels on a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy. 28 is the common name for the parrot 'Barnardius zonarius semitorquatus', widely distributed in Western Australia and South Australia, because its call sounds like "wenniate". In neo-Nazi circles, twenty-eight indicates Blood and Honour (28 = BH – B – second letter of the alphabet and H – the eight letter). The number of Chinese constellations, "Xiu" or "mansions" (a literal translation), equivalent to the 12 western zodiac constellations. 28 is the postal code of the province of Madrid, in Spain. Twenty Eight is a popular game played in Kerala India. 28 is the number of the French department Eure-et-Loir. There are approximately twenty-eight grams in an ounce, a measure frequently used in the illegal drug trade. In horticulture the America and Cherish Roses have 28 orange pink petals; the Black Velvet Rose has 28 dark red petals; the Maestro Rose has 28 petals with a red center, pink edges and speckles; the Garden Party Rose has 28 white blend petals; and the Ophelia Rose has 28 light pink petals. Significant Number Factoid Friday – Today Number Forty-Four 44 November 9, 2012 fasab Factoids, Numbers, Politics, Sport, Uncategorized, Unusual, War "Broomhandle" Mauser C96 pistol, .44 Remington Magnum, .44 Special, 1944, 44, 44 Cent Cure, 44th Shuttle mission, 44th state, 44th US President, A-44, A-44 mystery tank, Adam Mickiewicz,

-0.898077

1.681111

-0.568025

-0.671985

[ -1.07613438573254, -0.7200187741928624 ]

[ 1.5127923373578256, 1.8494305106440525 ]

[ -0.5850211980654569, -0.5510296240104046 ]

[ -0.6101186993441072, -0.7338514535291902 ]

1,024

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3

Adolf Hitler, Amsterdam, Anne Frank, Arbil, Argentina, Armenia, assassination attempt, assault rifle, atomic number, Augusta, Auschwitz, B-29A, Baghdad, Barack Obama, baseball players, Beech Aircraft Corporation, Beehive Cluster, Belgrade, Bergen-Belsen, BlasTech Industries, Blink-182, Bordeaux, Brazil, Bucharest, canada, carbines, Claus von Stauffenberg, Cleveland, Clint Eastwood, constellation Cancer, D-Day invasion of Normandy, D-Day landings, Dan Issel, Denver Broncos, Denver Nuggets, Devon, Dirty Harry, DL-44, dutch, earthquake, education, Emanuel Weiss, Entertainment, Ernie Davis, events, Exercise Tiger, factoid, Floyd Little, forgotten disaster of WWII, forty-four, Fosse Ardeatine massacre, fourth term, France, Franklin D Roosevelt, franklin delano roosevelt, Friday, Galactic Civil War, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, George Gervin, Gestapo, Get Smart, Great Atlantic Hurricane, Great Escape, Halifax, Hank Aaron, Hanukkah candles, happy number, Hargeisa, Harry, Harvard Mark I, hitter's number, HMS Hawkins, Hollywood movies, IBM, iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan, Italian Resistance, Japanese army, Jerry West, Jim Brown, Kansas, LA Lakers, Lawrence of Arabia, LNG explosion, Lockheed Martin, Louis Buchalter, Louis Capone, lunar eclipse, lunar eclipses, Maine, Margot Frank, Mark Hoppus, Maschinenpistole, mathematics, Maxwell Smart, Messier object M44, Militaria, Minneapolis, Misc, Miscellaneous, Montpelier, MP 43, MP 44, Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft, Murder Inc., nasa, Nazi troops, NBA, new york, New York City, NFL, Nizhny Novgorod, Normandy, northern France, Nova Scotia, octahedral number, Ohio, Operation Overlord, Operation Tiger, Ossining, Ottoman Empire, palindromic number, Panzerfaust 44, Paul Westphal, People, Pete Retzlaff, Philadelphia Eagles, Phoenix Suns, Pierre, politics, Pratt & Whitney, President Obama, Pzf 44, Random, Reggie Jackson, revolvers, rifles, Rob Konrad, Romania, Rome, Royal Air Force, Russia, ruthenium, Sacramento Kings, Sam Lacey, San Antonio Spurs, San Juan, Sana'a, Saros number, São Luís, science, Serbia, Significant Number, Simferopol, Sing Sing, Slapton Beach, Slapton Sands, Smith & Wesson, Smith & Wesson Model 29, solar eclipse, Somalia, South Dakota, Soviet Union, space, sport, Stalag Luft III, StG 44, STS-44, Sturmgewehr 44, Supreme Allied Commander, Syracuse University, T-44, T-44A "Pegasus", T. E. Lawrence, tank, Tbilisi. Georgia, the most powerful handgun in the world, Thomas E. Dewey, TKX, Travis Barker, tribonacci number, tunnel, U.S. Air Force, U.S. presidential election, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vermont, Vicks Formula 44, Warsaw Uprising, Westerbork, Wichita, Willie McCovey, Winston Churchill, Wolfram Alpha, world war ii, WWII, Wyoming, X-44 MANTA, XB-44, Yemen, Yerevan, Šabac Okay, this week's significant number was either going to be 44 or 45, but, rightly or wrongly, the American people voted for Barack Obama and so the number is 44 – hard luck Mitt. So here we go, and just like President Obama we're not sure exactly where. 44 Forty-four In the U.S. presidential election of 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt won reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey

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873

7,168

CommonCrawl

8

11

, becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term. A few days ago Barack Obama was elected to his second term as the 44th US President. Barack Obama 44th President of the United States of America 44 is a tribonacci number, a happy number, an octahedral number and a palindromic number. 44 is the atomic number of ruthenium STS-44 was the 44th Shuttle mission. It was cut short after one of its three navigational units failed. Messier object M44, also known as the Beehive Cluster, is a magnitude 4.0 open cluster in the constellation Cancer, 44 is the Saros number of the solar eclipse series which began on April 30, 1448 BC and ended on June 7, 168 BC . The duration of Saros series 44 was 1280.1 years, and it contained 72 solar eclipses. The Saros number of the lunar eclipse series which began on October 1, 1363 BC and ended on March 27, 153 . The duration of Saros series 44 was 1514.5 years, and it contained 85 lunar eclipses. 44 is the retired number for former baseball players Hank Aaron, Willie McCovey and Reggie Jackson; the number is sometimes considered to be a "hitter's number". In the NFL 44 was the number of Floyd Little (Denver Broncos) and Pete Retzlaff (Philadelphia Eagles) Floyd Little In the NBA 44 was the number of Dan Issel, (Denver Nuggets); Jerry West (L.A. Lakers); Paul Westphal (Phoenix Suns); Sam Lacey (Sacramento Kings); and George Gervin (San Antonio Spurs). Dan Issel A number of football legends at Syracuse University also wore 44, most notably by Jim Brown, Ernie Davis, Floyd Little, and Rob Konrad. Although the number was officially retired in 2005, the legend of 44 remains an important part of the identity of Syracuse University. In WWII 1944 was arguably the most interesting year of World War II. Incidents of note included: The Fosse Ardeatine massacre in Rome when 335 Italians are killed, including 75 Jews and over 200 members of the Italian Resistance from various groups. The real "Great Escape" (as opposed to the famous movie version) when 76 Royal Air Force prisoners escape by tunnel "Harry" from Stalag Luft III. Only three made it back to the UK, and of those recaptured, fifty were executed. Exercise Tiger, or Operation Tiger, was the code name for one in a series of large-scale rehearsals for the D-Day invasion of Normandy, which took place on Slapton Sands or Slapton Beach in Devon. The first practice assault took place on the morning of 27 April. H-hour was set for 7:30 am, and was to be preceded by a live firing exercise to acclimatize the troops to the sights, sounds and even smells of a naval bombardment. During the landing itself, live rounds were to be fired over the heads of the incoming troops by forces on land, for the same reason. This followed an order made by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, who felt that the men must be hardened by exposure to real battle conditions. The British heavy cruiser HMS Hawkins was to shell the beach with live ammunition, from 6:30 to 7:00 am, giving the beachmasters half an hour to inspect the beach and declare it safe. However, several of the landing ships for that morning were delayed, and the officer in charge decided to delay the bombardment until 8:30am. This message was received by HMS Hawkins, but not by a number of the landing craft, with the result that troops were landing on the beach at the same time as the bombardment was taking place. This unfortunate mix-up resulted in a "friendly fire" incident with 946 American servicemen losing their lives. The incident was under the strictest secrecy at the time due to the impending invasion, and was only nominally reported afterward

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873

8,192

CommonCrawl

8

11

. As a result it has been a largely "forgotten" disaster of WWII. On June 6 Operation Overlord, or the D-Day landings, took place, when 155,000 Allied troops shipped from England land on the beaches of Normandy in northern France. It was the largest amphibious military operation in history and was the beginning of the liberation of France and the other countries in Europe invaded by Nazi Germany. D-Day Landings Also in 1944, on July 20 there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt on the life of Adolf Hitler led by Claus von Stauffenberg. Führerhauptquartier, Stauffenberg, Hitler At the beginning of August 1944 the Warsaw Uprising began and lasted until October 2, when it was finally ended by Nazi troops. Warsaw Uprising Symbol Also in August of that year, the Gestapo, acting on a tip off from a Dutch informer, sealed-off an area in an Amsterdam warehouse and captured Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family. They were placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz, and on October 30, Anne Frank and sister Margot Frank are deported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. In militaria The .44 Remington Magnum or .44 Special are popular large-bore cartridge calibres. Originally designed for revolvers, a their introduction, they were quickly adopted for carbines and rifles as well. 44 calibre ammo However many people mistakenly believe that the Smith & Wesson (S&W) .44 calibre revolver heavily featured in numerous Hollywood movies, particularly Clint Eastwood's Dirty Harry is called the .44 Magnum (the most powerful handgun in the world), neither of which are true. The revolver used in those movies is actually the Smith & Wesson Model 29, a six-shot, double-action revolver chambered for the .44 Magnum cartridge. It comes in a variety of models with 3″, 4″, 5″, 6″, 6½", 8″ and, later, 10″ barrel lengths. StG 44 The StG 44 (Sturmgewehr 44) is an assault rifle developed in Nazi Germany during World War II that was the first of its kind to see major deployment and is considered by many historians to be the first modern assault rifle. It is also known under the designations MP 43 and MP 44 (Maschinenpistole 43, Maschinenpistole 44 respectively). Sturmgewehr StG44 Pzf 44 Panzerfaust 44 "Lanze" (or Pzf 44 in short) is an antitank weapon. Development of this weapon commenced circa 1960, with grenade and launcher developed by German company Dynamit-Nobel AG. The Pzf 44 entered German service during mid-sixties and in several modifications served until mid-eighties, when it was replaced by moremodern Panzerfaust 3 (Pzf 3) weapon. It is a .44 Magnum carbine with a synthetic stock and stainless steel fittings. In common with many Ruger carbines it uses a rotary magazine which holds 4 rounds and fits inside the stock under the breech. Panzerfaust 44 "Lanze" Pzf 44 DL-44 The BlasTech Industries DL-44 heavy blaster pistol was a powerful sidearm from the time of the Galactic Civil War (yes, a little bit of sci-fi talk here). The DL-44 is described as a powerful, highly modifiable and accurate blaster pistol. BlasTech Industries DL-44 heavy blaster pistol – tech drawing However, in outward design it is uncannily like the (real) German "Broomhandle" Mauser C96 pistol, used by both its German creators and the Ottoman Empire during World War I, and wound up in the hands of such notable figures as T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) and Winston Churchill, and also saw service among various revolutionary movements throughout the world

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1,024

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873

9,216

CommonCrawl

8

11

following the First World War. "Broomhandle" Mauser C96 The T-44 was a medium tank first produced towards the end of the Second World War by the Soviet Union. It was the successor to the famous T-34. Fewer than two thousand T-44s were built, but the design became the basis for the T-54/55 series of main battle tanks, the most-produced tank of all time. Soviet T44 tank The TKX is a relatively new Japanese tank with a 120mm gun, costing approximately $7 million and weighing in at 44 tons weight. Japanese Army TKX 44 ton tank Sometimes known as the 'mystery tank', the A-44 was developed as T-34 modernization program in 1941. 29-30 tonns, Hull front armour – up to 75 at 60 degrees, sides – 60mm, 76.2mm and 57mm cannons, 600hp enqine. Only paper project. A-44 'mystery' tank One B-29A was handed over to Pratt & Whitney to be used as a testbed for the installation of the new Wasp Major 28-cylinder engines in the B-29. They came up with the XB-44 variant. XB-44-1 variant of the B-29A X-44 MANTA The Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA (Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft) was a conceptual aircraft design that has been studied by NASA and the U.S. Air Force. It was intended to test the feasibility of full yaw, pitch and roll control without tailplanes (horizontal or vertical), attitude manipulation relying purely on 3D thrust vectoring. The aircraft design was derived from the F-22 Raptor and featured a stretched delta wing and no tail surfaces. The Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA (Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft) T-44A The T-44A "Pegasus" aircraft is a twin-engine, pressurized, fixed-wing monoplane, manufactured by Beech Aircraft Corporation, Wichita, Kansas, whose mission is to train Navy and Marine Corps pilots. The T-44A "Pegasus" Cities on the 44th parallel include, Minneapolis, Simferopol (Ukraine), Bordeaux (France), Belgrade and Šabac (Serbia), Halifax (Nova Scotia, Canada), Bucharest (Romania), Pierre (South Dakota), Augusta (Maine), and Montpelier (Vermont). Cities on the 44th line of longitude include, São Luís (Brazil), Sana'a (Yemen), Baghdad (Iraq), Nizhny Novgorod (Russia), Hargeisa (Somalia), Arbil (Iraqi Kurdistan), Yerevan (Armenia), and Tbilisi (Georgia). 44 is the international direct dial code for phone calls to the United Kingdom; Interstate 44 is the freeway that runs from Texas to Missouri; U.S. Route 44, is the highway that runs from New York to Massachusetts; In Pennsylvania Route 44(PA 44), is the long state highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania The name of a mysterious savior of Poland was prophesied by the Polish national poet Adam Mickiewicz in his masterpiece dramatic poem Dziady (Forefathers). In scene 5 of act 3, the priest Piotr announces a "reviver of the nation" who is to bring back the lost freedom of Poland, and describes him as: "Born from a foreign mother, his blood of ancient heroes, And his name will be forty and four." 44 is the name of a variant of the card game poker. +44 is the name of a band that includes Blink-182 vocalist/bassist Mark Hoppus and Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker. A blues song, Forty-Four, also known as "44 Blues" Vicks Formula 44 is a cough suppressant The 44 Cent Cure is the cost of treatment of intest

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1,024

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Статьи о жизни и смерти. Журнал "Похоронный Дом" Статьи о жизни и смерти. Аллея памяти Статьи о жизни и смерти. Зарубежье Abandoned Ontario cemetery with graves of Black settlers to be restored after campaign by local advocates Photograph of a slave boy in Zanzibar c. 1890 Source: Wikipedia.org https://adoption.com/wiki/Slaves_and_Adoption Haldimand County, which is working to acquire the site, budgeting $100K for rehabilitation Michael Smee · CBC News Aileen Duncan stands near the entrance to the abandoned cemetery where several of her ancestors are buried. (Mike Smee/CBC) An abandoned cemetery southeast of Hamilton which is the final resting place for Black settlers — including the niece of a famed anti-slavery icon — will soon be restored thanks to some local volunteers and county councillors. People who escaped slavery in the United States are buried at the Street-Barnes Cemetery, tucked away in a copse of trees in the middle of a field. No one's been buried there since the 1940s, and the 500-square-metre site is now littered with overturned tombstones, unkempt brush, dead trees and tangles of old fence wire. Sylvia Weaver, a local historian and author, says at least a dozen people are buried in the cemetery, which is near Canfield in Haldimand County — including Carrie Barnes, whose renowned aunt Harriet Tubman helped slaves escape to Canada via the Underground Railroad in the 1800s. Rosemary Sadlier, a Toronto-based historian and former president of the Ontario Black History Society, says the rehabilitation work can't come soon enough. "Often, sadly, because of racism, because of ignorance, because of migration, the presence of people of African descent in certain communities is completely erased," she said, noting that cemeteries "often provide the only tangible evidence of their living there ... of a Black settlement." Sylvia Weaver, a local author, worked to persuade Haldimand County to erect a memorial to the area's Black settlers in 2018. (Mike Smee/CBC) 'It's Canadian history' Aileen Duncan, from nearby Hamilton and a descendant of the Street family, after whom the cemetery is named, said it was a "thrill" for her to see her great-great-grandparents' names at the site. "This just absolutely left me speechless," she said. Tombstones lie broken at the historic Street-Barnes Cemetery, soon to be the subject of a $100,000 facelift. (Chris Mulligan/CBC) Only eight grave markers are still visible, but Duncan says it's important that everyone be able to visit the site, not just those whose relatives are buried there. "This isn't just for my family or the other descendants.... It's Canadian history." But, right now, the site is not accessible to the public. Duncan, who uses a walker, needs to get permission before she can visit her ancestors' graves because the cemetery is on private land and is publicly inaccessible from the nearest road. The current landowner allows Duncan into the site using his driveway because she has promised not to hold him liable for any potential injuries. $100K budget set for rehabilitation Duncan, Weaver and Graeme Bachiu, a local filmmaker, have been advocating for the cemetery's restoration for several years and it appears they're finally getting some traction. Coun. John Metcalfe, who sits on Haldimand County council and its heritage board, says Haldimand is in the process of acquiring the cemetery and has budgeted about $100,000 for its rehabilitation. Haldimand County Coun. John Metcalfe has been helping organize the drive to take over and rehabilitate the Street-Barnes Cemetery. (Mike Smee/CBC) Metcalfe says he wants to clean up "the leaning trees, the debris on the ground ... just

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pjdickens Activism, Africa, Boycott Namibia, Hatem Yavuz, Namibia Seals, Pat Dickens, Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd, The Seals of Nam Leave a comment The beginning of September I was fortunate enough to make representation on behalf of The Seals of Nam to the Namibian Government regarding their annual seal cull. Part of my presentation included handing over a petition with over ten thousand signatures from people supporting a boycott of Namibia and requesting the Government to immediately end the slaughter of 91 000 seals each year (the largest slaughter of wildlife on earth) This was a massive success, as it certainly got the tourism industry very worried. The problem with the meeting was that the Ombudsman, who is to make a decision regarding the future of this barbaric practice, failed to give any clear indication as to when he will make decision. He implied that it would be before September 2012. Not good enough. This would allow for another season of slaughter and consequently another 91 000 animals brutally and savagely bludgeoned to death. The next step is to petition the ombudsman into placing an immediate moratorium on ALL seal culling activities until such stage as he has made his decision. Clearly, the seal cull in Namibia has been shown to be not only an animal rights issue, but it also impacts on the economy. The workers involved are being exploited to such an extent that they live in makeshift shacks while an elite foreigner, Hatem Yavuz, reaps millions from his fur businesses. We have also produced Namibian legislation, such as the Animal Protection Act and The Marine Resources Act to show that the annual massacre is in contravention of Namibia's own laws. It is ILLEGAL. YOU can help us getting this moratorium passed. Please sign the petition by clicking HERE Namibia. Seal cull facts. pjdickens Africa, animal rights, Animal testing, aphrodisiac, Boycott Namibia, Charlize Theron, fur, habitat loss, IFAW, Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd, seal culling, seals, South Africa Leave a comment Tomorrow the annual slaughter of thousands of seals is set to begin in Namibia. I am getting a lot of people asking me the same questions and how to respond to various counter arguments. In order for you to understand the complexities, and to put the whole thing in perspective, I have put this note together. Please feel free to use, tag and share. The Seals are eating the fish. Their numbers need to be controlled. What do you expect them to eat? Lettuce? The seal population has dropped from over 2 million to less than 850 000. They are an endangered species, appearing on both Appendix II of CITES as well as on the IUCN Red List. They have a natural mortality rate of over 30% in the first few weeks of being born. 90% of their preferred habitats of small off shore islands have been wiped out in the last 60 years. They have suffered several mass die offs, the most recent being in 2006 where an estimated 350 000 seals died from starvation. This is the largest die off of any marine mammal in recorded history. Cape Fur Seals will normally breed every third year. By killing the baby at seven months, the seal cows will breed EVERY year. If the seals are eating the fish, why are they beating baby seals to death? These juveniles are still suckling from the teat and only begin to eat solids at around 12 months. Is it simply coincidence their soft pelts are more valuable?? Since independence, the Namibian government increased its annual fishing harvest from 300 000 tons to 600 000 tons without doing any sustainability studies. At the time, the colony stood at well over million, and you can ask any avid fisherman, fish were PLENTIFUL in Namibia. The annual slaughter then killed 30 000 seals. Now, the population stands at 850 000 seals, there are no fish and they slaughter 91 000. This makes

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no sense. They are not doing this to protect fisheries. This is a blatant case of gross mismanagement of resources based on economic greed. When SA ended our seal culling policy in 1990, our own fisheries were up in arms. But, SA fishing industry has seen nothing but positive growth. The best way to control their numbers would be to end this slaughter immediately, give the seals the protection they deserve and allow the population to stabilise and recover. The Slaughter provides much needed employment and is an important industry for Govt revenue. The slaughter of seals in Namibia is not an industry. It amounts to nothing more than a small business. If a pelt retails for $7 and the govt get $2 of that, the equation is simple. US$2 x 91 000 seals = $182 000. Grannies knitting circle can do better. When the annual quota for slaughter stood at 30 000 seals, 160 people were involved in the clubbing. The quota now stands at 91 000 and only 81 people are SEASONALLY employed for 4 months of the year. They earn less than R50/day. (Around US$8 per day) A seal pelt sells for US$7 It takes 6 pelts to make a coat. These coats sell for US$30 000.00 The money goes to a foreign Turkish businessman who sucks the money OUT of Namibia so he can live the high life in Australia. There is no profit sharing scheme in place. The workers live in tin shacks in shanties in Henties Bay. They cannot even feed their families. Drug and alcohol abuse is rife. Domestic violence is common. Beating hundreds of baby animals to death each day is an assault on their human dignity. They have no recourse to stress and trauma councelling. A medium sized hotel, with tours to the colony, sight seeing etc can employ as many as 1000 people. All year round. Niche markets can be developed for seal guano as fertilizer, conservation initiatives developed, skills training, job creation. Models based on eco-tourism show that 80 x more revenue can be generated with subsidary industries being developed. But no; Namibia will carry on violating its own laws to get a benefit of less than $200 000 in revenue. Your decision to boycott has back fired. Namibia has now banned media from covering the cull and a boycott is unfair to the people of Namibia. Backfired? Don't be naive! This is an incredible VICTORY! Boycott was NOT our first option. We began this campaign by first looking into a broad spectrum of alternatives. We approached the Namibian SPCA and asked them to intervene. To our shock and horror, it turned out they do not believe a seal is an animal and they publicly condoned the cull. We turned to the Ministry of Fisheries. In the face of no scientific evidence, the Ministry blamed the mismanagement of their own resources of the seals. Respected organizations from around the world pleaded with the government, the Ministry of Fisheries, the Directorate of Environmental Affairs and the Department of Environment and Tourism. Francois Hugo met with the Prime Minister, campaigns got no-where. Individuals wrote letters to Namibian embassies around the world. Despite an EU ban on seal products, the seals continued to be slaughtered and journalists were getting beaten up and detained on non existent laws. After exhausting all possible angles, we found we were left with no other alternative but to institute an economic boycott. Namibia are feeling the pressure. They have responded with a media ban. This is GREAT! I am absolutely thrilled! Firstly, it shows that the boycott is having an effect. It has got the Namibian Government to react. Now we have yet ANOTHER avenue to attack them with. Not only is this an animal rights issue, where Namibia are contravening their own animal protection act, this is also a human rights issue. Namibia are violating their media laws and the freedom of speech. It does not mean the media is out of the picture. On the contrary, by the very fact that Namibia has put this blanket ban on the media, more international media

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will demand to know what is going on. When South Africa was under Apartheid, we were hit with boycotts. This was done to generate media awareness and force a change in the status quo. Sadly people in South Africa were affected even though they did not support the government policy. While we regret this "collateral damage" we implore the citizens of Namibia to demand that the government change its seal culling policy with immediate effect. It is costing Namibia untold millions. It is tarnishing the reputation of a fantastic country and is crippling an already unstable economy. If change comes from within, the slaughter will be ended a lot sooner than from external pressure of foreigners. The slaughter of seals is about maintaining balance. It is a conservation initiative. Get real! The removal of any apex predator from the food chain goes against all scietifically proven and internationally accepted conservation practices. The fact that hundreds of thousands of these animals are bludgeoned to death, even though they are endangered, is nothing short of foolish, iniquitous, barbaric and savage. CITES does allow for a sustainable harvest. The conditions to this are that the harvest falls under the juristiction of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. This is not a sustainable harvest. It is a commercial harvest, as the slaughter falls under the Department of Fisheries. Here AGAIN, Namibia are contravening their own laws. The juristiction of the Department of Fisheries is the off-shore islands, the sea, the sea bed up to the high water mark. Slaughter takes place on a reserve, 150 meters ABOVE the high water mark Have you ever been to see the colony or witnessed the slaughter? No. By the same token, one does not need to have survived Auschwitz in order to know German Nazi concentration camps were horrific, despicable and vile. Your argument is flawed. It is based on emotional reasoning, not scientific fact. The only people who have no scientific fact are the Namibian Government. Not a single publication of theirs in support of the slaughter has been acceptably peer reviewed using independent sources. Please refer to the following links before you make such groundless accusations. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y4652E/y4652e0c.htm http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/pendaprf.pdf http://www.harpseals.org/about_the_hunt/cape_fur_seal_alert.php http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=29210&no_cache=1 http://www.observer.com.na/component/content/article/12-slideshow/725-seal-culling-controversy-rages-on http://www.namibian.org/travel/namibia/cape-cross.html http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0025326X80900521 http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MFMR/Laws_and_Policies/docs/MarineRegulations.pdf http://books.google.co.za/books?id=0gcM467vDgcC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=seal+cull+protocol&source=bl&ots=yZyrJk_Mrr&sig=TO0BQpLfzqy65Ob2qu83zdy6LBI&hl=en&ei=ea4LTsXbK4iBOvb1-JEB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=seal%20cull%20protocol&f=false SA Journal of Science 2010, 106(3/4), http://www.ifaw.org/Publications/Program_Publications/Seals/

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884

2,048

CommonCrawl

23

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asset_upload_file777_61691.pdf http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/s610.pdf Namibia's animal protection act http://www.environment-namibia.net/tl_files/pdf_documents/legal/acts/ACT_1962-12_%2371_Animals%20Protection%20Act.pdf I have tons of scientific information. Enough to fill 8 gigs. But there is only ONE piece of scientific information you need. Watch this clip and tell me if this is justifiable. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7EGV5Jw_V4 For further information, please refer to The Seals of Nam website. https://sites.google.com/site/thesealsofnam/ Boycott Namibia – Namibia Seal Cull pjdickens Air Namibia, aphrodisiac, Beer, Boycott Namibia, Cape Fur Seal, de Beers, Diamonds, Karakul, Namibia, seal culling, sex, Skeleton Coast Leave a comment Seal, skinned & left to rot on the ice floes With all the hype surrounding the Canadian seal cull, regular readers of this blog will know I decided to focus my attentions on the lesser known, but far more violent and cruel, Namibian seal slaughter. I began an intensive campaign called "The Seals of Nam" to spread the word and hopefully draw more attention to this heinous annual onslaught on the Cape Fur seals. Each year, 85 000 baby seals, still nursing from their mothers teats, are savagely beaten to death on the beaches of Namibia. Their pelts are sold for a paltry US$7. A further 6 000 bull seals are shot at point blank range so that their penises can be used to make an ineffective aphrodisiac. Read further and join me in fighting this madness. When I first began, I approached Francois Hugo, a man many believe to be the worlds leading expert on these animals. I informed Hugo of my intentions, not only with regards to an awareness campaign, but also to set up international protests and to even go so far as to institute an economic boycott of Namibia. Initially, it appeared as though Hugo was in favour of my plan. He willingly provided me with information and encouraged and supported my efforts. I used some of the info he provided me with on social media sites and credited him accordingly. However, for reasons still unclear to me, Hugo abruptly changed his tune. He accused me of stealing his info and labelled me with all manner of things. In his eyes, I was relegated to persona non grata, and (quoting) "a stupid prick behind a keyboard." He publicly let it be known that he thought protests and a boycott were a complete waste of time. HIS plan was the only solution to ending the cull. Basically it entailed giving him vast quantities on money. Some US$16 million if I am not mistaken. Personally, I find this amount rather distasteful and amounts to nothing more than emotional extortion. Never one to be shy of controversy, I did not allow his personal attack to dampen my enthusiasm for the project I had come to embrace. On the contrary, it strengthened my resolve to find an alternative solution and I began to achieve a certain measure of success. Protests sprang up all over the world, and top notch organizations such as Sea Shepherd, Fur Free SA, Beauty Without Cruelty, Bite Back, Seal Pup Defenders and the International Anti Fur Coalition sprang to my aid. Within a matter of weeks, we had celebrities endorsing our campaign and media were (and still are) reporting on our plans to BOYCOTT NAMIBIA . I am forever indebted to these organizations and cannot begin to thank them enough for their massive contributions. But how can YOU, the reader of this humble blog, predominantly from countries FAR removed from Namibia, possibly get involved? Well, we have put together a list of simple actions that would undoubtedly help the cause. To find out which companies are the major contributors to the Namibian GDP, who you can

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884

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{{ define "title" }}Login{{ end }} {{ define "head" }} {{ end }} {{ define "content" }} <form class="form-horizontal" id="form1" method="post" action="{{ .ctx.Request.RequestURI }}" data-toggle="validator" role="form"> <div class="form-group has-feedback"> <label for="username" class="col-sm-2 control-label">Username</label> <div class="col-sm-10 col-md-8"> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="username" id="username" placeholder="Username" pattern="^[a-z][a-z0-9@_-]{2,}$" minlength="3" maxlength="24" data-bv-trigger="keyup" data-bv-notempty-message="用户名不能为空" data-bv-regexp-message="用户名只能使用英文" data-remote-error="用户名或密码错误" required> <span class="glyphicon form-control-feedback" aria-hidden="true"></span> <div class="help-block with-errors"></div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="password" class="col-sm-2 control-label">Password</label> <div class="col-sm-10 col-md-8"> <input type="password" class="form-control" name="password" id="password" placeholder="Password" data-bv-notempty-message="密码不能为空" data-remote-error="用户名或密码错误" required > </div> </div> <div class="form-group has-feedback"> <div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10 col-md-8"> <label><input type="checkbox" name="remember" value="remember-me"> Remember me </label> <div class="help-block with-errors"></div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10"> <input type="hidden" name="referer" value="{{ .referer }}"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Submit</button> <span class=""><a class="btn btn-link" href="{{.base}}password/forgot">forgot password?</a></span> </div> </div> </form> {{ end }} {{ define "tail" }} <script type="text/javascript"> var lastUid = localStorage['lastUid']; function disableInput(ok) { $(':input.form-control,button[type=submit]').prop('disabled', ok?true:false); $('button[type=submit]').text(ok?'Waiting':'Submit') } jQuery(document).ready(function () { $("#username").val(lastUid); $('#form1') .bootstrapValidator({ message: 'This value is not valid', feedbackIcons: { valid: 'glyphicon glyphicon-ok', invalid: 'glyphicon glyphicon-remove', validating: 'glyphicon glyphicon-refresh' }, fields: { username: { // message: 'The username is not valid', validators: { notEmpty: true, stringLength: { min: 4, max: 30, // message: 'The username must be more than 4 and less than 30 characters long' }, /*remote: { url: 'remote.php', message: 'The username is not available' },*/ // regexp: { // regexp: /^[a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+$/, // message: '用户名只能使用英文字母' // }, callback: { callback: function

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Belgium extends 'right-to-die' to ill kids Belgium has become the first country to allow euthanasia for terminally ill children of any age. Belgium has become the first country to allow euthanasia for terminally ill children of any age. Picture: Stock.XCHNG Adult euthanasia Child euthanasia Terminally ill children Eyewitness News | 2528 days ago BRUSSELS - Belgium became the first country to allow euthanasia for terminally ill children of any age on Thursday when its lower house of Parliament passed new 'right-to-die' legislation by a large majority. The law goes beyond Dutch legislation that set a minimum age of 12 for children judged mature enough to decide to end their lives. It has popular support in Belgium, where adult euthanasia became legal in 2002. In the Chamber of Representatives, 86 lawmakers voted in favor, 44 against and 12 abstained. Most opposition parties supported it, as well as the governing socialists and liberals. One man in the public gallery shouted 'murderers' in French when the vote was passed. The Christian Democrats, although members of Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo's coalition, voted against. Christian, Muslim and Jewish leaders denounced the law ahead of the vote in a rare joint declaration and Catholic bishops have led days of prayer and fasting against it. "This is not about lethal injections for children. This is about terminally ill children, whose death is imminent and who suffer greatly," said Carina Van Cauter, a lawmaker for the Flemish Liberal Democrats who back the law. "There are clear checks and balances in the law to prevent abuse," she said of the legislation, which now has to pass the largely symbolic stage of being signed by the country's monarch. 'SLIPPERY SLOPE' The vote has attracted more attention abroad than in Belgium, where none of the major newspapers carried the news of Thursday's vote on their front pages, and television news concentrated on Belgium being in the international spotlight. Children seeking to end their lives must be 'capable of discernment', the law says, and psychologists must test them to confirm they understand what they are doing. Parents must also approve of their child's decision. Supporters of the law say these safeguards would rule out the very young and teenagers not mature enough to decide. Opponents have dismissed these rules as arbitrary and warned the new law will lead to a slippery slope of ever wider interpretation and a 'banalisation' of euthanasia. Brussels Archbishop Andre-Joseph Leonard, head of the Catholic Church in Belgium, asked at a prayer vigil last week why the state wanted to give minors such responsibility when they had to wait until 18 for many other legal rights. "The law says adolescents cannot make important decisions on economic or emotional issues, but suddenly they've become able to decide that someone should make them die," he said. Belgium's rules on euthanasia have come under international scrutiny in the past year after it granted the right to die to deaf twin brothers who were about to turn blind and to a transgender person after an unsuccessful sex change operation. The new law specifies that children seeking euthanasia must be terminally ill rather than just in a state of unbearable suffering, which is the qualification for adults. FEW EXPECTED TO OPT TO DIE Belgian nurse Sonja Develter, who has cared for some 200 children in the final stages of their lives since 1992, said she opposed the law. "In my experience as a nurse, I never had a child asking to end their life," Develter told Reuters before the vote. But requests for euthanasia did often come from parents who were emotionally exhausted after seeing their children fight for their lives for so long, she added. In practice, supporters of child euthanasia say, there are likely to be few minors who will be allowed to die. The Netherlands has had five cases of child euthanasia since the law went into effect there in 2002. The total number of Dutch euthanasia cases has been 2,000 to 4,000 a year.

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La Basse Cour was settled in the mid 1800's as a diversified family farm. The first recording lists Samuel Craig who sold 205 acres to David Dixon in 1833. The next mentions Moses Kilpatrick and his wife Mary Ann who sold 100 acres in 1853 to Orrin Hanford. Charles and Eliza Hanford must have inherited the land from Orrin, as they are listed as the sellers to David and Elizabeth Dixon in 1866. The Hanfords built the farmhouse in 1853, and signed and dated the plastor in the parlor! The entire 372 acres was assembled by the Dixons and eventually sold to Herman and Florence Bouton in 1914. The Boutons sold the farm to brothers Paul and Grant White in 1935. The White family owned the tract until 1985 when all but 32.5 acres was leased and then sold to Einar Eklund after the farm shifted from dairy to sheep. The remaining parcel, including the farmhouse and all the outbuildings, was sold to Gary Cordial and Deborah Alton in 1991. For a short while it was a gentleman's farm; the farmhouse was lovingly restored and the land was used to graze beautiful Belgian draft horses. We purchased it from Deborah in 1996. Many of the original outbuildings remain today, including the hen house, sap house, ice house, dairy barn and carriage house for the horses that once powered the plows. Now we are restoring barns and outbuildings, raising chickens for eggs, vegetables, and sheep and goats for fiber, dreaming of the day when this farm comes full circle - a diversified family farm once again. And over 150 years later, the Hanford family legacy continues not only here on our farm, also at Hanford Mills Museum in East Meredith, where you can see the lumber and feed mills powered by a water wheel on the mill pond just as it was when this area was settled. La Basse Cour is a diversified family farm in balance with nature. Founded by the Hanford family in the mid 1800's, this farm was operated by horse-power and relied on natural methods of production. Land was cleared for pastures for grazing the livestock who returned rich manure for fertilizer. Timber was used to build the house, the barns and the outbuildings, and a woodlot was managed for a constant supply of firewood for heat and for cooking. A no-name creek that flows into the West Branch of the Delaware River runs through the farm and at one time provided power for a grain mill, ice for refrigeration, and water for the farm animals. A gravity-fed spring provided clean water to the barn and for the family. A horse-drawn wagon took the family into town for worship and for supplies they didn't produce for themselves on the farm. It was a life in harmony with its surroundings, its natural resources and their cycles. Over the years, the original 300+ acres were sub-divided and sold as our region continues to change. We have been fortunate to add back a parcel, including a wetland filled with native plants and wildlife which also acts as a buffer for snowmelt and heavy rains. We are working toward our goal of being self-sustaining for hay and grain for our farm animals and wood for our woodstoves, with an additional parcel of meadow and woods. These parcels have been walked with Michael Kudish, our very own Catskills Forest Historian, and namesake of the Michael Kudish Natural History Preserve and cataloged for your exploration and enjoyment as well. Much has changed in the 150+ years since the farm was founded, yet we strive to restore that harmony within today's context as we raise our produce and farm animals, and operate our farm store, studio, and bed & breakfast for your enjoyment. Our personal values coupled with our chosen location in this beautiful, environmentally sensitive area of the Catskill Watershed motivates us each day to seek ways to minimize our impact and work to regenerate the natural resources we are so fortunate to live among. We invite our visitors and guests to share in this ongoing labor of love. Stay among our animal friends, bask in their love and nearly irresistable charm! Our farm animals are not just

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EFE THE MENTOR ISSUES & SOLUTIONS PRESS & ACCOLADES Youth Mentoring & Inspiration For The World To Shine Ushine ishine MENTORING OUR CHILDREN TO LIGHT THE WORLD WITH GREATNESS & SHINE LIKE THE SUN IINSPIRING For over 10 successsful years Ushine Ishine has mentored, taught and guided thousands of our Children and Young people all over the UK from the ages of 3 - 25 years. We enable all of our students and mentees to shine bright in their Personal Development, Education, Relationships and the most important Life Skills. This is always delivered in the most magical, fun. energetic and engaging way. Our Philosophy and Vision is to 'Empower every child to shine then show others that they can and will Shine too' Adults & millennials coach DREAM BIG BRIGHT & BEAUTIFULLY Efe has created and facilitated thousands of workshops, working with Schools, Colleges, Universities, Prisons, Charities and businesses as part of professional development, lifeSkills and education programmes. She has also mentored hundreds of young people to go after their dreams and make them a reality. Want Efe to inspire your young to Shine ? Efe has spoken at schools conferences and events all over the UK on youth issues, popular culture, media, positivity, fashion, technology, advertising, creativity, culture, careers and other current trends and issues. Want Efe to speak at your event and shine? TV EXPERT We love being part of TV, Radio and the Online world. Efe has been a Presenter for the BBC and has appeared numerous times on SKY News for interviews and appearances as a Youth Expert and Inspirational Speaker. She is also a vlogger, producer and writer. Want to book Efe for a Media Appearance? Our Joy is to work on Youth Issues with people who care about children and their future. We consult with education bodies, government agencies, TV companies and Charities. Want to book Efe for a Consulation? Efe has been one of the UK's leading Youth Mentors for over a decade. She has dedicated her life to the service of our children. Efe has worked with every age group from babies to young adults. Many believe that she truly has a gift. She is multi-dimensional and also works in other roles from being a TV Youth Expert, TV Presenter, Keynote Speaker, TV/Radio Producer, Blogger, Vlogger, Writer, Author, Primary School Ambassador, Designer, Secondary School Board Member. In 2018, she was awarded the 'British Empire Medal' on the Queen's New Years Honours List for her services to Young people. Most Importantly, she is a lover of life, encouraging pure happiness, passionate about humanity and learning more about this wonderful world. A professional & dedicated mentor is a shortcut to success and happiness Benefits of a Mentor GALLERY OF SHINE Youth Issues & Solutions Higher Inspirations Over the many years of mentoring we have observed that young people have specific problems and challenges that can distinctively relate to their transition from childhood to adulthood. However, in our rapidly changing time there are additional issues that we have not seen or experienced before as adults that young people are having to deal with like online bullying, anxiety, stress, exams, higher rates of low self-image, long-term unemployment, racism, family fractures, low self-confidence, victims of youth violence, loneliness, sexuality, identity, standards of beauty, and constant Peer Pressure to be less than you are. Most importantly, and sadly they feel so disenfranchised from society and disconnected from adults who they feel are not invested in their future. Plus much more. These issues are not just UK wide but globally. The teenage years are a wonderful stage of life so we encourage young people to focus on the good and then we support and elevate them to speak out about their issues and then feel comfortable to seek out the professional help. We are a youth resource for them to face a problem and move forward to creating a better a happier foundation for their lives. The greatest part of our work is to make sure that they have a platform of support,

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Vol. 22, No. 08 (19 – 25 Feb 2019) / All India Shiksha Hunkaar Rally in Delhi Student-Youth THE All India Forum for Right to Education (AIFRTE) organized a massive Shiksha Hunkaar rally in Delhi on 18 February. The rally began with a protest demonstration at Parliament street which was addressed by Prof. Anil Sadgopal, CPIML PB member Kavita Krishnan, CPI (M) PB member Brinda Karat, RJD spokesperson Prof. Manoj Jha, Prof. Hargopal, Samajwadi Jan Parishad's Aflatoon, Advocate Ashok Agrawal, Social jurist (Delhi High Court) and several others. The speakers affirmed their support for the struggle for a common school system that will ensure that be it a child of rich or poor, all of them get same quality education as a right. Addressing the protestors, Com. Kavita Krishnan expressed solidarity with AIFRTE's demand and said that CPIML was committed for fighting for quality public education for all. She also condemned the attacks on the social justice provisions in education and employment and said that the attempts to end reservation through 13 point roster and 10% reservation for the general category must be strongly resisted. Prof. Manoj Jha also shared that his party supported the demand for the common school system and would fight against attacks on reservation. Prof. Anil Sadgopal and Prof. Hargopal talked about the various educational policies of the current government including Draft Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) bill, National Medical Council Bill, 13 point roster, etc. that are leading to inequality and exclusion. Effigies of such educational policies were also burnt. The rally then proceeded from Parliament Street to Ambedkar Bhawan and was joined by several student and youth organizations. A people's parliament on education was held at Ambedkar Bhawan which was presided by Prof. Prabhat Patnaik, Prof. KM Shrimali, Prof. Zhatsu Terhuja, Prof. Chakradhar Rao, Sri Prabhakar Arade and Prof. Anil Sadgopal. AIFRTE has also been conducting a nation-wide referendum on educational policies and the ballot papers of the referendum were also distributed. The People's Parliament was addressed by representatives of various people's, students and youth movements. Prof. Prabhat Patnaik highlighted the fascist attacks on education across the world and shared how fascist regimes across the world focus on critical education as one of their main targets. Kawalpreet (AISA, Delhi unit president) shared how the universities are being destroyed by the current government through privatization and other policies of exclusion. She said that student movement in the country will resist all such attacks and carrying forward the dream of Rohith Vemula, will continue to fight for the right of quality education for all. She demanded that charges of sedition against student leaders must be withdrawn and the crackdown on campus democracy must end. JNUSU President N Sai Balaji also addressed the People's Parliament. He asked that if education is a fundamental right, why is it that it is only the poor quality schooling that is available for the poor. Right to education must ensure similar high quality education for all. He also pointed that the attack on public Higher education institutes was also to ensure the rise and profits of the private universities in India. He said the student-youth movement will continue to resist the agenda of saffronization and neo-liberal assaults on education. Several groups presented songs of resistance and protest. Comrades from Sangwari also presented revolutionary songs on the occasion. The People's Parliament adopted two resolutions- the first resolution condemned the illegal arrest and the continuing threat of arrest on false charges against Prof. Anand Teltumbde, member of the AIFRTE Presidium. The second resolution demanded that any future government should reverse the trend of corporatization being followed at the command of WTO-GATS in pursuit of the neo-liberal reforms policies promoting profit-making in education and contractualisation of services. It also stated its unequivocal opposition to the communalization in education. AIFRTE affirmed its commitment to oppose the model of PPP, fee hikes, education loans, and disc

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Darling Darling has a plot so complicated that only two persons in the cast finally understand what has happened, and those two do not include the heroine or the hero. The heroine cannot understand it for the simple reason that she has just about enough gray matter to crack jumbles of one letter, and any plot that needs more than that much of language to narrate would be too much for the poor girl. The hero cannot understand it for an even simpler reason - the movie doesn't have a hero! So read on as we narrate the mind-numbing plot, but be warned that you will be using up your next 9 months' quota of IQ. Kiran (Saikiran) starts out by trying to be the hero of the movie when he promises a friend that he'll get him married to his sweetheart (the friend's sweetheart, not Kiran's - the complications don't start so early) against all opposition. Unfortunately, he's grossly overestimated his machismo, and has to run away from the village when he's caught in the process of running away with the girl (this latter running away is what he does before he actually needs to run away, which is the former running away, that is a consequence of the latter running away - and the complications haven't even started). Incidentally, a good way to read this review is to ignore everything in brackets. A better way is to ignore everything outside them, too. If you are still around, well, here we go again. Chinni falls despoly in love with a girl Lata (Shaheen) who he sees randomly for about 5 seconds. He swears that he will now sing only with her, and confines his little black book (actually that's more like a little black book library) to the flames. He manages to get to know her address, but on the way there gets his car into a lady who eventually turns out to be Lata's aunt. He beats it from there fearing an enraged crowd. Kiran, who coincidentally just happens to be at the same spot, helps put aunt in a hospital, but scared that there will be a police case, gives Chinni's card as his identity. Now Lata, whose real name is Hema (no, it is Shaheen, but in the movie), is grateful to this Chinni (actually Kiran), and calls him home, but Chinni (the real Chinni) is scared to take the call because he is afraid they'll find out he did the accident, and so gives all the calls to Kiran, who is Chinni anyway now to Lata, Hema, and their cumulative aunt. Chinni (the Kiran Chinni) and Hema fall in love over some conversations on the phone whose profundity makes you wish you were 4 years old all over again. They are about to meet up, but then Chinni (the Chinni Chinni) realizes that Hema is his Lata, and decides that he is going to be the villain of the movie, since there is no one fit to be hero. He does a pretty good job of making sure that Kiran and Hema fail to meet despite repeated attempts, and is happy when Kiran's dad (Chandramohan) fixes up a match for Kiran, but then realizes that the bride-to-be just happens, again, to be Hema. And he's at it all over again trying to disrupt the marriage. The film proceeds now at breakneck speed (relative, that is, to a full-length documentary feature on the life and times of a desert snail). Kiran realizes that Chinni is trying to steal Hema, and thus becomes only the second member in the cast to know what is happening. But since Srikanth is the bigger star (relative, relative, so don't get so worked up), Kiran can't be the hero (and given his screen presence, you're happy for that), and so is dragged away by the goons. Hema's granddads' henchmen now accost Chinni, and he badly beats them up, thereby giving the all-important twist to this movie where the bad guy beats up the good guys in the climax. Since he's now done what the hero is supposed to do, he decides he might as well become the hero, and sacrifices his love by uniting Kiran and Hema. But it is too late! The audiences have already left! The film reaches its high

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An MBA is something that is more of an assurance to graduates, of better career prospects and a better salary. Evidently, some countries are known to have good faculties across their universities while others have better placement records, but what are 'the'' countries that offer stupendous placements, unparalleled teaching and learning, state of the art infrastructure and great exposure all under one roof for students from around the world? Below is a list of 6 destinations that have the best MBA courses globally. The United States of America, the country where power roars, and dollar rules, is the main place for the best MBA education. It is a no brainer that US business schools rule the global league tables for the subject. According to a recent survey from the global business rankings as suggested by the Financial Times, for the year 2018, 12 business schools in the USA are amongst the top 20; Harvard, Stanford, and Columbia are the most elite universities in terms of education. Considering the world's foremost influencers, Sony's CEO, the founders of eBay and Nike are all alumni from these three paramount educational institutes. Regarding the cost of living, tuition fees, and other expenses, an amount of $112,000 for 10 months is a fair estimate, if a student wants to pursue an MBA at any of these prestigious institutions. Other than these elite institutions, students can also consider other options like Michigan State University which offers more economically healthy options. For any international student, the average cost of any MBA college in the United States would be around $90,000. Also known as the origin of business, France is the next country in the world after the United States of America which is the leading provider of prodigious business professionals. According to popular ranking websites, INSEAD Business School is among the highest grosser of valuable MBA graduates who are valued and seized by the biggest Multinational Corporations of the world. As per a survey conducted by Financial Times, INSEAD is on the brink of out-ranking UK's top academic institution i.e. Cambridge. Few of the other elite business schools after INSEAD, are HEC Paris, EDHEC Business School and Grenoble Ecole de Management. The average cost of a 10 month MBA programme taught at these top institutions, inclusive of everything for any international MBA aspirant is around $67, 131. The salary of any MBA professional successfully graduating from these universities is around $105,700 per year. The range of educational expenses may depend on the ranking of the university or college. Students should spend a minimum of six months preparing for the GMAT. If your proficiency in English is better than your mathematics, then focus on solving more quantitative problems. If it is the opposite, then read more to enhance your English language. It is vital to read newspapers (The Times, Guardian and Daily Telegraph) and rewrite the articles in your own words. There are hundreds of websites offering GMAT mock-tests, while some websites also analyse your test performance and give you timely reports with advice. Since the last 10 years, India has proven to be the producer of worthy and notable professionals, who at present are handling top positions at many multinational corporations. Companies like Google, Microsoft, MasterCard, Nokia, Adobe, PepsiCo, and others have Indian CEOs which inspires trust in the country's educational pyramid. IIMs and IITs are two profound educational foundations in the country which has in the past developed majority of the global influencers the world has today. Regarding the cost of education, accommodation and other living expenses involved, the cost per student can be around $ 42, 522 per year. The only challenging point here is the already existing highly competitive entry in India. The country has a population who invest a minimum of two years on an average to get themselves into colleges like IIM Ahmedabad and IIM Bangalore. If you wish to get an entry into the affordable yet highly competitive business schools of India, then you have to attain nothing short of an excellent GMAT score. Known as Asia's tiger economy, Singapore stands tall in the world for hosting some of the best business schools in the world. National University of Singapore (NUS) Business School and Nanyang Business School are fast becoming the most attractive MBA destinations

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Ableton Live III: Shape Your Own Audio & Beats Brian Jackson, Music Producer, Audio Engineer, Musician, Author 14 Lessons (1h 21m) 1. Trailer 2. Audio Preferences and Dealing with Latency 3. Recording Audio in Session View 4. Recording Audio in Arrangement View 5. Beats Mode in Detail 6. Other Warp Modes in Detail 7. Sample Box Parameters 8. Warp Options in the Context Menu 9. Intermediate Warping Techniques 10. Cropping Clips 11. Clip To Sample Instrument 12. Impulse and Simpler 101 13. Drum Racks 101 14. Saving Custom Presets 19 students are watching this class Create a 30-second song. It can be from scratch or using a combination of MIDI sounds and Live's sample instruments. Experiment with the sounds you like best. Ableton Live 9 is uniquely powerful audio software, equally strong in helping you create, produce, and perform music. This third, 79-minute class from audio engineer, musician, and producer Brian Jackson is all about working with audio samples. It's perfect for learning how to record and import sound, work with a wide range of samples, make beats, and warp full tracks. The class culminates with a practical, thorough look at using Live's sample instruments so that you can achieve the sound you want. Whether you're a producer, musician, or audio enthusiast, you'll have all the knowledge you need to create your very own short song. Ready to learn more? Check out all 4 classes in Brian's series: Ableton Live I: The First Steps of Digital Music Production Ableton Live II: MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) Ableton Live IV: Finishing a Track Create a 30-second song from scratch or audio samples Music Producer, Audio Engineer, Musician, Author Brian Jackson is an internationally released electronic musician and audio engineer. He was one of the first Ableton Certified Trainers, is the author of both The Music Producer's Survival Guide (2018) and The Music Producer's Survival Stories (2014), and specializes in one-on-one training in audio engineering and music production for beginners and Grammy winners alike. Music Production Creative Ableton Live Skillshare Original Using Push 2 to Play Chords and Scales Will Edwards 1. Trailer: Ableton Live is uniquely powerful audio software because it's equally strong in three areas helping you to create, produce, and also perform music. Though other software is useful for one or two of these, nothing comes close to being as good at all three. This class, part of my Ableton series here on Skillshare, is perfect for getting started and learning the fundamentals of Ableton Live 9. Whether, you're a producer, musician, sound designer, DJ, or just interested in working with audio or MIDI on a computer. In this third class, we're going to get into recording audio into live. I'll show you how to set up your audio interface, how to set good levels, and then how to manipulate your new audio recordings for practical and creative effect. We'll dig deeper into warping audio clips as we cover a central concepts and techniques for working with long files, such as whole songs, which is great not only for Dj-ing with live, but also doing remixes, mashups, and sampling in general. Finally, I'll introduce you to Ableton's core sample playback virtual instruments: simpler, impulse, and drum racks. So, you can use MIDI to perform parts with any sound that you want. My name is Brian Jackson, and I'm an electronic musician, audio engineer, author, and educator based here in Brooklyn, New York. I've been around music my whole life and had been making music with computers since the mid '90s. I was one of the very first Ableton certified trainers and I'm the author of the Music Producers' Survival Guide Chaos Creativity and Career in Independent and Electronic Music and its companion book full of interviews, the Music Producers' Survival Stories. For well over a decade, I've taught every level of student from true beginners to Grammy winners. Music and music

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production is my passion and I love teaching people how to do what I do for a living, Let's get started. 2. Audio Preferences and Dealing with Latency: So, you may have guessed that we're looking at recording audio right now. Well, in fact, the topic of this class or this class in general is going to be about audio and sampling, but recording audio is going to be a big part of it. So, I figured it'd be a good way to start out and show you how that would work. But mainly for this particular topic, is going to be looking at the preferences and a couple of the basic configuration and setup items that commonly cause people a little bit of problems. So, first off, let's go into our preferences. Before you start on anything, you need to make sure that you have the right driver selected, on Mac this will always be CoreAudio, in Windows, use ASIO A-S-I-O if possible. I have here my Fireface 800 selected as my input and I've also told it which inputs to enable, you can save a little CPU if you have some of them turned off. Then for the outputs, the same although for our purposes right now the output's not going to be as important as the input. Then the sample rate which you can see I have set here at 44,100, that will serve most people most of the time. Then for my recording settings here, the file type I was recording was an AIFF and see the track name was bass and so it name my file bass.aiff and you can see there it's 44.1 and 24 bit and that's because I picked 24 bit as my bit depth and that's the one I recommend you use. There's really no reason to use 16 bit, and 32 bit is really a special case kind of use. So, just use 24 bit for all your recordings if possible. Then we'll come back to this a little later but I did also tell everyone early on in my first class to turn off the start transport with record option. Now, one of the issues people commonly have problems with is what is known as latency. So, let me go back into the audio tab here and you'll see under the latency section, you have your buffer size and this is always given in samples and in samples in the same way that there are 44,100 samples per second for my sample rate. There's a trade off between how hard your CPU has to work and how much latency you have. Now, when you're recording with virtual instruments with a midi keyboard, this isn't as big a deal because there's only the output latency. But if you're recording vocals or bass, you may want to play around with this. Now, the fact of the matter is, I just set my buffer to what my CPU could handle because I wasn't even monitoring the bass through Ableton. To make sure that you're able to hear that, I had to do a couple different things while this was recording. The fact of the matter is as I was listening to my bass performance through my audio interface and notice that the input here was set to off. So, we'll come back to this in a little bit later on. But basically, because your computer needs to handle things like making sure the mouse moves, drawing the images on the screen, accessing the hard drive, it needs to buffer some samples ahead of time and everyone's computer is a little different. So, you can use this test tone not just for the purposes of hearing to make sure you're getting sound, but notice you can turn the CPU usage simulator up to 80 percent and then you can set your buffer until you start hearing crackles. So, let's jump all the way down to 32. Yeah that's no good. A little better. Well, I just set it 512 and not worry about it. Have a few cracks there so maybe I want to go to 1,024. The only reason I'm even having to set that high is because I have screen-capture software running in the background. So, you can use the test here to figure out what your buffer setting is but the fact of the matter is you want to do what's called direct monitoring. So, if you do a search on any of your search engines, you'll find an article called Living with Latency on Sound on Sound website which by the way is the best audio tech magazine out there, I highly recommend it. This will walk you through why you have latency and it's good reading to do. Also, you will find that there are a lot

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1

of other websites. So, here's one I found on starthomerecording.com and explains how direct monitoring works. Basically, it has the output going to your headphones from your software at the same time, your guitar vocals are going in and you can mix between them. For those of you that are curious, this is my interface here. It has lots of functionality for helping me do all this direct monitoring stuff. So, let's go back into live. So, in the coming lessons, we're going to come back into recording audio and using audio for sampling and all sorts of different techniques and workflows. So, these basic configurations are the ones you're going to want to make sure you're comfortable with and I do recommend doing a little bit of reading on direct monitoring and latency. So, you don't really have to worry about it. But just one last little demo here. Let's set this backup all the way and I'm going to record enable this track that has my voice coming in on it. Check. Let me set the monitor to auto. Check. Check. Check. You can hear a delay there right now that's because we're monitoring through my interface right into where I'm recording my voice, and into live and you'll hear me talking at the same time. What if I go to 256 samples. So, notice there's maybe a little bit of an ambiance but there's no more delay. That's really the example here and you'll notice that my CPU is going to change drastically too. If I go to 128 I'm going about 21 percent and if I go all the way back up to 2,048 where I have an echo, you'll notice that the CPU dropped by about 10 percent. So, that is why we use direct monitoring and we don't have to care about what our buffer setting is. 3. Recording Audio in Session View: Now that we're all configured for recording audio, let's actually look at some workflows for recording audio in session view. Now you may recall from class two that we went over a lot of the different features you'd use for recording MIDI, and for the most part, they're all the same, whether we're talking about the metronome, the count in and also the quantization setting here in the control bar. So we don't need the metronome now because I'm going to use this drumbeat here, and this is just one of the loops that comes with live suite in the solid sounds pack. Then whenever I'm ready, essentially, I can click on this record button here and according to the quantization, it will come in and start recording. Now I want to first set the levels and that's something we've yet to talk about. So I have an analogue synth out here in the real world that I have plugged in. I have a coming into my audio interface. You can put 19 and 20 on your interface. It would be different depending on how you set everything up, and the level is set in the hardware. See, if I turn this down in here, it's not going to affect the level coming in. So you'd have to do that at your audio interface or on the synth. So what is a good level? Well, that would be a little too low and we are recording at 24-bit so we don't have to be all the way up. Somewhere above the minus 36 and between minus 6. So this would be a good level. If you record really low, at 24-bit, it'll still sound okay, possibly it'll still sound okay, but it'll be hard to see the waveforms. So, this would be a good solid signal for my 24-bit recording. If you're working in 16-bit, which there's no reason you should be, you might want to try to record it a little harder but this would be a good level regardless. So now that I'm sure that my level is set good, I'm not clipping, its not too low, I'm not amplifying too much noise, let's go ahead and do a couple takes. So actually maybe I want this to play. I'm going to practice along a little bit. Okay. That's going to go ahead and work great. So whenever I'm ready, I can just click on this circle to start, or I can give myself my count in and I have the trigger recording on launch preference set up here and let's go ahead and do this now. I want to see what I'm doing here. If I want to do another

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one, I can just click here whenever I'm ready. While we can't quantize audio in the same way, we can use our warping to tighten up our performances and we can do some basic quantizing. So I'm gonna do my shift command U, eighth-note triplet and let's see what it does. Essentially, you could see it did some quantizing for me. Let's go to tones. Let's go into this one. Let's set this to one bar. Let's just go to a straight eighth note. If I wanted to do another one, I can just go ahead. You'll see this sometimes when you're working with MIDI and synths, there'll be a little bit of latency at the beginning. So I'm going to drag that over, and then maybe I want to quantize this. So you can go back into any of the warping functionality we talked about earlier on. In the next class, we are going to talk about editing on the timeline in arrangement view, but the next topic is going to be about recording in arrangement view, and I'm gonna show you a loop recording technique that can be really useful when you want to keep trying the same thing over and over again and then picking just the best take. So that's a quick overview on recording audio in session view. Let's go onto recording in arrangement view now. 4. Recording Audio in Arrangement View: Now, the reason it's not recording anything, is because I've not turned on the Record button in the control bar. This is the first time we've actually talked about using this button up here. Now, this is the reason also I told you to turn off this preference in the Record Warp Launch tab. Start Transport with Record, if I had that on, the second I enabled Global Record up here, it would've started playing and for most people, you're not going to like that. So, this is what you're going to want to do. Set up the track you want to record on, set your levels, hit Record and then whenever you're ready, you can go ahead and have your Count-In active if you want or not. I'm going to turn off Loop and I'm just going to tell it where I want to start from. So, notice this was more of like a longer part. I had it going on for, in this case, eight bars roughly. Now, if I was going to do two bars or four bars then working in Session view is just fine. If I'm going to do 8, 16, 32 or even longer, then that's where Arrangement view is really useful. Now, I can zoom in here and I could do edits on the timeline, move things around, we could still do all of our warping, tricks down here in the Clip view and notice though that Loop is not on. This is the kind of stuff we're going to come back to in the next class, which is all about working in Arrangement view. So, that's one of the reasons I might want to record in here and that would be because I want to do a longer section or maybe I want to do a Loop recording. So, I'm going to use the Loop brace, which acts more or less like the Loop brace in Clip view except for it's going to be for everything in the song. So, let's say I wanted to loop just this section. Now, because I already have audio there, I'm going to go ahead and record somewhere else. It's not like MIDI, you can add overdub into audio. So, if the Loop switch enabled here, I'm going to press Record here and then I'm going to let it loop a bunch of times and enable punching. So, it's going to start from here and then start recording here and now, watch what happens when we start playing. Don't worry I missed one. So, it looks like I just have this one clip here, but look what it did. Every time it looped, it actually set the Loop brace in the start, for each one I last did. So, if I want to use this one, I'll turn loop on, looks like I kind of stopped in a weird spot. Let me go back here and line this up. I want to make sure I have a nice two-bar loop, there we go. Now, once I have loop on, I can pick the take that I want. I'll quantize that, maybe I want to check this one out. Let's turn this down a little bit here. I'll turn Loop off,

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905

3,072

CommonCrawl

4

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drag this out for however many times I wanted to play. So, a couple of different things we did here. One of them was I started introducing you to a bunch of the features and topics we're going to be getting into in the next class, but the main point was to start getting used to seeing the way we can record in Arrangement view, not just Session view. Finally, let's just say I had done a longer recording in here, I'm not stuck in here, I'm just going to click on this Command C to copy and then Command V to paste and I can go back into Session view and I could also copy and paste stuff back and forth this way, and that's what we're going to start looking at in class four. In the meantime, we're going to dig back into further warping techniques for working with recorded audio, in addition how to take our recordings and turn them into sample playback instruments. 5. Beats Mode in Detail: So, when we're working with drums it's really important that we have the right warp mode set up, and we talked about that earlier in other classes about using Beats mode. Well, we didn't go into anything other than the fact that you should pick Beats mode from when you're slowing down or speeding up audio that's drums or percussion bass. There's a lot of other things you can do with these few little settings that are available down here under where you actually pick the mode. So, if we go over to this other version of the same file, notice I've slowed down to 70 bpm from what was originally 112, and if we go back up for this one listen to how it doesn't sound so hot. There are all kinds of weird stuff, and here's one with just a few different settings. So, what I did was, is I changed the Preserve setting to half of a bar and by default, usually this is set to Transient, and what that means is that everywhere it detects one of these little events, it puts a little triangle. That is a transient mark and it tries to line up each of those with the current tempo with the musical grid. But if you're slowing things down, sometimes it doesn't really know what to do with that additional time. So, it's going to loop it backwards and forwards, or it's going to try to restart it, or I'll show you what you can do some cool stuff with the one here, where it just goes to the end and then stops of the segment. But if you set the preserve a little shorter, you can get some cool different feels out of it. If I went to 16th note. Or if I went to quarter note. If I don't want that backwards piece there, maybe I wanted to go forward and then forwards, we'll get little double hits. Sounds a little drunk but it could be a fun beat to build something around. Let's go back to Transient. I guess it sounds way glitchier that way and you may like that. But let's go back to our half note here. Now, let's check out another one. So, this here was originally in 95 bpm. You can see it's set to the default which is Preserve, the Transient. Set to loop backwards and forward. Again, this is really only for when you're slowing down audio when you have the Transient setting. Now, let's check out one where I've made some changes to it, and let's go to our forward-forward. Now, what if I don't want that happening? I'm just going to go to Transient, and check this out. It's going to go to where it detects the transient and then stop before it gets to the next transient, if there's extra time. Notice how it sounds a lot tighter now. So, there's a couple of different ways to approach using Beats mode. One of them is to try to make things sound as natural as possible, kind of what I'm doing here. The other one is to just have fun with it and use some different techniques to try to bring out different grooves and feels, and you should try this all out when you're speeding up audio as well, not just slowing it down. Now, there's one last piece I want to show you. So, I want to go over to this drone all the way over here. So, this is a drone and I have it set to Beats mode, which it normally would be set to Texture and we're going to look at that in the next topic. But what if I really

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905

4,096

CommonCrawl

4

1

misused the warp mode here? So, essentially, I'm forcing a rhythm on top of this droning part and let's actually go ahead and transpose this up. Maybe set this down to 16th. Essentially, this acts as a gate, this little field right here. What if I go- Let's try this one. Let's put a quarter note. Go forward. Maybe shorten it more. Let's go back to say, 16th. Let's go to 32nd note. So, Beats mode can be used for everything from making your drums sound natural at a slower or faster tempo to, as you hopefully can see, obviously really neat creative options. So, on the next topic, we're going to go into the other warp modes more in detail. 6. Other Warp Modes in Detail: So, on the last topic, we left off messing around with beats mode for creative usage. Now, we're going to look at the other warp modes a little bit more in detail. So, tone's mode is really ideal for tones. You can hear a little bit of glitching in there. So basically, the only other parameter we have for tones mode is the grain size and just play around with it. Usually, smaller settings, the default of 30 tends to work pretty well on most sound. But as you can hear with this one, this single piano hit, a larger one seems to work better. Again, you'll notice these much more when you're slowing something down. So, it was guessing this was originally around 112 and we're playing at about 88. So, let's look at texture mode now. So, texture mode is designed for textures. Something like this droning sound here. We can try to play around with it a little bit. Let's hear it without warp on. So, I want to try to find it. So, the grain size is how big of a chunk it's analyzing and warping, and flux is random fluctuation. So, grain size and flux are essentially fine tunings for how it's going to try to keep a texture sounding like a texture. Now, that's for making sounds seem as natural as possible. Let's check out some fun things you can do with texture move. So, what did this start out at? This started out as this. Instead of using beats mode, I slowed it way down. I hit times 2 here until it was as long as it possibly could be stretched. Then we can play around with the grain size, give it some fluctuation. Take a bigger chunk of last parts. So, that's fun with texture modes, and then let's go look at repitch. So, here is a funk drum beat that I've done a lot of warping on. That's the natural sound and notice there's no other parameters and transposing is even disabled. So, let's hear what happens when you put it on a voice. So, here is me talking. So, that's kind of cool. But what if we wanted to do some transposing and a voice and have it sound a little bit less chipmunk. So, let's try. Hear what this sounds like in tones. Notice I've transposed it up a full octave and that was what it would sound like in tones a little bit like an elf or a chipmunk. So, it's great for sound design for video games or cartoons. Let's hear it in complex mode. A little better but let's go to complex pro. So, the format parameter here is especially good when you're transposing. Notice it sounds more chipmunky here. No, it doesn't sound like me, but it doesn't sound as bad. What if I will lower this? Notice you get more of the Darth Vader monster effect with performance turned all the way down. The envelope has to do with how it's shifting around the frequency content. So, you can hear it sounds a little bit glitchy but notice it doesn't have the common transposing issues. Let's go even lower here. What will happen went out of tones? So, that's the same sound in tones mode, texture, repitch, complex and let's do this. So, hopefully that gives you some idea for some fun effects but also why you might use this when you're doing some transposing and maybe I'll go back to something a little bit less extreme. So, it doesn't sound like me but it doesn

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't sound like the typical Darth Vader, chipmunk effect. Now, complex and complex pro were really designed for whole songs. So, this is a track I produced over a decade ago now in a project called Memory Systems this came out in late 2002. Let's hear this now, set to maybe beats mode. It was around 100 ppm originally and playing in 88. Let me make this even slower. Stride tones, texture, repitch, complex, and then complex pro. So, back up 88 here to 89. So, complex pro and and complex do use more CPU but They're going to sound a lot better especially when you're slowing stuff way down let's say, tones or beats. You hear how wobbly the bass is there. Stop ahead here a little bit. This is the original with no warping but slow away back down in here. So, I was able to slow it down quite a bit and maintain most of the sound quality. So, if you're going to be using live for deejaying or doing mashups or remixes, and you're working with whole songs or pieces of audio that are complex in terms of having beats, tones and textures, use complex and then if need be, use complex pro. So, in future topics we're going to get into warping long songs, some more of the finer points when dealing with bigger chunks of audio, and then also how to grab pieces for sampling or just to make them smaller and more manageable. 7. Sample Box Parameters: For the project steps, you're going to do a bunch of warping, and just playing around and having fun with different types of audio, using the different warp modes and other features over here in the clip view that we've already talked about. So now, I want to just go ahead and show you the rest of what all of these parameters are for, so when you're messing around and doing your stuff, and working on your projects you'll know whether or not you even need to care about some of these. Now, some of these is in the Preferences. So, let's go into our Preferences, and in the File Folder tab, you'll see they have this section here called Sample Editor. That's going to be for when we hit this Edit button. So, if we want to open up our file on another piece of software, which I'll show you how to do momentarily, you'll want to make sure that you have something set up here. I'm using one called DSP-Quattro, of course there's WaveLab, there's a free one out there called WavePad. There's a whole assortment of other pieces of software you can use if you want to do permanent destructive edit and again I'll come back to this in a second. The other place that you're going to want to reference is over here where it says Fade in the sample box. That has to do with this preference right here, Create Fades on Clip Edges. Now I do have that on and I'm going to demonstrate this and show you what these are in a little bit. So, those are the two places in the preferences that are relevant to what's happening here. Of course, we've already talked about warping in other topics and classes and that's where you'd find these other preferences but we've already done that. So, let's go back over here and let's check out this sample. So of course, we have basic controls like volume, which I find to be very useful especially when you have a bunch of different clips on the same track and you don't want to worry about automation, a lot of times I will just turn down the clip. First, we can transpose and detuning here is for fine tuning, so there's a 100 cents per semitone. So, notice as I go past the certain amount, it just moves the knob here for me. Little trick I mentioned before, whenever you see the little box on our parameter to go back to your default just press Delete. Now, what if I wanted to reverse a sample, let's do that. Then, once you've reversed it, it's going to be instant the next time. So, if you have a really long song, it can take awhile. I don't recommend reversing whole songs and we're going to talk about cropping and taking out smaller pieces in a little bit. Now, the RAM Mode here is left over really from older versions of Live and more or less, it'd be more accurate when people

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had slower older computers. Now occasionally, this will be useful. All the way here in the upper right there's this little D button and if this comes on orange with that saying is that your hard drive is too slow. So, this is really useful when you're launching a lot of little tiny pieces really fast. Now, high-quality mode here, is for high-quality sample transposition, and sample rate conversion. You may or may not even notice a difference here, depends on the type of sample you're working with. But the high-quality mode I usually have ON by default. Again, like I said sometimes you really can't tell the difference other times you will. Now, the Edit button here which I mentioned at the onset of this topic has to do with destructive edit. So what I mean by destructive, I mean permanent changes to the file on the hard drive. So, if I hit Edit, says sample offline and it opened it up in the piece of software I specified in the press. Now, I might use a piece of software like this for fixing clicks. You'd go into a pencil tool mode and zoom way in here and get rid of little clicks and pops. But for the most part I'm not going to be doing that because you can usually just do editing in Arrangement View and then bring it back over, so again be very careful. If this file was being used in another project or another piece of software, any change I'm making here would be updated in every single other piece of software that was using that file. So, only use Edit if you really have to, and for the most part I don't think most of you will. I don't honestly remember the last time I actually had to use that feature but it is very useful for some people. Let's talk briefly now about the Save button. This is really something that's more relevant for when you're working with longer chunks and you've spent a lot of time warping them. If you don't want to have to rework them and it doesn't have to be for whole songs, it could be for any variety of little chunks or pieces. If you pressed this Save button, it is going to right to a file. So, let me show this in the Finder, and you can see here there is this.asd file and that's an Ableton analysis file. Let me see if you can see the name of it, over here on Kind, where it says Sample Analysis File. So, this.asd is a couple of things, one it draws the picture the wave form, but if you hit Save here any settings in the sample box. Any settings in the sample box, so the Start, the End, whether Loop is on, the Warp Mode and any other parameters you have set up over here, it's going to save that into that asd file and then the next time you import that file into a Live-set it will remember those settings. So, we'll come back to that a little bit more detail when we get to warping long songs. You can always open up the Info View at the bottom here, and it will tell you what everything is. Last thing here is I wanted to show you the Fade settings. So, if I hit Tab to go back into Arrangement View, you'll see here at the clip edges we have this little fade, so if you want to see them, you can go into here and we're going to come back to this stuff in Arrangement View in a little bit more. But this is happening in Session View when you're looping even though you don't see it and then when you do bring the clips over into Arrangement View, we can adjust them and fine tune them. But sometimes you'll notice it takes the puncher impact off of drums or percussion and you may want to go in here and get rid of them. But if you're having trouble with that just turn the Fade off here and then you won't have to worry about deleting them out later. So, in the next couple of topics we're going to go more in depth into warping and working with audio in a couple of different ways. 8. Warp Options in the Context Menu: So, in previous topics, we looked at warping for a bunch of different scenarios, but the one thing I promised we'd come back to is looking at how to deal with long files, and in particular, whole songs. So, before we get started, I just want to make sure you have a few preferences set up in the record warp launch tab. I did recommend a while back that you turn off the auto warp long samples preference. This is only useful to turn on if you really already know what you

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905

7,168

CommonCrawl

4

1

're doing and you have a workflow that you've come to that makes sense to have this on. Otherwise, it's not the end of the world if you leave this on, it just can cause you a few extra steps if you have to undo some things. The other one, is in the file folder tab here. You'll see they have something called the decoding cash. Now when I dragged in this MP3, live actually decoded this into a AIF file or wave file depending which platform you're on. Because trying to play back in warp, MP3s or other compressed formats, would just be too CPU heavy. So, they convert it into a PCM audio file, which is your standard AIF or wave. Here you can kind of manage how much disk space it can take up if you want to clean up the cache itself, if you press this cleanup button it'll get rid of all of the decoded files except for the ones that are currently in the open set. Then your projects actually manage the MP3s or whatever decoded files you've imported into the project. But if you do move the set to another computer, you might have to wait a second while it decompresses those. So, the decoding cash here, you can see I've set it to be on a different drive than my startup drive. But as long as you just pay attention to this and set it up for how it makes sense to you, then you'll be okay. So, let's go back into here now, and this is a song I produced in 2002 and we heard it in one of the other topics. So, let's just give this a listen really quick. I'm going to turn on the metronome. So, we can tell it doesn't match the tempo at all of the current project. So, what I want to do is first of all, whenever you're dealing with any long files, you always want to zoom in right at the beginning and make sure that you set the one exactly where it's supposed to be. Now for this song, I know this actually comes in on a one, and in a lot of cases though, it's not going to actually come in on a one. There might be a pickup note, a lot of times there's an introduction that does not actually start in any sort of reliably rhythmic way, and there's ways of dealing with those things we would do in a more advanced class. But for right now, just find where the one is, and then go ahead and right-click and choose set 111 here. You'll see what it did, is it set the one and it put in a few warp markers and you'll notice here just set this at 120, and of course I know this is not 120, but live didn't. So, I'm going to set this to complex and then I'm going to right-click again, right where on the start and you'll see it gives me five options. Warp From Here, Warp From Here Start at, Warp From Here Straight, Warp 120 BPM From Here and Warp as Loop. They got the tempo numbers here from the global tempo. So, if I actually knew the tempo of the song, it would've been a good idea for me to type it in before I turned on warp and that's one of the reasons why you want to have the auto warp off. So, when you turn this on you have a little bit more control over what live does. But let's just go ahead and see what happens if I choose Warp from here. Notice what it did, it didn't round it off to 100 but 99.99 essentially that's a 100. So, let's go ahead and turn the metronome and let's give it a listen. So, now my 100 BPM song is playing back at 120 BPM. Maybe I want to set this to 100, and the reason I'm turning the metronome on is so I can tell if it warped it correctly cause it may be speeding it up or slowing it down, but at least I'm able to tell whether it did it correctly. So, this one worked right away just choosing the warp from here option. Now, we're going to come back to this one, the warp from here start at in a little bit. Let me just talk briefly about these, warp from here straight would be if you knew there was no tempo changes at all or there was no shifts. It would just pick whatever the tempo is it wants to start with and make

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905

8,192

CommonCrawl

4

1

sure that it was a straight beat. Then warp 100 BPM from here would be if I was a 100% sure, that it started at 100 and I wanted it to just make this whole thing 100 BPM. It may seem like they're all the same, but they are slight differences in the algorithms that able to news using in the background. So, that the start at 100 would make adjustments on the fly, whereas the warp 100 from here is pretty much just going to set it to 100 even if further into the song it changed. Then the warp as x bar loop, in this case 64, would be useful if you knew as a certain number of bars, eight bars, six bars, seven bars what have you. So, I'm not actually going to demo these right now, what I want to do is, show you one of the other ones. So, this is another song I produced, I did this one in about 2005 and again I want to zoom in here at the beginning and I want to set the one where I want it. So, I'm going to move this over here and I'm going to try set one. Then if you do the warping while it's playing, a lot of times, you just stop and then start. Now it just happened to be that this song was also about 100 BPM. Let's see what happens a jump ahead here a little bit. I could see everything is around the beats, I should be able to play these two songs together now as if I was a DJing, and they should be in tempo. So, that would be the basic approach that you would do for songs are going to warp right away and just work for you. Then one last thing, as you may recall from previous topics, once you've spent time warping the songs, make sure to press the Save button over here. So, you don't have to keep doing that every time you import those files into a new live set. Now that information is stored in this live set right here, the one called warp options and context menu. But if I were to drag these files into another brand new set and I had not hit save, I would have to go again and warp them all over. So, in the next topic, we're going to look a little bit more in detail in some of these other options particularly the warp from here. For when you're having trouble getting the tempos to work right, and then also a couple more things having to do with fine-tuning, the warping that you've already done. 9. Intermediate Warping Techniques: In the last topic, we looked at some of the basics of warping long songs, and now I want to show you a couple techniques for helping you out when the straight ahead warp from here option isn't doing what you want. So, these are a couple of songs I produced back in 2006, and one of them is pretty straightforward and the other one has a weird introduction. So, let's first start out with the one that's more straightforward. Zoom in here, and I want to set my one. So, I am going to right click, set the one here, and then I want to go back in and warp from here, and make sure you just set the complex mode of course. You'll notice sometimes if you warp it after it's already started, you just have to stop and start again. But notice, it still sounds a little off and part of the reason for that is this first kick, was a little soft. So, what I want to do is find the first strong kick. So, maybe after the first bar, right here where it should be on the two, Iet me try setting the one there, and then I'll go ahead and choose warp from here. Let's see if that did a better job. You see it thinks it was a 130, so, let's see what happens if I set it to 130. So, it should sound the same now if I turn more above, and if I turn it on. Then, what I could do is I could backtrack and figure out why this first kick wasn't coming in exactly as it should. But for our purposes, this is actually fine. I don't really need that extra bar at the intro. So, that one wasn't too tricky, but let's hear what happens now if I try another song or the intro is not really in four four. Try to figure out where the one is on something like this. So, this was a trick that I actually learned from listening to a lot of the artists

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905

9,216

CommonCrawl

4

1

on compact in the early 2000s, where they would bring in the kick out of one. But because of the way the intro was arranged, they would feel like it's coming in in a weird spot. So, really what I'm going to do, is I'm just going to get this right on before the kick comes in. Set the one there, and then I'm going to try a warp from here, and let's see how this did. Get I want to make sure this is on complex mode. So, that worked pretty well. Now, I'm going to show you another technique in case you're having a hard time figuring out exactly what the tempo is of the song. So, I'm actually going to drag this all the way back to the beginning and set the one back at the top there, and I'm going to pretend like we didn't actually get this warp correctly. I'm going to type in this field here, but I don't recommend you ever do that unless you're 100 percent sure what the tempo is of a file, and by a 100 percent sure, I mean really the whole file being that one tempo. But I did that just to reset everything back to what would be a default if I hadn't done things correctly. So, let's go back in here and zoom in. Make sure that my one is where it really should be, and so, I'll go ahead and maybe set my one there and then give it a listen. Okay, so that's not working, maybe I'll try start at. That's not really working either. So, what I want to do is, I want to tell live what the tempo is of the song. Now, I happen to know it's about 130, but let's just say I didn't. So, I'm going to turn this off, and if we go into MIDI map, you'll see that I mapped a button to the tap tempo. Of course, you can just tap on that, or you can map a key, or any sort of MIDI parameter on your controllers. But I don't like using the mouse. So, I'm going to go ahead and launch this, and by the way, you have to do this step in session view. If you don't, it's going to jump around and you won't be able to tap along, and you want the metronome off too. So, I'm just going to hit play and tap along. So, it seems to be around 128. So, I'm going to actually leave that at right where it is, I could round it off if I wanted to but that's not that important. I'm going to go ahead and choose warp from here, start at. Because it's starting there, it doesn't matter if this is in a rounded number, it's going to make adjustments on the fly. So, let's hear how that did. So, it's on tempo, but of course the count is off because the intro is not an even number of bars. Now, if we zoom ahead, you can see it is starting to drift a little bit. So, this is where again, I would recommend you actually find where the first downbeat is. Set the one there, and then work from there and let's hear how this did. Let me jump ahead here a little bit. So, let's say I want to set my tempo to 125. Let's hear what would happen if I were to deejay these. So, there's some syncopations and they may not match all the notes, but at least we can tell that these are in tempo. Should I choose I wanted to play these together, then they would work. So, if there was going to be an advanced topic in this class, it would be going into what to do with these intros after you've warped it. But as a beginners class, this is something we're not going to get into now. So, look for advanced warping techniques in future classes. 10. Cropping Clips: This is going to be a pretty brief topic. It's a really useful technique to know how to make big files into small, usable pieces, and there's a feature called cropping. Now, let's say, I wanted just this kick drum, and I wanted to use that to drop into one of my samplers, something we'll be looking at later, and something you'll be doing as part of your project steps. So, I don't want to crop the one I just spent all the time warping, I

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905

10,240

CommonCrawl

4

1

want to make a copy. So, I'm going to option drag. Then on the one here, l want to make sure I have this selected, you may even want to change the color on it, so you're sure you're looking down here. Notice I have the loop brace set to surround this one kick. I'm just going to go ahead and right-click on it here and choose Crop Sample. Then notice it got rid of everything, except for just the piece I wanted. So, what I might do is then make another copy, and again, I might want to change the color on it to make sure I'm cropping the correct one. What I can do is, using the tricks we've learned in previous topics, is use my loop brace. So, that would be a hi-hat. So then I could go ahead here, I'll right-click, l'll crop the sample, and now, I have just a hi-hat. So, I have a kick and a hat. Now, of course, we're not going to use these later on just for looping them like this. We're going to turn them into playable instruments. Then one last little thing. Let's say that I didn't want just a tiny little chunk. If you have the loop brace after the start, so notice if I have the start here, and then the loop here, when I crop it, it's going to go from there to there. So, let's do that. Notice it kept the part before the loop brace but then it went up to where loop was and what if, I'm going to go ahead and make a copy of this now, what if loop was off? When loop is off it's then going to use the end and notice it did something kind of weird here that, actually, in my opinion is a bug. So, let me go ahead and bring the end flag over. So, when I crop now, since loop is off, it's just going to keep what's between the start and the end flag. So, essentially, when loop is on, it uses the loop brace, or if the start is to the left of the loop brace, it's going to keep that amount of time. If loop is off, it's just going to use the start and the end. Now, I would have this little chunk here. Let's turn off that hi-hat, don't need that, and then let's go ahead and loop this. So, I'd have this one bar section that maybe I wanted to use for a remix or a mashup. Any audio files that you crop are new files. It doesn't actually make an edit to the old file, and you would find those in the samples folder in your current project under processed crop and you could see the names of the files they came from, and it's just going to keep adding numbers after them. So, I would go back through and name them. You can just do command R when you're up here or always rename stuff from within Live. I would not want to rename it from the finder or Explorer, or then Live's not going to be able to find those files. So, rename everything from within Live and then you'll be good. So, in a few topics, we're going come back to what to do with things like this but cropping is a really useful technique, whether for finding individual drum hits or just finding loops or pieces that you want to sample from larger chunks of audio. 11. Clip To Sample Instrument: Before we dig in to Ableton's course sample instruments, I wanted to pick up where we left off last time when we are talking about cropping clips. But this time, I'm going to show you some other ways of thinking about grabbing pieces of audio. Then, this time, we're going to actually dump them into some instruments and play them with MIDI. So, first of all, let's give a listen to this scene of some of the loops that come with one of the live packs. So, let's say that I just want to grab one of these bass notes. So, let's go ahead and solo this track and launch it. Maybe, I just want this first piece. So, just like we did when we were cropping, I'm going to select it and then loop it. But this time, instead of cropping it, I'm going to go over to a MIDI track and you see where it says drop an instrument or sample here. I go ahead and drop this down here, and it just created a simpler for me, me on solo. So, now, I'm able

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905

11,264

CommonCrawl

4

1

to play that. We're going to come back to simpler in the next topic. Now, I could do something similar with drums. On this track here, I have impulse, another device we're going to look at shortly. Let me find a couple sounds. So, let's say, I want to grab this kick. So, what I'm going to do is set my loop raise, go back to impulse, drag this here. Then, let's say, I want to grab a snare, I'll just go back over to it. Now, I'm going to find tune, my position there. Then let's go back over the impulse and drop this down here. Also, I did was pencil in a few different notes and let's give this a listen. So, nothing too great, but the moment. But, I just put in a really simple beat here. So, right now, we're just hearing the kick and the snare. Let's say, I wanted to grab some of the high hats. So, let's find the high hats in this. It's a little bit more like a shaker tambourine, but that's fine. Go back over here and I maybe drop this over here, and let's give it a listen. So, notice, we didn't even have to crop anything. All you have to do is set the loop raise and drop it either onto an empty track to have it create simpler or in impulse, you can drop it into any of these slot. In the next topic, we're going to look a little bit deeper into each of these devices. 12. Impulse and Simpler 101: Okay. So, I guess I've been channeling my inner ED, Sci-Fi, B movie soundtrack here for this one. We're going to take a look a little bit deeper at Impulse and Simpler. Before we get back into where we left off last time, let's actually look at Impulse a little bit more here. So, on this track, I have the Dub Delay preset pulled up, and you can find this under Instruments, and then under Impulse, under Dub Delay. I actually turned off the effects that they already had built into this rack, and so Impulse is the center section here, and they've mapped out some of the volumes for the different sounds. So, what we're looking at are eight different slots. As you saw briefly in previous topics, you can dump a sample into each one of these. Then, over here on the bottom, you have controls for each of the samples. So, let's say, for this kick, if I didn't want that distortion on there, I could turn that off there, and then of course, we also have things like Decay, Panning, Velocity, Sensitivity, which is usually at 70 percent, and we're going to leave it right, though you can turn that up or down. Then, we have the global controls which affect all of the samples in Impulse. Now, one of the cool things about Impulses is that, it was set up to work with your computer MIDI keyboard. So, right when you turn it on by default, if you haven't moved the octaves up or down, it's just going to trigger. So, Impulse does not follow the general MIDI mapping. It starts at C3, right here, and then it's just C major from C3 to C4. So, there's no black keys, it would be just the white keys in the key of C from C3 to C4. Let's look a little bit at how I program this. You may notice that this ride sound that I have at the end here. When it gets to the first hi-hat here at the beginning, it shuts off, and I'll explain that, but just give it a listen. What if I move this down to this hi-hat? Notice how it wrings out longer, and the reason for that, you undo there, is because there's one setting that only shows up when you click on the eighth slot, and you see there's a link button here. What that means is that only one of these two can be playing at a time, so slot eight can be linked to slot seven, and it's what's known as a choke group into really simple feature, but it's a nice way if you want to mimic open hats and closed hats. In this case, it's a ride cymbal and a hi-hat. So, if I have this link off, it doesn't really matter. I

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905

12,288

CommonCrawl

4

1

can leave this there, or if I move this down, and then go back in here. I'll move this back up. So, Impulse gives you some really cool ways of manipulating the sound really fast. We're going to look at Drum RFdrumacks in the next topic, which in some ways gives you a lot more options. But, there's certain things you can only do in Impulse, such as affect the transposing and the timing, which would be all of the decays and stretch parameter for all the samples, which something you cannot do with the Drum Rack. Even though Impulse is pretty basic compared to what a lot of people are into using these days, I do recommend that you actually start out doing your drums in Impulse, and we looked in the last couple of topics on how to find pieces of samples from either loops or songs, and then drag them in down here. Now, you can put the samples wherever you want, but generally speaking, it's going to be kick, snare, possibly another snare clap sound, then percussion, and then hi-hats. Though, you can see in this kit, they did a little differently with a couple of hi-hats at the ride cymbal. So, that is a quick look at the Impulse, and I do recommend spending some time playing around with it. By the way, we are going to come back to it in Class four when we look at routing, where I'm going to show you how to route the kick and snare and all the other sounds out onto their own tracks for mixing. Now, in the last topic, we looked at grabbing this bass sound and dragging it into a Simpler. So, let's see what I actually did with that, and let's look at the track here, and I fine tune the sample a little bit. To do that, you can just drag around the sample start and end here in the waveform overview, and you can also play around with the sample controls here. Now, since this is a bass sound, I didn't want to play around with the synthesis controls too much, and I added some effects to get a little bit of a Bootsy Collins kind of a feel to it, and this is stuff we're going to talk about in Class for a little bit. Now, before I move on to showing you a little bit more about Simpler, I do want to point out that because this bassline was originally in A, this first note was an A, and I wanted it to be able to trigger on the normal keyboard. If I play a C, I want to here a C, so I transposed it up three semitones. So, A, A-sharp, B, C, and that's why it's playing key right now. If you don't know the note when you play on your MIDI keyboard, when you see the notes you have in here, say D-sharp, in this case it may not actually play a D-sharp unless you know the note that it's supposed to be playing. A lot of times the samples will tell you the note and the name. In this case, since we grabbed it ourselves from this loop over here, I just had to figure that out, and I guess that the node A was the first note which in fact it is, and then I went over here and just transposed it up. So, when I play the note C, it plays the note C. So, let's look a little bit more at some of the synthesis type parameters that you have here. So, this section here lets you control the sample, how it plays back, how it loops. If you want the sample to actually be able to play longer than the note, you hold down, when you're dealing with samples at something you'll bump into. So, you want to turn loop on, you can play around with which part of the sample is actually going to be looped, and then we have synthesis type controls, such as the filter, which you can turn on over here, an LFO, which I could use to modulate my filter. You see, it's set to a sample on hold on an eighth note, and then we have three different envelopes. Let's say, I wanted the sound of feed in a little bit more, take a little longer to feed in. Also, this, you'll notice was transposed up. Now, this was a preset called Warm Bubbly Pad that I grabbed from the browser, and it looks like they did the same thing here. They transposed this up four semitones, so when you play a C, it would play back in C. So, this is just a quick

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905

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introduction to Simpler and Impulse. In future classes, you get more into advanced sampling, but this is a lot for you to get started with. There's tons you can do in here. For those of you that are wondering, if you did want to do more than load in one sample, if you right-click anywhere on the top here, notice it was cut off at the bottom of the screen, but you can convert Simpler into sampler, which is a more sophisticated sample instrument. Instead of only being able to load in one sample, I can load in multiple samples, and map them to different keys. So, if you've never gotten into sampling before, this is probably not going to make a lot of sense to you. But for those of you that have played around with other samplers, you can use Sampler instead of Simpler if you do have Ableton Suite. And then, if you convert it back to a Simpler, you'll see this multisample mode, and you're also going to bump into that when you load a lot of the Simpler presets, whether they're using a single sample or not. So, hopefully, between the last couple of topics and this one, you have a basic idea on how you can select pieces from different types of files, drop them into the various samplers, and then if you go back to the stuff we covered in class two, dealing with recording MIDI and editing MIDI notes, you can start recording your own sounds and making your own music with existing samples, but not using the performances in using your own performances to create your own music. So, in the next topic, we're going to get into Drum Rack, which are a more involved version of Impulse, more or less, and I will talk to you more about options when we get there. 13. Drum Racks 101: So, this topic is about drum racks, and I promised we would look a little bit closer at these really deep fascinating devices. Now, impulse can do a lot of things really quick and easily, but if you want more sophisticated drum options, then drum racks are something you're going to want to look into. Now, we're looking at a couple of their presets that come with the live suite, and for example, this one here called, Kit big punchy. If you look at the bottom, they've mapped out all 16 of these sounds with acoustic samples, loaded up into instances of samplers, some of their built-in devices. This is a pretty sophisticated sample instrument, this would take you a long time to build out yourself. Now, they've also gone ahead and mapped out additional sounds, you can see I just press the up arrow, so I could see, the other more 16 sounds that they've added up in here. So, a drum rack can have up to 128 sounds loaded in, and they actually don't have to be just samples, they can be whole devices. So, a drum rack technically is a container for other devices. When you drop a sample on one of these squares, let's go over to this empty drum rack here, I've dropped a few things in here, I'll explain in a second. But let's say if I were to drop a sample in here like we've been doing in the past. So, I set up this clip, to have just this kick drum ready to go like we looked at in the previous topics. So, let's go ahead and drag this over. Since I'm dragging a sample in, it's actually creating a simpler for me, and by default, that's what's going to happen. When you drop a sample in any of these squares, it's going to create a simpler. Now, you'll notice if you look at the bottom where my mouse is, keep your eye here. If I put my cursor over one of the pads, it gives a general MIDI suggestion as to what sound should go on that note. Now, you can do whatever you want. For example, in this kit-core 606, they really have kept it still you can see all 16 of the sounds at once that are not necessarily following the general MIDI mapping, but they've tried to keep it as close as possible. The reason to do that is so you can take the same beat, like this one I have here, and all I did was copy this over onto this track and it should trigger the same sounds. Even though there are different versions of those sound, one is an electronic kit, one is an acoustic kit, they're both kick

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14,336

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drums. So, you can follow those recommendations though you don't have to, and then one other thing here you'll notice I've dropped in an impulse, into this square where it said a snare drum should go. Now, when we looked at impulse in the last topic, I said impulse could do some things that you couldn't do in drum racks, and that's not entirely true because you can drop impulse into a drum rack. Now, it's only going to trigger in this first slot. So, if you do use an impulse, it will only trigger one of the cells here. Like I was saying, you can do things like changing the time in transposing really quickly and easily, but if you want it to have that work on all of the sounds in a kit, you'd have to do some pretty extensive mapping, and that would be for an intermediate or advanced drum rack class. But just keep in mind, even though I told you certain things you had to do in impulse you couldn't do in drum racks. You can put impulse in drum rack, and not only that, you can actually put synthesizers, full-blown synthesizers into the drum rack. Now, this is only going to trigger this one note. So, I can use this synth as a Tom sound. I wouldn't be able to play it poly-phonically unless I spent a lot of time putting multiple instances in here. So, there's some really neat stuff you can do with drum racks by combining samples, and synthesis to create your sounds. Now, what if I didn't want to spend a whole bunch of time going through a sample like this, whether it was a song I warped, or it was just a loop I want to do grab some sounds. Then, set the loop race, drag it over, set the loop race, drag it over. If you have two or three sounds that's good to do, but what if you want a whole bunch of them? Well, notice in this copy of the same clip here, what I did, was just set it so it would only loop one bar of this four-bar stock loop that comes with live. So, check this out. I am going to right-click here and choose slice to new MIDI track, and this is going to create a drum rack for me, and it's going to map out the slices based on what I specify here. So, I'm just introducing this feature. You can go really deep with it and customize all these presets yourself. As you can see, some of them go to sampler, as well, but we're just going to use their built-in, let's do it on eighth note, and let's see what happens. So, it's going to automatically create a drum rack for me, with some of the macro is mapped, and if I play this back now, it's going to sound like it did, for but notice what it's done here, it's just created MIDI notes. So, let me set my grid, something a little bit bigger there. Let me get rid of all these and check this out. Now, I can pencil in, settling velocities up here more. If I wanted to I could go in here, rename these. I can edit them, but they also give us some really cool macro controls. So, that's just a little sneak peek into some of the power of drum racks, and as part of your project, you can choose how much you want to use the drum racks or impulse, but you can see that simpler is going to be involved either way. Now, if you wanted to use simple beats, again, I did recommend starting with impulse, if you want to build your own kits. But, it can't hurt to jump right into some of their core kits, especially the ones that are only using 16 sounds, and then once you get good at this, feel free to spend more time getting into all of the possible options that Ableton gives us for doing drums. So, in the next topic, I'm going to show you how to save out your custom presets. 14. Saving Custom Presets: Once you've spent time making your own presets whether drum racks, impulse, simpler, or anything else, you want to be able to save them. By saving them, I don't mean just in the current set, I mean somewhere in the library so you can quickly access those anytime you want to get to the same sounds or the same presets. So, go into your preferences and under the library tab, you'll see here you have

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the location of your user library. I moved mine to a different drive. But as long as you know where this is, your fine. That means anytime you want to take your presets with you to another computer or back them up, this is the folder that you want to manage. Also, up top here where it says Browser Behavior, Collect Files on Export, this does a lot of different things, but one of them is related to saving presets that have audio samples in them. I highly recommend that you either set this to ask, which is my preferred method, or always. The only reason you set this to never is if you were doing a certain project and you knew that you had a lot of the same samples already and you're managing them carefully. So, never is pretty dangerous unless you're pretty expert digital audio user. So, always or ask, again, ask is my preferred one. So, let's close this up, and what we're looking at here is the drum rack that I made in the previous topic by slicing this loop up and I cleaned it up a little bit, I renamed some of them, I did some high-pass filtering on a couple of the sounds. I've spent a little bit of time in here, and I don't want to have to redo all of this in the future. So, what I'm going to do is over here, in the middle part of the title bar for this particular drum rack, you have this disk button which is the save button. When I click on that, it's going to ask me what I want to do with all the different audio files. Now, this particular one which is being used and for all of the samplers in here was part of the factory packs. But I might not always have that pack installed on every computer. So I'm going to go ahead and leave that one on, and then I usually recommend leaving all of these on when you're new at this until you really know where all your samples are, where they're coming from. So I'm going to go ahead and hit copy, and then it's going to ask me what I wanted to name it, and I'll just go ahead and just hit return. So now, this preset is over here, and anytime I want to access it, I would just go to my user library and then under presets for drum rack. Now, I also have this baseline that we did a few topics back, and let's give this a listen so you can hear how I combine these two pieces. So, here is my drum rack that I programmed myself, and here's that same baseline from the few topics back, but it's that up and I've also modified the distortion a little bit. Now, what if not only do I want to save this sampler here that has the sample in it, which I should go ahead and do, I'm going go ahead and say yes. Now, let's go ahead and hit return. But what if I want to save this with all of these effects in here, too? So, I'm going to select all of them by holding down shift, and then I'm going to right-click and choose group. Not group the drum rack, just group. This creates what's called an instrument rack, and we're going to get into this stuff a little bit more in future classes. But for right now, think of it as a good way to make a super preset, which is how a lot of their presets coming anyways. So, for right now, we just want to be able to save this out. So I'm going to click on the save button, asked me what I want to do with the samples, I know a copy of this already but it's not going to take up a lot of disk space, so I'll go ahead and do that. I'm going to call it My Funky Base. Now, we'll have that preset with me anytime I want to get to it. So, let's just say I had deleted this out of here. So, I'm going to delete out all this stuff, and if I want to get back to it and make a new part, see it brings everything in for me. That is the last thing we're going to cover in this class. Just make sure to pay attention to how you manage all of your presets and samples, and file management is something that takes a while to get good at, but it is highly recommended that you spend a little bit of time between creative sessions to organize your files and presets so you don't end up as one of those people that inevitably will lose data and lose work and it really sucks

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Nazism & Zionism, Syria Crisis See, that's no chemical weapons factory, Mr. Trump April 16, 2018 Geopolitics101 29 Comments Mission accomplished, that's how Triumphant Trump congratulated himself after the missile attacks on an alleged chemical weapons factory used to gas Syrian civilians in Ghouta, days ago, in compliance to the Deep State narrative that the Assad government is killing its own people, which therefore, requires the highly indispensable Western intervention . But the reality in ground zero is exactly the opposite. Nobody is wearing any chemical suit after the Trumpian missiles hit this particular "chemical weapons plant." Now, compare that to the Skripal investigations where everyone, at least, wore the mandatory plastic props, made in China probably, to signify that they are indeed dealing with deadly toxins… … supposedly right at the door knob. Yeah, we can excuse the London police who were there maskless, too, in the immediate aftermath of the Skripal false flag. They're not part of the earlier briefing. The fully documented destruction of Syrian chemical weapons was the first Russian intervention, which put the Deep State on the defensive. On 23 June, the head of OPCW, Ahmet Üzümcü, announced in The Hague that the last of Syria's declared chemical weapons had been shipped out of the country for destruction. The last 8% of the chemical stockpile was loaded onto ships at Latakia. … On 4 January 2015, the OPCW confirmed that the destruction was completed. – Wikipedia Reviving the same strategy right now is just showing that the Western criminal cabal is running out of ammunition by which they can implement their Greater Israel Plan and control the sea and land based gas fields in the region. Everybody should watch this video in order to understand the bigger problem in Syria that the Western population needs to see. After all, it's their taxes which made this hell possible. Even the two-state solution is not something that the Jews deserve. Apartheid Israel must go inside the United States instead, where they are mostly welcome by the government and its Jewish friendly people. The same people who are barely surviving the onslaught of chemical attacks in their municipal water supply, legislated mandatory vaccinations, full legalization of chemotherapy that even the prescribing doctors are not willing to take, and the genetically modified industrial food sources that they are forced to partake. Apathy, indeed, is not without cost. no chemical weapons in syriano gas masks in syria Previous PostThese tweets summarize what is going on with the West todayNext PostRussia and India on the Brink of a Major Trade Breakthrough 29 thoughts on "See, that's no chemical weapons factory, Mr. Trump" IRONKRAFT says: An excellent expose' of Deep State theater. Can we now kill off the main actors? kznwatch says: As HW Bush was purported to have said, if the American people know what we have done, they will drag onto the street and lynch us! Something to the effect– not the exact quote, but close! Sorry typo– should read, "they will drag us into the street" ONLY when the EXPOSURE of WHO the REAL Jews are from the FAKE ones will the world saved from ISRA-HELL's Satanic goals. Also includes exposure of what the VATICAN's role is in world affairs. You know what is sad to me– is that the whole global scenario at the top is so complex and so much truth remains hidden from ordinary people– because it is not revealed due to behind the scenes arrangements or pacts– as Putin said in his interview with Soloviev– every player (nation) looks to achieve only its own interests– but then situations arise, where nations have to arrive at an agreement which works for all– which is damaging to none of the parties bound to the agreement. Trouble is, us ordinary cusses, have no clue what is going on behind the scenes. Yes, some genuinely worry that Russia is too soft on Israel– but when none knows the full story– how can they judge?– especially in situations as explosive as we have witnessed unfolding in the ME– in Syria, Gaza and also the ongoing Palestinian situation and not forgetting the Kurds

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… Case in point– Trump strikes Syria; Syria defends herself well– oh me lord!– people go mad criticising Russia for not setting the US on its ear there and then– for not supplying Syria with S-400's — but especially, as is happening now– even Putin admirers, say he needs to up his game as the US only understands a full on returned military response. These couch potatoes suddenly become top military experts and call out Putin and Russia as weak and scared— sorry but it really gets my goat! How ruddy shortsighted and actually basically blind — not only ordinary people, but supposedly seasoned journalists still remain! When Putin is nobody's fool and neither are the highly experienced military strategists and experts surrounding him! When some amongst us definitely know that Putin knows of US/UK/Europe and Israel transgressions of the past– I mean really grave and horrific ones– still while officially not a word is there to confirm what many of us have come to learn through our own investigations– then one comprehends just how complex global politics are. As I said in the beginning– its all about protecting interests that these horrible truths of the past remain secret– are hardly every revealed by global leaders– no matter how bad things get. With this background the case– and full scale bloody media wars the order of the day– it still is us ordinary folks who lose out– while only a small percentage of us know what is really going on– the moment attempt to inform our fellows– our comments are not acceptable… get deleted. As if by bringing the truth we are attempting to stoke unrest! Ludicrous! In other words deception at the top, due to pacts and arrangements between global leaders, keep the common man in ignorance– like a mushroom left in the dark– not worthy of knowing the truth– while only a few seekers of the truth and nothing but the truth, no matter how ugly it is– know quite a bit about what is going on behind the scenes at the top– but not even the relatively informed amongst us, are considered worthy of knowing it all– only our taxes are! That is what puzzles me. I mean– If we share the truth with each other and with others– naturally it makes virtually no difference– because it carries no weight– but if for instance, Putin brings the same truth to light– then of course, its backed by official evidence and it instantly hits the headlines– no longer relegated as a conspiracy theory– ha ha!– while of course the west will do their best to shoot it down! So I ask– How can the world progress towards God honesty– when our past and even our present, remain hidden from us all– ensures we remain divided and set up against each other? What a screwed up world! Rick2012 says: More "food for thought"(and more peaces for the complex puzzle) http://redefininggod.com/2018/04/globalist-agenda-watch-war-mass-arrests-watch-part-2/ beLIEve says: CONFU$ION….Like every thing el$e….IT I$ ENGINEERED…by..you u$ual $CUM ! Karl Rove's Prophecy: "We're an Empire Now, and When We Act, We Create our Own Reality" "We're an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality. And while you're studying that reality – judiciously, as you will – we'll act again, CREATING other NEW REALITIES, which you can study too, and that's how things will sort out. WE'RE HI$TORY'$ ACTOR$… . . AND you, ALL of YOU, WILL be LEFT to..JUST STUDY WHAT WE DO." (Ron Suskind, NYTimes Magazine, Oct. 17, 2004). Rove served as a "high official" at the "court" of George W. Bush. https://www.globalresearch.ca/karl-roves-prophecy-were-an-empire-now-and-when-we-act-we-create-our-own-reality/5572533 Yes– ever studying the 'reality' of the unreality … Meanwhile someone suggests a different truth…https://www.neonrevolt.com/2018

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CommonCrawl

8

11

/04/14/sparrow-red-and-syria-qanon-greatawakening/ Espoir Love Manirambona says: shame on you trump supporters… We told u not to vote for a racist fascist lunatic…but you said "but clinton…." bernie 2020 Oh, u mean the pro vaccines coward Bernie who hides behind his houses when promoting Marxism is what America needs now after being SO AFRAID to stand up AGAINST those rotting by day Clintons😅 Wish I could have given the one who wrote this a 1000 up votes– and more, I was a magician too– capable of writing this short essay in flaming letters across the global sky! Thank you for your tireless commitment to open hearts and minds!~ Sorry to bust your bubble….http://lizzadisu.blogspot.in/2018/04/putin-warns-of-consequences-as-photos.html So someone gets it? Rodney Hoff says: Excellent conference ..How is it the Russians can give news conferences, with any questions from any news agency, and come across as actually answering those questions, but when we have an Amerikan or British Conference its usually by invite only and to questions already vetted so all we get is sound bytes and unsubstantiated accusations? Despite the chaos of this week, President Donald Trump remains "laser beam" focused on protecting America. This President, when all of this is going on, is focused, like a laser beam, on protecting America. I've never seen him get distracted. He is a very focused guy. He is a disciplined guy and that's why he won the presidency. I think we're much more respected and safer today since he became President. Sloopyjoe says: I believe the best solution to the "Jewish" problem is to bring ALL the Jews (real and fake) of the world and wall them off within Palestine and under Palestinian Management for the next 60 years. Sending them somewhere else would be akin to spreading the virus to again metastasize at a later date. The Jews could then be on the receiving end of all that love and caring they inflicted upon the Palestinians. Karma would then be served. Actually Only the FAKE Jews (Khazarian/Zionist/Satanist) needs to be removed…The REAL Jews would become the BEST replacement, because of THEIR "Experience" of the worst of what has happened to mankind since THEIR "Fall from Grace" and UNDERSTANDING of WHO "GOD" is. Watch a DVD called: "Out of Darkness" to capture THAT meaning. WE ARE "ALL" SPIRITUAL BEINGS" HAVING A HUMAN (3D) EXPERIENCE! Very good practical idea … do unto others, as you would have them do unto you … lol APOLOGIES for posting this…. Syria Is Not What You Think: It's Evil. Pure Evil. As In Massive Organ Harvesting And Trafficking Ring https://www.silverdoctors.com/headlines/world-news/syria-is-not-what-you-think-it-is-evil-pure-evil-as-in-massive-organ-harvesting-and-trafficking-ring-evil/ I wouldn't TRUST Any info posted from "Silver Doctors"!…Like many other "Financial site" They LIE a LOT about everything (laugh!) I only watch most sites ONLY as a (Keep you ENEMIES Closer venue) reading BETWEEN THE LIES THEY POST…From a fully Researched and INFORM prospectus. THAT way you can SPOT all the LIES. The REAL reason for the WHOLE fiasco of the middle east goes MUCH "Deeper" than financial matters and is "Ancient". Watch the vidoes: "The LIE NASA told" for Huge clues! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c69vZyE74Zg/ ORGAN HARVESTING……and people

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909

2,048

CommonCrawl

18

15

traffiking… in the CHAO$ of "war"…..is a "known"…..to such an extent one wonders IF………. IT I$ $IMPLY on the "shopping -list" …of those WHO ENGINEER WAR……aka… $TEAL ORGANS……$TEAL OIL……Traffick people…….and perpetrate ALL other EVIL$ that will generate……$HEKEL$ ! Some HISTORICAL articles……. Balkans….. When the spoils of war are human organs Bill Clinton's Kosovo 'freedom fighters' trafficked in body parts https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/aug/4/bovard-when-the-spoils-of-war-are-human-organs/ PM Hashim Thaci: The Monster of Kosovo We stumbled upon this article by an AMERICAN DEFENSE LEAGUE (ADL) about Kosovo's de facto Prime Minister Hashim Thaci regarding his involvement in organ trade, "Yellow house" and Kosovo mafia. Also there are some pretty strong accusations about Boris Yelcin taking bribe in exchange for his silence during the bombing of FRY in 1999 and his promise not to arm the Serbs, from the Swiss account of MABEX owned by Pacoli. As usual, the symbol for manipulation and funding of regime change everywhere -Soros appears here also as a supporter of Kosovo mafia. Here is the full article: "It was Council of Europe Investigator Dick Marty's Swiss Investigation that led to the accusation that the installed Prime Minister of Kosovo, Hashim Thaci, and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) terrorists were the organizers and leaders behind the kidnapping of Serbs, who were mostly young people, off the streets of Kosovo and then transporting them to the Yellow House in the Albanian mountains for the sole purpose of extracting their organs and selling them throughout Europe. http://serbiasos.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/pm-hashim-thaci-monster-of-kosovo.html Archived TONY PODESTA represents Albanian Gov; Thaci, CGI, KLA, Albanian Mafia & Human Trafficking (pizzagate) https://archive.is/mgeg3 https://archive.is/http://pastebin.com/raw/jeeBdyQK N.B There is an article on BIN…yup…the site has an "aroma" of di$INfo…that suggests that the father of PODESTA was Josef Mengele; ORGAN THEFT is in "the blood" ! "Dr. Mengele Likely was John Podesta's Father" Say Espionage Historians Known for Record of Peculiar Accuracy, Citing Significant Circumstantial Evidence http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2017/12/john-podestas-father-was-dr-josef-mengele-3583140.html Wouldn't surprise me if he was Dr. Mengele's father when you consider How Many Nazi's were rescued by the USA and Vatican using "Operation Paper Clip" after WW2 was WON by the Nazi's…NOT the USA. When a country WINS a war they usually OCCUPY the country to where they CHANGE everything to suit THEIR desires. Just step back and WATCH What is happening since WW2 ended to the USA and you will SEE it has become just as FASCIST as the Nazi's were…WORSE! They even named one of the newer support agencies after Hitler's Germany called "Homeland Security" right after 9/11…GET-IT??? OooooH I almost forgot…The Bush family are Nazi's too…Right from Germany after a Name change…LOOK how far THEY came up the ladder in the USA…Presidents??? Its also not secret that traitors in this country tried a Nazi take over here back in 1934 BEFORE WW2 started! Read all about it in retired General Smedly Butler's book: "War

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[ -1.580174943604084, -2.1828321323635387 ]

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1,024

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909

3,072

CommonCrawl

23

24

is a Racket"! Douma Chemical Attack False Flag Operation EXPOSED!. (Translated) https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=17&v=vSrRV-zdNic Syria Chemical Attack: The Deep State And The BIG Lie https://www.silverdoctors.com/headlines/world-news/syria-chemical-attack-the-deep-state-and-the-big-lie/ EVERYONE!…Should read the latest article posted at Paul Craig Roberts site, because it comes CLOSEST to WHAT the REAL reason why America is destined to FAIL…IF certain GROUPS of people don't AWAKEN Soon: http://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2018/04/18/conversation-race-paul-craig-roberts/ Only in a couple of areas is he slightly wrong about, but otherwise DEAD-On!!! What WE as "HuMan Beings" MUST recognize is that there is ONLY ONE RACE on this planet. We NEED to rid this planet of RACISM…and the BEST way to accomplish that is for OUR REAL History to be EXPOSED, and the ones MOST responsible for EXPOSED as LIARS…THEN REMOVED…PAST AND PRESENT!!! PLEASE READ THIS! GO$H Kenneth….. there is ONLY ONE RACE on this plane(t) ? ! AND….there was me thinking the a$hkeNAZI khazar "joo$" came from el$ewhere; THEIR DI$TINCT and…..OTHER "dimen$ion" ORIGIN….being the "key" to the…. HEINOU$, GENOCIDAL, LYING, THIEVING DE$ECRATING……….. "CHO$INITI$"…….behaviours……THEY……di$-PLAY ! Rabbi Laitman – "We (jews) Are Aliens From Another Galaxy" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS5pvuR6RmQ Cor blimey O'Reilly, as we say in the UK when expressing surprise ! I AM JUST WONDERING…..IF……the "joo$" are AWAKENING….to the fACT that……WE are….. "ON to THEM"…….and are becoming concerned about ……THEIR future as…..TRE$PA$$ER$…to these lands ? HOW CAN WE ALL BE the SAME when the "joo$" …..DISINGENUOU-$LY… "PROFE$$"…….CHO$ENITE status ? I $U$PECT…..a CHANGE of NARRATIVE is in the "offing" ! Crimes of the Bolsheviks https://www.darkmoon.me/2011/crimes-of-the-bolsheviks/ The book ….'A Sea Of Blood: The Truth About Bolshevik Russia' by Dr Gregor "PAINT$"…the perpetrators as…..a "breed-apart"…displaying "behaviours reserved", fortunately …by a FEW ! 'A Sea Of Blood: The Truth About Bolshevik Russia' by Dr Gregor https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/18343883/a-sea-of-blood-the-truth-about-bolshevik-russia-bamboo-delight- @BeLIEve I fully understand where you are coming from about this and agree with with you about MOST of it. If you have researched the REAL history of ALL Mankind, you should have learned that the HU-Man (God-Man) BE-Ing is actually a fractural PART of God. What happen to get US into the mess we are in Now, was cause by a "Rebellion" by certain group of "Creator Beings" that wrongfully decided to go against "Divine Providence" (Prime Source Creator) to SEE what would happen when going in an "Opposite" direction

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1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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909

4,096

CommonCrawl

23

24

of "Divine Light" into "Darkness". Lucifer was the leader of this group that went THIS direction and along with the group only known to US as "The Fallen Angels" (Archons) Although being FROM Divine Providence, They decided to rebel and as a result of THAT rebellion, they were "Confined" to this planet by Prime Source Creator (Prison-Planet) Lucifer goes by several names (SET/ Satan/Etc) and is the founder of ALL present forms of RELIGION and GOVERNMENT (Both mean "Mind-Control")…Which lead to the creation of the MONEY system of International Control. ALL of it being Lucfifer's control grid, including the so-called "SECRET Space Program"…Which actually exist UNDER the Earth's ground and NOT above. Mankind (3D) has NEVER left this planet beyond the "Van Allen Belt" http://www.youtube.com/watch?=RaghqW1QWQQ/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=RcBowjBTE_s/ The "AshkaNazi's" (Kharzarian's are PART of Satan's group) and are NOT even PART the ORIGINAL Hebrew Nation. Since ANYONE who aligns themselves with Satan/ Lucifer cannot be INCLUDED with God's creation BECAUSE of His rebellion…They MUST suffer the SAME fate as Lucifer did…and NO Longer considered Hu-Man (God's Men) According to sources Lucifer, upon SEEING this disaster he created HERE has been "UN-Created" some time ago. All that is Left of thie rebellion group is some "Stasis beings" who make up the "Chimera Group" who still try to hold on as long as they can, or will be ALLOWED to do. This is the group making up the SSP managed from Antartican and BELOW the earth's surface. THEY WON'T FOR LONG THOUGH! MOST of their BUMB's have been removed or destroyed. So, Although THESE types of people WERE once Hu-man Be-ings they are NOT by THEIR own choices and will be "UN-Created" just as Lucifer was…VERY SOON. My understanding of the "situation" is there are at least TWO DISTINCT created "editions" of man. 1. ManKIND…..created by The Prime Creator; The Creator of the Organic paradise that is…… The Planes Domains and Dominions of Earth. Science Has Found Evidence of God (Video) Surprisingly, all the evidence they've discovered points out to the existence of a Creator or a Supreme Intelligent Being who…PERFECTLY engineered… EVERYTHING…..that exists in the universe. Instead of disproving the existence of God, most scientists concluded that the more they discovered about the beginning of life, the more it proves Genesis 1:1 in the Bible, "In the beginning, God created the Heavens and the earth." Even scientists said that the…CODING behind DNA REVEALS SUCH INTELLIGENCE… that…IT STAGGERS THEIR IMAGINATION. http://beforeitsnews.com/prophecy/2017/10/science-has-found-evidence-of-god-video-2494906.html The…..SECOND version…of "man"…i$……HUe-man….a …$atanic "type" crea$HUN. Hue….meaning……in the LIKENESS of….aka…….a COPY… created with HEINOUS intent to DUPE…..ManKIND; the Title holder to the entirety of the creation, of the entirety of the Planes Domains and Dominions of Earth. Aka….. a "Trojan horse"…..with the appearance of ManKIND as a means of INSINUATING THEM$elves into the "community" of ManKIND…to…MANIPULATE…THIEVE…LIE…GENOCIDE..DUPE & DOMINATE ! As

-1.552781

-0.875906

-1.682421

-0.030831

[ -1.5582601367401039, -1.5473027333081137 ]

[ -0.3852739588304762, -1.366538421388202 ]

[ -1.9081464379956128, -1.4566955354772129 ]

[ 0.18638327886526757, -0.2480455559329641 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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909

5,120

CommonCrawl

19

18

STATED by …Rabbi Michael Laitman…the "joo$" from another "galaxy" were given the…."form"…..of…THOSE of US who are ManKIND. NO….the "joo$" were….NOT "GIVEN" …the "form" of ManKIND ! In TRUE "joo" style…..ManKINDs….DNA was…."acquired"/STOLEN…to construct…..COPIE$. ADDED to the STOLEN DNA of ManKIND was….the "dna"….of the DEGENERATE …mutt-ANT$…..WHO$E AGENDA…WA$ & I$……DOMINATION… "uber alles". HUe-man…I$ a ……FRACTURAL part of ManKIND…a…"knock-off"….a FRAUDULENT "copy"…an…..INFERIOR version…..LACKING the ESSENTIAL essence of ManKIND, due to the FACT that The Prime Creator ….LOCKED the BLUEPRINT. The DISPARITY that exists between ManKIND and….HUe-man "joo$"….. is the…..result of….a….FAILED ATTEMPT…. to COPY ManKIND. The….FAILURE…man-I-FE$T-ing…in….paedophilia…ambiguity of gender….. the LYING… & THIEVING of BANK$TER "joo$" ……the JE$T of a "caught" CYSTem …..lamentable "politician$"…..endle$$ engineering of WAR$…..POI$ON PHARMA …etc…etc.. A CAVEAT being, it may have been the intention, at the outset; on the part of the…..DNA THIEVES…to create the "joo$" as a ManKIND lookalike…. PORTRAYING…all the "attribute$…of a….HANNIBAL LECTER/Herod hybrid. Kenneth QUOTE…..If you have researched the REAL history of ALL Mankind, you …SHOULD HAVE LEARNED that…. the HU-Man (God-Man) BE-Ing is actually a fractural PART of God. Ye$ Kenneth the….HUe-man (God-Man) BE-ing…..I$ actually….a fractural PART of God…..by a TERTIARY "route" …as a…RE$ULT of THEFT ! ! INTEGRITY of The Prime Creator ManKIND……carries the "Prime Creator God of Creation"…….WITHIN. The Great I Am…..OF…..WHOM….I …AM. I, integrity of The Prime Creator…."carry"…..THE God of…*MY….CREATION*…. The….GREAT…I …AM…..within me…as ……I….AM…a….creation….of……The Prime Creator……The…..Great I Am. I…AM……an…..A U T H E N T I C ….FRACTURAL…PART…..of The Prime Creator. As are, other integrity of The Prime Creator……members of ManKIND. The…HUe-man "joo$"..are a CON-FAB-U-LEY-$HUN…of…..STOLEN/UNLAWFULLY "accquired" DNA….that render$ them….NOT……. of The Prime Creator…"integrity"… creations. 1. STOLEN DNA. 2. MIXED with a……FORBIDDEN/Not of The Prime Creator…. "entity" 3. SPAWNING……of an UNLAWFULLY…."created"….."entity"… the… "joo"/a$hkeNAZI khazar ! ! NO TITLES…..blessings….conferments……gifts…..TRAN$FER…to…..STOLEN ….UNLAWFULLY & HEINOUSLY

-2.133524

-2.104277

-2.537134

-0.729299

[ -2.0842155014756276, -2.1828321323635387 ]

[ -2.1042773968878064, -2.1042773968878064 ]

[ -2.6487288174078194, -2.4255396071740036 ]

[ -0.7091384359807879, -0.7494596751387075 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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909

6,144

CommonCrawl

19

18

Educational sponsoring Bible distribution Approaching the Turkana tribe Bishop Makarios of Nairobi I always remember with the best of thoughts and feelings the time, when I first walked on the holy land of Africa in 1977. My meeting with the people and the rich culture of the Turkana tribe was a revealing experience. This ethnic group consists of nomadic herders that live at Rift Valley Province in Kenya, in the region of Lake Turkana, a long and narrow lake on the border between Ethiopia and Sudan. They speak the Turkana language, which is a Nilotic language and similar to that of the Masaai. The people of this tribe, like the Samburu and Maasai, still hold on to their own traditions without wishing to change them at all. Ethnological info Background of this tribe The Turkana tribe has its origins in the Karamojong region of north-eastern Uganda. Oral tradition has it that they reached Kenya, when hunting an untamed bull. The land they occupied is hard and arid. As a result, in comparison with other tribes, they were less affected by the English colonialism, because the British saw little value in their land. Culture and way of life As is the case with all stockbreeding tribes in Kenya, livestock, mainly cattle, comprises the core of their culture. Its people live a nomadic life, always moving from one place to another. Traditional Turkana dress This tribe maintains a variety of colors regarding their emblems and clothing. The men dye their hair with a special colored soil, while the women are adorned with traditional jewelry and bead necklaces. The social status of a woman determines the quantity and style of the jewelry she wears. When setting eyes on a woman, a man can immediately discern her social status. Art and Handicraft Some of their most beautiful creations are the bangles and necklaces for women. The craftsmen of the tribe also make a large number of other handicrafts, such as spears, clubs and knives. They are characterized by their skillfulness in metal work, wood carving and stone carving. Unfortunately, the majority of the Turkana are committed to their traditional African religion. They believe in a "god of the heavens", whom they call "Akuj" or "Kuj".They pray to him either directly or through the spirits of their ancestors. They usually invoke their god in periods of crisis or during natural disasters, like extreme drought. In the 1970's, the first Orthodox missionary, who visited them, catechized and baptized them, was His Eminence the current Most Reverend Metropolitan Amphilochios Tsoukos of New Zealand. Life today Cattle still remains the main source of livelihood, especially in rural areas. Livestock provides food and can often be sold for money. Fishing in the lake is another important source of income for those who live nearby. Even though illiteracy rates are still high in the tribe, there are a small number of very well educated Turkana people who have joined other fields of the Kenyan economy. For women, marriage takes place in the first and main phase of their adulthood. Girls get married between 15 and 20 years old. They usually have a say in the choice of their husband. A wedding can last two days and is probably the most important event in the social life of the Turkana, with big ceremonies, dancing and merriment. An Orthodox Turkana narrates One quiet afternoon, I was walking to our church. Suddenly I saw a car moving towards the same direction. I realized it was the Metropolitan of Kenya and his entourage. His first question was to check out whether there was land available for the Orthodox Church to start its missionary work in that region. We showed him the land, and immediately his reaction was positive, saying that one day a beautiful Holy Church would be built there in the heart of that barren area of the Turkana, maybe a school and a medical center as well, in order to help the local people. And he added: I feel that God will open more doors here so that Orthodoxy can be established in this region. Now we had to find a place for our guests to eat and sleep. This was a traditional local lodging, plain, humble and yet so privileged, for there was at least a bed and clean water for one to rest. His Eminence seemed to be pleased because he had managed to reach the most remote part of our country

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1,024

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911

0

CommonCrawl

19

18

Kristin Moore grew up in the beautiful heat of Tucson, Arizona. Her love for fashion started when she was just in high school at Flowing Wells. She had needed an outfit for a Metallica concert she was going to with some of her close friends. She went to a boutique called Merry Go Round and that quickly sparked her interest for fashion. She soon found herself as an employee for the boutique. As this passion grew so did her career, now she is the proud owner of Divaz Boutique and Grand Central Clothing. Divaz Boutique and Grand Central Clothing are a go to shop for college students as well as a fun place to splurge for Mom. Kristin has opened up a business, where everyone feels welcomed. I had the honor to chat with her over a cup of tea and get to know how she got to be where she is now. What truly stuck out to me about her was her hard work and determination. Surprisingly upon our greeting she shared with me that she caught a bug from her travels (not the cute kind with four legs). Nonetheless, it did not stop her from meeting me for an interview, Kristin has a pride in her profession. Kristin grew up with her four siblings: Bobbie, Carrie, Jennifer and Lenny. Sadly, Bobby is no longer with them, he passed away on duty as our sheriff her in the Pima County. Kristin values her family and on occasion works beside her sister, Jennifer. I have to share with you guys that when we were having our tea, Jennifer (who was also under the weather) pops in with warm soup for Kristin. The admirable thing about Kristin and her shops is the amount of respect and friendship that is always exchanged. Kristin gives an honorable mention to the ambitious, Andrea Reiss, who has been working by her side for seventeen years and counting. A person who is "loved by all" Andrea is the managing director for all the store's locations and a partner at the Tempe Marketplace location. I've had the luxury of visiting her Tucson location, Grand Central Clothing and here is what you will find. A warm welcoming environment, positive-workers, dazzling articles of clothing (that will make you look and feel like a million bucks). Her experience for finding all the right items goes back to searching for her 1st concert outfit. Also traveling abroad, she helped out her dear friend by helping her edit clothing items for her line. Kristin Moore is the definition of loving what you do, doing what you love and most importantly, living your best life. Andrea grew up in Northern Phoenix, Arizona where she graduated high school from Paradise Valley. She was a member of the schools cheer team and pom line. Thanks to her background in gymnastics, Andrea has gained a good work ethic and strong self discipline. She was a competitive gymnast at Arizona Sunrays from the time she was young. Her favorite event? Her answer, the uneven bars because she loves swinging and being upside down. Andrea can still do back hand springs and back flips, which she once showed everyone at a work Christmas party. Kristin and Andrea have been working side by side for seventeen years. She started working for Divaz in the summer of 2001. Ever since then she has been helping Kristen shape what Divaz Boutique and Grand Central Clothing is to this day. Andrea shares that she has learned everything in all aspects of life, from coaching to management to merchandising. In 2007, she officially partnered with Kristin and became a managing partner with her. The success doesn't stop there, she also received her degree in 2005 for psychology. Her other passions reside in bringing awareness to mental health, which she is a very big advocate for. Andrea is a hard working girl who appreciates where she is in life. With parents that started with little and made something of themselves, Andrea has made a passionate life for herself. A hard worker who has a funny-fun side, I asked her to pick a spirit animal for herself and she goes with a platypus. This made me chuckle, Andrea is more than a Platypus though. She is a loyal hardworking employee who can bring fun into anything. Nicole Silvaer grew up here in good ole Tucson. She spent her childhood cheering for the, now, Tanque Verde Cowboys as well as the Sabino Sabercats. She has a younger brother, Dustin, who will

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1,024

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Home Columns The challenge of navigating Palestinian politics The challenge of navigating Palestinian politics Ray Hanania The existence and growth of the Hamas movement is directly linked to the brutality of Israel's policies against the Palestinians. That was demonstrated in recent municipal election contests between the two largest rival Palestinian factions, Fatah founded by Yasser Arafat and Hamas founded by Sheik Ahmed Yassin. Although Yassin was murdered by Israeli assassins, the growth of his movement ends the Israeli myth that the personality-driven policies of the occupied Palestinians can be controlled by killing the leader. Fatah and Hamas are strikingly different. Fatah is a secular ideological movement capable of making political compromises with Israel. Hamas is a religious political movement driven by faith and incapable of compromise. For Palestinian voters, the choice is simple, continue to believe Fatah and its leader Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas can deliver an independent state through compromise, or that Israel can be eventually defeated by the promise of more Hamas militancy. A third movement marginalized by the Hamas-Fatah rivalry also exists, but it influence is among Diaspora Palestinians and led by the disciples of the more violent and uncompromising secular movement, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, founded by George Habash's and commonly called the "Jabha." Jabha activists in the United States and Europe have been forced into a marriage of convenience with Hamas movement. They dominate most of the NGOs based outside of occupied Palestine including the powerful international al-Awda movement, which defines the rights of Palestinian refugees but fails to offer a strategy to implement those rights. And the Jabha rejects compromise with Israel. Like many Palestinians, the Jabha activists see that one day Hamas will dominate all Palestinian politics. Hamas got its start by accident when Likud leaders in the 1970s sought to "create" a rival to Arafat by shoring up the disorganized religious factions under Sheik Yassin in the Gaza Strip. Yassin accepted Israeli help in raising funds and in building hospitals, schools and social centers that later became a political base. During the first Intifada, Yassin used that strength to launch Hamas, something the Israeli plotters never envisioned. Ironically, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon who played a direct role in shoring up Yassin's strength, ordered his murder last year. Although it is denounced as a terrorist organization, it's main attraction is the very network of social, health and public services, an area where other groups like Fatah have failed. In fact, during the recent municipal elections, Hamas candidates countered their open rejection of compromise with Israel by promising more increased social and health services. Support for that message grows. Fatah won 56 percent of the overall vote compared to 33 percent for Hamas. Early returns show Fatah won in 45 of 84 communities while Hamas won 23 including in the three biggest towns up for grabs. When you examine past election returns, Fatah dominates areas where the occupation and the deterioration of public services are less severe. Hamas dominates areas of heightened conflict and oppression. Qalqaliya, where Israel has imposed the harshest of conditions on its residents, has become a Hamas stronghold. The Apartheid Wall encircles divides the city into zones, separating farmers from their land. The Apartheid Wall doesn't protect Israelis from Palestinian attacks, but allows Israel to confiscate more land and define new political borders. The Apartheid Wall is built inside occupied Palestinian territory, not on the 1967 "Green Line." The path of the Apartheid Wall places important land assets such as farms and water wells on Israel's side while imprisoning the bulk of Palestinian population on the other. This has created an enormous hardship on the residents worse than most other occupied cities, feeding a growing political discontent and undermining confidence in Abbas. Hamas has found footholds outside of the Gaza Strip in West Bank towns like Qalqaliya where it staged a massive post-election victory rally. Hamas reinforced power in Gaza towns and refugee camps like Rafah and al-B

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Viticulture/Vinification: The vineyards here are situated at 600-1200m, with 10 year old vines yielding 4,500 litres per hectare. The grapes are destemmed and soft-crushed, using only the run-off must. The wine does not receive oak treatment. This is in green glass, which just doesn't look as appealing as clear. Cherry aroma. Bitter taste. Viticulture/Vinification: Following harvest the grapes were destemmed and crushed. They then spent two weeks fermenting on the skins at 14-15°C in stainless steel fermentation tanks. Smells of cardboard. Dry and with a hint of bitterness but, chilled right down, it could be good in the summer. Viticulture/Vinification: This wine is made from a blend of predominantly Barbera grapes with a small percentage of Pinot Noir. A short pre-fermentation maceration on skins at a low temperature was followed by gentle pressing. Fermentation took place in stainless steel at low temperatures with cultured yeasts. Light on the nose. A slightly bitter taste but the fruit flavour lasts and lasts. Viticulture/Vinification: The 10-20 year old vines here are trellised, grow on shallow clay-calcareous soils, and have an average yield of 8.000kg/hectare. The grapes are machine harvested, and then undergo an eight hour long cold maceration. After the must has been bled, the fermentation takes place in stainless steel vats at a controlled temperature of 16°C. A bit stinky – matchboxes. Fizzy and not very nice. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine are from vineyards surrounding Beziers and were directly pressed before being cold fermented. The winemaking is largely undertaken at Maison Virginie. Lightly fruity nose. Bitter cherry aftertaste. Viticulture/Vinification: These vines are planted on gravely slopes, trained in the Cordon de Royat trellis system, and pruned using the Gobelet method. Direct pressing was followed by 24 hours of controlled temperature vatting between 20-25°C in cement tanks. Very pale colour. Intense palate. Good length. Bone dry. Viticulture/Vinification: After harvesting, the grapes were immediately placed in a vibrating hopper that gently moves the fruit to the crusher and eliminates any green materials. Once the fruit was crushed, it was gently transferred through a cooling system that was kept at 12°C or lower, and into a Bucher Vasselin 40 tonne press. The juice was then macerated on the skins for between 6-18 hours, and run off into fermentation tanks. After cold stabilisation and settling, the juice was run off into another tank, where fermentation at cool temperatures of around 16°C commenced. The wine was cold stabilised and then left on lees prior to bottling. Light on the nose. A bit chewey. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were sourced from 5-20 year old vines and most of the grapes were whole bunch pressed. The juices were cold fermented between 12-18°C in stainless steel tanks with selected yeasts. The wine received no oak treatment. A little floral. Juicy with lots of lively fruit. Just a bit expensive. Viticulture/Vinification: The Pinot Nero grapes used to produce this wine were grown at 550 metres above sea level on the volcanic soils of the foothills of the Italian Dolomites. The vineyards here comprise 5000 vines per hectare, and are on average between 15 and 20 years old. The vines are trained on the Guyot system using simple Trentino split pergola. Very pale colour. Gentle nose. Very pinot lite, but quite pleasant. Lunchtime wine. Juicy acidity. Not bad.

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920

0

C4

1

6

Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine grow on 15 year old vines, and are hand-picked late in mid-September. The grapes were destemmed, but not crushed. Selected yeasts were added, and fermentation took place at 20-22°C. Remontage was practised until 7% alcohol was achieved, and as soon as the fermentation was completed the wine was separated from the skins. Spontaneous malolactic fermentation took place immediately after the primary fermentation was completed. The wine was then kept on fine lees and stirred periodically, receiving no oak ageing. Very pale red. Fragrant and appealing. Perfumed palate. Rather good. Lightweight. Suggest chilling it for a summer lunch. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine grow in vineyards planted on limestone and chalk soils. They were hand-picked and macerated for 16-18 hours. Only the first must from the pressing, approximately 45%, is fermented under temperature controlled conditions. The wine does not undergo malolactic fermentation or receive oak treatment. Very purply red. Smells like pink shrimps. Tastes of bitter cherries – very bitter – and makes you pull a face. Fairly dry. Viticulture/Vinification: The vineyards here have an average age of 15 years and a yield of 9.5 tonnes per hectare. Fermentation occurs at a controlled temperature of 25°C. Nice savoury nose. Nice juicy taste. Easy and pleasant. Good price. Viticulture/Vinification: Following harvest the grapes for this wine were immediately destemmed and crushed, before a five to seven day long maceration on the skins took place. Malolactic fermentation was completed before winter and the wine was stabilised in stainless steel tanks before resting for a few months in bottle. Purply red. Really gorgeous aroma. Violets, perhaps? Young, with powdery tannins. Really juicy and fresh. I'd serve this one chilled. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked and destemmed, before maceration and fermentation occurred at a controlled temperature of 25°C for 18 days. This was followed by malolactic fermentation in stainless steel tanks. I would never pick this off the shelves because the label is bright turquoise. The same colour as Sandra's phone. Dark wine. Smells dark and plummy and rich. Tastes the same. A big wine, but with balanced acidity. Savoury, dry finish. Like it. Viticulture/Vinification: The vineyards here are located in the hills of the Marche region, 15km from the sea at an altitude of 150-200m above sea level. The vines benefit from very deep clay loam soil and produce yields of 9/10 tons per hectare. Harvest normally takes place at the end of September. The grapes were destemmed and lightly pressed before undergoing maceration at 24°C for a maximum of 10 days in stainless steel vats. Malolactic fermentation followed, and the wine was then aged in stainless steel tanks for about four months. A short period in bottle completed the ageing process. Nice spicy nose. Rich, with chalky tannin and plenty of darkfruit. Alcohol seems warmer than 12.5%. Quite good. Viticulture/Vinification: The Renato Ratti Winery vineyards are situated near the 15th century Abbey of Annunziata in La Morra and were historically denominated "Marcenasco". They are planted in Tortonian (bluish marl) soils and trained in classic Guyot style at an altitude of 780m with a south-easterly and south-westerly exposure. There are approx. 5,000 vines per hectare with an average yield of 45hl/ha. Harvesting took place between 28 September and 13 October 2009. The grap

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920

1,024

C4

1

6

es were destemmed and crushed, followed by a thermo-controlled fermentation at 30ºC. Maceration lasted approximately seven days, and malolactic fermentation took place in stainless steel in October. Part of the wine was aged in 25hl Slovenian oak casks, and part in old barrels. Bottling took place in the summer of 2012. Typical brick red colour. Beautifully aromatic, with woody, earthy loveliness. Caramelised and stunning. A really, really excellent wine. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were fermented separately for 10 days between 25⁰C and 28⁰C using traditional winemaking methods but modern winemaking technology. Malolactic fermentation took place in stainless steel tanks and this wine did not receive oak treatment. Rich and oaky aroma. Ripe and juicy and moreish. Good price. Easy drinking. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked gradually, before being crushed and destemmed. Fermentation occurred at a controlled temperature of 26 to 29ºC and lasted for 15 days. The wine was aged in American oak barrels for 12 months prior to bottling. Very little sign of the American oak barrels on the nose but plenty in the mouth. Quite good. Winemaker: Claudio Goncalves, Bodegas y Vinedos de Aguirre S.A. Viticulture/Vinification: The vineyards here boast soils derived from volcanic ash, as well as excellent exposure to sunlight due to the flat terrain. The region has a Mediterranean climate and the yields are small. The Carmenère grapes were hand-harvested in the middle of April. The must was fermented for a seven day period in stainless steel tanks with selected yeasts at 26-28°C. The wine was stabilised and filtered prior to bottling. A very lovely smell of green peppers, perhaps fried with a little coriander. The green pepper carries onto the palate. The alcohol's quite warm. Viticulture/Vinification: The Trapiche vineyards are situated at an altitude of 1,150m above sea level in the Uco Valley, Mendoza, and planted on clay soils with heavy set boulders. The grapes were manually selected and hand-harvested. 70% were destemmed and 30% were put in the vat with stems. Maceration lasted seven days and took place at 8ºC in oak vats. Fermentation was encouraged by native yeasts and up to 30g/l of residual sugar, and completed in French oak barrels, where malolactic fermentation also occurred. The wine was aged on lees for nine months in barrel. Earthy, oaky and appealing nose. Smooth and lovely mouth feel. Nice wine. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked on the last day of March and in to the first week of April. Once destemmed, they underwent a six day long cold maceration before fermentation in open stainless steel tanks commenced. After drying the wine was racked in French oak barrels and aged for 10 months. A lot more oak than the Altos Condor. Much bigger altogether. A little reductive on the nose, so decant it early. Bright, juicy and massive. Alc is quite warm. Viticulture/Vinification: Grapes are harvested followed by five to seven days skin contact with two hour pump-overs every eight hours, increased to every six hours during the peak of ferment. Following this malolactic fermentation, the wine was clarified, stabilized, stored in oak, blended and fined. The nose leads with alcohol. It's sweet, hot and simple. Not great. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes were de-stemmed and then minimally crushed, leaving some whole berries. A two day cold-soak took place before fermentation. The wine was aged for 12 months in large

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920

2,048

C4

1

6

French oak barrels. Nice slim label. Fresh and aromatic. Lovely. Juicy and delicious. I like this very much. Viticulture/Vinification: The 2010 vintage in McLaren Vale had minimal rainfall in the ripening season. The soil here is limestone under red, sandy loams, and the vines are on average six years old. 100% Sangiovese from clones MS1 and MS2 was used to produce this wine. The grapes were hand-picked and destemmed, with no cold soak, and macerated for two weeks post fermentation. The wine underwent a 12 month ageing period in four year old barriques. Viticulture/Vinification: For this wine whole bunches of Malbec were hand-harvested, before being gently crushed and naturally fermented in open fermenters for eight days, with hand plunging twice a day. This was followed by basket pressing into new and older French and American Oak Hogsheads to finish fermentation. After 8-10 months maturation and a racking in the same oak, the wine was blended and bottled. Not a huge amount on the nose, but maybe because it's after an absolute stonker. Tastes good, though. Juicy and fresh. Viticulture/Vinification: Fermentation took place at 25°C for seven days followed by five more days of skin contact. The wine was then matured in predominantly French oak barriques, of which 30% were new. 40% of the blend underwent malolactic fermentation in barrel. Beautiful aroma – oak, vanilla and spices. Massive taste, but with juicy acidity. Really very lovely indeed. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes used to produce this wine were hand-picked, destemmed and transferred to open fermenters, a small percentage remaining as whole bunches. The wine underwent three days of cold soaking and a further 14 days of skin contact before being transferred to French oak barrels. The wine remained in barrel for eight months, where malolactic fermentation was completed. Bottling took place in December 2011. Beautiful pinot nose. Really comes out and grabs you. Delicious smooth, juicy taste. Very good indeed. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked from three Southern Valley vineyard sites in Wither Hills. The whole cluster bunches were chilled overnight, destemmed, and then transferred to a fermentation tank without pumping, before being hand-plunged in small-batch fermentation vessels. Basket pressing followed, after which the wine was matured for one year in French oak barriques (30% new oak) with only one racking. Very pale colour with a hint of brick. It's delicious, but the Red Claw from Mornington Peninsular is way better. Viticulture/Vinification: This wine originates from vineyards with average yields of 18-20 tonnes per hectare. Fruity nose. Juicy and easy. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-harvested, partially crushed and destemmed. The primary fermentation occurred in Rototanks, and was followed by gentle pressing before drying. Malolactic fermentation was encouraged prior to 12 months ageing in a combination of French and American oak. Quite farmyard and stinky. Sweet and fruity and bordering on fizzy. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-harvested, destemmed, crushed, and chilled to 18-20°C. A controlled fermentation at 20-25°C took place in vertical fermenters, and selected yeasts were added for optimal skin contact. After fermentation the wine was drained into stainless steel tanks and underwent malolactic fermentation. Sweet, floral nose. Thin and simple. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were sourced from both terraced and plateaux vineyards

0.950985

0.198471

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[ -0.3351914599194357, -0.4555048348261316 ]

1,024

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920

3,072

C4

1

6

located between the middle and northern end of the St. Joseph AC. The wine underwent carbonic maceration, but did not receive oak treatment. A bit stinky but the gamay aroma does fight its way through. Juicy and light. Pleasant and good value for money. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine are hand-picked, and placed in boxes to avoid crushing. The wine undergoes semi-carbonic maceration for 16 days and is matured in vats on fine lees. Not much on the nose. Mineral, perhaps. Dry and very French (not surprisingly). I'd want it with food. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked and sorted manually on arrival at the winery, after which a three day long cold maceration in stainless steel tanks commenced. Fermentation took place over 18 days, and the cap was punched twice daily during this time. The wine was put in barrels (80% in 1, 2 or 3 year old oak, 10% in oak tank and 10% in stainless steel) for the malolactic fermentation and ageing. This wine was blended in October 2011, and bottled in February 2012. Aromatic with pinot and oak. Light but really tasty. Not yet started to develop but feels as if 12/18 months might make it rather lovely. Viticulture/Vinification: These vines are planted on gravely slopes, trained in the Cordon de Royat trellis system, and pruned in the Gobelet method. The wine underwent two weeks of temperature controlled vatting between 25-30°C in cement tanks. Quite a cardboard nose. Sweet and simple. Viticulture/Vinification: This wine is from the Saint Beauzille area, and is assembled from wines from the Tarn area. The wine undergoes traditional maceration. Cherry aroma. Sweet cherry flavour. Nope. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were hand-picked from vines aged between 25 and 100 years. Chilled maceration was followed by a long, slow fermentation lasting up to six weeks. The wine was not fined and received no oak treatment. Dark fruits and alcohol on the nose. It's a lot better on the palate but the alcohol is stupidly high. Viticulture/Vinification: The vinification process for this wine did not use SO2, or any other additive. The grapes were destemmed, and then left to macerate for around 10 days. During this time the only extraction work involved pumping over daily. The grapes were then pressed, with the presses kept separate, and the wines were then racked in order to remove the coarser lees before malolactic fermentation began. After fermentation the wines were racked again, and then cooled. Deep purple. Not a cabernet nose. Dark and quite pleasant. Not recognisable, but OK. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine are hand-picked very ripe, and the whole bunches are then placed in a vat for carbonic maceration, which lasted for 10-18 days for the Carignan and Syrah, and 15 - 20 days for the Grenache and Mourvèdre. The wine was blended in January, and in February placed in French oak barrels, 30-40% of which were new, for 10-12 months ageing, according to the vintage. The wine was racked every three months but not filtered. After bottling, the wine was allowed several months additional bottle-ageing before release. Lovely farmyardy, manure-y smell – a smell I love. Delicious wine. Really exactly my sort of thing. Savoury, oaky and with smooth tannin and some development. Mmm. Viticulture/Vinification: The grapes for this wine were crushed, and then underwent maceration for 15 – 21 days between

0.440096

0.128189

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[ -0.41713462336940155, -0.016523602058457397 ]

1,024

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End goaltender in marc ( andre fleury A no-brainer here, running away with the rookie scoring title at 85 points – tied for 13th overall – and becoming the first freshman to record 60-plus assists since Sidney Crosby in 2006.Reynolds returned for the 1984 sequel, Cannonball Run II, but passed on the franchise's third installment, 1989's Speed Zone.Buffalo is also adding one of the top centers available: Mitch Morse.I'm going to make it clear: Don't ask me about it. The couple divorced in 1974 and their settlement totaled a then-record $874 million dollars – equivalent to more than $2 billion today.The Vikings have to be financially choosy with the needs they address in free agency.But the Hawks aren't far off; signs of progress were evident this season.After finishing second in the Atlantic Division, they went on a run in the playoffs, eventually losing to the champion Pittsburgh Penguins in seven games in the Eastern Conference finals.In many countries, poor diet now causes more deaths than tobacco smoking and high blood pressure, said Ashkan Afshin, an assistant professor at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington. Olympians Kendall Coyne Schofield and Brianna Decker participate in the 2019 NHL All-Star Skills competition?They also improved Gonzaga from +700 to +500 and Kentucky and Virginia from +800 to +700.Smith was the MVP of the Pac-12 Tournament, and Carleton was the Big 12 player of the year.on Sunday, and the visiting team will be the same Miami Dolphins who slapped them around South Florida on that October afternoon when their four-game losing streak began. I've seen him really relaxed and he's just doing what he loves — playing hockey on the highest level, longtime linemate said.It was so much fun.Any commercial use or distribution without the express written consent of AP is strictly prohibited. Gionta lost the faceoff to Czech center Jan Kovar, who played the puck to himself and quickly fed Kolar at the point.Premier League.I like to pick a play and teach concepts of the game, like going low-to-high, and how it creates confusion and then use examples of how mistakes happen.When the Moon is directly overhead , the moonlight has to pass through less of the atmosphere and thus appears as usual. I'll take a look at both teams, starting with Tyrone in today's column.Explore at your own risk!The visitors' frustrations were summed up in added time when Messi was brought down by Ferland Mendy just outside the area, only to smack his free-kick into the wall before his effort from the rebound was also blocked, leaving the second leg of this tie, on March 13, very much in the balance.But according to The Athletic, there's still one team that remains more interested in the 30-year-old than other free agent Dallas Keuchel.Justin Fields and the receivers The Georgia transfer is the favorite to replace record-setting quarterback Dwayne Haskins, who finished third in the Heisman Trophy voting after setting Big Ten single-season records in passing yards and touchdowns . Posted in Detroit Red WingsLeave a Comment on End goaltender in marc ( andre fleury 1 overall draft pick jadeveon clowney 11 04 2019 by RotoWire Staff | RotoWire Flames' Sean Monahan: Likely out Saturday.But that hasn't been the case so far in this tournament.For now, Fox is trying to regain strength and balance, through marching and skipping exercises that will re-train his foot's movements.A follow-up MRI on Luke Weaver's elbow showed improvement, Steve Gilbert of reports.Weaver has been sidelined since the end of May with a mild https://www.officialramsfootballshops.com/YOUTH+JARED+GOFF+JERSEY flexor pronator strain and a minor UCL sprain. Punted five times for an average of 44 yards per punt vs.This film enters the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.The last time Cincinnati was at

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baseball's epicenter was 2015, when the Reds hosted the All-Star Game. So recruit a group of friends or coworkers and lead your team to victory!He was doing what he calls was his parents' dream."We're not there yet," Silas said.Poor coaching and disconcerting development have mired the 22-year-old D-man and have unfairly and prematurely cast the young Finn into the draft bust category, at least in the eyes of some peers and press alike. Or maybe more.With the calendar turning to May, it's time to start compiling huge lists of prospects that could hear their name called Game Jared Goff Jersey on the floor of American Airlines Center in Dallas.The sixth win in seven games is the best start in UNC Greensboro program history, and gives Louisiana Tech two losses in its last three games after starting the season 3. Regular closer Wily Peralta pitched the eighth and ninth innings, giving Limited Youth Ted Ginn Jr Jersey Barlow the opportunity for the first save of his career when the took the lead in the top of the 10th.Dehydration can also cause dark urine, as registered dietitian Fiorella DiCarlo RD, CDN, explained that urine can be a good indicator of whether you are hydrated or not.Luckily, the Magic got some help across the scoreboard from opponents of teams in the playoff race.CAR – None. Pederson has had good fortune promoting from within http://www.saintsshopfootballonline.com/Authentic-Ted-Ginn-Jr-Jersey as well as adding from the outside, so the Eagles head into 2019 with some admirable continuity on the coaching staff, some intriguing additions made, and some young, rising coaches getting their chances to lead rooms. Posted in Jared Goff JerseyTagged Game Jared Goff Jersey, Limited Youth Ted Ginn Jr JerseyLeave a Comment on 1 overall draft pick jadeveon clowney 11 Last eight games so he'll start steps step second Caught 59 passes for 487 yards and five touchdowns.Available for Rs 850 in the market, you can get it here for just Rs 444.A good playmaker out there every game.Up until Jan. The problem was that he was interested only in testing the boundaries of the latter.See how they answered in the video above. It also can potentially be tolerated by folks diagnosed with lactose intolerance. Reay, the wily bench boss whom fans wanted to escort out of the building in October, was carried off the ice by his players. He had a passed ball on the next pitch.The week before we did.1 cake: 420 calories, 29 g fat , 330 mg sodium, 34 g carbs , 6 g protein We're hoping you're not picking up this cheesecake on the reg because the 18 grams of saturated fat, one gram of trans fat, and a full day's worth of added sugar is simply unjustifiable.Ivan Rabb 17.Ramon Foster missed last week but he has a chance this week, and like some of these other cases, his practice participation will be our guide. just to be able to share stage, sing and dance with #waheeda ji is inexplicable #Asha jis wit and humility was overwhelming.Must watch #superdancerchapter3 this Saturday and Sunday instafam .Before the show, Jay-Z's manager invited Durant backstage to meet HOV himself.If you're looking for a candidate to take a significant leap from Year 1 to Year 2, it could be Josh Sweat, a fourth-round draft pick who played in just 68 defensive snaps before going to IR in December with an ankle injury. Skaggs gave up a solo homer to Lourdes Gurriel during the fourth inning but otherwise dominated in Toronto.The offseason had started.is not in Saturday's lineup against the Blue Jays.He'll take the active roster spot of infielder Ildemaro Vargas, who was optioned back to Triple-A. Tank Hemphill added 10 rebounds Elite Womens Julien Davenport Jersey and five assists

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.The fake punt was the Redskins' first successful fake kick Authentic Marvin Jones Jr Jersey of any kind since Week 10 of the 2009 season vs.If they can get some additional points on the board, we'll have a clearer picture of their contender status once February hits.Rodgers' Year 1 cash flow consisted of $66 million, stemming from his $57 million signing bonus, his $7 million roster bonus, a $1 million base salary and a $500 workout bonus. Three days later, an unamused NHL's director of justice, Colin Campbell, rendered his verdict.If you would like http://www.houstontexanslockerroom.com/julien-davenport-jersey-wholesale to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Day Search' option.The Columbus Blue Jackets .We'll see about http://www.officialauthenticslionshop.com/lions+marvin+jones+jr+jersey that.I don't take them too seriously because this is someone's opinion. He especially loves Christmas time.We head out to the practice fields to see two scrimmages between the 49ers and Broncos taking place.It would be great for us to continue our journey together.It could've been better, but it probably wasn't as catastrophic as his statistics , said Tomlin. Posted in Marvin Jones Jr JerseyTagged Authentic Marvin Jones Jr Jersey, Elite Womens Julien Davenport JerseyLeave a Comment on Last eight games so he'll start steps step second Assistant coach on tom Thibodeau's staff Brown added: I'm confident the team is working hard together, well together, and we've made changes to understand and identify where we made mistakes and looking not to repeat those going in to next year.A: A lot of times it's post-snap but it's always continually looking for tips, where you can see things pre-snap.The Raptors could very well lose to the Sixers or Bucks , but at least it won't be because http://www.officialbluejacketshop.com/authentic-72-sergei-bobrovsky-jersey.html of LeBron.Then James can even be better. He's an athletic floor runner who relies on his energy.However, the fact he still is Authentic Mens Mitch Morse Jersey restricted is indicative the utility man is likely still some time away from activation.Tesla already offers cash rewards to researchers who succeed in hacking its systems. Let's jump right in.On top of all that I don't think Monaghan really wanted Tyrone to win against Donegal.Lopez was great, but not a necessity on a rebuilding team.Austin slipped past NAIA's Southwest Assemblies of God 68 on Thursday night.But after the team elected not to re-sign him, he's struggled to find a new home on the open market. The emergence of the 3M Line as among the most proficient both-sides-of-the-puck trios in hockey.The data is so new, there are so few data points right now it's going to take a while to work its way through.Upgrade Your Game Using the Penguins App Pittsburgh Penguins fans in attendance can get the VIP treatment with Upgrade Your Game!This recipe by takes all of your favorite fall flavors to create one mouthwatering bowl of deliciousness.The ex-Labour Minister bought a West London house for £730 and sold it in 2014 for £1million, paying no capital gains tax on a profit of £870.A whack from Oiler enforcer Marty McSorley on goaltender Mike Vernon got the party started. Copyright 2019 http://www.billsofficialonlineshop.com/YOUTH+MITCH+MORSE+JERSEY by AP.If you would like to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Day Search' option.Jose Mourinho, along with Pep Guardi

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ola, is one of the greatest managers of the last 20 years.When you fight the best against the best, it will be a real game changer. She played a prominent role in shaping the design, décor, sponsor integration and overall presentation of AT&T Stadium, the renowned state-of-the-art venue that opened in Arlington, Texas in 2009.It's a continuous process.The Redhawks play Chattanooga and Jacksonville faces South Alabama in Saturday's games.Last week it was announced that she and Barrowman would stand-in for presenters Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby on ITV's This Morning over Easter weekend.She went on to make a £20 loss selling her second home in her constituency. We want to make sure I come back when I'm supposed to, not a game or two too early." The 40-year-old Malone missed 10 games before this season _ six due to injuries or illness and four because of suspensions _ and never sat out more than two games in any one season.Notre Dame falls to 8 in 2010 and 2011.Duke's freshman sensation has set the online ticket resale market on fire, with fans paying big money, and driving hundreds of miles, to watch the 6, 285-pound Williamson in the flesh.U16 Euro Championship B. This 152-page cookbook provides over 70 cherished recipes with beautiful photos and stories by the ladies of the Penguins.at LAC: Recorded one carry for six yards.Discovered in the personal effects of a former Coca-Cola employee, it appears to be the only surviving intact prototype, making it highly desirable among collectors.U16 Euro Championship B.Before speaking to the media on Wednesday, Burke was defeated by freshman Caris LeVert in a one-on-one drill. Jongkind also consulted with innovators like Romeo Jozak, whose three-year spell as the Croatian FA's technical director played a major role in the nation's World Cup final appearance last year.Any commercial use or distribution without Elite Sergei Bobrovsky Jersey the express written consent of AP is strictly prohibited. Posted in Sergei Bobrovsky JerseyTagged Authentic Mens Mitch Morse Jersey, Elite Sergei Bobrovsky JerseyLeave a Comment on Assistant coach on tom Thibodeau's staff National park (is fed healthy meltwater from glaciers "It's a tough lineup to go through," Mattingly said.ON THE BUMP – Sale was looking for redemption Tuesday after a miserable Opening Day start, and he got it.The Racers shot 63 percent in the half and had 14 assists on 19 field goals.Sophomore guard Jayvon Graves' block and fast-break dunk, which gave Buffalo a four-point advantage, provided a spark in the final six minutes. The exact opposite, actually.Like it or not, his Blackhawk season's will be used as a barometer during his time in Columbus.The lat strain is separate Limited Womens Lawrence Taylor Jersey and different from the shoulder injury.- Lindsey Adler April 9 This means that the earliest Severino could return to the bump in the http://www.authenticnikegiantshop.com/Lawrence-Taylor-Jersey majors is mid-June.A fire in 2012 broke out in one of the oldest galleries of the Biblioteca Palatina. These nuts are an excellent source of vitamin E, magnesium, and manganese, and a good source of fiber, copper, phosphorus, and riboflavin.Radhika Sarathkumar, Keyshawn Johnson Womens Jersey Vignesh Shivn, Chinmayi, Vishal and many others had publicly condemned Radha Ravi's statements.So far in the tournament, he's taken charge of three Pool A games; the semi-finals took place on Friday – Australia beat England 2, and India lost 3 to New Zealand – and then come the all-important medal matches.Much of the rest of http://www.newyorkjetslockerroom.com/keyshawn-johnson-jersey-wholesale the game belonged to the visitors, but Perez sealed his hat-trick cour

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tesy of a touch of fortune late on, diverting Matt Ritchie's header beyond Angus Gunn to secure the match ball four minutes from time. to lift steel and aluminum tariffs imposed on them as all three countries work to have their legislatures ratify Trump's replacement for Nafta.Goalie Spencer Knight listed at 15 is a surprise sleeper pick if the Red Wings go off the board with their first-round selection.Take a concessionaire boat to visit, via Glacier Bay Lodge and Tours.While the Cabinet formally endorsed May's idea for a U.K.-EU Free Trade Area, it questioned the Government's proposed future relationship with the EU.And from what I hear there is a sense within that dressing room that they want to make a statement on All-Ireland final day and absolutely put down an emphatic marker. But now that their closer Corey Knebel elected to undergo Tommy John surgery, Milwaukee's need for someone to close out games just got a lot more urgent.�?When he was younger, family members, friends and teammates called him Tut-Tut, a nickname he earned from his aunt as a small child because she said he walked like a turtle.He'd been watching Jaguars dominate the British saloon car series and thought he could put the big Chevy above them on the podiums, so after rebuilding the motor to his liking Mr. Posted in Keyshawn Johnson JerseyTagged Keyshawn Johnson Womens Jersey, Limited Womens Lawrence Taylor JerseyLeave a Comment on National park (is fed healthy meltwater from glaciers Hopeful last week and lakers start of offered Rachel Anderson and Tony Wolak are the muckers who makeup THW's forechecking unit and sound off on Red Wings topics.The Edmonton Oilers believe he has boat loads of it.There is a chance we could see a ton of goals over the two legs, and whoever wins this one will solidify themselves as a legit contender.He said because Switzer's not a true running back he doesn't think he'd get some of the same matchups against linebackers. If you don't follow them, you can use any of the below links to subscribe to or download our podcast each week: OMAHA, Neb.GM Tim Murray, who was crafting a roster around star center Jack Eichel after tanking during his draft year, was turfed.U16 Euro Championship B.A closer look reveals that Verrett just might be seizing this chance to make an impression.Zach Bogosian was supposed to rebound from last season's 11 points under head coach Phil Housley but hasn't played a game due to an injury suffered in the preseason. In addition to the presentation and mock child's bedroom tour, there will be experts on hand to speak one-on-one with parents to address their individual concerns as well as examples of the latest street drugs, vaping materials and resource materials for addiction and recovery.We all felt very good about the decision we made today.And then you have the players that Boston fans are most excited about.at Detroit : Appeared in all 69 offensive plays…protected RB Todd Gurley II to rush for two touchdowns… We will look at what she did for Buffalo during her first year with the team, as well as what she will bring for this upcoming season. I'd be totally fine with that. This artist's illustration depicts a coronal mass ejection, or CME, which involves a large-scale expulsion of material, and has frequently been observed on our Sun.The Otters fell just short this season but are looking strong next season.Rose: My Confidence Is Through The Roof, I Just Need To Play Nov 29 2 PM Derrick Rose had 21 points and four rebounds in the Chicago Bulls' 109 win over the Boston Celtics on Friday. And that's a huge mistake, obviously, because I guarantee that every single person who tries You vs Wild will do it for one reason and one reason only; to murder Bear Grylls in as grisly a manner as possible.Given the strong pitching and number of close losses this year, even a small number of extra hits like that should be enough to swing a few games.I love the confidence this team is playing with, Paul Pogba looks like a new man and Marcus Rashford is delivering.And he has developed

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a knack for picking Texas Tech basketball, made evident by his 3 run picking for or against the Red Raiders.Ron Ellis, a teammate for parts of 12 seasons, marveled at the ways Keon could help his team win.Blake Swihart will catch Pomeranz, with Eduardo Nunez slotting back into the lineup and playing second base after getting Monday off. �?Casey totaled nine sacks and 22 tackles for loss during his three seasons at Southern California.We're really excited to get him back, so we'd like him to play, we're hoping we can get him in there in a number of situations.There's evidence to the notion that ownership wanted an expedited process.It's kind of like college recruiting, Rondo said on Friday. Blount added 13 points and nine rebounds. Posted in Detroit Red WingsLeave a Comment on Hopeful last week and lakers start of offered McKenzie skinner will return to the WHL's lethbridge hurricanes The car flags flying.Would Notre Dame be eliminated with one loss because of the lack of a conference championship game?But I did a lot of things like that. Rondo Wants To Stay With Celtics, Realistic About Short-Term Prognosis Sep 29 8 PM Rajon Rondo will begin the 14 season coming back from a left hand injury, but it will be an important year with free agency looming in July.Appearing on today, Rhodri said he has 'moved on' and also spoke about appearing in a recent betting ad that poked fun at his brother's 'loyalty'.Instead, Nichols recommends stepping on the scale once a week-or even every two weeks-to better track your progress.Saturday 7th March.That might still be the case, but his and Fleury's performances mean the world to this organization now and should resonate far into the future. To search for players who were born on a certain date, for example all players born on December 25, choose the month, day and year with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Full Date Search' option.Tennessee beats the John Cooper-led Buckeyes 31 in the BCS championship game.The more you play the more it pays. Ben Vander Plas had 12 points.Go with a type of cross-training that mimics running, such as cross-country skiing or pool running.'It happens.Rader Memorial Award.The Highmark Gate is located along Centre Avenue near the Mario Lemieux statue. Overall, the 27-year-old has a 4 ERA and 1 WHIP with 78 strikeouts in 79 innings heading into his next scheduled start against the Rangers in hitter-friendly Arlington.We think so.He has the full support of our team and organization.- AUDI AG April 2 BMW will be taking the covers off its new X3M and X4M Coupe SUVs in Shanghai next week.Hyman's ability to get the puck to his linemates �?who know better what to do with it than Hyman does at the NHL level �?is why he is with Matthews and Marner.by Uber, a monthly feature here on . It incenses the public when they see their hard-earned money used badly like this, she said.So it's not hard to see why Cuban and the Mavericks zeroed in on Slovenian wunderkind Luka Doncic early on in the draft process, then traded a 2019 first-round draft pick to the Hawks in order to get him.Mandy went for a high ponytail to compliment her beaded shoulders while attending the 2012 CFDA Fashion Awards.Related video: China upbeat on U.S.Devey played in 15 games with the 49ers in 2015, starting nine, then was waived by the 49ers in May of 2016. Yoshida almost scored himself shortly afterwards when he was denied at close range by Patricio, and Saints comfortably held out to move a step closer to survival.The XJ barely managed 5000 units last year. Posted in Detroit Red WingsLeave a Comment on McKenzie skinner will return to the WHL's lethbridge hurricanes Baby 2 the NHS run stretch We did

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not speak for another 12 years, when I reconnected with him through Facebook.The final frame stated The Macallan."We've got to be playing our best basketball over these next two, three weeks.Egg McMuffins were added to the national menu in 1975 after being created by owner and operator Herb Peterson, who ran the Santa Barbara McDonald's in California.Berry's journey and efforts to raise awareness of Hodgkin's Lymphoma stand as a monument of hope and strength for others experiencing hard times. Located near modern Naples, in the Campania region of Italy, the ruins of Pompeii were discovered by Italian architect Domenico Fontana in 1549, but it was excavated only in 1748 by Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre.He later resurfaced in upstate New York and eventually surrendered on Sept.They performed clerical duties such as typing, stenography, telephone operations and, in some cases, radio operators and electricians. He plays with initial quickness and balance.The Gordie Howe Hat Trick is the most hockey player stat in the game, and is a fitting testament to one of the most complete players of all time.Richard was still elite in the 1950s, as evidenced by his 294 goals .Ellenson will rejoin the on Sunday and will be available to play in Monday's matchup versus the Nuggets if called upon. Not just because the Raps have reassembled the gang once again and the Clips are entering the demi-hell of a post-Chris Paul reality, but because where the Clips made playing not-quite-great basketball look like an extravagantly difficult trip to the laundromat, the Raps have always seemed to be having fun.Gallery: From Athena to Zavvi, shops that disappeared forever from UK high streets.Biggest movers: Arsenal , Borussia Monchengladbach and Porto Out of top 25: Atalanta Honorable mentions: Getafe and Lyon.Ware, 27, is a former sixth-round pick of the Seahawks back in 2013. UP NEXT Hurricanes: http://www.officialsunsproshop.com/authentic-21-richaun-holmes-jersey.html turn their attention to the Alex Ovechkin and the Washington Capitals in the first round of the playoffs.For anyone who needs a reminder, http://www.lionsshopnfl.com/Authentic-Matt-Prater-Jersey Darwin, now 68, a former teacher and prison officer, was living with first wife Anne in the seaside town Matt Prater Jersey when spiralling debts prompted him to come up with a wild idea.Did he Richaun Holmes Youth Jersey ever miss me?Adam Flagler led Presbyterian with 13 points and Ethan Kay added 11 points.The Ravens hope they aren't the team that allows him to return to form. If you would like to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Day Search' option.There have been rumors for more than a year that Rondo's days with the Celtics are numbered, but on Monday he insisted that he wants to remain with the Celtics over the long-term.Dennis Bergkamp, Johan Cruyff and Wim Jonk pose on March 30 at the Amsterdam ArenA.U16 Euro Championship B. The experts are now inviting companies and organizations to show that they're committed to trustworthy AI by voluntarily adopting the guidelines – and especially by using a particular checklist when developing and deploying AI systems.14 Louisville.The Flyers were on the receiving end of Thursday's 7 shellacking by the Blues in St.National Siblings Day, a day on which siblings express their appreciation for one another, is upon us.Miami has two players averaging double figures in points, sophomore guard Nike Sibande and sophomore forward Dalonte Brown . White and Brown will be game-changers, and Chabot was named MVP of the 2017 World Junior Championship despite playing for the silver-medal team.To replace Weaver on the 4

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0-man roster, Yasmany Tomas had his contract selected from Triple-A Reno.In 27 appearances with Indiana, Turner scored just 7 points on 41% shooting in 21 minutes per game.A source familiar with the situation said Hill's fiancee has been in contact with Overland Park police.�?Senior honors included SuperPrep All-American; Under Armour All-American game participant; Frank Kush Award as the state of Arizona's top interior offensive lineman; Arizona Republic and East Valley Tribune first-team All-State; and Desert Sky first-team All-Region. �?Casey and teammate Wesley Woodyard coach a women's flag football team that is comprised of wives and significant others of Titans players.04 2019 by RotoWire Staff | RotoWire Flames' Sean Monahan: Game-time call.Egg McMuffins were added to the national menu in 1975 after being created by owner and operator Herb Peterson, who ran the Santa Barbara McDonald's in California.He'll now miss at least 10 days, but X-Tampa Bay Rays confirmed that he was able to avoid a fracture.Brooks was the 25th overall pick of the 2011 NBA Draft and is currently playing for the Nets. Emily Kaplan: The Golden Knights were better equipped than any expansion team in recent memory – with legit goaltending, proven scoring and an embarrassment of defensive depth.Hancock, 24, went undrafted in June after playing two collegiate years at George Mason and his final two for Rick Pitino.Located just steps away from Dubrovnik's Old Town �?i.e.Notre Dame 31, Florida 10. With more free weight-loss apps available than ever, instant motivation is just a tap away. Posted in Richaun Holmes JerseyTagged Matt Prater Jersey, Richaun Holmes Youth JerseyLeave a Comment on Baby 2 the NHS run stretch Did position a good series probably problem means We make an effort to protect discussions from repeated comments either by the same reader Wade Megan Jersey or different readers We follow the same standards for taste as the daily newspaper.Chop my name off that leaderboard.In his place, Kasperi Kapanen or Josh Leivo should be given an opportunity in a top-nine role and on the power play.At Michigan, he was a four-year starter, anchoring the line at left tackle for 48 career starts. Utah State http://www.detroitredwingsofficialonline.com/Adidas-Wade-Megan-Jersey outscored Boise State 6 in the final 1 of overtime.Before and after that, it was all about defense – a game filled with air balls, blocked shots and clogged-up passing lanes.He's done a solid job in the closer role for the Angels Bryant Reeves Jersey in 2019, as he's sporting a 2 ERA, 1 WHIP and 57 K:BB across 59 innings. said that if you make it a rule for yourself to never miss a workout twice, chances are it will eventually become a habit.Key people: James Watson and Francis Crick Regarded by many as the greatest discovery in history, James Watson and Francis Crick's combined work facilitated the study of the molecular structure of all living organisms.Most people would agree.And if you play basketball the right way, the contract situation will handle itself.But your options about where to have your baby will depend on your needs, risks and, to some extent, on where you live.It's a daunting challenge even when you've experienced success like Guentzel had. Sean Monahan was not at practice Saturday and will likely miss the game against the Oilers, Pat Steinberg of Sportsnet 960 The Fan reports.With Monahan out, Elias Lindholm shifts to center and James Neal will feature on the top line in the regular-season finale: To summarize for those that like their numbers in pictures, we include below a graph illustrating the total compensation of our top-ten earners, broken down by the source of their income; That's where my http://www.authenticgrizzliestore.com/Bryant_Reeves_Jersey focus is and always will be; Since joining the

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team, he's averaging 14 points, 5 assists, 2 rebounds and 1 steals on 40 percent shooting; Posted in Wade Megan JerseyTagged Bryant Reeves Jersey, Wade Megan JerseyLeave a Comment on Did position a good series probably problem means At home left saturday rate san That deal valued LK Bennett at £100m, although the company has endured a difficult time more recently, making pre-tax losses for several years.It was in this decade that the parity in the NHL began to approach the levels of today's game.It would be great to come back for Tokyo and try to defend that title with the boys again, but we'll have to see, I suppose.at Detroit : Appeared in all 69 offensive plays…protected RB Todd Gurley II to rush for two touchdowns…John Womens Joe Flacco Jersey Konchar had 27 points and eight rebounds for the Mastodons . 44 fantastic food hacks you can't do without.His ERA fell a bit from 4 to 4 alongside a 128 K:BB.And while Ajax being involved in big European nights may seem like the natural order of things, this will be their first Champions League quarter-final since 2003.The only thing that concerns me is the central defense.Hansel Robles has seen the bulk of the work as the ' closer over the last few weeks, but Buttrey has been just as effective in high-leverage spots, reeling off eight straight scoreless appearances with a 13 K:BB over 10 innings during that stretch. It's also that reinterpreting history as a way to create a new nationalist narrative is a rhetorical hallmark of parties such as Germany's AfD and Poland's ruling right-wing-populist Law and Justice Party .Darren Dreger was on TSN 1260 and suggested it shouldn't take too long to figure out a deal, and with Nurse in Edmonton, things are probably closer than they are farther.Dawn entered orbit around this rocky world on 6 March 2015, and studied its icy, cratered, uneven surface until it ran out of fuel in October of 2018.When we view the moon on the horizon, the moonlight has to pass through a greater distance of the atmosphere to our eyes. In his first season with Los Angeles, Smith has slashed .246 .369 with a pair of homers in 139 plate appearances.He said that his experience in Dallas was listening to a simulcast of the http://www.sanfrancisco49erslockerroom.com/dwight-clark-jersey-wholesale Dallas Stars on the radio, and that the Hurricanes will implement the simulcast model going Dwight Clark Youth Jersey forward. "We knew there was a disruption," Auburn coach Bruce Pearl said. While no one factor caused their season to unravel, the single largest factor was their goaltending. Pro-EU supporters protest outside the Houses of Parliament on Aug.Bayern Munich : A matchup of two titans that is chock full of undeniable talent.If you would like to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the 'Month and Day Search' option.Willis might be the most accomplished pass rusher in this game, with 20 sacks over https://www.officialsauthenticbroncos.com/YOUTH+JOE+FLACCO+JERSEY his final two seasons in college.Blown leads and early exits have been their story – never more than when the Cavaliers lost to UMBC, a school known for chess, not hoops. The teams playing the best soccer — in their respective leagues and in international competitions — will be considered.�?Follow Lewan on Instagram at taylorlewan.We've seen flashes of that in practice that he's shown here. �?Lewan was the originator of the 2018 Offseason Titan Games, inspired by the popular video game Fortnite.Re-signing Tomas Plekanec gives the Habs veteran leadership and some stability defensively, while newcomer Joel Armia provides both that

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Set up my studio We have a little studio outside our house, that originally was going to be my art studio. When it was first set up, there was a massive table that was not level in there, and it was turned the wrong way, and it felt tight in there because of the layout. So for a long time I took over the dining room table. The light was great, the big bay window overlooking the garden inspirational, the wax getting on the floor, the complaining from the family we want the dining room back... The studio space had gone through some changes too. From unhappy art space to storage to a little guest room, back to semi storage..... I found an old table on craigslist that was perfect for the art studio. So, there was a big move around from dining room to art studio, and I am happy. Family is happy. It feels spacious, inviting and it works. Yay! So off to making encaustic medium and settling in. :) It has been fun getting back into the studio and working with some new ideas. Recently I have been working with encaustics and mixed media, and finding some exciting effects. It has been fun watching the elements fuse together and have their own way of moving under the heat of the blow torch. The paintings truly start to have a life of their own during the process. Below are some of the recent works. I already have my panels primed and ready for another session. Finding myself dreaming of the paintings that are yet to be put onto panel. Excited. Sold - Misty Run Misty Run is made out of acrylic, pumice stone and encaustic. The horses are in pumice stone and acrylic applied with a pallet knife to the canvas. Encaustic medium is then applied over the painting to help create depth. Painting size is 8" x 24" x 2". Sold - Into the Sunset This lovely painting, is going to live in Vancouver BC. Into the Sunset is made out of oil encaustic (beeswax and oil pigments) Japanese rice papers and charcoal. The painting is 24" x 48" x 2" in size on a panel. Congratulations Else! Dressage through the levels - Christmas Gift Show Earlier in December I attended the Dressage through the levels symposium, at Donida Farm as a vendor. We were able to set up our booths in the stalls. I have to say, my work really looks lovely against worn wooden panels. They fit so well and there was a great response to my work. Very fun! Thank you Donida Farms! In the works... A new painting is underway. The "five horses" is oil encaustic on a panel which is 24" x 48" 2" in size. At our barn there is a field of youngsters who come to the gate and get pushy about who is going to be pet. They are all under the age of three. Their playful gosling for attention always makes me laugh. The painting is from a sketch, seen below. Then put onto the panel. I'm trying not to get caught up in much detail, and let the painting to be playful and free.. we will see how I do with that intention. HITS Press Release - Gabrielle England 2014 Follow the HITS Championship Tour HITS Triple Crown of Show Jumping - Thermal, CA | Ocala, FL | Saugerties, NY HITS Championship - Saugerties, NY | September 3-7, 2014 Gabrielle England's Releasing Energy Selected as 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program Cover SAUGERTIES, NY (May 20, 2014) — HITS, Inc. is pleased to announce Gabrielle England's Releasing Energy has been chosen as the cover art for the 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program. England is an award-winning artist who is mostly self-taught, though did attend Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle, Washington. She specializes in creating abstract paintings of horses in oil encaustics, which is beeswax and oil pigment on panels. England's studio is located at her home in Olympia, Washington, which is nestled amongst picturesque horse farms

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of the Pacific Northwest. The image for the painting Releasing Energy, which will don the cover of the 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program, was first seen in England's mind. "Most times I see the image for the painting in my mind's eye, and then the fun begins as I try to recreate it in oil encaustics," she said. "This panting was done layer by layer – I had to work backwards from top layer to bottom, dissecting the painting that I have seen so that I can recreate it." England also has a special affinity for line drawings. For Releasing Energy, she incorporated an abstract line drawing into the painting, embellishing it with gold, copper and bronze leaf. Then, the rich colors of beeswax helped create motion and energy from the horse. England says that the piece is one of her favorite paintings. Horses have always been England's first love, and continue to feed her passion, life vision and creative connection. England is a dressage rider who currently owns two horses, Aston Marvin, an off-the-track Thoroughbred, and Jubilee, a six-year-old Morgan/Oldenburg. England's 12-year-old daughter Amira is also a dressage rider and a member of the Baywood Pony Club. More of England's work can be viewed at www.gabrielleengland.com. England is happy to accept commissioned work. The 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson circuit boasts nine weeks of competition, welcoming riders of all levels, and offers the final qualifying opportunities for the popular HITS Championship in Saugerties, New York September 3-7, 2014 and the Marshall & Sterling Insurance League Finals, September 10-14. Image Provided Releasing Energy on the cover of the 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program. About HITS, Inc. HITS, Inc. produces high-quality, international-level hunter/jumper horse shows. Based in upstate New York in the village of Saugerties, HITS has been producing shows since 1982 and is now a nationwide company with world-class circuits in California, Florida, Arizona, New York and Virginia. HITS hosts the richest weekend in show jumping at HITS-on-the-Hudson, as well as the Triple Crown of Show Jumping. The Triple Crown includes the AIG Thermal $1 Million Grand Prix at HITS Thermal, the Great American $1 Million Grand Prix in Ocala, Florida and the Zoetis $1 Million Grand Prix in Saugerties, New York. For more information and a complete schedule of classes and events, visit www.HitsShows.com. Stay connected with HITS, join us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter! Media should contact the HITS Media Team at 845.246.8833 or e-mail Media_Info@HitsShows.com. 2014 Horse Show Dates HITS Desert Circuit HITS Ocala Winter Circuit HITS Arizona Winter Circuit January 29 - March 9, 2014 HITS Culpeper Show Series April / July / August / September HITS Saugerties Show Series May-June / July-August / September HITS Championship September 3-7, 2014 Find us on or follow us on HITS, Inc. • 319 Main Street • Saugerties, NY 12477-1330 845.246.8833 Tel • Media_Info@HitsShows.com • HitsShows.com 2014 HITS Official Summer Show Program Cover Artwork 'Releasing Energy' by Gabrielle England Equine artist Gabrielle England's painting 'Releasing Energy' has been selected as the 2014 HITS-on-the-Hudson Official Show Program Cover. HITS-on-the-Hudson is held in Saugerties, NY. The painting 'Releasing Energy' is created with beeswax and oil pigments as

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Review: "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" is a remarkable achievement Film Rating: A- My favorite episode of The Simpsons is "A Fish Called Selma," a 1996 installment from the show's seventh season. It's the one where has-been movie star Troy McClure, voiced by Phil Hartman, marries Marge's sister Selma as a publicity stunt to further his stalled career, and it's my favorite episode because McClure winds up starring in a Planet of the Apes Broadway musical. From the "Dr. Zaius" song to McClure singing "I hate every ape I see, from Chimpan-a to Chimpan-z," this is just a note-perfect, hilarious parody, one that works because it lovingly pokes fun at how incredibly silly the entire Apes premise really is. Film concepts don't get much more ridiculous than a planet full of intelligent, talking chimpanzees, and that makes the franchise ripe for spoofing. The concept does not seem to lend itself well to a serious, introspective, and thoughtful look at how the apes wound up conquering our planet, and I bring up the Simpsons comparison to highlight exactly what a remarkable achievement Rise of the Planet of the Apes truly is. Twisting Apes lore for comedic purposes isn't exactly a stretch, as the Simpsons demonstrated, but crafting an intelligent and emotional drama - all from the Apes' perspective, mind you - has got to be one of the toughest challenges a summer movie has ever taken on. I'm floored to report that this new prequel rises (no pun intended) to that challenge spectacularly. More after the jump... Writers Amanda Silver and Rick Jaffa have crafted a wonderful story that uses realistic, modern scientific dilemmas - the main human character, a scientist named Will (James Franco), is trying to find a cure for Alzheimer's, which his father suffers from - to set the ape revolution in motion. By testing his cure on apes, Will creates Caesar, a hyper-intelligent chimpanzee, and I love how the film illustrates that the entire ape revolution originated from the complex friendship between a man and an ape. Will only wants to protect Caesar, but there really isn't a place in human society for a primate with human intelligence; the ultimate purpose of the ape revolution is not, therefore, about vengeful conquest, but instead about carving out a place in that society. Make no mistake - James Franco may get top billing, but Caesar the ape is the film's main character, and any discussion of the film will inevitably start and end with the actor who brings Caesar to life: Andy Serkis. Like all the apes in the film, Caesar is a CGI creation, but Serkis plays the role through performance capture technology, the same effect used when Serkis portrayed Gollum in The Lord of the Rings or the title character in King Kong. Serkis is the king of his craft at this point, and with all due respect to Gollum, Caesar is his best performance yet. It's a completely silent role, yet Serkis conveys more through facial expressions and body language than talkative human characters do in most movies. Caesar's journey is a complex one; his transformation from fun loving baby ape to fearless, brilliant warlord isn't marked by one singular event. His motives are never simple, nor is his morality black and white. Serkis portrays all of this with flawless nuance, and I have no qualms in labeling it the best performance of the summer movie season, if not the year so far. Yet Serkis couldn't achieve this without the artists at Weta Digital; all of the many apes featured in the film are CGI creations, but it's impossible to tell this by watching the movie. This is the most realistic CGI I've ever seen, even better than Avatar or Transformers, and I'd go so far as to add that this is the best utilization of CGI effects yet seen in a live-action film. Creating one fascinating character like Caesar is certainly a monumental achievement, but it's been done before, particularly in other Serkis performances like Gollum. Crafting an entire cast of all-CGI characters that have

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distinctive personalities and traits? That is truly revolutionary, and it's what Weta has accomplished. Caesar leads an entire band of apes, and the second act is primarily focused on introducing us to these characters, while continuing to further Caesar's own arc. Not all the apes have names, but by the time the revolution actually begins, you'll be able to recognize at lest six or seven of them as distinct and vivid characters. When one of the apes dies, it's a big, emotional moment, one that really hits the viewer where it hurts. This should always be the goal of CGI, to tell a story that couldn't be told without the use of computers, and since Rise of the Planet of the Apes does this from the opening moments to the very end, it should be considered a landmark moment in the history of special effects. In fact, the CGI ape cast actually overshadows the human characters. Much of this is simply a function of the narrative - this is a story about the apes, not the people - but some members of the human cast are little more than caricatures. Brian Cox and Tom Felton (i.e. Draco Malfoy) are the most problematic as the sadistic owners of an ape 'santuary.' They simply exist to be 'evil,' and we are given no reason to empathize with or understand them. They are just the 'bad guys,' and Cox and Felton aren't asked to do anything more than be their normal, villainous selves. The same can be said of a few other characters in the film, and it's a bit disappointing when you consider how much nuance and thought can be found in the rest of the movie. James Franco fares much better, thankfully; since his quest for an Alzheimer's cure is driven by a need to save his ailing father, he is 100% sympathetic throughout, and Franco does a tremendous job acting across from Caeser who, as a CGI creation, was never actually on set. Franco's character has a girlfriend, played by Frieda Pinto, who is completely useless, serving no purpose in the story. She also appears so infrequently that her presence is never much of a problem. Rupert Wyatt's direction is confident and sharp; visually, this is a beautiful film, and not just because of the awe-inspiring special effects. Wyatt, who has only ever directed one other film, also proves himself a brilliant action director; once the ape revolution starts, he stages several thrilling sequences, one of which, set on the Golden Gate Bridge, stands as a highlight of this entire summer movie season. Wyatt even manages to include several applause-worthy, crowd pleasing moments - such as the first time an ape rides a horse - that work without betraying the film's serious, thoughtful tone. The film also does an expert job opening the door for some sequels; though the title promises a rise of the entire 'planet of the apes,' the film actually only goes so far; at the end, the apes have only just started their revolution, which is an excellent choice. It's clear that making this story plausible and realistic takes time, and by spending an entire movie simply establishing the origins of the revolution, they've crafted a unique experience that is moving and thoughtful. Considering what a silly premise this franchise is based on, that's a bit of a miracle. Posted by Jonathan R. Lack at 3:59 PM Labels: Movie Reviews Review: A strong cast makes "Our Idiot Brother" a ... Doctor Who: "Let's Kill Hitler" Review and Analysi... "Chuck Versus Phase Three" and "Chuck Versus the L... Early Review: "I'm With You" puts the Red Hot Chil... "Doctor Who": Farewell Series Six Part One Extrava... Review: "Fright Night" is a messy horror flick, bu... The Monday Musings #3 - End of Summer Movie Awards... Review: "The Guard" falls short but provides big l... "Doctor Who" Flashback Review: "A Good Man Goes to... "Chuck Versus the First Fight" and "Chuck Versus t... Review: "The Help" offers a surprisingly thoughtfu... "Doctor Who" Flashback Reviews: "The Rebel Flesh" ... "Chuck

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News Research New nanowire sensors are the next step in the Internet of Things Post author By Samara Thorn Post date 5th January 2023 A new miniscule nitrogen dioxide sensor could help protect the environment from vehicle pollutants that cause lung disease and acid rain. Researchers from TMOS, the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems have developed a sensor made from an array of nanowires, in a square one fifth of a millimetre per side, which means it could be easily incorporated into a silicon chip. In research published in the latest issue of Advanced Materials, PhD scholar at the Centre's Australian National University team and lead author Shiyu Wei describes the sensor as requiring no power source, as it runs on its own solar powered generator. Wei says, "As we integrate devices like this into the sensor network for the Internet of Things technology, having low power consumption is a huge benefit in terms of system size and costs. The sensor could be installed in your car with an alarm sounding and alerts sent to your phone if it detects dangerous levels of nitrogen dioxide emitted from the exhaust." Co-lead author Dr. Zhe Li says "This device is just the beginning. It could also be adapted to detect other gases, such as acetone, which could be used as a non-invasive breath test of ketosis including diabetic ketosis, which could save countless lives. Existing gas detectors are bulky and slow, and require a trained operator. In contrast, the new device can quickly and easily measure less than 1 part per billion, and the TMOS prototype used a USB interface to connect to a computer. Nitrogen dioxide is one of the NOx category of pollutants. As well as contributing to acid rain, it is dangerous to humans even in small concentrations. It is a common pollutant from cars, and also is created indoors by gas stoves. The key to the device is a PN junction – the engine of a solar cell – in the shape of a nanowire (a small hexagonal pillar with diameter about 100 nanometres, height 3 to 4 microns) sitting on a base. An ordered array of thousands of nanowire solar cells, spaced about 600 nanometres apart formed the sensor. The whole device was made from indium phosphide, with the base doped with zinc to form the P part, and the N section at the tip of the nanowires, doped with silicon. The middle part of each nanowire was undoped (the intrinsic section, I) separating the P and N sections. Light falling on the device causes a small current to flow between the N and P sections. However, if the intrinsic middle section of the PN junction is touched by any nitrogen dioxide, which is a strong oxidiser that sucks away electrons, this will cause a dip in the current. The size of the dip allows the concentration of the nitrogen dioxide in the air to be calculated. Numerical modelling by Dr Zhe Li, a postdoctoral fellow in EME, showed that the PN junction's design and fabrication are crucial to maximising the signal. The characteristics of nitrogen dioxide – strong adsorption, strong oxidisation – make it easy for indium phosphide to distinguish it from other gases. The sensor could also be optimised to detect other gases by functionalising the indium phosphide nanowire surface. TMOS Chief Investigator Professor Lan Fu, leader of the research group says "The ultimate aim is to sense multiple gases on the one small chip. As well as environmental pollutants, these sensors could be deployed for healthcare, for example, for breath tests for biomarkers of disease. "The tiny gas sensor is easily integratable and scalable. This, combined with meta-optics, promises to achieve multiplexing sensors with high performance and multiple functionalities, which will enable them to fit into smart sensing networks. TMOS is a network of research groups across Australia dedicated to progressing this field. "The technologies we develop will transform our life and society in the coming years, with large‐scale implementation of Internet of Things technology for real‐time data collection and autonomous response in applications such as air pollution monitoring, industrial chemical hazard detection, smart cities, and personal healthcare." For more information about this research, please contact connect@tmos.org.

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927

0

CommonCrawl

12

5

How Latino activists are standing up to the Israel lobby / ei Fecha: marzo 16, 2014Autor/a: Estudios Fronterizos Grupo de Investigación UACM 0 Comentarios How Latino activists are standing up to the Israel lobby Adriana Maestas and Rania Khalek Wall along the border between the US city of Nogales, Arizona, and the Mexican city of Nogales, Sonora. Graffiti says "The border is big because we are on our knees" and "No wall!" (Steev Hise/Flickr) This special report for The Electronic Intifada is the second of two. The first looked at the Israel lobby's outreach campaign to the Latino American community. As the pro-Israel lobby's aggressive recruitment of Latino Americans intensifies, a number of Latino and Chicano groups are pushing back by aligning themselves with the Palestinian struggle. At its March 2012 annual conference, chapter leaders of the Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán (MEChA), a Chicano (Mexican-American) student group with a four-decade history of activism and a presence throughout the US, endorsed the call toboycott, divest from and sanction Israel for its occupation and settlement in Palestine. Drawing on the parallels of the Chicano struggle for justice in the US, the endorsement of the boycott was announced on National Cesar Chavez Day, which also happened to fall on Palestinian Land Day. Chavez famously led strikes and boycotts in the struggle for justice for farmworkers and is widely considered one of the most important Latino leaders in American history. In a joint press release, Students for Justice in Palestine at Arizona State University and National MEChA highlighted the growing trend of building "cross-movement relationships" between Latino groups and Palestine solidarity organizations at universities across the country. A Tale of two checkpoints Gabriel Camacho, a Boston-based immigrant rights advocate and coordinator for immigration programs with the American Friends Service Committee, has been involved in countering the efforts of Zionists who invite Latino leaders on all-expenses-paid trips to Israel. The AFSC has a history of supporting Palestinian refugees since 1948, when 750,000 Palestinians were ethnically cleansed from what would become Israel. Beyond his professional work in immigration, Camacho became more involved in the Palestine solidarity movement after he noticed that Latino leaders in the Boston metropolitan area were being invited on all-expenses-paid trips to Israel sponsored by groups including the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the American Jewish Committee. To offer an alternative perspective, Camacho organized a delegation to Palestine in 2010 for people of color. "There were Chicanos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans," said Camacho. "We were mostly in the West Bank – we weren't able to go to the Gaza strip." Many of the participants recognized parallels between the oppression of Palestinians and their own oppression as colonized and marginalized people. "A young Chicano from San Diego who was part of the delegation said, 'Wow, this was just like home,' and then he went on to describe how the border patrol asks for your ID and can stop you when you take a trolley to San Ysidro," explained Camacho. San Diego's trolley system provides service to the San Ysidro point of entry, which is one of the busiest land border crossings in the world adjacent to Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Back in 2002, Latino rights organizations criticized the Border Patrol for targeting Latinos who were riding the San Diego trolley in its pursuit of undocumented immigrants. "Two Walls, One Struggle" When he returned from Palestine, Camacho immediately got working on a PowerPoint presentation titled, "Two Walls, One Struggle: a structural comparison of colonialization, territorial loss, and racist aggression in Mexico and Palestine" to present to Latinos who are invited on trips to Israel by some of the Israel advocacy organizations. The presentation noted striking similarities between the US colonization of Mexico and Z

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932

0

CommonCrawl

8

11

ionist colonization of Palestine. At the end of the US-Mexican war in 1848, Mexico lost nearly half of its territory to the US, which annexed the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. In his book, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos, scholar Rudolfo Acuña argues that people of Mexican descent in the US southwest live under the domination of Anglo-American invaders. Building on this connection, the presentation noted that Elbit Systems, the Israeli company that helps operate the illegal separation wall in the West Bank, also has a contract with the US Department of Homeland Security to build high tech portions of the border wall between the US and Mexico. Camacho has managed to connect some Latinos with organizations in Palestine during their Israel hasbara — propaganda — trips so that they can stay a few more days and get an unfiltered view of places in the West Bank, like Hebron. Still, Camacho said, it is rare for a Latino leader who is disturbed by what they have witnessed in Palestine to speak out due to backlash from the pro-Israel groups. From Puerto Rico to Palestine Puerto Rico has been a colony since 1493, but the island was not formally ceded to the United States until 1898 at the end of the Spanish-American War. Sometimes referred to as "the oldest colony in the world," some Puerto Ricans have compared their political situation to that of the Palestinians. René Pérez, of the hip-hop group Calle 13, shot a music video in Bethlehem, in the occupied West Bank in December 2013. Pérez told the Associated Press during that trip that Puerto Ricans are connected to Palestinians "because we are a colony of the United States. Here you have the situation with Israel." He added, "It would be good to start building bridges between Palestine and Puerto Rico." Building bridges is something that Natasha Lycia Ora Bannan is doing as well. The Puerto Rican attorney who serves as the executive vice president of the National Lawyers Guild (NLG) told The Electronic Intifada about her efforts to expose Puerto Ricans to the situation in Palestine with an upcoming trip she is leading with the NLG. "The National Lawyers Guild is a progressive legal organization of lawyers, law students and legal workers who work to ensure that human rights shall be regarded as more sacred than property interests," Bannan explained in a written statement. "NLG has long supported Palestine's right to self-determination and has sent previous delegations to the occupied territories in Gaza and the West Bank before to observe, investigate and document the numerous human rights abuses being committed against Palestinians by the Israeli government." Bannan continued: "Our delegations are open to all NLG members and we will likely have the participation of some of our colleagues from Puerto Rico join us this year." Bannan noted that there would be a "focus on the conditions of detention for Palestinian political prisoners, an issue that has long affected Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico and Palestine have a shared history of fighting for their independence and sovereignty, leading to the imprisonment of many political prisoners." Ironically, thousands of Palestinians who have fled their land have moved to Puerto Rico. Israel's trail of blood in Latin America "You cannot talk about the Israel lobby and Latinos without mentioning the long history of Israeli intervention in Latin America," says Ron Gochez, a member of the California community-based group Union del Barrio. Union del Barrio has taken a clear stand in supporting Palestinian self-determination. "We are a political organization, not a non-profit. We are clear on the issue — we are not anti-Semitic. We are anti-imperialist. A lot of people are afraid to speak on this topic," explained Gochez, underscoring Israel's sordid history in Latin America. "In almost every country in the region that has had a repressive government, Israel has had a hand in it in recent history." Indeed, Israel has been a source of weapons and military and security training for some of the most despotic regimes in Latin America. Efraín Ríos Montt, the former de facto president of Guatemala who was convicted

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CommonCrawl

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of genocide and crimes against humanity last May for his role in the Guatemalan civil war, received support from Israel (Ríos Montt's conviction was overturned after a spat between judges over technicalities). In addition, Israel has armed and trained right-wing groups and regimes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuelaaccording to investigative journalist Jeremy Bigwood ("Israel's Latin American trail of terror," Al Jazeera English, 5 June 2003). Mexico also has a history of purchasing weapons from Israel and utilizing Israeli military personnel against the Zapatista uprising twenty years ago. In recent years, Mexico has purchased drones to spy on drug cartels in its bloody and ongoing drug war. Israel's cozy relationship with Latin America's military juntas extended to the Israel lobby as well. As writer and activist Roberto Lovato told The Electronic Intifada, "When I was in LA in the early '90s, and we were opposed to the death-squad government of Armando Calderon Sol of El Salvador, I remember seeing the ADL award Calderon Sol with a human rights award. We staged some protests – we were asking 'what is this?' He was presented with a Humanitas award in Century City in Los Angeles." Chilling silence In 2010, Janet Murguia, the president and CEO of the National Council of La Raza, the largest national Latino civil rights organization in the US, went on a trip to Israel withProject Interchange with several other Latina leaders. When contacted for comment regarding this piece in early February, the communications director for the council responded via e-mail, "I'm sorry, we cannot speak about this. We don't have an expert that can comment." Pro-Israel organizations also heavily donate to Latino elected officials. According to Open Secrets in the current election cycle, Florida congressional representatives Joe Garcia (Democrat) and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Republican) have received over $20,000 from the pro-Israel lobby. Additionally, representatives Linda Sanchez (D-California), Albio Sires (D-New Jersey), Loretta Sanchez (D-Califorinia), Mario Diaz-Balart (R-Florida), and Raúl Grijalva (D-Arizona) have all received at least $1,000 from pro-Israel groups in the current election cycle. We contacted these Latino congressional representatives, all of whom support a path to immigration for the undocumented, asking if they supported the apartheid conditions in Israeli-occupied Palestinian territories and the treatment of African migrants by the Israeli government, but not a single one responded. All of them have been supportive of an immigration overhaul in the US, with Representative Garcia being a chief sponsor of H.R. 15, a comprehensive immigration reform bill introduced in the House of Representatives last fall. Carlos Montes, a long-time Chicano activist based in Los Angeles, with a history of anti-war advocacy, believes Latino elected officials and leaders are reluctant to speak out against Israel's human rights abuses due to the lobby. "They see that the Israel lobby is strong, and they are politicians," said Montes. "If they take a position that is against Israel, they will get snapped. They are looking to get support locally for any of their campaigns." "They [Latino leaders] go, they get a trip, but they ought to be smart enough to know that the lobby will want them to be neutral or to say nothing." Gabriel Camacho added that fear of upsetting pro-Israel groups has Latino activists scared silent as well. "These organizations, like the ADL and the JCRC [Jewish Community Relations Council] silence dissent and the Palestinian narrative. They also have a huge influence on the Congress and the Senate. And that influence is trickling down to community activists," Camacho said. "It's difficult if your primary responsibility is to keep a small organization afloat. You don't want to be blacklisted by very influential organizations."

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Q: pygame Slideshow freezes Context: My current project to automate some of my work is to make a program that will prompt a picture, allow me to type in a name for the picture and then save it in a new folder on my desktop to be sorted. Current situation: I've put together a basic slide show app using pygame (Tried Tkinter and I was having problems cycling and allowing for an input so I scrapped it). The below program works great for 2/3 pictures and then it freezes completely and if i move the pygame window, it's bricked again. Question: Is there any better way of cycling pictures that I'm missing out on? Or is there a way to stop pygame from freezing? I don't think it's memory leak, but I'm only a noob. All suggestions/help welcome and if you can give any guidance to get to my end goal I would be grateful as heck! dave import pygame from pygame.locals import * import os from os import listdir location = input() os.chdir(location) main = os.listdir() print(main) pygame.init() display_width = 500 display_height = 500 black = (0,0,0) white = (255,255,255) blue = (0,0,255) gameDisplay = pygame.display.set_mode((display_width, display_height)) pygame.display.set_caption('A bit racey') clock = pygame.time.Clock() def car(x,y): for image in main: print(image) carImg = pygame.image.load(image) picture = pygame.transform.scale(carImg, (500, 500)) gameDisplay.blit(picture,(x,y)) pygame.display.update() pygame.time.delay(2000) gameDisplay.fill(white) x = (0) y = (0) crashed = False while not crashed: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: crashed = True gameDisplay.fill(blue) car(x,y) pygame.display.update() clock.tick(60) pygame.quit() quit() A: Your OS thinks the program has frozen since you don't call any functions from the event module in time. Easy fix is just to put the line pygame.event.pump() inside your car() function. It would not be a good fix however since you still can't handle any events like closing the window. When you're entering the car function you're delaying the program for 2*amount_of_images seconds, making the program unable to do anything else. I would do a total refactor of your program (see below). Also, I see you're looking into sentdex pygame tutorial. Make sure to name your variables accordingly to your program so it makes sense. car(x, y) is not a good name for displaying images and main is not a good name for a list of directories. Try follow PEP8 as well, naming all variables and function with lowercase_and_underscore as it's a convention for Python. Sentdex does unfortunately not follow these. Here's a short example on how I would do it (although there are many other ways to do it): import pygame pygame.init() def load_images(): # This is just a mock-up function. images = [] for i in range(5): image = pygame.Surface((500, 360)) image.fill((51*i, 100, 100)) images.append(image) return images def main(): clock = pygame.time.Clock() time = 0 # Time to keep track of when to swap images. images = load_images() # List of images. image_index = 0 # Current image that's being displayed. total_images = len(images) while True: dt = clock.tick(60) / 1000 # Amount of seconds between each loop. time +=

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by: Elizabeth Chmurak WILMINGTON, Del. (NewsNation Now) — Hunter Biden, son of President-elect Joe Biden, said in a statement on Wednesday that his 'tax affairs' are under investigation. According to the statement obtained by NewsNation, the investigation is being conducted by the U.S. Attorney's office in Delaware. "I take this matter very seriously but I am confident that a professional and objective review of these matters will demonstrate that I handled my affairs legally and appropriately, including with the benefit of professional tax advisors," Hunter Biden said in a statement. The Justice Department's investigation scrutinizing Hunter Biden's taxes has been examining some of his Chinese business dealings, among other financial transactions, a person familiar with the matter told The Associated Press. The investigation was launched in 2018, a year before his father, Joe Biden, announced his candidacy for the presidency, but it isn't clear which entities might be tied up in the probe. Hunter Biden has a history of international affairs and business dealings in a number of countries. Federal investigators served a round of subpoenas on Tuesday, including for Hunter Biden, according to another person familiar with the investigation who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss an ongoing probe. The tax investigation centers on his business dealings, the person said. Investigators did not reach out in the weeks prior to the election because of a Justice Department policy surrounding elections that prohibits overt investigative acts, one of the people said. Biden calls for action on virus as he introduces health team The Biden-Harris presidential transition team also released a statement in response to the investigation: "President-elect Biden is deeply proud of his son, who has fought through difficult challenges, including the vicious personal attacks of recent months, only to emerge stronger." A New Yorker profile on Hunter Biden last year detailed some of his business work in China, including how he accompanied his father on a 2013 trip to Beijing, where he met with a business associate. He also acknowledged having received a diamond from a Chinese energy tycoon involved in liquified natural gas projects. He downplayed the idea that the gift could have been intended to affect his father's policy. He told the magazine that he gave the diamond to an associate. "What would they be bribing me for? My dad wasn't in office," he said. Hunter Biden has been caught up in controversies before. While his father was vice president, Hunter joined the Naval Reserve and was discharged after testing positive for cocaine in his system, later revealing a yearslong struggle with addiction. He also joined the board of Ukrainian energy company Burisma in 2014, sparking concerns about the perceptions of a conflict of interest given the elder Biden was deeply involved in U.S. policy toward Ukraine. An investigation by the Republican-led Senate did not identify any policies that were directly affected by Hunter Biden's work. In the weeks before the election, Trump supporters used the existence of a laptop they said was connected to Hunter Biden — and the emergence of someone who maintains he had business discussions with him — to raise questions about Joe Biden's knowledge of his son's activities in Ukraine and China. The president-elect has said he did not discuss his son's international business dealings with him and has denied having ever taken money from a foreign country. The laptop surfaced publicly in October when The New York Post reported on emails that it said had come from Hunter Biden's laptop and that it said it received from Rudy Giuliani, Trump's personal lawyer. A third person familiar with the matter said the tax investigation does not have anything to do with the laptop. Like the other people who spoke to the AP, the person was not authorized to discuss the matter publicly and spoke on condition of anonymity. This is a developing story, check back for updates. by PAUL J. WEBER, Associated Press / Jan 15, 2021 AUSTIN, Texas (AP) — The National Rifle Association announced Friday it has filed for bankruptcy and will seek to incorporate the nation's most politically influential gun-rights group in Texas instead of New York. The announcement made on the NRA's website comes months after New York's attorney general sued the organization over claims that top executives illegally diverted tens of millions of dollars for lavish personal tri

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