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the property to another trustee, if required to assure that the intended use is carried out and if no successor trustee is designated in the trust instrument or if no designated successor trustee agrees to serve or is able to serve. A court may also make such other orders and determinations as shall be advisable to carry out the intent of the transferor and the purpose of this section.
(a) A trust may be created to provide for the care of an animal alive during the settlor's lifetime. The trust terminates upon the death of the animal or, if the trust was created to provide for the care of more than one animal alive during the settlor's lifetime, upon the death of the last surviving animal.
(c) Property of a trust authorized by this section may be applied only to its intended use, except to the extent the court determines that the value of the trust property exceeds the amount required for the intended use. Except as otherwise provided in the terms of the trust, property not required for the intended use must be distributed to the settler, if then living, otherwise to the settler's successor's in interest.
In each of the two provisions – both the UPC and the UTC version there are similar themes, although the UTC version is shorter. Each declares a trust may be created for the benefit of an animal. Generally, the trust will terminate (or end) when there is no animal living that is intended to be provided for by the trust. The language of the trust should be interpreted in a way that is most consistent with the intent of the person who created the trust (referred to as the transferor, settler, grantor, Trustmaker). Unless provided by the trust, no one other than the animal beneficiaries of the trust are supposed to benefit from the provisions of the trust. When the trust ends, the remaining trust assets should be distributed to the Trustmaker, if living and if not, then either according to what the trust directs or according to the terms of the Trustmaker's last will or if there is no last will, then to the heirs of the Trustmaker. The proper use of the trust assets can be enforced either by someone appointed by the terms of the trust (a Trust Protector) or the court has the ability to appoint or remove such a person. Except as ordered by the court or required by the trust language, the Trustee generally does not have a duty to account for the trust assets to anyone. A court has the right to reduce the amount of the assets in the trust if it determines the amount substantially exceeds what would be necessary to provide for the animals covered by the trust. If the trust instrument fails to appoint a Trustee or a successor Trustee, the court has the ability to make these appointments. Lastly, the court has the ability to make any other determinations it deems advisable.
There is a lot of hidden meaning in each of the above statements and an entire article could likely be written describing the pros and cons of each provision. And to make it even more complex, each of the United States and the District of Columbia may have made minor revisions to the uniform language. It is important you review your state statue and consult with a legal professional licensed in your state if you have specific questions or concerns.
Michigan State University Animal Law Center has prepared a map of the states that have adopted pet trust statutes. Minnesota is the only state currently without a pet trust statute, although one is currently pending. For ease of a reference a chart with the states, the adoption date, termination date, UPC/UTC foundation and statute number is attached.
Pet trust laws provide pet owners with the opportunity to insure their pets are provided for at all times. Each pet parents plans to take care of their pets as long as they can, but there are many reasons why a person might become unable to care for their pets. If there is an unexpected accident or illness, pets may require care. In the event of death, loved ones aren't always prepared to provide for the care of the pets left behind. They may be dealing with their own grief and the pet holds too many memories; they may be required to change their lifestyle and can no longer keep a pet; they may be physically or emotionally unable to care for the pet; or the type of pet is not one they are comfortable with or have living arrangements to accommodate.
Clearly identifying the pets intended to benefit from the trust.
Providing detailed instructions for the day-to-day care of your pets.
Naming a pet guardian (caregiver) and alternates for your pets.
Naming a trustee and alternates for the management of the trust assets.
Naming a trust protector | 0.133974 | 0.315309 | 1.107444 | 0.784698 | [
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Q: Python running out of memory I have the following program. While I run it, I received Memory Error, specifically in Fpred = F.predict(A) (please see below)
import json
data = []
with open('yelp_data.json') as f:
for line in f:
data.append(json.loads(line))
star = []
for i in range(len(data)):
star.append(data[i].values()[10])
attributes = []
for i in range(len(data)):
attributes.append(data[i].values()[12])
def flatten_dict(dd, separator=' ', prefix=''):
return { prefix + separator + k if prefix else k : v
for kk, vv in dd.items()
for k, v in flatten_dict(vv, separator, kk).items()
} if isinstance(dd, dict) else { prefix : dd }
flatten_attr = list(flatten_dict(attributes[i], separator = ' ', prefix = '') for i in range(len(attributes)))
from sklearn.feature_extraction import DictVectorizer
v = DictVectorizer(sparse = False)
X = v.fit_transform(flatten_attr)
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfTransformer
Transformer = TfidfTransformer()
A = Transformer.fit_transform(X)
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsRegressor
from sklearn.cross_validation import KFold
F = KNeighborsRegressor(n_neighbors = 27)
Ffit = F.fit(A, star)
Fpred = F.predict(A)
Score = F.score(A, star)
print(Score)
My json file looks like this -
{"business_id": "vcNAWiLM4dR7D2nwwJ7nCA", "full_address": "4840 E Indian School Rd\nSte 101\nPhoenix, AZ 85018", "hours": {"Tuesday": {"close": "17:00", "open": "08:00"}, "Friday": {"close": "17:00", "open": "08:00"}, "Monday": {"close": "17:00", "open": "08:00"}, "Wednesday": {"close": "17:00", "open": "08:00"}, "Thursday": {"close": "17:00", "open": "08:00"}}, "open": true, "categories": ["Doctors", "Health & Medical"], "city": "Phoenix", "review_count": 7, "name": "Eric Goldberg, MD", "neighborhoods": [], "longitude": -111.98375799999999, "state": "AZ", "stars": 3.5, "latitude": 33.499313000000001, "attributes": {"By Appointment Only": true}, "type": "business"}
{"business_id": "JwUE5GmEO-sH1FuwJgKBlQ", "full_address": "6162 US Highway 51\nDe Forest, WI 53532", "hours": {}, "open": true, "categories": ["Restaurants"], "city": "De Forest", "review_count": 26, "name": "Pine Cone Restaurant", "neighborhoods": [], "longitude": -89.335843999999994, "state": "WI", "stars": 4.0, "latitude": 43.238892999999997, "attributes": {"Take-out": true, "Good For": {"dessert": false, "latenight": false, "lunch": true, "dinner": false, "breakfast": false | -1.467862 | -0.911271 | -0.63749 | -1.060974 | [
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Search Results for "Counterparts"
Music Video: Counterparts – "Witness"
Monday, July 15, 2013 at 8:06 AM (PST) by Lauren Mills
Canadian hardcore outfit Counterparts have posted the music video for their song "Witness" off their upcoming album "The Difference Between Hell and Home."
You can watch it here.
"The Difference Between Hell and Home" is due out July 23, 2013 via Victory Records.
More On: Hardcore, Video, Counterparts, Victory Records
Counterparts streaming new song "Witness" off upcoming album "The Difference Between Hell and Home"
Tuesday, July 9, 2013 at 6:10 AM (PST) by Lauren Mills
Canadian hardcore outfit Counterparts are streaming a new song called "Witness."
You can listen to it here.
More On: Hardcore, Music, Counterparts, Victory Records
Counterparts announce tour dates, premier "Witness" video teaser
Wednesday, July 3, 2013 at 4:04 PM (PST) by jaystone
Canadian hardcore band Counterparts have unveiled a preview for a brand new video for the track "Witness." The track is set to appear on the band's forthcoming album "The Difference Between Hell and Home," which is due out July 23rd via Victory Records. Check the preview out here while you wait patiently for the actual video to debut on July 15th.
Additionally, Counterparts are set to hit the road in a couple weeks on a tour that'll take them around most of the continental United States. Check out dates here.
Counterparts' last album was "The Current Will Carry Us," released last October.
More On: Post-Hardcore, Video, Counterparts, Victory Records
Counterparts announce Canadian record release tour
Thursday, June 6, 2013 at 10:15 AM (PST) by Bizarro Dustin
Canadian hardcore outfit Counterparts have announced a short string of tour dates around Canada to celebrate the release of their upcoming full length, The Difference Between Hell and Home.
You can check out the dates here.
The band released their last album, The Current Will Carry Us, on October 24th, 2012 via Victory Records.
More On: Post-Hardcore, Tour, Counterparts, Victory Records
Counterparts begin recording new full-length album "The Difference Between Hell and Home"
Saturday, April 13, 2013 at 11:09 AM (PST) by Lauren Mills
Canadian hardcore outfit Counterparts have begun recording their next full-length album "The Difference Between Hell and Home. " Here's what they had to say last Thursday:
"Tomorrow we start recording our full length album "The Difference Between Hell and Home" with Will Putney at the Machine Shop. We'll be bored most of the time so if you live around there, come hang and show us sick stuff to do!"
The band released their last album "The Current Will Carry Us" October 24th, 2012 via Victory Records.
More On: Post-Hardcore, Recording, Counterparts, Victory Records
Video: Counterparts perform new song "Wither" (HD) live in Hamburg
Monday, March 25, 2013 at 3:53 PM (PST) by bob9746
Canadian hardcore rockers Counterparts performed a brand new song called "Wither" while on their recent with Landscapes. You can check a video of the performance out here.
Music Video: Counterparts – "The Disconnect"
Friday, December 14, 2012 at 9:19 AM (PST) by Lauren Mills
Canadian hardcore rockers Counterparts have posted the music video for their song "The Disconnect."
"The Current Will Carry Us" was released October 24th via Victory Records.
Your Demise announce 2013 UK tour w/ Counterparts and FACT
Friday, October 19, 2012 at 8:38 AM (P | -0.777545 | -0.628911 | -1.700175 | -1.751638 | [
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ST) by Screeching Bottlerocket
UK hardcore act Your Demise have announced they will be hitting the road for a tour of their homeland with support from Counterparts and FACT early next year.
You can check out a full list of dates and locations they'll be playing here.
Your Demise last released "The Golden Age" in May on Rise Records.
More On: Hardcore, Tour, Your Demise, Rise Records
Counterparts to embark on first-ever European tour
Tuesday, August 7, 2012 at 9:27 AM (PST) by Stefanie
Canadian hardcore rockers Counterparts will be heading across the pond for their first European tour, with the help of Empires Fade and Climates. You can check out a full tour date list right here.
By the way… until the end of this month, you can get the band's recent album The Current Will Carry Us for 5 bucks on Amazon. So if you want some new tunage for cheap, click on this link right here.
Stray From The Path announces tour dates in Eastern Canada
Wednesday, July 4, 2012 at 11:43 PM (PST) by Stefanie
Eastern Canada, look out! New York hardcore band Stray From The Path will be hitting your neck of the woods come September as part of their appropriately-titled "Eastern Canada Tour". And Canada's Obey The Brave and Counterparts— as well as special guests Backtrack and Northlane– will also be along for the ride. You can check out the full tour date list right here.
More On: Hardcore, Tour, Stray From The Path, Sumerian Records
Music Video: "The Constant" Guitar Demo from Counterparts' latest album, "The Current Will Carry Us"
Tuesday, January 24, 2012 at 12:32 PM (PST) by milhouse
Canadian hardcore act, Counterparts, has just released a little video for their song, "The Constant" which appears on the band's latest album, "The Current Will Carry Us", which hit stores last October through Victory Records.
In the video, you get a unique perspective of both guitarists making sweet ear candy.
Check it out here.
Counterparts are currently on tour in the US until mid-April, so be sure to head here to find out when they'll be in your neck of the woods.
Tour: Stray From The Path (headlining), Cruel Hand, Structures, Counterparts, Betrayal (U.S.)
Friday, December 2, 2011 at 9:46 PM (PST) by connor_maoil
New York hardcore band Stray From The Path have announced a U.S. headlining tour supported by Cruel Hand and Counterparts. If you live in the Eastern half of the States, get ready and check out the dates here.
Stray From The Path last released "Rising Sun" earlier this year on Sumerian Records.
Counterparts stream "The Disconnect" from upcoming album "The Current Will Carry Us"
Saturday, October 22, 2011 at 6:55 AM (PST) by Chris Ramone
Victory Records' Facebook page is streaming "The Disconnect" from Counterparts' soon-to-be-released album The Current Will Carry Us. You can listen to it here.
The Current Will Carry Us drops on Tuesday. The band just recently released a video for the song "Jumping Ship", which is also from the album.
More On: Post-Hardcore, Music, Counterparts, Victory Records
Music Video: Counterparts – "Jumping Ship"
Wednesday, October 12, 2011 at 1:40 PM (PST) by Screeching Bottlerocket
Canadian Harcore act, Counterparts, have released the music video for their new song, "Jumping Ship," off their upcoming album "The Current Will Carry Us."
"The Current Will Carry Us" is set to be released October 24th via Victory Records.
Counterparts premiere music video teaser for new song "Jumping Ship"
Friday, September 30, 2011 at 10:34 AM (PST) by AnaSplit
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Tectonics and Structural Geology | Minds over Methods: Tectonochemistry of Melting Mud in the Mantle, evidence from the Oman/UAE ophiolite
Tectonics and Structural Geology
EGU Blogs » Divisions » Tectonics and Structural Geology » Minds over Methods: Tectonochemistry of Melting Mud in the Mantle, evidence from the Oman/UAE ophiolite
Minds over Methods: Tectonochemistry of Melting Mud in the Mantle, evidence from the Oman/UAE ophiolite
Christopher Spencer January 1, 2019 Fieldwork, Labwork, Minds over Methods No Comments
A lonely road in Wadi Al Hoqain, Oman. To the right: a date palm farm. To the left: mantle peridotite. The mantle section in the Haylayn massif can be as much as 15 kilometres thick. Credit: Christopher Spencer.
For this first Minds over Methods of 2019, we invited Christopher Spencer, Senior Research Fellow at Curtin University in Australia, to tell us something about tectonochemistry. By applying geochemistry to tectonic processes, it is possible to get more insight into the different stages of the rock cycle. By combining fieldwork and geochemical analyses of the Oman/UAE ophiolite, Chris and his co-workers believe they found the first direct and in-situ evidence of sediment melting in the mantle.
Credit: Christopher Spencer
Tectonochemistry of Melting Mud in the Mantle, evidence from the Oman/UAE ophiolite
Christopher Spencer, Senior Research Fellow, Curtin University, Australia
The rock cycle is the first thing we learn in Geology 101. Magma and lava cool to form igneous rocks. Igneous rocks then erode to form sediment, which forms sedimentary rocks as it is compacted. Increasing pressure and heat then create metamorphic rocks, which eventually will melt. In each of the transitions described in the rock cycle, tectonics is usually involved. Granite batholiths form in subduction zones and are uplifted and eroded in collision zones. The sediments derived therefrom are deposited along continental margins that are often then returned to subduction zones where they contribute to new magmatic systems. There is a wide array of tools that we can use to evaluate the role of tectonics in the rock cycle, of which geochemistry is able to provide insight into each stage of the process.
Applying geochemistry to tectonics is (unsurprisingly) referred to as tectonochemistry. Similar to tectonophysics, where geophysics is applied to address large-scale tectonic questions, tectonochemistry provides a unique view into geochemical proxies of tectonic processes. The melting of sediment along convergent margins is a classic tectonochemical problem, as the unique chemical signature of sediment found in a granite provides unequivocal evidence for the melting of a sedimentary rock. In collisional systems, like the Himalaya, tectonochemistry has been used to constrain the melting of meta-sedimentary rocks as crustal thickening and decompression drives dehydration of micas which leads to melting. Collisional systems provide clear and in situ evidence for sediment melting.
Figure 1: Clockwise from top left: tourmaline-bearing leucogranite from the Himalaya in NW India, leucogranite dykes intruding meta-sedimentary rocks exposed at 5000m altitude, in situ melting of meta-pelite and formation of leucogranite, incongruent melting of muscovite + plagioclase + quartz to form leucogranite but leaving the biotite behind. Credit: Christopher Spencer.
Sediments are also thought to melt in subduction systems, but given the difficulty of accessing the asthenosphere directly, it is more challenging to constrain the processes occurring deep in a subduction zone. The incorporation of sediment in subduction zones is often constrained using the geochemistry of the resulting magmatic rocks. The chemical signature of sediment provides | 0.774297 | 1.853012 | 1.840418 | 1.877274 | [
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a clear indication of its incorporation in the magma, but it is often unclear whether the contamination is occurring in the asthenospheric wedge or in the upper crust. For example, many granite batholiths contain zircon grains that are foreign to the host magma and whose age spectra match the detrital zircon age spectra of the adjacent sedimentary units. This relationship is a clear indication that sedimentary contamination occurred in the upper crust. Unfortunately, the geochemical proxies used to establish the sedimentary contamination only provide indirect evidence for the subduction of sedimentary material into the asthenospheric wedge. Such indirect evidence includes seismic stratigraphy showing sedimentary units being subducted beneath the forearc and whiffs of sedimentary geochemical signals in arc volcanics. Although these evidences point towards sediment being subducted deep into the asthenospheric wedge where it melts and contaminates the magmas coming off the subducting slab, they do not preserve direct evidence of sediment melting in the mantle.
To acquire direct evidence of processes happening deep in the mantle, I set my sights on the Oman/UAE ophiolite, where a thick succession of mantle peridotite is preserved beneath a complete stratigraphic section of oceanic crust. Previous work has shown that this ophiolite not only preserves an intact record of oceanic crustal stratigraphy, but also geochemical features of a subduction zone in the oceanic crust. This implies the ophiolite formed in a supra-subduction setting, where during the earliest phase of subduction, extension in the upper plate caused rifting and formation of oceanic crust above a subduction zone.
Figure 2: Oceanic crustal stratigraphy of the Oman/UAE ophiolite comprised of (clockwise from top left): pillow basalts, sheeted dykes, layered gabbros, and mantle peridotite. Credit: Christopher Spencer.
During fieldwork in the ophiolite, while traversing the 8-15 km thickness of the mantle peridotite, I encountered a number of granitoid dykes that cross cut the peridotite, but do not cross the petrologic Moho. Many of these dykes contained tourmaline, muscovite, biotite, and even andalusite, minerals that would be expected from the melting of sedimentary material. Finding these minerals in the mantle indicates these grantoid dykes formed from the melting of sedimentary material and here they were within the mantle! Subsequent analysis of zircon grains from these granitoid dykes revealed the age of these dykes was equivalent to the age of the overlying ophiolite providing bullet-proof evidence that they intruded while the ophiolite was forming above a subduction zone. To provide the nail in the coffin for a sedimentary origin, I performed oxygen isotope analysis of the zircon and quartz. Sedimentary material has a distinct oxygen isotopic composition and igneous rocks that are thought to have experienced sediment contamination have δ18O values that lie along mixing lines between a sediment end member and the mantle. The oxygen isotopic analyses of the sub-Moho granitoids of the Oman/UAE ophiolite revealed the highest δ18O values ever measured in igneous rocks, providing unequivocal evidence that these granitoids represent pure sediment melts. In a paper published in Geology (Spencer et al., 2017), my coauthors and I argue these igneous rocks represent the first direct and in situ evidence of sediment melting in the mantle. Lucky for us, we have just scratched the surface of the exciting things left to learn about these fascinating granitoids and I look forward to the opportunity to return to the Oman/UAE ophiolite.
Figure 3: Sub-Moho granitoids of the Oman/UAE ophiolite: A) Cathodoluminescence image of a zircon shown with location and result of δ18O analyses. B) Photograph of sub-Moho granitoids. C) Hand sample of granite with tourmaline and lepidolite ( | 1.063299 | 2.608657 | 1.409257 | 2.366332 | [
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] | 1,306 | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 7 | 9 |
Still sounds like a cooling fan issue. I have also seen in computers where the heatsinks can become dismounted from GPU and CPU's or the thermal take dries up and cause the temperature to climb Very Fast, sometimes catastrophic with a nice crackle and smell. Does your system give off any odors when it freaks out? Is it warm to the to the touch anywhere that is an unusual amount of heat? Do you hear any fans running at all during operation? If no fans running, you might have one that is lockedup, bearings bad or some obstruction. ALSO...Some of these Fans will make Ticking noises if locked up, since they are a brushless motor induction fan that converts solid DC on a smal breadboard circuit into a Pulse Width Modulated signal to control the RPM's of the cooling fan.I'd locate your cooling fans in the laptop, and find replacements at www.mouser.com or try to find a replacement through the MFR, which will have a markup. If you know how to match up + and -, and match up the fan size, CFM's, and type, you can save yourself probably $20 to $40 per fan by buying teh fans through Mouser.
Question: Video card problem? video cable problem?
Got an old pc which I gave to my son last week.
It was working just fine until a day or so ago.
When he boots it up he gets the 'No Input signal' showing on the monitor.
whenever he unplugs the video cable from the monitor (or from the PC) he gets a different message - it says 'Disconnector'.
So I'm trying to figure out what the problem is.
Is it the monitor? Or is it the cable? Or ist it the video card in the pc?
Answer:Video card problem? video cable problem?
Could be anything from those error messages - it simply means that the monitor is not detecting a signal that the PC. You should try another monitor just in case it is the monitor. More then likely though its going to be something in the PC, and not necessarily the video card, it could just as easily be the power supply, RAM, motherboard, or another component.
So, I'd try another monitor with another cable. Then try re-seating the video card in the computer. Also listen for beeps from the system as that can be an error code.
Well I just bought an s-video cable, a 4pin one, I also have an rca cable that I tried plugging into the back of my computer to my television. I have no idea on how to set these things up so could someone help me? I plugged in the s-vide 4pin composite to my computer and my television then put my tv on the S-Video channel/input whatever you call it. Then I restarted my computer just incase with the tv on and cables plugged in. I went into my settings as the tutorial mentioned and right clicked on the number 2 screen and clicked attach. It didn't work I clicked apply and clicked yes on "Do you want to keep these settings" but to no avail. The window just greyed out and I even tried detecting monitors on my ati catalyst (the menu for the graphics card I have) but that didn't work also. Is there something i'm not doing right?
This is the direct link if you can't see the image below.
I just had this card installed, and i am now having problems with video's down loaded from the web. The video picture colors are all off, sound is fine. I Am using Windows XP pro. It/videos work intermitantly?? Mostly dont,,, PC Games and still pics are just GREAT. Any ideas on how to fix. I have fiddled with different things but nothing changes the video color quality.
Ah, my friend.it sounds not to be a video card problem, but more of a codec issue. make sure your codecs are up to date and if that doesn't work, post your system specs.
Hi, something seems to be wrong with my windows media player. I cant watch videos that I downloaded or have but can watch a DVD movie. Every time I try to watch a video that I downloaded or have, no video appears but has sounds. Whenever i try watching a video, a message in the buttom left appears "error downloading codec". I tried watching a DVD movie and it worked. I don't know why only the sounds comes out but not the video. Please help me. Thanks.
You don't have the right codecs. I suggest just downloading VLC. It' | -1.848631 | -1.311029 | -0.502435 | -0.964073 | [
-1.7007063813559748,
-1.9965562740197071
] | [
-1.1552442487936552,
-1.4668136219415462
] | [
-0.6336853227400177,
-0.3711843766127458
] | [
-0.845060032497001,
-1.0830854120421398
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s better than WMP for video playback, even with the right codecs.
Question: Video card and onboard video failed. Power supply problem?
Answer:Video card and onboard video failed. Power supply problem?
Question: Solved: Screen freezes when watching video. Video card problem?
Over the past couple of weeks, my PC has begun freezing - but ONLY when I'm watching videos. That can be either streaming or in Media Player etc. It never freezes if I'm doing other stuff.
Any ideas? is my video card kaput, do you think?
Answer:Solved: Screen freezes when watching video. Video card problem?
Created a simple Powerpoint page, with a menu of small graphic icons that when clicked activate a particular video clip.
All works fine, video is activated properly, and when it ends, the media player closes and control is returned to my Powerpoint page.
However, the graphic icon that was just used to activate the video is now turned to all black. Why?
Kisok mode is set to ON so the next user can make their selection. Rewind video at end option has no effect, same behavior whether on or off.
How can I stop this blackening of the graphic icon on the Powerpoint page when the video activated by clicking that icon ends? It is acting like Kiosk mode is not being recognized, as by definition the page must be preserved intact for the next user of the kiosk application.
Hope someone can help. Thanks for looking in. Also posted to Multimedia forum in case the problem is the media player.
I usually don't visit forums to post questions, but now I have come up with a problem which can not be found by search anywhere.
I don't know if this is my personal phone problem or what.
From when I have update my Lumia 520 to Developers Preview WP8.1 , Whenever I play any video or movie from xbox video app and try to make it fullscren or crop out the black part, the resized or fullscreen version is streched out badly. I don't know why this is happening . I also searched out other video apps, but there is no other like the video app or if there is one, it doesn't have Fullscreen option.
Has your LCD been reddish/pinkish on the initial boot prior to this last episode?
When I play a video, it goes smoothly for approximately 1 minute and then it breaks a lot and pixels start to break. Please help.
I�m in a dilly of a pickle here.
When playing video, my screen will go black for just a second and then return to normal. With most video players, the video will then usually play, but when using BSPlayer (bsplayer.org) to watch video, the screen will go black, return to normal and then video will not play.
"self test / check your pc and signal cable / monitor is working"
Also, if the computer freezes up, hitting ctrl+alt+del gives me a black screen with garbled white text.
I have updated my NVIDIA drivers and installed the latest bsplayer version, but neither of those actions fixed my dilemma.
1. Download and install Passmark's BurnInTest standard edition.
If the GPU is fine, the burn in test shouldn't show any artifacts.
If the GPU is failing, you will notice artifacts on the 2D/3D test.
If you get the artifacts while doing the GPU test, I recommend you contact Lenovo and report the issue.
As for the COM Surrogate problem, check this website for a possible fix (this is for Vista but also applies to Win7).
I have a JVC video camera that came with a program that uses Power Cinema NE for Everio to put the videos onto the computer, burn DVD'S of the video's etc.
I tried to upload a video using photobucket by going to where the files are kept and opening the file up but it won't show . With my old camera the video's used Quick Time which showed up and I could upload them to the web. What do I do ?
In the file where the movies are kept if you put your mouse over it it says Hard Disk Camera Movie .
I recently installed "VLC player" and a small codec pack, worked fine for a whole month, until now..
ive tried full widnows media updates and official patches, uninstalling, reinstalling etc,..
please help me, i cant even view my university tutorial videos..
You've probably got hacked versions of codecs | -1.804802 | -1.391607 | -0.719442 | -1.171532 | [
-1.6349619607640344,
-1.974641467155727
] | [
-1.4023509930143965,
-1.3808634500386798
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] | 1,314 | 1,024 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
installed. Uninstall the codec pack you have on your computer and install this codec pack.
I've had the same problems in the past and it was due to having illegal or hacked versions of codecs. I use the K-Lite Codec Pack and have not had a problems since.
Question: Problem Rendering video in 3ds Max: Video is on an angle.
when i render my video it renders as if the whole video is skewed, and nomatter what settings i change, it stays the same.
its as if the clipped image from the skewing is then transfered into the what should be black space on the other side of the screen.
I have been running windows with 2 monitors. one on the PCIe card, set as the primary monitor, and another on the motherboard's onboard video, as the #2 monitor. it hasn't given me any problems and I have been doing that for a long time.
now, the #2 monitor doesn't get a signal and worse yet, the onboard video adapter isn't seen by windows anywhere.
with the PCIe going first, I get the problem described above.
with the onboard video going first, windows DOES see both video adapters, and "primary display" goes to the onboard video. I don't want that because the PCIe card is much more powerful than the onboard video. I want the PCIe to be the "primary display".
it's not a case of "either-or" video adapter enabled, because I have been using both for a long time, I still get both when onboard video is set to load first, and there aren't any settings I could have accidentally hit to disable one or the other like there are on a laptop. the motherboard was designed to use both at the same time.
Since this is a recent issue, try running System Restore back to a point where the monitors started properly. If this works, it indicates the problem likely was/is caused by a driver update that was automatically installed by Windows.
If this doesn't solve the problem, it's possible your on-board video is flaking out. Depending on the PCI-e video card you have, you may be able to drive both monitors from the PCI-e. If it's an older card that won't support the resolution quality you want on both monitors, you might consider upgrading to a PCI-e card that will. Depending on the apps you're running, you should be able to find a decent mid line card (such as an EVGA GT430 w/ 1GB DDR3) for as little as $50 after rebate.
So, I'm having trouble whenever I try to go fullscreen or close out of fullscreen on every game I play, and I can't change most of them to windowed mode. This is fairly annoying, and it happens frequently, though it doesn't happen every time. Most of the time, I have to restart the laptop. I can put the screen down and raise it back up, and it temporarily fixes the problem until I have to close out. Either that, or it restarts the computer. I have posted a picture below of what it looks like. Any help with this is appreciated. I have updated my video drivers, also. Thanks.
Try using an external monitor. If its exhibits the same way, then its a video chipset problem that is failing due to excessive heat or hopefully a reflowing would fix the problem.
We have a flat panel Tv, and when i hook up my laptop to it, via the VGA out on the computer, and everything plays fine except video's in windows media player and win dvd.
any help/light on the situation?
Question: Problem with my video and my video card?
(also as a side note): One time I played with the card clock speed and made it go from 130Mhz video speed to 135Mhz, I don't think this screwed it up though it wasn't that high, I herd of people clocking cards way more then that, it was only 5 digits higher, I returned it to default after it started acting weird, but after that it still was acting weird, Do you think this screwed it up?
Answer:Problem with my video and my video card?
If I missed it in you post sorry, but have you updated your drivers and tried to reinstall directx lately. Almost sounds like corrupt drivers.
I m facing this video hardware error from last 1 week in my HP G62 361Tx Laptop.
Lapt | -1.593872 | -1.39877 | -0.602299 | -0.800186 | [
-1.5308666281601286,
-1.6568767676280145
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-1.1874755632572302,
-1.6100639084463237
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] | 1,314 | 2,048 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
op Cooling fan is working Ok. no Abnormal sound.
I have installed TechPowerUP GPU Z to check GPU Temperature..
Cursor is smooth and fast at startup (and in safe mode), sound works fine (startup noise) but when everything loads and Windows is actually usable, it's like the PC works great .. until you move the cursor.
Things I've tried: uninstalling / reinstalling / repairing / etc. mouse drivers, video card drivers, network adapter drivers (thought the problem was related to network activity because of startup/safe mode behaviour being normal), catalyst control centre, etc.
In task manager performance tab, cpu goes to 100% usage when the cursor is moved around.
Anyone recognise this problem or have any ideas?
Finally hunted down a ps/2 mouse instead of other usb mice (durr). There seems to be no problem now, not even in task manager.
Now my problem is I'm using a ps2 mouse.
My PC was recently upgraded to Win-8.1. When it started up, my video card drivers were reset from ATI Radeon 4300/4500 Series, to Microsoft Basic Adapter. Along with that my PC now has an unsightly array of black borders around my screen. If anyone would help me with what is wrong it would be greatly appreciated..
Question: Is that possible hardware sound problem and video recording problem fixed ??
I'm using lumia 920. my problem is that when i open video recording then come back my home screen and both of the same problem music player !! I give to fixed nokia care but they don't. there say .. "hardware problem !! can't fixed that...!! "
But my question .." Is it possible to fix it ??"
It doesn't come out, the Power light is on, monitor power light also on but the booting(the red light) which indicates the computer is running isn't working anymore i check the every possible cable like the Power Supply, HDD , Video Card, Monitor, every things works fine, but my computer doesn't even booting.
can someone tell me which part should i fix it.
Open the PC, then switch it on. Check that all fans (in the powersupply, on the CPU, perhaps also on the graphics card and the motherboard) are running.
If not, tell us which one is not working.
Most likely your powersupply no longer works. Give us the manufacturer's name and model, please.
I have a Nvidia Geforce 6200 8x AGP. 512mb of RAM. Whenever I scroll down I get a flutter in my screen, like I'm going too fast for it.
I've tried uninstalling and reinstalling my video card several times and even switching it out and still the same result. I've checked the device manager and found a yellow x next to next to Nividia Geforce 6200.
Hi I recently made a mistake and I did a full HP system restore and lost alot of my programs and have had to reinstall them. Some programs are there still but just seem messed up somewhat, like my Cute Html editor program.
Suddenly, where there used to be the tabs you clicked on that would auto-arrange my .htm files in the navigation pane, arent there anymore. Im a web designer so this is crucial for me, as I use this program every day. But I used Cute Html version 2.3 and there isnt any support anymore for that.
Does anyone have a clue how I can get those tabs back on there?
Also, there isnt any file extension on the .jpg or .gif files or the .htm files. They used to be there. Also what used to be .jpg files is now .jpeg and Im having to change them on all my html pages.
Any idea on how to fix these problems?
5 Un-check the "Hide extensions for know file types"
Done U should now see .jpg etc.
so i reinstalled windows XP. when it reinstalled it isnt regonizing my graphix card. I have a GeForce MX4000. The monitor is plugged into it and the monitor works, but the screen is all choppy whenever i scroll and it wont let me open up any games.
With the 'boot from cd screen and not go further' problem after you put a new RAM module in your PC, you probably only needed to change the boot order of storage devices in your BIOS setting, or cleared your CMOS chip of the B | -1.804802 | -1.124804 | -0.711358 | -0.850263 | [
-1.7774082053799054,
-1.832195222539856
] | [
-1.2447756778591412,
-1.0048314479636389
] | [
-0.9697372586034333,
-0.45297814968138844
] | [
-0.8762764757160356,
-0.8242490703509779
] | 1,024 | [
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] | 1,314 | 3,072 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
IOS, and not reformat the system. Though, I wouldn't of thought re-installing the OS would have fixed the problem.
Anways, about your display being all choppy...because you've reformated and installed a fresh copy of Windows XP your system doesn't have the drivers installed your your specific hardware, which includes your Graphics Card. Windows XP is currently using the generic display drivers.
To fix the problem, simply go to http://www.nvidia.com and download the forceware display drivers for your GeForce MX4000 Graphics Card. Once you've installed the drivers, go to display settings and set your monitor's refresh rate and resolution to the optimal settings.
You should also download and install the latest chipset drivers from the vendors website and audio drivers for your soundcard (if you have a PCI soundcard). If you have onboard audio, audio drivers are usually included with the chipset drivers for your motherboard.
(quote) playing one of my games the screen will suddenly turn into a bunch of vertical different colored stripes, or will turn into a blank screen of a different color and the system will freeze up (/quote)same thing happed to me...my graphics card was overheating...have you tried dusting out the macheine?
Question: No youtube video bar on AOL - my problem or AOL problem?
Answer:No youtube video bar on AOL - my problem or AOL problem?
Trya different web browser like Chromium, Firefox, Opera etal...ARM Devices are the future, great British Design !
I video conference speeches and process them to VCD format. I capture video on miniDV tape or directly on computer using 1394 (firewire) port. I take audio seperately from mixer into computer using 'audacity' or 'accoustica' program. I use Ulead Video Studio 8 to match video & audio and then process it. These 2 streams match well in the begining, but then these go out of sync by upto 5 sec. Need help urgently.
Using Core2Duo desktop, 4 GB DDR2 RAM (800MHz FSB), SATA Hard Disk 7200 rpm.
The problem is that the framerates are a little bit different and there is no keyframe info for each to keep themselves in sync.
In fact some media companies deliberately introduce keyframe errors so that conversion prgrams and the like don't keep the video and audio in sync.
I'm still waiting for a good solution myself but at least you know you're not the only one with the problem by a long shot.
I have a problem with video that doesn't seem to be covered. Whenever I try to access any folder I have that contains any video files (AVI, MPEG4, etc.) Explorer encounters an error, and then crashes, restarting explorer, but not causing a complete lock up. I have scanned for viruses with AVG Free, as well as scanned for spyware with multiple programs. I am able to access the video, but only if the file is loaded on a playlist. Using Windows Media Player to open the files causes the same problem. Any Clues?
. The problem takes the form of multicolored lines filling the screen, sometimes jagged lines when the games start up.
ATI RADEON PRO 9800, and my screen is on 1280*1024, at 32 bit color , and my monitor is an LCD.
Having problems with connecting the S-Video out in my laptop to the TV. I'm running windows 2000 and when connected to the tv it comes up fine on the tv but when the login screen comes up it switches back to the laptop. Anyone have any ideas how this can be fixed so the picture stays on the tv?
Go to Display propertys and select the output device.
If anyone remembers I have had in the past couple weeks a hard drive problem followed by a power supply problem. Well, I replaced the power supply today and things seemed to be working fine. I plugged everything in and when it got to the main bios screen for some reason tehre were a bunch of white blocks all over the place. Since they dissapeared after leaving that screen I didn't think anything more about it. I reinstalled windows xp on the new hard drive i had gotten to replace my dead one, and things seemed to be going fine. When it started loading winxp up, however, teh white boxes reappeared, and the boot up screen was completely scrambled. Eventually it | -1.804802 | -1.323563 | -0.986223 | -0.990737 | [
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-1.7664508019479155
] | [
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] | 1,314 | 4,096 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
just froze. Is my video card now dead or something? This is getting annoying...I don't have a spare video card here at the moment, but i might get the one at home to try.
Update: I tried to just reseat the video card and if anything it made even more boxes appear.
It sounds like the motherboard or the video card got toasted when the power supply failed.
Is the video Integrated into the Motherboard or is it a PCI/AGP Card?
If it's integrated into the motherboard, then it just may be time to upgrade the system.
there's some great deals on motherboards and such.
I am having this problem with my monitor. It seems to have a slight flicker and displays colors as if I'm in safe mode, but everything else seems to work fine. I have a dual monitors and my big screen TV displays a signal free of flicker and all the colors. I have swapped out monitors to see if my monitor was dying but I got the same display on another one. Any ideas as to why this is happening?
It's been fine, but recently on boot, it's been wanting to scan the disk for errors (always shut down correctly), and now, even that message and even Win splash screen are garbled. Desktop boots fine.
Complete up-to-date Norton AV scans and disk Dr. all OK, up-to date AdAware, Spybot, and Spyware Xterminator all OK.
Question: Yet another video problem.
First off; the problem: I can't really explain the problem. I've tried showing a picture of it but on other computers everything seems normal and told me it's the Aero feature and such. I'm fully aware of the Aero feature and such but I don't think that's the reason. For any windows or folders I open, it'll show me the window but at the edge it shows like a streaking finish. Like the best way to explain it is if you take a photo of a car speeding, you get that streak look or something, or something zooming. In a way it looks like a ghosting image or a shadow of the image. See it also happens inside a web browser or folder. The letters or buttons or icons show the same streaking, zooming, ghosting, and/or shadowing image as well.
Now, I've updated my graphics card (9800 GTX+) to current drivers. I've updated my monitor (Dell E207WFP) to current drivers as well. I did not check to see if my VGA cables are loosen yet, I'm going to do that soon.
Have vertical(pink) lines over my screen.They get worse if I move my mouse around. I cant reboot back to my desktop unless I remove the display driver from device mgr first.I formatted my hard drive,but the lines were still there when I was reinstalling windows.Also the fan on my video card is not spinning.Overheated maybe? Cause if I reboot with the card listed in device mgr, it wont get past the password screen,it locks up there.The screen locks,but the mouse stays free.
Also since I cant reboot properly,Ive been unable to fully reinstall anything.
All help greatly appreciated!! Thx.
I am running Windows Vista on my Toshiba laptop and have started having a problem with s-videos detection. Up until yesterday every time I turned the machine on, it detected the s-video connection but it has suddenly stopped detecting it. I made no changes in Window or anything else. I have checked the connections and everything is correctly hooked up.
Hi you could roll back and download WMP light, or on the other hand why use WMP try using VLC or something else. Hope this helps you.
Ok normaly when i play a video i.e. mpg or avi it like smooths the pixels out but not it doesn't i can't see any smooth option any ideas?
I think you need to give us more info ... alot more.
Whenever I play DVDs on my laptop the picture size is annoyingly small. I have a Dell Inspiron 15.4 inch screen. It's not fitting the screen. VERY VERY irritating as I paid extra for a bigger screen and instead end up with small videos. I've tried all the settings on windows media player and all my other players, but I can't make it any bigger. Very annoyed by this. If you could help me I would be immensely appreciative. Thanks | -1.908897 | -1.667364 | -1.314666 | -1.272985 | [
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] | 1,314 | 5,120 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
.
right-click on your desktop (or go to Display in Control Panel) and check the 'settings' tab. Alternatively, for vlc the hotkey is 'f', and for Media player it's Alt+enter for fullscreen.
my problem is when i started call of duty 2 today. I tried to play multiplayer when the game started the computer restarted itself, also when i play movie clips in a windows media player the video is dark and garbled u cant see anything.
the video card im using is geforce 6600 nvidia pci express. Any hints could it be drivers?
After window 8 was installed, it is very hard to see videos, like CNN and youtube. However NBC news video is easy to see as window7. How can I fix this problems?
what do you exactly mean by "hard to see videos". Do you mean that the screenimage is blurry? Or do you mean that it is very hard to play the video's in Internet Explorer? In the latter case it may be related to the trace security setting in IE11.
Please provide us with more information about your case.
What is the precise problem;What harware do you have (dekstop/ laptop)How were you trying to play the video's etc.
Question: new problem, there is no video.
OK i can turn on my pc now but when i do all the fans turn and the fan on the radeon 9600 se turns but there is no picture on the screen. i know the video card works i put it in an other pc to check. so what could it be? Is it the mobo bad why is there on picture on the screen?
Answer:new problem, there is no video.
hook up speakers to your motherboard and the "post speach" feature (aka bitchin' betty) should tell you if anything is wrong. If you hear nothing keep pushing the reset button, sometimes it'll take 10-20 times to get anything out when you have serious problems. As was said in your other thread on your problems you probably have bad ram, if you have two sticks try one at a time in the slot next to the CPU.
Ok someone gave me their computer to look at cause they thought i knew alot well the problem he was having was that a friend of his put in a pci ethernet adapter and when he plugged in his dsl he wasn't getting an internet connect. When i looked on it i saw that it was receiving limited or connectivity so i just told him to ask his friend for the driver cd for the pci card cause he told me all hi s friend did was to put in the card.
Before i gave it back to him i showed him the message. Then he took home the computer. Today he brought it back telling me that when he turns it on the monitor doesn't turn on, he doesnt have an internal speaker so i cannot tell if the system is going through post or not, most i can say is that i see the busy indicator led blinking. Could you tell me of ways to solve the problem. Thank you. I am currently trying to reset the bios completely by leaving out the battery for awhile.
You might be in deep doodoo of helping a rank amateur when you are perhaps not ready.
He may have fouled up the video graphics driver, or downloaded the wrong driver.
Put the monitor on your computer to make sure it works, then do the downloads and installs of the BIOS and drivers yourself.... if you are experienced in doing them.
Playing games like Aoe 111 and BF2.After a min. or so the screen pauses and some color flashes appears and continues till I can't play cause of it.Ran a stability test on my Geforce 6800 ultra and happened there too.It said there was a Generic application error.Does anyone know what could cause this.
well...what do you mean by colour flashes? does the whole screen turn a primary colour like red or green?? that would indicate the graphics card over load...youl have to upgrade the drivers....or take the card back to the shop!
using Gainward TV 2 Go, recording as a DVR, after more than 10 or 20 minutes, the audio goes out of sync with the video. I have heard that this is caused by extra excess data or something of that matter, but I don't know how to fix it. Any suggestions would be great thanks!
OK ! I assume that I am missing or have a corrupted codec. My video looks distorted & multi colored. & I keep getting this little note pad Icon on my desktop titled ( dx | -2.259534 | -1.642295 | -1.130789 | -1.219657 | [
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] | 1,314 | 6,144 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
va_sig ).
I am assuming that it is an incompatibility issue with my video card.
Can anyone tell me what is causing this for sure & how to fix it ? If possible even provide a link to an updated codec or something ?
Read through this thread, seems like a possible solution. Sounds like a media player error.
I have windows 7 X64 and a Intel HD graphics graphic card. When i try to play hd video in my browser it shows green dots and lines..for example on the site of HBO.com. But when i play HD video on my dvd player every thing is fine.. I have installed k-lite codec pack for 64bit and a windows 7 codec pack. Does anybody know what the problem may be?
I'm not an expert, but it may be that having two different codec packs installed at the same time is causing a conflict.
Make use of your warranty.
I applied a updated driver for Nvidia video card in my Thinkpad R61, When I did this no matter what type of configuration I used I could not get any output from the S-Video jack. I used the Nivida program, The Presenter program and even Vista's display settings and no S-Video output whatsoever, After rolling back the driver everything worked fine again. Is there a work around to this problem, I would like to have the updated drivers but not at the cost of losing my S-Video output.
is the update provided by Lenovo or Nvidia's official website, Lenovo recommends that user only use Lenovo approved drivers for their systems to maximise system stability and port functionality.
I'm not sure if it's a hardware problem or a software problem but here it goes. At my job I'm working on a GateWay Profile 3. It used to have Windows ME but I formatted the hard drive at the request of my boss and put in it's place Windows 2000 Pro. Here is the problem. After the Windows 2000 Pro startup screen disappears, the screen turns white and then fades to black. This only happens when I boot up normally. Whenever I go into Safe Mode I can see the desktop. Only when I boot up normally does the screen go bad. In Safe Mode I've discovered that all of the drivers are properly installed. There is no coflict whatsoever. My boss, being the idiot that he is, insists that the problem is in the video card. If the video card is the problem, then how come I can see the desktop in Safe Mode is my question? I still believe that the problem is not in the video card at all. I even went to the Gateway website but that didn't help me at all. Here's the problems one more time with a few more problems to go with it.
1. After the startup screen appears, the screen turns white then fades to black.
2. Go into Safe Mode and I can see the desktop perfectly.
3. Can't see anything after startup screen if I boot up normally.
4. While in Safe Mode I discover that all drivers are installed and are not having a conflict problem with anything else in the computer.
5. The computer is not hooked up to the Internet.
6. I get perfect sound.
I have a problem playing MW2 single-player on my PC. There's something wrong with the way the game handles resolution. The game doesn't output video and the screen is black, but it is fine otherwise with full audio and mouse feedback. The game runs fine when run in Safe Mode (800*640) but when I change the resolution in-game, the screen flickers and no longer displays anything but a black screen.
Yesterday it ran fine by what I believe was sheer luck as the display was suddenly output at the start menu. I'm running Direct X 11 and ATI Radeon 4770.
OK....new drivers came out today. Will install and let you know.
I just rebuilt my computer with an Aopen KT600 mobo and an XP 3200 processor. Everything works great but during the POST and XP welcome screen the picture is shrunk about and inch from the outside and there are white bars on the side. It also does this when a game first starts to load. Other than that no video problems. I reformatted the drive with the rebuild and used Catalyst 4.4 drivers. This didnt happen right off. I think it was after I installe the Leadtek TV tuner card but Im not sure. I used different video drivers but it still happens.
D | -2.012992 | -1.481139 | -0.935498 | -0.95952 | [
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-2.0294284843156776
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rivers shouldn't matter as this is happening before they're ever loaded. Most likely this is just an issue of how your monitor displays VGA output from your video card. To check this, try a different monitor and see if the results are the same or during post, pause your computer, adjust the monitor display settings, then continue to boot.
I have the current edition of IE9 but can't view any video's on certain web sites. MSN.com is the worst. The video box opens but nothing plays. I just get a blank screen. I can view video's on MSNBC and other web sites with no problems. If I go to MSN.com using Google Chrome Browser the video's open and play.
Why doesn't IE9 work only on certain web sites. You would think IE9 would work on Microsoft's own web site but I guess that is asking too much of Microsoft.
Question: Video Problem Please Help!
The problem is whenever I play videos random single colored pixels appear on the screen randomly. When I pause the video on the pixels, sometimes they pause with the video and in other cases the pixels just blink on and off. This doesn't happen with Quicktime format videos, but it seems to happen with everything else. I tried uninstalling and reinstalling codecs and stuff, but nothing seems to work. Do you guys have any idea what's going on?
Sorry, I can't envision what you mean. Can you either post a pic or explain a little better? Thanks.
Received call for help today from a friend. Running Win ME he 'suddenly' discovered that he could not run AVI or PPS files. The file relationships appear to check out OK, and dragging the file icon over to the Power Point or Media Player icon doesn't open the file. Now he finds that PDF files won't open either, although he thinks they did a week ago. I'm travelling to see the machine tomorrow -- any ideas what to look for? What is the common linkage between AVI, PPS and PDF? Could it be a video problem?
I sent him a copy of PPS Reader, but that won't work either. He uses Acrobat Reader for PDF so I sent him Foxit -- no that fails. It's got to be an OS glitch?
It could be an odd chance that it could be a virus.But the machine wont open avi files or pdf files.As far as I can think it could be propably an OS glitch. Try repairing WINME or better remove ME and Install win98 or 2000 and burn the CD with WINME on it!!!!
This has been an ongoing problem for me for the last couple months.While I am surfing the internet,typing, or doing nothing at all, the video to my screen simply blanks out.NO blue screen,no warnings, no errors, just typing,typing and then bam,it's gone.I looked in event log after the computer rebooted and there's this message: NVIEW : WINWORD: WAIT_TIMEOUT, while waiting for a read to clear - resetting read event.It's not always winword,sometimes it's rundll,iexplore,spysweeper or explorer. It really doesn't matter what it is,when that event happens the video blanks out and my only option is to reboot.This happens anywhere from 3-10 times per day.My question is what is causing this and how can I fix it.Thank you.
that I have started to experience problems.
windows vga drivers then the quality is remarkably improved on the TV.
When you swapped the 7600 in there, did you reinstall the driver?
Hi I have a Acer Aspire 5100 Laptop im having problems with playing movies picture and sound are very choppy can you help me fix this problem.
Your system is capable of playing hd videos. Are u having issues playing all the videos? What about audio?
Well, just today I got vista, and I upgraded its video card to an Nvidia 6600 Overclocked and I play a game called GunZ Online.
And yes, I have installed my latest drivers, just today.
EDIT : I think it has something to do with frames per second rates because When i clicked an icon and held down enter (to make alot of windows pop up) the same thing happened.
motherboard: ASUS A8R-MX Onboard Video Chipset:ATI Radeon X200OS: WINDOWS 7ON BOARD VIDE | -2.111609 | -1.563508 | -1.156151 | -1.349726 | [
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] | 1,314 | 8,192 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
O DIDN'T SHOW IN DEVICE MANAGERWhy is the video device not shown?
Has this happened since you ran the test version of Windows 7?
HEllo.I have a problem with my laptop. The dedicated video card is not used in any aplication or games,why this laptop has a dedicated video card ? I read a lot of post on internet with this problem? It will be a fix for that? I dont know what to do .... I paid a lot of money for what? In device manager appear Radeon R5 M230 ,but is not used in any games or aplications. The games are played with the integrated card.. Help please!
We really need more information about your system.
It sounds like a graphics problem. Could be your monitor , the monitor cable, your graphics card overheating/failing.
I have an IBM 300 GL Personal Computer with S3 Trio 3D (2 Mb) onboard video adapter witch hasn't AGP connector. Can I put on it a PCI video card with more memory?
Yes. Be sure to find and change the video jumper(s) on the MOBO to "turn off if you will" the onboard S3 video before installing the PCI Video card. Don't forget to install the driver(s) for the new card. Good luck.
When uploading video from a camcorder or other device the file is way too big. For example a 6 minute long video is 164MB. How can I make file smaller?
If you dont want the video quality to be shot to all he!!, and you dont want to spend a couple hundred dollars on professional software, your out of luck. I have an 18 minute video taken on my droid and its 401MB big. It just depends on your camcorder/megapixles.
Just recently I've been having problems with my monitor blinking 1/2 way out. In the middle of doing nothing I'll suddenly be left with only the lower 1/2 of the screen. Turning monitor off then on fixed the first time, had to reboot PC twice to fix the second time and thus cause is undefined and seems to fix itself as randomly as it screws up. Anyone seen something like this before?
Could be the monitor itself is just dying, high voltage cutting in and out screwing up the oscillators which control the physical size of your screen or monitor power supply problem could cause it also depending on how the monitor is configured.
I'm using Ulead Video Studio 11 (new to it). I'm mixing video & still images, all was fine until I got to the last video clip. When I played the project it ran smoothly until the last clip, it froze for a few seconds then carried on with no sound. When I play it as a clip it works perfectly. Can anyone help? I'm using Windows Vista, 140g HD & 2 meg of RAM.
My Ti4200 has an S-Video Out, which I have been trying to use to play games and use apps on my TV. However I have a problem. My TV is 5 years old and has no S-Video port. The only inputs on my TV are the coaxial port for my cable box and the analog audio and video ports (Red, white and yellow.) Is there some kind of adapter I can buy to use my TV as a secondary display?
Just recently i had to reformat my hard drive. I reinstalled all my divers and got everything working again except for one problem. Any time i try to play any video file (mpeg,wmv, avi) it displays the first frame of it and the audio goes for about 3 seconds. After that whatever program im using to play it just locks up. I assume its something i forget to reinstall since it used to work fine. Any ideas what it might be?
have you tried just one video card first? I believe there are bios settings for running sli.
Question: Different no Video problem ..
First off just found this form, and wow thank you!
ok .. now for my problem.
I upgraded from winxp to windows home premium. Everthing worked fine in xp fyi.
Back ground, I run 2 monitors. One standard hooked to my video card, 2nd one a USB 7" monitor.
Both have most current updated video drivers etc.
I normally play a dvd / streaming video on the usb monitor as I play online mmo etc.
I am able to watch any dvd / streaming video just fine on the USB monitor if im not online in a game session etc | -1.85411 | -1.275216 | -0.662218 | -0.974478 | [
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WikiMili
Francis Perrin (actor)
Not to be confused with the physicist Francis Perrin.
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Francis Perrin
Perrin at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival
(1947-10-10) 10 October 1947 (age 72)
Versailles, France
Actor, film director, screenwriter
Francis Pierre Horton Perrin (born 10 October 1947) is a French actor, screenwriter and film director.
He was taken on by the Comédie-Française in 1972, for whom his roles included Les Fourberies de Scapin by Molière. He headed the Théâtre Montansier in his birthplace from 1992 to 2000. In April 2007, he was made an Officier de la Légion d'honneur.
Francis Perrin is not to be confused with the recurring character of Francis Veber, François Perrin / François Pignon. Francis Perrin co-wrote Le Débutant (1986) as well as playing François Veber in it, and also played the role of François Pépin in Ça n'arrive qu'à moi.
Serious as Pleasure (1975)
The Porter from Maxim's (1976)
Robert et Robert (1978)
Gros-Câlin (1979)
On a volé la cuisse de Jupiter (1980)
Billy Ze Kick (1985)
Club de rencontres (1987)
La Belle Verte (1996)
Le courage d'aimer (2005)
Thérèse Desqueyroux (2012)
Nicholas on Holiday (2014)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Francis Perrin .
Francis Perrin on IMDb
Francis Perrin on AlloCiné
SNAC: w6cz43vv
This article about a French actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Related Research Articles
Jean Baptiste Perrin was a French physicist who, in his studies of the Brownian motion of minute particles suspended in liquids, verified Albert Einstein's explanation of this phenomenon and thereby confirmed the atomic nature of matter. For this achievement he was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1926.
Jacques François Antoine Marie Ibert was a French composer of classical music. Having studied music from an early age, he studied at the Paris Conservatoire and won its top prize, the Prix de Rome at his first attempt, despite studies interrupted by his service in World War I.
Pierre Richard is a French actor, film director and screenwriter, best known for the roles of a clumsy daydreamer in comedy films. Richard is considered by many, such as Louis de Funès and Gérard Depardieu, to be one of the greatest and most talented French comedians in the last 50 years. He is also a film | -0.55172 | -0.197258 | -1.140934 | -0.936271 | [
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director and occasional singer.
Francis Paul Veber is a French film director, screenwriter and producer, and playwright. He has written and directed both French and American films. Eight French-language films with which he has been involved, as either writer or director or both, have been remade as English-language Hollywood films: Le grand blond avec une chaussure noire, L'emmerdeur, La Cage aux Folles, Le Jouet, Les Compères, La chèvre, Les Fugitifs, and Le dîner de cons. He also wrote the screenplay for My Father the Hero, the 1994 American remake of the French-language film Mon père, ce héros.
Jacques Perrin is a French actor and filmmaker. He is occasionally credited as Jacques Simonet. Simonet was his father's name and Perrin his mother's.
The Dinner Game is a 1998 French comedy film written and directed by Francis Veber. It is a film adaptation by Veber of his play Le Dîner de Cons. It was the top grossing French film at the French box office for 1998 and second place overall behind Titanic.
Pierre-Eugène Veber was a French playwright and writer.
The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe is a 1972 French comedy film directed by Yves Robert, written by Francis Veber, starring Pierre Richard, Jean Rochefort, Bernard Blier and Mireille Darc. The film's sequel, Le Retour du Grand Blond, was released in 1974.
The Return of the Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe is a film directed by Yves Robert, in 1974. It is the continuation of The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe.
The Valet is a 2006 French comedy film written and directed by Francis Veber and starring Gad Elmaleh, Alice Taglioni, Daniel Auteuil, and Kristin Scott Thomas. The screenplay focuses on a parking valet who is enlisted to pretend to be the lover of a famous fashion model in order to deflect attention from her relationship with a married businessman.
La Chèvre is a 1981 French comedy film directed by Francis Veber, starring Pierre Richard and Gérard Depardieu. It is the first of three films featuring Richard and Depardieu as a comic duo.
Coup de tête is a 1979 French comedy-drama film directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud and scripted by Francis Veber. It stars Patrick Dewaere and Jean Bouise, who won the César Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance.
Francis Huster is a French stage, film and television actor, director and scriptwriter.
Alain Poiré was a French film producer and screenwriter. He was born in Paris, and died in Neuilly-Sur-Seine.
Le Jaguar is a 1996 French film directed by Francis Veber starring Jean Reno, Patrick Bruel, Harrison Lowe, and Patricia Velásquez. A shaman from the South American rain forest visits Paris for a public relations campaign along with a French ethnologist. When the shaman's soul is apparently stolen, he enlists the help of a good-for-nothing named Perrin, with whom he spontaneously created a spiritual link.
Robert Dalban was a French actor. His work included stage acting, roles in TV shows and dubbing American stars. Moreover, he was a fixture in French cinema for many decades.
The Toy is a 1976 French comedy-drama film directed by Francis Veber.
The Théâtre Édouard VII, also called théâtre Édouard VII – Sacha Guitry, is located in Paris between the Madeleine and the Opéra Garnier in the 9th arrondissement. The square, in which there is a statue of King Edward the Seventh, was opened in 1911. The theatre, which was originally a cinema, was named in the honour of King Edward VII, as he was nicknamed the "most Parisian of all Kings", appreciative of French culture. In the early to mid 1900s,under the direction of Sacha Guitry, the theatre became a symbol of anglo-franco friendship, and where French people could discover and enjoy Anglo Saxon works. French actor and director Bernard Murat is the current director of the theatre. Modern "boulevard comed | 0.416812 | 0.853841 | -0.580424 | -0.434531 | [
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Why Celebs Like Camila Mendes and Demi Lovato Are Done With Dieting
Brianne Hogan
Image via Camila Mendes/Instagram
After years of obsessing over being thin, both actress Camila Mendes and singer Demi Lovato say they are done with dieting.
In a recent Instagram post, Mendes said she decided to stop dieting after realizing that her "obsession" with being thin interfered with her other passions, like music, education, and cinema.
"When did being thin become more important than being healthy?" The "Riverdale" star wrote. "I recently went to a naturopath for the first time in my life. I told her about my anxiety around food and my obsession with dieting. She phrased a pivotal question in such a way that struck a chord with me: what other things could you be thinking about if you didn't spend all your time thinking about your diet?"
Mendes, who has admitted to having an eating disorder, went onto say that she's "done" with "the idea that there's a thinner, happier version of me on the other side of all the tireless effort. Your body type is subject to genetics, and while eating nutrient-dense foods and exercising regularly will make you healthier, it will not necessarily make you thinner, and the current system fails to make that distinction."
She capped off her riveting post with the hashtag, #DoneWithDieting.
Lovato also admitted recently to People Magazine that she, too, has stopped dieting.
The "Confident" singer is focusing less on how she looks, and more on how she feels. And how is she feeling now that's she not dieting anymore? Happier.
"I stopped dieting and have gained a little weight so it's been a struggle but at the same time, I'm happier because I'm not restricting myself from certain foods and I'm no longer food shaming myself," she told the magazine.
She continued, "As someone recovering from a food disorder, it's something that I want to put out there that you don't have to diet in order to be happy. I don't think I've heard that message out there in the public and of course, it's important to be healthy and everything in moderation is fine."
As both these women can attest, dieting is probably the worst thing you can do for your health -- both physically and mentally. Here's why.
They Don't Work
When a diet is used as a "quick" way to lose weight -- whether that means restricting foods, like sugar or carbs, or heavily restricting calories altogether -- research claims there is a 95 percent chance you will gain back the weight within one to five years, if not sooner.
They're Not Healthy
Diets tend to lack essential nutrients, which means they aren't nourishing your body but rather depriving it of what it needs to function optimally.
Additionally, "yo-yo" dieting wreaks havoc on with your body and is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure.
They Make You Food Obsessed
As both Mendes and Lovato mention, dieting often causes food to become the main focus of your life, which can interfere with your enjoyment of, well, life. If you're constantly thinking about what or if you can eat, whether you're at your brother's wedding or at your best friend's birthday bash, then you're not truly living a full life.
Diets measure your quality of life in numbers -- from the number on your scale to your measurements -- when your quality of life is much more than that.
Exercising regularly while eating healthy, well-balanced meals, including treating yourself, is often more than enough. Ultimately, it's important to love yourself, including your bod, as is.
Like Mendes said, "A healthy body is the ideal body type, and that will look different for every person."
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Home » Meteorites, Comets and Asteroids » Did an Ancient Meteor Have an Icy Double Punch?
Did an Ancient Meteor Have an Icy Double Punch?
Categories: Meteorites, Comets and Asteroids
By Astrobiology Magazine - Sep 22, 2012
DEM of high resolution bathymetric data in the Eltanin impact area. Credit: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
When a huge meteor collided with Earth about 2.5 million years ago and fell into the southern Pacific Ocean it not only could have generated a massive tsunami but also may have plunged the world into the Ice Ages, a new study suggests.
A team of Australian researchers says that because the Eltanin meteor – which was up to two kilometres across – crashed into deep water, most scientists have not adequately considered either its potential for immediate catastrophic impacts on coastlines around the Pacific rim or its capacity to destabilise the entire planet's climate system.
"This is the only known deep-ocean impact event on the planet and it's largely been forgotten because there's no obvious giant crater to investigate, as there would have been if it had hit a landmass," says Professor James Goff, lead author of a forthcoming paper in the Journal of Quaternary Science. Goff is co-director of UNSW's Australia-Pacific Tsunami Research Centre and Natural Hazards Research Laboratory.
Artist impression of a large-scale impact. Credit: NASA
"But consider that we're talking about something the size of a small mountain crashing at very high speed into very deep ocean, between Chile and Antarctica. Unlike a land impact, where the energy of the collision is largely absorbed locally, this would have generated an incredible splash with waves literally hundreds of metres high near the impact site.
"Some modelling suggests that the ensuing mega-tsunami could have been unimaginably large – sweeping across vast areas of the Pacific and engulfing coastlines far inland. But it also would have ejected massive amounts of water vapour, sulphur and dust up into the stratosphere.
"The tsunami alone would have been devastating enough in the short term, but all that material shot so high into the atmosphere could have been enough to dim the Sun and dramatically reduce surface temperatures. Earth was already in a gradual cooling phase, so this might have been enough to rapidly accelerate and accentuate the process and kick start the Ice Ages."
In the paper, Goff and colleagues from UNSW and the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, note that geologists and climatologists have interpreted geological deposits in Chile, Antarctica, Australia, and elsewhere as evidence of climatic change, marking the start of the Quaternary period.
Location of the Eltanin impact. Credit: UC Santa Cruz
An alternative interpretation is that some or all of these deposits may be the result of mega-tsunami inundation, the study suggests.
"There's no doubt the world was already cooling through the mid and late Pliocene," says co-author Professor Mike Archer. "What we're suggesting is that the Eltanin impact may have rammed this slow-moving change forward in an instant – hurtling the world into the cycle of glaciations that characterized the next 2.5 million years and triggered our own evolution as a species.
"As a 'cene' changer – that is, from the Pliocene to Pleistocene – Eltanin may have been overall as significant as the meteor that took out the non-flying dinosaurs 65 million years ago. We're urging our colleagues to carefully reconsider conventional interpretations of the sediments we're flagging and consider whether these could be instead the result of a mega-tsunami triggered by a meteor."
An animated simulation of the event by other researchers can be seen here
An animation of high-resolution bathymetric data in the Eltanin impact area can be seen here
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Wagon Wheel Center for the Arts offers classes for all ages! If you or someone you know are interested in the performing arts, these classes in everything from acting, to dance, to improv comedy are a great place to begin. Check below for upcoming education opportunities.
Wagon Wheel Center for the Arts is pleased to announce WWJR Acting Classes for 2020 Spring Season!
Classes offered Saturdays from Feb. 15th to March 21st:
Theater Adventures – Grades 2-4, 10am-11am
An introduction to the world of theater! Each class will bring a new adventuresome scene to life as the students learn basic principles of acting. Students will gain confidence and creative experience through storytelling, games, and creative dramatization.
Drama Time – Grades 5-7, 11:10am-12:10pm
Learn voice, movement, and acting techniques through beginning scene work and improvisation. Students will practice creating characters by making specific choices to support the text in this introduction to the formal study of acting.
Acting I – Grades 8-12, 12:20pm-1:20pm
This class covers everything from audition techniques to performance. Students will engage in intensive scene work using scenes from contemporary and classic plays to explore the actor's world of analysis and character interpretation.
Fee: $60.
Enrollment is limited and will be taken on a first come, first served basis. Classes fill up quickly. Reserve your spot today!
How do I sign up? Follow the link below to pay for the respective class. Please be sure to input your primary email address and phone number. You will receive a confirmation email shortly. All questions for the classes or registration should be directed to sarah@wagonwheelcenter.org
Purchase Theatre Adventures
Purchase Drama Time
Purchase Acting I
Musical Theater Workshop: Les Miserables: School Edition – Grades 8-12 led by Ben Dicke and Emily Ann Luhrs
***This class is currently FULL but we are accepting names for a wait list at this time. Please call Sarah at 574-267-8041 to get on the list***
Now in its 15th year of producing the highest quality student productions on our very own Wagon Wheel stage, the camp that brought to life such amazing shows as Once on this Island, The Pirates of Penzance, HONK! Kiss Me, Kate, and last year's Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, is back! Campers will experience the thrill of a Wagon Wheel summer as they mount a full-length Broadway musical in just over ten days. Working alongside industry professionals, students enrolled in this workshop will get training in acting, singing, and dancing while working towards a final production on the Wagon Wheel stage for friends and family. Memories and friends made at this intensive will last for years to come.
What: 11-day camp that culminates in a fully realized musical production Les Miserables – High School Version.
When: Wednesday, July 3 – Saturday, July 13th from 9:30am to 4:30pm every day but Sunday when we'll have an evening rehearsal. Students should bring a sack lunch and snacks.
Auditions for specific roles will be held Wednesday, June 5 at 1pm. Campers should prepare 32 bars from the show. We will also have some music sides to learn as a group. Any campers unable to attend can arrange another time.
Performance will be held at 1:00pm Saturday, July 13th.
Enrolled campers will receive 2 complimentary tickets to the performance. Additional tickets can be purchased for $12 each.
Where: The Wagon Wheel Theatre; 2515 E. Center St. Warsaw, IN 46580; (574) 267- 8041
Who: Young actors who are entering grades 8-12 are welcome. (Enrollment limited to 25 individuals)
Cost: $250, which includes admission to the 2pm performance of Oklahoma on Thursday, July 11th.
How do I sign up: Follow the link below to pay for the class. Please be sure to input your primary email address and phone number. You will receive a confirm | 0.681159 | 0.008217 | 1.556359 | -0.865871 | [
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ation email shortly. All questions for the summer camps should be directed to sarah@wagonwheelcenter.org
Purchase Musical Theatre Workshop
Summer Tykes Camp: Grades 2nd and 3rd led by Kira Lace Hawkins
Wagon Wheel favorite Kira Lace Hawkins will take campers through a week-long camp built around story theatre, fun crafts, and a final performance that will take place on the Wagon Wheel stage for family and friends. Don't be surprised if you end up spending time with several of the stars of the Wagon Wheel professional company throughout the week!
Requirements: Memorization of lines will be expected as the students perform before their friends and family on the last day of camp. Bring snacks for breaks each day.
What: A 5-day camp that will culminate in a performance showcasing the talents of the students.
When: Monday, July 22 – Saturday, July 27 from 1pm to 4pm (No class Thursday, July 25)
Where: The Wagon Wheel Theatre Lobby; 2515 E. Center St. Warsaw, IN 46580; (574) 267- 8041
Who: Young actors who are entering grades 2-3 are welcome. An ability to read at grade level is essential, as memorization of lines will be expected. (Enrollment limited to 30 individuals)
Cost: $150 (which includes 2 tickets to Peter and the Starcatcher on Saturday, August 3rd).
How do I sign up? Follow the link below to pay for the class. Please be sure to input your primary email address and phone number. You will receive a confirmation email shortly. All questions for the summer camps should be directed to sarah@wagonwheelcenter.org
Purchase Summer Tykes Camp
Summer Play: Grades 4th and 5th led by Andy Robinson
Led by long-time Wagon Wheel star, Andy Robinson, will take campers through a week-long camp built around story theatre, fun crafts, and a final performance of the piece will take place on the Wagon Wheel stage for family and friends. Don't be surprised if you end up spending time with several of the stars of the Wagon Wheel professional company throughout the week!
When: Monday, June 10 – Friday, June 14 from 11am-3pm
Cost: $150 (which includes admission to the 2pm performance of Matilda on Thursday, June 13th).
Purchase Summer Play Camp
Summer Songs and Scenes: Grades 6th and 7th led by Andy Robinson and Emily Luhrs
Middle grade students will get the chance to create a wholly original piece of theatre with instructors Andy Robinson and Emily Luhrs. Adventure awaits during this week-long camp filled with songs and scenes from familiar stories.
Requirements: Memorization of lines will be expected as the students perform before their friends and family on the last day of camp. Bring your lunch for each day along with a snack for breaks.
What: 5-day camp that will culminate in a production showcasing the talents of the students
When: Thursday, July 18- Monday, July 22, 10am-3pm
Who: Young actors who are entering grades 6-7 are welcome. (Enrollment limited to 30 individuals)
Cost: $150 (which includes 2 tickets to Peter and the Starcatcher on Saturday, August 3rd)
Purchase Summer Songs and Scenes Camp
Scholarships are available for all programs. Wagon Wheel Theatre believes that every child should have an opportunity to experience live theatre first-hand regardless of ability to pay. To request consideration for a scholarship, please complete the scholarship application form and bring it to the box office. You may also submit it directly to Executive Director, Jay Michaels, (jay@wagonwheelcenter.org).
Scott Michaels
Prior to Scott's 11 years as the Wagon Wheel's Artistic Director, he spent 12 seasons as resident Choreographer/Director on nearly 100 productions. During that time, he spent 4 years as the resident Director/Choreographer at the Armory Theatre in Janesville, Wisconsin. In his free time, he continues to work with high schools and colleges all over the Midwest | 0.342849 | -0.297869 | 1.038966 | -1.051869 | [
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directing, choreographing, and running countless workshops and master classes. Scott's work on Cats at Arrowhead H.S. in Hartland, Wisconsin won USA Today's award for Best High School Musical in the country for 2008. Scott spent 2 years as an adjunct faculty member at Northwestern University in Evanston, IL as the Musical Theatre Dance Teacher. He has over 25 years of performing experience from Chicago to Regional theatre. Scott has performed all over the country and Japan and enjoyed a 2 year tour as a back-up singer for Perry Como.
Kira Lace Hawkins
Kira Lace Hawkins has performed in over 40 Wagon Wheel productions playing such roles as Miss Hannigan in Annie, Donna in Mamma Mia!, and Mary Poppins in Mary Poppins. Kira has an MFA in Acting from Penn State University and loves teaching students of all ages. She has served on the theater and music faculty of St. Olaf College in Northfield, MN, and currently directs and teaches at Manchester University.
Andy Robinson
Summer Play/ Summer Songs and Scenes
Andy Robinson has worked with Ben Dicke on the Wagon Wheel Theatre Youth Programs since 2005. He holds a Masters from NYU in Educational Theatre and has taught theatre to grades 1-12 for over fifteen years in both New York City and Chicago. He is currently Chair of the Department of Musical Theatre at the Chicago Academy for the Arts. A long time Wagon Wheel actor, his favorite roles include the 2nd Gangster in Kiss Me, Kate, Captain Hook in Peter Pan, and the Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz. Along with Ben Dicke, he directed Brighton Beach Memoirs, The Importance of Being Earnest, Blithe Spirit, The Crucible, and A Midsummer Night's Dream on the Wagon Wheel main-stage. He loves collaborating with Ben and Emily on making theatre with young actors!
Ben Dicke
Summer Musical Theatre Workshop
Ben Dicke began working at the Wagon Wheel in 2004. Favorite roles on that stage include Henry Higgins in last summer's My Fair Lady, Dr. Frankenstein in Young Frankenstein, Nathan Detroit in Guys and Dolls, Moonface Martin in Anything Goes, Applegate in Damn Yankees, and Cliff in Cabaret, among many others. Ben helped develop the Wagon Wheel's Summer Youth Programming alongside Andy Robinson in the summer of 2005. In addition to their directing work with the students of Warsaw and the surrounding areas, Ben and Andy have collaborated as directors for the professional company on a number of projects including Brighton Beach Memoirs, Blithe Spirit, and A Midsummer Night's Dream, among others. Ben is excited to, once again, collaborate with Andy Robinson as co-directors for Peter and the Starcatcher. Ben is currently the Chair of the Theatre Department at The Chicago Academy for the Arts.
Emily Ann Luhrs
Summer Songs and Scenes/ Summer Musical Theatre Workshop
Emily Ann Luhrs is a Chicago theatre artist whose exploits include writing, performing, directing, and puppetry. Favorite roles include Sophie in Mamma Mia (Arvada Center Theatre), Lizzie in Baby (Cherry Creek Theatre), and Emily in A Christmas Carol with Richard White (Arvada Center) among others. Recent directing credits include The Wolves and Seussical at the Chicago Academy for the Arts She also designed a five-headed dragon puppet for the Theatre department's play: She Kills Monsters. Emily also worked for five years as a teaching artist at the Denver Center Theatre Academy. She has a BFA in Musical Theatre Performance from the University of Oklahoma.
Summer Tykes Camp
Kira Lace Hawkins is often seen on the Wagon Wheel stage performing such roles as Francesca in Bridges of Madison County, Katharine in Freaky Friday, the Witch in Into the Woods, Mary Poppins in Mary Poppins, and Doly Levi in Hello, Dolly!. Kira has an MFA in Acting from Penn State University and loves teaching students of all ages. She has served on the theater and music faculty of St. Olaf College in Northfield, MN, and currently directs and teaches at Manchester University.
Auditions for Youth, ages 9 -18
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13
] | 1,335 | 2,048 | CommonCrawl | 20 | 25 |
The History of Dundalk Football Club (2002–present) covers the period from the aftermath of the 2001–02 season, when Dundalk had won the FAI Cup, but were also relegated to the League of Ireland First Division, to the end of the most recently completed season. It also includes short articles about some of the events that are an integral part of the club's recent history.
Upheaval (2002–2012)
Despite being relegated again, the 2002 FAI Cup win had restored a confidence in the club that had been absent since the early 1990s. But this confidence was short-lived. The 2002–03 season was a shortened season, which started in July, as the League of Ireland was transitioning to "summer soccer", and the short close season had seen the departure of some key players. Dundalk's reign as Cup holders lasted just 16 weeks, when they were knocked out in the first round of the second FAI Cup tournament to be played that calendar year. They were then outclassed in Europe by Varteks Varazdin in the qualifying round of the 2002–03 UEFA Cup. After a 5–0 defeat in Croatia, the return leg (played in Tolka Park in Dublin, due to Oriel Park not meeting UEFA's revised standards for stadiums) attracted just 410 supporters, who witnessed a 4–0 defeat. The poor form continued into the league, and manager Martin Murray resigned at the end of September, less than six months after the cup final victory.
The club turned to former Northern Ireland international and Linfield manager, Trevor Anderson. But results continued to deteriorate and the club slipped further down the table, finishing 10th the following season – 20th in the Irish football pyramid – the club's worst ever season. Anderson eventually resigned, along with a number of board members, after the 2004 season had started as poorly as the previous one had ended. He was replaced by former player Jim Gannon, and a mid-table finish followed. The membership-based 'co-op' ownership model had by now exhausted its funds, and the remaining board members decided to sell the club's training ground, Hiney Park, in the summer of 2005 in order to service debts and pay for work at Oriel Park, including the installation of an artificial pitch, which, it was hoped, would bring in additional revenue. But by the end of the season the club had again finished in mid-table, and the board saw more resignations, with Gannon also quitting.
The co-op was now exhausted, and the members agreed to the club being taken back into private ownership by its CEO, Gerry Matthews. With new investment, Dundalk finished second in 2006 under new manager John Gill, securing a play-off tie against Waterford United. But, even though they won the play-off, they were still denied a place in the 2007 Premier Division, with Galway United (who had finished third in that season's First Division) selected by the FAI's 2006 IAG Report to be promoted ahead of both Dundalk and Waterford. On the opening night of the 2007 season, Dundalk celebrated their 2,000th League match in the League of Ireland with a 3–2 victory over Finn Harps in Oriel Park. But they could only manage to finish in a play-off position, then lost in the play-off to Finn Harps, who went on to be promoted. The following season they won promotion back to the Premier Division, after yet more final day drama – defeating Kildare County in Kildare, then waiting to hear the result of the match between Shelbourne and Limerick 37. Shelbourne, Dundalk's challengers, conceded an injury time equaliser to send Dundalk up as Champions. Controversially, Gill was let go, however, despite winning the First Division title.
At first, Dundalk consolidated their position back in the Premier Division and qualified for the 2010–11 Europa League. Under Ian Foster, they won the first European match played in Oriel Park since 1991, and lead the league table midway through the 2010 season. The following year, they again went into the summer challenging at the top, and reached the | 0.511319 | 0.975604 | 0.11197 | 0.00949 | [
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2011 Setanta Sports Cup final. But after losing the final, and with the playing budget already being restricted, results subsequently deteriorated as the season drew to a close. Financial losses were mounting, and Matthews decided to relinquish control of the club. Foster's contract expired and he was allowed to leave, and they spent the 2012 season rooted in the relegation play-off spot, as the scale of the financial problems threatened to put the club of business altogether. The withdrawal of Monaghan United from the League, however, meant that automatic relegation would be avoided. Matthews put the club up for sale, and, with the assistance of a Supporters Trust, it was taken over by local businessmen Andy Connolly and Paul Brown (owners of the team's official sponsors, Fastfix). They subsequently managed to remain in the top-flight by defeating Waterford United in the play-off.
A trophy-laden era (2013–2019)
With the takeover complete and the club saved, the new owners turned to Stephen Kenny - out of work since being sacked by Shamrock Rovers - to become the new manager. He set about rebuilding the squad, with only four of the 32 players who made League appearances in 2012 retained. He had a limited budget, so focused on signing unheralded players from outside the top clubs, and players who had been released, for example Richie Towell, who had been released by Celtic, and Stephen O'Donnell, who had considerable success at Shamrock Rovers but was considering leaving the game. When the 2013 season started neither supporters nor pundits were sure what to expect, and Dundalk failed to win any of the first five home matches. But with Kenny's team clicking into gear as his ideas took hold, they rose up the table to the most unlikely of title challenges, eventually finishing second - a defeat to eventual champions St. Patrick's Athletic ultimately costing them the title.
Kenny kept the nucleus of the side together and made some more additions for the following season and Dundalk went on a charge to the top of the table, including dishing out a thrashing to defending champions St. Patrick's Athletic in Richmond Park. He went on to guide the club to its first League title since 1995 after final day drama yet again, with Dundalk defeating title rivals Cork City 2–0 in Oriel Park. Dundalk also won that season's League Cup, the club's first League and League Cup Double. The 2015 season saw them dominate, winning the club's third League and FAI Cup Double, losing only one match in the process, three years after the financial and ownership issues that had threatened its existence. A third league title in a row was sealed with two games to spare in 2016, and Kenny's team made history the same season by being the first Irish side to gain a point, and then to win a match, in the group stage of European competition.
In 2017, after the Europa League run, they won the League Cup again, defeating Shamrock Rovers in the final. But the departure of some key players, and a slow start, meant they slipped to runners-up spots in both league and FAI Cup. However the club's European form had attracted interest from abroad, and a consortium of American investors, backed by sports-investors Peak6, completed a takeover in January 2018. Kenny's side reasserted itself in 2018, winning another League and Cup Double – the second under Kenny and fourth in the club's history – breaking points-total and goals scored-total records in the process. In the aftermath, the FAI moved to offer Kenny the Republic of Ireland U-21 manager's role, and he resigned at the end of November in order to accept the position.
Hoping to achieve continuity, and with the majority of the first-team signed to longer-term contracts, the new owners replaced Kenny with his Assistant Manager since 2013, Vinny Perth, as Head Coach, with John Gill returning as First Team Coach. The new management team had immediate success, winning the season opening President's Cup. In the League they fell 13-points behind early leaders Shamrock Rovers in April, which saw Rovers being called "title-w | 0.698965 | 0.859213 | -0.168285 | -0.137487 | [
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inners in waiting", but they overhauled the deficit within weeks, and subsequently won the club's 14th league title with four games to spare. They also won the League Cup by defeating Derry City on penalties in the final, to secure a second League and League Cup Double. Chasing their first domestic Treble, which had only been won once since the introduction of the League of Ireland Cup in 1973–74, they were beaten in a penalty shoot-out in the FAI Cup Final by Shamrock Rovers. But they ended the season with a comprehensive 7–1 aggregate victory over Northern Irish champions, Linfield, in the inaugural Champions Cup.
Transition (2020–present)
Early the following season, a goal scored by Jordan Flores went viral, and was subsequently nominated for the FIFA Puskás Award. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic saw the cessation of football in line with other European countries soon after. The League of Ireland Cup was deferred for the season, while the Leinster Senior Cup was abandoned. The league season resumed in July behind closed doors with a reduced schedule of 18 matches in total. Dundalk suffered a loss of form, and in Europe they were defeated by Celje in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League first qualifying round. In the aftermath of that defeat, manager Vinny Perth was sacked by the club. He was replaced by Italian Filippo Giovagnoli.
They dropped into the Europa League second qualifying round, and defeated Inter Club d'Escaldes, Sheriff Tiraspol, ands KÍ of Klaksvík in the Faroe Islands to qualify for the Europa League group stages. They were seeded fourth for the group stage and were drawn in Group B alongside Arsenal, Rapid Wien, and Molde. In the first match at home to Molde, Dundalk took a first half lead through Sean Murray, before going down 2–1. Following a 3–0 to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium, they took the lead away to Rapid in Vienna on Matchday 3, which finished 4–3 to the home side. They failed to pick up any points from the second set of matches, and finished bottom of the group on 0 points. They also received a €50,000 fine from Uefa for 'shadow coaching', as interim head coach Filippo Giovagnoli did not hold a Uefa Pro Licence.
Meanwhile, they had struggled in the league and eventually finished third, thus qualifying for the new UEFA Europa Conference League. In the FAI Cup, which also had a schedule change as a result of the pandemic, they reached the final after wins over Waterford, Cobh Ramblers, Bohemians, and Athlone Town. The 11–0 semi-final victory over Athlone Town saw Dundalk set a new record for the biggest win in the competition's history, and was also a new club record victory. They followed that with a 4–2 extra time victory over the holders, Shamrock Rovers, with David McMillan scoring a hat-trick, to win the Cup for the twelfth time. The 2021 season saw Shane Keegan named first-team manager with Giovagnoli reverting to the position of 'coach' because the latter had been unable to secure a place on a UEFA Pro Licence course. The season began with a victory in the President's Cup, but after a run of defeats at the start of the league campaign, both Keegan and Giovagnoli left the club. After a period where new Sporting Director Jim Magilton took charge, Vinny Perth returned to the club as head coach in June. Dundalk struggled for the remainder of the domestic season with their lowest league finish since 2012 and went out to Vitesse Arnhem, 4–3 on aggregate, in the third qualifying round of the inaugural Europa Conference League. Before the season ended, the club was returned to local ownership when a consortium led by former co-owner Andy Connolly and sports technology firm STATSports agreed a takeover with Peak6. The new owners then installed former captain Stephen O'Donnell as the club's new head coach in the close season. O'Donnell steered his new-look side to a third place finish and qualification for the Europa Conference League at the first attempt.
The anatomy of Dundalk: a history in stubs
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memorabilia that I've titled "The Class That Became a Business." Indeed, it was only after people repeatedly said, "I'd love to be doing what you do," that I began to realize there was an opportunity to share what I had learned. You may have your own opportunity hiding in plain sight. "The new source of power is not money in the hands of a few," said John Naisbitt, "but information in the hands of many." This boom in information, technology and communication has made creating and packaging information a popular enterprise for self-bossers. And rightly so. Not only can you capitalize on years of experience and learning, you can start building your own information brokerage immediately—and do it from the comfort of home. Information packagers are often people who have a real passion for their subject; others are passionate about communication and may write and speak about a number of subjects. Good communication skills are, of course, basic to making this work. While it does take planning to create and produce information packages, you can get started with a minimum of expenditure. People are turning to experts with practical experience—people who have done what they're teaching. Whether you are a world-class mountain climber, financial planner or legendary party giver, your audience awaits you. Here's a quick overview of the possibilities for packaging and marketing the information that's already at your fingertips. Teach a class or seminar. You can, of course, market your own classes. If you're just getting started, however, you'll save a lot of frustration if you join forces with someone who can promote your teaching such as a community college or professional association. Community education programs, art centers and even libraries are also possibilities. Give a speech. Conventions and professional groups are always seeking speakers who can motivate, train and educate. Professional speakers need stamina, but the financial rewards can be great. Many successful speakers begin their careers more modestly, however, offering to speak to local groups which offer exposure and experience—not much money. Write articles. Magazines, newsletters, newspapers and association journals, which number in the tens of thousands, are good markets for how-to information. Some online sites also pay for material. You may be able to produce articles that you can sell several times to non-competing markets. Self-publish. Desktop publishing has made it possible for impatient authors to produce their own reports, books and so forth. The profit margin is greater than with conventional publishing, but distribution can be more difficult when you do it yourself. However, self-publishing makes a great mail order venture. Or you can follow the lead of other successful self-publishers who also do public speaking and market their books at the same time. CDs, DVDs and videotapes. The market for tapes and CDs has grown so large that many publishing houses have audio/video divisions. Again, tapes make a wonderful product to sell in conjunction with classes and public speaking. Newsletters. While a newsletter can be a good profit center, it may not be profitable enough to be your single source of income. Newsletters are a great way to update and expand the information that you dispense in other formats. Consulting. Working with others on a one-to-one basis can be a lucrative way of sharing the information and experience of a lifetime. Many consultants limit their work to a few select clients, leaving time for other information pursuits. Internet. The world of cyberspace offers ample opportunities for sharing information. Since much of it is free, you need to establish your own position about how you want to operate online. Some websites share free information and market additional products, such as books and tapes. Becoming an online expert for someone else's site is another way of taking advantage of the Internet.
In my scrapbook is a page of Making a Living Without a Job memorabilia that I've titled "The Class That Became a Business." Indeed, it was only after people repeatedly said, "I'd love to be doing what you do," that I began to realize there was an opportunity to share what I had learned. You may have your own opportunity hiding in plain sight.
"The new source of power is not money in the hands of a few," said John Naisbitt, "but information in the hands of many." This boom in information, technology and communication has made creating and packaging information a popular enterprise for self-bossers. And rightly so. Not only can you capitalize on years of experience and learning, you can start building your own information brokerage immediately—and do it from the comfort of | 0.794842 | 0.288002 | 1.115053 | -0.130984 | [
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] | 1,348 | 0 | C4 | 15 | 4 |
Uighur scholar arrested in Saudi Arabia at risk of deportation to China
Activists and human rights advocates have raised concerns that Aimadoula Waili may be tortured in a 're-education' camp if sent back to China
The scholar fears he could be deported back to China, where Uighurs face persecution (Supplied)
Nadda Osman
Published date: 23 November 2020 16:52 UTC | Last update: 1 month 2 weeks ago
A Uighur Muslim religious scholar was arrested in Saudi Arabia on Friday amid fears that he could be deported back to China.
Activists fear that Aimadoula Waili, also known as Hemdullah Abduweli, who originates from the Xingjiang province in China, will be sent back to his home country following his arrest in the Gulf kingdom.
Uighur activist Abduweli Ayup has raised concerns about Waili's arrest, saying that if he is deported, he could face a lengthy prison sentence in China.
Earlier this month, Waili told Middle East Eye that he feared for his life after the Chinese consulate in Saudi Arabia had allegedly requested his deportation.
Ayup told Middle East Eye on Monday that Waili was arrested at 8pm on Friday along with another Uighur, Nurmemet Rozi, and has only been able to speak to his wife over the phone since his arrest.
According to reports, Waili is being held in the Buraiman prison in Jeddah with no charges against him.
"Abduweli called his wife and told her that he was in danger and that she should take action. His wife then called me and told me that Saudi state security had arrested him and that she is trying to contact lawyers," Ayup said.
"There are no official charges against him, and he doesn't have any criminal records in Turkey or Saudi Arabia."
Waili went to Saudi Arabia in February this year to perform the Umrah pilgrimage from Turkey, where he was residing, and has stayed in Saudi Arabia since then.
Hemdulla Weli was arrested by Saudi State Security in November 20th. He is a religious scholar, because of that was arrested in China twice. He is in the Sijin Buray Man detention center near the airport. pic.twitter.com/ztMxFYwIwb
— Abduweli Ayup (@AbduwelA) November 21, 2020
According to Ayup, Waili was targeted as he is an influential religious scholar and was previously arrested in Xinjang in 2013 and 2014 for his preaching.
Ayup said that because of Waili's record as a political prisoner in China, the government has continued to harass and pursue him abroad.
"Saudi Arabia is very important to Uighurs because Mecca is there, and our people can't stop going there because of that. How can Saudi Arabia uphold its reputation as the protector of the holy sites when they can't protect Uighurs?" Ayup asked.
"Saudi Arabia should not be two-faced. They should openly state if they can or can't protect Uighurs."
Rozi, a 44-year-old Uighur businessman who was arrested alongside Waili, had also arrived in Saudi Arabia in February to perform the Umrah pilgrimage.
According to Ayup, he has been arrested for helping Waili by giving him a mobile phone and helping him contact activists and Uighur organisations.
G20 host
Maya Wang, a senior China researcher at Human Rights Watch, raised concerns about the arrest of the two individuals.
"Saudi Arabia, currently hosting the virtual G20 summit, should not deport the duo to China, where they would be tortured and disappeared... doing so would violate international human rights laws," she said in a statement on Twitter.
"For a leader of the Muslim world to arrest a Uyghur religious scholar - while on pilgrimage to Mecca - and possibly deporting him to Xinjiang, where the authorities are persecuting Uyghur for being Muslims, is really shocking," she added.
Wang has also called on authorities to immediately disclose Waili's status and ensure that he is not deported to China.
The Uighurs total | 0.061552 | 0.857422 | 0.023201 | 0.352871 | [
0.20451214038130094,
-0.08140760542219032
] | [
0.7320782759067882,
0.9827662772901488
] | [
0.2070785771748676,
-0.16067637150585143
] | [
0.243613424766831,
0.4621285273000733
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] | 1,351 | 0 | CommonCrawl | 6 | 2 |
namespace AjTalk.Tests.Language
{
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using AjTalk;
using AjTalk.Compiler;
using AjTalk.Language;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
[TestClass]
public class BaseClassTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void Create()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
BaseClass bclass = new BaseClass("Class", machine);
Assert.IsNotNull(bclass);
Assert.AreEqual("Class", bclass.Name);
Assert.AreEqual(machine, bclass.Machine);
Assert.IsNull(bclass.SuperClass);
Assert.AreEqual(0, bclass.NoInstanceVariables);
Assert.AreSame(machine.CurrentEnvironment, bclass.Scope);
}
[TestMethod]
public void CreateInEnvironment()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
Context environment = new Context(machine.Environment);
machine.CurrentEnvironment = environment;
BaseClass bclass = new BaseClass("Class", machine);
Assert.IsNotNull(bclass);
Assert.AreEqual("Class", bclass.Name);
Assert.AreEqual(machine, bclass.Machine);
Assert.IsNull(bclass.SuperClass);
Assert.AreEqual(0, bclass.NoInstanceVariables);
Assert.AreSame(machine.CurrentEnvironment, bclass.Scope);
machine.CurrentEnvironment = null;
}
[TestMethod]
public void DefineAndCreateAgent()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
BaseClass bclass = new BaseClass("Agent", machine);
bclass.IsAgentClass = true;
object result = bclass.NewObject();
Assert.IsNotNull(result);
Assert.IsInstanceOfType(result, typeof(AgentObject));
AgentObject agent = (AgentObject)result;
Assert.AreEqual(bclass, agent.Behavior);
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
public void RaiseIfNameIsNull()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
BaseClass bclass = new BaseClass(null, machine);
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
public void RaiseIfMachineIsNull()
{
BaseClass bclass = new BaseClass("Class", null);
}
[TestMethod]
public void DefineInstanceVariables()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
BaseClass bclass = new BaseClass("Class", machine);
bclass.DefineInstanceVariable("x");
bclass.DefineInstanceVariable("y");
Assert.AreEqual(2, bclass.NoInstanceVariables);
Assert.AreEqual(0, bclass.GetInstanceVariableOffset("x"));
Assert.AreEqual(1, bclass.GetInstanceVariableOffset("y"));
Assert.AreEqual(-1, bclass.GetInstanceVariableOffset("z"));
Assert.AreEqual("x y", bclass.GetInstanceVariableNamesAsString());
Assert.AreEqual(string.Empty, bclass.GetClassVariableNamesAsString());
Assert.AreEqual(null, bclass.GetClassVariableNames());
var result = bclass.GetInstanceVariableNames();
Assert.IsNotNull(result);
Assert.AreEqual(2, result.Count);
Assert.AreEqual("x", result.ElementAt(0));
Assert.AreEqual("y", result.ElementAt(1));
}
[TestMethod]
public void DefineClassVariables()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
IClass bclass = machine.CreateClass("MyClass");
bclass.DefineClassVariable("Count");
bclass.DefineClassVariable("Items");
Assert.AreEqual(0, bclass.Behavior.NoInstanceVariables);
Assert.AreEqual(0, bclass.NoVariables);
Assert.AreEqual(2, bclass.NoClassVariables); | -1.426771 | -0.949322 | 0.224832 | 0.558379 | [
-1.3774629801122675,
-1.4760796110001781
] | [
-0.9045562474102946,
-0.9940876764757806
] | [
0.25780339768255295,
0.19186113102256197
] | [
0.7742929594904194,
0.3424654949604406
] | 1,024 | [
512,
512
] | [
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1849,
416
] | 1,353 | 0 | Github | -1 | -1 |
Assert.AreEqual(0, bclass.GetClassVariableOffset("Count"));
Assert.AreEqual(1, bclass.GetClassVariableOffset("Items"));
Assert.AreEqual(-1, bclass.GetClassVariableOffset("Z"));
Assert.AreEqual(0, ((IClassDescription)bclass.Behavior).GetClassVariableOffset("Count"));
Assert.AreEqual(1, ((IClassDescription)bclass.Behavior).GetClassVariableOffset("Items"));
Assert.AreEqual(-1, ((IClassDescription)bclass.Behavior).GetClassVariableOffset("Z"));
Assert.AreEqual("Count Items", bclass.GetClassVariableNamesAsString());
Assert.AreEqual("Count Items", ((IClassDescription)bclass.Behavior).GetClassVariableNamesAsString());
Assert.AreEqual(string.Empty, bclass.GetInstanceVariableNamesAsString());
Assert.AreEqual(null, bclass.GetInstanceVariableNames());
var result = bclass.GetClassVariableNames();
Assert.IsNotNull(result);
Assert.AreEqual(2, result.Count);
Assert.AreEqual("Count", result.ElementAt(0));
Assert.AreEqual("Items", result.ElementAt(1));
result = ((IClassDescription)bclass.Behavior).GetClassVariableNames();
Assert.IsNotNull(result);
Assert.AreEqual(2, result.Count);
Assert.AreEqual("Count", result.ElementAt(0));
Assert.AreEqual("Items", result.ElementAt(1));
}
[TestMethod]
public void GetSetClassVariables()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
IClass bclass = new BaseClass("MyClass", machine);
bclass.DefineClassVariable("Count");
bclass.DefineClassVariable("Items");
int countoffset = bclass.GetClassVariableOffset("Count");
int itemsoffset = bclass.GetClassVariableOffset("Items");
Assert.AreEqual(0, countoffset);
Assert.AreEqual(1, itemsoffset);
bclass.SetClassVariable(countoffset, 1);
bclass.SetClassVariable(itemsoffset, "foo");
Assert.AreEqual(1, bclass.GetClassVariable(countoffset));
Assert.AreEqual("foo", bclass.GetClassVariable(itemsoffset));
}
[TestMethod]
public void GetSetClassVariablesInSubclass()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
IClass bclass = new BaseClass("MyClass", machine);
IClass bsubclass = new BaseClass(null, "MySubClass", bclass, machine, null);
bclass.DefineClassVariable("Count");
bclass.DefineClassVariable("Items");
bsubclass.DefineClassVariable("Value");
int countoffset = bsubclass.GetClassVariableOffset("Count");
int itemsoffset = bsubclass.GetClassVariableOffset("Items");
int valueoffset = bsubclass.GetClassVariableOffset("Value");
Assert.AreEqual(0, countoffset);
Assert.AreEqual(1, itemsoffset);
Assert.AreEqual(2, valueoffset);
bsubclass.SetClassVariable(countoffset, 1);
bsubclass.SetClassVariable(itemsoffset, "foo");
bsubclass.SetClassVariable(valueoffset, "value");
Assert.AreEqual(1, bclass.GetClassVariable(countoffset));
Assert.AreEqual("foo", bclass.GetClassVariable(itemsoffset));
Assert.AreEqual(1, bsubclass.GetClassVariable(countoffset));
Assert.AreEqual("foo", bsubclass.GetClassVariable(itemsoffset));
Assert.AreEqual("value", bsubclass.GetClassVariable(valueoffset));
}
[TestMethod]
public void GetDefineString()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
IMetaClass meta = BaseMetaClass.CreateMetaClass(null, machine);
BaseClass bclass = new BaseClass(meta, " | -1.593872 | -0.764887 | 0.03715 | 0.480338 | [
-1.7007063813559748,
-1.4870370144321683
] | [
-0.7290746464419422,
-0.800699789694331
] | [
0.10562893615949683,
-0.03132807921125371
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] | 1,353 | 1,024 | Github | -1 | -1 |
Class", null, machine, string.Empty);
bclass.DefineInstanceVariable("x");
bclass.DefineInstanceVariable("y");
string definition = bclass.ToDefineString();
Assert.IsNotNull(definition);
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("subclass: #Class"));
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("instanceVariableNames: 'x y'"));
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("classVariableNames: ''"));
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("poolDictionaries: ''"));
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("category: ''"));
}
[TestMethod]
public void DefineSubclassAndGetDefineString()
{
Machine machine = new Machine();
IMetaClass meta = BaseMetaClass.CreateMetaClass(null, machine);
BaseClass oclass = new BaseClass(meta, "Object", null, machine, string.Empty);
BaseClass bclass = new BaseClass(meta, "Class", oclass, machine, string.Empty);
bclass.DefineInstanceVariable("x");
bclass.DefineInstanceVariable("y");
string definition = bclass.ToDefineString();
Assert.IsNotNull(definition);
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("Object subclass: #Class"));
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("instanceVariableNames: 'x y'"));
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("classVariableNames: ''"));
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("poolDictionaries: ''"));
Assert.IsTrue(definition.Contains("category: ''!"));
}
[TestMethod]
[DeploymentItem(@"CodeFiles\DefineRectangleWithNewAndInitialize.st")]
public void DefineClassAndGetItsOutputString()
{
Loader loader = new Loader(@"DefineRectangleWithNewAndInitialize.st", new VmCompiler());
Machine machine = new Machine();
loader.LoadAndExecute(machine);
BaseClass rectangle = (BaseClass)machine.GetGlobalObject("Rectangle");
string output = rectangle.ToOutputString();
Assert.IsNotNull(output);
Assert.IsTrue(output.Contains("nil subclass:"));
Assert.IsTrue(output.Contains("category: ''!"));
Assert.IsTrue(output.Contains("!Rectangle class methods!"));
Assert.IsTrue(output.Contains("!Rectangle methods!"));
Assert.IsTrue(output.Contains("! !"));
Assert.IsTrue(output.Contains("^x"));
Assert.IsTrue(output.Contains("^y"));
Assert.IsTrue(output.Contains("x := 10"));
Assert.IsTrue(output.Contains("y := 20"));
}
[TestMethod]
[DeploymentItem(@"CodeFiles\DefineRectangleWithNewAndInitialize.st")]
public void DuplicateClassInOtherMachine()
{
Loader loader = new Loader(@"DefineRectangleWithNewAndInitialize.st", new SimpleCompiler());
Machine machine = new Machine();
loader.LoadAndExecute(machine);
BaseClass rectangle = (BaseClass)machine.GetGlobalObject("Rectangle");
string output = rectangle.ToOutputString();
Loader loader2 = new Loader(new StringReader(output), new VmCompiler());
Machine machine2 = new Machine();
loader2.LoadAndExecute(machine2);
BaseClass rectangle2 = (BaseClass)machine2.GetGlobalObject("Rectangle");
Assert.IsNotNull(rectangle2);
Assert.IsNotNull(rectangle2.GetClassMethod("new"));
Assert.IsNotNull(rectangle2.GetInstanceMethod("x"));
Assert.IsNotNull(rectangle2.GetInstanceMethod("y"));
Assert.IsNotNull(rectangle2.GetInstanceMethod("x:"));
Assert.IsNotNull(rectangle2.GetInstanceMethod("y:"));
Assert.IsNotNull(rectangle2.GetInstanceMethod("initialize"));
Parser parser = new Parser("Rectangle new");
Block block = parser.CompileBlock();
object result = block.Execute(machine2, null);
Assert.IsNotNull | -1.350069 | -0.80249 | 0.081535 | 0.46473 | [
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] | 1,353 | 2,048 | Github | -1 | -1 |
DUE TO A WEB CRASH, WE HAD TO MAKE TWO AMENDMENTS. THE AMENDMENTS ONLY PERTAIN TO THE TIME OF SUBMITTING AND WHERE YOU ARE SUBMITTING YOUR ANSWER. PLEASE SUBMIT THE ANSWER FRIDAY, APRIL 6TH AT 1PM EST AT [email protected]. ALL OF THE REST OF THE RULES REMAIN THE SAME.
Scroll down below to learn about all of the rules for this Sweet Scavenger Hunt and to see the KitchenAid mixer…..I'm so excited for you to see a full chapter of photos from Sweet Designs!
In order to win a KitchenAid mixer, you must follow all of the following rules.
(1) The clues to find each blog "hunt location" will be on this blog at the following times.
(2) At every blog "hunt location" the blogger will give you code words. By the end of Clue #7 in the hunt, you will have all of the code words and those code words will be a sentence. You must go to every blog hunt location" to get these code words to piece together the sentence. You will come back to this blog at 4pm EST (April 5th). At that time, you will see the full Pastel Pretty photo and you can then add the sentence that you have pulled together using the code words in the comment area of the 4pm EST post that will be here tomorrow. The comment area will be private and we will be monitoring the contest.
(a) the first person who enters the correct sentence in tomorrow's (April 5th) 4pm EST post comment area that mentions they came from Clue #1 location.
(b) the first person who enters the correct sentence in tomorrow's (April 5th) 4pm EST post comment area that mentions they came from Clue #2 location.
(c) the first person who enters the correct sentence in tomorrow's (April 5th) 4pm EST post comment area that mentions they came from Clue #3 location.
(d) the first person who enters the correct sentence in tomorrow's (April 5th) 4pm EST post comment area that mentions they came from Clue #4 location.
(e) the first person who enters the correct sentence in tomorrow's (April 5th) 4pm EST post comment area that mentions they came from Clue #5 location.
(f) the first person who enters the correct sentence in tomorrow's (April 5th) 4pm EST post comment area that mentions they came from Clue #6 location.
(g) the first person who enters the correct sentence in tomorrow's (April 5th) 4pm EST post comment area that mentions they came from Clue #7 location.
(h) The eighth KitchenAid mixer will go to the first person who enters the correct sentence in tomorrow's (April 5th) 4pm EST post comment area that mentions they came from Sweet Designs.
The concept is that each blog hunt location's audience will have one of their reader's who wins a KitchenAid mixer. "Came from" means the blog hunt location where you learned about the Scavenger hunt.
(4) Other terms- (a) Punctuation does NOT matter, (b) "Code Words" are the codes that you find on at each blog location.
(5) Do NOT write the answer in the blog hunt locations comment areas. The only comments that will be considered for purposes of this hunt are the comments that are in tomorrow's 4pm EST blog post on this blog.
(6)You may only enter one location where you learned about the Scavenger Hunt. If you write the sentence in the comment area and enter multiple times mentioning that you came from separate blog hunt locations, you will be disqualified. Please state where you learned about the Scavenger Hunt, rather than simply writing the last blog location that you visited at the end of the contest (unless you learned of the scavenger hunt at that last blog location).
(7) Only one person per household is allowed to enter this Scavenger Hunt.
(8) We will only be accepting comments for this Scavenger Hunt up until Thursday, April 5th at 11pm EST. However, if it takes longer to reach a | -1.700706 | -1.706758 | -1.191658 | -1.886909 | [
-1.4158138921242327,
-1.985598870587717
] | [
-2.004002196334462,
-1.4095135073396352
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-1.2335063252433973,
-1.1498103714057164
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-1.9727540437846263,
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Strong leaders are often loved and disliked.
I believe in reflective thinking, and I often go back to one of the first conversations I had with a strong leader who took me under his wing. He was ahead of me light years – and at the time, I thought he was "off" in his statements. We disagreed, we challenged each other and pushed each other to the brink of coming close to tipping from debate to arguing. As the years passed, I realized he was right in more ways than I could ever imagine that day. We were simply in different places in our journey during that first conversation. I wrote things down that he told me, they're in a book and I still go back and read it…and his words become more accurate as I mature and grow. I've thanked him many times over the years – and I'll be forever grateful for the things he buried into my leadership core.
He approached me during my early years and suggested I throw my hat in the ring for a supervisory position. He told me, "Your already a leader, you might as well get good at it!" I was surrounded by a ton of people that thought leadership had a title…I knew better than that and my mentor started explaining and teaching me how to be mentally strong while taking on the responsibilities of being in a leadership position. There are many leaders who understand the duties however, many don't understand the package that comes with it. I wasn't completely aware of all the outside things that come with leadership and I'm grateful I had the words of wisdom from a strong leader to lay it out so I wasn't taken off guard.
As a leader, you have to be willing to be so many things including being disliked, targeted, blamed, selfless, courageous, transparent, loving, direct and everything in between. My mentor told me that some of the most challenging situations would be when I knew something that I couldn't release because it was for the good of someone else, the company or myself. He was right. He said to me, "There will be a day when you have to sit in front of someone who is accusing you of doing or not doing something, blaming you on their failure or angry at a decision that you made. They will attack your character. They will come at you strong, they will spread stories, rumors and slander you, they will try to get others to side with them and they will treat you poorly…and as a STRONG LEADER, you will have to take it. You will need to dig deep, focus and drive on. The difficult part, will be that you may have information that if you released it, would clear your name – information that would give them an understanding of why you did what you did….or information that maybe the other person is not completely revealing all the story and the worst thing you can do, is to betray the confidentiality that was entrusted to you or get into a situation where you're throwing mud back. Learn to take the attacks with your head held high. Don't resort to throwing back information to benefit you…maybe you know something about them, let it go. How you respond to a situation speaks volumes about your character. You will never save everyone – some people will always be a victim. Learn that some will never bring their self esteem up and some will never let their ego down….they base all their decisions on themselves, they don't understand selfless service and you must let it go." It was a powerful conversation.
Years later, my mentor and I were having another conversation and he explained to me that leaders are often put in difficult situations, they have people trying to get them to take sides and they need to tread lightly and stay far from that – they should be careful not to be manipulated, they have to take chances when making a decision and not rely on excuses of why things went wrong or didn't get done. They have to see things that others never see – go into things with a degree of skepticism yet still be open to see things from a different view. Leaders will be called every name under the sun, their competition will slander them, and they will often take the heat when things go wrong and rarely do they get the credit when things go right. They will do 20 things good for someone and one will go wrong, and that is the one that the person will remember. They will have people feel they were treated unfairly and they need to know how to be a strong leader to survive.
He said you'll need to sleep at night and there are basically only 3 people who sleep at night when they are in a management position: those that know they made decisions to the best | 1.082474 | -0.854419 | 0.655993 | -0.226584 | [
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Make-or-break time for Warwickshire
Pro40 Division Two (at Edgbaston): Surrey 238-5 bt Warwickshire 217 by 21 runs.Warwickshire have been left with "19 days to define their season" according to their director of cricket, Ashley Giles.
Pro40 Division Two (at Edgbaston): Surrey 238-5 bt Warwickshire 217 by 21 runs.
Warwickshire have been left with "19 days to define their season" according to their director of cricket, Ashley Giles.
Defeat at the hands of Surrey has left Warwickshire's NatWest Pro40 promotion hopes hanging by a thread and Giles knows that if his side don't achieve a least one promotion in the next few weeks his first season in office will be viewed as a disappointment.
Recent performances are not encouraging. They've lost their last couple of List A games and been forced to fight for draws in the last two championship games. Giles admits that is a concern, but knows that all will be forgotten if his side can regroup over the last few weeks.
"We have 19 days of cricket left," Giles said, "and everything depends upon how we do now. You can take away the [batting] averages or the amount of wickets: it's all about where we finish in the table.
"We're in the pound seats [in the Championship]. We should get promoted. We've played really good cricket to get in this position but we seem to have chocked a little bit and we need to kick-on again now.
"As for the Pro40, we've got to win every game now and still hope that other results go our way. It's going to be really tough and that's disappointing.
"We do seem to have faded a bit [in recent weeks], but I'm struggling to put my finger on the reason. Everyone outside the dressing room is talking about what happened last year, but I don't think that's anything to do with it. It could be that it's been used as a bit of an excuse. I won't accept tiredness as an excuse, either. Everyone is fit and I've made sure they've had time off throughout the season. In fact the players should be looking forward to these 19 days."
One issue that might well be reviewed before next season is the captaincy. While Darren Maddy is clearly a fine fellow with the best of intentions, his captaincy record (double relegation) is poor. Some of his bowling changes are close to unfathomable and it is surely more than coincidence that Warwickshire's only really good spell of limited-overs cricket this season came when Ian Westwood or Ant Botha were in charge.
To be fair, Maddy was not well supported by his seamers against Surrey.
While Chris Martin produced another well controlled spell, Chris Woakes was not as tight as all have come to expect and Neil Carter was hit for four boundaries in his opening over in punishment for dropping short.
Tim Groenewald, who delivered a good opening spell (six overs for 21) then conceded 21 from a single poor over when he was preferred for 'the death' overs ahead of Martin.
The result was that Warwickshire squandered the excellent work of their spinners. Ian Salisbury and, in particular, Botha both delivered tight spells and put such a break on the scoring that Surrey scored only 53 in 15 overs when they bowled in tandem.
Botha struck with his first delivery, defeating Stuart Walters' attempted cut, while Salisbury had Usman Afzaal caught at long-on and James Benning caught at mid-on as he mis-timed a pull.
The seamers could not maintain such standards, however, and 80 runs were plundered from the final eight overs as Mark Ramprakash (54 not out off 45 balls, four fours and a six) and Matt Spriegel (40, 30 balls, a four and three sixes) took advantage of some loose bowling. Both are fine players, but Warwickshire made life far too easy for them with Groenewald repeatedly delivering leg-stump full tosses to Ramprakash, while Spriegel drove successive sixes off Jonathan Trott when he failed to find a full enough length.
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] | 1,369 | 0 | CommonCrawl | 5 | 7 |
Thanks to the unique and patented 360-degree electrode design, higher engine power output, excellent throttle response and perfect acceleration are implemented through better fuel energy utilization. These Yamaha racing sparkplugs are designed to help you improve horses, mid-end torque, take-off time and acceleration to further increase fuel efficacy. Our outboard / inboard Yamaha high-power spark plugs' design ensures optimum mix ignition in the cylinders and warrants extra performance potential compared to traditional projective tip plugs and other brand boat performance plugs. The 360-degree electrode Yamaha sparkplugs outperform even the iridium plugs in regards to firing energy, extra HP as well as service life. While traditional boat plugs' constantly thriving deposits spoil the spark discharge, no soot will be deposited on 360-degree outboard / inboard spark plugs' electrodes, because throughout the life of the plug the gap size remains as it was originally, apart from normal wear and tear. Because the spark plug gap is not shielded by the conventional side electrode, exposing the mix to physically unlimited ignition, combustion speed will increase and flame front spread can take place more easily, and especially more quickly. Easy engine start is attributed to this effect. The subsequent increase in medium effective pressure within the engine cylinder also contributes to increased engine performance potential and optimum boat fuel efficiency. These Yamaha multi-spark plugs are made for extreme operating conditions and high output; there is simply no competition for the Brisk 360-degree sparkplugs.
360-degree electrode design provides an unrestricted full potential spread of the flame front, which is accomplished by a state-of-the-art retracted ground electrode. Unlike standard sparkplugs, where discharge is constrained by the ground electrode, Brisk Yamaha performance sparkplugs feature an electrode layout where the ground electrode is retracted, so the spark discharge occurs at the very tip of the spark plug. Traditional spark plugs' ground electrodes restricts the natural spherical expansion pattern of the flame front whereas our High Performance Yamaha sparkplugs take the advantage of surface spark discharge, along with retracted ground electrode designed, to ensure max spark exposure and unrestricted flame front expansion. Due to stronger spark discharge, a spark can more easily trail along the surface of the insulator than having to break through the air gap. Roughly 70% of the spark travels between the electrodes along the surface of the insulator, also keep in mind that the spark front line is drawn on the whole perimeter of the ground electrode in 360-degree, thus the volume of the spark discharge is maximized, while not requiring much higher ignition energy supplied by the ignition system. Therefore this outboard / inboard Yamaha high-power sparkplug works conjointly with stock ignition and no upgraded coil or performance ignition lead is mandatory accordingly. 360-degree multi-spark spark plugs use the highest quality materials, are produced in European state-of-the-art manufactories and in a never-ending effort to improve upon success, Brisk has also developed electrode technology that is far superior to all others in function and form.
Brisk's patented 360-degree spark plug electrode design improves upon the phenomena that caused racers to cut ordinary electrode spark plugs in order to increase the number of sharp edges and improve the spark discharge. Given the short time interval for combustion to occur, engineers have always known that the faster you can get the flame to the piston from a spark plug, the better. The more quickly the flame kernel travels toward the combustion area, the better. The 360-degree design is actually open all around, so the spark travels directly toward the air-fuel mix which increases the burn. The end result is a faster flame kernel, a more complete combustion, extra performance and higher fuel economy on your Yamaha. All around the best designed plug for Yamaha enthusiasts looking for a replacement plug; the latest technology used in our racing spark plug allows for increased fuel consumption by as much as 5% by ensuring reliable combustion events all while delivering smooth engine operation, increased HP and driving characteristics over other spark plug electrode designs.
When you turn the key in your boat's ignition switch, a long and complicated process starts, that eventually results in your engine starting up. Along the process, there are a massive number of components | 0.050081 | 0.147886 | -0.377525 | 0.641623 | [
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] | 1,370 | 0 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
"""
From https://github.com/gg/pingparser/blob/master/src/pingparser.py
Parses the output of the system ping command.
"""
from optparse import OptionGroup,OptionParser
import re
import sys
def _get_match_groups(ping_output, regex):
match = regex.search(ping_output)
if not match:
raise Exception('Invalid PING output:\n' + ping_output)
return match.groups()
def parse(ping_output):
"""
Parses the `ping_output` string into a dictionary containing the following
fields:
`host`: *string*; the target hostname that was pinged
`sent`: *int*; the number of ping request packets sent
`received`: *int*; the number of ping reply packets received
`minping`: *float*; the minimum (fastest) round trip ping request/reply
time in milliseconds
`avgping`: *float*; the average round trip ping time in milliseconds
`maxping`: *float*; the maximum (slowest) round trip ping time in
milliseconds
`jitter`: *float*; the standard deviation between round trip ping times
in milliseconds
"""
matcher = re.compile(r'PING ([a-zA-Z0-9.\-]+) \(')
host = _get_match_groups(ping_output, matcher)[0]
matcher = re.compile(r'(\d+) packets transmitted, (\d+) received')
sent, received = _get_match_groups(ping_output, matcher)
try:
matcher = re.compile(r'(\d+.\d+)/(\d+.\d+)/(\d+.\d+)/(\d+.\d+)')
minping, avgping, maxping, jitter = _get_match_groups(ping_output,
matcher)
except:
# minping, avgping, maxping, jitter = ['NaN']*4
return {'host': host, 'sent': sent, 'received': received,
'minping': minping, 'avgping': avgping, 'maxping': maxping,
'jitter': jitter}
def main(argv=sys.argv):
# detects whether input is piped in
ping_output = None
if not sys.stdin.isatty():
ping_output = sys.stdin.read()
usage = 'Usage: %prog [OPTIONS] [+FORMAT]\n\n'\
'Parses output from the system ping command piped in via stdin.'
parser = OptionParser(usage=usage, version="%prog 0.1")
format_group = OptionGroup(parser,
"""FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:
\t%h host name or IP address
\t%s packets sent
\t%r packets received
\t%m minimum ping in milliseconds
\t%a average ping in milliseconds
\t%M maximum ping in milliseconds
\t%j jitter in milliseconds
Default FORMAT is %h,%s,%r,%m,%a,%M,%j""")
parser.add_option_group(format_group)
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
if ping_output is None:
parser.print_help()
sys.exit(1)
ping_result = parse(ping_output)
format_replacements = [('%h', 'host'),
('%s', 'sent'),
('%r', 'received'),
('%m', 'minping'),
('%a', 'avgping'),
('%M', 'maxping'),
('%j', 'jitter')]
format_replacements = [(fmt, ping_result[field]) for fmt, field in
format_replacements]
if len(args) == 0:
output = ','.join(fmt for (fmt, rep) in format_replacements)
elif args[0].starts | -1.325415 | -0.593435 | -0.03006 | -0.037985 | [
-1.0049112634246047,
-1.6459193641960246
] | [
-0.15338755755086764,
-1.0334815052645943
] | [
0.597659695084045,
-0.6577796124811682
] | [
0.26962712744935985,
-0.34559694099244725
] | 1,024 | [
512,
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] | 1,376 | 0 | Github | -1 | -1 |
There is no doubt about, Accrington are flying, absolutely flying.
Few would have given John Coleman's side a realistic chance of automatic promotion this season, but they have firmly shoved the bookies tag of relegation favourites with a simply superb run of form.
Prior to Christmas, Stanley might have been worried about even making it into the play-offs as they lost four league games in a row, sitting in ninth place, some 14 points behind Luton.
However, a 3-0 win at Grimsby started something special for the Reds as it now seems that a top seven finish would be viewed as a bit of disappointment this term.
Tuesday night's 1-0 win over Morecambe, coming from yet another Billy Kee penalty, means that Stanley have won 10 out of their last 12 league matches, and if they can make it 11 on Saturday, it will see them leapfrog Luton to the League Two summit.
They've kept four clean sheets out of five in that time, although Stanley do have an incredibly tough run-in ahead, playing all the top nine bar Coventry in their remaining 11 matches.
Rather than shy away from the fact that they could go top on Saturday, it's something Coleman is clearly relishing, as should they beat Luton, it would take the club to their highest league position since reforming in 1968.
He told the club's official website: "I would love to win the title but if we beat Luton and go top, it's just another three points, we haven't won anything.
"People might get carried away but we certainly won't. All I am concerned about is being in the top three after the final day of the season, that's what counts.
"It doesn't surprise me that the gap has been closed as this league is so even. Any team can beat another on their day, as has been proved.
"Luton are top of the league for a reason, they have scored a lot of goals, they have a huge goal difference and they have been the most consistent team in the league.
"They have been up at the top to be shot at for a long time and they have kept it going. They have good players, a big fan base and are a big club.
Stanley's form was enough for the Reds boss to be named manager of the month, as February saw his side win five out of six, only held to a surprising 1-1 draw by bottom side Barnet.
On the honour, Coleman added: "It's obviously about the team and the Manager of the Month award should go to the team.
"Saying that if I win it in either of the next two months it should mean we are going up so I will be more than happy to accept it in March or April!
Team news: Luton are without suspended striker James Collins after he was sent off against Cambridge last weekend. Lawson D'Ath is also out with medial ligament damage suffered in the game.
Top scorers: Hatters: Danny Hylton and James Collins (17). Stanley: Billy Kee (21).
Milestones: Johnny Mullins will make his 50th appearance if he features against Accrington this weekend.
Man in the middle: Darren Drysdale - has refereed 37 games so far this season, with 100 yellows and five reds as he took Luton's 4-0 win over West Ham U21s in the Checkatatrade Trophy back in December.
Last term, he had the whistle for Town's 1-1 draw at home to Plymouth, while in the 2014-15 campaign, refereed the 2-0 defeat at Portsmouth and 3-0 home win over Newport County.
Prior to that, he took Luton's 2-0 FA Cup win at Brentford in 2007 when Chris Coyne and Jaroslaw Fojut netted.
Also refereed Town's 5-1 hammering at Preston in the Championship in 2006, sending off goalkeeper Marlon Berefdord in the last minute, plus the 3-0 home win over Stockport in 2005, with Coyne again, plus Steve Howard and Kevin Nicholls on target.
Assistant referees are Lisa Rashid and David Plowright with the fourth | 0.123701 | 0.230702 | -0.716113 | -0.962122 | [
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] | 1,377 | 0 | C4 | 5 | 7 |
official Rob Smith.
In charge: John Coleman - 55-year-old who had a lengthy playing career for a host of sides including Kirkby Town, Southport, Macclesfield Town and Morecambe, plus a spell in Wales.
One of the most prolific non-league goalscorers in history, with over 500 goals to his name over two decades, he became Ashton United player boss in 1997, moving to Accrington two years later.
Spent over 12 years in charge at Stanley, leading them to three promotions, including a place in the Football League in 2006 until he left to join Rochdale in January 2012.
Had his contract terminated just before completing 12 months in charge at Spotland, but was back in management for a short spell with Southport and then took over at Sligo Rovers in June 2014.
Returned to Stanley for his second spell in September 2014 and is now the 12th longest serving manager in the top four divisions.
View from the opposition: On-loan Burnley defender Jimmy Dunne talking to the club's official website: "We've set things up perfectly with that win (over Morecambe), we go there on Saturday, and for me, it could be the biggest game we will play this season.
"We need to take that same attitude into Saturday, press them from the front, like we have been doing so well, and we'll give ourselves a very good chance.
Friendly faces: Hatters defender Lloyd Jones spent two months at Accrington on loan from Liverpool towards the end of the 2014-15 season.
Featured 11 times for Stanley, scoring one goal, that coming in the 1-1 draw at Morecambe in April.
Played for both: Harold Andrews - an inside left, centre forward or left half, he started his playing career with Lincoln City in 1925, moving to Notts County, Barnsley and then the Hatters in 1935.
Made just the one appearance for Town, that a 2-1 home defeat to Southend in the old Division Three South in front of 14,379, Jack Ball on target for the hosts.
From Luton, headed to Accrington in 1936, playing 65 times, scoring twice as he finished his career with 140 goals from 385 games.
One to watch: Billy Kee - Striker who started his career as youngster with Leicester before a loan move to Accrington in July 2009 where he scored nine goals.
Spells at Torquay, Burton, Scunthorpe and Mansfield followed, before he rejoined Accrington in June 2015.
Managed 17 goals in his first season and then 15 last term, but is currently enjoying his most prolific campaign to date, starting with three in his first four matches and reached double figures by mid-October.
We've got form: Luton have a mixed record in their short history against Accington at Kenilworth Road.
They lost their first ever meeting 2-1 back in October 2008, with the visitors were ahead through Paul Mullin's 16th minute strike, before Asa Hall levelled for Town, only for Terry Gornell to seal victory.
Luton did win 2-0 in the 2014-15 season with goals from Jayden Stockley and Luke Guttridge, before another loss, 2-0 followed the campaign afterwards, until Hatters restored the balance with last year's triumph.
Last time out: Luton ground out a 1-0 win over Accrington at Kenilworth Road last season.
It looked like the Hatters would be frustrated until Cameron McGeehan scored the only goal of the game in the 75th minute, although they had to play the final stages with 10 men after Jordan Cook was sent off for his second yellow card.
Hatters: Christian Walton, James Justin, Alan Sheehan, Scott Cuthbert, Glen Rea, Cameron McGeehan, Jordan Cook, Alex Gilliead (Jonathan Smith 87), Olly Lee (Johnny Mullins 89), Danny Hylton, Jack Marriott (Isaac Vassell 66).
Subs not used: Craig King, Stephen O'Donnell, J | -0.32658 | 0.603153 | -0.861313 | -0.980982 | [
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Listening #148
Art Dudley | Mar 24, 2015
"Too much Stokowski."—Sergei Rachmaninoff in 1940, reacting to a demonstration of a stereo recording of Leopold Stokowski conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra
I don't remember when, but at some point during the past few years I realized that, in my home, mono cartridges outnumber their stereo counterparts. A few weeks ago, my collection of phono equipment took another step in the same strange direction: After receiving from Ortofon a sample of their CG 25 DI Mk.II mono pickup head ($902) for review, I was so impressed with its sound that I asked if I could buy the review sample. Now, having put check in mail, I own twice as many mono cartridges as stereo ones. Take that, multichannelism.
The strangeness is heightened by the fact that the CG 25 is, apparently, the oldest product presently made by the world's oldest audio manufacturer. Regarded by Ortofon as a member of their historic SPU line—this despite the fact that the S in SPU stands for stereo—the design of the CG 25 harks back to an era when all pickups were bulky, low-compliance, resolutely monophonic things. Indeed, the CG 25 reminds us that it was Ortofon from whom the German turntable manufacturer Elektro-Mess-Technik purchased their first tonearms and pickups: The pickups that EMT later designed and made for themselves were clearly influenced by the products of their Danish colleagues, no surer signs of which are the striking physical similarities between the Ortofon CG 25 DI Mk.II and EMT's recently discontinued OFD 25.
A ca-2008 sample of the EMT OFD 25 (left), next to the Ortofon CG 25 DI MKII, each minus its removable belly pan. Note that the Ortofon's cantilever is fastened to the motor armature with a minute dab of solder, as in olden days. (Photo: Art Dudley)
Like that EMT OFD 25, whose praises I've sung in this space, the Ortofon CG 25 DI Mk.II is a moving-coil cartridge with a single coil, the ends of which are paralleled to both pairs of output contacts on its stereo-compatible headshell. Also like the EMT, the Ortofon has a hefty, stiffly suspended, flat-metal cantilever, and a spherical stylus tip with a radius of 25µm (from which the model designations of both products derive). That size and shape of stylus is ideal for playing monophonic vinyl ranging from the very first LPs of 1948 through the mono records of the early 1960s, plus select mono records made in later years—a topic to which I'll return in a moment.
But there are differences between these two pickups, the most significant of which point to the CG 25's use of fewer turns of coil wire: The Ortofon has a lower internal impedance (6 ohms vs the OFD 25's 37 ohms) and, of perhaps greater consequence, a much lower output (1.5 vs 5.75mV). The CG 25 DI Mk.II also has a stylus with a shank of titanium—a metal that tends to make even the diamond tip appear darker than usual, especially to the naked eye—and a headshell of wood composite press-molded into shape, then machined for a precise fit and a fetching finish.
Even before my first spin with this new-old pickup, the CG 25 gave me cause to smile: Its 1.5mV output is more in line with the 1.05mV output of my reference stereo cartridge, the EMT TSD 15. By contrast, when I use my EMT OFD 25 and OFD 15 pickup heads, I'm forced to adjust not only the playback volume of my Shindo preamp but also to change the input gain on my Shindo power amps. (My preamp and amps alike provide greater-than-average gain, a situation complicated by my use of the H | 1.134522 | 0.148333 | -0.462965 | 0.31255 | [
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ommage T2 step-up transformer, itself a source of much higher gain than other transformers to which the EMT cartridges are suited.) Without such compensation, the OFD pickup heads force me to keep the preamp's volume control scarcely above zero—a range in which stereo potentiometers perform notoriously poorly.
Used in my Thomas Schick tonearm—for which I recently made a mounting pod of its own, mounted to the plinth of my Garrard 301 turntable alongside the similarly articulated EMT 997 tonearm—the Ortofon CG 25DI Mk.II now drives my preamp's built-in, Ortofon-friendly, Lundahl phono transformers, while the stereo EMT TSD 15 pickup continues to drive the outboard Hommage T2 transformer, itself connected to the preamplifier's moving-magnet inputs. This arrangement offers surprisingly good volume-level parity between stereo and mono.
Even more important, the sonic performance of the Ortofon CG 25/Lundahl combination is exceptional: This is among the hallowed few cartridges that really communicate everything that's special about 1950s and '60s mono LPs from the likes of Verve, Prestige, Clef, Columbia, and other labels, not to mention the best contemporary mono records. For example, when playing the Electric Recording Company's mono reissue of Mozart à Paris (7 LPs, Pathé DTX 191–197), the CG 25 uncovered as much presence and force as I've heard from those strangely dry recordings. And while it didn't shy from putting across the overly piquant tone that affects some of the original recordings in that set, neither did the Ortofon render those selections harsh or strident. Similarly, the CG 25 pulled huge amounts of color and texture from my favorite Verve jazz LPs, including The Jazz Soul of Oscar Peterson (Verve MG V-8351)—with which the Ortofon also showed off its ability to all but ignore even the most severe surface noise.
The EMT OFD-series pickups, when used with the Hommage transformer,1 remain the most vivid and tactile mono pickups I've heard, but the CG 25 DI Mk.II delivers nearly the same level of performance for a much lower price. Now I save my own OFDs for those special Mono Weekends when I change my system settings to accommodate them, and for everyday listening I use the new Ortofon—which is anything but commonplace.
Music of the sphericals
"Mono is literally half the information in a mix."
The source of that wisdom, which I recently read on Facebook, was a man who identified himself as a "sound engineer," and who wondered why anyone would want to "force" a high-end music system to play mono. I didn't join the conversation, partly because I'm not very good at hiding my contempt for ill-informed people who pass themselves off as experts—of which the online world has no shortage—and partly because, by saving my opinions for this space, I can be paid for expressing them. Ka-ching is the rare noise that sounds equally good from one loudspeaker or many.
As recently as a year ago, I could have forgiven even the most ignorant experts for misunderstanding monophonic sound—which is, of course, the technological basis of all commercial music recordings made before 1954, and of a great many others made between then and the late 1960s. But forbearance has its limits. Not only did the LP record emerge as the music industry's surprise hit of 2014—according to Nielsen SoundScan, between January and June of last year, vinyl sales showed a 40% increase over the same period in 2013—but brand-new reissues of historic mono recordings accounted for a notable share of that success.
Late last year, the holiday-season catalogs and promotional e-mails I received from my favorite vinyl pushers included dozens of new mono reissues, from such artists as Bob Dylan, Sonny Rollins, Wilhelm Furtwängler, J†nos Starker, Duke Ellington, Lester Young, Django Reinhardt, Jascha Heifetz, John Coltrane, Cole | 1.630344 | 0.556597 | -0.057959 | 0.724867 | [
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Pack all liquids into checked-in luggage. This will ensure a smooth journey through the passenger security screening area.
Do I have to place the liquid in a transparent plastic bag?
Yes, there are no exceptions. When passing through the passenger security screening point for hand luggage, you must place the transparent, re-sealable, bag containing liquids and other substances affected by the regulations, separately in the tray for X-ray screening.
Yes, we strongly encourage you to do so. The bag must be transparent, re-sealable and of a capacity not exceeding one litre. These bags are available at most local supermarkets.
Contact lens solution should be packed into checked in luggage. If you must carry lens solution in your hand luggage it should be in a container, not more than 100mls and presented in a one litre transparent bag at the passenger security screening point.
Yes, provided these items are in containers not more than 100mls and presented in a one litre transparent bag separately at the passenger security screening point. If these items are not essential for use during your flight we strongly recommend that you pack them into your checked in luggage.
You can still buy liquids and other substances covered by the regulations, in containers of any size, after the security screening point and on board European airline flights. Liquids and gels purchased after the security screening point or on board will be packed and sealed for you in a tamper-evident bag as necessary by the shop or cabin personnel.
Does this new restriction apply to certain flights only?
The new restriction applies to all flights departing from EU airports, regardless of final destination.
If the first flight begins at an airport in the EU and items have been purchased beyond the passenger security points, these liquids will be placed in a tamper evident bag and therefore will conform to the regulations. Therefore passengers can take these liquids on-board their second flight, as long as the items are still packed in tamper-evident bags.
If the first flight originates in a country outside the EU the items will not conform to the new regulations, as they will not have been placed in tamper evident bags. Transferring passengers will then be subject to these new EU security regulations when they transfer through an EU airport.
Is Shannon Airport alone in introducing these new restrictions?
No, this is an EU Regulation (EC NO 1546/2006) adopted by the European Commission responsible for Aviation Security. These rules will come into effect at all EU member state airports from November 6th.
These items should be carried in containers of no more than 100mls, and placed in a transparent re-sealable bag of not more than one litre capacity BEFORE you reach the passenger security screening area and preferably before you set out on your journey. These transparent, re-sealable bags are available at most local supermarkets.
Under the new EU aviation security regulations containers of over 100mls cannot be taken through the passenger security screening area and will be taken from passengers at that point.
If I am travelling on a day trip i.e. departing early morning, arriving back later that day, and I purchase items e.g. perfume, cosmetics etc. over 100mls can I carry this through security on my return trip?
Yes, provided they are still intact in the tamper-evident bag containing the receipt. This practice will be accepted at all EU airports. Don't forget that you can avail of our free Shop & Collect service if you are travelling within teh EU. Buy before you fly and shop on your return.
Yes, passengers are allowed to bring essential medication and dietary requirements in liquid form through the screening points in the quantities needed during their trip.
Passengers may be required to demonstrate that what they are carrying is real and for genuine purposes, and not something less innocent.
If I am travelling on business or on a short weekend break and have hand luggage only what should I do?
Items such as shampoo, conditioner, liquid foundation, perfume, deodorant, toothpaste and contact lens solution should be carried in containers of no more than 100mls. These items should be presented at the security screening area in a transparent re-sealable plastic bag of no more than one litre capacity.
Pre-planning in this way will help to get you through security screening more efficiently.
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Boston Bombing Iron Curtain
By James Henry and David J. Krajicek
WhoWhatWhy 14 November 2013
Theme: Law and Justice, Terrorism
This article was originally published by WhoWhatWhy.
A federal judge has rejected the American Civil Liberties Union's request to file written arguments in support of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, who stands accused in the Boston Marathon bombing.
Such arguments are known as amicus briefs, or "friend of the court" briefs, and are filed by third parties who wish to offer legal arguments that may be relevant in a case. Federal trial judges rarely accept such briefs, which are typically filed not at the trial but at the appellate level. But the denial is unusual for the ACLU, which for 94 years has entered civil liberties arguments in countless court proceedings.
In a similar setback for the defense, Tsarnaev's attorneys continue to parry with prosecutors whom they say have been beyond stingy in the pre-trial discovery process. In their latest motion, defense attorneys say "the government continues to withhold reports and testimony of the greatest utility and interest concerning those closest to Tsarnaev."
The ACLU of Massachusetts (ACLUM) asked permission to file a friend of the court brief in U.S. District Court in Boston on November 5, but the requestwas rejected less than 24 hours later by Judge George O'Toole.
In his terse rejection order, O'Toole cited his own ruling two years ago when he was presiding over the terrorism trial of Tarek Mehanna, a pharmacy student from Sudbury, Massachusetts, who was convicted and sentencing to 17 ½ years in federal prison. O'Toole rejected an ACLU amicus brief in that case, as well.
Judge George O'Toole (right)
In the Marathon bombing case, O'Toole wrote, "While there may be no positive rule forbidding it, in my judgment a trial court presiding over a criminal prosecution should not receive or consider volunteered submissions by non-parties except as specifically authorized by statute."
The ACLU has a well-respected record of filing influential amicus briefs in some of the country's most momentous constitutional cases, including Brown v. Board of Education in 1954; Mapp v. Ohio in 1961; Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan in 1964; Miranda v. Arizona in 1966, and Furman v. Georgia in 1972.
The ACLU's attempt to weigh in at this early stage of the Tsarnaev proceedings is a sign that it sees constitutional questions in the veil of secrecy under which the government is proceeding.
Judge's Rejection Called 'Arrogant, Petty'
"It is the utmost in judicial arrogance and pettiness for Judge O'Toole to reject even the filing of such a brief," Harvey Silverglate, a Cambridge, Mass., attorney who specializes in civil liberties litigation, told WhoWhatWhy.
Harvey Silverglate
Silverglate said the judge should welcome input from solid advocacy organizations like the ACLU on complex cases. He said the organization traditionally seeks "to inject a note of fairness, impartiality, and support for constitutional values and procedures."
"ACLUM has a very long history of seeking to make its voice heard in cases where there is considerable public sentiment against a defendant, and where, it may be assumed, there might be considerable prosecutorial and even judicial sentiment against the defendant," Silverglate said. "Put more bluntly, Judge O'Toole is acting as if he were a tool of the U.S. Department of Justice, rather than a neutral judge. This is most unfortunate."
Silvergate said O'Toole's rejection of ACLU amicus briefs in both the Tsarnaev and Mehanna terrorism cases "demonstrates perhaps that he does not have the requisite judicial temperament to handle highly controversial, difficult cases involving 'national security' issues."
By Daumier (right)
Sixth Amendment Rights vs. SAMs
In the Tsarnaev case, the broader issue the ACLU sought to address is a series of onerous | 0.494198 | 0.717753 | 0.734617 | 0.701455 | [
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Special Administrative Measures – SAMs in legal jargon – that have been placed on Dzhokhar and his defense team. The SAMs impede Tsarnaev's Sixth Amendment rights to a fair trial, according to Matthew Segal, legal director of the ACLU of Massachusetts.
For example, the Bureau of Prisons is allowed to screen and clear all materials and documents the defense team would like to share or discuss with Tsarnaev. Defense attorneys are prohibited from releasing any information about the case except "for the sole purpose of preparing the inmate's defense – and not for any other reason."
Other SAM restrictions place Tsarnaev in solitary confinement, prohibit any contact with the media or other inmates, and severely limit his communications with parents and siblings. His rare phone calls and visits are monitored and recorded.
In his letter to Judge O'Toole seeking approval to file the brief, Segal wrote:
In this case, ACLUM's amicus memorandum focuses specifically and exclusively on the provisions of the SAMs that relate to defense counsel. The attorney-client provisions of SAMs are no trifling matter. They threaten Tsarnaev's Sixth Amendment rights because they require substantial expenditures of attorney time; they limit the information that Tsarnaev's attorneys can pass on from Tsarnaev to other people; and they give the Bureau of Prisons apparent authority to decide which documents defense attorneys can show Tsarnaev himself. The government understands the impact of these restrictions and overstates their justifications. ACLUM's memorandum seeks to clarify the legal analysis governing these provisions.
Why we need the Sixth Amendment.
Rationale: Inciting Acts of Terrorism
U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder imposed the restrictions in August after they were requested by Massachusetts federal prosecutor Carmen Ortiz.
The government maintains that the SAMs prevent Tsarnaev from inciting others to commit acts of terrorism.
As evidence, it submitted (1) a message Tsarnaev wrote prior to his arrest, (2) Tsarnaev's alleged pre-arrest request to his friends to remove evidence from his room, (3) the fact that Tsarnaev destroyed a cell phone prior to his arrest, (4) Tsarnaev's mother's release of a recorded phone conversation with her son to the media, and (5) several articles that were written afterTsarnaev's arrest without his input.
In ACLUM's 15-page proposed brief that was rejected last week by Judge O'Toole, Segal wrote that language in the SAMs is unreasonably vague.
"This is particularly so," Segal wrote, "because these SAMs do not explicitly allow discussions regarding mitigation, which are critical in a potential death penalty case." In other words, discussions of mitigating circumstances, which may be relevant in deciding Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's fate if he is found guilty.
He added that the defense document screening by the Bureau of Prisons "presents the attorneys with the Hobbesian choice of either potentially revealing their litigation strategy to the government or withholding certain documents from their client."
'Spotty, Inconsistent' Discovery
As WhoWhatWhy previously reported, Tsarnaev's lawyers have also complained of being stymied by SAMs in their efforts to obtain exculpatory evidence from the government. They filed a Motion to Compel Discovery in October; it was also rejected.
On November 7, the defense team filed another motion pleading for information from the prosecution. William Fick and colleagues from the Federal Public Defender Office wrote:
To the extent the defense can discern any animating principle in the government's production decisions, it would appear that the government's self-described "generous" (but still spotty and inconsistent) approach to discovery applies only to witnesses at the periphery of Mr. Tsarnaev's life and the allegations against him, while the government continues to withhold reports and testimony of the greatest utility and interest concerning those closest to Mr. Tsarnaev, including his parents, siblings, sister-in-law, and other family members.
Specifically, Fick and his colleagues are seeking any information the prosecution might have about the 2011 triple homicide in Waltham, Massachusetts, in which Tamerlan Tsarnaev, Dzh | 0.261354 | 1.158248 | 0.942588 | 1.190512 | [
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Can Caribbean Islands Really Adapt to Extreme Hurricanes?
September 22, 2017 By Judi Clarke
"A monster"… "wreaking havoc"… "ripped through" the Caribbean and part of Florida: I heard these words as Hurricane Irma, the strongest Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on record, decimated the entire island of Barbuda and destroyed the four "most solid" buildings on St. Martin. And as I write this from the relative safety of Barbados, Hurricane Maria is on a similar path, leaving similar destruction in its wake. With winds of more than 160 miles per hour, Maria was the strongest storm to make landfall in Dominica. In a matter of hours, it devastated the country, regained its strength, and continued its onslaught on Puerto Rico and beyond.
Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and territories have always struggled to adapt to variations in climate and to extreme weather. Trough systems—extended regions of relatively low atmospheric pressure—can dump large amounts of rainfall, causing massive flooding, landslides, and loss of life in some countries.
Hurricanes Irma and Maria have made it clear that our goal posts have shifted dramatically
However, Hurricanes Irma and Maria have made it clear that our goal posts—what we must adapt to—have shifted dramatically. Together with Harvey, these super storms are likely to be the most expensive on record. Also a dubious first: every single resident of an entire Caribbean island—Barbuda—has been evacuated due to a single climate-related event, and some say they will not return. Like some experts have warned, people have been forced to abandon their homes and their lands to escape the effects of climate change.
"Preparations to protect life and property should be rushed to completion," warned the National Hurricane Center as Maria approached Puerto Rico. "You have to evacuate — otherwise, you are going to die," said Héctor Pesquera, Puerto Rico's commissioner of public safety.
Lack of Political Will and Delayed Funding for Adaptation
What does the future hold? While there are no credible projections of how cyclone activity will be affected by climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said that "the frequency of the most intense storms will more likely than not increase substantially in some basins." But what we know for sure is that human-driven climate change helps drive extreme weather and the conditions that help create super storms like Irma and Maria. Can we adapt, and how?
We know for sure that human-driven climate change helps drive extreme weather
Caribbean governments, too, have long been aware of the potential disastrous effects of climate change but have focused instead on funding social services and health care–and even tourism marketing. They have thus taken a laid-back approach to even the "low-hanging fruit" of climate change adaptation, such as mainstreaming climate change into their sustainable development agendas and revising and implementing the Caribbean Uniform Building Code (CUBiC). Specific recommendations for these interventions have been available for some time, but have not been heeded. While we will never know if factoring extreme events into the Building Code would have reduced the damage from these hurricanes, I believe we can safely say that it would have helped. Retrofitting structures and building more resilient infrastructure would ultimately be more cost effective than repeatedly rebuilding vulnerable structures destroyed by extreme events.
Beyond Adaptation: Paying for Loss and Damage and Reducing Financial Risk
Now, we must look beyond adaptation and instead to how we measure and pay for loss and damage from extreme events like hurricanes. "Loss" refers to permanent loss (the negative impacts that cannot be repaired or restored, like loss of freshwater sources) and "damage" refers to negative impacts than can be repaired or restored, such as collapsed bridges and other critical infrastructure. For countries devastated by hurricanes, the potential costs include not only the direct costs of replacing infrastructure, but other, equally real costs such as lost productivity, the cost of relocating people living near coastlines, the costs of dealing with frequent flooding, and the loss of ecosystem services.
Credible estimates of the total damage to the Caribbean islands are not yet available. But when more than 5 | 1.290665 | 1.634555 | 1.647663 | 0.860138 | [
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Data to Inform Action: A Message from the Portrait of Sonoma Leadership Team
In 2014, A Portrait of Sonoma County successfully shifted the community's understanding of what determines well-being and how conditions of well-being vary across Sonoma County neighborhoods. A Portrait of Sonoma County: 2021 Update builds from this work, helping further illuminate issues of inequity across Sonoma County.
The disparities that Black, Indigenous, People of Color, and immigrant and undocumented community members have and continue to experience should not continue unchecked or unremedied. Inequity harms everyone. From an economic perspective, inequity harms overall growth by decreasing per capita income and disposable income. On a human level, inequity damages health and well-being, resulting in greater levels of unhappiness across our entire community. A deeper understanding of the inequitable outcomes presented in this report will help communities work toward ensuring that Sonoma County is a place where race or ethnicity do not determine an individual's health, well-being, and wealth.
Focusing on "improvements" risks hiding the very real past harms to Black, Native American, Latino, and Asian people and obscures ongoing marginalization. People living with disabilities, people who are undocumented, LGBTQ community members, and others are at risk of being left out of the picture due to inadequate data. There is more work to do locally to move beyond these pitfalls to unravel harmful narratives, to ensure that a shared understanding of Sonoma County's well-being includes non-white perspectives, and to redouble collective efforts to improve data collection.
Learning from the Data
The Portrait is based on the Human Development Index (HDI), which looks at data on health, education and income as indicators of well-being for people in Sonoma County and compares across race, ethnicity, gender and geographic location. This index is designed to show that traditional measures of success, such as gross domestic product or economic prosperity, do not reflect the full picture of community well-being. Factors such as variations in life expectancy by neighborhoods and access to education are also critical to consider.
The Portrait provides insight into the well-being of Sonoma County residents. Local community-based organizations and government agencies can use this targeted data to inform policy and funding decisions, directing services to communities most in need.
The 2021 Portrait's findings are based on data from 2015-2019. Because 2020 HDI data was not yet available, local data were added to the new report to show impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
A New Agenda for Action
This updated Portrait of Sonoma County report marks the beginning of a renewed community conversation, not the conclusion. The voices and input of community members must guide collective response to the report's findings. Beginning in early 2022, community members and local leaders will come together to create a new Agenda for Action.
The Agenda for Action is a set of strategies and solutions prioritized around issues causing the greatest harm in communities. Identifying these shared priorities is intended to lead to greater shared investment in and support for creative solutions. Only together can the community shift resources and power to people who have solutions that will work for them. Only together can the community create an Agenda for Action that drives meaningful policy and systems change toward dismantling structural racism.
Working together to refocus on lagging areas and set new priorities rooted in post-pandemic realities is the work that lies ahead. This time | 0.837987 | 0.21593 | 1.830273 | 0.110944 | [
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Marine biologist; hardhat diver; inventor of one of the first underwater camera housings in 1893; took the world's first underwater self-portrait (selfie) using a Detective camera inside a wooden housing that he designed with his brother Auguste; used the first underwater flash bulb designed by Frenchman Chauffour in 1893; Boutan and Joseph David later designed and improved a more reliable and much larger housing that weighed approximately 180 kg (400 lbs) in air; author of La Photographie Sous-Marine (1900), a book on underwater photography; defended his doctoral thesis on the anatomy and development of the mollusk Fisurella alternata in Banyuls in 1886; became a professor at the University of Lille in 1888; was the assistant of Professor Henri Lacaze-Duthiers at the Sorbonne Faculty of Sciences in Paris in 1892; worked at the research stations in Roscoff and Banyuls where he bred and studied the mollusk Haliotis; began to hardhat dive to observe the mollusks in situ when it was found that they did not survive in aquariums after reaching adulthood.
Several of the difficulties experienced in endeavors to ascertain the natural relations of objects existing at considerable depths under water have been overcome by M. Louis Boutan, in a remarkably ingenious manner, and the contrivances he adopted are described in a recent communication to the Paris Academy of Sciences.
He prefers to use a small camera in which several plates can be exposed consecutively, and incloses this in a rectangular, water-tight metal box, into the sides of which plates of glass are inserted to serve as windows. The camera can be so disposed that the lens may face all the windows in turn, if desired, and exposures are regulated from outside the metal case. To avoid any ill effects that might be caused by differences in the internal and external pressure when the apparatus is sunk in deep water, a kind of balloon filled with air is connected with it. As the pressure increases, in descending, the balloon is compressed, extra air is thus forced into the box, and the pressure on its walls equalized. A stout foot to support the apparatus and weights to sink it complete it for practical purposes.
In water near the shore, not greatly exceeding one meter in depth, the apparatus can be conveniently fixed, without the operator needing to enter the water, and, by direct sunlight, good negatives can be obtained in ten minutes. When the water is deeper the operator must descend in diving costume to fix the case securely on its stand before commencing the actual work of photography. In calm, bright weather photographs can then be obtained by direct sunlight in from thirty to fifty minutes. Colored glasses, preferably blue, must be interposed between the objective and the water, in order to obtain sharp images.
By the use of artificial light to illuminate the surroundings, however, matters are still more simplified. To this end, M. Boutan has contrived a special magnesium lamp. A cask of two hundred liters capacity is filled with oxygen gas, and on its upper end is fixed a spirit lamp, which is covered by a bell glass. A vessel containing magnesium, in powder, is connected with this lamp in such a manner that the metal can be projected across the flame by the action of a rubber ball which serves as bellows. The oxygen gas, of course, is intended to assist combustion, and the lamp having been lighted and covered by its protecting globe, the cask simply requires weighting to sink it.
Good instantaneous negatives have thus been obtained by M. Boutan during a violent storm, when no day light could penetrate the depths. They are lacking as regards background, but this he attributes to imperfections in the apparatus, particularly the objective. He also found it necessary to place before the lens a diaphragm of very small aperture to secure a sufficient degree of sharpness. If a formula were calculated for an objective, the front of which might be exposed to sea water, he thinks these drawbacks might be remedied.
As it is, he has proved that photographs can be taken in a brief time under water, in calm weather, by direct sunlight, at depths up to six or seven meters; while, by the use of his special lamp, they can be taken, instantaneously, at any depth that can | 1.238617 | 1.870918 | 1.13027 | 0.870544 | [
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FOR ALMOST FOUR DECADES, ONE SONG has returned from the realm of the undead every Halloween, lurking on every spooky-sounds compilation, the soundtrack of every mad monster party. "Monster Mash," the swingin' tale of a dance party hosted by Dr. Frankenstein, is the only song in history to hit the Top 100 on three separate occasions. Covered by everyone from the Beach Boys to the Bonzo Dog Band, the original single commands upward of $80 on the collector's market. "I never thought it would pay the rent for 38 years," says Bobby "Boris" Pickett, the affable author of the most popular novelty song ever.
The story began when Pickett, who moved to Hollywood in 1960 after an Army stint in Korea, bumped into two brothers, the Capizzis, from his childhood haunt of Somerville, Massachusetts. In need of a bass-baritone for their new singing group, the Cordials, they enlisted Pickett, whose father managed a movie palace in Boston. "I watched the classics over and over -- Dracula, Frankenstein, The Wolfman -- and doing their voices became second nature," says Pickett.
Lenny Capizzi got the idea for the single. "I'd do Boris Karloff as the mad scientist, making his creation get up and do the latest dance craze, which I thought was the Twist," says Pickett. Lenny, "the greaser hep cat," corrected the clean-cut, cardiganed lad. "The Monster Mashed Potato," written in an hour and recorded two weeks later, was brought to Gary Paxton, a 19-year-old wunderkind who'd formed the Hollywood Argyles with Kim Fowley and produced their smash "Alley Oop." "Every major label in town said it was stupid," Pickett says of "Monster Mash," so Paxton pressed 500 on his own Garpax label.
"He drove up the coast, dropping copies off at record stations, and by the time he was back in town, it was on the radio all over California." New York based London Records immediately took over distribution, and before you could say, "I vant to drink your blood," it had reached No. 1 and sold a million copies. It was 1962, in the days before SoundScan and corporate radio, when "you could record something danceable in your garage, hand it to a DJ and he'd put it on the air."
Bobby "Boris" Pickett and the Crypt Kickers were rushed into the studio to complete an album of 13 more finger-snappin' graveyard tunes, populated with ghoulies, ghosties, mummies and wolfmen. By then, Philadelphia's John Zacherly, a cadaverously painted DJ turned horror host, had released his own version of "Monster Mash," which Pickett says "stole a little of our thunder."
Soon after, Pickett wrote a play with Sheldon Allman, a like-minded ghoul who had had a minor hit with "Sing Along With Drac." Performed by schools and community-theater groups worldwide, I'm Sorry, the Bridge Is Out, You'll Have To Spend the Night was transformed in 1995 into Monster Mash: The Movie by Toy Story co-writer Joel Cohen. Featuring Pickett as the diabolical Dr. Frankenstein, Mink Stole as a werewolf's mother and Jimmy "J.J." Walker as a pimpish music promoter, the flick is "suitable for children and snotty adults" and can be ordered, along with Monster Mash the CD, on Pickett's Web site, themonstermash.com.
"I LOVE THIS TIME OF YEAR," SAYS Pickett, who performs each Halloween on the East Coast. The singer, who will be 62 in February, has recorded a number of other novelty songs, including the Dr. Demento favorite "Star Drek" and "Smoke, Smoke, Smoke That Cigarette," a Texas-style whooper from the '40s that Pickett gave an anti-nicotine spin. With a repertoire of more than 100 celebrity voices, he would love to crack the competitive voice-over market, but as Pickett himself says, "I'm | 0.567476 | 1.065135 | -1.043288 | -0.812218 | [
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] | 1,398 | 0 | C4 | 24 | 23 |
findsingleslocal.com
Whyalla Norrie
Casual Encounters Nearby Whyalla Norrie South Australia - Sex Fun
Now, I say that as a fairly hardline monogamist. Casual Encounters near Whyalla Norrie. My biological instincts toward monogamy run deep---sleeping with someone other than my partner feels about as sensible as cutting off one of my hands and sewing it to my other hand (double-hand!). BUT. I don't feel that way because of some unquestioned, contractual monogamy pact accommodated from millennia of gendered oppression. I feel that way since I feel that way. We are together because we wish to be together. I actually don't sleep with other folks because I do not need to. The last 20,000 years of pressure to remain in unhappy monogamous relationships have almost definitely inspired more unfaithful than the last 30 years of online dating. Want to "save" monogamy? Stop trying to drive every goddamn individual to be monogamous. If online dating is facilitating that transformation, then it is doing modern relationships a service.
How about changing gender standards a la Hanna Rosin's End of Men? How about changes that appeared in the recent difcult economical circumstances? How about changes in where marriage age people reside (say, living in a walkable core versus the exurbs)? How about the spikiness of American religious observance, as falling church attendance rates combine with evangelical fervor? How about changing cultural norms about childrearing and marriage? How about the growing recognition of homosexuality across the nation, particularly in younger demographics?
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There's, obviously, a particularly complicated social minefield involved in online dating - especially in the event you happen to be a woman who would prefer to meet a guy. For those who haven't yet been introduced to Bye Felipe, you should go have a look; it's depressing and glorious all at the same time. My personal least favourite are the ones who kick off because you don't answer to their messages within ten minutes and then get really extremely vile about it. Someone once said that he had post all my usernames and pictures to a lot of really black-seeming newsgroups if I did not beg and grovel for him not to. I actually don't know if he did or not - I blocked him right away and nothing ever came of it - but it freaked me out a lot more than I 'd have imagined it might. Whyalla Norrie SA Australia Casual Encounters. They're not all like that, but there's a complete range of irritating situations you might find yourself in if you went along with the idea that it is impolite not to reply to every message.
I can down a pint in one, apply lipstick perfectly with no mirror in a moving vehicle and walk in six-inch heels. I write about sex for a living, because somebody's got to. I am fond of musicals and glitter and gin and debauchery. I would like to be Jennifer Saunders when I grow up. Queer, kinky, poly. I can and do appreciate exceptional sex with folks of all genders, but I only fall in love with women. I guess I am what you might call an "experienced submissive", and I wouldn't be happy in a vanilla relationship for long. I am secondary partner to two individuals and I adore them both, but in terms of capital-R- relationships I'm currently single. I'm a bit of a hippie under all this eyeliner."
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Profile span also confuses most people. Remember your profile is a summary of who you are- aka you don't need to get into extreme detail about pretty much anything. The more detail you give, the less she has to learn and discover about you, which can be a turn-off. The top profiles keep bio advice straightforward and to the point, but weave in a little wit and appeal. Feel free to allude to sexual fantasies and desires, but do so with some class in case you'd like answers online. Of course if there's some thing you really believe women should know before potentially hooking up with you, feel free to include that as well. Once more, honesty is the target and certainly will be rewarded with optimum casual sex outcomes.
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a fact. You will want to have a variety of photographs that show off who you are inside and, perhaps more importantly in this case, outside the bedroom. An individual picture profile only won't cut it when casual sex is the end game, so make sure you get a few to post. The top profiles contain the recent photograph you have where you think you look the best, pictures with friends to reveal you are societal, and photos revealing you reveling any notable avocations or interest which you have. Your greatest photograph should be one where you look attractive and are showing off your best features, but in general striving too hard to look sexy and seductive merely comes off as creepy to women, so be sure to remain on the secure, manly side of that line. And no, no nude photographs are not mandatory. You wish to leave her intrigued and thinking about some things. Overall you would like your photos to express that you're a normal, well-rounded human being, and a person who will be trusted for any sort of casual sex. Don't forget the photo section of your profile is likely the area she will look first, and the place she will screenshot and share with friends.
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It is pretty much a universal feeling that most individuals do not like setting up their very own internet dating profiles, and that's generally because they don't have any clue the way to do it right. To set up a profile for casual encounters, you'll want to be a little more trustworthy than if you we are setting up a profile to discover a wife. While you may think being secretive and playing the hard to get (to understand) card works in your favor, it really backfires when it comes to organizing sexual scenarios. Casual Encounters in Whyalla Norrie SA. A potential partner has to know that she's safe first and foremost, before any sexytime discussion comes up, along with your profile is the area to express just that.
Get It On is essentially a big categorized database featuring other horny members looking to hook up. Unlike other sites, the site does attempt to match you with members with whom you are sexually compatible. Upon signup, users complete a short multiple choice questionnaire, which tells the website which sexual activities you're interested in, have tried, or absolutely need in a match. When seeing any member profile you'll see your own level of sexual compatability with that member, displayed as a percentage. The very fact the questionnaire is required makes Get It On a no-brainer website to see as a way to discover casual hook ups , considering the website is already weeding out those members who you aren't compatible with and showing you only the ones with which you share some sexual chemistry. To ensure the site is constantly of use, you can place multiple geographical places, including your residing place and travel location. Members communicate and show interest by hotlisting other members, sending private emails, or sending flirts, making it simple to get the dialog going by the procedure of your choice. The hook up site is complete with various search features, live webcams as well as videos, as well as the capacity to see who viewed your profile.
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Another Friend Finder Network website, Friend Finder X claims to be the world's biggest casual singles site, which makes it somewhat fitting as a go to site to order casual encounters. The website has a massive member foundation and is a notch down on the sexually-centered spectrum than sister site XMatch. Without using any filters you'll still see sexually suggestive, porn-style profile pictures and get access to all the visually exciting perks like live model chats, live model webcams, and adult videos. The home display has a Facebook-style newsfeed of what's happening on the website at any given time, but additionally let's you sort your newsfeed to reveal global activity, activity of members you have as buddies or have hotlisted, or action of members near you. The website is ideal to experiment together with the profile interest that serves you best with heaps of areas to finish or leave blank including a photographs section, video section, long Q&A section, and blog section. The website is setup for casual sex in nature and does not have any shortage of media or members to amuse sexual dreams.
The mission of is to help you hook up with nearby local singles, and the site attributes allow for just that. It is a site dedicated to people who consider themselves to be more sultry and seductive, which is readily observable by the kind of profile pictures | -0.563705 | -1.703177 | -1.459232 | -1.364033 | [
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] | 1,400 | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 4 | 1 |
Cette page concerne l'année 1849 du calendrier grégorien.
Événements
Janvier
: le premier timbre postal français est mis en circulation, le 20 centimes noir, au type Cérès, de Barre.
4 janvier : le ministre Falloux retire par décret le projet Carnot et nomme deux commissions extra-parlementaires chargées de préparer un projet sur l'enseignement secondaire et sur l'enseignement primaire. Le 6 janvier, les deux commissions fusionnent sous la présidence de Thiers.
10 janvier : loi sur l'organisation de l'Assistance publique dans la ville de Paris.
15 janvier : Victor Hugo devant les bureaux de l'Assemblée : « sur la Question de la dissolution. » (de l'assemblée constituante)
15 janvier-7 février : procès de 25 insurgés de juin accusés d'avoir pris part a la mort du général Bréa. Cinq d'entre eux sont condamnés à mort (deux sont exécutés), deux aux travaux forcés à perpétuité.
19 janvier : Boulay de la Meurthe est élu vice-président de la République.
29 janvier : la proposition Rateau pour l'abrogation du mandat de la Constituante est adopté par une courte majorité, avant le vote des lois organiques qui devaient compléter la constitution, alors que le général Changarnier, le général du parti de l'ordre, commandement suprême de la garde nationale et des troupes de ligne, a placé ses forces tout autour de l'Assemblée et sur la rive droite.
Février
et 2 mai : la Constituante rejette par deux fois des propositions d'amnistie pour les déportés de juin 1848.
15 février : l'Assemblée inscrit à son ordre du jour les travaux pour l'achèvement du Louvre. Victor Hugo intervient en leur faveur et propose d'y installer l'Institut.
21 février, Monrovia : Édouard Bouët-Willaumez reconnait officiellement pour la France la république du Liberia. Édouard Bouët, à bord de la frégate Pénélope, commande les quatorze bâtiments de la division navale des côtes occidentales d'Afrique avec pour mission de lutter contre la traite et de rétablir la souveraineté française sur des points côtiers insurgés, où il rétablit le commerce français (-). Il est notamment chargé par le gouvernement français d'enquêter sur les accusations de traite esclavagiste clandestine lancées contre la maison Régis.
26 février : mise en service de la section de ligne de Compiègne à Noyon (ligne de Creil à Saint-Quentin) par la Compagnie du chemin de fer du Nord.
Mars
3 mars :
loi organique du Conseil d'État.
les « Burgraves » de la rue de Poitiers (parti de l'Ordre, réunissant conservateurs et monarchistes) constituent un Comité électoral qui regroupe 36 députés et 36 non-députés. Victor Hugo en fait partie.
7 mars : une épidémie de choléra, apparue à Dunkerque en octobre 1848, atteint Paris où elle fait plus de seize mille morts pendant neuf mois, pour gagner successivement 54 départements et faire victimes.
7 mars-3 avril : procès de Bourges des insurgés du 15 mai 1848. Barbès et Albert sont condamnés à la déportation. Auguste Blanqui, à dix ans de prison . Sobrier, sept ans. Raspail, six ans. Flotte et Quentin, cinq ans.
15 mars : loi électorale.
28 mars : procès de Proudhon pour ses écrits hostiles à Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Il est condamné à trois ans de prison et incarcéré le 5 juin (1849-1852).
Avril
3 avril : discours de Victor Hugo à | -0.113595 | 0.85026 | -0.395913 | 0.094035 | [
-0.213238865463321,
-0.013951090544001373
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1.0400663918920598,
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-0.06176297151586494,
-0.7300624817046198
] | [
-0.10236882091080257,
0.2904380895953829
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l'Assemblée sur la liberté du théâtre et les secours aux artistes.
6 avril : Félix Dupanloup est nommé évêque d'Orléans.
16 avril : la majorité républicaine de la Constituante vote les crédits nécessaires pour l'envoi d'un corps expéditionnaire pour défendre la République romaine menacée par l'armée autrichienne après sa victoire à Novare.
21 avril : pour soutenir les « burgraves », la presse du « Parti de l'Ordre » crée un « Comité de la presse modérée ». On y trouve L'Événement, L'Union, et L'Univers.
24 avril : expédition de Rome. Débarquement des troupes françaises du général Oudinot à Civitavecchia dans les États pontificaux, chargé d'empêcher un rétablissement du pape sous l'autorité exclusive de l'Autriche. Le 30 avril, Garibaldi repousse Oudinot devant Rome.
Mai
7 mai : la Constituante désapprouve la politique étrangère du gouvernement en votant par 328 voix contre 241 une protestation interdisant au corps expéditionnaire d'attaquer Rome ; mis en minorité, le ministère ne se retire pas. Le lendemain, Edmond Drouyn de Lhuys, ministre des Affaires étrangères, confie à Ferdinand de Lesseps une mission de conciliation entre le pape et les républicains romains, qui échoue.
8 mai : pose de la première pierre de la cité ouvrière de la rue de Rochechouart, achevée en 1851 et baptisée Cité Napoléon, premier exemple de la politique de logement social de Napoléon III.
13 mai : victoire des conservateurs aux élections de l'assemblée législative. La droite (parti de l'Ordre) obtient 450 sièges. Les démocrates-sociaux (la « Nouvelle Montagne »), 210 sièges. Victor Hugo est élu à Paris.
14 mai :
démission de Léon Faucher, ministre de l'Intérieur, accusé de manœuvres électorales abusives auprès des préfets.
Lesseps est à Civitavecchia où il rencontre Oudinot ; une suspension d'armée est négociée avec Mazzini.
16 mai : à Rome, Lesseps soumet à une délégation de trois membres de l'Assemblée constituante romaine (triumvirs) un premier projet d'arrangement qui est rejeté.
21 mai : Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte passe en revue au Champ-de-Mars hommes réunis par le général Changarnier.
26 mai : l'Assemblée constituante tient son ultime séance.
28 mai : l'Assemblée législative se réunit pour la première fois. André Dupin, orléaniste, est élu président le .
29 mai :
Lesseps soumet à l'Assemblée constituante romaine un troisième projet d'arrangement contressigné par Oudinot, sous forme d'un ultimatum : la France reconnait à la population romaine le droit de se prononcer librement sur son gouvernement, moyennant l'entrée amicale des troupes françaises dans Rome. Les triumvirs lui soumettent le 30 mai un contre-projet que Lesseps juge acceptable et signe. Le 31 mai, Oudinot fait savoir aux triumvirs qui ne reconnait pas l'arrangement et cesse toute coopération avec Lesseps.
la mission Lesseps est rappelée. Oudinot est autorisé à reprendre les hostilités contre Rome. La politique italienne du gouvernement est longuement débattue à l'Assemblée dans les jours suivants.
Juin
: ouverture de la onzième exposition des produits de l'industrie française.
2 juin : Odilon Barrot forme un nouveau gouvernement ; Tocqueville est nommé ministre des Affaires étrangères et prend Arthur de Gobineau comme | 0.032618 | 0.576294 | -0.686946 | 0.269627 | [
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chef de cabinet.
3 juin :
muni de nouvelles instructions et conformément au revirement de la politique française désormais favorable au pape, Oudinot commence le siège de Rome. Tocqueville demande à l'Assemblée qu'on ne lui impute pas les actions antérieures à son arrivée au ministère.
Karl Marx est à Paris.
5 juin : Lesseps est de retour à Paris pour faire ratifier la convention passée avec les républicains romains ; le nouveau ministre des Affaires étrangères Tocqueville lui déclare qu'il ne sait rien de l'affaire de Rome. Ni Odilon Barrot, ni aucun membre du gouvernement n'accepte de le recevoir. Il est cependant reçu par le prince-président, qui défère le 9 juin au Conseil d'État l'examen des actes relatifs à sa mission en Italie. Désavoué par un blâme, Lesseps se met en disponibilité du service diplomatique
6 juin : Tocqueville nomme Corcelle ministre plénipotentiaire pour résoudre la question romaine, en liaison avec le duc d'Harcourt, ambassadeur en titre auprès du Saint-Siège et de Rayneval, ministre plénipotentiaire à Naples.
9 juin : Armand de Melun dépose une proposition à l'assemblée législative ; « Il est nommé une commission de trente membres chargée de préparer et d'examiner dans les plus brefs délais possibles les lois relatives à la prévoyance et à l'assistance publique conformément à l'article 13 de la Constitution ». La proposition est adoptée à l'unanimité le 9 juillet et la commission se réunit pour la première fois le 13 juillet.
11 juin : l'intervention romaine provoque la demande de mise en accusation du ministère par Ledru-Rollin, pour violation de la Constitution ; elle est repoussée par l'Assemblée par 361 voix contre 202. Tocqueville dément le fait qu'une partie de la cavalerie française aurait été détruite.
12 juin : une manifestation est annoncée par les Montagnards. A la chambre, la gauche demande que le gouvernent communique les pièces diplomatiques relatives au siège de Rome, sans succès. Le soir, les dans Montagnards se réunissent dans les bureaux de La Démocratie pacifique ; Ledru-Rollin, Considerant et Félix Pyat rédigent un manifeste publié le lendemain dans la presse de gauche.
13 juin : journée révolutionnaire à Paris, dirigée par Ledru-Rollin contre l'expédition lancée en Italie pour soutenir le pape Pie IX contre le républicain Giuseppe Mazzini. Sans véritable soutien populaire, la manifestation parisienne est vite circonscrite aux quartiers de la rue Saint-Martin, et écrasée par l'armée : huit morts. Ledru-Rollin, chefs des Montagnards, et Félix Pyat sont contraints à l'exil. Des imprimeries de journaux républicains sont pillées par la garde nationale. Paris et Lyon sont mis en état de siège.
15 juin : à la Législative, Victor Hugo interpelle le gouvernement à propos du pillage de l'imprimerie de La Démocratie pacifique.
18 juin : le projet de loi sur l'enseignement est présenté à l'assemblée législative.
19 juin : suspension du droit d'association pour un an. Le gouvernement peut interdire tout club ou réunion publique.
Juillet
3 juillet : prise de Rome par le général Oudinot qui, le 14, proclame le rétablissement de Pie IX.
5 juillet : inauguration de la section de ligne de Paris à Meaux par la Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Strasbourg (ligne de Paris-Est à Strasbourg-Ville).
6 juillet : le Président de la République assiste à l'inauguration du chemin de fer de Paris à Chartres.
9 juillet : à la Législative, discours de Victor Hugo « sur la misère ». Il dénonce les | -0.036979 | 0.287107 | -0.718015 | 0.472534 | [
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manœuvres de la droite pour enterrer le projet Melun.
12 juillet : inauguration de la section de ligne de Viroflay RG à Chartres (ligne de Paris au Mans).
16 juillet : cent cinquante mille personnes assistent à la distribution des drapeaux de la garde nationale d'Amiens présidée par le président de la République.
19 juillet : Karl Marx est assigné à résidence dans le Morbihan.
22 juillet : Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte visite la forteresse de Ham. Dans le banquet qui lui est offert par la ville, il se leve et dit : « Je porte un toast en l'honneur des hommes qui sont déterminés, malgré leurs convictions, à respecter les institutions du pays. ».
27 juillet : loi restreignant la liberté de la presse ; six journaux sont suspendus. La loi établit l'autorisation préalable de parution, ce qui provoque la disparition de nombreux journaux. Les colporteurs sont directement visés.
Août
: inauguration de la section de ligne de Saumur à Angers par la Compagnie du chemin de fer de Tours à Nantes.
9 août :
Une loi organique sur l'état de siège est adoptée.
Suppression de l'École d'administration.
12 août : inauguration de la ligne de Paris à Tonnerre, section de la ligne de chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon.
12 août - 5 septembre : l'amiral français Legoarant de Tromelin échoue dans sa tentative de s'emparer d'Hawaii.
21-24 août : congrès international de la Paix à Paris. Élu président, Victor Hugo prononce les discours d'ouverture et de clôture.
24 août : Karl Marx quitte Paris pour Londres.
26 août : inauguration de la section de ligne de Meaux à Épernay par la Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Strasbourg.
Septembre
7 septembre : la lettre de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte à Edgar Ney, datée du 18 août précédent, parait au Moniteur. Le désaveu du Prince-Président de la politique de réaction de Pie IX provoque une crise gouvernementale (le ministre légitimiste Alfred de Falloux démissionne) qui sert les intérêts du parti de l'Ordre. Odilon Barrot songe un temps à céder la place à Adolphe Thiers, présenté par le journal satirique La Silhouette en train de faire courir le bruit que « Toc-Toc se retire des affaires pour se consacrer exclusivement à l'éducation et à l'amitié de ses lévriers ».
8 septembre : décret qui nomme les membres d'une Commission départementale provisoire de la Seine qui va durer jusqu'à la chute du Second Empire.
21 septembre : première séance de la commission nommée au conseil d'État pour préparer une loi sur les théâtres (fin le ). Victor Hugo est entendu dans les deux séances du 17 et du .
28 septembre : Édouard Bouët-Willaumez obtient l'autorisation de fonder Libreville, « village chrétien et français », pour accueillir les esclaves libérés des bateaux négriers.
Octobre
: publication des statuts de la Société du Dix-Décembre, société de secours mutuel, en réalité une société politique avec pour mission de propager l'idée napoléonienne et de stimuler l'enthousiasme en faveur du Président
18 - 20 octobre : discussion à l'assemblée législative sur les affaires de Rome, à propos d'une demande de crédits supplémentaires ; le 19 octobre Montalembert répond au discours de Victor Hugo contre le pape, applaudit par la gauche, en défendant « l'Église éternelle ». Les crédits pour le maintien du corps expéditionnaire français à Rome sont votés par 470 voix contre 165.
20 octobre : inauguration de la section de ligne de Noyon à | -0.047851 | 0.579875 | -1.002074 | 0.178579 | [
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] | 1,402 | 3,072 | Wikipedia | -1 | -1 |
Cross Border Data Access (1)
Health Data (11)
ID Systems (12)
Mass Surveillance (30)
Sexual and Reproductive Rights (10)
Social Media Surveillance (17)
Who They Target (1)
(-) Government Hacking (19)
Why we are so concerned about Government Hacking for Surveillance
Government hacking is unlike any other form of existing surveillance technique. Hacking is an attempt to understand a system better than it understands itself, and then nudging it to do what the hacker wants. Fundamentally speaking, hacking is therefore about causing technologies to act in a manner the manufacturer, owner or user did not intend or did not foresee. Governments can wield this power remotely, surreptitiously, across jurisdictions, and at scale. A single hack can affect many…
Whose World Is This? US and UK Government Hacking
This piece originally appeared here. On both sides of the Atlantic, we are witnessing the dramatic expansion of government hacking powers. In the United States, a proposed amendment to Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure would permit the government to obtain a warrant, in certain circumstances, to hack unspecified numbers of electronic devices anywhere in the world. Meanwhile, across the pond, the British Parliament is currently debating the Investigatory Powers Bill, which (…
We Need Stronger Regulations Regarding U.S. Law Enforcement Hacking of Devices Abroad
This piece was orignally published in Slate in February 2017 In 2015, the FBI obtained a warrant to hack the devices of every visitor to a child pornography website. On the basis of this single warrant, the FBI ultimately hacked more than 8,700 computers, resulting in a wave of federal prosecutions. The vast majority of these devices—over 83 percent—were located outside the United States, in more than 100 different countries. Now, we are in the midst of the first cases to work their way…
Uganda's Grand Ambitions Of Secret Surveillance
We hate to say we told you so. Privacy International has for years warned that powerful surveillance technologies are used to facilitate serious human rights abuses with insufficient technological and legal safeguards against abuse. We now have the most solid evidence to date that we were right. Our latest investigation uncovers disturbing evidence that substantiates our long held concerns. Today Privacy International publishes an investigation (PDF) into communications surveillance in…
Their Eyes On Me: Stories of Surveillance in Morocco
In this report we present four stories of Moroccan citizens placed under surveillance and the effect it has had on their lives and the lives of their families. We feel that these stories say a lot about the current context of surveillance in Morocco. We hope they will serve as a medium to foster a much-needed public debate. We also hope that this debate will extend beyond Morocco as we all consider the dangers of unregulated surveillance and surveillance technology around the world.
The President's Men? Inside The Technical Research Department, The Secret Player In Egypt's Intelligence Infrastructure
Privacy International's new investigation (available in English and in Arabic), 'THE PRESIDENT'S MEN? Inside the Technical Research Department', sheds light on the Technical Research Department, a secret unit of the Egyptian intelligence infrastructure that has purchased surveillance equipment from German/Finnish manufacturer of monitoring centres for telecommunication surveillance, Nokia Siemens Networks, and Italian malware manufacturer, Hacking Team.
It was summer 2014 when we first came across the acronym TRD while sifting through documents from the company Nokia Siemens Networks (Nokia) that had been leaked to Privacy International. The acronym was explained in the documents: it stood for Technical Research Department. What we learned from the leak is the TRD had been purchasing an interception management system, a monitoring centre and an X25 network, a legacy technology allowing dial-up internet access. The first two technologies gave…
Telegram from Russia: compliance and complicity in the Russian government's attack on privacy
If you operate an internet company in Russia, you aren't necessarily surprised to one day open the door to someone, grasping in one | 0.244789 | 1.126017 | 0.590051 | 0.805509 | [
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hand a bundle of wires and in the other a letter from a government agency demanding access to your servers, with a black box wedged under one arm. Internet companies in Russia are required by law to store the content of users' communications for six months and the metadata of users' communications for three years, essentially meaning that what a person does online…
Protecting Civic Spaces
Imagine that every time you want to attend a march, religious event, political meeting, protest, or public rally, you must share deeply personal information with police and intelligence agencies, even when they have no reason to suspect you of wrongdoing. First, you need to go to the police to register; have your photo taken for a biometric database; share the contacts of your family, friends, and colleagues; disclose your finances, health records, lifestyle choices, relationship status, and…
Privacy is Security: an op-ed from Peru
Miguel Morachimo, Executive Director of Hiperderecho. Hiperderecho is a non-profit Peruvian organisation dedicated to facilitating public understanding and promoting respect for rights and freedoms in digital environments. The original version of this article was published in Spanish on Hiperderecho's website. Where does our feeling of insecurity come from? As we walk around our cities, we are being observed by security cameras most of the time. Our daily movement, call logs, and internet…
Privacy International's Work on Hacking
Introduction A growing number of governments around the world are embracing hacking to facilitate their surveillance activities. Yet hacking presents unique and grave threats to our privacy and security. It is far more intrusive than any other surveillance technique, capable of accessing information sufficient to build a detailed profile of a person, as well as altering or deleting that information. At the same time, hacking not only undermines the security of targeted systems, but also has…
My Device Is Me. GCHQ – Stop Hacking Me.
Spy agencies have long sought to turn the technologies that improve all our lives against us. From some of the very first forms of remote communications such as telegraph cables, to modern-day means like Skype: if the spies can exploit it, they will. And, as we've learnt over the last few months, the computer and mobile devices that millions of us own and carry around with us every day are no exception to this rule. The smart phones, laptops, and devices that have changed how we communicate…
Join our Supreme Court challenge against mass government hacking
As our four year battle against the UK government's extraordinarily broad and intrusive hacking powers goes to the Supreme Court, we are launching a new fundraising appeal in partnership with CrowdJustice. We are seeking to raise £5k towards our costs and need your help. If we lose, the court may order us to pay for the government's very expensive army of lawyers. Any donation you make, large or small, will help us both pursue this important case and protect the future ability of Privacy…
Investigatory Powers Tribunal Rules GCHQ Hacking Lawful
The Investigatory Powers Tribunal ("IPT") today held that GCHQ hacking of computers, mobile devices and networks is lawful, wherever it occurs around the world. We are disappointed that the IPT has not upheld our complaint and we will be challenging its findings. Our complaint is the first UK legal challenge to state-sponsored hacking, an exceptionally intrusive form of surveillance. We contended that GCHQ hacking operations were incompatible with democratic principles and human rights…
For God and My President: State Surveillance In Uganda
Privacy International's new report, For God and My President: State Surveillance in Uganda, exposes the secret surveillance operation and the government's attempts to buy further powerful surveillance tools, including a national communications monitoring centre and intrusion malware, in the absence of a rigorous legal framework governing communications surveillance
Explaining the Law behind Privacy International's Challenge to GCHQ's Hacking
Today, Privacy International lodged a legal challenge to GCHQ's extensive and intrusive hacking of personal computers and devices. Below, we answer a few questions about the law underlying our complaint, and why it matters. Is hacking legal? As a result of the Snowden revelations, we have learned that GCHQ, often in partnership with the | 0.553779 | 0.529737 | 0.686428 | 0.534967 | [
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Q: Cannot apply EnableGlobalAuthenticationAutowiredConfigure to already built object I am trying to do simple spring app with security.
I was following some tutorials {they used deprecated WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter)
and then tried to update to new way.
I am getting an error Failed to instantiate [org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity]
in creating bean SecurityFilterChain.
I can provide other classes if needed.
My config:
@EnableWebSecurity
@Configuration
@EnableGlobalMethodSecurity(prePostEnabled = true)
public class WebSecurityConfig{
@Autowired
private JwtAuthenticationEntryPoint authenticationEntryPoint;
@Autowired
private UserDetailsService userDetailsService;
@Autowired
private JwtRequestFilter filter;
@Bean
public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
}
@Bean
public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity httpSecurity) throws Exception {
// We don't need CSRF for this example
httpSecurity.csrf().disable()
// don't authenticate this particular request
.authorizeHttpRequests().antMatchers("/authenticate").permitAll()
// all other requests need to be authenticated
.anyRequest().authenticated().and()
// make sure we use stateless session; session won't be used to
// store user's state.
.exceptionHandling().authenticationEntryPoint(authenticationEntryPoint).and()
.sessionManagement().sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS);
// Add a filter to validate the tokens with every request
httpSecurity.addFilterBefore(filter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);
return httpSecurity.build();
}
@Bean
AuthenticationManager authenticationManager(AuthenticationManagerBuilder builder) throws
Exception {
return builder.userDetailsService(userDetailsService).
passwordEncoder(passwordEncoder()).and().build();
}
}
And my error:
2022-09-07 13:41:46.973 WARN 217624 --- [ restartedMain] o.a.c.loader.WebappClassLoaderBase : The web application [ROOT] appears to have started a thread named [BufferPoolPruner-1-thread-1] but has failed to stop it. This is very likely to create a memory leak. Stack trace of thread:
java.base@17.0.4.1/jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.park(Native Method)
java.base@17.0.4.1/java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.parkNanos(LockSupport.java:252)
java.base@17.0.4.1/java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer$ConditionObject.awaitNanos(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java:1672)
java.base@17.0.4.1/java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$DelayedWorkQueue.take(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:1182)
java.base@17.0.4.1/java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$DelayedWorkQueue.take(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:899)
java.base@17.0.4.1/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.getTask(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1062)
java.base@17.0.4.1/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1122)
java.base@17.0.4.1/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:635)
java.base@17.0.4.1/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:833)
2022-09-07 13:41:46.990 INFO 217624 --- [ restartedMain] ConditionEvaluationReportLoggingListener :
Error starting ApplicationContext. To display the conditions report re-run your application with 'debug' enabled.
2022-09-07 13:41:47.051 ERROR 217624 --- [ restartedMain] o.s.boot.SpringApplication | -1.484298 | -1.31282 | -0.83278 | 0.186383 | [
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] | 1,407 | 0 | StackExchange | -1 | -1 |
: Application run failed
org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.WebSecurityConfiguration': Unsatisfied dependency expressed through method 'setFilterChains' parameter 0; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'filterChain' defined in class path resource [sk/mimarcincin/chorder/security/WebSecurityConfig.class]: Unsatisfied dependency expressed through method 'filterChain' parameter 0; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.HttpSecurityConfiguration.httpSecurity' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/security/config/annotation/web/configuration/HttpSecurityConfiguration.class]: Bean instantiation via factory method failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity]: Factory method 'httpSecurity' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot apply org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.configuration.AuthenticationConfiguration$EnableGlobalAuthenticationAutowiredConfigurer@7cdd15f8 to already built object
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredMethodElement.resolveMethodArguments(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:767) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredMethodElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:719) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:119) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessProperties(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:399) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1431) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:619) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:542) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:335) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:234) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:333) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:208) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:955) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:918) ~[spring-context-5.3.22.jar: | -2.199268 | -2.36929 | -1.82445 | -0.23699 | [
-1.9527266602917468,
-2.4458098147313008
] | [
-2.161577511489717,
-2.577003342353572
] | [
-1.619014961101806,
-2.0298860072140577
] | [
-0.18821403976314774,
-0.2857654248226309
] | 1,024 | [
512,
512
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] | 1,407 | 1,024 | StackExchange | -1 | -1 |
5.3.22]
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:583) ~[spring-context-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.context.ServletWebServerApplicationContext.refresh(ServletWebServerApplicationContext.java:147) ~[spring-boot-2.7.3.jar:2.7.3]
at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:734) ~[spring-boot-2.7.3.jar:2.7.3]
at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refreshContext(SpringApplication.java:408) ~[spring-boot-2.7.3.jar:2.7.3]
at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:308) ~[spring-boot-2.7.3.jar:2.7.3]
at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1306) ~[spring-boot-2.7.3.jar:2.7.3]
at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1295) ~[spring-boot-2.7.3.jar:2.7.3]
at sk.mimarcincin.chorder.ChorderApplication.main(ChorderApplication.java:13) ~[classes/:na]
at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) ~[na:na]
at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:77) ~[na:na]
at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) ~[na:na]
at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:568) ~[na:na]
at org.springframework.boot.devtools.restart.RestartLauncher.run(RestartLauncher.java:49) ~[spring-boot-devtools-2.7.3.jar:2.7.3]
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'filterChain' defined in class path resource [sk/mimarcincin/chorder/security/WebSecurityConfig.class]: Unsatisfied dependency expressed through method 'filterChain' parameter 0; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.HttpSecurityConfiguration.httpSecurity' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/security/config/annotation/web/configuration/HttpSecurityConfiguration.class]: Bean instantiation via factory method failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity]: Factory method 'httpSecurity' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot apply org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.configuration.AuthenticationConfiguration$EnableGlobalAuthenticationAutowiredConfigurer@7cdd15f8 to already built object
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.createArgumentArray(ConstructorResolver.java:800) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(ConstructorResolver.java:541) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1352) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBeanInstance(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1195) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory. | -2.160917 | -2.269015 | -1.88532 | -0.099117 | [
-2.248576552955479,
-2.0732580980436377
] | [
-2.3334778552954503,
-2.2045525974411504
] | [
-2.0298860072140577,
-1.7407545303202512
] | [
-0.44705038145430975,
0.24881616530333678
] | 1,024 | [
512,
512
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doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:582) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:542) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:335) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:234) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:333) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:208) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.config.DependencyDescriptor.resolveCandidate(DependencyDescriptor.java:276) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.addCandidateEntry(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1609) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.findAutowireCandidates(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1573) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveMultipleBeans(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1462) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1349) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1311) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredMethodElement.resolveMethodArguments(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:759) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
... 25 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.HttpSecurityConfiguration.httpSecurity' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/security/config/annotation/web/configuration/HttpSecurityConfiguration.class]: Bean instantiation via factory method failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity]: Factory method 'httpSecurity' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot apply org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.configuration.AuthenticationConfiguration$EnableGlobalAuthenticationAutowiredConfigurer@7cdd15f8 to already built object
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiate(ConstructorResolver.java:658) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(ConstructorResolver.java:486) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(AbstractAutowireCapable | -2.215704 | -2.175903 | -1.728073 | 0.347668 | [
-2.292406166683439,
-2.139002518635578
] | [
-2.276177740693539,
-2.075627339586851
] | [
-1.7153921200664084,
-1.7407545303202512
] | [
0.378884678715981,
0.31645179227791176
] | 1,024 | [
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] | 1,407 | 3,072 | StackExchange | -1 | -1 |
BeanFactory.java:1352) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBeanInstance(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1195) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:582) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:542) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:353) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:208) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.config.DependencyDescriptor.resolveCandidate(DependencyDescriptor.java:276) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1391) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1311) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.resolveAutowiredArgument(ConstructorResolver.java:887) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.createArgumentArray(ConstructorResolver.java:791) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
... 41 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity]: Factory method 'httpSecurity' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot apply org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.configuration.AuthenticationConfiguration$EnableGlobalAuthenticationAutowiredConfigurer@7cdd15f8 to already built object
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.SimpleInstantiationStrategy.instantiate(SimpleInstantiationStrategy.java:185) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiate(ConstructorResolver.java:653) ~[spring-beans-5.3.22.jar:5.3.22]
... 53 common frames omitted
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot apply org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.configuration.AuthenticationConfiguration$EnableGlobalAuthenticationAutowiredConfigurer@7cdd15f8 to already built object
at org.springframework.security.config.annotation.AbstractConfiguredSecurityBuilder.add(AbstractConfiguredSecurityBuilder.java:182) ~[spring-security-config-5.7.3.jar:5.7.3]
at org.springframework.security.config.annotation.AbstractConfiguredSecurityBuilder.apply(AbstractConfiguredSecurityBuilder.java:138) ~[spring-security-config-5.7.3.jar:5.7.3]
at org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.configuration.AuthenticationConfiguration.getAuthenticationManager(AuthenticationConfiguration.java:119) ~[spring-security-config-5.7.3.jar:5.7.3]
at org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.HttpSecurity | -2.199268 | -2.319153 | -1.702711 | 0.138258 | [
-2.41293760443533,
-1.985598870587717
] | [
-2.534028256402139,
-2.1042773968878064
] | [
-1.7965518328787051,
-1.6088699970002691
] | [
-0.10236882091080257,
0.378884678715981
] | 1,024 | [
512,
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My full name is Karl-Friedrich Lenz.
I am a German player living in Tokyo. I have reached a 6d* rank on IGS, but am not playing much Internet games lately, since I prefer having the other player directly in view.
When I lived in Germany until 1995, I liked the fact that there were always strong players available on the Internet. In Japan, however, there is no shortage of strong opponents even in my local club.
However, since April 2004 I have played some games on KGS. My name there is kflenz http://kgs.kiseido.com/ja_JP/graphPage.jsp?user=kflenz.
I have written some articles for Deutsche Go-Zeitung.
I have just posted a book (in German, only pdf-file) http://k.lenz.name/d/v/ about several fundamentals of Go theory, with a chapter about copyright questions related to Go.
I have a blog http://k.lenz.name/LB where I discuss mainly copyright and patent law. This post from April 2003 gives some preliminary thoughts on copyright protection for game records: http://k.lenz.name/LB/archives/000240.html#000240.
The diagram below is a symmetric position, so it can actually happen if black plays the first move on Tengen and then mirrors all of white's moves mechanically. That might happen if a much weaker player takes black without handicap and relies on this strategy to keep the stronger player from winning. This doesn't work very well in this case, since it is white's turn now. So this diagram might come up as one result of countering Mirror Go.
Here is another diagram with a move I wrote about in Deutsche Go-Zeitung over twenty years ago. I have played it several hundred times and got a different result in many games. I think that it has quite a lot of variations, some of which I have been writing about lately.
OK, I will start to write a few lines about the Go and copyright question here as well.
1. What problems are out there?
There are quite a lot of different questions to consider. Works that might qualify for copyright protection are: Game records, new Joseki variations, tsume-Go (life and death) positions (with the two possibilities of those that came up in a real game and those that were composed by a player), variations on the Go rules creating new games like in the case of three-dimensional chess where an American court recognized copyright protection in the board and the rulebook, computer Go programs, Go databases, collectively edited Wiki pages on Go, books or comics on Go.
2. What law is relevant?
There are international treaties on copyright, but copyright is always based on a national law, e.g. Japanese or German law. Since the economic value of Go related publishing is much higher in Japan than in Europe, I will start the analysis with what Japanese law says on the above questions.
3. What easy cases are there?
One is that of the term of protection, which is 50 years after the death of the author in Japanese law, as opposed to 70 years in Europe and America.
Since Go has a long history, that leaves quite a lot of game records etc. etc. in the public domain even if you assume a very far-reaching copyright protection.
Another one is that of books like Kawabata's "Master of Go" or comics like "Hikaru no Go". The fact that they are about Go doesn't change anything in their copyright status. They are protected in exactly the same way as other books or comics.
Still another easy case is that of Go playing computer programs. Computer programs are protected by copyright in most jurisdictions, including Japan, Europe and America. The fact that the particular program is designed to play Go doesn't change anything. That might also the only case where the General Public License applies to a work in relation to Go, the GNU Go program.
4. DougRidgway I like your submarine attack. Can I try it in my next game, or do I need to get a license first?
That depends. If it is a private game, you can use the move already for the same reason you are allowed to make a video copy of a television program, e.g. the fair use exception for private copying that most copyright laws provide for. If on the other hand you are playing the game on a Internet server accessible by the public, or if you are a professional player and your game | 0.083638 | 1.294336 | 0.790414 | 0.646826 | [
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TianPingZi Bridge Project in Daying Village
The bridge of TianPingZi is one of main routes in and out of Daying village. Some villagers of Heima township, Ganluo County, use this bridge to get to market. The picture on the right shows how difficult it was for the villagers to use this bridge. The old bridge was made of several logs, two of which had rotted. In the low water period, it is safe to cross, but it is dangerous when the stream is in flood. Sometimes the old bridge would be covered by water; sometimes it would be even swept away. Local school students are the main users of this bridge travelling between school and home. During the flood period, their parents needed to collect and deliver them so as they had to leave the farm work. At that time the swollen river water was extremely dangerous causing the loss of life to several Daying villagers.
As suggested by the villagers, DORS decided to help them build a stone bridge using large stones instead of wood for the main structure. We invited engineer Hao Keguo and He Fangming, from the Construction Headquarters of Hanyuan to make a study on the spot and design and plan the construction of the new bridge. With the help of an engineer from Traffic Bureau, engineer Hao and engineer He helped us to make the final design. All this work was provided free-of-charge, which is greatly appreciated and for which we thank them. After thorough discussion with villagers, they agreed to construct the scheme by themselves and a management group of three has been set up. Qui Fuzhong who is Village leader has been chosen as management group leader and is the guarantor for the whole project. DORS provided all project funds for the materials which were purchased and transported for the construction of the bridge. All the villagers in Hamlet 4 have prepared sands, stones and essential tools, and have provided the labour free-of-charge. During the bridge construction process, Bai Shihai of DORS provided technical guidance and supervised the project frequently. The picture on the left is taken on March 23th, 2007, which shows the new bridge.
Income Generation in HuoDi Village
On March 6th, 2007, DORS held a meeting, in the home of the Huodi Party Secretary, about Income Generation Projects for demonstration households. We signed contracts with them for raising honeybees, growing giant arum, angelica and also paid the first installment to them. This kind of small demonstration project will encourage interest among the villagers which DORS anticipates will prove helpful when implementing further Income Generation Projects in the whole village. From these projects, villagers can find methods of increasing their income independently. At the moment, villagers have started to purchase materials for construction. DORS will continue to monitor the project.
Demonstration Stove Project and Forestry Project in ShiQuan village
Demonstration Stove Project has been started. There are 5 stoves that have been finished by two technicians who are trained by DORS. Trainees have learned stove building technology through the construction of 5 stoves. So the remaining two stoves will be built by themselves independently. The guide, LiYude, had received earlier training from DORS. He comes from one of our other project villages, DaYing. He also took part in our forestry training, so he helped Shiquan villagers to graft walnut and cherry trees before teaching them to build stoves. The Big Cherry saplings were provided free-of-charge by DORS staff member Wang Zhifang and her family.
GuLu Village
YongLi township is an Yi minority autonomy area located in southwest of HanYuan County, and is one of the most remote townships, being a three hour drive from FuLin to the township seat. There are 6 villages, GuLu is most difficult one to access. This village is very remote from the township government, for on all sides there is a sheer precipice. Therefore it is unsuitable for the construction of a road. However, nature has created an incredible gorge view, named 'YiXianTian'. In 2001, the government invested 200,000 RMB to help to construct a two-meter wide mule path on the cliff face. It was a difficult to construct such a mule path and it takes three hours to walk from ChangHeBa to Hamlet 3, which is most densely populated in GuLuBThe only way to carry goods is by horse, mule or | 0.17301 | 1.104529 | 0.988241 | -0.139438 | [
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Rasit Koc | Mechanical Aerospace and Materials Engineering | SIU
Southern Illinois University Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes
meep@engr.siu.edu
Home / Faculty and Staff / Faculty / Rasit Koc
Rasit Koc
Office: ENGR B112
kocr@siu.edu
Dr. Rasit Koc is a Professor of the School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Materials Engineering (MAME) at SIUC. Before coming to SIUC, Dr. Koc was a Senior Engineer at U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado, where he conducted research in the areas of Processing and Characterization of Advanced Ceramic Materials and Composites. In 1995, his work on synthesizing nano-size SiC materials received R&D 100 award. During his graduate studies, he worked in cooperation with Dr. Harlan U. Anderson, in the areas of ceramic materials for Fuel Cells. Koc has authored/coauthored more than 90 papers and holds 2 U.S. patents. He served as the American Ceramic Society Rocky Mountain Chapter treasurer and he was an associate editor of the journal for 5 years.
Ph.D. Ceramic Engineering (1989), Missouri University Science and Technology
M.S. Ceramic Engineering (1986), Missouri University Science and Technology
B.S. Metallurgical Engineering (1982), Istanbul Technical University
Sigma Xi Kaplan Research Award, Mar. 1998.
Federal Laboratory Consortium Award for Excellence in Tech. Transfer, May 1996.
R&D 100 Award for "Method for Making Silicon Carbide," July 1995.
Employee of the Month, Thermal Systems, DOE's NREL, Jan. 1994.
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION AND INTEREST
Materials for Fuel Cells [(Solid Oxide and PEM Fuel Cells (SOFC)] and sensors.
Processing and characterization of advanced ceramic materials for structural and electronic applications.
J. R. Mawdsley, D. Carter, X. Wang, S. Niyogi, C. Q. Fan, R. Koc and G. Osterhout, "Composite-coated Aluminum Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells", J. of Power Sources, 231, pp.106-112, 2013.
H. Kaga and R. Koc, "Al2O3-TiC Composite Nano-Particles Synthesized from Carbon Coated Precursors", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 90 (2), pp. 407-411, 2007.
G. A. Swift and R. Koc, "Tungsten Powder from Carbon Coated WO3 Precursors", J. of Mater. Sci., 36 (4), pp. 803-806, 2001 (Cover).
R. Koc, G. Glatzmaier and J. Sibold, "β-SiC Production by Reacting Silica Gel With Hydrocarbon Gas", J. of Mater. Sci., Vol. 36, Issue: 4, 995 - 999, 2001.
S. Ozcan and R. Koc, "Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity Studies of (La,Sr)(Cr,Mn,Co)O3", Developments in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Lithium Ion Batteries, 161, pp.13-20, 2012.
R. Koc, C. Meng and G.A. Swift, "Sintering Properties of Submicron TiC Powders From Carbon Coated Titania Precursor", Journal of Materials, 35 (12), pp. 3131-3141, 2000.
"Federal grant powers SIUC's fuel cell project", Daily Egyptian, page 4, June 29, 2004.
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What a way to start off the weekend. Earlier today, at 2:21 PM ET, the Yankees PR Department broke Yankees Twitter by tweeting that CC Sabathia had been placed on the DL. Coming off his best outing of the season, this is a huge loss for the Yankees. Yankees manager Joe Girardi talked to the media, and said that Sabathia will hopefully only miss three weeks.
I was absolutely shocked. I saw no sign of injury when Sabathia pitched on Wednesday. He was brilliant, pitching seven shutout innings against a dangerous Baltimore Orioles lineup, limiting them to just six hits as he struck out six batters. Wednesday's game was Sabathia's first outing that he pitched seven or more innings in and did not allow an earned run since April 7, 2013 (73 starts ago; 1033 days). He is undoubtedly the #2 pitcher in the rotation, after Masahiro Tanaka, and has been very consistent this season. This season, he owns a 2-2 record, with a 3.81 ERA, and has allowed 31 hits in 28.1 innings, while striking out 21. Not great numbers, but in the end, he is supposed to be the Yankees #5 starter. This injury is a major problem, because this leaves Tanaka as the only serviceable starter, while the rest of the rotation is a complete mess. Lastly, Sabathia's contract only vests if CC suffers a shoulder injury, so this does not apply here as he has a left groin injury right now.
With the corresponding roster move, the Yankees signed Phil Coke to a MLB contract and selected him to the 25-man roster.
At the beginning of Spring Training this season, Phil Coke signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves, but was released on March 26. On April 10, he signed with the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, but on April 25, the Yankees acquired him from Lancaster and sent him to Triple-A. Since then, he has pitched to a 2-0 record in seven innings, allowing zero earned runs (one unearned), three hits, two walks, and had struck out eight. Presumably, Phil Coke will fill in as a middle reliever, before a long relief pitcher in the form of Luis Cessa or Chad Green is called up to replace Ivan Nova's spot in the bullpen, as Nova will most likely move from the long relief role into the rotation and take over CC Sabathia's spot.
Phil Coke was drafted by the Yankees in the 26th round in the 2002 MLB Draft. He was previously drafted by the Florida Marlins in 2001, but did not sign. In September of 2008, he made his MLB debut and was on the 2009 Yankees team that won the World Series. In 2009, he made 72 appearances, pitching to a 4-3 record with a 4.50 ERA, while striking out 49 in 60 innings. He was eventually traded to the Detroit Tigers in the Curtis Granderson deal, and spent five seasons there. Most notably, in 2012, he pitched against the Yankees in the 2012 ALCS, earning a save in Game 2 by pitching 2 scoreless innings, and then got the save in Game 3. He was dominant in the 2012 postseason, striking out 13 in 10.2 innings, while allowing just one run. However, Coke struggled last season in 2015, bouncing around with the Chicago Cubs, Toronto Blue Jays, and in the minors.
Coke features a 4-seam fastball, 2-seam fastball, and a changeup that he used more than any other pitch in 2012. He also has a slider and changeup that was increasingly featured in 2013 and 2014. Coke will fit into the Yankees bullpen as a middle reliever, and will most likely pitch in low-leverage situations, behind Johnny Barbato and Chasen Shreve. Look for the Yankees to send him down when Aroldis Chapman | -0.417321 | 0.784007 | -0.806784 | -0.566713 | [
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Revelations About The Clinton Foundation Continue To Dog The Clinton Campaign
The Clinton Foundation's foreign donations continue to be a problem for the Clinton campaign, and the story isn't likely to go away any time soon.
Doug Mataconis · Wednesday, April 29, 2015 · 37 comments
Bloomberg News is reporting that the Clinton Foundation failed to disclose more than 1,100 donations from foreign sources received during the time that Hillary Clinton was Secretary of State despite having signed an agreement with the Obama Administration that those donations would be disclosed:
Hillary Clinton's presidential run is prompting new scrutiny of the Clintons' financial and charitable affairs—something that's already proved problematic for the Democratic frontrunner, given how closely these two worlds overlap. Last week, the New York Timesexamined Bill Clinton's relationship with a Canadian mining financier, Frank Giustra, who has donated millions of dollars to the Clinton Foundation and sits on its board. Clinton, the story suggests, helped Giustra's company secure a lucrative uranium-mining deal in Kazakhstan and in return received "a flow of cash" to the Clinton Foundation, including previously undisclosed donations from the company's chairman totaling $2.35 million.
Giustra strenuously objects to how he was portrayed. "It's frustrating," he says. And because the donations came in through the Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership (CGEP)—a Canadian affiliate of the Clinton Foundation he established with the former president—he feels doubly implicated by the insinuation of a dark alliance.
"We're not trying to hide anything," he says. There are in fact 1,100 undisclosed donors to the Clinton Foundation, Giustra says, most of them non-U.S. residents who donated to CGEP. "All of the money that was raised by CGEP flowed through to the Clinton Foundation—every penny—and went to the [charitable] initiatives we identified," he says.
The reason this is a politically explosive revelation is because the Clinton Foundation promised to disclose its donors as a condition of Hillary Clinton becoming secretary of state. Shortly after Barack Obama was elected president in 2008, the Clinton Foundation signed a "memorandum of understanding" with the Obama White House agreeing to reveal its contributors every year. The agreement stipulates that the "Clinton Giustra Sustainable Growth Initiative" (as the charity was then known) is part of the Clinton Foundation and must follow "the same protocols."
It hasn't.
The Washington Post has further details about this latest revelation regarding questionable and arguably unethical operations at the Clinton Foundation:
A charity affiliated with the Cl
inton Foundation failed to reveal the identities of its 1,100 donors, creating a broad exception to the foundation's promise to disclose funding sources as part of an ethics agreement with the Obama administration.
The number of undisclosed contributors to the charity, the Canada-based Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership, signals a larger zone of secrecy around foundation donors than was previously known.
Details of the organization's fundraising were disclosed this week by a spokeswoman for the Canadian group's founder, mining magnate Frank Giustra.
The Canadian group has received attention in recent days as a potential avenue for anonymous Clinton Foundation donations from foreign business executives, including some who had interests before the U.S. government while Hillary Rodham Clinton was secretary of state.
The partnership, named in part for Bill Clinton, sends much of its money to the New York-based Clinton Foundation. Two of the partnership's known donors — Giustra and another mining executive, Ian Telfer — are featured in the soon-to-be-released book "Clinton Cash" for their roles in a series of deals that resulted in Russia controlling many uranium deposits around the world and in the United States.
With the foundation's finances emerging as an issue for Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign, a foundation official this week defended the arrangement with the Giustra group, noting in a blog post that Canadian law prevents charities in that country from disclosing their don | 0.159912 | 1.208385 | -0.220199 | 0.325557 | [
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ors without the donors' permission.
The Canadian partnership has in recent days begun to reach out to its 28 largest donors, each of whom gave donations equivalent to at least $250,000 in U.S. dollars, to seek permission to release their names, said a person familiar with the foundation, who was not authorized to speak publicly about the matter.
The large number of undisclosed supporters of a Clinton-affiliated charity raises new questions about the foundation's adherence to the 2008 ethics agreement it struck with the Obama administration, which was designed to avoid conflicts of interest during Hillary Clinton's tenure at the State Department.
Former senator Richard G. Lugar (Ind.), who as the senior Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee quizzed Hillary Clinton during her 2009 confirmation hearings about potential conflicts stemming from foundation fundraising around the world, said Tuesday that he considered such undisclosed donations to violate the spirit of the ethics agreement.
"Clearly, there was an expectation and a commitment that large donations to the Clinton Foundation would be disclosed," Lugar said via e-mail.
In other news, Jonathan Allen at Vox has identified at least 181 donors to the Clinton Foundation or one of its related charities who lobbied the State Department during the time that Clinton was Secretary of State. Even if it was the case that Clinton was not directly involved in any of these matters herself, the appearance of impropriety is quite palpable to the point that it led NBC's Chuck Todd to openly wonder earlier today why it is that the Foundation continued to solicit any foreign contributions at all during the time that Clinton was at Foggy Bottom. Clinton herself may not have been involved in the day-to-day operations of the Foundation at that time, but her husband and many people close to her most certainly were, and the idea that she was ever really completely separated from what was going on at the Foundation is something that strains credulity. Had the Foundation at the very least refrained from accepting foreign donations at the time she was in office, or even better had refused to accept donations from entities or individuals involved in matters before the State Department, then there wouldn't be any issue right now. They failed to do that, however, and more importantly they clearly failed to comply with the requirements set forth in the Memorandum of Understanding that was entered into before Clinton took office, a copy of which I have embedded below. While that may not have necessarily have been illegal, it certainly seems to be unethical and, at the very least, it raises legitimate questions about the operation of the Clinton Foundation, its operations during the time that Hillary Clinton served as Secretary of State, and Clinton's own involvement in decisions made by the State Department involving donors to the Foundation.
In just over a week, issues regarding the Clinton Foundation have quickly become a story that it is going to be hard for the Clinton campaign to ignore. The New York Times first reported about the upcoming book detailing donations to the Clinton Foundation, and that was quickly followed by another report regarding Foundation donors involved in the business dealings of a Russian energy company. Soon after, the Foundation itself announced that it was filing amended tax returns for multiple years due to the fact that information regarding foreign donations was not correctly reported. Now, we learn that the Foundation and one of its related entities failed to disclose more than a thousand foreign donations as required by the agreement entered into with the Obama Administration. Throughout it all, both the campaign and the Foundation and their defenders have responded mostly by attacking the sources of the reports and dismissing the claims rather than providing anything approaching clear answers to the questions that these reports are raising. As Ron Chusid, a liberal blogger, puts it, this is clearly not working for them:
Clinton supporters have concentrated on trying to make it appear that they are dealing with attacks from the right. In reality, Clinton does not currently have Fox problem as much as she has a problem with The New York Times, Reuters, AP, The Guardian, media Fact Checker sites, and some liberal magazines. They have concentrated on claiming to debunk Peter Schwitzer's book Clinton Cash by screaming that there is no smoking gun in the book. The reality is that Schwitzer's book is only a small part of the evidence against Clinton, with other reports doing more to demonstrate her guilt than Schwitzer, who never claimed to prove the case in his book | 0.238754 | 0.775053 | -0.172724 | 0.724867 | [
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. Clinton supporters felt so threatened by the fact that Schwitzer has also been working a similar book on Jeb Bush, diminishing their claims of a right wing attack, that they have been repeating a false claim from a pro-Clinton blog that he is not writing the book on Bush. Their "evidence" consists of a statement that the conservative publisher of Clinton Cash is not publishing the book on Bush, but Schwitzer had said he is seeking a different publisher for that book.
While failing to respond to the real questions, Clinton supporters also demand deflect from the facts in demanding that a quid pro quo be demonstrated, but such evidence is rarely preserved in such cases. Nor is it considered necessary for proof, at least when people other than the Clintons are involved. The standards in such a case are that the Clintons failed to abide by the regulations. That is the key fact, but beyond this there is demonstrated transfers of unusual amounts of money, both in the form of contributions to the Foundation and unprecedented speaking fees paid to Bill. This was followed by those who made the payments receiving favors, sometimes including changes in position on the part of Hillary Clinton. Analogous cases in matters such as insider trading are based upon establishing such violations of rules and in patterns of the transfer of money, not in proving a quid pro quo.
To a large degree, of course, the Clinton's are following the same strategy in responding to these revelations that they have followed in responding to so many of the other allegations made against them. The difference this time, though, is that the reports aren't coming from Fox News, the conservative blogosphere, or talk radio, they are coming from some of the most well-respected institutions in the traditional media and, indeed, likely from reporters who lean in Hillary Clinton's direction politically. Dismissing them as just another partisan attack isn't likely to work, especially given the fact that the lack of a real race on the Democratic side in 2016 means that the journalists covering her are going to be looking for something to talk about, and there are few things juicier than stories about Bill, Hillary, and tons of money from foreign sources. It's still far too early to tell where this story is going to go, but it's not going away and the Clinton campaign will need to answer it with more than just denials and evasions eventually.
Here is the 2009 Memorandum of Understanding between Clinton and the White House:
Clinton Obama Memorandum of Understanding by Doug Mataconis
FILED UNDER: Campaign 2016, Hillary Clinton, Politicians, US Politics, Bill Clinton, Clinton Foundation, State Department
David M says:
Wednesday, April 29, 2015 at 17:37
I really am having trouble understanding the problem here. The GOP candidates are basically entered in a contest to see who can best suck up to the 1% and are the party who wants no restrictions or transparency for any and all political donations. How do the allegations against the Clintons even come close to that level of blatant corruption? Even if everything is true, aren't they still less preferable to the GOP?
cd6 says:
I look forward to hundreds of republican, dark-money-financed superPac ads telling me about how monetary donations to Clinton's Foundation – not to her, not to her campaign, but to her charity – are disqualifying ethical breaches, while GOP candidates make pilgrimages to Vegas to literally kiss Sheldon Adelson's ring and beg him to shower them with sweet, sweet, unlimited moolah, and that is totally kosher
@David M:
This guy had the same idea I did, but typed it faster.
Damn you, David M.
Boy who cried wolf. It's not worth the effort to check into these allegations unless a very credible news organization finds something. Those of us who remember Whitewater, or The Foster murder, or the Arkansas Cocaine Planes or Benghanzi are worn out by this nonsense. And quite frankly Doug, people like you, people who don't like Hillary and who have a platform will continue with the "I'm only asking questions!" rationalization. You know, just like the Obama birthers or the 911 Truthers do.
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With Attitude says:
I'm with David M and cd6 here.
What exactly is the conservative complaint here?
Tony W says:
@Liberal With Attitude:
I believe Ms. Clinton is supposed to be baking cookies or something.
How about an independent complaint?
Yes, Republicans do it too but the argument that somehow excuses Clinton's actions just doesn't wash.
edmond says:
Grifters gotta grift.
Poor Sarah Palin must be green with envy over the sheer scale of the con.
@Andy:
OK if you are arguing that politicians shouldn't accept secretive donations to their foundations and charities, I am completely on board.
But unless this leads to a demand for transparency of all sources of political funding, its just a partisan sham.
It's not just the income, it's the "giving" that's a problem too!
"It seems like the Clinton Foundation operates as a slush fund for the Clintons," said Bill Allison, a senior fellow at the Sunlight Foundation, a government watchdog group once run by leading progressive Democrat and Fordham Law professor Zephyr Teachout. …
The Clinton family's mega-charity took in more than $140 million in grants and pledges in 2013 but spent just $9 million on direct aid. …
On its 2013 tax forms, the most recent available, the foundation claimed it spent $30 million on payroll and employee benefits; $8.7 million in rent and office expenses; $9.2 million on "conferences, conventions and meetings"; $8 million on fundraising; and nearly $8.5 million on travel. None of the Clintons is on the payroll, but they do enjoy first-class flights paid for by the foundation.
Something to consider in that call to transparency, is which political party is more likely to support those reforms? So even if Clinton personally isn't perfect, just being a Democrat is basically a trump card on this entire issue. In my view, voting in elections for national office shouldn't be seen as choosing individual candidates, but marking a preference for which political party has the preferred positions overall.
@edmond:
None of the Clintons is on the payroll, but they do enjoy first-class flights paid for by the foundation.
So the "corruption" here is that Ms. Clinton is not sitting middle seat in aisle 17? That's pretty thin. How do you feel about exit-row seating?
ElizaJane says:
Edmond, There is something fishy about these numbers. According to Charity Watch, the most respected independent charity analyst, the Clinton Foundation receives an "A" rating. They use 89% of their income for programs, with only 11% going to overhead. So either Charity Watch is almost insanely wrong, or the person reading these tax returns is confused.
I guess that the moral really is, if you are going to run for president, do not get involved in charitable organizations. Just take as much money as you can from casino magnates, an you'll be OK.
I think Doug really has to answer the question of why he considers this enough of a problem that he posts repeatedly on the issue, whereas he passes over in silence the billions of dollars of secret and not so secret money flowing directly to the Republican presidential candidates. I'd like him to answer that question now, because it seems like rank hypocrisy to me.
Now the NYT is reporting on the issue because the editorial board sees the flow of secret big money into politics as inherently corrupting, whereas Doug sees this as simply an innocent exercise of the donors' First Amendment rights. If Doug is being consistent here, he should see no problem at all with anything the Clintons did. So I think we need an answer from Doug here
Dave D says:
@stonetools: I usually really dislike when people bitch about what the authors here choose to write or not write about going on in the world because it's their site, but what is this the fourth article on this in a couple weeks? All from an author who didn't write about the nonviolent protests in Baltimore because he was busy with other things. Maybe it is just easier to write these because it is the same article as all the others.
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lose it. If only it was a SuperPac, then she could have had weekly phone calls with her donors without it viewed as improper.
But even if her spouse was involved with this type of solicitation whilst she was at Foggy Bottom that isn't a conflict of interest. It wasn't when Clarence Thomas was ruling on Obamacare. Damn this might be a true both sides do it.
@Dave D:
I think the rule is IOKIYAR. I don't notice the media hounding Republicans on the issue.
But here's the bottom line. Liberals and good government types can wring their hands about this ( and maybe even should) but the Republicans have opened the floodgates on this and they won't be closed till Citizens United is overturned, hopefully soon. The Clintons have followed the law on this, as Doug's source noted., and the fact that some liberal blogger think that the "Clinton's conduct is scandalous" isn't going to go very far, when it is "quite obvious" (as one person would put it) that the Republican presidential candidates are engaging in conduct far more scandalous. The choice isn't between Hilary Clinton and Jesus, but between HRC and far worse. That ain't gonna change, no matter what Schweitzer and the Republican BS machine dredges up.
Thursday, April 30, 2015 at 01:39
Great, glad that you are on board.
Correct, that was exactly my point. But, by your criteria,the comments here so far (including the first two in the thread which you seem to agree with) don't argue for transparency – they argue for equivalency. If one is willing to excuse the Clintons' actions because of similar GoP activity, then one isn't interesting in transparency- quite the opposite. Hence my point the "GoP does it too" argument doesn't wash.
In short, one is either interested in transparency or not. People who claim to be interested in transparency and then selectively excuse or condemn it are part and parcel of the "partisan sham."
@ElizaJane:
There is something fishy about these numbers
Yes. It's made up crap from the right wing media that he regards as highly as if it were handed down by a burning bush.
It's still far too early to tell where this story is going to go, but it's not going away
At least not if Doug has anything to say about it.
Scoop up the red phone; politician takes money from wealthy people and choses not to disclose it.
You are exactly right…4 posts in a week.
What's truly awe-inspiring, in terms of the hypocrisy, is that Doug thinks Citizens United and McCutcheon were proper decisions…and that there is absolutely nothing wrong with turning every corporate bank account into a top-secret political slush fund with zero transparency.
What that means is that…even if everything conjectured about, without any substantiating evidence whatsoever, is true…it still doesn't meet the test of political corruption as outlined in McCutcheon. Ipso facto…there is no story. Well…there is a story. The real story is that this is what politics is going to look like now…thanks to piss poor partisan decisions by the Fox News Nation SCOTUS Justices. Which Doug supports.
OT, buit very relevant: HRC made her first major policy speech this week on the topic of criminal justice reform. Maybe we can discuss THAT, rather than the latest conservative attempt at scandalmongering:
So I don't want the discussion about criminal justice, smart policing, to be siloed and to permit discussions and arguments and debates about it to only talk about that. The conversation needs to be much broader. Because that is a symptom, not a cause, of what ails us today.
The second area where we need to chart a new course is how we approach punishment and prison.
It's a stark fact that the United States has less than 5 percent of the world's population, yet we have almost 25 percent of the world's total prison population. The numbers today are much higher than they were 30, 40 years ago, despite the fact that crime is at historic lows.
Of the more than 2 million Americans incarcerated today, a significant percentage are low- | -0.337676 | -0.584481 | -0.817563 | -0.510093 | [
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level offenders: people held for violating parole or minor drug crimes, or who are simply awaiting trial in backlogged courts.
Keeping them behind bars does little to reduce crime. But it is does a lot to tear apart families and communities.
Full speech at link.
Facebones says:
If anyone believes that Clinton Foundation donations or missing emails are going to sink Hillary Clinton (and sink her a full 18 months before the election and a full 14 months before anyone who is not a hardcore political junkie is paying attention), they are engaging in willful self-delusion.
Unless there is a check in the foundation from Kim Jong-Un with "Love & Kisses, comrade!" in the memo line, or an email telling ISIS that she'd tell the army to stand down while they attacked in Benghazi, this will not amount to anything.
Like Michael keeps saying on this site: Hillary has 100% name recognition. Minor scandals will not hurt her the way they would Chris Christie or Scott Walker.
Despite the protestations of the liberal sycophants that this story is nothing, I've ordered in several cases of popcorn. When you guys start calling investigations by The New York Times "made up crap from the right wing media," I know this is going to be fun.
Jenos Idanian #13 says:
If this was "The Koch Brothers Foundation," we'd be hearing non-stop howls of money laundering. And that's exactly what the Clinton Foundation was doing — laundering money through a network of non-profits and foreign entities to conceal how much was coming from who, and ending up in whose pockets.
And to steal a line I've seen elsewhere, of course there's no shred of evidence of actual wrongdoing — Hillary shredded it already. She learned that lesson from her tenure on the Watergate panel, when Nixon could have but didn't destroy the key evidence.
@Jenos Idanian #13:
You are correct that both sides do it, which is why Hillary Clinton gets a pass on this issue, regardless of how distasteful her actions allegedly are. The GOP are still working to expand this system of legalized bribery, so supporting Democratic candidates is currently the obvious choice for people who want the 1% to have less influence.
@David M: Actually, I don't see any GOP candidates who have this kind of record. And isn't it remarkable how the Clintons went from "flat broke" in 2001 to comfortably in that 1% in just a little over a decade, while one of them was pulling in a low-six-figure annual salary?
And it's amusing how you say the Republicans are "working to expand this system of legalized bribery," but can't quite touch the Clintons for making beaucoup bank off it.
The SuperPAC / Adelson / Koch money is much more corrupting to the system, surely you're aware of that every GOP candidate is currently grovelling to the 1% in the hopes of landing their own billionaire to fund their campaign.
Pinky says:
The SuperPAC / Adelson / Koch money is much more corrupting to the system
Shorter GOP: How dare the Clinton's set up a well run and respected charity and allow people to donate to it. Don't they know the currently accepted form of legalized corruption is through Super PACs? Donating to a charity totally defeats the purpose of the bribes, as the recipients can't benefit directly from the money.
If this was "The Koch Brothers Foundation," we'd be hearing non-stop howls of money laundering.
No…your reading comprehension problems are showing.
The SCOTUS made this kind of money laundering legal.
The question is what the fwck you are complaining about?
If the money were being directed to political candidates or to enrich individuals then it would in essence be a SuperPAC. The thing is, as has been linked above, the money going to the Foundation is actually spent on charity at a rate considerably higher than most charities. If feeding starving children or distributing water filters or digging wells is what it takes to bribe Clinton that is rather telling, don't you think?
@Grewgills: And it actually being a charity it has to disclose more on it's don | -0.581682 | -0.459753 | -0.997636 | -0.363969 | [
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ors than a SuperPac would. Those non-profit 501 and 504 (c)3's sure are acting in the public interest while this charity clearly is just a political slush fund for the Clintons.
DrDaveT says:
@Pinky:
Um, because the money goes to the candidate, not to a charity founded by the candidate? Because it gets spent on campaign stuff, rather than on charity stuff? Because there is less disclosure? Because the quid pro quo is direct? Is that enough, or should I keep going?
Friday, May 1, 2015 at 07:33
Apparently some people are ignorant of the facts in the case of the Clinton Foundation. I suspect that a good chunk of it is deliberate.
1) Hillary, when she became SecState, pledged to the Obama administration that the Foundation would stop taking money from foreign sources.
2) The Foundation kept taking foreign money, a lot of it from nations that had a serious vested interest in currying Hillary's favor.
3) The Foundation lied on its tax forms to conceal the foreign origins of that money, and is now going back and refiling its tax forms to "correct the error."
4) A top charity rating service has refused to evaluate the Foundation, saying that its model simply doesn't apply to all the other non-profits and charities they evaluate.
5) The Foundation spends a huge amount of its funding on salaries, travel, and other expenses, and a very small percentage on actual charitable work.
6) Hillary Clinton, from the beginning of her tenure as Secretary of State, arranged that all of her e-mails — personal and official — would be handled by a private server that she and she alone controlled, out of reach of the government.
7) When asked by Congress if she or anyone else was using a private e-mail address for official correspondence, Hillary stonewalled.
8) When her use of private e-mail was discovered and investigators started talking about looking at those e-mails, Hillary destroyed all of them.
Like I said… willful blindness.
Links to evidence, please. To paraphrase Chris Hitchens, that which is asserted without evidence may be dismissed without evidence, and conservatives here (especially you) have a history of asserting claims that have been later debunked. Also you need to compare HRC not to some pure candidate who never takes secret donor money, but to the Republican candidates who have been unashamedly whoring after big donor money without even pretending to be concerned about transparency or corruption. "Wilful Blindness?" Your blindness towards the conduct of Republican presidential nominnees is a textbook case of "wilful blindness".
@stonetools: Here's Charity Navigator saying they won't be rating the Clinton Foundation any longer, saying "We had previously evaluated this organization, but have since determined that this charity's atypical business model can not be accurately captured in our current rating methodology. Our removal of The Clinton Foundation from our site is neither a condemnation nor an endorsement of this charity." Just what about the Foundation's practices make it so far out of the norm that Charity Navigator can't get a handle on how it works?
And here's PolitiFact saying that the criticisms of the Foundation contain "some element of truth," while NOT noting that PolitiFact's main funder is a major partner of and donor to the Clinton Foundation.
Oh, and the Clinton Foundation? Two of their biggest donations were to the Clinton Global Initiative and the Bill Clinton Presidential Library
Tillman says:
@Pinky: Money you can see is always better than money you can't see. If the ultimate point of campaign finance policy is to make matters transparent to the average voter on where contributions to a candidate's campaign are coming from, a charity which is legally required to identify its donors is a far better deal than an organization the entire basis of which is to conceal donor identities. I thought that was self-evident.
Now if you're talking about how is superPAC money to influence an election worse than charitable contributions to influence State Department policy, which is the actual contention here, other commenters have pointed out what those contributions got at best: a small hand up in complex negotiations to execute a uranium deal. Multiple agencies outside what could be called the Clinton um | -0.682353 | 0.047611 | -0.613395 | -0.000915 | [
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ESSAY Developer
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FOR US BY US?
A STUDY INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN MALAWI
ERIC ALEXANDER JELENJE
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
ESAMI BUSINESS SCHOOL, ARUSHA, TANZANIA
DECLARATIONI, Eric Alexander Jelenje, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis, that during the period of registered study, I have not been registered for any other academic award or qualification, nor has any of the material been submitted wholly or partly for any other award. This thesis is a result of my own research work, and where other people's research was used, they have been duly acknowledged.
Date: 14th September, 2018Signature _________________________________
SUPERVISOR ENDORSEMENTDate: ____________________________Name____________________________________
Signature_________________________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would firstly like to thank the following who all contributed to this research:
Mr Charles Mandala and Mr Paul Chipeta of LDF, Mr Rodney Simwaka (DC, Nkhata Bay), Mr Kondwani Ghambi, Mr Isaac Mdindo and Mr Oscar Maseko of Nkhata Bay District Council, and to all the Councillors, MPs, TAs and communities of Mkumbira and Timbiri and my supervisor, Dr George Hadrian Kainja.
To my parents Alex and Mandy, and siblings, Zengani, Rachel, Tamiko, Alexander and Karen:
I am grateful for your support and words of encouragement.
To my children, Ryan and Ayanda, thank you for understanding my long absences from home and not complaining when it happened. I promise I will be around more now.
Last but not least, to my wife Mada, you have advised me and willed me on throughout this long and arduous journey and I am grateful for that. Thank you from the bottom of my heart.
ABSTRACTOverseas Development Assistance has been a staple of the post-colonial North-South cooperation between developed countries as donors and developing nations as recipients. But with events such as the 2008 Global Financial Crisis putting pressure on worldwide public expenditure, foreign aid flows are now at a premium. This requires countries to maximise the benefits of their expenditure on development activities and theory proposes citizen participation as the best way of doing so.
This thesis looked at determining if the concept in Malawi is effective in facilitating development, this with a view to spurring further research and advocating for increased citizen participation in development.
Using a case study approach to examine Malawi's MASAF IV programme as implemented in one of the country's twenty-eight administrative districts, the research utilised a mix of both qualitative and quantitative data to measure the degree of participation and whether initiatives resulting from that participation were successfully implemented.
It was found that the programme allows for a great deal of participation at the grassroots. Responsibility is predominantly bottom-up and the development projects conceived by the grassroots have mostly been implemented successfully in terms of time and cost, further supporting the positive influence of citizen participation over development. However, it was also found that there is very little grassroots participation in some important areas such as project M;E activities, resulting in poor outputs as a consequence.
Through this, the main recommendation is for continued and greater grassroots participation, as well as investing in further capacitating the community stakeholders and structures involved. Additional research within the same parameters but in more districts and a bigger population, as well as to determine the longer term effects of participation on development are also recommended.
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WLEDGEMENTS PAGEREF _Toc526672724 h ivABSTRACT PAGEREF _Toc526672725 h vLIST OF FIGURES PAGEREF _Toc526672726 h ixLIST OF TABLES PAGEREF _Toc526672727 h xLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS PAGEREF _Toc526672728 h xiCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc526672729 h 121.1.Background PAGEREF _Toc526672730 h 121.2.Problem Statement PAGEREF _Toc526672731 h 151.3.Research Objectives PAGEREF _Toc526672732 h 161.4.Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc526672733 h 171.5.Research Proposition PAGEREF _Toc526672734 h 171.6.Significance of the Study PAGEREF _Toc526672735 h 171.7.Scope of the Study PAGEREF _Toc526672736 h 181.8.Limitations of the Study PAGEREF _Toc526672737 h 191.8.1.Time PAGEREF _Toc526672738 h 191.8.2.Access to Sampled Populations PAGEREF _Toc526672739 h 191.8.3.Availability of Data PAGEREF _Toc526672740 h 201.8.4.Language Barriers PAGEREF _Toc526672741 h 201.9.Thesis Structure PAGEREF _Toc526672742 h 20CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW PAGEREF _Toc526672743 h 222.1.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc526672744 h 222.2.Theoretical Framework PAGEREF _Toc526672745 h 222.2.1.Definition and History of Citizen Participation PAGEREF _Toc526672746 h 222.2.2.Types of Participation PAGEREF _Toc526672747 h 232.2.3.Means of Participation PAGEREF _Toc526672748 h 252.2.4.Decentralisation PAGEREF _Toc526672749 h 302.3.Citizen Participation in Practice PAGEREF _Toc526672750 h 322.3.1.The Third World PAGEREF _Toc526672751 h 322.3.2.Malawi PAGEREF _Toc526672752 h 332.3.3.The Malawi Social Action Fund PAGEREF _Toc526672753 h 36CHAPTER 3CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY PAGEREF _Toc526672754 h 393.1.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc526672755 h 393.2.Problem Statement PAGEREF _Toc526672756 h 393.3.Research Objectives PAGEREF _Toc526672757 h 403.4.Conceptual Framework PAGEREF _Toc526672758 h 403.4.1.Cit | -1.577436 | -1.559926 | 0.053002 | -0.415834 | [
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izen Participation PAGEREF _Toc526672759 h 413.4.1.1.Who Participates PAGEREF _Toc526672760 h 423.4.1.2.What Kinds of Participation Occur PAGEREF _Toc526672761 h 423.4.1.3.How is Participation Occurring? PAGEREF _Toc526672762 h 433.4.2.Successful Programme/Project Implementation PAGEREF _Toc526672763 h 433.5.Research Design PAGEREF _Toc526672764 h 443.6.Research Method PAGEREF _Toc526672765 h 453.6.1.Data Collection PAGEREF _Toc526672766 h 453.6.1.1.Primary Data PAGEREF _Toc526672767 h 473.6.1.2.Secondary Data PAGEREF _Toc526672768 h 473.6.2.Data Analysis PAGEREF _Toc526672769 h 483.7.Research Population PAGEREF _Toc526672770 h 48CHAPTER 4DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS PAGEREF _Toc526672771 h 524.1.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc526672772 h 524.2.Case – The MASAF IV programme in Nkhata Bay PAGEREF _Toc526672773 h 524.2.1.Nkhata Bay District – A Short Overview PAGEREF _Toc526672774 h 524.2.2.MASAF IV PAGEREF _Toc526672775 h 544.2.2.1.Planning PAGEREF _Toc526672776 h 544.2.2.2.Implementation PAGEREF _Toc526672777 h 554.2.2.3.Beneficiary Selection PAGEREF _Toc526672778 h 564.3.Discussions and Findings PAGEREF _Toc526672779 h 574.3.1.How Citizen Participation is effected under MASAF IV PAGEREF _Toc526672780 h 574.3.1.1.Interviews with Government Officials PAGEREF _Toc526672781 h 574.3.1.2.Interviews with Local Leaders PAGEREF _Toc526672782 h 584.3.1.3.Interviews with Local Residents PAGEREF _Toc526672783 h 604.3.2.Assessing the National Framework for Participation Under MASAF IV PPWP PAGEREF _Toc526672784 h 634.3.3.Evaluation of overall Citizen Participation PAGEREF _Toc526672785 h 654.3.3.1.What Kind of Participation? PAGEREF _Toc526672786 h 654.3.3.2.Who Participates? PAGEREF _Toc526672787 h 694.3.3.3.How is Participation Occurring? PAGEREF _Toc526672788 h 694.3.4.Determining the Success Levels of citizen-driven projects under MASAF IV PPWP PAGEREF _Toc52667278 | -2.051343 | -1.242985 | -0.260858 | -0.65766 | [
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9 h 71CHAPTER 5SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PAGEREF _Toc526672790 h 755.1.INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc526672791 h 755.2.SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS PAGEREF _Toc526672792 h 765.3.CONCLUSIONS PAGEREF _Toc526672793 h 765.3.1.MIXTURE OF BOTTOM-UP AND TOP DOWN PARTICIPATION PAGEREF _Toc526672794 h 775.3.2.LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT AND DECENTRALISATION POLICY HAVE ENHANCED CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PAGEREF _Toc526672795 h 775.3.3.LARGE PROPORTION OF SUB PROJECTS CONCEIVED BY THE GRASSROOTS SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENTED PAGEREF _Toc526672796 h 775.4.RECOMMENDATIONS PAGEREF _Toc526672797 h 785.4.1.THE COUNCIL PAGEREF _Toc526672798 h 795.4.1.1.Develop a Community-Based M;E system PAGEREF _Toc526672799 h 795.4.1.2.Provide Secondary Incentives for Sub-Project Completion PAGEREF _Toc526672800 h 795.4.1.3.Incorporate Traditional Leadership in Programme Processes PAGEREF _Toc526672801 h 795.4.1.4.More Effective Distribution of Tools and Materials PAGEREF _Toc526672802 h 805.4.2.THE COMMUNITY STRUCTURES PAGEREF _Toc526672803 h 805.4.2.1.Provide Open Platform for All to Discuss Developmental Issues PAGEREF _Toc526672804 h 805.4.2.2.Enable Participation of Non-Beneficiaries PAGEREF _Toc526672805 h 805.5.FURTHER RESEARCH PAGEREF _Toc526672806 h 81BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGEREF _Toc526672807 h 82APPENDIX PAGEREF _Toc526672808 h 91Appendix A – Questionnaires for Community Stakeholders and Council Management PAGEREF _Toc526672809 h 91Appendix B – Consent letter from Nkhata Bay District Council PAGEREF _Toc526672810 h 100
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1-ATotal assistance provided to developing countries, (USD billions), 2000 – 2016…….13
Figure 1-BDevelopment assistance received by Malawi, (USD millions), 2000 – 2016…….……14
Figure 2-ATypes of participation …………………………………………………………….……25
Figure 2-BModel for describing and analysing rural development participation………..…….……26
Figure 2-CStakeholders in citizen participation…………………………………………..…….……28
Figure 2-DCitizen Participation Ladder…………………………………………………..…….… | -1.711664 | -0.955589 | -0.184771 | -0.488672 | [
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…29
Figure 2-ETypes of Decentralisation ……………………………………………………..…….……31
Figure 2-FInstitutional Framework for District Local Government .……………………..…….…..34
Figure 3-AConceptual Framework………………………………….……………………..…….……41
Figure 3-BTypes of interviews ………………………………….………………………….…….……46
Figure 4-ANkhata-Bay District………………………………….………………………….…….……52
Figure 4-BParticipation by activity type amongst Local Leaders ………………………….…….……60
Figure 4-CBeneficiary opinion of roles under PPWP …………..………………………….…….……63
LIST OF TABLESTable 3-AData collection methods for Conceptual Framework variables ……………………….45
Table 3-BAnalysis method(s) by Data type …………………….………………………….…….……48
Table 3-C Samples sizes for various stakeholders………………………………………………..49
Table 4-AList of TAs and GVHs, Nkhata Bay…………………………………………………..53
Table 4-BResponses to Participation amongst Local Leaders……………………………………59
Table 4-CRespondent classification for interviewed Local Residents……………………………61
Table 4-DLocal Resident (beneficiary) participation by activity type……………………………61
Table 4-EOpinion of role under PPWP amongst beneficiaries…………………………………..62
Table 4-FAnalysis of official roles discharged under MASAF IV PPWP ……………………….64
Table 4-GParticipation by decision type……………………………………………………………66
Table 4-HParticipation by implementation type………………………………………………….67
Table 4-IParticipation by Benefit type…………………………………………………………..68
Table 4-JOccurrence of Citizen Participation by Cohen and Uphoff's Participation
Types…………………………………………………………………………………..69
Table 4-KAnalysis of how participation occurs………………………………………………….69
Table 4-LExtract of performance assessment……………………………………………………72
Table 4-MSummary of project performance by Triple Constraint Parameters…………………..73
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSADC-Area Development Committee
AEC-Area Executive Committee
CBD-Community-based Development
CDD-Community-driven Development
CEO-Chief Executive Officer
CLLR-Councillor
DC-District Commissioner
DDP-District Development Plan
DCDO-District Community Development Officer
DPD-Director of Planning and Development
DPW-Director of Public Works
FEWS-Famine Early Warning System
GVH-Group Village Head
LGAP-Local Government Accountability and Performance
LGRP-Local Government Reform Programme (Tanzania)
LSD-Livelihood | -1.952727 | -0.433845 | 0.000375 | -0.130984 | [
-1.8869822396998064,
-2.018471080883687
] | [
-0.5285242453352537,
-0.33916527286175097
] | [
0.2882382899871642,
-0.28748842277506487
] | [
-0.0321318236679747,
-0.2298359640551939
] | 1,024 | [
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and Skills Development Programme
M&E-Monitoring and Evaluation
MASAF-Malawi Social Action Fund
MASAF IV-Fourth Malawi Social Action Fund
MIS-Management Information System
MLGRD-Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
NSO-National Statistics Office (Malawi)
NZSIF-New Zealand Social Infrastructure Fund
ODA-Overseas Development Assistance
OECD-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PMT-Proxy Means Test
PPWP-MASAF IV Productive Public Works Programme
PRD-Participatory Rural Development
PSRP-Public Sector Reform Programme (Zambia)
SCTP-Social Cash Transfer Programme
TA-Traditional Authority
USDA-United States Department of Agriculture
VDC-Village Development Committee
VH-Village Head
VLAP-Village-Level Action Plan/Planning
INTRODUCTIONBackgroundThe Republic of Malawi is a small, inland country harbouring a population of 18.09 million, which the World Bank (2018) estimates to be growing by three (3) percent annually. With approximately three-quarters of the population below the international poverty line and an economy heavily dependent on agriculture (UN 2014), Malawi relies on ODA as a means of supplementing its own resources earmarked for developmental and other public activities.
ODA refers to government-funded support channeled towards "the economic development and welfare of developing countries" (OECD 2018) and comes in multiple forms, from debt relief to the construction of social and economic infrastructure such as hospitals and roads respectively (NZSIF 2018). The assistance originates from wealthier nations and institutions set up to support in-country development. According to the World Bank (2018), Malawi received USD1.24bn in ODA in 2016.
The flow of development aid from rich to poor countries has become volatile. Statistics from the OECD (Figure 1-A) indicate that, despite reaching its highest ever total of USD144 billion in 2016, aid flows in preceding years had been a mixture of dips and rises, specifically between 2005 and 2007, and from 2010 to 2012.The trend in the latter years could be attributed to the effects of the 2008 financial crisis, which was predicted to cause across-the-board budget cuts in donor countries, in turn affecting ODA levels (Dabla-Norris, Minoiu and Zanna 2010).
Figure 1-A: Total assistance provided to developing countries, (USD billions), 2000 – 2016.
Source: Adapted from OECD. 2018. "Distribution of net ODA: Least developed countries, Million US Dollars, 2000 – 2016,"OECD Online. Available from https://data.oecd.org/oda/distribution-of-net-oda.htm#indicator-chart; Internet; accessed 19 February 2018
This volatility is similarly evident when analysing aid figures for Malawi. World Bank statistics show a similar if not worse trend than that globally over the same period (Figure 1-B). Furthermore, events such as the recent Cashgate scandal contributed to this, with key donors having pulled out of supporting Malawi on multiple occasions (BBC 2011), the effects of which were likely witnessed between 2010 and 2015.
Figure 1-B: Development assistance received by Malawi, (USD millions), 2000 – 2016.
Source: Adapted from World Bank. 2018. "Net official development assistance and official aid received (current US$)," World Bank Online. Home Page Online. Available from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD?end=2016&start=2000 ; Internet; accessed 19 February 2018.
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2015); that said, since 2015, the United Kingdom has been channeling aid "off-budget", through means other than funding Malawi's annual National Budget (Khunga 2015).
Against this backdrop, it is obvious that the world is and will continue to operate under resource constraints. The developing world will need to maximize the benefits from what little there is in ODA and this calls for continued and critical appraisals of how development processes are managed and effected.
Recent history has seen the emergence of development initiatives driven by the contributions of those societies to benefit. This "citizen participation" centers on allowing the ordinary masses to influence decision-making around policies or programmes targeted towards socio-economic development (UNPAN 2008).
Ahmad and Abu Talib (2011, 58) use the term Participatory Rural Development (PRD) in reference to grassroots involvement and accountability-driven development programmes; Mansuri and Rao (2004, 1) use the prefixes "Community-based" and "Community-driven" to describe development resulting from initiatives that "include" the grassroots and gives them the final say. The two also cite decentralisation, the provision of responsibility for planning, decision-making and public sector management from the top levels of government downwards (Rondinelli, 1981, cited by Conyers, 1986), as a mechanism for advancing PRD and, in turn, citizen participation.
This purported benefit was at the heart of Malawi's decentralisation programme, through which accountability shifted from central government to District and Urban Councils in Malawi's twenty-eight (28) districts (Chiweza 2010, 21). Piggybacking on this devolution of power, there has been an upsurge in donor-funded development programmes such as MASAF IV and LGAP that explicitly engage communities for their input throughout the project life cycle (LDF 2014; DAI 2016).
With this much investment and focus on citizen participation, can it be deemed to be a more effective approach to enhancing community development than other methods such as, say, a "top down" style where development priorities are determined by the summit of the hierarchy?
With the Malawi Fourth Social Action Fund (MASAF IV) Strengthening Safety Nets Programme as the reference case, this thesis attempts to determine if citizen participation has worked and whether it has a future in development activities in Malawi.
Problem StatementAs alluded to before, citizen participation has been touted as an ideal mechanism for driving the success of development initiatives in the third world.
But does allowing the citizenry to influence the direction of a project or programme that will benefit them work? If they are allowed to choose the type of initiative, will their choice be something that works? Are they capable of amassing the technical know-how they need to effectively participate in all the relevant processes? Should citizens be allowed free reign or should their involvement be restricted to specific processes or activities?
Determining whether this type of participation is indeed a driver of development in Malawi is the primary issue this research will look into. Whilst there are multiple examples of success outside of Malawi, such as with the farmer-led irrigation schemes concept in Sri Lanka (UN 2016, 134), there is very little research on citizen participation in actual development projects in Malawi and whether that has led to improved socio-economic development.
Through this thesis, the researcher attempted to establish if there is a correlation between citizen participation and the success of development projects in Malawi, with focus on the Malawi Fourth Social Action Fund (MASAF IV) programme, which is centered on the participation of its beneficiary communities at multiple levels, including the selection of development projects as well as the utilisation of beneficiaries as labour (LDF 2014).
As alluded to before, the ambiguity around citizen participation validates this research; the significant financial investment in community-driven development programmes in Malawi is based on foreign examples, which in no way guarantees success in this country. As such, not researching the problem area maintains the status quo, which is the potential mis-utilisation of already scarce economic resources through a development approach that is | 0.874283 | 1.05081 | 1.835345 | 1.143688 | [
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relatively unproven locally.
Research ObjectivesWith the above in mind, the primary objective of the research was to determine if the participation of citizens or communities can result in successful development projects or programmes in Malawi.
From this, the following secondary objectives also drove the research:
To determine how citizens at the grassroots participate in the selection and implementation of initiatives under the PPWP sub-component of MASAF IV.
To determine if national policies on citizen participation have worked under MASAF IV.
To establish the level of success of implemented citizen-driven PPWP projects.
To make recommendations that can help improve and/or boost the effectiveness of citizen participation.
Research QuestionsFrom the objectives, the research attempted to answer the following questions:
What mechanisms does the MASAF IV programme apply to enable citizens to participate in the programme in Nkhata Bay?
Are there national policies/legislative instruments designed to support citizen participation? How successful have they been in doing so?
Of the projects selected by the grassroots and implemented under MASAF IV, how many have been successfully completed?
From the findings, can any recommendations be made to make citizen participation more effective or enhance its benefits?
Research PropositionOnce undertaken, the research looked to determine the validity of the following proposition: Citizen Participation results in development projects/programmes being implemented successfully
Significance of the StudyAs highlighted in the introduction, Malawi with other developing countries receive a great deal of finances in the form of development aid, part of which is invested in quite resource-intensive development programmes. For example, up to USD 107 million will have been invested in the MASAF IV programme upon its completion (LDF 2014), an amount higher than the respective amounts in aid received annually in all but four (4) of the last sixteen (16) years. The Government of Malawi, World Bank as financiers and other stakeholders will be keen to see this investment reap dividends and provide lessons for the future. Part of their focus will be on assessing how involved the communities are choosing projects and how well these projects are implemented, issues which will be tackled by this study.
As such, this research is important because of the potential to confirm or rethink the established theory around citizen participation and, in turn, its applicability in Malawi. The issues being tackled by the research are also relevant to socio-economic development nationally and the findings can be used as evidence for developing future policies.
With MASAF IV nearing its 2019 end date, this research could be utilised as one of possibly multiple independent evaluations of the programme, thereby feeding into the design process for future development initiatives in general.
Most importantly, the ultimate goal for the country is to advance socio-economic development and it is intended for this research to contribute to the debate around ideal third-world development mechanisms.
Scope of the StudyDue to time and other resource constraints, the study was done in the district of Nkhata Bay. According to official records, the district has 9212 beneficiaries under PPWP, 5800 under SCTP and 5,937 under LSD; the latter has no limits on how many people can benefit. The district was selected primarily because it and Dedza were the two districts that have served as test areas for some of the key initiatives introduced under the programme between its inception in 2014 and now, such as the Mthandizi MIS used to manage beneficiaries, whose validation meetings were documented on the Malawi Social Support Programme's Facebook page on 9 June, 2015. Additionally, the district is where the researcher works and this made the data collection process easier.
Although there are multiple programmes in Malawi driven by citizen participation, the MASAF IV programme was the reference because of its coverage across Malawi and that the implementation modalities in one district are representative of what is being done across the country. Because this research was primarily at community level, the focus was on community development, explained as being concerned with improvement of the welfare of people within a specific jurisdiction (Nikkhah and Redzuan 2009, 170), as opposed to the development of the country as a whole.
Additionally, the research only focused on the aspects of the programme that allow for the highest in terms of potential participation of the citizenry, including project selection, implementation and monitoring and evaluation, which is the Productive Public | 0.656505 | 1.380286 | 2.332449 | 0.914767 | [
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Works Programme (PPWP) (LDF 2014). The Livelihood and Skills Development (LSD) component, which is indicated to have an element of participation and the Social Cash Transfer sub-component, which only sees beneficiaries receive cash handouts, were not studied because of time restrictions.
Limitations of the StudyOver the course of the research being undertaken, the following were the issues identified that affected how key activities were undertaken.
TimeDue to the researcher concurrently committed to work assignments, preparation for exams and writing this thesis, the time apportioned to the thesis was affected by the other undertakings. Additionally, the researcher engaged work colleagues assigned to working in the areas sampled who themselves had to balance time between the research and their own work. This also affected the completion of the research against planned timelines.
Access to Sampled PopulationsDue to the research being undertaken in a rural setting, it was sometimes difficult to meet respondents. This was as result of factors such as rough terrain, poor roads and the inability to communicate with respondents over the phone, which affected the response rate.
Availability of DataThere was also difficulty in obtaining data, in this instance secondary, because of incomplete, unavailable or outdated records and reports from sources including the Council and online.
Language BarriersThe rural setting of the research issue meant that the interactions were with a majority of respondents that are not fluent in English. This meant that the researcher and research assistants had to translate the questions and responses into and from the vernacular respectively, which affected the time taken to complete questionnaires and interviews.
Thesis StructureWith this first chapter summarizing the key aspects of the thesis, Chapter 2 reviews the available literature and theories around citizen participation, including the Cohen and Uphoff model and the concept of Participatory Rural Analysis. There are also overviews of decentralisation as applied in Malawi and the MASAF IV programme.
Chapter 3 details the conceptual framework formulated, introducing the two variables, citizen participation and successful implementation. The chapter further delves into the research type, determined as deductive, and methodology selected, including how the samples were determined, and the data collected and analysed.
Chapter 4 summarises the findings from the data collection process and provides an interpretation of those findings.
Finally Chapter 5 draws conclusions from those findings and makes recommendations as to how citizen participation can be enhanced so that, in turn, its impact can be felt even more.
LITERATURE REVIEWIntroductionAs highlighted in Chapter 1, this chapter explores the history of citizen participation and presents various theories around the concept, citing the works of authors such as Cohen and Uphoff, Arnstein, Conyers and Sanoff. The chapter also presents examples of successful citizen participation in practice globally and justifies the reasoning behind this research, specifically that the efficacy of citizen participation is unproven in Malawi.
Theoretical FrameworkDefinition and History of Citizen ParticipationIn its current incarnation, the concept of citizen or community participation is fairly modern, having gained prominence from the 1950's onwards (Roberts 2004, 320). Documentary evidence suggests that the earliest incarnation of citizen participation occurred in 6th Century Greece, specifically citizen-only bodies called "Ecclesiae", which had authority over policy-making and election of public officials (Roberts 2004, 320; Encyclopædia Britannica 2018). As community and citizen are used interchangeably in literature, this review will take the same approach.
Multiple definitions of participation have been coined. One definition refers to the concept as "an active process by which beneficiary/client groups influence the direction and execution of a development project with a view to enhancing their well-being in terms of income, personal growth, self-reliance or other values they cherish" (Paul 1987, 2). In a different forum, the same definition was extended to encompass the willingness to contribute to a project as opposed to simply enjoying the benefits (Bamburger 1988).
Another approach combines the legal-based notion of being a citizen of a country and the obligations attached to citizenship, with the concepts of "shared" responsibility and authority between those in power and the communities they serve to define citizen participation as "the process by which members of a society (those not holding office or administrative positions in government) share power with public officials | 0.305183 | 0.483181 | 2.078824 | 0.909564 | [
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in making substantive decisions and in taking actions related to the community" (Roberts 2004, 318-320).
A further definition takes on the view that participation in general is a collective effort involving people "pursuing objectives that they themselves have defined" (Sanoff 2000, 8-13).
Whilst distinct, there are areas of commonality between the definitions, such as characterising community participation as a process and not a one-off endeavor, that it involves groups and not individuals, and that there is some transfer of responsibility, authority or influence.
Since the research attempts to validate a cause and effect relationship between participation and development, it is also important to understand how some participation theory links community participation to development.
One view of the above states that community development is focused on advancing socio-economic wellbeing, primarily utilising the "voluntary cooperation and self –help efforts of the communities" to benefit (Nikkhah and Redzuan 2009, 170). This implies that participation is a process under the overall umbrella of community development itself.
Furthermore, pro-participation advocates put forward the notion that development achieved through community or citizen-led efforts results in benefits that can be enjoyed over several generations. They conclude, therefore, that PRD, CBD or CDD are only achieved when communities are given authority to identify their developmental needs, choose and implement projects to address those needs, capacitated appropriately and encouraged to work collaboratively and in a coordinated fashion (Mahmud and Rao 2004, quoted by Ahmad and Abu Talib 2011, 61)
Types of ParticipationThere appears to be some consensus that there is no bog standard approach to categorising participation. Literature supports this by stating that, because participation depends on the circumstances being faced, it "varies in type, intensity level, frequency and extent" (Sanoff 2000, 7). This is evident in how different writers have identified the different types of participation.
With reference to the advent of democracy as a system of governance, a distinction is made between direct and indirect citizen participation, which is that, although not quantified, direct participation involves a greater level of community contribution (Roberts, 2004, 316).
Similar to the above, another means of classification by the authors Deshler and Sock identifies two levels of participation: "psuedo-participation", where the course is chosen for those to benefit, and "genuine participation", where the beneficiaries have "control over the action taken (Deshler and Sock 1985, in Sanoff 2000, 8).
Another approach characterised participation through identifying approaches to community development and in reference to decentralisation, which was defined before and will be tackled in later paragraphs. Borrowing from organizational management theory, three types of participation are identified namely top-down, bottom-up and partnership. Bearing similarity to Deshler and Sock's analysis, the difference is in who has authority or influence over processes; the community may have influence (bottom-up), the so-called "powers that be" may exert the most control (top-down) or the two may work collaboratively (partnership) (Conyers 1986 in Nikkhah and Redzuan 2009, 171).
Despite the contrast in classification nomenclature, there is consistency in favouring maximising participation at the grassroots as a catalyst for community development, in this case a bottom-up approach, genuine participation or direct citizen participation.
The illustration below summarises the various types of participation as defined above.
Figure 2-A – Types of participation
It is also important to note the distinction that is made by between "political" and "development" participation (Cohen and Uphoff 1980, 213). Whilst the former relates to participation in a political system through voting (Parry, Moyser and Day 1992, 59) and "protest activities" such as strikes and boycotts (Parry, Moyser and Day 1992, 41), the latter is more relevant to this research as it relates to participation in socio-economic development. As will be seen subsequently, political participation can be viewed as a precursor to development participation because of its links to democracy and decentralisation, the latter as a platform | 0.555149 | 0.282631 | 1.759258 | 1.008416 | [
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for development participation. However, this research will focus on development participation.
Means of ParticipationIn addition to understanding participation theory, the modalities around how citizen participation should be effected are just as important.
Cohen and Uphoff developed a model to make community participation in development functional by assessment. The model requires three questions, referred to as "dimensions" (Cohen and Uphoff 1980, 219), to be answered as below:
"WHAT activities will be/are participated in?", "WHO will participate/participates?", and "HOW will they/do they participate?"
Figure 2-B: Model for describing and analysing rural development participation. Source: Cohen, John M. and Norman T. Uphoff. 1980. "Participation's Place in Rural Development: Seeking Clarity through Specificity." World Development, Vol.8 Issue 3: 213-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(80)90011-X
In tackling the WHAT dimension, the two cite three areas that the citizenry should participate in, namely decision making, implementation and benefits (positive or negative). A fourth area, evaluation, is mentioned; however, the authors allude to a lack of literature or guidance that, at the time, limited grassroots participation in evaluation.
In terms of decision-making, they cite involving communities in decisions around project type, start dates, financing and establishment of support organisations complementing a project or programme.
For implementation, the citizenry should participate in 'resource contributions, administration and co-ordination efforts, and programme enlistment activities'. The resources would be manpower, cash and materials, administration and coordination would be where citizens are "employees hired locally" or as volunteer members of committees or other bodies overseeing a project/programme, whilst enlistment would involve the enrolment of community members as beneficiaries of the intervention.
Participating in the benefits is another means of participation by virtue of being enrolled to a programme. However, Cohen and Uphoff allude to the "passiveness" of this participation type and risk of elevated numbers of participants to the detriment of the other types mentioned before, suggesting that the benefits enjoyed can outweigh effort.
Participation in evaluation is relatively limited at the grassroots but Cohen and Uphoff suggest lobbying by self or through political structures to "communicate their views" about a programme or project.
When looking at WHO participates, the definitions and theories cited in previous sections unanimously point to the involvement of those at the lowest end of the community hierarchy, who development initiatives primarily assist. However, Cohen and Uphoff dissuade against a general classification such as "rural poor" for what they deem a very diverse group. They instead list four different types of participants: local residents, local leaders, government personnel and foreign personnel. There are further sub-classifications which, when illustrated, are as below:
Figure 2-C – Stakeholders in citizen participation Adapted from Cohen, John M. and Norman T. Uphoff. 1980. "Participation's Place in Rural Development: Seeking Clarity through Specificity." World Development, Vol.8 Issue 3: 213-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(80)90011-X
With regards HOW participation is being or can be done, the two state that the focus is on determining trends and progress in the other two dimensions. According to them, areas to assess are who "initiates" developmental activities (top down or bottom-up), whether participants "volunteer" themselves or are forced, the mode of participation (individual or group, self or through proxy) and the spread of power or influence over the project/programme, amongst others.
The model tackles several pertinent issues and looks to be an ideal tool beyond evaluation as a means of designing an initiative that is participation-centric. For example and in reference to the areas of commonality, the model recognises the process element by identifying stages at which participation can occur, which is important for guiding planning in terms of setting out what can and cannot be participated in. Similarly, the tool factors in group and/or individual participation as well as measuring the distribution of power or influence | 0.410648 | 0.696266 | 2.200564 | 0.966794 | [
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, all of which are important aspects of citizen participation as defined previously.
However, the model does not quantify the degree of participation, for example in terms of the ideal proportion of participants in decision-making that are local residents (e.g. 50 percent? 75 percent?).
Another limiting factor to the Cohen-Uphoff model is that, whilst there is adequate guidance on what areas to assess, the model does not seem to provide direction in terms of how to interpret the results of an assessment. For example, whilst WHAT is a dimension, there is no guidance on interpreting findings where, say, participation has been identified in decision making and implementation but not in the benefits.
One remedy to this hurdle is the "Ladder of Citizen Participation", which uses the analogy of rungs of a ladder to classify participation based on the degree of influence of citizens' in "determining the end product", which can be interpreted to mean a project/programme or its deliverables (Arnstein 1969, 217-218). The model has 8 tiers denoting varying levels of participation, with the topmost, citizen power, signifying maximum participation and vice-versa for the lowest, manipulation. A diagram of the model is depicted below:
Figure 2-D – "Citizen Participation Ladder" Source: 2. Arnstein, Sherry R. 1969. A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, Vol. 35, Issue 4: 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225
As conceived, each tier has its own characteristics and it is possible, over time, to move from tier to tier. Though qualitative, it appears to offer a valid measure of the distribution of influence and can complement Cohen and Uphoff's model in assessing the WHO and WHAT dimensions. However, Arnstein's concept is less specific on possible participants and only mentions citizens and "powerholders".
DecentralisationA short history of participation and its origins in mediaeval Greece was touched on earlier. The United States of America also has a rich history of citizen participation beginning in the 1800's with the opening up of public service to others classes beyond the privileged of society (Roberts 2004, 320).From 1900 and onwards to the 60's, the country saw a surge in participation, particularly in urban development and environmental management. The latter era coincided with the struggle for social justice through the American civil rights movement and other similar initiatives, which further compelled the authorities to pass deliberate policies and legislation (Roberts 2004, 321).
This intentional move to give the masses a say over important decisions and issues is the essence of decentralisation vis-a-vis citizen participation. According to Boko (2002, 6), there is a distinction between centralisation and decentralisation as the two alternative means of public administration. Centralisation bequeaths the majority power to a singular entity, the central government.
Marume and Jubenkanda (2016, 107-08) cite standardization of processes and promotion of "economy in administration by avoiding duplication of work" as some of the benefits of centralisation, whereas, through decentralisation, diminished bureaucracy increases efficiency and there is greater flexibility in responding to contrasting socio-economic needs "across different regions" within a country. The latter benefit is reinforced by Boko who points to the unavailability of ground data which may make decisions at the central level unresponsive or irrelevant. All in all, decentralisation is presented in literature as a more cost-effective and inclusive mechanism to drive a country's development.
Reviewing literature on the concept is important because of its adoption in Malawi as the primary mechanism for enhancing participation in development.
According to available literature, there are three types of decentralisation: Political, Administrative and Fiscal (World Bank 2013). Others such as Boko (2002, 5) identify a fourth type namely Economic or Market decentralisation.
Figure 2-E – Types of Decentralisation.
Adapted from Boko, Sylvain H. Decentral | 0.629112 | 0.665825 | 2.043317 | 1.003214 | [
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ization and Reform in Africa. Norwell, MA: Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2002.
The first three represent responsibility transferred internally, or within the public sector domain to discharge functions such as revenue generation, policy formulation and provision of healthcare, education and other similar public services (Devas and Grant 2003). The fourth, Economic, empowers the private sector instead (Boko 2002, 5).
Administrative decentralisation is further divided into three subcategories, Deconcentration, Delegation and Devolution, which are differentiated by who becomes responsible and the degree of authority conferred. For example, where public institutions have been set up at local, municipal or district level, Deconcentration maintains dependence on the central or top level whereas Devolution results in complete self- reliance (Hagberg 2010). Proponents of decentralisation pinpoint Devolution as the representation of the ultimate transferal of authority and that it should be the primary goal of any decentralisation programme.
Even as these distinctions are made, the consensus is that all four types tend to be implemented simultaneously and a range of real-word cases, as will be shown in the next sub-chapter, exhibit this practice.
Citizen Participation in PracticeThe Third WorldPrevious paragraphs have already touched on the origins of citizen participation in Europe and the Americas and part of its progression over the years.
In the developing world, community participation has been supported by government-led decentralisation programmes through which there have been attempts to empower grassroots communities. However, as Conyers (1986, 92) noted of decentralised third-world countries at the time, the transfer of power was to an "intermediary" and those communities at the lower end of the spectrum tended to have little or no say.
At the same time, she argues that the decentralisation programmes were one-directional and products of the objectives of their initiators at the topmost levels. In questioning the efficacy of the concept, other writers such as Hyden (1983, 86) believed that the less governments controlled development initiatives, the greater and more impactful citizen participation could be; in other words, devolution would be the best means of enhancing community participation.
Comprehensive examples of decentralisation are found in literature for the period over the 1970's and 1980's when elements of Economic decentralisation were implemented in countries such as Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Ghana and Zambia (Conyers, 1986, 89) to cut public spending as a counter to the effects of an economic downturn across Africa over that period (Lancaster 1983, 159-160; Haberg 2010, 5). Being Third World nations themselves, these countries are appropriate examples and highlighting the performance of decentralisation initiatives can provide useful insight.
Conyers noted attempts among developing nations in achieving true devolution, as was the case with Zambia, whose introduction decentralisation in 1980 partly involved government appointees replacing elected officials.
First established in 1962, Tanzania's setup was slightly different. The government appointed officials to work alongside popularly elected officials as members of established Local Government Authorities (Max 1991, 32; Oyugi, 1988, quoted by Mollel 2010, 36).
Despite the fact that authority in both cases was devolved in principle, the majority of it was retained by the respective central governments.
As evidenced by the commissioning of the LGRP in Tanzania and PSRP in Zambia, the inadequacies of these relatively ineffective attempts to involve the citizenry provided lessons for future efforts across the developing world (Chikulo 2014, 95-96; Mollel, 2010, 37).
These more recent decentralisation efforts in Africa have been of the political and administrative types as part of reforms undertaken by several nations that migrated from authoritarian to democratic rule over the 1990's (Crawford and Hartman 2008, 9).
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a 2008, 74). According to Chiweza (2010), the decision to decentralise was the result of recommendations made through assessments by the World Bank, government and the UN between the late 80's and early 90's to tackle poverty. Once democratized, decentralisation was formalized by the revamped Constitution of Malawi (1994), the Decentralisation Policy and Local Government Act (1998).
The essence of the Decentralisation policy in Malawi is the transfer of power of power and authority from central government to districts through the creation of "administrative units" called Districts, with a plethora of responsibilities that would otherwise be discharged by central government itself. These include revenue generation and resource control, as well as provision of social services such as health and education. The policy and Act support each other in driving the country's agenda in fostering democracy-driven grassroots participation and improved resource management as catalysts for community and, subsequently, national development (Chiweza 2010, 21). According to the
As the focus is on citizen participation, it is important to understand how, in theory, Malawi's system works, how it encourages participation and whether there is evidence in literature both from Malawi and beyond that supports this notion.
An illustration of the typical decentralized setup at local level is shown below:
Figure 2-F – Institutional Framework for District Local Government –
Source: Chiweza, Asiyati L. 2010. "A review of the Malawi Decentralisation
Process: Lessons from selected districts." Ministry of Local Government and
Rural Development and Concern Universal.
http://10.150.35.17:6510/tilitonsefund.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/A-Review-of-the-Malawi-Decentralization-Process-2010.pdf
As mentioned before, decentralisation in Malawi created Councils and Assemblies as the responsible authorities for provision of public services in the country's administrative districts. Rural areas have District Councils whereas urban areas have Town Councils, Municipal Councils and City Assemblies. The oversight authority for decentralisation processes is the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLRGD, 2018)
Using Figure 2-F, the following are the stakeholders and their respective roles:
Councillors: Political figureheads elected alongside the President and MP's to five-year terms. They provide oversight and decision-making through appointment to so-called service committees.
District Commissioner/Chief Executive Officer: Head of Council or Assembly who supervises technocrat-headed sectors or departments. DC's head Councils whilst CEO's head Assemblies.
Sectors: These are the departments responsible for discharging district-level operations
According to MLGRD (2011, 8) guidelines, traditional leadership is a vehicle for Citizen Participation. The overall leadership at community level is the Traditional Authority who is given jurisdiction over an area. That area is subdivided into smaller units which themselves are collections of villages. Each village is headed by a Village Headman/Headwoman (VH) whilst the collection of villages is headed by a Group Village Headman/Headwoman (GVH).
The Ministry highlights their leadership as crucial to the work of the committees set up under decentralisation and through which citizens participate in development. These:
The Village Development Committee (ADC), which draws its membership form communities and is responsible for identifying community developmental needs and monitoring, fundraising and overseeing "the implementation of development activities in the villages" (MLGRD 2011, 7);
The Area Development Committee (ADC) which, as a collection of VDC's, consolidates their needs and priorities and submits these to the local authority
The Area Executive Committee (AEC), which is composed of extension workers, technocrats at community level who together provide technical support to the ADC and VDC.
These three committees are empowered to represent the grassroots in contributing to the formulation of the District Development Plan (DDP) which sets out a district's development priorities over a three year period.
However, the D | 0.105553 | 1.115273 | 1.769403 | 0.940781 | [
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DP formulation only relates to participation in planning. Since the responsibilities extend to implementation and M&E, decentralisation has also birthed initiatives that, in theory, allow for participation throughout the project life cycle. Discussed in the next sub-chapter, one such initiative is the Malawi Social Action Fund (MASAF)
The Malawi Social Action FundLaunched in 1996 as a programme to implement developments demanded at the grassroots, MASAF provided funding for development through two mechanisms. The first, called Community Sub-Projects, was through supporting infrastructure "sub-projects" proposed by rural communities such as class blocks, bridges and clinics. The second, the Public Works Programme, involved the temporary recruitment of members of the community to some of the same sub-projects in return for wages at a predetermined rate. Other conditions were attached, such as a contribution of 20 percent of the total cost of a sub-project by beneficiary communities and, for the Public Works Programme, giving top priority to most vulnerable areas identified through FEWS, an agency providing forecasting and vulnerability assessment assistance (Kishindo 2000, 9). As Kishindo remarked, "MASAF's demand-driven approach to project funding introduces the element of competition in community development."
Three instalments later, the current initiative, called MASAF IV, is considerably different from the first programme. Whilst only the Public Works Programme (renamed Productive Public Works Programme) was retained, added were a Social Cash Transfer component under which beneficiaries receive cash disbursements and similar in principle to the Welfare State concept (Encyclopædia Britannica 2018), as well as a Livelihood and Skills Development component supporting savings and investment at the grassroots (LDF, 2014).
Of interest is the PPWP and how participation is catered for. With the twin objectives of creation of "productive community assets" and "provision of temporary employment", community members are in theory enabled to participate in the PPWP in the following ways:
Identification of activities to be implemented as mini projects under the sub-programme;
Recruitment of eligible community members as manpower for the mini projects at a prescribed wage rate; and
Supervision and monitoring of project implementation.
These three processes are consistent with the goals of PRD/CBD/CDD stated earlier.
Kishindo's (2000) review of the first MASAF raised concerns about the competition for resources favouring proactive communities, resulting in inequitable distribution of development infrastructure. However, no similar research appears to have been done for MASAF IV to gauge if this and other concerns still exist and this gap is an opportunity for further research to be done.
Conyers argued that grassroots participation can start with the conceiving and eventual initiation of a decentralisation programme that accounts for the views and "demands" of those at the bottom of the tree. She noted that very few decentralisation programmes fit this bill because most were almost entirely conceived by government in a "top-down" style; she cites the critical pessimism about such programmes "achieving meaningful citizen participation" (Conyers 1986, 92).
Chiweza's assessment of Malawi's decentralisation process shows that its conception was government-led, suggesting minimal grassroots participation at the beginning. Her analysis extended to assessing the actual roles of VDC's, ADC's and AEC's and she observed substantial dissatisfaction amongst the populous with the structures stemming from a lack of trust in the system. She further noted capacity gaps financially and knowledge-wise which she recommended be addressed to enhance the participation roles. This is also an area that can be tackled to determine if MASAF IV has capacitated the grassroots enough for them to effectively participate in the programme.
As almost nine years have passed since Chiweza's research, a similar analysis of the three structures would be of benefit to see if the status quo has changed and whether participation has been improved. Additionally, whilst the scope of her research covered impact assessments of supposedly community-driven initiatives, she cites a lack of documentation and information-sharing as a challenge in drawing any meaningful conclusions on this.
This then presents an opportunity to impact-assess programmes whilst determining the level of citizen participation in their conception, this in relation to the proposition presented in Chapter 1. Wh | 0.497623 | 0.982766 | 1.723751 | 1.013619 | [
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ilst focusing on one programme, MASAF IV, and one district, Nkhata Bay, can hardly be considered representative of the entire country, it is hoped that the results could spur future research in the area that samples a bigger population in the interest of knowledge gathering and identifying best practice.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIntroductionWith Chapter 2 providing the literature underlying citizen participation and development, this chapter reintroduces the problem statement and research objectives presented in Chapter 1. Further down, the two variables governing the proposition presented, Citizen Participation and Successful Programme/project implementation, are presented as part of the conceived conceptual framework. The final section presents the research design, approached from a deductive perspective, the types of data utilised and how each type was collected and analysed.
Through this thesis, the researcher attempted to establish if there is a correlation between citizen participation and the successful implementation of development projects in Malawi, with focus on the Malawi Fourth Social Action Fund (MASAF IV) programme, which is centered on the participation of its beneficiary communities at multiple levels, including the selection of development projects as well as the utilisation of beneficiaries as labour (LDF, 2014).
As mentioned previously, the ambiguity around citizen participation validates this research; the significant financial investment in community-driven development programmes in Malawi is based on foreign examples, which in no way guarantees success in this country. As such, not researching the problem area maintains the status quo, which is the potential mis-utilisation of already scarce economic resources through a development approach that is relatively unproven locally.
Research ObjectivesWith the above in mind, the primary objective of the research was to determine if citizen participation is indeed responsible for the success of development projects or programmes in Malawi.
Conceptual FrameworkBased on the proposition put forward, research objectives and literature reviewed, the conceptual framework below is the basis for this research:
Figure 3-A – Conceptual Framework
Cohen and Uphoff point to the "background characteristics" of would-be participants which they suggest influence the degree of individual participation. Whilst the characteristics they cite are numerous, they point to the combined use of discretion and the objectives of a project to determine which characteristics are relevant to the research being undertaken.
With this in mind, the formal educational background of participants, particularly at the grassroots, has been identified as a variable that has an impact on the degree of participation. The project implementation process is relatively technical which can require participants to have and/or be taught formally to acquire certain skills to help their participation. As such, educational background has been chosen because it can indicate that one has the capacity to acquire knowledge and skills that help maximize their participation in development.
The two main variables, Citizen Participation and Successful Project/Programme Implementation are explained in greater depth below.
Citizen ParticipationAs the independent variable, there will initially be an attempt to measure citizen participation. As highlighted before, this research will utilise the Cohen and Uphoff (1980) participation model. As such, the degree of citizen participation will be determined by the following three "dimensions" (Cohen and Uphoff, 1980):
"Who participates" in MASAF IV;
"What kinds of participation" occur; and
"How is participation occurring"
Who ParticipatesIn terms of WHO PARTICIPATES, the model identifies four categories of potential participants: local residents, local leaders, government personnel and foreign personnel.
Using the illustration of Malawi's decentralised institutional framework in Section 2.3, five stakeholder groups have been identified that may have a role in citizen participation – the Council, the Councillors, Traditional Leaders, the AEC's, ADC's/VDC's, and the grassroots. Each group will be classed under either one of Cohen and Uphoff's four categories and will be engaged to find out if, at all, they participate in MASAF IV activities.
What Kinds of Participation OccurTo determine WHAT KINDS OF PARTICIPATION OCCUR, Cohen and Uphoff's model mentions four types namely:
Participation in decision-making
Participation in implementation of activities
Participation in benefits derived from the project/programme
Participation in evaluation
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as a process, with, in order of occurrence, decision making, implementation, benefits and evaluation as the four stages of this process. Some of the areas to involve the grassroots include "project identification", financing and labour requirements, what project implementation activities the grassroots should participate in, what benefits to be derived from a programme and evaluation of project/programme performance.
Essentially, their opinion is that participation is maximized when the citizenry is involved in as many activities throughout each of the four stages mentioned above.
Therefore, part of this study will focus on determining whether MASAF IV has afforded citizens participation in each of the four areas. Of particular interest will be the experiences of ADC's/VDC's as the bottom end of the decentralisation hierarchy, effectively representing the grassroots, and the District Council as the implementers of the MASAF IV programme.
How is Participation Occurring?Under this dimension, Cohen and Uphoff state that the focus is on indicators such as who takes the "initiative" (top-down vs bottom-up), whether citizens participate forcibly or willingly, whether citizens participate "directly" or through proxies, and "the number of possible situations that citizens could participate in", each of which the two authors deem as qualitative.
Based on this, participants will be asked questions covering the four indicators mentioned above.
Successful Programme/Project ImplementationThis is the dependent variable.
There are various multi-dimensional approaches proposed in literature, similar in that they utilise more than one variable to measure project success.
According to Bannerman (2008), the traditional method of measuring project success is based around the so-called "triple constraint", determining whether projects are implemented "on time", within original cost estimates and within the scope of activities or specification originally intended. He also cites an extension to this, a quad-model that includes the quality aspect, specifically the attributes of project deliverables against "established industry or subjective criteria".
Whilst literature points to supposed insufficiencies with the triple constraint model, principally the focus on the processes ahead of the end product (Bannerman, 2008) and the treatment of two interlinked variables, time and cost, as independent of each other (Baratta, 2006), both writers also refer to the suitability of the model as an ideal tool for evaluating straightforward projects and "the means to an end" or implementation of a project.
Considering the relatively small nature of the projects under MASAF IV and this research's focus on project implementation, the variables of time, cost and scope will be used to measure successful programme/project implementation. Using a matrix, samples of implemented projects from the two target TA areas will be assessed using the three variables.
Research DesignBased on the research problem to be tackled, the approach is "deductive" because of the attempt to ascertain the validity of already existing theories on citizen participation (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009).
Taking into consideration the variables being measured, it was decided to collect and utilise a mix of both qualitative and quantitative data. With reference to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009), it was anticipated that gauging citizen participation required soliciting the views of the stakeholders, data that is qualitative, whereas data collected in relation to successful implementation may be quantitative, in terms of completion rate for example.
It was decided to utilise both primary and secondary data for this research. Whilst primary data was used for collected for measuring variables under Citizen Participation, the data to measure Successful Project/Programme Implementation, specifically in relation to implemented projects, was secondary data already collected through the District Council's M;E processes.
The research used the MASAF IV programme which has been chosen because it is one of the largest participation-driven public sector initiatives in terms of coverage and value of investment. Malawi's Decentralisation policy was also been identified as useful because it is the basis for driving citizen participation in development activities and is the backbone for the implementation of programmes such as MASAF IV (Chiweza, 2010). Previous sections in this proposal have identified stakeholders in Malawi's decentralised setup and the degree of each stakeholder's participation will be gauged using the MASAF IV Programme manual, part of which guides community participation, and the Cohen and Uphoff Rural Participation model.
Research MethodData CollectionHaving as | 0.134316 | 0.576294 | 1.992592 | 1.14889 | [
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] | 1,428 | 16,384 | CommonCrawl | 17 | 12 |
certained the mixed nature of the data to be collected and reference to the Conceptual Framework, the following table highlights how the data was collected:
Table 3-A – Data collection methods for Conceptual Framework variables
VARIABLE SUB-VARIABLES DATA TYPE DATA COLLECTION METHOD
Citizen Participation Who, What Primary, Quantitative Structured Interviews with multiple stakeholders
How Primary, Qualitative Semi-Structured Interviews with multiple stakeholders
Successful Implementation Time Cost, Scope Secondary, Quantitative Use of NB Council project evaluation reports
As Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009, 320) state, structured interviews are ideal for collecting "quantifiable data", in this case who participates and kinds of participation, whereas semi-structured interviews provide the opportunity to delve into obtaining "non-standard" opinions to solve research questions. Additionally, the authors advocate the use of secondary data if it is deemed appropriate for answering one's research questions. The council reports have been viewed as ideal because, as they are performance assessments, they are relevant to the aspect of determining if implementation was successful.
The diagram below proposes some methods for undertaking primary data collection:
Figure 3-B – Types of interviews.
Source: Saunders, Mark, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill. Research Methods for
Business Students. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2009, Figure 10.1
In consideration of time and resource constraints, as well as the predominantly rural setting of the target population, direct interaction with participants through group and face-to-face interviews was utilised, the latter being ideal for smaller sample sizes, as well as the opportunity for a more in-depth interaction, whilst, by engaging multiple participants simultaneously, the former allows for a more rapid and "resource-efficient" interview process (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, 346; Stokes and Bergin, 2006, 27). The interactions were conducted with a mix of questions with standard responses and open-ended questions which required interviewees to express opinions.
Where respondents could not be met in person but had mobile access, telephone interviews were utilised.
Primary DataFor the primary data, two questionnaires (Appendix A) were prepared.
The first questionnaire for Community Stakeholders had multiple sections, with a respondent required to complete or be helped to complete one section depending on the type of stakeholder they were (for example, MASAF IV beneficiary or Traditional Leader or Political Leader.) Furthermore, with ADC's, VDC's and AEC's, two or more members were interviewed concurrently as means of simulating their approach of meeting and deciding on issues as groups. The questionnaire was made up of structured questions with standard answers and up to two open-ended questions depending on stakeholder type. Additionally, the same questionnaire was used for telephone interviews.
The second questionnaire for District Officials was a set of open-ended questions which were asked to relevant officers at the District Council to allow them licence to express themselves in their own words.
Secondary DataAs stated, the secondary data collected was sourced from Nkhata Bay District Council and online. The data included the following:
Names of MASAF IV beneficiaries residing in TA Timbiri and TA Mkumbira
List of MASAF IV-supported "sub projects" projects implemented in the two areas between 2014 (start of MASAF IV) and the present day
Implementation status of sub-projects
Population statistics for Nkhata Bay District by TA
The data sources included the following:
Nkhata Bay District Council "Mthandizi" Database
NSO Malawi
MLGRD Malawi
Data AnalysisAs indicated in the previous section, primary data collection utilised both structured and semi structured interviews.
Both were deemed appropriate because of the qualitative nature of much of the research objectives and questions.
Additionally, quantitative secondary data was also sourced and utilised. This data relates to variables such as the demography and economy of Nkhata Bay, as well as project implementation data for the MASAF IV programme in the district.
The following table highlights how the data collected was analysed:
Table 3-B – Analysis method(s) by Data type
DATA TYPE ANALYSIS METHOD(S) REASON
Quant | -0.344342 | 0.846679 | 1.86578 | 0.795104 | [
-0.14124530072657368,
-0.5474396701390185
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0.5386903891253386,
1.1546666210958818
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1.9469399205884763,
1.784620494963883
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0.8471313270015002,
0.7430765162713848
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itative Graphical analysis, description of identified trends Methods recommended for analysis of nominal quantitative data (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, 417-418)
Qualitative Identification and description of patterns through summarizing key points from collected data, "categorization". Methods recommended for analysis of deductively based- qualitative data (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, 489-493)
Using Microsoft Office (Excel and Word), primary data was grouped according to the responses provided for the standard questions to respondents and response rates calculated.
For open-ended questions, responses were analysed manually to identify commonality in content, which was used to categorise those responses.
Research PopulationAs indicated in previous sections, the research was carried out in Nkhata-Bay District in the Northern Region of Malawi, and in two Traditional Authorities: Timbiri and Mkumbira.
Through information obtained from Nkhata Bay District Council, the following are population numbers for the key stakeholders:
Table 3-C – Samples sizes for various stakeholders
NAME OF STAKEHOLDER POPULATION/NUMBER OF PROJECTS COVERED
BY MASAF IV
(SAMPLING FRAME) SAMPLE SIZE SAMPLING METHOD AND JUSTIFICATION
1 Councillors 12 12 2 Convenience sampling. One Councilor each for Timbiri, Fukamapiri and Mkumbira, each one to be interviewed
2 Traditional Authorities 13 13 2 Convenience sampling. One TA each for Timbiri, Fukamapiri and Mkumbira, each one to be interviewed
3 Area Development Committees (Mkumbira, Timbiri) 15 15 2 Convenience sampling. One ADC each for Timbiri and Mkumbira, each one (at least 2 committee members) to be interviewed
4 Village Development Committees (Mkumbira, Timbiri) 54 54 8 Convenience sampling. Timbiri (4) and Mkumbira (4), each one (at least 2 committee members) to be interviewed
5 Area Executive Committees
(Mkumbira, Timbiri) 15 15 2 Convenience sampling. One AEC each for Timbiri and Mkumbira, each one (at least 2 committee members) to be interviewed
6 Nkhata Bay – Mkumbira 14,572 644 (PPWP) 241 Sample sizes for each area here calculated using the sampling frame numbers, "margin of error" of 5 and confidence level of 95 percent. Using beneficiary lists for each area,
Nkhata Bay – Timbiri 47,684 1044 (PPWP) 281 7 Nkhata Bay District Council – Secretariat 45 n/a 3 Convenience sampling. The two Directors and District Community Development Officer responsible for MASAF IV implementation to be interviewed
8 Projects implemented under MASAF IV 1,930 – All the projects in the two areas to be analysed using the Triple Constraint model to determine success
In Timbiri – 110 In Mkumbira – 245 Source: Nkhata Bay District Council ("Population size" and "Covered by MASAF IV")
Through convenience sampling, the population was narrowed down to that of 2 of the 13 Traditional Authorities (Timbiri and Mkumbira) easily accessible in terms of distance. From that, sampling frames were compiled that includes the stakeholders identified in Malawi's decentralisation process and who are believed to participate in the MASAF IV programme. From there, different methods were used to determine sample sizes. Convenience sampling was chosen because of its suitability for resource-constrained research and selection on the basis of accessibility (Etikan, Musa and Alkassim, 2016, 2)
The method was further used to determine sample sizes for the Councillors, Traditional Authorities, Committees and Secretariat. For each Traditional Authority area, there is one Councilor, one Traditional Authority and one Area Development Committee; these therefore would be the only participants to be engaged. The ADCs, A | -1.109007 | 0.542272 | 1.033893 | 0.576589 | [
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1.4194017873085483,
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0.6650354082237983,
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] | 1,428 | 18,432 | CommonCrawl | 17 | 12 |
ECs, and VDCs were engaged as groups as opposed to individual members to save on resources and simulate how their interactions take place.
For the Secretariat, two Directorates, one for Planning and Development and one for Public Works, and a Community Development office lead the implementation of MASAF IV and, similarly, they were approached for this research.
The sample sizes for researching the MASAF IV beneficiaries in the two TA areas was calculated using an online sample size calculator (Creative Research Systems, 2012), and utilising a 95 percent confidence level and margin of error of 5. From there, participants claiming to be beneficiaries had their names cross-checked against a list extracted from Mthandizi MIS, Nkhata Bay's database used to manage beneficiaries.
In theory, the first five stakeholders do not benefit materially from MASAF IV, but they are expected to play other roles. They were questioned around their knowledge of their supposed roles, how and if they actually discharge their roles as well as their opinions on citizen participation driving project/programme success.
The results were compared with those from interactions with district officials to gauge if there was a common understanding and discharging of responsibilities. The Council was also requested to provide data on interventions financed under MASAF IV; a sample of these projects was taken to those areas targeted and, through the interactions above, determine from the communities whether there was any citizen participation driving the said interventions.
The next chapter details the results of the data collection process.
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONSIntroductionHaving presented the processes undertaken to collect the data, this chapter details the findings obtained from the data that was collected. The chapter start with providing detailed overviews of Nkhata Bay and its administrative setup as well as the MASAF IV programme and how it is implemented. Further down, the data is linked to each research question by way of presenting the responses relevant to those question and, finally, a discussion on the implication of the findings.
Case – The MASAF IV programme in Nkhata BayNkhata Bay District – A Short OverviewLocated in the Northern Region of Malawi (Figure 4A), Nkhata Bay is one of Malawi's 28 administrative districts.
Figure 4-A – Nkhata Bay District. Map by Monique Borgerhoff-Mulder, Lameck Msalu, Tim Caro and Jonathan Salerno.
With the district located along the shores of Lake Malawi, the predominant economic activity is fishing, followed by cassava production and tourism. The economy, coupled with the district's somewhat harsh terrain, characterised by "sheltered Bays with forested, rocky headlands" (Google, 2018), are both of significance because of the influence on community developmental activity, specifically on the MASAF IV programme.
With the traditional chieftaincy system countrywide that predates and has been supported by decentralisation (Chiweza n.d., 54), Nkhata Bay is subdivided into 13 areas, with each presided over by a Traditional Authority.
As was detailed in Chapter 3, each TA area is a collection of small villages each headed by a VH; three or more villages are grouped into one and are under the jurisdiction of a GVH, who is the intermediary between the VH and TA.
This setup is linked to the decentralised committee system in that each TA has an ADC and each GVH has a VDC.
TA ADC (VDCs/GVHs)
1 Zilakoma Zilakoma 1 (Mtowole, Mganga & Dambanjoka)
Zilakoma 2 (Makumbo)
2 Fukamapiri Fukamapiri (Kauta, Chivuta & Chavula)
3 Malengamzoma Malengamzoma (Chiweyo, Kanyanda & Kayimika)
4 Malanda Malanda (Msundu, Chenyentha & Ngombo)
5 Fukamalaza Fukamalaza (Thuli, Gulugulu, Nkhungulu & Jumbo)
6 Mankhambira Mankhambira (Chibaka, Chingaliwa, Khoza-Lisale, Kakhobwe, Kangóma, Chibere & Mndola)
7 Timbiri Timbiri (K | -0.001624 | 1.140342 | 1.287517 | 0.420507 | [
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hoza, Nthulinga, Malepa & Kamphomombo)
8 Mkumbira Mkumbira (Mkumbira, Chilelawana, Kandezo & Kamwadi)
9 Kabunduli Kabunduli-1B (Chamaoya, Gowamo, Kondamzimu& Kamuchibazi)
Kabunduli-2A (Mkuli, Mchingalombo, Chinyakula, Thula, Tembwe, Chakupompha & Chikampha)
10 M'bwana M'bwana (Mabuli, Siyalimba, Chikondo, Mlenda, Lukhanda & Murwa)
11 Mnyalubanga Mnyalubanga(Chigwere & Kalonga)
12 Mkondowe Mkondowe (Kabeno & Mwachika)
13 Boghoyo Boghoyo (Chipenyenye)
Table 4-A – List of TAs and GVHs, Nkhata Bay
With 15 ADC's and AEC's, the 13 TA's in the district oversee 54 GVHs and approximately 200 villages. For the sampled areas, both Mkumbira and Timbiri have 4 GVH's and VDCs each.
MASAF IVTogether with Malawi's other districts, Nkhata Bay implements the MASAF IV programme. For the PPWP sub-component touched on previously, MASAF IV uses the Integrated Catchment Management (ICM), an approach which links community "environmental and socio-economic needs" to resource usage to ensure that the communities sustainably use the natural resources around them (Ashton n.d., 1). Under ICM, it is recognized that excessive natural resource degradation is associated with extreme poverty; Nkhata Bay district has one of the highest incidences of poverty amongst Malawi's six Northern Region districts (USDA n.d., 2) , and it stands to reason that this has caused the depletion of various natural resources in the district.
PlanningUnder ICM, the district uses "Safety Net Planning" (SNP), a systematic planning process to come up with mechanisms to address the resource depletion. The sub-concept links the challenges communities face due to poverty and the negatives of environmental mismanagement to come up with management plans that address both issues.
As part of SNP, Nkhata Bay identified "environmental hotspots" or "micro-catchments", areas endowed with natural resources that can be depleted if mismanaged and usage is not regulated. The communities in these areas were then encouraged to identify factors affecting community development and choose interventions that would help them address those issues and, as such, precipitate development.
The planning started at VDC level, resulting in the development of Village Level Action Plans (VLAPs), which outlined developmental challenges and what could be done to address them. Thereafter, ADCs reviewed and submitted VLAPs to the District Council which consolidated them into the District Safety Net Plan, which is being implemented over three years, from 2016 to 2019 (Nkhata Bay District Council, 2018)..
Applying Norms and Standards developed for the MASAF IV PPWP, community choice is restricted to interventions, herein called "sub-projects" that have been identified as helpful in reducing the negative impact of natural resource mismanagement. The sub-projects are of seven types (Environmental, Forestry, Irrigation, Water, Roads, Land Resources and Fisheries) grouped according to the responsible District Sector (see Figure 2-F, page 33). Thus, for example, afforestation sub-projects are supported by the Forestry sector whereas aquaculture sub-projects are under the jurisdiction of the Fisheries sector. The Handbook encourages communities being guided towards proritising sub-projects that best address the issues identified through the VLAP process.
ImplementationThe implementation of sub-projects is through a PPWP cycle in which Nkhata Bay, together with the rest of the country, is given funds to cater to the payment of wages for the labour utilised, procurement of various types of materials and administrative funds for District Council supervision and technical support. According to official memos, 80 percent of the funds are ring-fenced for wages.
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spirit of CBD and CDD, the communities themselves work on the sub-projects in return for a wage calculated using a daily rate of MWK600. All sub-projects have a mandatory maximum duration of 24 days and wages received reflect the number of days an individual has worked.
Allocation of beneficiaries is done by the Council using Mthandizi MIS; using the Safety Net Plan, projects are created "electronically" and names extracted and assigned to those projects. The resultant beneficiary lists are then printed off and distributed to the respective areas ready for work to begin on sub-projects.
Beneficiary SelectionAPPWP objective already presented is around "providing temporary multi- year employment "to communities within micro-catchments to "enhance household incomes and food security", whilst "reducing their exposure to risks associated with climate change and other disasters".
To identify eligible community members, an assessment exercise was undertaken by the District Council to assess the level of household poverty in the areas identified as environmental hotspots. According to reports from the District Council, 50 percent of households were sampled by village and ranked using PMT, a mathematical tool used to approximate incomes in the absence of any verifiable data on actual earnings (World Bank, 2018, 2). Meetings were then called during which communities were shown lists of names and asked to confirm or adjust the ranking of their fellow community members. The lower their PMT score, the higher up the list they were.
A further consideration was the household's labour effort. The PMT scoring included determining if any member of the household was physically able to work on labour-intensive projects under PPWP.
Once final ranks were assigned, beneficiaries were recruited into PPWP. Each district was given a total number of beneficiary households to be recruited; Nkhata Bay has 9,212 out of approximately 15,000 eligible households.
The programme allows for any member of a beneficiary household is allowed to work on a sub-project as long as the eventual wages are used for the benefit of that entire household. The MASAF IV programme applies the "repeater beneficiary" and "graduation" principles (World Bank, 2013, 156); that is, the same households work "repeatedly" over the three year duration of the Safety Net Plan, after which they are expected to "graduate" to some level of self-sufficiency. The programme in Nkhata Bay has been running since 2016 and the first assessment of whether households have benefitted will be done post-MASAF IV in 2019.
Discussions and FindingsHow Citizen Participation is effected under MASAF IVAs stated, the first secondary objective of this research was to determine how communities participate in MASAF IV PPWP; that is, what activities are conducted under PPWP and which are influenced by the grassroots as opposed to the top, effectively going by the premise that effective citizen participation is achieved when more influence is afforded to the lower end of the hierarchy.
To determine who has the highest degree over which activities, the following interviews were conducted:
Interviews with Government Officials from Nkhata Bay District Council
Interviews with Local Leaders (TAs, GVH's, VHs, VDCs, ADCs, AECs)
Interviews with Local Residents
Foreign personnel were not interviewed as it was noted from official documents that there is no foreign intervention at district level.
Interviews with Government OfficialsA review of official documents indicated that funding originates from the World Bank to the Government of Malawi, through LDF. These funds are then distributed pro-rata to the District Councils. Therefore, Government and LDF participation was found to be primarily around the disbursement of funds.
In engaging the District Council, the DPD, DPW and DCDO were interviewed, the results of which are presented below.
How the District facilitates citizen participation under MASAF IV PPWP
When asked the question "How does Nkhata Bay district facilitate participation in the programme?" all three officers provided answers that indicate communities participate during two stages, Planning and Implementation.
The DPD indicated that, as part of planning, VDCs and ADCs have been given authority by the Council to gather the developmental issues, usually challenges, faced by their respective communities and formulate "interventions", in this case projects, to address those issues | -0.299015 | 0.848469 | 1.160705 | 0.571386 | [
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] | 1,428 | 21,504 | CommonCrawl | 6 | 2 |
. He pointed out that, here, the grassroots participate by proxy; that is, the VDCs and ADCs, having been elected, represent the citizenry during planning. He further stated that the Council's role is predominantly to "supervise" this process. He also mentioned the role of the AECs as being the technical representatives of the Council in the communities, supporting the latter by "facilitating formulation of" the said interventions.
In terms of implementation, he stated that "the communities themselves implement the formulated projects and are encouraged to monitor and supervise" interventions as well as to "report discrepancies to the Council" for assistance in rectifying them.
The DPD's views on Participation in implementation were corroborated by the DPW, who stated that PPWP sub-projects utilise both skilled and unskilled labour from the same beneficiary communities depending on the complexity of the projects being implemented.
He then stated that the Council trained "foremen", supervisors equipped to provide guidance to the labour force on task rates and how the work should be done. He indicated that skilled personnel or artisans are also sourced for complex construction that cannot be done by the beneficiary labour and that both artisans and foremen are identified from within the same communities.
The DCDO provided more detail on participation in planning, stating that the VDCs and ADCs are empowered to lead VLAP formulation, with the VDCs proposing interventions and the ADCs screening them and "submitting them to the Council".
Interviews with Local LeadersTo certify the Council's purported mechanisms for involving communities in PPWP, various Local Leaders were interviewed and asked if and how they participated in the programme. Using a questionnaire, they were required to select from a pre-determined list of activities which ones they participated in. They were also allowed to indicate any other activity participated in but not on the list.
Table 4-B below summarizes the results of those interviews. Although respondents were not asked a YES/NO question, the results are presented where a YES implies the respondents selected one or more from the list and vice versa for a NO.
Table 4-B – Responses to Participation amongst Local Leaders
As can be seen, all respondents except for amongst the Councillors confirmed having participated in MASAF IV PPWP.
The specific answers selected by the different stakeholders were further analysed to establish if there was a discernible pattern in terms of who participated in what activity. This is presented in the figure below.
Figure 4-B – Participation by activity type amongst Local Leaders
As shown, the majority of direct project cycle activities (A-, C- and D-) are dominated by the community structures, the ADCs and VDCs. The TAs and MP indicated that their role is to formally approve the community choices but not to be a part of the selection process.
AECs were also interviewed and, as indicated by the Council, both sets pointed to their role being one of providing technical support during planning and implementation.
Somewhat skewing the results are the responses from the Councillors. One respondent indicated that she did not participate in any of the listed activities whilst the other indicated that he is involved in both the planning and implementation processes (A- and B-). This would appear contradictory to the Council's position that the said activities are discharged by the ADCs and VDCs.
Of note also is that none of the respondents here indicated that they participated in MASAF IV PPWP as part of the labour workforce.
Interviews with Local ResidentsThe third group interviewed were local residents in the two sampled communities. As theory advocates for the majority of participation to be at this level, it was important to determine what activities involve the grassroots beyond the standard participation as beneficiaries.
In contrast to the targeted interviews involving the Council and Local Leaders, through a door-to-door survey, prospective respondents were approached face-to-face and asked if they were MASAF beneficiaries and, if so, under which sub-component. Although, the primary targets were PPWP beneficiaries, respondents that were found to be non-MASAF or non-PPWP beneficiaries were engaged to see if they had participated in PPWP regardless. Table 4-C breaks down the respondents into beneficiary type:
Table 4-C – Respondent classification for interviewed Local Residents
First | -0.374861 | 0.674778 | 1.307807 | 0.550575 | [
-0.21049951460532348,
-0.539221617565026
] | [
0.6962657042805939,
0.6532906183291606
] | [
1.3179521462931776,
1.2976622180901034
] | [
0.7534819973443964,
0.34766823549694637
] | 1,024 | [
512,
512
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13,
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758,
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322,
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29889,
450,
323,
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2134,
345,
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19995,
541,
451,
304,
367,
263,
760,
310,
278,
9262,
1889,
29889,
13,
29909,
11206,
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322,
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408,
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491,
278,
8831,
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1716,
6166,
11520,
304,
1009,
6297,
1641,
697,
310,
13138,
16905,
2304,
2645,
18987,
322,
5314,
29889,
13,
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18109,
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278,
2582,
526,
278,
20890,
515,
278,
6237,
29883,
453,
943,
29889,
3118,
10049,
296,
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393,
1183,
1258,
451,
5221,
403,
297,
738,
310,
278,
9904,
14188,
21109,
278,
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18694,
393,
540,
338,
9701,
297,
1716,
278,
18987,
322,
5314,
10174,
313,
29909,
29899,
322,
350,
29899,
467,
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2615,
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706,
304,
278,
8831,
29915,
29879,
2602,
393,
278,
1497,
14188,
526,
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287,
491,
278,
11033,
29907,
29879,
322,
478,
12696,
29879,
29889,
13,
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4443,
884,
338,
393,
5642,
310,
278,
10049,
1237,
1244,
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393,
896,
25223,
297,
341,
3289,
5098,
6599,
349,
29925,
26433,
408,
760,
310,
278,
23390,
664,
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29889,
13,
4074,
7406,
411,
9959,
2538,
16719,
1576,
4654,
2318,
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287,
892,
1887,
24060,
297,
278,
1023,
4559,
29881,
23507,
29889,
1094,
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22545,
1078,
363,
278,
13638,
310,
27577,
304,
367,
472,
445,
3233,
29892,
372,
471,
4100,
304,
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825,
14188,
25135,
278,
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307,
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408,
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1654,
4314,
29889,
13,
797,
12814,
304,
278,
3646,
287,
1006,
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21677,
278,
8831,
322,
9959,
951,
24574,
29892,
1549,
263,
3050,
29899,
517,
29899,
17433,
18994,
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10791,
12645,
10049,
1237,
892,
26733,
3700,
29899,
517,
29899,
2161,
322,
4433,
565,
896,
892,
341,
3289,
5098,
7795,
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4314,
322,
29892,
565,
577,
29892,
1090,
607,
1014,
29899,
9700,
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8512,
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278,
7601,
22525,
892,
349,
29925,
26433,
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892,
1476,
304,
367,
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470,
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750,
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297,
349,
29925,
26433,
17126,
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6137,
29871,
29946,
29899,
29907,
16706,
1623,
278,
10049,
1237,
964,
7795,
1654,
653,
1134,
29901,
13,
3562,
29871,
29946,
29899,
29907,
785,
2538,
2818,
296,
12965,
363,
15593,
287,
9959,
2538,
16719,
13,
6730
] | 1,428 | 22,528 | CommonCrawl | 6 | 2 |
ly, the 23 SCTP and18 non-beneficiaries were asked if they had participated in PPWP activities in a different capacity to which they all answered NO.
Similar to the interactions with the various local leaders, PPWP beneficiaries were asked how they participated in the programme and they responded as shown in Table 4-D below:
Table 4-D – Local Resident (beneficiary) participation by activity type
As can be seen, 96 percent of beneficiaries indicated that their participation was exclusively during implementation working as labour on sub-projects.
Also notable is that just over 3 percent of respondents indicated that they have participated beyond the mandatory implementation process, specifically the planning process to formulate the interventions and management of sub-project deliverables after completion. As this research is partly focused on the effect of community participation on planning and implementation, the observation that some beneficiaries had also participated in project identification is also of interest.
Another question that respondents had been asked was what they thought or believed their role under MASAF IV PPWP was. This was done to ascertain if there was a gap between expectations and reality, which, if so, would suggest beneficiaries feel they are not doing what is required of them.
To determine this, the responses of the 277 beneficiaries to the question "What do you think your role under MASAF IV PPWP is?" were compared with their responses presented above.
Table 4-E – Opinion of role under PPWP amongst beneficiaries
As summarised in the above table, the combined responses indicate that, while most responded as having only been involved at implementation, 60 percent believe that their role goes beyond that, that is, throughout the project cycle.
Figure 4-C – Beneficiary opinion of roles under PPWP : (1) TA Mkumbira (n=83) and (2) TA Timbiri (n=194)
However, when analysed separately (Figure 4-C), only 7 percent of beneficiaries in Mkumbira were of the opinion that their role should include identification and post project activities, compared to approximately 81 percent of Timbiri beneficiaries. Without further probing, any attempt to give reasons for this contrast is speculatorybut could include, amongst other things, reluctance to take on responsibility or make processes all-inclusive,.
Assessing the National Framework for Participation Under MASAF IV PPWPIn Chapter 2 an overview was provided of decentralisation in Malawi and the desire for a more inclusive development framework driven by the needs of the masses.
With decentralisation having been in existence for 10 years and a central part of the implementation modalities of MASAF IV, it was deemed relevant to attempt to assess how effective decentralisation has been in fostering grassroots participation. As such, the second objective was to use the sample population to determine if the Local Government Act and Decentralisation Policy have fostered development participation.
When asked about the policies and legislation supporting citizen participation in Nkhata Bay, the DPD pointed to the Local Government Act and Decentralisation Policy, as well as the District Development Planning System which, supported by the Act and Policy, details the sequence followed in planning at district level, including actual grassroots planning.
To undertake this assessment, additional data was sourced after the interviews and was cross-referenced with the official roles and responsibilities of the community structures created through Malawi's decentralisation, that is, the VDCs, ADCs and AECs as extracted from Official District Planning guidelines. Table 4-F below presents this comparative analysis as a means of determining how many of the purported roles are being discharged under PPWP. This table was given to the sampled committees to be filled outside of the interviews.
Table 4-F – Analysis of official roles discharged under MASAF IV PPWP
STRUCTURE Sampled Responded DUTIES/RESPONSIBILITIES DISCHARGED UNDER MASAF IV PPWP
Y N U
1 VDC 6 2 Coordinate community-based issues with the ADC and DEC and communicate messages from the ADC and DEC to the communities 2 Encourage and mobilize community resources for popular participation in self-help activities 2 Assist in identifying, prioritizing, and preparing community needs and submit the same to the ADC 2 Supervise, monitor, | -0.519704 | 0.522575 | 1.13027 | 0.545372 | [
-0.7611090370628253,
-0.2782984483407621
] | [
0.6031530180524884,
0.4419964457346138
] | [
0.9831683309424539,
1.2773722898870292
] | [
0.4153038624715214,
0.6754408892968098
] | 1,024 | [
512,
512
] | [
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29941,
317,
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29925,
322,
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1785,
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565,
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750,
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297,
349,
29925,
26433,
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263,
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29928,
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29928,
785,
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and evaluate the implementation of development activities in the villages 2 Coordinate, support and supervise activities of service committees and community support groups 2 Solicit external funding for prioritized community-based projects 2 Initiate locally funded self-help activities 1 1 Report to the Group Village Headman (GVH) all activities and discussions of the committee 2 2 ADC 2 2 Organizing monthly general meetings of the ADC in liaison with the relevant VDCs 2 Assisting in the identification, prioritisation, and preparation of community needs which encompass more than one VDC and submit them to the DEC 2 Supervising, monitoring, and evaluating the implementation of projects at TA level 2 Mobilizing community resources and soliciting funds 2 Receiving, prioritizing, and preparing project proposals from VDCs for submission to the DEC 2 3 AEC 2 2
Assist the ADC in the identification and preparation of project proposals 2 Carry out field appraisal of projects 2 Review all project proposals before submission to the DEC for consideration 2 Act as an advisory body to the ADC 2 Assist in supervising project implementation at area level 2 Conduct data collection and analysis at community level 2 Prepare monthly reports 2 Take the lead in the organization of VDCs 2 Facilitate the capacity building of VDCs and assist them in setting guidelines for development in the area 2 With all three committee types discharging at least 60 percent of their respective duties through PPWP, it can be concluded that, in the areas sampled, the national framework has been successful in encouraging participation in the form of indirect representation.
Evaluation of overall Citizen ParticipationUsing Cohen and Uphoff's participation model and Arnstein's Ladder of Participation, a qualitative assessment of the level of citizen participation under MASAF IV PPWP can be made that will give an indication of whether participation is at the desired intensity or needs improving.
What Kind of Participation?The Cohen and Uphoff model cites four stages (Decision-Making, Implementation, Benefits and Evaluation) that should all allow for citizen participation, and, based on the data collected, the following table firstly lists the stakeholders identified as predominant during the Decision Making stage.
Table 4-G – Participation by decision type
Decision Type Stakeholders
1 Initial Decisions Identification of Priority Developmental issues, proposing of projects/interventions (location, distribution amongst VDCs) MAJOR – VDCs, ADCs, Cllrs
MINOR – Local Residents
Distribution of "beneficiary threshold" amongst areas, allocation of materials and tools to projects MAJOR – Cllrs, MPs, District Council
Final approval of proposed projects/interventions MAJOR – Cllrs, MPs, TAs
2 Ongoing Decisions Reassignment of workers between projects where necessary, changing of order of projects MAJOR – VDCs, ADCs
3 Operational Decisions None identified –
As shown, major participation status was assigned to stakeholders if more than 50 percent of respondents indicated that participated in an activity listed on the questionnaire.
For example, all ADCs and VDCs interviewed stated that they had participated in project identification (Initial decisions), whilst 50 percent of the Councillors stated that they had participated in the same (Figure 4-B). In contrast, only 2.2 percent of local resident respondents stated that they had participated in project identification.
No operational decision-making processes were identified and, for ongoing decisions, the data points to the exclusive participation of VDCs and ADCs in that regard.
Whilst, as representatives of the masses, VDC and ADC participation as presented in Table 4-B signifies high citizen participation, with 6 out of 10 local residents believing they should have a direct hand in project identification, the data shows low citizen participation in decision-making. Using Arnstein's logic, the non-participation implies either Manipulation or Therapy, the lowest end of the participation spectrum.
In terms of Implementation, the responses have been grouped into three types and are illustrated by the table below:
Table 4-H – Participation by implementation type
Type Stakeholders
1 Resource Contributions Provision of Tools, Materials, Land and Labour MA | -0.580997 | 0.619269 | 1.475199 | 0.774293 | [
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-0.7008433181868797
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1.6831708539485122,
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JOR – VDCs, ADCs, Cllrs, Local Residents (beneficiaries)
2 Project Administration and Coordination Supervision of project work, on-site activities (roll-calling, task distribution), MAJOR – Local Residents (beneficiaries) , VDCs, ADCs, District Council
3 Enlistment Recruited as MASAF IV beneficiaries MAJOR – Local Residents, District Council
As seen, local residents are well included at this stage and participation is quite significant.
Official Council documents indicate a budget for tools and materials but, as will be highlighted further down, demand is surplus to provision. This, according to several respondents, sometimes forces them to source tools and materials domestically. Cohen and Uphoff emphasise noting if such resource contributions are "voluntary, remunerated or coerced", which affects the interpretation of the idealness of participation here. From their typology, the tools and material contributions appear "coerced".
Apart from the communities providing labour, they also provide skilled artisans and foremen that work on sub-projects in different capacities (page 54). This was not verified as none of the respondents interviewed indicated they were foremen or artisans.
The District Council further stated that was responsible for the actual assignment of eligible households to PPWP but communities contributed to determining their eligibility (Page 52). Community participation was also effected with local households being picked for PPWP project work.
In terms of participating in Benefits, Cohen and Uphoff categorise benefits into three types and, through Table 4-I below, an indication of the level of participation is provided.
Table 4-I – Participation by Benefit type
1 Material Benefits Income, household assets obtained using income (livestock, building materials, clothes etc.) MAJOR – Local Residents (beneficiaries)
2 Social Benefits Project deliverables – community assets created (roads, village forest areas, fishponds, irrigation schemes etc.) MAJOR – Local Residents, Local Leadership (VDCs, ADCs Traditional Leaders)
3 Personal Benefits None identified –
There is significant participation in the utilisation of material benefits, with the receipt of wages by PPWP beneficiaries working and both artisans and foremen also being remunerated. 78 percent of the 277 beneficiary respondents stated that their participation under the programme had "helped bring development" to their areas and given them "income to buy household items, food and pay for fees".
The benefits of social infrastructure such as roads are also participated in and are spread across the different community-based stakeholders, including those not associated with PPWP. Some beneficiary respondents cited "improved access between villages" as one such benefit being enjoyed.
It was noted that citizen participation in Evaluation is next to non-existent and Project-centered evaluation, through which PPWP implementation is evaluated, is facilitated centrally by the Council. However, some beneficiaries stated that they had submitted both complaints and requests to Council officers during supervisions relating to issues such as "delays in paying wages" and "inclusion of the elderly on labour-intensive sub-projects", which would imply participation in informal evaluations at community level.
A summary of the WHAT dimension under PPWP is shown in Table 4-J, indicating evidence of citizen participation under 8 of 13 possible activities.
Table 4-J – Occurrence of Citizen Participation by Cohen and Uphoff's Participation
Who Participates?As classed by Cohen and Uphoff and based on the information in previous sections, the three groups of participants identified under PPWP are Government Officials, Local Leaders and Local Residents.
Grassroots participation is confirmed by the involvement in 62 percent of activity types under PPWP.
How is Participation Occurring?The testimonies from the respective stakeholders were probed to determine participation in relation to the HOW dimension of the Cohen and Uphoff model. Table 4-K highlights the findings.
Table 4-K – Analysis of how participation occurs
Type 1 Direction of initiative(s) Bottom-Up (VDCs/ADCs develop VLAPs, Council facilitates implementation of VLAP projects under PPWP)
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