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Infant physiological regulation and maternal risks as predictors of dyadic interaction trajectories in families with a preterm infant.

This longitudinal study examined predictors of rates of growth in dyadic interaction quality in children born preterm who did not experience significant neurological findings during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization. Multiple methods were used to collect data from 120 preterm infants (48% girls, 52% boys) and their mothers. Infant heart rate variability (HRV), gestational age, neonatal health, feeding route, and maternal socioeconomic (SES) risks were assessed at NICU discharge (mean of 36 weeks postconception). Mother-child interactions were observed at 4, 9, 16, and 24 months postterm and analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling. On average, children's quality of play, interest, and attention increased over time while their dysregulation and irritability decreased, whereas average maternal positive affect and involvement declined in quality (ps < .05), although there was individual variation in rates of change. Mothers of infants with higher postfeeding HRV (i.e., vagal regulation) exhibited less decrease in positive affect and involvement between 4 months and 24 months, compared with mothers of infants with lower HRV (p < .05). Although infants with higher postfeeding HRV showed less positive affect and communication at 4 months, they exhibited significantly greater increases in positive affect and social competence and decreases in dysregulation and irritability between 4 months and 24 months, compared with infants with lower HRV (ps < .05). Dyads experiencing more SES risks showed less optimal interactions at 4 months; this difference remained as children grew older (ps < .05). Results have implications for our understanding of social development in preterm infants.

['Adult', 'Affect', 'Age Factors', 'Attention', 'Child Development', 'Family', 'Female', 'Heart Rate', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant Behavior', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infant, Premature', 'Intensive Care Units, Neonatal', 'Longitudinal Studies', 'Male', 'Mother-Child Relations', 'Play and Playthings', 'Pregnancy', 'Risk Factors', 'Time Factors']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F01.470.047'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['F02.830.104.214'], ['F01.525.200', 'G07.345.374.750'], ['F01.829.263', 'I01.880.853.150'], ['E01.370.600.875.500', 'G09.330.380.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['F01.145.179.500'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.520'], ['N02.278.388.493.390.380'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.500'], ['F01.829.263.370.290.170'], ['I03.450.642.693'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

[Unusual association of squamous and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid].

The Authors report a case of thyroid squamous cell carcinoma associated to a counterlateral lobe follicular carcinoma, they had the opportunity to observe. The histogenetic hypotheses and problems of differential diagnosis are discussed.

['Adenocarcinoma', 'Carcinoma, Squamous Cell', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasms, Multiple Primary', 'Thyroid Neoplasms']

[['C04.557.470.200.025'], ['C04.557.470.200.400', 'C04.557.470.700.400'], ['E01.171'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.651'], ['C04.588.322.894', 'C04.588.443.915', 'C19.344.894', 'C19.874.788']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Differential regulation of mouse B cell development by transforming growth factor beta1.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) can inhibit the in vitro proliferation, survival and differentiation of B cell progenitors, mature B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Here we demonstrate unexpected, age-dependent reductions in the bone marrow (BM) B cell progenitors and immature B cells in TGFbeta1-/- mice. To evaluate TGFbeta responsiveness during normal B lineage development, cells were cultured in interleukin 7 (IL7) +/- TGFbeta. Picomolar doses of TGFbeta1 reduced pro-B cell recoveries at every timepoint. By contrast, the pre-B cells were initially reduced in number, but subsequently increased compared to IL7 alone, resulting in a 4-fold increase in the growth rate for the pre-B cell population. Analysis of purified BM sub-populations indicated that pro-B cells and the earliest BP1- pre-B cells were sensitive to the inhibitory effects of TGFbeta1. However, the large BP1+ pre-B cells, although initially reduced, were increased in number at days 5 and 7 of culture. These results indicate that TGFbeta1 is important for normal B cell development in vivo, and that B cell progenitors are differentially affected by the cytokine according to their stage of differentiation.

['Animals', 'B-Lymphocytes', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Division', 'Female', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Hematopoietic Stem Cells', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Transforming Growth Factor beta', 'Transforming Growth Factor beta1']

[['B01.050'], ['A11.063.438', 'A11.118.637.555.567.562', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.562', 'A15.382.032.438', 'A15.382.490.555.567.562'], ['G04.152'], ['G04.144.220', 'G04.161.750.500', 'G05.113', 'G07.345.249.410.750.500'], ['E01.370.225.500.363.342', 'E01.370.225.500.386.350', 'E05.196.712.516.600.240.350', 'E05.200.500.363.342', 'E05.200.500.386.350', 'E05.242.363.342', 'E05.242.386.350'], ['A11.148.378', 'A11.872.378', 'A15.378.316.378'], ['E05.481'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['D12.644.276.374.687', 'D12.644.276.954.775', 'D12.776.467.374.687', 'D12.776.467.942.775', 'D23.529.374.687', 'D23.529.942.775'], ['D12.644.276.374.687.100', 'D12.644.276.954.775.100', 'D12.776.467.374.687.100', 'D12.776.467.942.775.100', 'D23.529.374.687.100', 'D23.529.942.775.100']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

[Genetic techniques--chances--risks--limits (from the viewpoint of the legislator--ethical questions--status of medical research].

Gene technology is still a very young area of research. Advantages or disadvantages of this development cannot be tangibly predicted. Irrational desires and fears have surfaced resulting from the fact that we are now in a position of cultivate certain biological characteristics hitherto impossible to reproduce. Individual cases of genome analysis under working conditions, genome analysis as a genetic fingerprint, outdoor plant experiments and gene testing procedures in prenatal diagnoses should all be considered. Analysis uncertainty exists in all these fields, not least caused by multifunctional factors affecting genetic features. The question regarding the right to know or not to know, and the data protection problem irrevocably connected to this, is constantly being raised. It must be recorded that, in spite of the latest scientific findings, opportunities for therapy are frequently lacking. In all our efforts, the psychological conflicts of those concerned and the resulting socio-economic consequences must be taken into consideration.

['Ethics, Medical', 'Genetic Techniques', 'Genetic Testing', 'Germany', 'Humans', 'Research', 'Risk Factors']

[['K01.752.566.479.171.132.750', 'N05.350.340.162.500'], ['E05.393'], ['E01.370.225.562', 'E05.200.562', 'E05.393.435', 'N02.421.308.430', 'N02.421.726.233.221'], ['Z01.542.315'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['H01.770.644'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725']]

['Humanities [K]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Secretion of prolactin-synergizing activity (synlactin) by the liver of ectothermic vertebrates in vitro.

Recent work in our laboratory indicated that the liver of rats and pigeons secretes a prolactin synergist (synlactin) in vitro. We have investigated the secretion of this activity by the liver of nine species of ectothermic vertebrates. Liver from three teleosts (goby, salmon, and tilapia), four amphibians (Ambystoma, Necturus, bullfrog, and grass frog) and two reptiles (turtle and anole) was diced, washed, and incubated for 3 hr in isotonic medium. After dialysis, the liver incubation media (LIM) were tested with and without prolactin (PRL) in the local pigeon crop-sac bioassay. The LIM for turtle, larval bullfrog, freshwater salmon, and 5% seawater-adapted goby significantly augmented the local crop-sac response to PRL, but the LIM from anole, adult bullfrog, grass frog, fasted larval Ambystoma, Necturus, 100% seawater-adapted goby, and tilapia did not contain synergizing activity. We conclude that synlactin is secreted by the liver of several species representing three of the major ectothermic classes of vertebrates. It is significant that in two cases, larval bullfrog and 5% seawater-adapted goby, the presence of synlactin occurs in physiological states in which PRL is active. In the opposite cases (adult frog and 100% seawater-adapted goby) the activity was not detectable. We also found that the liver of larval and adult bullfrogs and tilapia released a factor in vitro that had proliferative activity in the crop-sac. This activity appears to be distinct from synlactin.

['Amphibians', 'Animals', 'Columbidae', 'Fishes', 'Larva', 'Liver', 'Prolactin', 'Proteins', 'Reptiles']

[['B01.050.150.900.090'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.165.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.493'], ['B05.500.500', 'G07.345.500.550.500.500'], ['A03.620'], ['D06.472.699.322.576.773', 'D06.472.699.631.525.525', 'D12.644.548.691.525.525'], ['D12.776'], ['B01.050.150.900.833']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

[Cutaneomucous hyalinosis in monozygotic twins].

Two Urbach-Wiethe disease cases in both univitelline twins sisters, 8 years old, are presented. Consanguinity is demonstrated in their parents and we consider this to be the second study of this type described in Spain and the first one in the world with such genetic features. We emphasize the early process apparition--just after birth--clinically characterised only by hoarseness. In consecutive years, both sisters developed varioliform scars on elbows, knees, and forehead and induration of lips on their mucous surface and palpebral margins. The histological and ultrastructural findings superposed in both patient--typical and confirmatory of the clinical picture--are commented as well as present histopathogenetic interpretations.

['Basement Membrane', 'Capillaries', 'Child', 'Consanguinity', 'Diseases in Twins', 'Female', 'Fibroblasts', 'Humans', 'Lipidoses', 'Lipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and Wiethe', 'Pedigree', 'Skin', 'Twins, Monozygotic']

[['A10.272.220', 'A10.615.179'], ['A07.015.461.165'], ['M01.060.406'], ['G05.090.403.180', 'G05.180'], ['C23.550.291.750'], ['A11.329.228'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C16.320.565.398.641', 'C18.452.584.687', 'C18.452.648.398.641'], ['C08.618.490.500', 'C16.320.850.595'], ['E05.393.673'], ['A17.815'], ['M01.438.873.940']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Climate influence on dengue epidemics in Puerto Rico.

The variability of the insect-borne disease dengue in Puerto Rico was studied in relation to climatic variables in the period 1979-2005. Annual and monthly reported dengue cases were compared with precipitation and temperature data. Results show that the incidence of dengue in Puerto Rico was relatively constant over time despite global warming, possibly due to the offsetting effects of declining rainfall, improving health care and little change in population. Seasonal fluctuations of dengue were driven by rainfall increases from May to November. Year-to-year variability in dengue cases was positively related to temperature, but only weakly associated with local rainfall and an index of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Climatic conditions were mapped with respect to dengue cases and patterns in high and low years were compared. During epidemics, a low pressure system east of Florida draws warm humid air over the northwestern Caribbean. Long-term trends in past observed and future projected rainfall and temperatures were studied. Rainfall has declined slowly, but temperatures in the Caribbean are rising with the influence of global warming. Thus, dengue may increase in the future, and it will be necessary to anticipate dengue epidemics using climate forecasts, to reduce adverse health impacts.

['Animals', 'Climate', 'Dengue', 'Disease Outbreaks', 'Greenhouse Effect', 'Humans', 'Insect Vectors', 'Puerto Rico', 'Rain', 'Seasons', 'Time Factors', 'Weather']

[['B01.050'], ['G16.500.275.071', 'N06.230.300.100.250'], ['C01.920.500.270', 'C01.925.081.270', 'C01.925.782.350.250.214', 'C01.925.782.417.214'], ['N06.850.290'], ['G16.500.175.827', 'N06.230.265'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N06.850.335.188.100.500', 'N06.850.520.203.375.100.500'], ['Z01.107.084.900.750', 'Z01.639.880.750'], ['G16.500.175.859', 'G16.500.275.063.725.395', 'G16.500.750.775.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.450', 'N06.230.520'], ['G01.910.645.661', 'G16.500.275.071.590', 'N06.230.300.100.250.525'], ['G01.910.857'], ['G16.500.275.063.725', 'G16.500.750.775', 'N06.230.300.100.725']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase activity in guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

An enzyme is present in extracts of guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes which can catalyze the hydrolysis of pyridine nucleotides. The enzyme is equally active toward nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or NAD phosphate, has an acid pH optimum, and is inhibited by either nicotinamide or isonicotinic acid hydrazide. This enzyme might be involved in the regulation of the pyridine nucleotide concentration within the leukocyte.

['Albumins', 'Animals', 'Azides', 'Blood Proteins', 'Carbon Isotopes', 'Chemical Phenomena', 'Chemistry', 'Chromatography', 'Cyanides', 'Guinea Pigs', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Kinetics', 'Leukocytes', 'N-Glycosyl Hydrolases', 'NAD', 'NADP', 'Niacinamide', 'Time Factors']

[['D12.776.034'], ['B01.050'], ['D01.625.100', 'D02.159'], ['D12.776.124'], ['D01.268.150.075', 'D01.496.123'], ['G02'], ['H01.181'], ['E05.196.181'], ['D01.248.497.158.291', 'D01.625.400.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.550'], ['G02.300'], ['E05.481'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['A11.118.637', 'A15.145.229.637', 'A15.382.490'], ['D08.811.277.450.430'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.694', 'D08.211.589', 'D13.695.667.138.694', 'D13.695.827.068.694'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.749', 'D08.211.625', 'D13.695.667.138.749', 'D13.695.827.068.749'], ['D03.066.515.530', 'D03.383.725.547.530'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]']

[Tubular secretion of phosphate in the human kidney (author's transl)].

There are a few scattered publications on primary tubulopathies, where a net secretion of phosphorus by renal tubules, a mechanism usually not existing in man, is shown. By means of a further case, we are able to demonstrate a 30% increase of phosphate excretion over filtration after a phosphate load. The mechanism of action will be discussed. Under certain conditions like a rapid increase in serum phosphorus or after volume expansion a tubular secretory mechanism of phosphate can be unmasked. As this secretory mechanism goes into action only beyond a certain serum threshold of phosphorus and a transport maximum cannot be shown it is most likely that passive transport by means of an increased diffusion cell to lumen is the proposed mechanism involved.

['Adolescent', 'Biological Transport', 'Glycosuria, Renal', 'Humans', 'Kidney Tubules', 'Male', 'Phosphates']

[['M01.060.057'], ['G03.143'], ['C12.777.419.815.532', 'C12.777.934.363.450', 'C13.351.968.419.815.532', 'C13.351.968.934.363.450', 'C16.320.831.532', 'C18.452.394.937.450'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A05.810.453.736.560'], ['D01.029.260.700.675.374', 'D01.248.497.158.730', 'D01.695.625.675.650']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Escherichia coli serotype K45 capsular antigen: a glycan containing 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxygalactopyranose.

The primary structure of the acidic capsular antigen of Escherichia coli O8:K45:H9 was shown by glycose analysis, methylation analysis, and one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy to be composed of repeating branched tetrasaccharide units having the structure: [formula: see text] The polysaccharide contains the uncommon amino sugar 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-D- galactopyranose, which has not been previously identified in a capsular antigen.

['Acetylgalactosamine', 'Acetylglucosamine', 'Antigens, Bacterial', 'Carbohydrate Conformation', 'Carbohydrate Sequence', 'Escherichia coli', 'Fucose', 'Galactose', 'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Oligosaccharides', 'Polysaccharides, Bacterial']

[['D09.067.342.356.050'], ['D09.067.342.531.050'], ['D23.050.161'], ['G02.111.570.820.235'], ['G02.111.570.160', 'L01.453.245.667.160'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['D09.254.488'], ['D09.947.875.359.377'], ['E05.196.867.519'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['D09.698.629'], ['D09.698.718', 'D23.050.161.616']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Plausibility effects when reading one- and two-character words in Chinese: evidence from eye movements.

Eye movements of Chinese readers were monitored as they read sentences containing a critical character that was either a 1-character word or the initial character of a 2-character word. Due to manipulation of the verb prior to the target word, the 1-character target word (or the first character of the 2-character target word) was either plausible or implausible, as an independent word, at the point at which it appeared, whereas the 2-character word was always plausible. The eye movement data showed that the plausibility manipulation did not exert an influence on the reading of the 2-character word or its component characters. However, plausibility significantly influenced reading of the 1-character target word. These results suggest that processes of semantic integration in reading Chinese are performed at a word level, instead of a character level, and that word segmentation must take place very early in the course of processing.

['Eye Movement Measurements', 'Eye Movements', 'Humans', 'Language', 'Pattern Recognition, Visual', 'Probability', 'Reading']

[['E01.370.380.230', 'E01.370.405.245.787'], ['G11.427.410.140', 'G14.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.145.209.399', 'L01.559'], ['F02.463.593.524.500', 'F02.463.593.932.622'], ['E05.318.740.600', 'G17.680', 'N05.715.360.750.625', 'N06.850.520.830.600'], ['L01.559.423.557']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Health Care [N]']

Meniscal tears sustained awaiting anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

We reviewed 68 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction after initial EUA & arthroscopy in the knee unit of a United Kingdom district general hospital. Mean time between injury and ACL reconstruction surgery was 23.3 months with the incidence of meniscal tear at reconstruction being 67.6%. In this series 10.3% of patients sustained a meniscal tear in the delay period between arthroscopy and reconstruction surgery. Meniscal tear is strongly associated with ACL rupture and also a poorer outcome following reconstruction surgery. The delay in diagnosis and wait for reconstruction surgery that patients experience are potentially worsening surgical outcomes in the anterior cruciate deficient knee.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries', 'Arthroscopy', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Reconstructive Surgical Procedures', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Rupture', 'Tibial Meniscus Injuries', 'Treatment Outcome', 'United Kingdom', 'Waiting Lists']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['C26.558.554.213'], ['E01.370.388.250.070', 'E04.502.250.070', 'E04.555.113'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E04.680'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['C26.761'], ['C26.558.781'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['Z01.542.363'], ['N04.452.095.738']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

[Noncirrhotic liver fibrosis after chronic arsenic poisoning].

A 67-year-old woman with portal hypertension, splenomegaly without portal vein thrombosis, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia of splenic origin had repeated episodes of life-threatening haemorrhage from esophageal varices. Since childhood she had suffered from psoriasis and had been treated over a period of 15 years with Fowler's solution (in all about 25 g of arsenic trioxide). She had the characteristic skin lesions of arsenical poisoning-palmar hyperkeratoses and two basal cell carcinomas on the trunk. Histological examination of a wedge biopsy from the liver showed definite structural changes with fibrosis around the central veins and in the portal tracts. There was no evidence of cirrhotic alteration. The hepatocytes were normal by light microscopy and electron microscopy. This case of noncirrhotic hepatic fibrosis is considered to have been caused by chronic arsenical poisoning.

['Aged', 'Arsenic Poisoning', 'Arsenites', 'Biopsy', 'Carcinoma, Basal Cell', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Liver', 'Liver Cirrhosis', 'Potassium', 'Potassium Compounds', 'Psoriasis', 'Skin', 'Skin Neoplasms', 'Time Factors']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['C10.720.475.150', 'C25.723.098'], ['D01.075.050', 'D01.248.497.158.055'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['C04.557.470.200.165', 'C04.557.470.565.165'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A03.620'], ['C06.552.630', 'C23.550.355.412'], ['D01.268.549.550', 'D01.268.557.575', 'D01.552.528.652', 'D01.552.547.650'], ['D01.745'], ['C17.800.859.675'], ['A17.815'], ['C04.588.805', 'C17.800.882'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Immunofluorescence Tomography: High-resolution 3-D reconstruction by serial-sectioning of methacrylate embedded tissues and alignment of 2-D immunofluorescence images.

Immunofluorescence tomography is a high-resolution 3-D reconstruction method based on methacrylate embedding and serial-sectioning, where 2-D images of immuno-stained serial-sections are computationally aligned into image stacks, and the 3-D volume rendered. Butyl-Methyl Methacrylate (BMMA) plastic was adopted as it preserves excellent tissue morphology and can be de-plasticized easily using an organic solvent, which enables immuno-staining of serial-sections without antibody penetration issues over millimeters of 3-D reconstructed tissue (Z-depth). High axial Z-resolution over a large volume was achieved by cutting serial-sections at 2 µm thickness. Stained sections were imaged by multiple modalities, including immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and second harmonic generation (SHG), and there are advantages over confocal microscopy as the tissue does not need to be cleared, while antibody penetration or light scattering issues are minimized. The plastic serial-sections can be re-probed, without a loss in tissue structure, using low pH glycine hydrochloride antibody elution. It is a cost-effective approach as the microscopes needed are significantly cheaper than confocal microscopes and sections can be kept indefinitely. Therefore, immunofluorescence tomography is a powerful new tool to quantify sub-populations of cells in high-resolution 3-D using antibody fluorescence. This article describes the immunofluorescence tomography method for 3-D reconstruction of epithelial tissues such as mammary gland, cornea and the hair follicle.

['Animals', 'Cornea', 'Fluorescent Antibody Technique', 'Hair Follicle', 'Histological Techniques', 'Imaging, Three-Dimensional', 'Mammary Glands, Animal', 'Methacrylates', 'Mice', 'Mice, Transgenic', 'Microscopy, Electron', 'Microtomy', 'Tissue Embedding', 'Tomography']

[['B01.050'], ['A09.371.060.217'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512.240', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512.240', 'E05.200.500.607.512.240', 'E05.200.750.551.512.240', 'E05.478.583.375'], ['A10.272.497.500', 'A17.360.710', 'A17.815.250.500'], ['E01.370.225.750', 'E05.200.750'], ['E01.370.350.400', 'L01.224.308.410'], ['A10.336.482', 'A13.589'], ['D02.241.081.069.600'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800'], ['E01.370.350.515.402', 'E05.595.402'], ['E01.370.225.500.620.530', 'E01.370.225.750.600.530', 'E05.200.500.620.530', 'E05.200.750.600.530'], ['E01.370.225.500.620.760.440', 'E01.370.225.750.600.760.440', 'E05.200.500.620.760.440', 'E05.200.750.600.760.440'], ['E01.370.350.825']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Reverie-informed research interviewing.

Drawing on Thomas Ogden's notion of 'reverie', the role of self-reflection in research interviewing is explored. Ogden views reverie as a co-created intersubjective phenomenon, a 'third', distinct from both analyst and patient. Two face-to-face research interviews with adolescent depression sufferers are described, showing how reverie can be used to help overcome impasse, and develop research hypotheses. Participant-centred research interviews were thus shown to be enhanced by psychoanalytically informed self-reflection as accessed through reverie. The role of reverie in research interviewing, in part spontaneous and ineffable, in part defined and systematic, is discussed.

['Countertransference', 'Humans', 'Interviews as Topic', 'Professional-Patient Relations', 'Psychoanalysis', 'Qualitative Research', 'Research Design', 'Unconscious, Psychology']

[['F04.754.720.864.363'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.420', 'L01.399.250.520', 'N05.715.360.300.400', 'N06.850.520.308.420'], ['F01.829.401.650', 'N05.300.660'], ['F04.096.544.779'], ['H01.770.644.241.850'], ['E05.581.500', 'H01.770.644.728'], ['F01.752.747.930', 'F02.739.794.942']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

[Optimizing cultural conditions of measles vaccine working seed lot with orthogonal experiments].

OBJECTIVE: To improve the quality of measles vaccine and find out good combination of cultural factors of measles vaccine virus seeds.METHODS: Orthogonal experiments were made to confirm optimized cultural factors. 5 lots of optimized measles vaccine working seed lot were prepared.RESULTS: The titers of the optimized vaccine seed improved significantly (> or = 0.69 +/- 0.35 LgCCID50/1.0 ml, P < 0.05), compared with 5 lots of traditional working seed lot. With these seeds we trial-prepared 5 lots of lyophilized vaccines respectively, the titer and stability met the Chinese Requirements of Biological Products.CONCLUSION: The orthogonal experiment is a kind of good method for optimizing cultural conditions of measles vaccine working seed lot. The yield and quality of measles vaccine can be improved in the optimized working seed lot with high titer and good stability.

['Culture Media', 'Humans', 'Measles Vaccine', 'Measles virus', 'Vaccines, Attenuated', 'Virulence', 'Virus Cultivation']

[['D27.720.470.305', 'E07.206'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D20.215.894.899.404'], ['B04.820.480.937.600.650.500.500'], ['D20.215.894.811'], ['G06.930'], ['E01.370.225.875.970', 'E05.200.875.970']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Interleukin-6 induces keratin expression in intestinal epithelial cells: potential role of keratin-8 in interleukin-6-induced barrier function alterations.

Keratin 8 (K8) and keratin-18 (K18) are the major intermediate filament proteins in the intestinal epithelia. The regulation and function of keratin in the intestinal epithelia is largely unknown. In this study we addressed the role and regulation of K8 and K18 expression by interleukin 6 (IL-6). Caco2-BBE cell line and IL-6 null mice were used to study the effect of IL-6 on keratin expression. Keratin expression was studied by Northern blot, Western blot, and confocal microscopy. Paracellular permeability was assessed by apical-to-basal transport of a fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran probe (FD-4). K8 was silenced using the small interfering RNA approach. IL-6 significantly up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of K8 and K18. Confocal microscopy showed a reticular pattern of intracellular keratin localized to the subapical region after IL-6 treatment. IL-6 also induced serine phosphorylation of K8. IL-6 decreased paracellular flux of FD-4 compared with vehicle-treated monolayers. K8 silencing abolished the decrease in paracellular permeability induced by IL-6. Administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) significantly increased intestinal permeability in IL-6-/- mice compared with wild type mice given DSS. Collectively, our data demonstrate that IL-6 regulates the colonic expression of K8 and K18, and K8/K18 mediates barrier protection by IL-6 under conditions where intestinal barrier is compromised. Thus, our data uncover a novel function of these abundant cytoskeletal proteins, which may have implications in intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease wherein barrier dysfunction underlies the inflammatory response.

['Animals', 'Caco-2 Cells', 'Colon', 'Epithelial Cells', 'Fluorescent Dyes', 'Humans', 'Inflammation', 'Interleukin-6', 'Intestines', 'Keratin-8', 'Keratins', 'Mice', 'Mice, Transgenic', 'Microscopy, Confocal', 'Permeability']

[['B01.050'], ['A11.251.210.190.160', 'A11.251.860.180.160', 'A11.436.140'], ['A03.556.124.526.356', 'A03.556.249.249.356'], ['A11.436'], ['D27.720.233.348', 'D27.720.470.410.505.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.550.470'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.224', 'D12.776.467.374.465.202', 'D23.529.374.465.224'], ['A03.556.124'], ['D05.750.078.593.450.600.800', 'D12.776.220.475.450.600.800', 'D12.776.860.607.650.800'], ['D05.750.078.593.450', 'D12.776.220.475.450', 'D12.776.860.607'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800'], ['E01.370.350.515.395', 'E05.595.395'], ['G02.723']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Toll-like receptor 9-mediated protection of enterovirus 71 infection in mice is due to the release of danger-associated molecular patterns.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a positive-stranded RNA virus, is the major cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with severe neurological symptoms. Antiviral type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-á/â]) responses initiated from innate receptor signaling are inhibited by EV71-encoded proteases. It is less well understood whether EV71-induced apoptosis provides a signal to activate type I interferon responses as a host defensive mechanism. In this report, we found that EV71 alone cannot activate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling, but supernatant from EV71-infected cells is capable of activating TLR9. We hypothesized that TLR9-activating signaling from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) may contribute to host defense mechanisms. To test our hypothesis, Flt3 ligand-cultured DCs (Flt3L-DCs) from both wild-type (WT) and TLR9 knockout (TLR9KO) mice were infected with EV71. More viral particles were produced in TLR9KO mice than by WT mice. In contrast, alpha interferon (IFN-á), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-á), IFN-ã, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-10 levels were increased in Flt3L-DCs from WT mice infected with EV71 compared with TLR9KO mice. Seven-day-old TLR9KO mice infected with a non-mouse-adapted EV71 strain developed neurological lesion-related symptoms, including hind-limb paralysis, slowness, ataxia, and lethargy, but WT mice did not present with these symptoms. Lung, brain, small intestine, forelimb, and hind-limb tissues collected from TLR9KO mice exhibited significantly higher viral loads than equivalent tissues collected from WT mice. Histopathologic damage was observed in brain, small intestine, forelimb, and hind-limb tissues collected from TLR9KO mice infected with EV71. Our findings demonstrate that TLR9 is an important host defense molecule during EV71 infection. Importance: The host innate immune system is equipped with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are useful for defending the host against invading pathogens. During enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, the innate immune system is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which include viral RNA or DNA, and these PAMPs are recognized by PRRs. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7/8 recognize viral nucleic acids, and TLR9 senses unmethylated CpG DNA or pathogen-derived DNA. These PRRs stimulate the production of type I interferons (IFNs) to counteract viral infection, and they are the major source of antiviral alpha interferon (IFN-á) production in pDCs, which can produce 200- to 1,000-fold more IFN-á than any other immune cell type. In addition to PAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are known to be potent activators of innate immune signaling, including TLR9. We found that EV71 induces cellular apoptosis, resulting in tissue damage; the endogenous DNA from dead cells may activate the innate immune system through TLR9. Therefore, our study provides new insights into EV71-induced apoptosis, which stimulates TLR9 in EV71-associated infections.

['Animals', 'Base Sequence', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cytokines', 'DNA Primers', 'Enterovirus A, Human', 'Enterovirus Infections', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Interferon Type I', 'Mice', 'Mice, Knockout', 'NF-kappa B', 'Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Toll-Like Receptor 9', 'Virus Replication']

[['B01.050'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['A11.251'], ['D12.644.276.374', 'D12.776.467.374', 'D23.529.374'], ['D13.695.578.424.450.275', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.600'], ['B04.820.578.750.284.180'], ['C01.925.782.687.359'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['D12.644.276.374.440.890', 'D12.776.467.374.440.890', 'D23.529.374.440.890'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['D05.500.672', 'D12.776.260.600', 'D12.776.660.600', 'D12.776.930.600'], ['E05.393.620.500.706'], ['D12.776.260.750', 'D12.776.543.750.705.910.500.900'], ['G06.920.925']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Zscan10 is dispensable for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing 10 (Zscan10, also known as Zfp206) encodes a transcription factor that has been reported to be involved in the maintenance of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here we generated inducible knockout ES cells for Zscan10 using the Cre-loxP system and analyzed its function. We succeeded in establishing Zscan10-null ES cells and confirmed their pluripotency by the generation of chimeric embryos. Our results clearly indicate that Zscan10 is dispensable for the ability of self-renewal and differentiation in ES cells.

['Animals', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Mice', 'Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells', 'Pluripotent Stem Cells', 'Transcription Factors']

[['B01.050'], ['G04.152'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['A11.251'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['A11.872.700.250.875'], ['A11.872.700'], ['D12.776.930']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Brain vasculature and mitochondrial responses to ischemia in gerbils. I. Basic anatomical patterns and biochemical correlates.

A unique blood supply to the brain, the 'Circle of Willis' (COW), exists in all mammals except for the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). This system is capable of compensating for a decrease in blood supply in one of the four arteries, which may occur during pathological conditions. The posterior connection between the basilar artery and the carotid artery system have been found to be missing in most gerbils. Furthermore, in some of the animals, the anterior communication was not complete, thus leading to partial ischemia following unilateral carotid artery occlusion. Due to those peculiar characteristics, the Mongolian gerbil today has become a widespread animal model for cerebral ischemia studies. M. unguiculatus has been used in most of the studies while the level of ischemia has been evaluated by the development of neurological symptoms created by the occlusion of the carotid arteries. In the present study we investigated the vasculature structure of the commonly used gerbil, M. unguiculatus (MU-TF) and compared it to the vasculature of the Israeli gerbil, Meriones tristrami as well as to that of the Albino rat. We determined the correlation between the anatomical pattern and the biochemical responses during partial or complete ischemia and anoxia by monitoring the oxidation-reduction state of the intramitochondrial NADH using an in vivo surface fluorescence technique. The corrected fluorescence signal was found to be inversely correlated with oxygen availability and could thus be used as an indicator for the level of ischemia developed after carotid artery occlusion. This is the first time that the brain vasculature of two lines of M. tristrami (MT-HU, MT-BD) has been investigated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

['Animals', 'Brain', 'Brain Ischemia', 'Circle of Willis', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Fluorometry', 'Gerbillinae', 'Mitochondria', 'NAD', 'Oxidation-Reduction', 'Rats', 'Seizures']

[['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['C10.228.140.300.150', 'C14.907.253.092'], ['A07.015.114.228.351'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['E05.196.712.516.600'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.300'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.875.564', 'A11.284.835.626'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.694', 'D08.211.589', 'D13.695.667.138.694', 'D13.695.827.068.694'], ['G02.700', 'G03.295.531'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['C10.597.742', 'C23.888.592.742']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Ecogeographic patterns of rabies in southern Ontario based on time series analysis.

We describe a method based on time series analysis that divided the rabies enzootic area of southern Ontario into 13 regions using data collected at the township level, the smallest available geographical unit for Ontario (Canada). The intent was to discover ecogeographic patterns if such existed. For the period 1957-89, the quarterly time series of fox rabies cases for each of the 423 townships in the study area was correlated with the time series of its adjacent neighbors. Townships were then linked to adjacent townships provided the pair-wise correlations had significant correlation coefficients. This procedure produced 13 clusters that remained stable when additional lead/lag relationships between townships were examined. Furthermore, those clusters, which we then termed "rabies units," had different behaviors in terms of species distribution, persistence, and periodicity. Time series in adjacent units were not synchronous. We discuss how our findings influenced the rabies control program in Ontario, how they relate to recent findings about the distribution of fox rabies virus subtypes, and how they lend support for the role of metapopulation structulre in persistence of disease.

['Animals', 'Animals, Domestic', 'Animals, Wild', 'Cats', 'Cluster Analysis', 'Disease Transmission, Infectious', 'Dogs', 'Female', 'Foxes', 'Male', 'Mephitidae', 'Ontario', 'Periodicity', 'Population Surveillance', 'Rabies', 'Rabies Vaccines', 'Time Factors']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.050.116'], ['B01.050.050.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.377.750.250.125'], ['E05.318.740.250', 'N05.715.360.750.200', 'N06.850.520.830.250'], ['N06.850.335'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.479'], ['Z01.107.567.176.639'], ['G01.910.645', 'G07.180.562'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.700', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.625', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.700', 'N06.850.780.675'], ['C01.925.782.580.830.750'], ['D20.215.894.899.700'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with bone metastases.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal metastases are a common problem in patients with cancer, and surgical decision making depends on multiple factors including life expectancy. Identification of new prognostic factors can improve survival estimation and guide healthcare providers in surgical decision making. In this study, we aim to determine the prognostic value of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with bone metastasis.METHODS: One thousand and twelve patients from two tertiary referral centers between 2002 and 2014 met the inclusion criteria. Bivariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the association of NLR and PLR with survival.RESULTS: At 3 months, 84.0% of the patients with low NLR were alive versus 61.3% of the patients with a high NLR (p < 0.001), and 75.8% of the patients with a low PLR were alive versus 55.6% of the patients with a high PLR (p < 0.001). Both elevated NLR and elevated PLR were independently associated with worse survival (hazard ratio (HR): 1.311; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.117-1.538; p = 0.001) and (HR: 1.358; 95% CI: 1.152-1.601; p < 0.001), respectively.CONCLUSION: This study showed both NLR and PLR to be independently associated with survival in patients who were treated for skeletal metastasis.

['Aged', 'Bone Neoplasms', 'Disease-Free Survival', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Lymphocyte Count', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neutrophils', 'Platelet Count', 'Prognosis', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Tertiary Care Centers']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['C04.588.149', 'C05.116.231'], ['E01.789.800.190', 'E05.318.740.998.300', 'N04.761.559.590.800.190', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800.190', 'N05.715.360.750.795.300', 'N06.850.520.830.998.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.595.500', 'E01.370.225.625.107.595.500', 'E05.200.500.195.107.595.500', 'E05.200.625.107.595.500', 'E05.242.195.107.595.500', 'G04.140.107.595.500', 'G09.188.105.595.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A11.118.637.415.583', 'A11.627.340.583', 'A11.733.689', 'A15.145.229.637.415.583', 'A15.382.490.315.583', 'A15.382.680.689'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.740', 'E01.370.225.625.107.700', 'E01.370.225.625.625.625', 'E05.200.500.195.107.740', 'E05.200.625.107.700', 'E05.200.625.625.625', 'E05.242.195.107.740', 'G04.140.107.740', 'G09.188.105.700'], ['E01.789'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['N02.278.421.830']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Factors Affecting Time NICU Nurses Spend With Fathers: Results From a Larger Study.

BACKGROUND: Father involvement in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is important for outcomes of children and should be encouraged. Neonatal nurses have been identified as a major source of support for fathers; yet, nurses have identified obstacles to family-centered care of the father.PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to present results that broaden the knowledge of factors that affect time NICU nurses spend with fathers. The information presented here is a portion of results from a larger survey that examined factors affecting NICU nurse caring beliefs of fathers.METHODS: This survey study included NICU nurses and was administered anonymously online. Content analysis was completed on responses to open-ended questions.RESULTS: Questions asked nurses about the time they spend with fathers. Nurses described problems with workflow and encouraged family bonding. Some nurses described spending equal amounts of time with both parents, whereas others focused on either the mother or the father. Paternal attributes that affected time nurses spent with fathers included confidence, motivation, level of competence, beliefs, attitudes, and availability. Maternal factors included culture and gatekeeping. Infant factors were level of illness and tolerance to activity.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Unmotivated fathers may benefit from encouragement from nurses to participate in the care of their infants. Nurses can encourage parental partnerships in caring for their infants.IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: Factors identified in this study can help guide future studies. Understanding the relationship between NICU fathers and nurses can help improve interactions and communication.

['Attitude of Health Personnel', 'Father-Child Relations', 'Fathers', 'Humans', 'Intensive Care Units, Neonatal', 'Nurses, Neonatal', 'Professional-Family Relations', 'Surveys and Questionnaires']

[['F01.100.050', 'N05.300.100'], ['F01.829.263.370.290.110'], ['F01.829.263.500.320.100', 'I01.880.853.150.500.340.210', 'M01.620.390'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N02.278.388.493.390.380'], ['M01.526.485.650.648.940.500', 'N02.360.650.648.940.500'], ['F01.829.401.550'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Web-based general public opinion study of automated versus manual external chest compression.

BACKGROUND: Only a few cardiac-arrest victims receive external chest compression (ECC) by a bystander.OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the general public might start ECC more often if they used an automated device rather than a manual massage.METHODS: Web-based public opinion survey based on two short videos, one showing manual ECC and the other automated ECC (Autopulse, Zoll, France). Advantages and disadvantages (perceived efficacy, reproducibility, hazard, apprehension and acceptability) of the two techniques were evaluated on a visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS of 1-3 was considered to indicate preference for manual ECC, 8-10 for automated ECC and 4-7 for no clear preference. The final global score was the difference between advantage and disadvantage scores.RESULTS: Overall, 1769 persons answered the questionnaire. The median VAS score for each variable was as follows: 7 (25-75 percentiles, 5-9) for efficacy, 8 (3-10) for reproducibility, 5 (3-8) for hazard, 5 (2-8) for apprehension and 5 (2-8) for acceptability. The overall median score indicated that 1034 persons (58%) preferred use of the device, 618 (35%) preferred manual ECC and 117 (7%) had no preference. There was no significant difference in the preference according to gender, education and training in first aid. However, older persons (0) preferred the use of device.CONCLUSIONS: The better 'advantages over disadvantages' score for the automated ECC device over manual ECC indicated that the general public might envisage use of the device. This could contribute to increase the frequency of resuscitation attempts by bystanders.

['Adult', 'Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation', 'Female', 'First Aid', 'Heart Massage', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest', 'Public Opinion', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Surveys and Questionnaires', 'Video Recording']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E02.365.647.110'], ['E02.365.305'], ['E02.365.647.375', 'E04.100.376.458', 'E04.928.220.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C14.280.383.610'], ['I01.880.630.548'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980'], ['L01.280.960']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Information Science [L]']

Short-term international migration trends in England and Wales from 2004 to 2009.

Short-term migration estimates for England and Wales are the latest addition to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) migration statistics. This article discusses definitions of short-term migration and the methodology that is used to produce the estimates. Some of the estimates and the changes in the estimates over time are then discussed. The article includes previously unpublished short-term migration statistics and therefore helps to give a more complete picture of the size and characteristics of short-term international migration for England and Wales than has previously been possible. ONS have identified a clear user requirement for short-term migration estimates at local authority (LA) level. Consequently, attention is also paid to the progress that has been made and future work that is planned to distribute England and Wales short-term migration estimates to LA level.

['Continental Population Groups', 'Emigration and Immigration', 'England', 'Humans', 'Time Factors', 'Wales']

[['M01.686.508'], ['I01.240.600.525.500', 'N01.224.625.525.500', 'N06.850.505.400.700.525.500'], ['Z01.542.363.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G01.910.857'], ['Z01.542.363.914']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Did the 'croaky voice' public health campaign have any impact on the stage of laryngeal cancer at presentation in 84 cases from the Humber and Yorkshire Coast Cancer Network?

BACKGROUND: A public health campaign on laryngeal cancer was conducted in 2011 in the Humber and Yorkshire Coast Cancer Network. This study evaluated its subsequent impact (if any) upon the stage of laryngeal cancer at presentation.METHODS: Cases of laryngeal cancer diagnosed in the Humber and Yorkshire Coast Cancer Network from January 2009 to July 2014 were identified from cancer registries and were dichotomised into early (tumour stage T1-2) and late (T3-4) disease. Statistical analysis using segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series data was performed.RESULTS: There were no statistically significant changes in laryngeal cancer cases immediately after the intervention for both early (p = 0.191) and late (p = 0.680) stage disease. There were also no significant changes to monthly detection rates in both groups on follow up.CONCLUSION: Findings of the first public health campaign on laryngeal cancer in the UK are described. Such processes are complex; the implications for future study are discussed.

['Aged', 'Early Detection of Cancer', 'Female', 'Health Promotion', 'Humans', 'Laryngeal Neoplasms', 'Male', 'Mass Screening', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Program Evaluation', 'Registries', 'Regression Analysis', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Time Factors', 'United Kingdom', 'Voice']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.390.500'], ['I02.233.332.445', 'N02.421.726.407.579'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.443.665.481', 'C08.360.369', 'C08.785.481', 'C09.400.369', 'C09.647.481'], ['E01.370.500', 'E05.318.308.980.438.580', 'N02.421.726.233.443', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.580', 'N06.850.780.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789.625'], ['E05.337.820', 'N04.761.685', 'N05.715.360.650'], ['E05.318.308.970', 'N04.452.859.819', 'N05.715.360.300.715.700', 'N06.850.520.308.970'], ['E05.318.740.750', 'N05.715.360.750.695', 'N06.850.520.830.750'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['G01.910.857'], ['Z01.542.363'], ['G09.772.925']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Effect of ectopic OCT4 expression on canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.

Enhancing the proliferative capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is critical for increasing their therapeutic potential in a variety of diseases. We hypothesized that lentivirus-mediated overexpression of canine octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) might influence the proliferation of canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cATMSCs). cOCT4-cATMSCs were generated by transducing cATMSCs with a cOCT4-lentiviral vector. Increased expression of cOCT4 was confirmed using RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Immunophenotypic characterization using flow cytometry indicated that the CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 surface markers were highly expressed by both cOCT4- and mock-transduced cATMSCs (mock-cATMSCs), whereas the CD31 and CD45 markers were absent. We performed the osteogenic differentiation assay to evaluate the effects of cOCT4 overexpression on the osteogenic differentiation potential of cATMSCs. The results showed that cOCT4-cATMSCs had a much higher potential for osteogenic differentiation than mock-cATMSCs. Next, the proliferative capacities of cOCT4- and mock-cATMSCs were evaluated using a WST-1 cell proliferation assay and trypan blue exclusion. cOCT4-cATMSCs showed a higher proliferative capacity than mock-cATMSCs. Cell cycle analysis indicated that overexpression of cOCT4 in cATMSCs induced an increase in the proportion of cells in S and G2/M phases. Consistent with this, immunoblot analysis showed that cyclin D1 expression was increased in cOCT4-cATMSCs. In conclusion, our results indicate that lentivirus-mediated overexpression of cOCT4 increased the proliferative capacity of cATMSCs. OCT4-mediated enhancement of cell proliferation may be a useful method for expanding MSC population rapidly without loss of stemness.

['Adipose Tissue', 'Animals', 'Antigens, CD', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cyclin D1', 'Dogs', 'G2 Phase', 'Genetic Vectors', 'Lentivirus', 'Mesenchymal Stem Cells', 'Octamer Transcription Factor-3', 'Osteogenesis', 'S Phase']

[['A10.165.114'], ['B01.050'], ['D23.050.301.264.035', 'D23.101.100.110'], ['G04.152'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['A11.251'], ['D12.644.360.262.150.100', 'D12.776.167.218.150.100', 'D12.776.476.262.150.100', 'D12.776.624.664.700.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['G04.144.500.340'], ['G05.360.337'], ['B04.820.650.589'], ['A11.329.830.500', 'A11.872.590.500'], ['D12.776.260.655.500.300', 'D12.776.930.710.500.300'], ['G07.345.500.325.377.625.050.500.729', 'G11.427.578.050.500.729'], ['G02.111.225.880', 'G04.144.500.800', 'G05.226.880']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Long-term follow-up of reflux nephropathy in adults with vesicoureteral reflux--radiological and pathoanatomical analysis.

PURPOSE: To study the long-term development of urographic renal morphology in adults with vesicoureteral reflux, to investigate the relationship between renal damage and reflux grade, and to analyse the association between the long-term urographic outcome and the occurrence of acute pyelonephritis and reflux during follow-up. The purpose was also to try to distinguish between acquired and developmental renal damage, based on analyses of renal histological specimens and urographic features, and to analyse associated congenital urogenital abnormalities and family history of reflux, reflux nephropathy, urological malformation or death from end-stage renal disease.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Renal damage was identified in 100 (83 women) of 115 adults, selected because of documented reflux. Eighty-seven patients had two urographies done (median interval 14.3 years). The extent and progression of renal damage were assessed and features of developmental renal damage were determined. Histological renal specimens were available in 23 patients with renal damage.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The extent of renal damage correlated positively with the severity of reflux. No renal damage developed during the follow-up in 45 previously undamaged kidneys and progression of renal damage was rare (4 of 120 previously damaged kidneys), despite persisting reflux in half of the cases and episodes of acute pyelonephritis during follow-up. Thus, repeated renal imaging is rarely justified in adults with reflux nephropathy. Histological examination showed "chronic pyelonephritis" in all 23 cases and co-existing renal dysplasia in 1 case. The detailed urographic analysis did not reveal support for developmental renal damage. High frequencies of associated congenital urogenital abnormalities and of a positive family history were found. Thus, congenital and/or hereditary factors cannot be discarded as background factors for the development of renal damage.

['Acute Disease', 'Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Disease Progression', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Kidney', 'Kidney Diseases', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pyelonephritis', 'Urography', 'Vesico-Ureteral Reflux']

[['C23.550.291.125'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C23.550.291.656'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A05.810.453'], ['C12.777.419', 'C13.351.968.419'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C12.777.419.570.643.790', 'C12.777.419.570.821.717', 'C13.351.968.419.570.643.790', 'C13.351.968.419.570.821.717'], ['E01.370.350.700.830', 'E01.370.390.830'], ['C12.777.829.920', 'C13.351.968.829.920']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

High Mobility Group B-1 (HMGB-1) Promotes Apoptosis of Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells by Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: High mobility group B-1 (HMGB-1)-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has been implicated in inflammation and dendritic cell maturation. C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) is a vital component of ERS and apoptosis and plays a critical role in atherosclerosis. However, only a little information is available about the role of HMGB-1 in foam cell formation. Thus, the role of HMGB-1-induced ERS/CHOP pathway in apoptosis and formation of macrophage-derived foam cells is investigated.METHODS: RAW264.7 cells were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the absence and/or presence of HMGB-1, N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an antioxidant), glycyrrhizin (Gly, an HMGB-1 inhibitor), tunicamycin (TM, an ERS inducer), and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA, an ERS inhibitor). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was examined by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Oil Red O staining, intracellular total cholesterol assay, and Dil-oxLDL uptake assay evaluated the accumulation of lipids in macrophages. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Western blot detected the expression of HMGB-1/ERS/CHOP pathway.RESULTS: oxLDL induced HMGB-1 translocation and secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was inhibited by NAC. oxLDL-induced lipid accumulation in macrophages was promoted synergistically by HMGB-1 that was attenuated by Gly. Moreover, TM synergized with oxLDL induced lipid accumulation and apoptosis of macrophages; however, 4-PBA alleviated the oxLDL-induced apoptotic foam cells. Additionally, the inhibition of ERS with 4-PBA suppressed the expression of HMGB-1-induced CHOP.CONCLUSIONS: OxLDL triggered HMGB-1 secretion in macrophages via oxidative stress. Furthermore, HMGB-1 promoted the formation and apoptosis of macrophage-derived foam cells via activation of ERS/CHOP pathway.

['Animals', 'Apoptosis', 'Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress', 'Foam Cells', 'HMGB1 Protein', 'Heat-Shock Proteins', 'Lipoproteins, LDL', 'Macrophages', 'Mice', 'Oxidative Stress', 'RAW 264.7 Cells', 'Signal Transduction', 'Transcription Factor CHOP']

[['B01.050'], ['G04.146.954.035'], ['G04.434'], ['A11.329.372.368', 'A11.627.482.368', 'A11.733.397.368', 'A15.382.670.522.368', 'A15.382.680.397.368'], ['D12.776.260.356.300', 'D12.776.660.235.400.600.300', 'D12.776.664.235.400.600.300'], ['D12.776.580.216'], ['D10.532.515', 'D12.776.521.550'], ['A11.329.372', 'A11.627.482', 'A11.733.397', 'A15.382.670.522', 'A15.382.680.397'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['G03.673', 'G07.775.750'], ['A11.251.210.172.875', 'A11.733.397.815'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['D12.776.260.108.124.875', 'D12.776.660.167.875', 'D12.776.930.127.124.875']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Solvent deuterium isotope effects on phosphodiester cleavage catalyzed by an extraordinarily active Zn(II) complex.

The effect of increasing pL on the extraordinary catalytic activity of a dinuclear Zn2+ complex toward cleavage of uridine 3'-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (UpPNP) in H2O and D2O was determined. This change from H2O to D2O causes an increase from 7.8 to 8.4 in the apparent pKa of a catalytic functional group, but has little effect on the activity of the active form of the catalyst toward cleavage of UpPNP, so that there is no primary kinetic SDIE on the cleavage reaction from movement of a proton at the rate-determining transition state. It is concluded that essentially all of the rate acceleration for this catalyst is due to electrostatic stabilization of the transition state by interactions between opposing cationic and anionic charges.

['Catalysis', 'Deuterium Exchange Measurement', 'Kinetics', 'Organometallic Compounds', 'Organophosphates', 'Potentiometry', 'RNA', 'Water', 'Zinc']

[['G02.130'], ['E05.196.344'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['D02.691'], ['D02.705.400'], ['E05.196.922.750', 'E05.301.710'], ['D13.444.735'], ['D01.045.250.875', 'D01.248.497.158.459.650', 'D01.650.550.925'], ['D01.268.556.940', 'D01.268.956.906', 'D01.552.544.940']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury.

We have tested whether small intraischemic variations in brain temperature influence the outcome of transient ischemia. To measure brain temperature, a thermocouple probe was placed stereotaxically into the left dorsolateral striatum of rats prior to 20 min of four-vessel occlusion. Rectal temperature was maintained at 36-37 degrees C by a heating lamp, and striatal temperature prior to ischemia was 36 degrees C in all animals. Six animal subgroups were investigated, including rats whose intraischemic striatal brain temperature was not regulated, or was maintained at 33, 34, 36, or 39 degrees C. Postischemic brain temperature was regulated at 36 degrees C, except for one group in which brain temperature was lowered from 36 degrees C to 33 degrees C during the first hour of recirculation. Energy metabolites were measured at the end of the ischemic insult, and histopathological evaluation was carried out at 3 days after ischemia. Intraischemic variations in brain temperature had no significant influence on energy metabolite levels measured at the conclusion of ischemia: Severe depletion of brain ATP, phosphocreatine, glucose, and glycogen and elevation of lactate were observed to a similar degree in all experimental groups. The histopathological consequences of ischemia, however, were markedly influenced by variations in intraischemic brain temperature. In the hippocampus, CA1 neurons were consistently damaged at 36 degrees C, but not at 34 degrees C. Within the dorsolateral striatum, ischemic cell change was present in 100% of the hemispheres at 36 degrees C, but in only 50% at 34 degrees C. Ischemic neurons within the central zone of striatum were not observed in any rats at 34 degrees C, but in all rats at 36 degrees C. In rats whose striatal temperature was not controlled, brain temperature fell from 36 to 30-31 degrees C during the ischemic insult. In this group, no ischemic cell change was seen within striatal areas and was only inconsistently documented within the CA1 hippocampal region. These results demonstrate that (a) rectal temperature unreliably reflects brain temperature during ischemia; (b) despite severe depletion of brain energy metabolites during ischemia at all temperatures, small increments of intraischemic brain temperature markedly accentuate histopathological changes following 3-day survival; and (c) brain temperature must be controlled above 33 degrees C in order to ensure a consistent histopathological outcome. Lowering of the brain temperature by only a few degrees during ischemia confers a marked protective effect.

['Adenosine Triphosphate', 'Animals', 'Body Temperature', 'Brain', 'Cerebral Cortex', 'Cerebrovascular Circulation', 'Corpus Striatum', 'Energy Metabolism', 'Glucose', 'Hippocampus', 'Ischemic Attack, Transient', 'Male', 'Neurons', 'Phosphocreatine', 'Pyruvates', 'Pyruvic Acid', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains', 'Thalamus']

[['D03.633.100.759.646.138.236', 'D13.695.667.138.236', 'D13.695.827.068.236'], ['B01.050'], ['E01.370.600.875.374', 'G07.110'], ['A08.186.211'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500'], ['G09.330.100.159'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.487'], ['G03.295'], ['D09.947.875.359.448'], ['A08.186.211.180.405', 'A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.345'], ['C10.228.140.300.150.836', 'C14.907.253.092.836'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['D12.125.373.603', 'D12.125.740.675'], ['D02.241.755.812'], ['D02.241.755.812.800'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400'], ['A08.186.211.200.317.826']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Sex differences in quadriceps rate of torque development within 1 year of ACL reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of sex on measures of quadriceps strength, rate of torque development, and knee function during the first year following ACLR.DESIGN: Cross-sectional; SETTING: University community; PARTICIPANTS: Sixty individuals (29 men) with unilateral ACLR in the last 12 months.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants completed bilateral knee extension maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC, Nm/kg) strength assessments. Rates of torque development (Nm*kg-1*s-1) were assessed from contraction initiation to 100 ms (RTD100) and from 100 ms to 200 ms after contraction initiation (RTD200). The effects of sex MVIC strength, RTD, and limb symmetry were assessed using separate ANCOVAs.RESULTS: Women displayed weaker involved limb (Men = 2.72 ± 0.72 Nm*kg-1, Women = 2.01 ± 0.50 Nm*kg-1, p < 0.001) and contralateral limb (Men = 3.15 ± 0.52 Nm*kg-1, Women = 2.66 ± 0.58 Nm*kg-1, p < 0.001) MVIC, and slower involved limb RTD100 (Men = 8.36 ± 3.16 Nm*kg-1*s-1, Women = 6.50 ± 2.41 Nm*kg-1*s-1, p = 0.01) and RTD200 (Men = 9.49 ± 3.45 Nm*kg-1*s-1, Women = 9.49 ± 3.45 Nm*kg-1*s-1, p < 0.001) when compared to men.CONCLUSIONS: Within the first year after ACLR, women displayed bilateral quadriceps weakness and slower involved limb quadriceps RTD when compared to men. Specific focus on facilitating quadriceps hypertrophy and improving neural drive to the quadriceps is indicated when treating female patients attempting to make a return to sport after ACLR.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Exercise Therapy', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Isometric Contraction', 'Knee Joint', 'Male', 'Muscle Strength', 'Muscle Weakness', 'Quadriceps Muscle', 'Sex Factors', 'Time Factors', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E04.555.110.026', 'E04.680.101.026'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['E02.760.169.063.500.387', 'E02.779.483', 'E02.831.535.483'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G11.427.494.472'], ['A02.835.583.475'], ['E01.370.600.425', 'G11.427.560'], ['C05.651.515', 'C10.597.613.593', 'C23.550.695', 'C23.888.592.608.593'], ['A02.633.567.850'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875'], ['G01.910.857'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Inhibition of cell growth and induction of G1-phase cell cycle arrest in hepatoma cells by steroid extract from Meretrix meretrix.

In this study, we report that the steroid extract 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxycholest-6-ene-3beta-ol (MME) from Meretrix meretrix has the ability to inhibit growth of hepatoma cells and to induce G1-phase cell cycle arrest in two human hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B. HepG2 cells were more sensitive than Hep3B to MME. The extract markedly up-regulated the expression of p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1 in HepG2, suggesting that MME-induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest in HepG2 might be p53-dependent. Therefore, the up-regulation of p27KIP1and p16INK4A in both cell lines indicates that a p53-independent pathway might be involved in the mechanism of MME inducing cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, MME induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest via both p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways.

['Bivalvia', 'Carcinoma, Hepatocellular', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16', 'Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21', 'Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27', 'G1 Phase', 'Humans', 'Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins', 'Liver Neoplasms', 'Steroids', 'Tumor Suppressor Protein p53', 'fas Receptor']

[['B01.050.500.644.080'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.255', 'C04.588.274.623.160', 'C06.301.623.160', 'C06.552.697.160'], ['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['D12.644.360.225.200', 'D12.776.167.187.200', 'D12.776.476.225.200', 'D12.776.624.776.355.200'], ['D12.644.360.225.500', 'D12.776.157.687.250', 'D12.776.167.187.500', 'D12.776.476.225.500', 'D12.776.624.776.355.500', 'D12.776.660.720.250'], ['D12.644.360.225.600', 'D12.776.167.187.600', 'D12.776.476.225.600', 'D12.776.624.776.355.600'], ['G04.144.500.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.360', 'D12.776.476'], ['C04.588.274.623', 'C06.301.623', 'C06.552.697'], ['D04.210.500'], ['D12.776.157.687.650', 'D12.776.260.820', 'D12.776.624.776.775', 'D12.776.660.720.650', 'D12.776.744.845'], ['D12.776.543.750.690.500', 'D12.776.543.750.705.852.760.195']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease].

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, also known as peroneal muscular atrophy or hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, is among the most frequent hereditary disorders of the nervous system. The relatively homogeneous clinical phenotype involves mainly progressive weakness and wasting of distal muscles; it starts and predominates in the peroneal muscles. Electrophysiological and pathology data distinguish two principal forms of CMT: demyelinating and axonal. More than 20 distinct genetic subtypes have been identified to date and other new loci and genes remain to be discovered, thus demonstrating wide genetic heterogeneity and a number of different pathophysiological mechanisms. The classification of these different forms is based on both the mode of inheritance--autosomal dominant, recessive or X-linked--and the neuropathy type--demyelinating or axonal or "intermediate". The principal dominant forms are CMT1A, due to a duplication or point mutation in the PMP22 gene, and CMTX, due to mutations in the connexin 32 gene. Autosomal recessive forms are more frequent in North Africa. The most common involve mutations of GDAP1 or lamin A/C and generally lead to more severe phenotypes than the dominant forms. The great genetic heterogeneity necessitates a strategy for genetic diagnosis. It is based in part on the classification of the different genetic forms and in part on the phenotypic particularities and the frequency of the responsible genes in the population under study.

['Axons', 'Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease', 'Demyelinating Diseases', 'Disease Progression', 'Electrophysiology', 'Genes, Dominant', 'Genes, Recessive', 'Humans', 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'Phenotype', 'Proteins']

[['A08.675.542.145', 'A11.284.180.075', 'A11.671.137', 'A11.671.501.145'], ['C10.500.300.200', 'C10.574.500.495.200', 'C10.668.829.800.300.200', 'C16.131.666.300.200', 'C16.320.400.375.200'], ['C10.314'], ['C23.550.291.656'], ['H01.158.344.528', 'H01.158.782.236'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.240', 'G05.420.320'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.415', 'G05.420.325'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A02.633.567', 'A10.690.552.500'], ['G05.695'], ['D12.776']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Flow cytometric electronic direct current volume and radiofrequency impedance measurements of single cells and particles.

A flow-system instrument is described that uses direct current and radiofrequency (rf) currents to detect simultaneously the low and high frequency impedance changes produced by biologic cells or particles suspended in saline traversing through a 93um diameter sensing orifice. For nonmembranous particles and plastic microspheres both the Coulter direct current volume and rf-parameter signals are proportional to particle volume. Cells having an intact plasma membrane produce rf-impedance changes dependent additionally on the electrical properties of the plasma membrane and intracellular structures. Thus, biologically different cells having the same Coulter direct current volume can be distinguished if they differ in their electrical rf impedance properties.

['Animals', 'Cell Cycle', 'Cell Line', 'Cricetinae', 'Cricetulus', 'Dactinomycin', 'Electric Conductivity', 'Electronics', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Microspheres']

[['B01.050'], ['G04.144'], ['A11.251.210'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.075.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.075.250.250'], ['D03.633.300.200', 'D04.345.566.252', 'D12.644.641.252'], ['G01.358.500.249.277'], ['H01.671.293'], ['E01.370.225.500.363.342', 'E01.370.225.500.386.350', 'E05.196.712.516.600.240.350', 'E05.200.500.363.342', 'E05.200.500.386.350', 'E05.242.363.342', 'E05.242.386.350'], ['E07.565']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Heteroduplex DNA correction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mismatch specific and requires functional PMS genes.

In vitro-constructed heteroduplex DNAs with defined mismatches were corrected in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with efficiencies that were dependent on the mismatch. Single-nucleotide loops were repaired very efficiently; the base/base mismatches G/T, A/C, G/G, A/G, G/A, A/A, T/T, T/C, and C/T were repaired with a high to intermediate efficiency. The mismatch C/C and a 38-nucleotide loop were corrected with low efficiency. This substrate specificity pattern resembles that found in Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae, suggesting an evolutionary relationship of DNA mismatch repair in pro- and eucaryotes. Repair of the listed mismatches was severely impaired in the putative S. cerevisiae DNA mismatch repair mutants pms1 and pms2. Low-efficiency repair also characterized pms3 strains, except that correction of single-nucleotide loops occurred with an efficiency close to that of PMS wild-type strains. A close correlation was found between the repair efficiencies determined in this study and the observed postmeiotic segregation frequencies of alleles with known DNA sequence. This suggests an involvement of DNA mismatch repair in recombination and gene conversion in S. cerevisiae.

['Alleles', 'Base Sequence', 'DNA Repair', 'DNA, Fungal', 'Mutation', 'Nucleic Acid Conformation', 'Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes', 'Plasmids', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'Transfection']

[['G05.360.340.024.340.030'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['G02.111.222', 'G05.219'], ['D13.444.308.300'], ['G05.365.590'], ['G02.111.570.820.486', 'G05.360.580'], ['D13.444.500'], ['G05.360.600'], ['B01.300.107.795.785.800', 'B01.300.930.705.655'], ['E05.393.350.810', 'G05.728.860']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace.

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

['Biomechanical Phenomena', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Imaging, Three-Dimensional', 'Male', 'Psychomotor Performance']

[['G01.154.090', 'G01.374.089'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.400', 'L01.224.308.410'], ['F02.808', 'G11.427.700', 'G11.561.660']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Cigarette Smoke and Estrogen Signaling in Human Airway Smooth Muscle.

AIMS: Cigarette smoke (CS) in active smokers and second-hand smoke exposure exacerbate respiratory disorders such as asthma and chronic bronchitis. While women are known to experience a more asthmatic response to CS than emphysema in men, there is limited information on the mechanisms of CS-induced airway dysfunction. We hypothesize that CS interferes with a normal (protective) bronchodilatory role of estrogens, thus worsening airway contractility.METHODS: We tested effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on 17â-estradiol (E2) signaling in enzymatically-dissociated bronchial airway smooth muscle (ASM) obtained from lung samples of non-smoking female patients undergoing thoracic surgery.RESULTS: In fura-2 loaded ASM cells, CSE increased intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) responses to 10µM histamine. Acute exposure to physiological concentrations of E2 decreased [Ca(2+)]i responses. However, in 24h exposed CSE cells, although expression of estrogen receptors was increased, the effect of E2 on [Ca(2+)]i was blunted. Acute E2 exposure also decreased store-operated Ca(2+) entry and inhibited stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) phosphorylation: effects blunted by CSE. Acute exposure to E2 increased cAMP, but less so in 24h CSE-exposed cells. 24h CSE exposure increased S-nitrosylation of ERá. Furthermore, 24h CSE-exposed bronchial rings showed increased bronchoconstrictor agonist responses that were not reduced as effectively by E2 compared to non-CSE controls.CONCLUSION: These data suggest that CS induces dysregulation of estrogen signaling in ASM, which could contribute to increased airway contractility in women exposed to CS.

['Bronchoconstriction', 'Calcium', 'Complex Mixtures', 'Cyclic AMP', 'Estradiol', 'Estrogen Receptor alpha', 'Female', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Histamine', 'Humans', 'Membrane Proteins', 'Muscle, Smooth', 'Myocytes, Smooth Muscle', 'Neoplasm Proteins', 'Phosphorylation', 'Primary Cell Culture', 'Respiratory System', 'Signal Transduction', 'Stromal Interaction Molecule 1', 'Tissue Culture Techniques', 'Tobacco', 'Tobacco Smoke Pollution']

[['G09.772.705.700.080'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['D20'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.395', 'D13.695.462.200', 'D13.695.667.138.395', 'D13.695.827.068.395'], ['D04.210.500.365.415.248', 'D06.472.334.851.437.500'], ['D12.776.826.750.350.174'], ['G05.308'], ['D02.092.211.215.501', 'D02.092.471.440', 'D03.383.129.308.373', 'D23.469.050.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.543'], ['A02.633.570', 'A10.690.467'], ['A11.620.520'], ['D12.776.624'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['E01.370.225.500.223.500', 'E05.200.500.265.500', 'E05.242.223.500', 'E05.481.500.249.500'], ['A04'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['D12.776.157.125.806.500', 'D12.776.543.875.500'], ['E05.481.500.617'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.908.500.900'], ['D20.633.937.680', 'N06.850.460.100.555']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

PREPmate automated processor: comparison of automated and manual methods of liquid-based gynecologic sample preparation.

The development of procedures for fully automated processing of liquid-based gynecologic samples has been the focus of considerable interest to the cytology laboratory. Liquid-based collection and processing technology has been shown to improve sample adequacy, resulting in an overall improvement in quality of sample preparations. PREPmate, an accessory to the PrepStain slide processor, automates the initial enrichment process of mixing and dispensing the specimen over a density gradient. This report describes a study evaluating cellularity and diagnostic reproducibility in SurePath samples processed using the PREPmate accessory compared to samples processed using a manual technique. Samples processed using the PREPmate accessory contained 8.3% more squamous cells. Exact diagnostic reproducibility between preparation types was 83.3%; when considering negative vs. abnormal (ASCUS+), in adequate samples, reproducibility was 100%.

['Automation', 'Carcinoma, Squamous Cell', 'Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia', 'Endometrium', 'Epithelial Cells', 'Female', 'Genital Neoplasms, Female', 'Histocytological Preparation Techniques', 'Humans', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Uterine Cervical Dysplasia']

[['J01.897.104'], ['C04.557.470.200.400', 'C04.557.470.700.400'], ['C04.557.470.200.240.250'], ['A05.360.319.679.490'], ['A11.436'], ['C04.588.945.418', 'C13.351.937.418'], ['E01.370.225.500.620', 'E01.370.225.750.600', 'E05.200.500.620', 'E05.200.750.600'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['C04.834.818', 'C13.351.500.852.593.074']]

['Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

Sperm analysis by flow cytometry using the fluorescent thiol labeling agent monobromobimane.

The fluorescent labeling agent monobromobimane (mBBr) was used to label thiols and disulfides (after reduction of sperm disulfides by dithiothreitol) in intact spermatozoa. Bimane-labeled sperm of several mammalian species were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) and examined by fluorescent microscopy. FCM analysis showed sperm thiol oxidation to disulfides during epididymal maturation. FCM of labeled mature spermatozoa showed differences among species in the sperm thiol content. Heterogeneity in thiol content of sperm within individual samples was also observed. In addition, FCM patterns showed heterogeneity among and within samples in the content of disulfides and their resistance to reduction. FCM analysis reflected the microscopic appearance of the labeled spermatozoa. FCM analysis of bimane-labeled spermatozoa offers a convenient method for the study of sperm thiol-disulfide status and permits detection of sperm subpopulations within an individual sample. FCM analysis of mBBr-labeled spermatozoa may serve as a test to evaluate sperm quality.

['Animals', 'Bridged Bicyclo Compounds', 'Disulfides', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Fluorescent Dyes', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred ICR', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains', 'Sperm Maturation', 'Spermatozoa', 'Sulfhydryl Compounds']

[['B01.050'], ['D02.455.426.100.080', 'D04.075.080'], ['D01.248.497.158.874.390', 'D01.875.350.850.150', 'D02.886.520.150'], ['E01.370.225.500.363.342', 'E01.370.225.500.386.350', 'E05.196.712.516.600.240.350', 'E05.200.500.363.342', 'E05.200.500.386.350', 'E05.242.363.342', 'E05.242.386.350'], ['D27.720.233.348', 'D27.720.470.410.505.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.510', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.510'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400'], ['G04.152.650.624.700', 'G08.686.784.310.760.700'], ['A05.360.490.890', 'A11.497.760'], ['D02.886.489']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

The selective alpha7 agonist GTS-21 attenuates cytokine production in human whole blood and human monocytes activated by ligands for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, and RAGE.

The cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway modulates inflammatory cytokine production through a mechanism dependent on the vagus nerve and the alpha7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. GTS-21 [3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene) anabaseine], a selective alpha7 agonist, inhibits inflammatory cytokine production in murine and human macrophages and in several models of inflammatory disease in vivo, but to date its antiinflammatory efficacy in human monocytes has not been characterized. We report here our findings that GTS-21 attenuates tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1beta levels in human whole blood activated by exposure to endotoxin. GTS-21 inhibited TNF production in endotoxin-stimulated primary human monocytes in vitro at the transcriptional level. The suppressive effect of GTS-21 was more potent than nicotine in whole blood and monocytes. Furthermore, GTS-21 attenuated TNF production in monocytes stimulated with peptidoglycan, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, CpG, HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1 protein), and advanced glycation end product-modified albumin. GTS-21 decreased TNF levels in endotoxin-stimulated whole blood obtained from patients with severe sepsis. These findings establish the immunoregulatory effect of GTS-21 on human monocytes, and indicate the potential benefits of further exploration of GTS-21's therapeutic uses in human inflammatory disease.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Benzylidene Compounds', 'Cell Survival', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cholinergic Agonists', 'Cytokines', 'Endotoxins', 'Female', 'Gene Expression', 'Humans', 'Interleukin-1beta', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Monocytes', 'Nicotine', 'Pyridines', 'Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products', 'Receptors, Immunologic', 'Receptors, Nicotinic', 'Sepsis', 'Toll-Like Receptors', 'Transcription, Genetic', 'Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha', 'alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.150'], ['G04.346'], ['A11.251'], ['D27.505.519.625.120.140', 'D27.505.696.577.120.140'], ['D12.644.276.374', 'D12.776.467.374', 'D23.529.374'], ['D23.946.123.329'], ['G05.297'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.010.600', 'D12.644.276.374.500.400.600', 'D12.776.467.374.465.010.600', 'D12.776.467.374.500.400.600', 'D23.529.374.465.131.600', 'D23.529.374.500.400.600'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A11.118.637.555.652', 'A11.148.580', 'A11.627.624', 'A11.733.547', 'A15.145.229.637.555.652', 'A15.378.316.580', 'A15.382.490.555.652', 'A15.382.670.547', 'A15.382.680.547'], ['D03.132.760.570', 'D03.383.725.518'], ['D03.383.725'], ['D12.776.543.750.615'], ['D12.776.543.750.705'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.400.100.500', 'D12.776.543.550.450.500.100.500', 'D12.776.543.585.400.500.100.500', 'D12.776.543.750.130.687', 'D12.776.543.750.720.360.550'], ['C01.757', 'C23.550.470.790.500'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.910.500'], ['G02.111.873', 'G05.297.700'], ['D12.644.276.374.500.800', 'D12.644.276.374.750.626', 'D12.776.124.900', 'D12.776.395.930', 'D12.776.467.374.500.800', 'D12.776.467.374.750.626', 'D23.529.374.500.800', 'D23.529.374.750.626'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.400.100.500.500', 'D12.776.543.550.450.500.100.500.500', 'D12.776.543.585.400.500.100.500.500', 'D12.776.543.750.130.687.500', 'D12.776.543.750.720.360.550.500']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

[Itraconazole for treatment of fungal infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of intravenous itraconazole on fungal infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.METHODS: Seventy-five such patients treated with itraconazole from October, 2002 to October, 2005 were studied. The diagnosis of fungal infection was made according to the criteria recommended by Chinese workshop on invasive fungal infection (IFI). Four patients were definitely diagnosed as IFI, twenty-two patients probably and 49 patients possibly.RESULTS: Fifty-seven of the 75 patients showed response to itraconazole therapy including 3 definite, 18 probable and 36 possible cases.CONCLUSION: Fungal infections in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation diagnosed according to the criteria recommended by Chinese workshop on IFI can be successfully treated with itraconazole.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Antifungal Agents', 'Child', 'Female', 'Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation', 'Humans', 'Itraconazole', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Mycoses', 'Transplantation, Homologous']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D27.505.954.122.136'], ['M01.060.406'], ['E02.095.147.500.500.500', 'E04.936.225.687.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D03.383.129.799.550', 'D03.383.606.530'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C01.150.703'], ['E04.936.864']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

[New possibilities in treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol-dependent patients--a catamnestic study on the efficiency of outpatient treatment programmes demonstrated by a model procedure].

First results of a clinical and catamnestic investigation are reported for the efficiency of a highly structured outpatient therapy with alcohol-dependents. One hundred and two patients were included in the study. Of the patients,60% were male and 40% female. The average age was 45 years (+/-8). The average duration of alcohol dependence amounted to 15 years (+/-9), and the last average quantity of pure alcohol drunk was 193 g. Twenty-seven per cent of the patients had completed inpatient therapies in the past. Treatment retention amounted to n=74 (72.5%), and 18 of the 25 dropped out because of alcohol relapse. On average, relapsed dropouts indicated a longer abuse of alcohol and significantly more pretreatments than completers, and they also reported significantly stronger craving for alcohol (measured with the OCDS). Furthermore, they also achieved significantly higher total scores in the BDI (depression) and STAI (anxiety) scales at the beginning of therapy. At 6/12-month follow-ups, 90%-95% of the patients were successfully located and interviewed. Analyses revealed that 64% of the patients were still abstinent at 6-month follow-up evaluation, and 56% had remained abstinent until 12-month follow-up. Therapeutic implications of these satisfying therapy results are discussed, and the current knowledge on the efficiency of outpatient therapies is presented.

['Adult', 'Alcoholism', 'Ambulatory Care', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Germany', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care', 'Patient Dropouts', 'Prospective Studies', 'Psychotherapy', 'Retreatment', 'Risk Factors', 'Secondary Prevention', 'Temperance']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C25.775.100.250', 'F03.900.100.350'], ['E02.760.106', 'N02.421.585.106'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['Z01.542.315'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['N04.761.559', 'N05.715.360.575'], ['F01.100.150.750.500.610', 'F01.145.488.887.500.610', 'N05.300.150.800.500.610'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['F04.754'], ['E02.887'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['E02.897', 'N02.421.726.825', 'N06.850.780.750'], ['F01.914']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]']

Adrenomedullin promotes proliferation and migration of cultured endothelial cells.

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a vasoactive hormone which exerts its action through cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) /cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) cascade and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Recently, evidence has accumulated that AM plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular tone, remodeling and morphogenesis. And although numerous reports have examined the action of AM on cultured vascular cells, the results have not been consistent and have depended on the experimental conditions used. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of AM on the proliferation and migration of cultured endothelial cells. Our results revealed that AM promoted the growth and migration of endothelial cells (ECs). AM significantly promoted the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (56.0 +/- 8.7% over the controls at 10(-9) mol/l) and this stimulative effect was inhibited by two AM antagonists, AM(22-52) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (8-37). The number of HUVECs migrated to the lower surface of the transwell apparatus was also increased dose-dependently in the AM group (30.4 +/- 4.2% over the controls at 10(-7) mol/l), and this increase was suppressed by the two AM antagonists and by two PKA antagonists, adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate Rp-isomer and myristoylated protein kinase A inhibitor amide 14-22. The promoting action of AM on endothelial migration was also suppressed by LY294002, an inhibitor for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, but not by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME), an antagonist for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). These results indicate that AM promotes proliferation and migration of ECs via a cAMP/PKA dependent pathway and lend support to the idea that AM exerts beneficial effects on vascular regeneration and might be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with vascular disease.

['Adrenomedullin', 'Cell Division', 'Cell Movement', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cyclic AMP', 'Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases', 'Endothelium, Vascular', 'Humans', 'Neovascularization, Physiologic', 'Peptides', 'Umbilical Veins', 'Vasodilator Agents']

[['D06.472.699.077', 'D12.644.548.017'], ['G04.144.220', 'G04.161.750.500', 'G05.113', 'G07.345.249.410.750.500'], ['G04.198', 'G07.568.500.180'], ['A11.251'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.395', 'D13.695.462.200', 'D13.695.667.138.395', 'D13.695.827.068.395'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125', 'D12.644.360.200.125', 'D12.776.476.200.125'], ['A07.015.700.500', 'A10.272.491.355'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G09.330.630'], ['D12.644'], ['A07.015.908.670.874', 'A16.378.693.807'], ['D27.505.954.411.918']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

Passivation of black phosphorus as organic-phase enzyme platform for bisphenol A determination.

Black phosphorus (BP) has a high charge-carrier mobility (?1000 cm2 V-1 s-1), but the bare BP degrades rapidly in the presence of oxygen and water which limits the application of the BP. In this study, a simple, non-covalent passivation strategy is developed by modifying of the BP with hexamethylendiamine (HA). The functionalized BP exhibits good stability over 4 weeks. The organic phase interdigital electrode which is constructed by stable HA/BP and tyrosinase displays lowest noise signal (0.025 nA) and relatively low detection limit (10 nmol L-1) for bisphenol A. This work provides a new strategy for construction of novel biofuel cell, bioelectronics and biosensors.

['Benzhydryl Compounds', 'Benzoquinones', 'Biosensing Techniques', 'Diamines', 'Electrochemical Techniques', 'Electrodes', 'Endocrine Disruptors', 'Enzymes, Immobilized', 'Limit of Detection', 'Monophenol Monooxygenase', 'Phenols', 'Phosphorus', 'Reproducibility of Results']

[['D02.455.426.559.389.115'], ['D02.806.250'], ['E05.601.043'], ['D02.092.782.258'], ['E05.301'], ['E07.305.250'], ['D27.505.696.353', 'D27.888.141'], ['D08.811.180', 'D12.776.463.500'], ['E05.318.740.872.374', 'N05.715.360.750.725.500', 'N06.850.520.830.872.500'], ['D08.811.682.690.708.125.500'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657'], ['D01.268.666'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling augments skin tumorigenesis via NOX2 driven ROS generation.

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) respond to a wide range of extracellular stimuli. While the inhibition of p38 signaling is implicated in the impaired capacity to repair ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage-a primary risk factor for human skin cancers-its mechanism of action in skin carcinogenesis remains unclear, as both anti-proliferative and survival functions have been previously described. In this study, we utilized cultured keratinocytes, murine tumorigenesis models, and human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) specimens to assess the effect of p38 in this regard. UV irradiation of normal human keratinocytes increased the expression of all four p38 isoforms (á/â/ã/ä); whereas irradiation of p53-deficient A431 keratinocytes derived from a human SCC selectively decreased p38á, without affecting other isoforms. p38á levels are decreased in the majority of human cutaneous SCCs assessed by tissue microarray, suggesting a tumor-suppressive effect of p38á in SCC pathogenesis. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of p38á and in A431 cells increased cell proliferation, which was in turn associated with increases in NAPDH oxidase (NOX2) activity as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). These changes led to enhanced invasiveness of A431 cells as assessed by the matrigel invasion assay. Chronic treatment of p53-/-/SKH-1 mice with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 accelerated UV-induced SCC carcinogenesis and increased the expression of NOX2. NOX2 knockdown suppressed the augmented growth of A431 xenografts treated with SB203580. These findings indicate that in the absence of p53, p38á deficiency drives SCC growth and progression that is associated with enhanced NOX2 expression and ROS formation.

['Animals', 'Carcinogenesis', 'Carcinoma, Squamous Cell', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic', 'Humans', 'Imidazoles', 'Keratinocytes', 'MAP Kinase Signaling System', 'Membrane Glycoproteins', 'Mice', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Microarray Analysis', 'NADPH Oxidase 2', 'NADPH Oxidases', 'Pyridines', 'Reactive Oxygen Species', 'Skin Neoplasms', 'Tumor Suppressor Protein p53', 'Ultraviolet Rays']

[['B01.050'], ['C04.697.098', 'C23.550.727.098'], ['C04.557.470.200.400', 'C04.557.470.700.400'], ['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['A11.251'], ['G05.308.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D03.383.129.308'], ['A11.409.500', 'A11.436.397'], ['G02.111.820.560', 'G03.493.560', 'G04.835.560'], ['D12.776.395.550', 'D12.776.543.550'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['E05.588.570'], ['D08.811.682.608.575.875', 'D12.776.331.894.875', 'D12.776.543.653.875'], ['D08.811.682.608.575', 'D12.776.331.894', 'D12.776.543.653'], ['D03.383.725'], ['D01.339.431', 'D01.650.775'], ['C04.588.805', 'C17.800.882'], ['D12.776.157.687.650', 'D12.776.260.820', 'D12.776.624.776.775', 'D12.776.660.720.650', 'D12.776.744.845'], ['G01.358.500.505.650.891', 'G01.590.540.891', 'G01.750.250.650.891', 'G01.750.750.659', 'G01.750.770.578.891', 'G16.500.275.063.725.525.600', 'G16.500.750.775.525.600', 'N06.230.300.100.725.525.600']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Vaccination of turkeys with cell-free culture filtrate of Pasteurella multocida.

Turkeys given cell-free culture filtrate (CCF) of Pasteurella multocida strain R44/6 orally, via air sacs, or subcutaneously mixed 1:1 with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) at 6 and 9.5 weeks of age were compared with negative controls given bacteriologic medium and positive controls vaccinated with a commercial bacterin. At 13 weeks of age, serum antibody titers to P. multocida were detectable only in turkeys given CCF in IFA (low titers) and positive control turkeys (high titers), at which time turkeys were challenged orally with either the homologous strain or strain P-1059. Protection against challenge with strain R44/6 was provided by the commercial bacterin, CCF in IFA, and CCF given via air sacs. When turkeys were challenged with strain P-1059, protection was superior in turkeys given CCF via air sacs, intermediate in turkeys given commercial bacterin or CCF in IFA, and absent in negative control turkeys and turkeys given CCF orally. These results indicate CCF is an effective immunogen when administered via the lower respiratory tract for protecting turkeys against pasteurellosis.

['Administration, Oral', 'Air Sacs', 'Animals', 'Antibodies, Bacterial', 'Bacterial Vaccines', 'Body Weight', 'Female', 'Injections, Subcutaneous', 'Male', 'Pasteurella', 'Pasteurella Infections', 'Poultry Diseases', 'Sex Factors', 'Turkeys', 'Vaccination']

[['E02.319.267.100'], ['A13.048'], ['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.107', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.125', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.125'], ['D20.215.894.135'], ['C23.888.144', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120', 'E05.041.124.160.750', 'G07.100.100.160.120', 'G07.345.249.314.120'], ['E02.319.267.530.620'], ['B03.440.450.600.600', 'B03.660.250.550.590'], ['C01.150.252.400.700.662'], ['C22.131.728'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.800', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.800'], ['E02.095.465.425.400.530.890', 'E05.478.550.600.890', 'N02.421.726.758.310.890', 'N06.850.780.200.425.900', 'N06.850.780.680.310.890']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

[Cognitive performance in schizophrenia (paranoid vs residual subtype)].

INTRODUCTION: Several studies refer to the relationship between schizophrenia and cognitive dysfunctions. The most frequent disturbances accepted are the deficits in the executive, memory and verbal tests. However, there are few comparative data about the cognitive functioning of the different subtypes of schizophrenia.OBJECTIVE: Analyze and compare the neuropsychological disturbances present in patients with paranoid and residual schizophrenia.MATERIALS AND METHOD: Eleven patients with paranoid schizophrenia, eleven patients with residual schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria), and thirty one normal subjects matched by age, educational level, and general cognitive level (Mini Mental State Examination (Folstein, 1975), were assessed with a semistructured psychiatric examination and an extensive neuropsychological battery.RESULTS: Significant differences were found in memory, language, and executive functions when schizophrenics were compared with normal subjects. Differences in similarities were found between paranoid and residual schizophrenics. Residual schizophrenics had more disturbances in neuropsychological tests in comparison with paranoid schizophrenics.CONCLUSION: Schizophrenics demonstrated disturbances in memory, language, executive functions and attention. Residual schizophrenics had more impairment in neuropsychological tests than paranoid schizophrenics.

['Adult', 'Cognition Disorders', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Schizophrenia', 'Schizophrenia, Paranoid']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F03.615.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F03.700.750'], ['F03.700.750.600']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]']

All-Bond--fourth generation dentin bonding system.

The All-Bond system is a unique development in the field of adhesive dentistry. It is a universal bonding system that will bond composite to all dental-related surfaces: dentin, enamel, metal alloy (precious and nonprecious), amalgam, porcelain, and composite. It is also the only system that allows use of both the conservative and all-etch techniques. The main purpose of this paper is to explain the features of the All-Bond system. Its chemistry and a working hypothesis are shown as well.

['Composite Resins', 'Dental Alloys', 'Dental Bonding', 'Dental Cements', 'Dental Enamel', 'Dental Porcelain', 'Dentin', 'Humans', 'Methacrylates', 'Smear Layer']

[['D05.750.716.822.308', 'D25.339.816.500', 'D25.720.716.822.308', 'J01.637.051.339.816.500', 'J01.637.051.720.716.822.308'], ['D25.339.208', 'J01.637.051.339.208'], ['E06.095'], ['D25.339.291', 'J01.637.051.339.291'], ['A14.549.167.900.255'], ['D25.339.376', 'J01.637.051.339.376', 'J01.637.153.377'], ['A14.549.167.900.280'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D02.241.081.069.600'], ['C07.793.208.688']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Do plain films of the chest and abdomen have a role in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis?

Radiographs taken on the day of admission on 52 patients with acute pancreatitis have been compared with similar radiographs of 30 patients with acute cholecystitis and 22 patients with perforated duodenal ulcer. Two radiologists, who were unaware of the clinical features, looked specifically for the presence of 30 radiological signs. The only abdominal signs seen more frequently in acute pancreatitis were fluid levels in the stomach and duodenum, usually associated with dilatation. Duodenal abnormalities were seen in 42% of patients with acute pancreatitis and 21% of the controls (P less than 0.05) while gastric dilatation with a fluid level was seen in 29% of cases of acute pancreatitis compared with 12% of controls (P less than 0.05). Seventy per cent of the patients with severe acute pancreatitis had an abnormal chest radiograph on admission compared with 18% of those with mild disease. Left pleural effusion was the most common abnormality in severe pancreatitis (43%) and was seen significantly more often than in mild pancreatitis (P less than 0.01) and the control group (P less than 0.05). Therefore, consideration of the admission chest radiograph may help at an early stage to distinguish patients with severe pancreatitis from those with mild disease.

['Acute Disease', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pancreatitis', 'Radiography, Abdominal', 'Radiography, Thoracic']

[['C23.550.291.125'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.171'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C06.689.750'], ['E01.370.350.700.715'], ['E01.370.350.700.730']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

DNP-specific/class I MHC-restricted suppressor molecules bear determinants of the T cell receptor alpha- and beta-chains. The V beta 8+ chain dictates restriction to either K or D.

To examine in greater detail the relationship between DNP-specific/class I MHC-restricted suppressor molecules (SSF) that inhibit contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and the receptors on the T cells that produce them, we have generated two T cell hybridomas that can be induced to produce and secrete these molecules. In order to become activated to produce SSF, the Ts 15.15 and 15.31 cells required recognition of complexes of DNP/Dd on presenting cells. The suppressor molecules produced by each of the Ts hybrids had the same specificity, recognizing DNP/Dd on cells in the immune lymph node cell target population. The activation of the Ts hybrids was blocked when the cells were treated with the anti-V beta 8 antibody F23.1 before coculture with the DNP-presenting cells. Reduction of the 15.15 and 15.31 SSF followed by affinity chromatography on DNP-bovine-gamma-globulin-Sepharose beads indicated that these molecules are dimers and that one of the chains (Ag-binding(AgB] binds to cellfree DNP and one (non-Ag-binding (NAgB) chain) does not. The AgB chain was found to express an epitope bound by a mAb specific for a TCR alpha-chain-constant region determinant. Alternatively, the NAgB chain expressed an epitope bound by the anti-V beta 8 mAb F23.1. Active hybrid suppressor molecules were generated by combining the NAgB chain from a DNP-specific/H-2Kd-restricted SSF (produced by Ts hybridoma 3-10) with the AgB chain from Ts 15.31 and by combining the NAgB chain from Ts cell 15.15 with the 3-10 AgB chain. In each case, the class I MHC element (i.e., Kd or Dd) restricting the activity of these hybrid SSF correlated with the source of the V beta 8+, NAgB chain. Thus, these secreted immunoregulatory molecules have the Ag/MHC specificity of the T cells producing them and are structurally and serologically related to the TCR-alpha/beta. The results further suggest that for some hapten-specific/class I MHC-restricted TCR, the alpha-chain may have avidity for the hapten and the beta-chain may dictate the MHC restriction element (K or D) recognized by the receptor.

['Animals', 'Dinitrobenzenes', 'Epitopes', 'H-2 Antigens', 'Hybridomas', 'Macromolecular Substances', 'Major Histocompatibility Complex', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred Strains', 'Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell', 'Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta', 'Suppressor Factors, Immunologic', 'T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

ATP activates both receptor and sustentacular supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium of Xenopus laevis tadpoles.

Nucleotides and amino acids are acknowledged categories of water-borne olfactory stimuli. In previous studies it has been shown that larvae of Xenopus laevis are able to sense amino acids. Here we report on the effect of ATP in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. First, ATP activates a subpopulation of cells in the OE. The ATP-sensitive subset of cells is almost perfectly disjoint from the subset of amino acid-activated cells. Both responses are not mediated by the well-described cAMP transduction pathway as the two subpopulations of cells do not overlap with a third, forskolin-activated subpopulation. We further show that, in contrast to amino acids, which act exclusively as olfactory stimuli, ATP appears to feature a second role. Surprisingly it activated a large number of sustentacular supporting cells (SCs) and, to a much lower extent, olfactory receptor neurons. The cells of the amino acid- and ATP-responding subsets featured differences in shape, size and position in the OE. The latencies to activation upon stimulus application differed markedly in these subsets. To obtain these results two technical points were important. We used a novel dextran-tetramethylrhodamine-backfilled slice preparation of the OE and we found out that an antibody to calnexin, a known molecular chaperone, also labels SCs. Our findings thus show a strong effect of ATP in the OE and we discuss some of the possible physiological functions of nucleotides in the OE.

['Adenosine Triphosphate', 'Amino Acids', 'Aniline Compounds', 'Animals', 'Biotin', 'Calcium', 'Calnexin', 'Colforsin', 'Dextrans', 'Diagnostic Imaging', 'Electric Stimulation', 'Epithelial Cells', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Membrane Potentials', 'Odorants', 'Olfactory Mucosa', 'Olfactory Receptor Neurons', 'Patch-Clamp Techniques', 'Reaction Time', 'Rhodamines', 'Xanthenes', 'Xenopus laevis']

[['D03.633.100.759.646.138.236', 'D13.695.667.138.236', 'D13.695.827.068.236'], ['D12.125'], ['D02.092.146'], ['B01.050'], ['D03.383.129.308.080', 'D08.211.096'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['D12.644.360.372.311', 'D12.776.157.125.412.311', 'D12.776.476.387.311', 'D12.776.503.295', 'D12.776.543.162'], ['D02.455.849.291.300'], ['D05.750.078.562.272', 'D09.698.365.272'], ['E01.370.350'], ['E05.723.402'], ['A11.436'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['E05.481'], ['G01.154.535', 'G04.580', 'G07.265.675', 'G11.561.570'], ['G16.500.275.640', 'N06.230.480'], ['A04.531.520.573', 'A04.760.600.640', 'A09.531.623', 'A10.615.550.760.600.640'], ['A04.531.520.573.580', 'A04.760.600.640.640', 'A08.675.650.915.500.540', 'A08.800.950.500.540', 'A09.531.623.580', 'A10.615.550.760.600.640.640', 'A11.671.650.915.500.540'], ['E05.200.500.905', 'E05.242.800'], ['E05.796.817', 'F02.830.650', 'F04.669.817', 'G11.561.677'], ['D03.633.300.953.600'], ['D03.633.300.953'], ['B01.050.150.900.090.180.610.500.562']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Gene flow in Dubautia arborea and D. ciliolata: the roles of ecology and isolation by distance in maintaining species boundaries despite ongoing hybridization.

The relative roles of gene flow and natural selection in maintaining species differentiation have been a subject of debate for some time. The traditional view is that gene flow constrains adaptive divergence and maintains species cohesiveness. Alternatively, ecological speciation posits that the reverse is true: that adaptive ecological differentiation constrains gene flow. In this study, we examine gene flow and population differentiation among populations of two species of the Hawaiian silversword alliance, Dubautia arborea and D. ciliolata. We compare divergence in putatively neutral microsatellite markers with divergence in leaf morphometric traits, which may be selectively important or physiologically linked to selectively important traits. Gene flow between populations was found to be significant in only one of the two species, D. arborea. Leaf morphometric differentiation between species was significant, though not among populations within species. No evidence of effective genetic introgression was observed between apparently 'pure' populations of these species. Gene flow as measured by microsatellites was not correlated with geographic distance between populations, but was correlated with the linear placement of the widest part of the leaf. Because these two species are interfertile, as demonstrated by the presence of active hybrid zone, the lack of genetic introgression and the maintenance of species boundaries may be associated with natural selection on differential habitat.

['Adaptation, Biological', 'Asteraceae', 'Ecosystem', 'Gene Flow', 'Genetic Markers', 'Hybridization, Genetic', 'Microsatellite Repeats', 'Plant Leaves', 'Selection, Genetic', 'Species Specificity']

[['G16.012'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.100'], ['G16.500.275.157', 'N06.230.124'], ['G05.330.159'], ['D23.101.387', 'G05.695.450'], ['E05.820.150.390', 'G05.090.390'], ['G02.111.570.080.708.800.500', 'G05.360.080.708.800.500', 'G05.360.340.024.850.500'], ['A18.024.812'], ['G05.783'], ['G16.824']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Prolonged intrathecal IgG synthesis and cellular activity in the cerebrospinal fluid with transient impairment of blood-brain barrier.

Alterations of cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) proteins and cells and blood-brain barrier impairment were determined in 4 patients with proven and 2 patients with presumptive herpes simplex virus encephalitis ( HSVE ) using simultaneous nephelometric measurements of CSF and serum albumin and immunoglobulins and combined MilliporeR filtration-cytocentrifuge cytologic techniques. The follow-up period ranged from 17 to 855 days. All patients showed intrathecal IgG synthesis which in 1 case continued for 28.5 months (855 days). The daily production of IgG in the central nervous system ranged up to 1157 mg. CSF-IgA and -IgM were also elevated in the early phase of the disease. The impairment of the blood-brain barrier was variable being apt to develop during the first 2 months of the disease and diminishing thereafter. Pleocytosis, mainly due to lymphoid cells, varied from slight to severe (325 X 10(3) cells/ml) and was observed in the CSF of all cases during the first 2 months. Lymphoid reaction (increase of enlarged stimulated lymphoid cells) was persistent and was the most pronounced cellular alteration. The lymphoid reaction and intrathecal IgG synthesis indicated continuous immunoactivation of the CNS, which was most intensive during the first 2 months and appeared to persist for at least 16-28.5 months.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Blood-Brain Barrier', 'Cerebrospinal Fluid', 'Encephalitis', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Herpes Simplex', 'Humans', 'Immunoglobulin A', 'Immunoglobulin G', 'Immunoglobulin M', 'Leukocyte Count', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Serum Albumin']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

A comparison of plasmapheresis versus high-dose IVIG desensitization in renal allograft recipients with high levels of donor specific alloantibody.

Several protocols allow for the successful transplantation of sensitized renal allograft recipients, yet no one best method has emerged. The aim of the current study was to compare the efficacy of high-dose IVIG with two different plasmapheresis (PP)-based regimens in kidney transplant recipients with high levels of donor specific alloantibody (DSA) defined as a positive T-cell cytotoxicity crossmatch. With the primary goal of achieving a negative crossmatch, we employed three protocols sequentially between April 2000 and May 2005: (i) PP, low-dose IVIG, anti-CD20 antibody (n = 32); (ii) high-dose IVIG (n = 13); and (iii) PP, low-dose IVIG, anti-CD20 antibody and pre-transplant Thymoglobulin combined with post-transplant DSA monitoring (n = 16). IVIG decreased DSA activity in all treated patient, yet only 38% (5/13) achieved a negative crossmatch. In contrast, a negative crossmatch was achieved in 84% in PP group and 88% in the PP/monitoring group (p < 0.01 vs. IVIG). Even with a negative crossmatch, the rejection rates were 80% (IVIG), 37% (PP) and 29% (PP/monitoring), respectively, (p < 0.05 IVIG vs. PP). We conclude that multiple PP treatments leads to more reproducible desensitization and lower humoral rejection rates than a single high-dose of IVIG, but that no regimen was completely effective in preventing humoral rejection.

['Adult', 'Female', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Graft Survival', 'Histocompatibility Testing', 'Humans', 'Immunoglobulins, Intravenous', 'Immunosuppressive Agents', 'Isoantibodies', 'Kidney Transplantation', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Minnesota', 'Plasmapheresis', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Survival Analysis', 'Transplantation, Homologous', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.225.500.363.342', 'E01.370.225.500.386.350', 'E05.196.712.516.600.240.350', 'E05.200.500.363.342', 'E05.200.500.386.350', 'E05.242.363.342', 'E05.242.386.350'], ['G12.875.545.340'], ['E01.370.225.812.385', 'E05.200.812.385', 'E05.478.594.385'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.619.393.536', 'D12.776.124.486.485.114.632', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.632', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.632'], ['D27.505.696.477.656'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.664', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.664', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.664'], ['E02.870.500', 'E04.936.450.485', 'E04.950.774.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['Z01.107.567.875.350.510', 'Z01.107.567.875.510.510'], ['E02.120.770', 'E02.912.715', 'E04.292.869'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.740.998', 'N05.715.360.750.795', 'N06.850.520.830.998'], ['E04.936.864'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Health Care [N]']

Genotype, development and tissue-derived variation of cell-wall properties in the lignocellulosic energy crop Miscanthus.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Species and hybrids of the genus Miscanthus contain attributes that make them front-runners among current selections of dedicated bioenergy crops. A key trait for plant biomass conversion to biofuels and biomaterials is cell-wall quality; however, knowledge of cell-wall composition and biology in Miscanthus species is limited. This study presents data on cell-wall compositional changes as a function of development and tissue type across selected genotypes, and considers implications for the development of miscanthus as a sustainable and renewable bioenergy feedstock.METHODS: Cell-wall biomass was analysed for 25 genotypes, considering different developmental stages and stem vs. leaf compositional variability, by Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy and lignin determination. In addition, a Clostridium phytofermentans bioassay was used to assess cell-wall digestibility and conversion to ethanol.KEY RESULTS: Important cell-wall compositional differences between miscanthus stem and leaf samples were found to be predominantly associated with structural carbohydrates. Lignin content increased as plants matured and was higher in stem tissues. Although stem lignin concentration correlated inversely with ethanol production, no such correlation was observed for leaves. Leaf tissue contributed significantly to total above-ground biomass at all stages, although the extent of this contribution was genotype-dependent.CONCLUSIONS: It is hypothesized that divergent carbohydrate compositions and modifications in stem and leaf tissues are major determinants for observed differences in cell-wall quality. The findings indicate that improvement of lignocellulosic feedstocks should encompass tissue-dependent variation as it affects amenability to biological conversion. For gene-trait associations relating to cell-wall quality, the data support the separate examination of leaf and stem composition, as tissue-specific traits may be masked by considering only total above-ground biomass samples, and sample variability could be mostly due to varying tissue contributions to total biomass.

['Biofuels', 'Biomass', 'Carbohydrate Metabolism', 'Cell Wall', 'Ethanol', 'Genotype', 'Lignin', 'Phenotype', 'Plant Leaves', 'Plant Stems', 'Poaceae', 'Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared']

[['D20.147', 'N06.230.132.644.124'], ['G16.500.275.157.100', 'N06.230.124.100'], ['G02.111.158', 'G03.191'], ['A11.284.183'], ['D02.033.375'], ['G05.380'], ['D05.750.078.562.180.515', 'D05.750.078.687', 'D20.538', 'D25.720.099.687', 'J01.637.051.720.099.687'], ['G05.695'], ['A18.024.812'], ['A18.024.937'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.822'], ['E05.196.712.726.676.700', 'E05.196.867.826.676.700']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Antipsychotic drug effects on left prefrontal phospholipid metabolism: a follow-up 31P-2D-CSI study of haloperidol and risperidone in acutely ill chronic schizophrenia patients.

INTRODUCTION: ³?Phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D chemical shift imaging, CSI) allows multiregional study of membrane phospholipids and high-energy phosphates in vivo. Increased membrane lipid turnover and impaired energy supply have repeatedly been shown in first-episode schizophrenia patients, and might be a target of drug actions other than dopamine receptors. Here, we explored differential metabolic effects of a typical vs. an atypical antipsychotic on brain phospholipids.METHODS: We applied 2D-CSI MR spectroscopy in 17 recurrent-episode schizophrenia patients off antipsychotics at baseline and at follow-up after 6 weeks, during which 7 patients were treated with haloperidol (10-16 mg/d) and 10 with risperidone (4-6 mg/d). Psychopathology changes were assessed using PANSS, BPRS and CGI scores.RESULTS: Follow-up analysis using repeated measure ANOVA revealed different effects of both antipsychotic agents: while risperidone generally increased metabolite levels, haloperidol showed a tendency to decrease them. This diverging effect was significant for ATP levels in the left lateral frontal cortex. Furthermore, risperidone increased ATP in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left anterior temporal cortex and left insular cortex, basal ganglia, and anterior cerebellum, along with left frontal and prefrontal increase of PCr, PDE and PME in these brain regions.CONCLUSION: Risperidone seems to stimulate neuronal and synaptic phospholipid remodeling in left frontal and prefrontal regions, and to a lesser extent also in temporal and insular cortices. We discuss these effects with respect to clinical effects on negative and cognitive symptoms, as well as interaction of phospholipid metabolism with glutamatergic neurotransmission.

['Adult', 'Antipsychotic Agents', 'Basal Ganglia', 'Cerebellum', 'Cerebral Cortex', 'Female', 'Haloperidol', 'Humans', 'Lipid Metabolism', 'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy', 'Male', 'Membrane Lipids', 'Middle Aged', 'Phospholipids', 'Phosphorus Isotopes', 'Risperidone', 'Schizophrenia']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D27.505.696.277.950.040', 'D27.505.954.427.210.950.040', 'D27.505.954.427.700.872.331'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249'], ['A08.186.211.132.810.428.200'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500'], ['D02.522.352.506'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G03.458'], ['E05.196.867.519'], ['D10.570'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D10.570.755'], ['D01.268.666.500', 'D01.496.669'], ['D03.383.742.698.685'], ['F03.700.750']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

The heterotrimeric Thermus thermophilus Asp-tRNA(Asn) amidotransferase can also generate Gln-tRNA(Gln).

Thermus thermophilus strain HB8 is known to have a heterodimeric aspartyl-tRNA(Asn) amidotransferase (Asp-AdT) capable of forming Asn-tRNA(Asn) [Becker, H.D. and Kern, D. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12832-12837]. Here we show that, like other bacteria, T. thermophilus possesses the canonical set of amidotransferase (AdT) genes (gatA, gatB and gatC). We cloned and sequenced these genes, and constructed an artificial operon for overexpression in Escherichia coli of the thermophilic holoenzyme. The overproduced T. thermophilus AdT can generate Gln-tRNA(Gln) as well as Asn-tRNA(Asn). Thus, the T. thermophilus tRNA-dependent AdT is a dual-specific Asp/Glu-AdT resembling other bacterial AdTs. In addition, we observed that removal of the 44 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the GatA subunit only inhibits the Asp-AdT activity, leaving the Glu-AdT activity of the mutant AdT unaltered; this shows that Asp-AdT and Glu-AdT activities can be mechanistically separated.

['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Cloning, Molecular', 'Escherichia coli', 'Genes, Bacterial', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Nitrogenous Group Transferases', 'Protein Structure, Quaternary', 'RNA, Bacterial', 'RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl', 'Recombinant Proteins', 'Sequence Deletion', 'Substrate Specificity', 'Thermus thermophilus']

[['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['E05.393.220'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.364.249', 'G05.360.340.358.024.249', 'G05.360.340.358.207.249'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['D08.811.913.477'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.550'], ['D13.444.735.473'], ['D12.125.780', 'D13.444.735.757.715'], ['D12.776.828'], ['G05.365.590.762', 'G05.558.800'], ['G02.111.835'], ['B03.440.400.425.875.875']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

[Middle-molecular hydroxyethyl starch as a volume substitute. Its rheological effect in peripheral arterial occlusive diseases].

The tolerance to and effectiveness of middle-molecular hydroxy-ethyl starch as volume replacement by isovolemic haemodilution over 6 weeks was tested in 15 patients with peripheral arterial obstructive disease, stages II and III. After 6 weeks of isovolemic haemodilution treatment the pain-free walking distance increased significantly, the peak-flow after reactive hyperaemia increased, blood pressure and pulse remained unchanged, blood fluidity was significantly improved. This pilot study indicates that middle-molecular hydroxy-ethyl starch as volume replacement through isovolemic haemodilution represents a good alternative to dextran. It may even be superior to dextran in the treatment of arterial obstructive disease.

['Arterial Occlusive Diseases', 'Blood Viscosity', 'Drug Evaluation', 'Female', 'Gait', 'Hemodilution', 'Humans', 'Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Molecular Weight', 'Plasma Substitutes', 'Starch', 'Time Factors']

[['C14.907.137'], ['G09.188.370.124', 'G09.330.380.630.110'], ['E05.290.625', 'E05.337.425'], ['E01.370.600.250', 'G11.427.410.568.900.750'], ['E02.514'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D09.301.915.500', 'D09.698.365.855.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G02.494'], ['D27.505.954.502.140.500'], ['D05.750.078.562.855', 'D09.301.915', 'D09.698.365.855'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Named Groups [M]']

The effects of ACE inhibitor therapy on left ventricular myocardial mass and diastolic filling in previously untreated hypertensive patients: a cine MRI study.

Cardiac remodeling in case of hypertension induces hypertrophy of myocytes and elevated collagen content and, subsequently, impaired diastolic filling of the left ventricle. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate changes of left ventricular (LV) myocardial mass, as well as diastolic filling properties, in hypertensive patients treated with the ACE inhibitor fosinopril. Sixteen hypertensive patients with echocardiographically documented LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction received fosinopril (10-20 mg daily). Measurements of LV myocardial mass and properties of diastolic filling (peak filling fraction (PFF); peak filling rate (PFR)) were performed prior to medication, as well as after 3 and 6 months of therapy using cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten healthy subjects served as a control group. LV myocardial mass (g/m2) decreased continuously within 3-6 months of follow-up by 32% (148 +/- 40 vs. 120 +/- 26 vs. 101 +/- 22 g/m2; P < 0.0001/0.005). The extent of regression correlated to the severity of LV hypertrophy at baseline (r = 0.77; P < 0.004). Early diastolic filling increased significantly within 6 months of therapy (PFF (%): 36 +/- 6 vs. 61 +/- 7, P < 0.0001; PFR (mL/second): 211 +/- 48 vs. 282 +/- 48, P < 0.001). Cine MRI can be used to assess the time course of pharmacological effects on cardiac remodeling in the course of hypertension. ACE inhibitor therapy results in a significant reduction of LV mass within 3 months and is accompanied by a normalization of diastolic filling that is completed after 6 months.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors', 'Cardiac Volume', 'Diastole', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Fosinopril', 'Heart Ventricles', 'Hemodynamics', 'Humans', 'Hypertension', 'Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myocardium', 'Prospective Studies', 'Ventricular Dysfunction, Left']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D27.505.519.389.745.085'], ['G09.330.380.249'], ['G09.330.580.295', 'G11.427.494.554.250', 'G11.427.494.570.295'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['D02.705.629.500', 'D12.125.072.401.623.374'], ['A07.541.560'], ['G09.330.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.489'], ['C14.280.195.400', 'C23.300.775.250.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A02.633.580', 'A07.541.704', 'A10.690.552.750'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['C14.280.945.900']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Method to localise myocardial infarction using magnetocardiography: simulation studies.

The work presents a method for localising regions of myocardial infarction (MI) using magnetocardiography, which is validated by simulation techniques. We have verified that the first two principal components of magnetocardiographic signals obtained from torso mapping within a normal group are very similar even in experimental measurements. So, if we have the temporal eigenvectors of a normal group, these can be used as an orthonormal basis for estimating the signals of a patient being tested. Analysis of the residual signals using singular value decomposition (SVD) allows the localisation of regions of MI. Comparisons are made with a similar method which uses spatial eigenvectors as its basis. It is shown that our approach is able to localise the equivalent current dipoles which generate MI even when they are not orthogonal to the spatial eigenvectors.

['Computer Simulation', 'Humans', 'Magnetics', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted']

[['L01.224.160'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['H01.671.493'], ['C14.280.647.500', 'C14.907.585.500', 'C23.550.513.355.750', 'C23.550.717.489.750'], ['L01.224.800']]

['Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Diseases [C]']

Somatostatin Analogue Treatment of a TSH-Secreting Adenoma Presenting With Accelerated Bone Metabolism and a Pericardial Effusion: A Case Report.

Increased bone turnover and other less frequent comorbidities of hyperthyroidism, such as heart failure, have only rarely been reported in association with central hyperthyroidism due to a thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma). Treatment is highly empirical and relies on eliminating the tumor and the hyperthyroid state.We report here an unusual case of a 39-year-old man who was initially admitted for management of pleuritic chest pain and fever of unknown origin. Diagnostic work up confirmed pericarditis and pleural effusion both refractory to treatment. The patient had a previous history of persistently elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), indicative of increased bone turnover. He had also initially been treated with thyroxine supplementation due to elevated TSH levels. During the diagnostic process a TSHoma was revealed. Thyroxine was discontinued, and resection of the pituitary tumor followed by treatment with a somatostatin analog led to complete recession of the effusions, normalization of ALP, and shrinkage of pituitary tumor.Accelerated bone metabolism and pericardial and pleural effusions attributed to a TSHoma may resolve after successful treatment of the tumor. The unexpected clinical course of this case highlights the need for careful long-term surveillance in patients with these rare pituitary adenomas.

['Adenoma', 'Adult', 'Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal', 'Bone Diseases, Metabolic', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Octreotide', 'Pericardial Effusion', 'Pituitary Neoplasms', 'Thyrotropin']

[['C04.557.470.035'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D27.505.954.248.169'], ['C05.116.198', 'C18.452.104'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D04.345.566.650', 'D12.644.641.650'], ['C14.280.695'], ['C04.588.322.609', 'C04.588.614.250.195.885.500.600', 'C10.228.140.211.885.500.600', 'C10.228.140.617.477.600', 'C10.228.140.617.738.675', 'C10.551.240.250.700.500.500', 'C19.344.609', 'C19.700.734'], ['D06.472.699.631.525.883', 'D12.644.548.691.525.883']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Estimated mortality of adult HIV-infected patients starting treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To provide estimates of mortality among HIV-infected patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy.METHODS: We report on the death rates from 122 925 adult HIV-infected patients aged 15 years or older from East, Southern and West Africa, Asia Pacific and Latin America. We use two methods to adjust for biases in mortality estimation resulting from loss from follow-up, based on double-sampling methods applied to patient outreach (Kenya) and linkage with vital registries (South Africa), and apply these to mortality estimates in the other three regions. Age, gender and CD4 count at the initiation of therapy were the factors considered as predictors of mortality at 6, 12, 24 and >24 months after the start of treatment.RESULTS: Patient mortality was high during the first 6 months after therapy for all patient subgroups and exceeded 40 per 100 patient years among patients who started treatment at low CD4 count. This trend was seen regardless of region, demographic or disease-related risk factor. Mortality was under-reported by up to or exceeding 100% when comparing estimates obtained from passive monitoring of patient vital status.CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in antiretroviral treatment coverage many patients start treatment at very low CD4 counts and experience significant mortality during the first 6 months after treatment initiation. Active patient tracing and linkage with vital registries are critical in adjusting estimates of mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income settings.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Africa', 'Age Factors', 'Anti-HIV Agents', 'Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active', 'Asia', 'CD4 Lymphocyte Count', 'Epidemiologic Methods', 'Female', 'HIV Infections', 'Humans', 'Latin America', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Sex Factors', 'Survival Analysis', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['Z01.058'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['D27.505.954.122.388.077.088'], ['E02.319.310.075'], ['Z01.252'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.595.500.150', 'E01.370.225.625.107.595.500.150', 'E05.200.500.195.107.595.500.150', 'E05.200.625.107.595.500.150', 'E05.242.195.107.595.500.150', 'G04.140.107.595.500.150', 'G09.188.105.595.500.150'], ['E05.318', 'N06.850.520'], ['C01.221.250.875', 'C01.221.812.640.400', 'C01.778.640.400', 'C01.925.782.815.616.400', 'C01.925.813.400', 'C20.673.480'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.107.424'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875'], ['E05.318.740.998', 'N05.715.360.750.795', 'N06.850.520.830.998'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

Major venous anomalies and abdominal aortic surgery.

Patients with an infrarenal venous anomaly are relatively rare, but are most likely to suffer bleeding from an injury during abdominal aortic surgery. During the last five years, we have performed nine abdominal aortic surgeries with major venous anomalies. There was no severe haemorrhage and actually, after 3-53 months (median 28 months) all the patients have done well. Preoperative assessment and intraoperative awareness are important to prevent unexpected injuries and subsequent excessive bleeding. If the venous anomalies are recognized and treated correctly, serious injuries can be prevented and the outcome should not be affected. In elderly patients, with severe comorbidities or inflammatory aneurysms, an endoprosthesis is preferred.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Aorta, Abdominal', 'Aortic Diseases', 'Aortography', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Phlebography', 'Postoperative Hemorrhage', 'Renal Veins', 'Time Factors', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Vascular Surgical Procedures', 'Vena Cava, Inferior']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['A07.015.114.056.205'], ['C14.907.109'], ['E01.370.350.700.060.070', 'E01.370.370.050.070'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.350.700.060.600', 'E01.370.370.050.600'], ['C23.550.414.941', 'C23.550.767.850'], ['A07.015.908.752'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['E04.100.814'], ['A07.015.908.949.648']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

In vitro characterization of calcium transport along the gastrointestinal tract of freshwater rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Using an in vitro gut-sac technique, this study examined the mechanisms of calcium (Ca) uptake along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ca uptake into three different compartments (mucous-bound, mucosal epithelium and blood space) of four distinct GIT segments (stomach, anterior intestine, mid intestine and posterior intestine) was monitored after luminal exposure to 10 mM Ca saline (radiolabelled with (45) Ca). Ca transport was determined to be both time-dependent and concentration-dependent. The concentration-dependent kinetics of Ca uptake was investigated using varying luminal concentrations of Ca (1, 10, 30, 60 and 100 mM). In the blood-space compartment, Ca uptake was saturable at high Ca concentrations in the mid intestine (suggesting mediated transport), while linear uptake was found in the other gut segments. In the mucous-bound and mucosal epithelium compartments, however, saturation kinetics were found for most GIT segments, also suggesting mediated transport. Manipulation of serosal saline osmotic pressure with mannitol demonstrated that Ca uptake was not greatly affected by solvent drag. Elevated mucosal cadmium (Cd) did not appear to inhibit Ca uptake into the blood space in any of the GIT sections, and Ca uptake did not appear to be sodium dependent. Maximum transport capacities for Ca and Cd were found to be comparable between the gills and gut, but affinities were much higher at the gills (up to 3000 times).

['Animals', 'Biological Transport', 'Cadmium', 'Calcium', 'Gastrointestinal Tract', 'Gills', 'Kinetics', 'Oncorhynchus mykiss']

[['B01.050'], ['G03.143'], ['D01.268.556.137', 'D01.268.956.061', 'D01.552.544.137'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['A03.556'], ['A13.421'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['B01.050.150.900.493.817.750.825.580.600']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

HLA and hypocretin studies in Korean patients with narcolepsy.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Very few studies have evaluated narcolepsy in Asian countries, outside of Japan. Our goal was to study narcolepsy at the genetic, clinical and pathophysiological level in Korea.DESIGN: Prospective study of consecutive patients and age matched controls. Clinical data ascertained from the Stanford Sleep Inventory, Polysomnography and MSLT data, as well as clinical notes. High resolution DRB1 and DQB1 typing in all subjects and studies of CSF hypocretin-1 was also evaluated in a subset of patients.PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 20 patients diagnosed at St. Vincent and Korea University Hospitals (Seoul, Korea). 21 Korean control subjects.INTERVENTIONS: N/A.MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: For narcoleptic subjects, mean age was 28.2 years old and 45% were female. Mean BMI was 23.9+/-3.4 kg/m2, a significantly higher value than that expected in an age- and sex-matched sample (p<0.01). All patients had sleepiness and cataplexy while the prevalence of other symptoms ranged from 60-75%. All but 2 subjects were HLA-DR15 (DR2), DQB1*0602 positive (90%). This high DQB1*0602 percentage compared with 24% DQB1*0602 positivity in 21 control Koreans. Protective effects were observed for the DQB1*0601 and DRB1*0406 alleles, Hypocretin (orexin) CSF studies were also performed in 6 cataplectic subjects, all of which had undetectable CSF hypocretin levels. Two of these subjects had started narcolepsy less than 1 year before analysis yet had undetectable hypocretin levels.CONCLUSION: These results illustrate the similarity of narcolepsy-cataplexy in Korea in comparisons with other more studied populations. We also identified a new potential HLA protective subtype, HLA-DRB1*0406.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Carrier Proteins', 'Child', 'Female', 'HLA Antigens', 'Humans', 'Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins', 'Korea', 'Male', 'Narcolepsy', 'Neuropeptides', 'Orexins', 'Prospective Studies']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D12.776.157'], ['M01.060.406'], ['D23.050.301.500.450', 'D23.050.705.552.450'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.360', 'D12.776.476'], ['Z01.252.474.557', 'Z01.586.407'], ['C10.886.425.800.200.750', 'F03.870.400.800.200.750'], ['D12.644.400', 'D12.776.631.650'], ['D12.644.400.360', 'D12.776.631.650.363'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Integrating microRNA and mRNA expression profiling in Symbiodinium microadriaticum, a dinoflagellate symbiont of reef-building corals.

BACKGROUND: Animal and plant genomes produce numerous small RNAs (smRNAs) that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally affecting metabolism, development, and epigenetic inheritance. In order to characterize the repertoire of endogenous smRNAs and potential gene targets in dinoflagellates, we conducted smRNA and mRNA expression profiling over 9 experimental treatments of cultures from Symbiodinium microadriaticum, a photosynthetic symbiont of scleractinian corals.RESULTS: We identified a set of 21 novel smRNAs that share stringent key features with functional microRNAs from other model organisms. smRNAs were predicted independently over all 9 treatments and their putative gene targets were identified. We found 1,720 animal-like target sites in the 3'UTRs of 12,858 mRNAs and 19 plant-like target sites in 51,917 genes. We assembled a transcriptome of 58,649 genes and determined differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between treatments. Heat stress was found to produce a much larger number of DEGs than other treatments that yielded only few DEGs. Analysis of DEGs also revealed that minicircle-encoded photosynthesis proteins seem to be common targets of transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, we identified the core RNAi protein machinery in Symbiodinium.CONCLUSIONS: Integration of smRNA and mRNA expression profiling identified a variety of processes that could be under microRNA control, e.g. protein modification, signaling, gene expression, and response to DNA damage. Given that Symbiodinium seems to have a paucity of transcription factors and differentially expressed genes, identification and characterization of its smRNA repertoire establishes the possibility of a range of gene regulatory mechanisms in dinoflagellates acting post-transcriptionally.

['Animals', 'Anthozoa', 'Coral Reefs', 'Dinoflagellida', 'Gene Expression Profiling', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Gene Ontology', 'MicroRNAs', 'Photosynthesis', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Symbiosis', 'Transcriptome']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.500.308.237'], ['G16.500.275.157.130', 'N06.230.124.130'], ['B01.043.214'], ['E05.393.332'], ['G05.308'], ['H01.158.273.343.249.099', 'H01.770.644.145.350.124', 'L01.224.050.375.480.500.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.550.500.500', 'L01.453.245.945.079.500'], ['D13.150.650.319', 'D13.444.735.150.319', 'D13.444.735.790.552.500'], ['G02.111.158.937', 'G02.111.669.700', 'G02.740.921', 'G03.191.937', 'G03.493.700', 'G03.800.700', 'G15.568'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['G06.550.800', 'G16.840'], ['G02.111.873.750', 'G05.297.700.750', 'G05.360.920']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Visualization of rotator cuff tear morphology by radial magnetic resonance imaging.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether rotator cuff tear morphology could be visualized using radial MRI. We retrospectively investigated 52 shoulders that underwent preoperative MRI and arthroscopy for a complete rotator cuff tear. The tear length and width were measured using oblique coronal, axial, and radial MRI. Arthroscopic findings were compared with the tear morphology. Tear morphology was visualized using oblique coronal and axial MRI for 24 of the 52 shoulders (46%), and radial MRI for all 52 shoulders. Radial MRI data for 49 of 52 shoulders (94%) were concordant with the arthroscopic findings.

['Aged', 'Arthroscopy', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Rotator Cuff', 'Rotator Cuff Injuries']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.370.388.250.070', 'E04.502.250.070', 'E04.555.113'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['A02.633.567.912', 'A02.880.700'], ['C26.761.340', 'C26.803.063', 'C26.874.400']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) attenuates collagen-induced arthritis.

To examine whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) which is known to act as an antioxidant has therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice, an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. Mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of GSPE (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or saline. Clinical, histological, and biochemical parameters were assessed. The effects of GSPE on osteoclastogenesis were determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of the inflamed joints and bone-marrow cells cultured with the receptor activator of nuclear factor B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Intracellular levels of hydrogen peroxide were determined using carboxy-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. GSPE treatment significantly attenuated the severity of CIA in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the histology scores for synovial inflammation, cartilage erosion, bone erosion, and the number of TRAP+ osteoclasts. GSPE treatment significantly reduced the numbers of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- or interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing cells in the synovial tissue and the spontaneous production of TNF-alpha and IL-17 by splenocytes compared with those in the control mice. The serum levels of type-II-collagen-specific IgG2a and plasma levels of 8-isoprostane in the GSPE-treated mice were significantly lower than those in the control mice. GSPE dose-dependently suppressed osteoclastogenesis in vitro. GSPE significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide production by anti-CD3-monoclonal-antibody-stimulated CD4+ splenocytes. These results indicate that intraperitoneal injection of GSPE attenuated CIA in mice. GSPE may be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

['Acid Phosphatase', 'Animals', 'Ankle Joint', 'Antibodies', 'Arthritis, Experimental', 'Arthritis, Rheumatoid', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Collagen Type II', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Grape Seed Extract', 'Hydrogen Peroxide', 'Interleukin-17', 'Isoenzymes', 'Isoprostanes', 'Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred DBA', 'Osteoclasts', 'Plant Extracts', 'Proanthocyanidins', 'RANK Ligand', 'Spleen', 'Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase', 'Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha']

[['D08.811.277.352.650.025'], ['B01.050'], ['A02.835.583.378.062'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114'], ['C05.550.114.015', 'E05.598.500.249'], ['C05.550.114.154', 'C05.799.114', 'C17.300.775.099', 'C20.111.199'], ['A11.251'], ['D05.750.078.280.300.200', 'D12.776.860.300.250.300.200'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['D20.215.784.500.400', 'D26.667.500'], ['D01.248.497.158.685.750.424', 'D01.339.431.374.424', 'D01.650.550.750.400', 'D02.389.338.253'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.517', 'D12.776.467.374.465.517', 'D23.529.374.465.517'], ['D08.811.348', 'D12.776.800.300'], ['D10.251.355.255.100.375', 'D10.251.355.310.166.775', 'D10.251.355.411'], ['D12.644.276.374.410.240.500', 'D12.776.395.240.500', 'D12.776.467.374.410.240.500', 'D23.529.374.410.240.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.500'], ['A11.329.372.700', 'A11.627.482.700'], ['D20.215.784.500', 'D26.667'], ['D03.383.663.283.266.450.700', 'D03.633.100.150.266.450.700', 'D05.750.078.937.429'], ['D12.644.276.374.750.562', 'D12.776.467.374.750.562', 'D23.529.374.750.562'], ['A10.549.700', 'A15.382.520.604.700'], ['D08.811.277.352.650.025.500', 'D08.811.277.352.650.625.862'], ['D12.644.276.374.500.800', 'D12.644.276.374.750.626', 'D12.776.124.900', 'D12.776.395.930', 'D12.776.467.374.500.800', 'D12.776.467.374.750.626', 'D23.529.374.500.800', 'D23.529.374.750.626']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Comparative analyses of the kinetics and subunits of myosins from canine skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue.

Two types of canine cardiac myosins, myosin from the free wall of the right ventricle and the free wall of the left ventricle, were compared with canine skeletal muscle myosin from the gastrocnemius. The Vmax values for the ATPase reaction catalyzed by myosin were significantly different among the three types of tissues. For K+-activated myosin the Vmax values in micromoles of Pi per mg per min were: right ventricle, 0.57; left ventricle, 0.72; and gastrocnemius, 0.95. For Ca-2+ -activated myosin the Vmax values were: right ventricle, 0.32; left ventricle, 0.42; gastrocnemius, 0.50. All differences were significant (p smaller than 0.001). For all three types of tissues the Vmax values for NH4+ -activated myosin were the same (2.30). Light chains among all three types of tissues were immunologically identical, whereas the heavy chains of the two cardiac ventricles were immunologically identical with each other; however both were immunologically nonidentical with those of the gastrocnemius. The proportion of myosin light chains to heavy chains was different in the three types of tissue. Of the total protein present in each of the myosins, there was 18% in the light chains of right ventricle myosin, 10% in the light chains of left ventricle myosin, and 13% in the light chains of gastrocnemius. Both left ventricle myosin and myosin from gastrocnemius had significantly less C1d light chain, as compared to myosin from the right ventricle.

['Adenosine Triphosphatases', 'Adenosine Triphosphate', 'Ammonium Chloride', 'Animals', 'Calcium', 'Dogs', 'Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel', 'Enzyme Activation', 'Heart Ventricles', 'Immunodiffusion', 'Kinetics', 'Muscles', 'Myocardium', 'Myosins', 'Organ Specificity', 'Potassium']

[['D08.811.277.040.025'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.236', 'D13.695.667.138.236', 'D13.695.827.068.236'], ['D01.210.450.150.050', 'D01.625.062.249'], ['B01.050'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['E05.196.401.402', 'E05.301.300.319'], ['G02.111.263', 'G03.328'], ['A07.541.560'], ['E01.370.225.812.735.645.350', 'E05.200.812.735.645.350', 'E05.478.594.760.645.350', 'E05.478.605.492.350'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['A02.633', 'A10.690'], ['A02.633.580', 'A07.541.704', 'A10.690.552.750'], ['D05.750.078.730.475', 'D08.811.277.040.025.193.750', 'D12.776.210.500.600', 'D12.776.220.525.475'], ['G07.650'], ['D01.268.549.550', 'D01.268.557.575', 'D01.552.528.652', 'D01.552.547.650']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Recognition of a mycobacteria-specific epitope in the 65-kD heat-shock protein by synovial fluid-derived T cell clones.

Adjuvant arthritis in rats is induced by a T cell clone specific for amino acids 180-188 of the mycobacterial 65-kD heat-shock protein, and synovial T cell responses to this same Ag have been noted in human arthritis. We have isolated 65-kD Ag-specific T cell clones from synovial fluid mononuclear cells of a patient with acute arthritis, which, unlike the corresponding PBMC, showed a marked proliferative response to the 65-kD Ag. Using synthetic peptides corresponding to the whole sequence of the 65-kD Ag, all the clones were shown to recognize an epitope present in the first NH2-terminal peptide (amino acids 1-15), with no response to the adjacent peptide (amino acids 6-22) or to any other peptide. The complete dominance of this epitope in the response to the 65-kD Ag was shown by documenting responses to the peptide in PBMC obtained after recovery from the arthritis. This epitope, like that recognized by the rat arthritogenic T cell clone, is in a portion of the 65-kD sequence that is not conserved between bacteria and eukaryotes, so that in this case, joint inflammation could not be attributed to bacteria-induced T cell clones cross-reacting with the self 65-kD Ag.

['Antigens, Bacterial', 'Clone Cells', 'Epitopes', 'HLA-DR Antigens', 'Heat-Shock Proteins', 'Humans', 'Lymphocyte Activation', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Mycobacterium', 'Synovial Fluid', 'T-Lymphocytes']

[['D23.050.161'], ['A11.251.353'], ['D23.050.550'], ['D12.776.395.550.509.400.440', 'D12.776.543.550.440.400.440', 'D23.050.301.500.400.400.440', 'D23.050.301.500.450.400.440', 'D23.050.705.552.410.400.440', 'D23.050.705.552.450.400.440'], ['D12.776.580.216'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.812.482', 'E05.200.812.482', 'E05.478.594.530', 'G12.450.050.400.545', 'G12.565'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['B03.510.024.962.500', 'B03.510.460.400.410.552.552'], ['A02.835.583.443.800.800', 'A12.207.270.847'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Dendritic cells that endocytosed antigen-containing IgG-liposomes elicit effective antitumor immunity.

Liposomes represent a promising vehicle to deliver exogenous antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) for tumor immunotherapy. Targeting exogenous antigens to Fcgamma receptors on DCs has been shown to result in efficient presentation of antigen-derived peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules. In this study, it was investigated whether DCs that endocytosed physicochemically optimized antigen-containing liposomes conjugated with IgG efficiently present antigens on MHC class I and class II molecules, and consequently induce strong antitumor immune responses. IgG-conjugated liposomes that were 200 nm in diameter without attaching polyethylene glycol were most efficiently endocytosed by DCs. Human monocyte-derived DCs that endocytosed tetanus toxoid (TT)-containing IgG liposomes via CD32 stimulated CD4(+) T cells more strongly than DCs pulsed with TT-containing bare liposomes or with soluble TT. Immunization of mice with DCs that endocytosed ovalbumin (OVA)-containing IgG liposomes but not OVA-containing bare liposomes or soluble OVA completely prevented the growth of OVA-expressing lymphoma cells. Importantly, administration of DCs that endocytosed OVA-containing IgG liposomes to the mice with established OVA-expressing tumors strongly suppressed tumor growth. This study demonstrates an IgG liposome with physicochemical properties suitable for delivering antigens to DCs and paves the way to the application of IgG liposomes for tumor immunotherapy using DCs.

['Animals', 'Antigen Presentation', 'Antigens, Neoplasm', 'CD11c Antigen', 'Cancer Vaccines', 'Dendritic Cells', 'Endocytosis', 'Humans', 'Immunity, Cellular', 'Immunoglobulin G', 'Immunotherapy, Adoptive', 'Liposomes', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Monocytes', 'Neoplasms']

[['B01.050'], ['G12.119', 'G12.450.050.400.070'], ['D23.050.285'], ['D12.776.395.550.200.074.875', 'D12.776.395.550.200.275.500', 'D12.776.543.550.200.093.875', 'D12.776.543.550.200.275.500', 'D12.776.543.750.705.408.100.200', 'D12.776.543.750.705.408.600.100.500', 'D12.776.543.750.705.833.249.500', 'D23.050.301.350.074.074', 'D23.050.301.350.275.500'], ['D20.215.894.200'], ['A11.066.270', 'A11.436.270', 'A15.382.066.270', 'A15.382.670.260'], ['G04.417'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G12.450.050.400'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.619.393', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.619.393', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.393'], ['E02.095.465.425.400.330.050.400', 'E05.478.550.520.050.400'], ['D25.479.517', 'D26.255.260.517', 'J01.637.051.479.517', 'J01.637.087.500.517'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['A11.118.637.555.652', 'A11.148.580', 'A11.627.624', 'A11.733.547', 'A15.145.229.637.555.652', 'A15.378.316.580', 'A15.382.490.555.652', 'A15.382.670.547', 'A15.382.680.547'], ['C04']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Diseases [C]']

[Does PCA3 score and prostatic MRI help selection of patients scheduled for initial prostatic biopsy?].

INTRODUCTION: Determinate if the adjunction of PCA3 score and/or prostatic MRI can improve the selection of the patients who have an indication of first prostate biopsy.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Multiparametric prostatic MRI and PCA3 score were made before biopsy to men scheduled for initial prostate biopsy for abnormal digital rectal examination and/or PSA superior to 4 ng/mL. T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging looked for suspect target classified on a scale of four. It was a prospective, single centre study. The diagnostic accuracy of PCA3 score and MRI was to evaluate in comparison with biopsy results.RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients were included, median PSA was 5.2 ng/mL (3.2-28). Negative predictive value (NPV) of MRI score 0, 1 and 2 were respectively 80%, 43% and 69%. Positive predictive value (PPV) of MRI score 3 and 4 were 50% and 81%. The PCA3 cutoff with best accuracy was 21 (Se: 0.91; Sp: 0.50). Only one patient with positive biopsy (0.5mm of Gleason score 3+3) had negative MRI and PCA3 inferior to 21.CONCLUSION: MRI and PCA3 score in association allowed, in this study, to consider reduction of unnecessary initial biopsy without ignoring potential aggressive tumor.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Antigens, Neoplasm', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Biopsy', 'Digital Rectal Examination', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Grading', 'Patient Selection', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Prospective Studies', 'Prostate-Specific Antigen', 'Prostatectomy', 'Prostatic Neoplasms', 'Sensitivity and Specificity']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D23.050.285'], ['D23.101.140'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['E01.370.600.600.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789.612'], ['E05.581.500.653', 'N04.590.731'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.442.750', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.442.750', 'D12.776.866.249.500', 'D23.050.285.625', 'D23.101.140.625'], ['E04.950.774.860.625'], ['C04.588.945.440.770', 'C12.294.260.750', 'C12.294.565.625', 'C12.758.409.750'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Dissecting cell-type-specific roles of androgen receptor in prostate homeostasis and regeneration through lineage tracing.

Androgen signals through androgen receptor (AR) to influence prostate development and cancer. How stromal and epithelial AR regulate prostate homeostasis remains unclear. Using genetic lineage tracing, we systematically investigated the role of cell-autonomous AR in different prostate epithelial cell types. Here we show that AR is dispensable for basal cell maintenance, but is cell-autonomously required for the luminal differentiation of rare basal stem cells. In contrast, AR deletion in luminal cells alters cell morphology and induces transient over-proliferation, without affecting androgen-mediated luminal cell survival or regeneration. However, AR is selectively required for the maintenance of daughter cells produced by castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing luminal stem cells (CARNs). Notably, Pten loss can override AR-loss effects in both basal and luminal compartments to initiate tumours. Our data reveal distinct cell-type-specific roles of epithelial AR in orchestrating prostate homeostasis, and question the notion that epithelial AR serves as a tumour suppressor in early cancer initiation.

['Animals', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Genotype', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Transgenic', 'Orchiectomy', 'Organoids', 'Principal Component Analysis', 'Prostate', 'Receptors, Androgen', 'Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators', 'Tamoxifen', 'Tissue Culture Techniques']

[['B01.050'], ['G05.308'], ['G05.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800'], ['E04.270.282.679', 'E04.950.165.679', 'E04.950.774.860.618'], ['A10.802'], ['E05.318.740.562'], ['A05.360.444.575', 'A10.336.707'], ['D12.776.826.750.150'], ['D06.347.360.827', 'D27.505.696.399.450.360.827'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.150.700.900'], ['E05.481.500.617']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Observer-based adaptive fuzzy synchronization for hyperchaotic systems.

In this paper, the synchronization problem of hyperchaotic systems is investigated. An adaptive fuzzy observer is proposed based on the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model. Theoretical analysis based on Lyapunov stability theory is provided to verify the feasibility of the proposed synchronization scheme. Numerical simulation of the hyperchaotic L? system is given to demonstrate the application of the proposed scheme. The form of the proposed scheme is simple, and it is general and robust.

['Algorithms', 'Computer Simulation', 'Fuzzy Logic', 'Models, Theoretical', 'Nonlinear Dynamics']

[['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['L01.224.160'], ['E05.599.250', 'K01.752.448.250', 'L01.224.050.375.250'], ['E05.599'], ['E05.599.850', 'H01.548.675']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Upregulation of Yy1 Suppresses Dilated Cardiomyopathy caused by Ttn insufficiency.

Truncating variants in TTN (TTNtv), coding for the largest structural protein in the sarcomere, contribute to the largest portion of familial and ambulatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). TTN haploinsufficiency caused by TTNtv is suggested as the disease mechanism. However, it is unclear whether TTN insufficiency causes DCM. Moreover, it is unknown whether modulation of downstream pathways serves as a therapeutic strategy for DCM caused by TTN insufficiency. Here, we show that reduction of cardiac Ttn expression by adeno-associated virus mediated shRNA (Ttn shRNA) generated DCM in mouse, demonstrating impaired cardiac performance, enlarged left ventricle (LV) and reduced LV wall thickness. A screen of 10 dysregulated and selected genes identified that Yin Yang 1 (Yy1) significantly suppressed DCM caused by Ttn shRNA. Gene profiling by RNAseq showed Yy1 modulated cell growth related genes. Ttn insufficiency activated cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry by upregulating of Ccnd1 and Ccnd2. Cardiomyocytes activated by Ttn insufficiency did not advance to S phase by EdU incorporation assay. Yy1 promoted cardiomyocyte cell cycle by further enhancing Ccnd1 and Ccnd2 and increasing DNA replication without undergoing cell division. Importantly, upregulation of Ccnd1 and Ccnd2 suppressed DCM caused by Ttn insufficiency. Our findings demonstrate that DCM caused by Ttn insufficiency can be treated by therapeutically promoting cardiac cell cycle.

['Cardiomyopathy, Dilated', 'Cell Cycle', 'HEK293 Cells', 'Humans', 'Myocytes, Cardiac', 'Protein Kinases', 'Up-Regulation', 'YY1 Transcription Factor']

[['C14.280.195.160', 'C14.280.238.070', 'C16.320.488.750'], ['G04.144'], ['A11.251.210.172.750', 'A11.436.334'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A07.541.704.570', 'A10.690.552.750.570', 'A11.620.500'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682'], ['G02.111.905', 'G05.308.850', 'G07.690.773.998'], ['D12.776.260.235.875', 'D12.776.930.216.875']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Evaluation of postmortem serum and cerebrospinal fluid growth hormone levels in relation to the cause of death in forensic autopsy.

Previous studies have shown that postmortem serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were significantly lower in cases of asphyxia and poisoning than in other groups, whereas ACTH levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were significantly lower for hypothermia and hyperthermia. This study comparatively analyzed growth hormone (GH) levels in serum and CSF in relation to cause of death in routine forensic work. Autopsy cases (n = 116), including cases of blunt injury, sharp instrument injury, fire fatality, asphyxia, drowning, hypothermia, and acute myocardial infarction/ischemia (AMI), were examined. GH concentrations were measured using an immunoradiometric assay technique. GH levels in serum were significantly higher in cases of blunt injury, sharp instrument injury, hypothermia, and AMI than in the other groups. GH levels in CSF were significantly higher in fire fatality cases with a high COHb level than in the other groups. In a previous study ACTH immunopositivity in the adenohypophysis was significantly higher in cases of blunt injury, fire fatality, and AMI whereas GH immunopositivity was not significantly different among the groups, although positivity was higher in cases of fire fatality with a low COHb level. These observations suggest that postmortem serum/CSF GH and ACTH levels in acute deaths change differently, depending on the cause of death, because of varied stress reactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

['Adrenocorticotropic Hormone', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Autopsy', 'Biomarkers', 'Carboxyhemoglobin', 'Cause of Death', 'Female', 'Forensic Pathology', 'Human Growth Hormone', 'Humans', 'Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pituitary-Adrenal System', 'Young Adult']

[['D06.472.699.327.935.531.500', 'D06.472.699.631.525.600.531.500', 'D12.644.400.400.935.531.500', 'D12.644.548.365.935.531.500', 'D12.644.548.691.525.690.531.500', 'D12.776.631.650.405.935.531.500'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E01.370.060', 'E05.070', 'I01.198.780.937.120'], ['D23.101'], ['D12.776.124.400.141', 'D12.776.422.316.762.149'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.250', 'N01.224.935.698.100', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.250', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.250'], ['H02.403.330.300', 'H02.403.650.249', 'I01.198.780.937.460'], ['D06.472.699.631.525.425.875', 'D12.644.548.691.525.425.875'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A06.688.357', 'A08.186.211.180.497.352.435', 'A08.186.211.200.317.357.352.435', 'A08.713.357'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A06.300.691'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Using the theory of planned behavior to predict aggression and weapons carrying in urban African American early adolescent youth.

Aggressive and weapons carrying behaviors are indicative of youth violence. The theory of planned behavior is used in the current analysis to improve our understanding of violence-related behaviors. We examine the influence of perceived behavioral control (self-control and decision making) as a part of the overall framework for understanding the risk and protective factors for aggressive behaviors and weapons carrying. As the baseline assessment of an intervention trial, survey data were collected on 452 sixth-grade students (50% girls; 96.6% African American; mean age 12.0 years) from urban middle schools. A total of 18.4% carried a weapon in the prior 12 months, with boys more likely to carry a weapon than girls (22.5% vs. 14.2%, p = .02). Of the youth, 78.4% reported aggressive behaviors with no significant differences found between girls (81.3%) and boys (75.5%). In logistic regression models, having peers who engage in problem behaviors was found to be a significant risk factor. Youth with peers who engaged in numerous problem behaviors were five times more likely to be aggressive than those who reported little or no peer problem behaviors. Teens who reported that their parents opposed aggression (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76; confidence interval [CI] = 0.66, 0.88) and who used self-control strategies (OR = 0.59; CI = 0.39, 0.87) were found to report less aggressive behaviors. For weapons carrying, being a girl (OR = 0.56; CI = 0.32, 0.97) and self-control (OR = 0.52; CI = 0.29, 0.92) were protective factors. This study demonstrated that the theory of planned behavior may provide a useful framework for the development of violence prevention programs. Practitioners should consider integrating strategies for developing healthy relationships and improving self-control.

['Adolescent', 'Adolescent Behavior', 'African Americans', 'Age Factors', 'Aggression', 'Alcohol Drinking', 'Baltimore', 'Child', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Logistic Models', 'Male', 'Peer Group', 'Risk Factors', 'Self-Control', 'Sex Factors', 'Smoking', 'Socioeconomic Factors', 'Substance-Related Disorders', 'Violence', 'Weapons']

[['M01.060.057'], ['F01.145.022'], ['M01.686.508.100.100', 'M01.686.754.100'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['F01.145.126.125', 'F01.145.813.045'], ['F01.145.317.269'], ['Z01.107.567.875.500.500.100', 'Z01.433.100'], ['M01.060.406'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.500.525', 'E05.318.740.600.800.450', 'E05.318.740.750.450', 'E05.599.835.875', 'N05.715.360.750.530.480', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.450', 'N05.715.360.750.695.470', 'N06.850.520.830.500.525', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.450', 'N06.850.520.830.750.450'], ['F01.829.316.483'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['F01.145.813.595'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875'], ['F01.145.805'], ['I01.880.853.996', 'N01.824'], ['C25.775', 'F03.900'], ['I01.198.240.856', 'I01.880.735.900'], ['J01.637.870']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Substrate recognition by ribosome-inactivating protein studied by molecular modeling and molecular electrostatic potentials.

A computer model of dianthin 30, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), is constructed by homology modeling using two known X-ray structures; a type 1 RIP, pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), and chain A of a type 2 RIP, ricin. The 3D structure is refined by molecular dynamics and its binding site compared with those of PAP and ricin using molecular electrostatic potential mapping. The differences in the maps obtained clearly show how, despite the similarity of the topology of the binding site, differences in electrostatic potential can account for the experimentally observed differences in substrate recognition and binding. This demonstrates the potential of these techniques for guiding further experimental analyses.

['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Binding Sites', 'Chemical Phenomena', 'Chemistry, Physical', 'Computer Graphics', 'Computer Simulation', 'Crystallography, X-Ray', 'Electricity', 'Models, Molecular', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'N-Glycosyl Hydrolases', 'Plant Proteins', 'Protein Binding', 'Protein Conformation', 'Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1', 'Ribosomes', 'Ricin', 'Sequence Alignment', 'Sequence Homology, Amino Acid', 'Substrate Specificity']

[['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['G02.111.570.120'], ['G02'], ['H01.181.529'], ['L01.224.108', 'L01.296.110'], ['L01.224.160'], ['E05.196.309.742.225'], ['G01.358.500.249'], ['E05.599.595'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['D08.811.277.450.430'], ['D12.776.765'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['G02.111.570.820.709'], ['D08.811.277.450.430.700.500', 'D12.776.765.710.500'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.875.811'], ['D08.811.277.450.430.700.750.666', 'D12.776.034.756', 'D12.776.503.499.937', 'D12.776.765.678.906.750'], ['E05.393.751'], ['G02.111.810.200', 'G05.810.200'], ['G02.111.835']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Non-vital, prosthetic, and virtual reality models of microsurgical training.

Many microsurgical training models exist. These can be broadly classified into living and non-living. The latter type can be further sub-classified into non-vital, prosthetic, and virtual reality models. We review each model within these sub-groups with reference to the ideal properties of a training model. The most important attribute of any model is that the skills acquired from it must translate efficiently into microsurgical skill in the clinical situation. We believe that non-vital and prosthetic models are an important complement to living ones in training and maintaining the skills of all microsurgeons. As virtual reality technology improves, virtual models may succeed the rat as the microsurgical training tool of choice.

['Clinical Competence', 'Humans', 'Microsurgery', 'Suture Techniques', 'User-Computer Interface']

[['I02.399.630.210', 'N04.761.210', 'N05.715.175'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E04.494', 'E05.591.580'], ['E04.987.775'], ['L01.224.900.910']]

['Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]']

[A toddler with traumatic brain injury].

A 14-month-old boy presented with a haematoma and an oedematous swelling in the left parieto-occipital region after sustaining a fall from 3 meters. CT images of the brain showed a multifragmentary fracture in the parietotemporal region. Because the swelling progressed during admission, an MRI of the brain was performed, which revealed extrusion of brain tissue through a skull defect into the subgaleal space. Resultantly, the diagnosis of 'cranial burst fracture' was established. After neurosurgical resection and dural repair, the boy was discharged from the hospital without neurological symptoms.

['Accidental Falls', 'Brain Injuries', 'Glasgow Coma Scale', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Male', 'Skull Fractures', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['N06.850.135.122'], ['C10.228.140.199', 'C10.900.300.087', 'C26.915.300.200'], ['E05.318.308.940.968.875.250', 'E05.944.500', 'N04.452.859.564.800.250', 'N05.715.360.300.715.500.800.325'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['C10.900.300.918', 'C26.404.750', 'C26.915.300.745'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Quantifying the determinants of outbreak detection performance through simulation and machine learning.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a probabilistic model for discovering and quantifying determinants of outbreak detection and to use the model to predict detection performance for new outbreaks.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used an existing software platform to simulate waterborne disease outbreaks of varying duration and magnitude. The simulated data were overlaid on real data from visits to emergency department in Montreal for gastroenteritis. We analyzed the combined data using biosurveillance algorithms, varying their parameters over a wide range. We then applied structure and parameter learning algorithms to the resulting data set to build a Bayesian network model for predicting detection performance as a function of outbreak characteristics and surveillance system parameters. We evaluated the predictions of this model through 5-fold cross-validation.RESULTS: The model predicted performance metrics of commonly used outbreak detection methods with an accuracy greater than 0.80. The model also quantified the influence of different outbreak characteristics and parameters of biosurveillance algorithms on detection performance in practically relevant surveillance scenarios. In addition to identifying characteristics expected a priori to have a strong influence on detection performance, such as the alerting threshold and the peak size of the outbreak, the model suggested an important role for other algorithm features, such as adjustment for weekly patterns.CONCLUSION: We developed a model that accurately predicts how characteristics of disease outbreaks and detection methods will influence on detection. This model can be used to compare the performance of detection methods under different surveillance scenarios, to gain insight into which characteristics of outbreaks and biosurveillance algorithms drive detection performance, and to guide the configuration of surveillance systems.

['Algorithms', 'Bayes Theorem', 'Computational Biology', 'Computer Simulation', 'Disease Outbreaks', 'False Positive Reactions', 'Humans', 'Machine Learning', 'Probability', 'ROC Curve', 'Sensitivity and Specificity']

[['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['E05.318.740.600.200', 'N05.715.360.750.625.150', 'N06.850.520.830.600.200'], ['H01.158.273.180', 'L01.313.124'], ['L01.224.160'], ['N06.850.290'], ['E01.354.506'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G17.035.250.500', 'L01.224.050.375.530'], ['E05.318.740.600', 'G17.680', 'N05.715.360.750.625', 'N06.850.520.830.600'], ['E05.318.370.800.750', 'E05.318.740.872.750', 'N05.715.360.325.700.680', 'N06.850.520.445.800.750'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]']

Quadruplex melting.

Melting curves are commonly used to determine the stability of folded nucleic acid structures and their interaction with ligands. This paper describes how the technique can be applied to study the properties of four-stranded nucleic acid structures that are formed by G-rich oligonucleotides. Changes in the absorbance (at 295nm), circular dichroism (at 260 or 295nm) or fluorescence of appropriately labelled oligonucleotides, can be used to measure the stability and kinetics of folding. This paper focuses on a fluorescence melting technique, and explains how this can be used to determine the T(m) (T((1/2))) of intramolecular quadruplexes and the effects of quadruplex-binding ligands. Quantitative analysis of these melting curves can be used to determine the thermodynamic (DeltaH, DeltaG, and DeltaS) and kinetic (k(1), k(-1)) parameters. The method can also be adapted to investigate the equilibrium between quadruplex and duplex DNA and to explore the selectivity of ligands for one or other structure.

['G-Quadruplexes', 'Guanine', 'Kinetics', 'Ligands', 'Temperature', 'Thermodynamics']

[['G02.111.570.820.486.550', 'G05.360.580.550'], ['D03.633.100.759.758.399.454'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['D27.720.470.480'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710'], ['G01.906']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]']

Simulation analysis of ASM/Tak?cs models in the BSM1 configuration.

The present paper summarizes the outlines of a simulation analysis study conducted on the BSM1 (formerly the COST benchmark) configuration using activated sludge models (ASM1, ASM2d and ASM3) coupled to Tak?cs settler model. The prime objective was to develop reliable simulation software programs to implement these complex models according to the working conditions of a realistic plant. The analysis focused on comparing the steady state predictions of models ASM1/ ASM3 when imposed to pulse/ step type disturbances on wastewater characteristics and control variables, then on assessing the capability of the simulated configuration for bio-P removal using model ASM2d. Section 1 of the paper briefly presents problem definition/ solution approach while section 2 demonstrates some examples showing the main indications of the simulation analysis. ASM1/ ASM3 predictions indicate the presence of some significant differences between both models that could be related to their underlying concepts. ASM2d simulations show that adverse effects on the permissible limit of effluent's ammonia concentration should be expected when the plant is operated to achieve dual nutrient removal.

['Ammonia', 'Bioreactors', 'Computer Simulation', 'Models, Biological', 'Nitrates', 'Nitrogen', 'Phosphorus', 'Sewage', 'Software', 'Waste Disposal, Fluid', 'Water']

[['D01.362.075', 'D01.625.050'], ['E07.115', 'J01.897.120.115'], ['L01.224.160'], ['E05.599.395'], ['D01.248.497.158.606', 'D01.625.525.550', 'D02.583'], ['D01.268.604', 'D01.362.625'], ['D01.268.666'], ['D20.944.932.500'], ['L01.224.900'], ['N06.850.780.200.800.800.890', 'N06.850.860.510.900.600.900'], ['D01.045.250.875', 'D01.248.497.158.459.650', 'D01.650.550.925']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Health Care [N]']

Prevalence and correlates of elevated blood pressure in youth with diabetes mellitus: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and correlates of elevated blood pressure (BP) in youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus by using data from the SEARCH Study.STUDY DESIGN: The analysis included youth aged 3 to 17 years with type 1 (n = 3691) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 410) who attended a research visit. Elevated BP was defined as systolic or diastolic values >or=95 percentile, regardless of drug use. In youth with elevated BP, awareness was defined as self-report of an earlier diagnosis. Control was defined as BP values <90th percentile and <120/90 mm Hg in youth with an earlier diagnosis who were taking BP medications.RESULTS: The prevalence of elevated BP in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus was 5.9%; minority ethnic groups, obese adolescents, and youth with poor glycemic control were disproportionately affected. In contrast, 23.7% of adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus had elevated BP (P < .0001), Similarly, 31.9% of youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus and elevated BP were aware, compared with only 7.4% of youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (P < .0001). Once BP was diagnosed and treated, control was similar in type 1 (57.1%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (40.6%).CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identify high-risk groups of youth with diabetes mellitus at which screening and treatment efforts should be directed.

['Adolescent', 'Blood Pressure', 'Body Mass Index', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Diabetes Complications', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hypertension', 'Male', 'Prevalence', 'United States']

[['M01.060.057'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C19.246.099'], ['C18.452.394.750.124', 'C19.246.267', 'C20.111.327'], ['C18.452.394.750.149', 'C19.246.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.489'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Chitosan-Based Film of Tyrothricin for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity against Common Skin Pathogens Including Staphylococcus aureus.

Chitosan-based film-forming gel is regarded as a promising vehicle for topical delivery of antimicrobial agents to skin wounds, since it protects from microbial infection and the cationic polymer itself possesses antibacterial activity. In this study, possible synergistic interaction against common skin pathogens between the cationic polymer and tyrothricin (TRC), a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic, was investigated, by determining the concentration to inhibit 90% of bacterial isolates (MIC). The addition of the polysaccharide to TRC dramatically reduced the MIC values of TRC by 1/33 and 1/4 against both methicillin-resistant and methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The synergism of TRC and chitosan combination against both strains was demonstrated by the checkerboard method, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index below 0.5. Moreover, co-treatment of TRC and chitosan exhibited antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, due to the antibacterial activity of chitosan, whereas TRC itself did not inhibit the gram-negative bacterial growth. These findings suggested that the use of chitosan-based film for topical delivery of TRC could be an alternative to improve TRC antimicrobial activity against strains that are abundant in skin wounds.

['Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Chitosan', 'Drug Combinations', 'Drug Synergism', 'Gels', 'Humans', 'Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Microbial Viability', 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'Skin', 'Staphylococcal Skin Infections', 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'Tyrothricin']

[['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['D05.750.078.139.500', 'D09.698.211.500'], ['D26.310'], ['G07.690.773.968.477'], ['D20.280.320', 'D26.255.165.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['B03.300.390.400.800.750.100.500', 'B03.353.500.750.750.100.500', 'B03.510.100.750.750.100.500', 'B03.510.400.790.750.100.500'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['G06.580'], ['B03.440.400.425.625.625.100', 'B03.660.250.580.590.050'], ['A17.815'], ['C01.150.252.410.868.951', 'C01.150.252.819.770', 'C01.800.720.770', 'C17.800.838.765.770'], ['B03.300.390.400.800.750.100', 'B03.353.500.750.750.100', 'B03.510.100.750.750.100', 'B03.510.400.790.750.100'], ['D04.345.566.850', 'D12.644.641.850']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

The human thermoregulation range within the neutral zone.

A mathematical and physical model of thermoregulatory mechanisms has been derived and experimental data are presented for the elements of the model. The thermoregulatory range within the neutral zone has been analyzed by regression analysis of the experimental data. The optimal globe temperature and the adaptational shifts in temperature for winter and summer are also given.

['Body Temperature Regulation', 'Environmental Exposure', 'Humans', 'Models, Biological', 'Models, Theoretical', 'Regression Analysis', 'Temperature']

[['G07.110.232', 'G07.410.421', 'G16.012.500.535'], ['N06.850.460.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.599.395'], ['E05.599'], ['E05.318.740.750', 'N05.715.360.750.695', 'N06.850.520.830.750'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Asbestos, asbestosis, and lung cancer: observations in Quebec chrysotile workers.

One prospective epidemiologic study of asbestos cement workers with radiological small opacities has been cited as a rationale for attributing excess lung cancer to asbestosis. This approach could have considerable practical value for disease attribution in an era of decreasing exposure. However, a recent International Agency for Research on Cancer review concludes that the mechanism of production of asbestos-related lung cancer are unknown. Asbestosis, therefore, cannot be a biologically effective dose marker of lung cancer susceptibility. Asbestosis nonetheless would be useful in identifying asbestos-attributable lung cancer cases if it could be proven an infallible exposure indicator. In this study, we tested this hypothesis in the chrysotile miners and millers of Quebec, Canada. We examined exposure histories, autopsy records, and lung fiber content for 111 Quebec chrysotile miners and millers. If the hypothesis of an asbestosis requirement for lung cancer attribution were accurate, we would expect as asbestosis diagnosis to separate those with lung cancer and high levels of exposure from those with lower levels of exposure in a specific and sensitive manner. This is the first such study in which historical job-based individual estimates based on environmental measurements, lung fiber content, exposure timing, and complete pathology records including autopsies were available for review. We found significant excesses of lung tremolite and chrysotile and estimated cumulative exposure in those with lung cancer and asbestosis compared to those with lung cancer without asbestosis. However, when the latter were directly compared on a case-by-case basis, there was a marked overlap between lung cancer cases with and without asbestosis regardless of the measure of exposure. Smoking habits did not differ between lung cancer cases with and without asbestosis. In regression models, smoking pack-years discriminated between those with the without lung cancer, regardless of asbestosis status. Most seriously, the pathologic diagnosis of asbestosis itself seemed arbitrary in many cases. We conclude that although the presence of pathologically diagnosed asbestosis is a useful marker of exposure, the absence of this disease must be regarded as one of many factors in determining individual exposure status and disease causation.

['Aged', 'Asbestos, Serpentine', 'Asbestosis', 'Carcinogens', 'Humans', 'Inhalation Exposure', 'Lung', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Male', 'Occupational Exposure', 'Prospective Studies', 'Quebec', 'Smoking']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['D01.524.500.050', 'D01.578.725.050.075', 'D01.578.725.500.050', 'D01.837.725.700.760.070.110', 'D01.837.725.700.760.535.400'], ['C08.381.483.581.125', 'C08.381.520.702.125', 'C24.800.127'], ['D27.888.569.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N06.850.460.350.112'], ['A04.411'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['N06.850.460.350.600'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['Z01.107.567.176.791'], ['F01.145.805']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging: applications in the abdomen and pelvis.

Chemical shift imaging allows unambiguous separation of lipid and water signals. Useful images include opposed-phase (water minus fat) and fat-suppressed images, which can be obtained with spin-echo or gradient-echo methods. Chemical shift techniques can be used to reduce artifacts, to expand dynamic range, to diagnose fatty infiltration of the liver, to distinguish between benign and malignant adrenal lesions, and to diagnose benign teratomas in women.

['Adrenal Cortex Diseases', 'Adrenal Gland Neoplasms', 'Fatty Liver', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Liver', 'Liver Diseases', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging']

[['C19.053.098'], ['C04.588.322.078', 'C19.053.347', 'C19.344.078'], ['C06.552.241'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A03.620'], ['C06.552'], ['E01.370.350.825.500']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

A 3D tumor spheroid model for the T98G Glioblastoma cell line phenotypic characterization.

Major Glioblastoma's hallmarks include proliferation, invasion and heterogeneity. Biological 3D tumor spheroid models can serve as intermediate systems between traditional 2D cell culture and complex in vivo models. Tumor spheroids have been shown to more accurately reproduce the spatial organization and microenvironmental factors of in vivo micro-tumors, such as relevant gradients of nutrients and other molecular agents, while they maintain cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. In vitro 3D assays are useful to monitor these properties. Here, we test the suitability of the well-known T98 G Glioblastoma cell line in such a 3D assay. The doubling time and death rate parameters of T98 G are estimated, as well as their spheroidal growth-expansion curves with and without the presence of basement membrane substrate. The T98 G invasive profile is characterized by collective morphology and proliferation-associated invasion. We show that the T98 G secondary GB cell line exhibits both invasive and proliferative capabilities in 3D and thus, can serve as control cell line for the 3D in vitro study of primary GB cell cultures.

['Cell Line, Tumor', 'Glioblastoma', 'Humans', 'Models, Biological', 'Spheroids, Cellular']

[['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['C04.557.465.625.600.380.080.335', 'C04.557.470.670.380.080.335', 'C04.557.580.625.600.380.080.335'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.599.395'], ['A11.251.800']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Benchmarking of Four Near Infrared Spectroscopy Devices for Long Time Use in Neonates.

BACKGROUND: Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) mixed tissue saturation can be calculated by measuring the oxygen saturation of oxygenated and deoxygenated erythrocytes in the tissue. Quality of the calculated value is not only dependent on the exposure of the measured values in the calculation, but also on external factors such as artifacts. Main object of this study was to determine whether and how the measurement quality of different devices varies in their long-term use in premature infants.PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 54 measurements, each lasting 2 hours, 4 NIRS devices were attached in pairs on the forehead of 9 cardio-respiratory stable, spontaneous breathing premature infants. Pooled meta-analysis was used to compare the correlation between regional tissue saturation to the pulse oximetry saturation per device.RESULTS: The pooled random effect of all Pearson's correlation coefficients was 0.490 (CI95: 0.403-0.568) with the NIRO 200, 0.575 (CI95: 0.463-0.668) with the INVOS 5100c, 0.712 (CI95: 0.640-0.772) with the Fore-Sight and 0.638 (CI95: 0.554-0.709) with the SenSmart X- 100.CONCLUSION: In this trial, a significant correlation between the tissue saturation and pulsoxymetry saturation was observed. The tremendous variation range among the measurements showed, however, that the measurement quality can be severely affected by unrecognized artifacts, after excluding other possible causes. None of the devices had reliable artifact detection for long-term measurements in very small premature infants. Key words: Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy, premature infants, Benchmark Test, Long-term measurements.

['Benchmarking', 'Brain', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infant, Premature', 'Oximetry', 'Oxygen', 'Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared']

[['N04.452.500.150', 'N04.761.685.150', 'N04.761.700.150', 'N05.700.150', 'N05.715.360.650.150'], ['A08.186.211'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.520'], ['E01.370.225.124.100.100.600', 'E01.370.370.380.600', 'E01.370.386.700.100.600', 'E05.200.124.100.100.600'], ['D01.268.185.550', 'D01.362.670'], ['E01.370.350.750', 'E05.196.867.851']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Cost comparison of robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy versus standard laparoscopic hysterectomy.

The aim of the study was to assess if the cost of robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy is similar to the cost of standard laparoscopic hysterectomy when performed by surgeons past their initial learning curve. A retrospective chart review of all hysterectomies was performed for benign indications without concomitant major procedures at Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center (OCMMC) and Saddleback Memorial Medical Center between January 1, 2013 and September 30, 2013. Robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomies (RTLH) and standard laparoscopic hysterectomies (LAVH and TLH) were compared. Data analyzed included only those hysterectomies performed by surgeons past their initial learning curve (minimum of 30 previous robotic cases). The primary outcome was the direct total cost of patient's hospitalization related to hysterectomy. The secondary outcomes were estimated blood loss, surgery time, and days in hospital post-surgery. A multiple linear regression model was applied to evaluate the difference between RTLH and LAVH/TLH in hospital cost, blood loss, and surgery time, while adjusting for hospital, patient's age, body mass index (BMI), whether or not the patient had previous abdominal/pelvic surgery, and uterine weight. The ÷ (2) test was applied to examine the association between hospital stay and surgery type. There were 93 hysterectomies (5 LAVH, 88 RTLH) performed at OCMMC and 90 hysterectomies (6 LAVH, 17 TLH, 67 RTLH) performed at Saddleback Memorial Medical Center. The hospitalization total cost result showed that, after adjusting for hospital, age, BMI, previous abdominal/pelvic surgery, and uterine weight, RTLH was not significantly more expensive than LAVH/TLH (mean diff. = $283.1, 95 % CI = [-569.6, 1135.9]; p = 0.51) at the 2 study hospitals. However, the cost at OCMMC was significantly higher than Saddleback Memorial Medical Center (mean diff. = $2008.7, 95 % CI = [1380.6, 2636.7]; p < 0.0001); and the cost increased significantly with uterine weight (â = 3.8, 95 % CI = [2.3, 5.3]; p < 0.0001). Further analysis showed significantly less blood loss (mean diff. = -78.5 ml, 95 % CI = [-116.8, -40.3]; p < 0.0001) and shorter surgery time (mean diff. = -21.9 min., 95 % CI = [-39.6, -4.2]; p = 0.016) for RTLH versus LAVH/TLH. There was no significant association between hospital stay and surgery type (p = 0.43). After adjusting for patient-level covariates, there was no statistically significant cost difference of performing robotically assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy versus standard laparoscopic hysterectomy when performed by surgeons past their initial learning curve at two community hospitals.

['Adult', 'Blood Loss, Surgical', 'Female', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Hysterectomy', 'Laparoscopy', 'Middle Aged', 'Operative Time', 'Organ Size', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Robotic Surgical Procedures', 'Uterus']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C23.550.414.300', 'C23.550.505.300'], ['E02.760.400', 'N02.421.585.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E04.950.300.399'], ['E01.370.388.250.520', 'E04.502.250.520'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E04.614.374.500', 'N02.421.585.753.374.500'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.660', 'E05.041.124.715', 'G07.100.100.660', 'G07.345.249.690'], ['C23.550.767'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E04.749.500', 'J01.897.104.834.500'], ['A05.360.319.679']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Anatomy [A]']

[Complications, hospital mortality and survival following partial pancreaticoduodenectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse hospital mortality, complications and survival of patients after subtotal pancreaticoduodenectomy in the Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1983-1996.DESIGN: Partly retrospective (1983-August 1987), partly prospective (September 1987-1996).METHOD: Patient characteristics, indication for surgery, postoperative complications, mortality and survival of patients who underwent subtotal pancreaticoduodenectomy were recorded in a computer database. Patients were subdivided into three groups (1983-September 1992; October 1992-1994; 1995-September 1996) to analyse the influence of change in surgical technique and the increase of experience.RESULTS: From 1983-to September 1996, 312 consecutive patients underwent a subtotal pancreaticoduodenectomy. Hospital mortality decreased from 4.9% to 1.4% in the last period (1995-1996). The complication rate decreased from 60% to 41%. The hospital stay decreased from median 24 days to 16 days. The actualized 5-year survival analysed for patients operated from 1983-to September 1992 was 31%. Patients with ampullary tumours had a 5-year survival of 50%. The 5-year survival of patients with bile duct and pancreatic carcinoma was 24% and 15% respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Subtotal pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed safely with a low mortality (< 2%) in specialised centres. The morbidity is still substantial (40%). The survival is mainly dependent on type of tumour and patient selection and is approximately 50% for patients with ampullary tumours. The pylorus preserving procedure has become the standard operation.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Female', 'Hospital Mortality', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Netherlands', 'Pancreatic Neoplasms', 'Pancreaticoduodenectomy', 'Postoperative Care', 'Prognosis', 'Prospective Studies', 'Reoperation', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Risk Factors', 'Survival Analysis']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.400', 'N01.224.935.698.400', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.400', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['Z01.542.651'], ['C04.588.274.761', 'C04.588.322.475', 'C06.301.761', 'C06.689.667', 'C19.344.421'], ['E04.210.760'], ['E02.760.731.700', 'E04.604.500', 'N02.421.585.722.700'], ['E01.789'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E04.690'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['E05.318.740.998', 'N05.715.360.750.795', 'N06.850.520.830.998']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]']

Mitral valve surgery with surgical embolectomy for mitral valve endocarditis complicated by septic coronary embolism.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by septic coronary embolism due to active infective endocarditis is rare but usually fatal. We report a case of successful mitral valve surgery with surgical embolectomy in a 27-year-old man with an AMI complicated by septic coronary embolism due to mitral valve endocarditis. A chest radiograph revealed cardiomegaly and marked pulmonary edema. A transthoracic echocardiogram disclosed severe mitral regurgitation with highly mobile vegetations and hypokinesia of the left ventricular apex. The electrocardiographic findings of ST segment elevation in leads V2-4 and elevated cardiac enzyme levels were strongly suggestive of an acute anterolateral AMI. Nevertheless, emergent cardiac surgery was needed without selective coronary angiography because of intractable heart failure and life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A total occlusion of the distal left anterior descending artery caused by embolic vegetation and thrombus, which was incidentally detected intraoperatively, was successfully recanalized by surgical embolectomy and thrombectomy using a direct coronary incision. The mitral valve endocarditis was managed with wide debridement and mechanical valve replacement. Three years after the surgery a follow-up echocardiogram showed no abnormalities of the regional wall, motion in the left ventricle and the patient is living an active life without any complications.

['Adult', 'Echocardiography', 'Embolectomy', 'Embolism', 'Endocarditis, Bacterial', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Mitral Valve', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.350.130.750', 'E01.370.350.850.220', 'E01.370.370.380.220'], ['E04.100.814.445'], ['C14.907.355.350'], ['C01.150.252.245', 'C01.190.249', 'C14.260.249', 'C14.280.282.407'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A07.541.510.507'], ['C14.280.647.500', 'C14.907.585.500', 'C23.550.513.355.750', 'C23.550.717.489.750'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]']

Pulmonary blood flow patterns in patients with Fontan circulation.

BACKGROUND: After Fontan surgery there is no subpulmonary ventricle to modify pulmonary blood flow. The influence of the cardiac cycle on pulmonary blood flow patterns in various types of Fontan patients is unknown.METHODS: Blood flow patterns were investigated using phase-velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging in the pulmonary artery of 17 patients (21.1 +/- 7.3 years old, 6 females) with Fontan circulation. These patterns were compared with those of 12 healthy volunteers (26.3 +/- 6.0 years old, 10 females) obtained in the superior vena cava and the main pulmonary artery. Measurements were sampled for a period of about 3 minutes to rule out respiratory effects. Blood flow patterns were depicted by interpolating the variable number of measured phases in every patient to 100 phases and normalizing flow to mean blood flow in that vessel. Then, average flow patterns were calculated throughout the patient groups to depict a typical pattern.RESULTS: In Fontan patients, peaks and troughs are highly variable. In averaged flow patterns for the whole Fontan group, only a slight late diastolic flow acceleration could be detected. This is in contrast to the pattern of the control subjects in whom typical systolic peaks and late diastolic troughs could be found in both the superior vena cava and in the pulmonary artery.CONCLUSIONS: There are no typical pulmonary blood flow patterns of cardiac origin in patients with Fontan circulation, except for slight late diastolic flow acceleration representing diastolic inflow restriction.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Blood Flow Velocity', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Fontan Procedure', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine', 'Male', 'Pulmonary Artery', 'Pulmonary Circulation', 'Reference Values', 'Risk Assessment', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Tricuspid Atresia']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.370.130', 'G09.330.380.630.080'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['E04.035.410.295', 'E04.100.376.410.295', 'E04.100.376.724.500', 'E04.100.814.868.875.295', 'E04.928.220.370.295', 'E04.928.220.560.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500.510'], ['A07.015.114.715'], ['G09.330.100.770', 'G09.772.593'], ['E05.978.810'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.715', 'N04.452.871.715', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.690', 'N06.850.505.715', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.715'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['C14.240.400.920', 'C14.280.400.920', 'C14.280.484.845', 'C16.131.240.400.920']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

[Tissue and body fluid distribution of antibacterial agents in pregnant and lactating women].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the placental transfer and milk excretion of antibacterial agents.METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in pregnant and lactating women. The concentrations of 13 agents in tissue and body fluid were determined by bioassay or high performance liquid chromatography method.RESULTS: The results showed that metronidazole, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and ampicillin crossed blood-placental barrier well, the ratio of fetal tissue or amniotic fluid/maternal serum drug concentration was higher than those of the other agents. The penetration of penicillins (except ampicillin) and cephalosporins was poor, but the drug concentrations were still reached therapeutic levels in the most tissues and body fluids. The placental transfer of amikacin, clindamycin and erythromycin was slightly higher than beta-lactams. The drug concentrations in breast milk was low, except metronidazole and erythromycin, the breast milk levels of the two drugs were more than 100% of maternal serum levels.CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study and the consideration of possible adverse effects which may affect both the mother and the developing fetus as well as antibacterial activities of the drugs, the indications and reasonable use of the agents in pregnant and lactating period were recommended.

['Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Anti-Infective Agents', 'Breast Feeding', 'Female', 'Fetal Blood', 'Humans', 'Maternal-Fetal Exchange', 'Milk, Human', 'Postpartum Period', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy Complications, Infectious', 'Puerperal Disorders', 'Tissue Distribution']

[['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['D27.505.954.122'], ['F01.145.407.199', 'G07.203.650.195', 'G07.203.650.220.500.500', 'G07.203.650.353.199'], ['A12.207.152.200', 'A15.145.300', 'A16.378.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G08.686.784.769.455'], ['A12.200.467', 'A12.790.500', 'G07.203.100.700.500', 'G07.203.300.350.525.500', 'J02.200.700.500', 'J02.500.350.525.500'], ['G08.686.702'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['C01.674', 'C13.703.700'], ['C13.703.844'], ['G03.787.917', 'G07.690.725.949']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Diseases [C]']

Nivolumab-induced autoimmune diabetes mellitus presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis in a patient with metastatic lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Advances in cancer immunotherapy have generated encouraging results in multiple malignancies refractory to standard chemotherapies. As the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) proliferates, the incidence of autoimmune side effects associated with these agents, termed immune related adverse events (irAE), is expected to increase. The frequency of significant irAE in ICI treated patients is about 10-20% and early recognition is critical to prevent serious morbidity and even mortality. New onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment is extremely rare, occurring in less than 1% of patients. Autoimmune DM often presents as diabetic ketoacidosis, a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. We describe the first reported case of a patient with lung cancer who developed autoimmune diabetes after nivolumab treatment and was found to have three diabetes related (islet) autoantibodies present before ICI treatment and seroconversion of another after ICI treatment and onset of autoimmune DM.CASE PRESENTATION: A 34 year old African American woman with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was treated with nivolumab in the second line setting after disease progression following standard chemoradiation therapy. After receiving two doses of nivolumab, the patient developed abrupt onset of hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. Autoimmune diabetes was diagnosed on the basis of undetectable C-peptide levels, seropositivity of three diabetes related (islet) autoantibodies and absolute insulin dependence. The patient eventually required use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump) due to erratic glycemic excursions and multiple readmissions for DKA. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genoyping revealed none of the high risk haplotypes associated with the development of type 1 diabetes. Interestingly, a frozen blood sample obtained prior to treatment with nivolumab tested positive for three of the four diabetes related (islet) autoantibodies despite no prior history of diabetes and no family history of diabetes. Notably, at the time of manuscript preparation, the patient is without evidence of NSCLC recurrence with no further treatment since the nivolumab therapy.CONCLUSION: New onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus associated with nivolumab has been described only in case reports and occurs at rates of < 1% in the large clinical trials which garnered FDA approval in the second line setting for NSCLC. As ICI use continues to expand across a wide variety of malignancies, clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for irAE, including autoimmune DM and other endocrinopathies. A multidisciplinary team and thorough education of the patient are recommended to optimize management of new onset adult autoimmune DM. Our patient may have been at greater risk for the development of ICI related autoimmune diabetes due to the presence of three diabetes related autoantibodies prior to therapy; however, about half of the reported cases of autoimmune DM after anti-PD-1 therapy occurred in patients with no detectable diabetes related autoantibodies. Further studies are needed to delineate genetic and immunologic biomarkers that may be useful in identifying patients at risk of developing ICI related autoimmune DM.

['Adenocarcinoma', 'Adult', 'Antibodies, Monoclonal', 'Antineoplastic Agents', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1', 'Diabetic Ketoacidosis', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Nivolumab', 'Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor']

[['C04.557.470.200.025'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224'], ['D27.505.954.248'], ['C18.452.394.750.124', 'C19.246.267', 'C20.111.327'], ['C18.452.076.176.652.500', 'C18.452.394.750.535', 'C19.246.099.812'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224.060.829', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224.060.829', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224.200.829'], ['D12.776.465.844', 'D12.776.543.750.705.222.875', 'D23.050.301.264.894.790', 'D23.101.100.894.790']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Cotransplant of neural stem cells and NT-3 gene modified Schwann cells promote the recovery of transected spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: An animal model of transected spinal cord injury (SCI) was used to test the hypothesis that cografted neural stem cells (NSCs) and NT-3-SCs promote morphologic and functional recoveries of injured spinal cord.OBJECTIVE: To explore whether cotransplant of NSCs and NT-3-SCs could promote the injured spinal cord repair.SETTING: Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China.METHODS: Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing on 200-220 g were used to prepare SCI models. The spinal cord was transected between T(9) and T(10), then NSCs, SCs+NSCs, LacZ-SCs+NSCs, or NT-3-SCs+NSCs were grafted into the transected site.RESULTS: (1) Part of NSCs could differentiate to neuron-like cells in the transected site and the percentage of differentiation was NT-3-SCs+NSCs group>SCs+NSCs group>NSCs group. (2) In the grafted groups, there were 5-HT, CGRP, and SP positive nerve fibres within the transected site. Some fluorogold (FG)-labeled cells were found in the spinal cord rostral to the transected site, the red nuclei and the inner pyramidal layer of sensorimotor cortex. (3) The cells grafted could enhance the injured neurons survival in inner pyramidal layer of sensorimotor cortex, red nuclei of midbrain, and Clark's nuclei of spinal cord's L1 segment, could decrease the latency and increase the amplitude of cortical somatosensory evoked potential (CSEP) and cortical motor evoked potential (CMEP), and could promote partly structural and functional recovery of the SCI rats.CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that cografted NT-3-SCs and NSCs is a potential therapy for SCI.SPONSORSHIP: This research was supported by Chinese National Key Project for Basic Research (G1999054009), Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (30270700) and Social Developmental Foundation of Guangdong Province (2003C33808) to YS Zeng; Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (04300468) and Medical Science Research Grant of Guangdong Province (A2004081) to JS Guo.

['Animals', 'Animals, Newborn', 'Cell Count', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Evoked Potentials, Motor', 'Female', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Nerve Regeneration', 'Nerve Tissue Proteins', 'Neural Conduction', 'Neurons', 'Neurotrophin 3', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Reaction Time', 'Recovery of Function', 'Schwann Cells', 'Sciatic Nerve', 'Spinal Cord Injuries', 'Stem Cell Transplantation', 'Stem Cells', 'Stilbamidines', 'Transfection']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

A low-cost, accurate method for detecting reticulocytes at different maturation stages based on changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential.

In the clinical setting, reticulocytes are used as an index for the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow. Different maturation stages of reticulocytes are early markers for bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and bone marrow regeneration after chemotherapy. Therefore, we aimed to establish a method for detecting the different reticulocyte maturation stages. Based on the decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential during reticulocyte maturation, we used MitoTracker Green (MTG)/tetramethylrhodamine, ethylester (TMRE) to identify the different reticulocyte maturation stages and used Hoechst33342 to exclude nucleated cells. The results show that this method was universal and could be applied to detect the proportions of reticulocytes in different samples. Their proportion in normal peripheral blood, a blood deficiency model, bone marrow, and spleen were (6 ± 2)%, (38 ± 4)%, (14 ± 4)%, and (3 ± 1)%, respectively. The results obtained using this method were similar to those obtained using the manual counting method (methylene blue); the correlation was good (R = 0.817; p < .01) and the coefficient of variation was lower for the method established. Moreover, reticulocytes in peripheral blood could be further divided into three distinct maturation stages: R1 (MTGneg/TMREhigh), R2 (MTGhigh/TMREhigh), and R3 (MTGhigh/TMREneg). Reticulocytes in the bone marrow and spleen could be further divided into four distinct maturation stages: R1 (MTGneg/TMREhigh), R2-1 (MTGhigh/TMREhigh/FSbig), R2-2 (MTGhigh/TMREhigh/FSsmall), and R3 (MTGhigh/TMREneg). Based on changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, MTG/TMRE/Hoechst33342 staining could be used to detect reticulocytes in different samples and at different maturation stages with low cost and high accuracy.

['Animals', 'Blood Cells', 'Bone Marrow Cells', 'Cell Count', 'Erythrocyte Count', 'Erythropoiesis', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial', 'Mice', 'Reticulocytes', 'Staining and Labeling']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Renal uptake of fats and glycerol in endotoxin shock in dogs.

Circulatory changes and renal uptake of free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and triglycerides were studied in ten adult beagle dogs during pentobarbital anesthesia. Six dogs were injected intravenously with E. coli endotoxin 0.5 mg/kg over 15 min and four control dogs received saline. Cardiac depression, hypotension, renal hypoperfusion and acidosis resulted in endotoxin shock. Arterial FFA concentrations increased significantly 2 hours after onset of shock whereas renal venous FFA levels remained rather stationary during the 5-hour study. Arterial and renal venous glycerol levels increased during the first two hours and decreased thereafter. Unchanged triglyceride levels were observed in endotoxin shock. The renal uptake of FFA increased with increasing arterial FFA concentrations. Net renal uptake of glycerol and triglycerides were observed as well. Blood concentrations and renal uptake of fats and glycerol remained relatively stationary in the control animals through the observation period. These data suggest renal ability to consume FFA, glycerol and triglycerides during endotoxin shock.

['Animals', 'Blood Pressure', 'Cardiac Output', 'Dogs', 'Endotoxins', 'Escherichia coli', 'Fatty Acids, Nonesterified', 'Female', 'Glycerol', 'Kidney', 'Male', 'Renal Circulation', 'Shock, Septic', 'Triglycerides']

[['B01.050'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['E01.370.370.380.150', 'G09.330.380.124'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['D23.946.123.329'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['D10.251.310'], ['D02.033.800.875.500', 'D09.853.875.500'], ['A05.810.453'], ['G08.852.725', 'G09.330.100.812'], ['C01.757.800', 'C23.550.470.790.500.800', 'C23.550.835.900.712'], ['D10.351.801']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']