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Expression of girdin in human colorectal cancer and its association with tumor progression.

BACKGROUND: Girdin is crucial for cellular motility in cancer cell lines and for metastasis in a mouse model. Its expression has been demonstrated in a range of cancers by a few studies and was a prognostic factor in a subset of patients.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of Girdin expression to clinicopathologic factors in terms of the progression of colorectal cancers and patient survival.DESIGN: This study is a retrospective review of immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic data.SETTING: This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital/referral center in South Korea.PATIENTS: Tissue microarrays were made from surgical biopsies of 298 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed between November 1996 and August 2007. Patients were included in the study if their survival time was known and if well-preserved surgical biopsy specimens were available.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes measured were Girdin expression and its association in tumor progression and patient survival.RESULTS: Positive staining for Girdin was observed in samples from 66 of 242 patients (27.3%). Expression of Girdin was significantly associated with tumor-node-metastasis stage (p = 0.036), liver metastasis (p = 0.025), and metastases involving the liver and other organs (p = 0.009). However, Girdin expression did not correlate significantly with the overall survival of patients and was not a significant negative prognostic factor for survival by univariate or multivariate analyses.LIMITATIONS: The number of investigated patients and the number of cases with positive staining for Girdin were rather small for the multivariate analysis. The inclusion time frame is long and includes other surgical and medical improvements, which influence a patient's survival.CONCLUSION: The expression of Girdin is related to tumor metastasis but not to survival in human colorectal cancers.

['Aged', 'Biopsy', 'Colorectal Neoplasms', 'Disease Progression', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Liver Neoplasms', 'Lymphatic Metastasis', 'Male', 'Medical Records, Problem-Oriented', 'Microfilament Proteins', 'Middle Aged', 'Multivariate Analysis', 'Neoplasm Invasiveness', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Prognosis', 'Protein Array Analysis', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Republic of Korea', 'Survival Analysis', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed', 'Vesicular Transport Proteins']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['C04.588.274.476.411.307', 'C06.301.371.411.307', 'C06.405.249.411.307', 'C06.405.469.158.356', 'C06.405.469.491.307', 'C06.405.469.860.180'], ['C23.550.291.656'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['C04.588.274.623', 'C06.301.623', 'C06.552.697'], ['C04.697.650.560', 'C23.550.727.650.560'], ['E05.318.308.940.968.550', 'N04.452.859.564.600', 'N05.715.360.300.715.500.520', 'N06.850.520.308.940.968.550'], ['D05.750.078.730', 'D12.776.220.525'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.150.500', 'N05.715.360.750.125.500', 'N06.850.520.830.150.500'], ['C04.697.645', 'C23.550.727.645'], ['E01.789.625'], ['E01.789'], ['E05.588.570.700', 'E05.601.680'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['Z01.252.474.557.750'], ['E05.318.740.998', 'N05.715.360.750.795', 'N06.850.520.830.998'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810'], ['D12.776.543.990']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Energy transfers from photosystem II to photosystem I in Cryptomonas rufescens (Cryptophyceae).

In Cryptomonas rufescens (Cryptophyceae), phycoerythrin located in the thylakoid lumen is the major accessory pigment. Oxygen action spectra prove phycoerythrin to be efficient in trapping light energy. The fluorescence excitation spectra at -196 degrees C obtained by the method of Butler and Kitajima (Butler, W.L. and Kitajima, M. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 396, 72-85) indicate that like in Rhodophyceae, chlorophyll a is the exclusive light-harvesting pigment for Photosystem I. For Photosystem II we can observe two types of antennae: (1) a light-harvesting chlorophyll complex connected to Photosystem II reaction centers, which transfers excitation energy to Photosystem I reaction centers when all the Photosystem II traps are closed. (2) A light-harvesting phycoerythrin complex, which transfers excitation energy exclusively to the Photosystem II reaction complexes responsible for fluorescence at 690 nm. We conclude that in Cryptophycease, phycoerythrin is an efficient light-harvesting pigment, organized as an antenna connected to Photosystem II centers, antenna situated in the lumen of the thylakoid. However, we cannot afford to exclude that a few parts of phycobilin pigments could be connected to inactive chlorophylls fluorescing at 690 nm.

['Chlorophyll', 'Energy Transfer', 'Eukaryota', 'Light', 'Photosynthesis', 'Phycoerythrin', 'Spectrometry, Fluorescence', 'Spectrophotometry']

[['D03.383.129.578.840.374', 'D03.633.400.909.374', 'D04.345.783.374'], ['G01.154.240', 'G02.111.255', 'G02.216'], ['B01'], ['G01.358.500.505.650', 'G01.590.540', 'G01.750.250.650', 'G01.750.770.578'], ['G02.111.158.937', 'G02.111.669.700', 'G02.740.921', 'G03.191.937', 'G03.493.700', 'G03.800.700', 'G15.568'], ['D05.500.562.488.490.500.500.777', 'D08.811.600.710.490.500.500.777', 'D12.776.765.665', 'D23.767.705'], ['E05.196.712.516.600.676', 'E05.196.867.726'], ['E05.196.712.726', 'E05.196.867.826']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Hydroxyapatite chromatography of phage-display virions.

Hydroxyapatite column chromatography can be used to purify filamentous bacteriophage--the phage most commonly used for phage display. Virions that have been partially purified from culture supernatant by two cycles of precipitation in 2% polyethylene glycol are adsorbed onto the matrix at a density of at least 7.6 x 10(13) virions (about 3 mg) per milliliter of packed bed volume in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 0.15 M NaCl, 5 mM NaH2PO4, pH-adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH). The matrix is washed successively with wash buffer I(150 mM NaCl, 125 mM phosphate, pH 7.0), wash buffer II (2.55 M NaCl, 125 mM phosphate, pH 7.0), and wash buffer I; after which virions are desorbed in desorption buffer (150 mM NaCl, 200 mM phosphate, pH 7.0), and the matrix is stripped with stripping buffer (150 mM NaCl, 1 Mphosphate, pH 7.0). About half of the applied virions are recovered in desorption buffer. Western blot analysis shows that they have undetectable levels of host-derived protein contaminants that are present in the input virions and in virions purified by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation--the method most commonly used to prepare virions in high purity. Hydroxyapatite chromatography is thus an attractive alternative method for purifying filamentous virions, particularly when the scale is too large for ultracentrifugation to be practical.

['Bacteriophages', 'Blotting, Western', 'Chromatography', 'Durapatite', 'Virion']

[['B04.123'], ['E05.196.401.143', 'E05.301.300.096', 'E05.478.566.320.200', 'E05.601.262', 'E05.601.470.320.200'], ['E05.196.181'], ['D01.029.260.700.675.374.075.025.300.150', 'D01.146.360.050.300.200', 'D01.578.122.477.300', 'D01.695.625.675.650.075.025.300.150'], ['A21.249']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Hepatocellular carcinoma immunopathogenesis: clinical evidence for global T cell defects and an immunomodulatory role for soluble CD25 (sCD25).

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) establishing an immunologically tolerogenic tumor environment remain poorly characterized.AIMS: This study evaluates effector T cell responses and soluble IL-2 receptor alpha chains (sCD25) in relation to HCC stage/survival and characterizes the impact of sCD25 on effectors.METHODS: Effector cell responses with serum from HCC patients and in serum free conditions were assessed by IFN-gamma ELISpot, proliferation and ATP production assays at baseline, after depletion of sCD25, and after supplementation with recombinant sCD25. Sera sCD25 were measured by ELISA and any relationship with stage/survival was determined.RESULTS: Hepatocellular carcinoma patients had marked global impairment in T cell responses at baseline which correlate with tumor burden and poor outcome. The impairment in immune responses is characterized by low IFN-gamma production, cell proliferation, and ATP production. Effector responses are impaired by serum from HCC patients in a dose-dependent manner, implicating soluble factors in the observed immunosuppression. Significant elevations in serum levels of sCD25 are found in patients with HCC, which correlate with tumor burden and a worse survival. T cell reactivity is inversely proportional to serum level of sCD25. Impaired T cell responses improve with sCD25 depletion from HCC serum or IL-2 supplementation suggesting impairment in IL-2 signaling. In contrast, adding increasing doses of sCD25 suppresses effector T cells, which partly involves induction of apoptosis.CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that HCC patients have blunted T cell immunity that is partly related to elevated levels of sCD25, supporting a novel immuno-inhibitory role for this soluble receptor.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Carcinoma, Hepatocellular', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Female', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Humans', 'Immunity, Cellular', 'Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit', 'Liver Neoplasms', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'T-Lymphocytes', 'Tumor Cells, Cultured']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D23.101.140'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.255', 'C04.588.274.623.160', 'C06.301.623.160', 'C06.552.697.160'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['E01.370.225.500.363.342', 'E01.370.225.500.386.350', 'E05.196.712.516.600.240.350', 'E05.200.500.363.342', 'E05.200.500.386.350', 'E05.242.363.342', 'E05.242.386.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G12.450.050.400'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.852.420.320.500'], ['C04.588.274.623', 'C06.301.623', 'C06.552.697'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569'], ['A11.251.860']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Anipamil prevents intimal thickening in the aorta of hypertensive rabbits through changes in smooth muscle cell phenotype.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of anipamil, a phenyalkylamine-derived Ca(2+)-antagonist, on aortic intimal thickening and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype in 2K-1C hypertensive rabbits. Monoclonal antimyosin antibodies [SM-E7, NM-G2, and NM-F6, which respectively, recognize smooth muscle (SM), A-type-, and B-type-like nonmuscle (NM) myosin heavy chains (MyHC)] identify different aortic SMC types: adult (SM-E7-positive), postnatal (SM-E7- and NM-G2-positive), and fetal (SM-E7-, NM-G2-, and NM-F6-positive). Twenty-four hypertensive rabbits were studied 2.5 months (n = 12) and 4 months (n = 12) after clipping. Six animals from each group were given anipamil (40 mg orally, once daily) immediately after surgery. The remaining 2K-1C were given a daily oral placebo. Normotensive age-matched controls were also studied. Transverse cryosections of aorta were taken for computerized morphometry and immunocytochemical studies. Primary and secondary SMC cultures were used to define potential changes in cell phenotype after adding anipamil to the culture medium. In untreated 2K-1C, intimal thickening, mainly composed of postnatal-type SMC, was found by 2.5 months after clipping. Morphometric and immunofluorescence studies in anipamil-treated 2K-1C rabbits revealed absent or negligible intimal thickening and a decrease of postnatal-type SMC from the underlying media. In culture experiments, growth inhibition of SMC by anipamil was accompanied by the expression of SM-MyHC in all SMC, ie, the appearance of a more differentiated cell phenotype compared to control cultures. In conclusion, prevention of intimal thickening in anipamil-treated 2K-1C was achieved through selective reduction in the media of the postnatal-type SMC. This could be achieved by reducing NM-MyHC content or increasing synthesis of SM-MyHC expression. As blood pressure was not significantly lowered by anipamil treatment, a direct and specific antiproliferative action of this drug on medial SMC is likely to take place.

['Animals', 'Aorta, Thoracic', 'Blood Pressure', 'Calcium Channel Blockers', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Culture Techniques', 'Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct', 'Hypertension', 'Male', 'Muscle, Smooth, Vascular', 'Phenotype', 'Propylamines', 'Rabbits']

[['B01.050'], ['A07.015.114.056.372'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['D27.505.519.562.249', 'D27.505.696.260.500', 'D27.505.954.411.192'], ['G04.152'], ['E05.481.500'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512.240.300', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512.240.300', 'E05.200.500.607.512.240.300', 'E05.200.750.551.512.240.300', 'E05.478.583.375.300'], ['C14.907.489'], ['A02.633.570.491', 'A07.015.733.500', 'A10.690.467.491'], ['G05.695'], ['D02.092.831'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]']

Prospective assessment of the gastroesophageal microbiome in VLBW neonates.

BACKGROUND: The distal GI microbiota of hospitalized preterm neonates has been established to be unique from that of healthy full-term infants; the proximal GI, more specifically gastroesophageal colonization has not been systematically addressed. We prospectively evaluated early colonization of gastroesophageal portion of the GI tract of VLBW infants.METHODS: This study involved 12 infants admitted to a level III NICU with gestational age (GA) 27 +/- 0.5 weeks and birth weight 1105 +/- 77 grams. The gastroesophageal microbial flora was evaluated using 16S rDNA analysis of aspirates collected in a sterile manner during the first 28 days of life.RESULTS: Bacteria were detected in 9 of the 12 neonates. Ureaplasma was the dominant species in the first week of life, however, staphylococci were the predominant bacteria overall. By the fourth week, Gram (-) bacteria increased in abundance to account for 50% of the total organisms. Firmicutes were present in the majority of the neonates and persisted throughout the 4 weeks comprising nearly half of the sequenced clones. Noticeably, only two distinct species of Staphylococcus epidermidis were found, suggesting acquisition from the environment.CONCLUSIONS: In our neonates, the esophagus and stomach environment changed from being relatively sterile at birth to becoming colonized by a phylogenetically diverse microbiota of low individual complexity. By the fourth week, we found predominance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Bacteria from both phyla (CONS and Gram (-) organisms) are strongly implicated as causes of hospital-acquired infections (HAI). Evaluation of the measures preventing colonization with potentially pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms from the hospital environment may be warranted and may suggest novel approaches to improving quality in neonatal care.

['DNA, Bacterial', 'Esophagus', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infant, Premature', 'Infant, Very Low Birth Weight', 'Intensive Care Units, Neonatal', 'Male', 'Metagenome', 'Phylogeny', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Prospective Studies', 'RNA, Ribosomal, 16S', 'Stomach']

[['D13.444.308.212'], ['A03.556.875.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.460.600'], ['N02.278.388.493.390.380'], ['G05.360.340.550'], ['G05.697', 'G16.075.605', 'L01.100.697'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['D13.444.735.686.670'], ['A03.556.875.875']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

X-ray emission analysis of human plasma by proton excitation of thick samples in air.

Thick plasma samples have been irradiated in air by 2.3 MeV protons for trace elemental analysis by proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy. Accurate calibration curves were obtained for Fe, Zn and Sr and detection limits in dry plasma were estimated to be 0.08 PPM for Fe, 0.065 PPM for Zn and 0.12 PPM for Sr. Low temperature ashing of these samples improved the detection limits by a factor of 3 but reduced the precision and resulted in loss of bromine from the plasma. Mass absorption coefficients for low energy X-rays in dry plasma were measured and X-ray attenuation in the sample was found to prevent the detection of trace elements with Z less than 26. The method was used to determine Sr in plasma from a patient with bone disease, the Sr being a non-radioactive bone-seeking tracer element. The results, which were in the 3--13 PPM range, were in good general agreement with the analysis of the same samples by flame photometry.

['Air', 'Humans', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Iron', 'Protons', 'Specimen Handling', 'Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission', 'Strontium', 'Trace Elements', 'Zinc']

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Ventricular arrhythmia risk after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are attributable to myocardial injury, decreased ventricular function, and ventricular arrhythmia (VA). Our objective was to test the relationships between QTc prolongation, VA, and survival after SAH.METHODS: In 200 subjects with acute aneurysmal SAH, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and telemetry were evaluated. Serum electrolytes and troponin were also evaluated.RESULTS: Initial QTc (mean 460 +/- 45 ms) was prolonged (> or = 470 ms) in 38% of subjects and decreased on follow-up (469 +/- 49 initial vs. 435 +/- 31 ms follow-up; N = 89; P < 0.0001). VA was present in 14% of subjects, 52% of subjects with VA had QTc > or = 470 ms, and initial QTc trended toward longer duration in subjects with VA (474 +/- 61 vs. 457 +/- 42 ms; P = 0.084). Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant predictors of VA after SAH were increasing age (OR 1.3/5 years; P = 0.025), increasing stroke severity (OR 1.8; P = 0.009), decreasing heart rate (OR 0.5/10 beats/min; P = 0.006), and the absence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor antagonist use at SAH onset (OR 0.10; P = 0.027). All-cause mortality was 19% (25/135) at 3 months and subjects with VA had significantly higher mortality than those without VA (37% vs. 16%; P = 0.027).CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that QTc prolongation and arrhythmias are frequently noted after SAH, but arrhythmias are often not associated with QTc prolongation. In addition, the presence of VA identified subjects at greater risk of mortality following their SAH.

['Adult', 'Age Factors', 'Aged', 'Cohort Studies', 'Electrocardiography, Ambulatory', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Long QT Syndrome', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Risk Factors', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'Stroke Volume', 'Subarachnoid Hemorrhage', 'Survival Rate']

[['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['E01.370.370.380.240.230', 'E01.370.405.240.230', 'E01.370.520.500.230'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.280.067.565', 'C14.280.123.625', 'C16.131.240.400.715', 'C23.550.073.547'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['E01.370.370.380.150.700', 'G09.330.380.124.882'], ['C10.228.140.300.535.800', 'C14.907.253.573.800', 'C23.550.414.913.850'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Measles mortality. Analysis of the primary cause of death.

Four hundred fifty-four death certificates showing measles as the cause of death were analyzed. These represented 35.4% of the recorded deaths due to measles from 1964 through 1971. Respiratory or neurologic complications of measles or both were noted as the primary cause of death on nearly 90% of the certificates reviewed. In younger children, death was most frequently attributed to respiratory problems, while encephalitis and other neurologic sequelae of measles accounted for a larger percentage of deaths in the 10- to 14-year-olds. Nearly 17% of the persons who died had some underlying disease at the time of death, the percentage increasing with age. The majority of this group were physically or mentally retarded, or both.

['Adolescent', 'Age Factors', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Death Certificates', 'Down Syndrome', 'Encephalitis', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Male', 'Measles', 'Pneumonia', 'Retrospective Studies']

[['M01.060.057'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['E05.318.308.940.350', 'L01.399.250.900.350', 'N04.452.859.264', 'N05.715.360.300.715.315', 'N06.850.520.308.940.350'], ['C10.597.606.360.220', 'C16.131.077.327', 'C16.131.260.260', 'C16.320.180.260'], ['C10.228.140.430'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['C01.925.782.580.600.500.500'], ['C01.748.610', 'C08.381.677', 'C08.730.610'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

Hepatitis C virus infection in volunteer blood donors in Taiwan. Evaluation by hepatitis C antibody assays and the polymerase chain reaction.

A total of 2671 plasma samples that were selected from 22,500 volunteer blood donors in Taiwan were studied for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The donors were stratified into three groups by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Of the donors, 20,768 (92.3%) had an ALT level less than 30 IU/L (group 1), 1080 (4.8%) had an ALT level between 31 and 45 IU/L (group 2), and 652 (2.9%) had an ALT level greater than 45 IU/L (group 3). To study anti-C100-3 hepatitis C antibody, 2023 plasma samples (10%) from group 1, 321 (30%) from group 2, and 327 (50%) from group 3 were randomly selected and tested. Twenty-one (1.04%) of group 1 donors, 13 (4.05%) of group 2 donors, and 26 (7.95%) of group 3 donors were positive for anti-C100-3, respectively. These seropositive samples were further tested by a recombinant immunoblot assay, by a polymerase chain reaction for HCV RNA, by a second-generation recombinant antigen-based immunoassay (r-HCV), and by a synthetic peptide-based immunoassay (EIA3) for HCV antibodies. By the polymerase chain reaction, 26 of the 60 donors were positive for HCV RNA. The HCV RNA was more frequently found in donors with an ALT level greater than 45 IU/L than in those with an ALT level less than 45 IU/L (15 of 26 vs nine of 34, respectively); in donors who were recombinant immunoblot assay reactive or indeterminate than in those who were recombinant immunoblot assay negative (17 of 21 or seven of 14 vs two of 25, respectively); and in donors who were EIA3 positive (25 of 33 vs one of 27) or r-HCV positive (25 of 35 vs one of 25). Based on these data, we anticipate that screening by anti-C100-3 in Taiwan will exclude approximately 3280 potentially infectious donations under the current screening policy but will result in the loss of 6860 donations that will be negative for HCV RNA per year. Because of its high sensitivity and specificity, EIA3 or r-HCV seems to be a potentially better screening method for HCV carriers.

['Antigens, Viral', 'Base Sequence', 'Blood Donors', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Hepacivirus', 'Hepatitis Antibodies', 'Hepatitis C', 'Hepatitis C Antibodies', 'Humans', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Seroepidemiologic Studies', 'Taiwan', 'Viral Nonstructural Proteins', 'Viral Proteins']

[['D23.050.327'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['M01.898.313'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['B04.450.380', 'B04.820.578.344.475'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.254.450', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.254.450', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.450'], ['C01.221.250.750', 'C01.925.440.440', 'C01.925.782.350.350', 'C06.552.380.705.440'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.254.450.510', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.254.450.510', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.450.510'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['E05.318.372.500.950', 'N05.715.360.330.500.950', 'N06.850.520.450.500.950'], ['Z01.252.474.872', 'Z01.639.850'], ['D12.776.964.900'], ['D12.776.964']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Ookinete rates in Afrotropical anopheline mosquitoes as a measure of human malaria infectiousness.

Anopheles gambiae s.1. and An. funestus were sampled for Plasmodium spp. ookinetes in two P. falciparum-endemic sites in western Kenya. Since the ookinete is a transitional stage of short duration, occurring after fertilization and before oocyst development, only females in the half-gravid and gravid stages of blood digestion were examined. Preparations of homogenized midguts were spotted onto microslides and examined microscopically after staining with Giemsa. Overall, ookinetes were detected in 4.4% of 1,079 anophelines examined over an eight-month period. Anopheles funestus had higher ookinete rates than An. gambiae s.1., and ookinete rates were higher in half-gravid than in gravid An. gambiae s.1. Geometric mean numbers of ookinetes per infected female were less than five for each species at the two sites, and the maximum number observed was only 12. The low frequencies and numbers of ookinetes were sufficient to produce sporozoite rates of 4-18% in the vector populations. The intense transmission of P. falciparum in these two sites is maintained by anthropophilic vectors where only one in 23 blood meals initiates an infection of generally less than five ookinetes. Relationships between human malaria infectiousness and vector infectivity are dependent upon the high efficiency of the developmental transition from the ookinete to the subsequent oocyst and sporozoite stages.

['Animals', 'Anopheles', 'Feeding Behavior', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Insect Vectors', 'Kenya', 'Malaria', 'Plasmodium']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.750.712.500.875.120'], ['F01.145.113.547', 'F01.145.407', 'G07.203.650.353'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N06.850.335.188.100.500', 'N06.850.520.203.375.100.500'], ['Z01.058.290.120.400'], ['C01.610.752.530', 'C01.920.875'], ['B01.043.075.380.611']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]']

Alternative oxidase rescues mitochondria-mediated dopaminergic cell loss in Drosophila.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is commonly observed in degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease that are characterized by the progressive and selective loss of neuronal subpopulations. It is currently unclear, however, whether mitochondrial dysfunction is primary or secondary to other pathogenic processes that eventually lead to age-related neurodegeneration. Here we establish an in vivo Drosophila model of mitochondrial dysfunction by downregulating the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase in cholinergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons. The resulting flies are characterized by lowered respiratory chain activity, premature aging, age-related motor deficits as well as adult onset, progressive and cell-type-specific, dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Using this model, we find that associated lethality can be partially rescued by targeting PINK1/parkin signaling or Drp1, both of which have been implicated in mitochondrial dynamics and Parkinson's disease. Bypassing mitochondrial complex III/IV deficiencies with Alternative oxidase (AOX), however, fully restores ATP levels and prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In contrast, ATP levels and neurodegeneration are not rescued when mitochondrial complex I deficiencies are bypassed with NADH-Q oxidoreductase. Our results demonstrate that mtDNA-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction can cause age-related and cell-type-specific neurodegeneration which AOX is able to alleviate and indicate that AOX or its surrogates may prove useful as a therapeutic tool for limiting respiratory chain deficiencies caused by mtDNA decline in healthy aging and neurodegenerative disease.

['Adenosine Triphosphate', 'Aging', 'Animals', 'Blotting, Western', 'Cytoskeletal Proteins', 'DNA, Mitochondrial', 'DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase', 'Dopaminergic Neurons', 'Drosophila Proteins', 'Drosophila melanogaster', 'Electron Transport', 'Electron Transport Complex I', 'GTP-Binding Proteins', 'Humans', 'Mitochondria', 'Mitochondrial Diseases', 'Mitochondrial Proteins', 'NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases', 'Neurodegenerative Diseases', 'Oxidoreductases', 'Plant Proteins', 'RNA Interference', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases']

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['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Isolated juvenile xanthogranuloma in the larynx of a three-year-old child.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a benign manifestation of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterized by yellowish cutaneous nodules. Its occurrence in the larynx is very rare, but laryngeal JXG may cause severe respiratory distress. We report a patient with isolated laryngeal JXG treated by laryngomicrosurgery, and this is the first report of JXG extending to vocal fold. A 3-year-old girl presented with hoarseness and inspiration stridor. A bulky tumor was found in right glottic to subglottic region. Subtotal resection of the tumor was carried out by laryngomicrosurgery, and airway distress was diminished after the operation. In pathological examination, the resected specimen showed proliferation of histiocytic cells and spindle cells with Touton giant cells that are characterized by polynuclei or wreath nuclei and are known to appear in JXG but not in LCH. Immunohistochemistry of histiocytic cell markers demonstrated positivity for CD68, lysozyme, alpha1-anti-chymotrypsin, factor XIIIa and vimentin, and negativity for CD1a and S-100, leading to diagnosis of JXG, but not LCH. The patient was thus expected with benign prognosis, and additional resection of the tumor including vocal fold was not indicated in the initial treatment. Six weeks later, the JXG recurred and a second procedure using CO₂ laser was needed. The tumor did not re-grow thereafter, and there was no residual voice handicap. Because of its favorable prognosis and tendency for spontaneous regression, JXG in the larynx needs to be considered carefully with regard to whether reduction surgery and/or tracheotomy are necessary, and thus precise diagnosis is required.

['Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Glottis', 'Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell', 'Humans', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Larynx', 'Prognosis', 'Respiratory Tract Diseases', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]']

Late-onset muscle weakness in partial phosphofructokinase deficiency: a unique myopathy with vacuoles, abnormal mitochondria, and absence of the common exon 5/intron 5 junction point mutation.

Three patients (ages 51, 59, and 79) from two generations of an Ashkenazi Jewish family had partial (33% activity) phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency that presented with fixed muscle weakness after the age of 50 years. MR spectroscopy revealed accumulation of phosphomonoesters during exercise. Muscle biopsy showed a vacuolar myopathy with increased autophagic activity and several ragged-red and cytochrome c oxidase-negative fibers. The older patient, age 79 at biopsy, had several necrotic fibers. Electron microscopy revealed subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar glycogen accumulation and proliferation of mitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions, probably related to reduced availability of energy due to impaired glycolysis. The common point mutation of exon 5/intron 5 junction seen in Jewish Ashkenazi patients with PFK deficiency was excluded. We conclude that late-onset fixed muscle weakness occurs in partial PFK deficiency and it may represent the end result of continuing episodes of muscle fiber destruction. Partial enzyme deficiency in two successive generations suggests a unique molecular mechanism.

['Adult', 'Age of Onset', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Base Sequence', 'Biopsy', 'DNA Primers', 'Electron Transport Complex IV', 'Europe', 'Exons', 'Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII', 'Humans', 'Introns', 'Jews', 'Middle Aged', 'Mitochondria, Muscle', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch', 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'Necrosis', 'Pedigree', 'Phosphofructokinase-1', 'Point Mutation', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'United States', 'Vacuoles']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Morality and politics: Comparing alternate theories.

Debates about the American "culture wars" have led scholars to develop several theories relating morality to political attitudes and behaviors. However, researchers have not adequately compared these theories, nor have they examined the overall contribution of morality to explaining political variation. This study uses nationally representative data to compare the utility of 19 moral constructs from four research traditions - associated with the work of Hunter, Lakoff, Haidt, and Schwartz - for predicting political orientation (liberalism/conservatism). Results indicate that morality explains a third of the variation in political orientation - more than basic demographic and religious predictors - but that no one theory provides a fully adequate explanation of this phenomenon. Instead, political orientation is best predicted by selected moral constructs that are unique to each of the four traditions, and by two moral constructs that crosscut them. Future work should investigate how these moral constructs can be synthesized to create a more comprehensive theory of morality and politics.

['Attitude', 'Culture', 'Dissent and Disputes', 'Humans', 'Morals', 'Politics', 'Social Values', 'United States']

[['F01.100'], ['I01.076.201.450', 'I01.880.853.100'], ['F01.829.401.094', 'F02.463.785.373.476'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.500', 'K01.752.566'], ['I01.738'], ['F01.829.873'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Early life stress increases testosterone and corticosterone and alters stress physiology in zebra finches.

Early life stress has enduring effects on behavior and physiology. However, the effects on hormones and stress physiology remain poorly understood. In the present study, parents of zebra finches of both sexes were exposed to an increased foraging paradigm from 3 to 33days post hatching. Plasma and brains were collected from chicks at 3 developmental time points: post hatching days 25, 60 and adulthood. Plasma was assayed for testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and corticosterone (CORT). The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus was assessed for corticotrophin releasing factor (CRH) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. As expected, body mass was lower in nutritionally stressed animals compared to controls at multiple ages. Nutritionally stressed animals overall had higher levels of CORT than did control and this was particularly apparent in females at post hatching day 25. Nutritionally stressed animals also had a higher number of cells expressing CRH and GR in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus than did controls. There was an interaction, such that both measures were higher in control animals at PHD 25, but higher in NS animals by adulthood. Females, regardless of treatment, had higher circulating CORT and a higher number of cells expressing CRH than did males. Nutritionally stressed animals also had higher levels of T than did control animals, and this difference was greatest for males at post hatching day 60. There were no effects of nutritional stress on E2. These findings suggest that nutritional stress during development has long-lasting effects on testosterone and stress physiology.

['Animals', 'Animals, Newborn', 'Brain', 'Corticosterone', 'Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone', 'Estradiol', 'Female', 'Finches', 'Glucocorticoids', 'Hypothalamus', 'Male', 'Receptors, Glucocorticoid', 'Stress, Physiological', 'Stress, Psychological', 'Testosterone']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Development of a Breastfeeding Support Scale for Couples.

The aim of this study was to develop a Breastfeeding Support Scale for Couples (BSSC) and to examine its reliability and validity. The BSSC was designed to evaluate current state of mutual support necessary for breastfeeding from the perspective of wife as support recipient, and husband as support provider. Subjects were 324 wives who came for their 1-month postpartum checkup and their husbands. Valid responses obtained from 159 husbands (97.0%) and 303 wives (93.5%) were then subjected to analysis. The BSSC for husbands comprised of 10 questions and two factors, and a scale for wives comprised of 14 questions and three factors were ultimately created. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient ranged from 0.72 to 0.89 for all factors for both husbands and wives. The internal consistency and criterion-related validity of the scale were also confirmed. The model fitted the data satisfactory. Its reliability and validity were confirmed. The BSSC focused on mutual support among married couples, and may reveal new directions for breastfeeding support by shedding light on the differences in the perception of reciprocity support. The BSSC can evaluate couples and the appropriate support necessary for breastfeeding from the perspective of reciprocity support.

['Breast Feeding', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Interpersonal Relations', 'Japan', 'Male', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Social Support', 'Spouses']

[['F01.145.407.199', 'G07.203.650.195', 'G07.203.650.220.500.500', 'G07.203.650.353.199'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['F01.829.401'], ['Z01.252.474.463', 'Z01.639.595'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['I01.880.853.500.600'], ['F01.829.263.500.660', 'I01.880.853.150.500.670', 'M01.816']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

Probabilistic muscle characterization using QEMG: application to neuropathic muscle.

Clinicians who use electromyographic (EMG) signals to help determine the presence or absence of abnormality in a muscle often, with varying degrees of success, evaluate sets of motor unit potentials (MUPs) qualitatively and/or quantitatively to characterize the muscle in a clinically meaningful way. The resulting muscle characterization can be improved using automated analysis. As such, the intent of this study was to evaluate the performance of automated, conventional Means/Outlier and Probabilistic methods in converting MUP statistics into a concise, and clinically relevant, muscle characterization. Probabilistic methods combine the set of MUP characterizations, derived using Pattern Discovery (PD), of all MUPs detected from a muscle into a characterization measure that indicates normality or abnormality. Using MUP data from healthy control subjects and patients with known neuropathic disorders, a Probabilistic method that used Bayes' rule to combine MUP characterizations into a Bayesian muscle characterization (BMC) achieved a categorization accuracy of 79.7% compared to 76.4% using the Mean method (P > 0.1) for biceps muscles and 94.6% accuracy for the BMC method compared to 85.8% using the Mean method (P < 0.01) for first dorsal interosseous muscles. The BMC method can facilitate the determination of "possible," "probable," or "definite" levels for a given muscle categorization (e.g., neuropathic) whereas the conventional Means and Outlier methods support only a dichotomous "normal" or "abnormal" decision. This work demonstrates that the BMC method can provide information that may be more useful in supporting clinical decisions than that provided by the conventional Means or Outlier methods.

['Action Potentials', 'Adult', 'Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis', 'Bayes Theorem', 'Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease', 'Electromyography', 'Humans', 'Isometric Contraction', 'Middle Aged', 'Models, Statistical', 'Motor Neurons', 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Sensitivity and Specificity']

[['G04.580.100', 'G07.265.675.100', 'G11.561.570.100'], ['M01.060.116'], ['C10.228.854.139', 'C10.574.562.250', 'C10.574.950.050', 'C10.668.467.250', 'C18.452.845.800.050'], ['E05.318.740.600.200', 'N05.715.360.750.625.150', 'N06.850.520.830.600.200'], ['C10.500.300.200', 'C10.574.500.495.200', 'C10.668.829.800.300.200', 'C16.131.666.300.200', 'C16.320.400.375.200'], ['E01.370.405.255', 'E01.370.530.255'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G11.427.494.472'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.500', 'E05.599.835', 'N05.715.360.750.530', 'N06.850.520.830.500'], ['A08.675.655.500', 'A11.671.655.500'], ['A02.633.567', 'A10.690.552.500'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Kinetics of in vivo bone deposition by bone marrow stromal cells into porous calcium phosphate scaffolds: an X-ray computed microtomography study.

In a typical bone tissue engineering application, osteogenic cells are harvested and seeded on a three-dimensional (3D) synthetic scaffold that acts as guide and stimulus for tissue growth, creating a tissue engineering construct or living biocomposite. Despite the large number of performed experiments in different laboratories, information on the kinetics of bone growth into the scaffolds is still scarce. Highly porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds were investigated before the implantation and after they were seeded with in vitro expanded bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and implanted for 8, 16, or 24 weeks in immunodeficient mice. Synchrotron x-ray computed microtomography (microCT) was used for qualitative and quantitative 3D characterization of the scaffold material and 3D evaluation of tissue engineered bone growth kinetics after in vivo implantation. Experiments were performed taking advantage of a dedicated set up at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France), which allowed quantitative imaging at a spatial resolution of about 5 microm. A peculiarity of these experiments was the fact that at first the data were obtained on the different pure scaffolds, then the same scaffolds were seeded by BMSC, implanted, and brought again to ESRF for investigating the formation of new bone. The volume fraction, average thickness, and distribution of the newly formed bone were evaluated as a function of the implantation time. New bone thickness increased from week 8 to week 16, but deposition of new bone was arrested from week 16 to week 24. Instead, mineralization of the newly deposited bone matrix continued up to week 24.

['Animals', 'Bone Marrow Cells', 'Calcium Phosphates', 'Kinetics', 'Mice', 'Mice, Nude', 'Osteogenesis', 'Porosity', 'Sheep', 'Stromal Cells', 'Tissue Engineering', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['B01.050'], ['A11.148', 'A15.378.316'], ['D01.029.260.700.675.374.075', 'D01.146.360', 'D01.695.625.675.650.075'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.500'], ['G07.345.500.325.377.625.050.500.729', 'G11.427.578.050.500.729'], ['G01.374.710'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.791'], ['A11.329.830'], ['E05.481.500.311.500', 'J01.293.069.249.500'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Transcription factor expression in the developing human fetal endocrine pancreas.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Morphological changes that occur during pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation have been shown in rodent systems to be dependent on sequential alterations in transcription factor expression. However, similar data for humans have been limited. The aim of the present study was to provide a connection between pancreatic morphology, transcription factor gene expression and protein localisation during human fetal development.METHODS: Human fetal pancreases were examined at early (8-12 weeks of fetal age), middle (14-16 weeks) and late (19-21 weeks) stages, using immunohistological, microarray and qRT-PCR analyses.RESULTS: We observed a significant decrease in pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1)(+)/cytokeratin 19(+) cells (p < 0.001), with a simultaneous increase in PDX-1(+)/insulin(+) cells from 8 to 21 weeks (p < 0.05). Increased PDX-1/insulin co-localisation within islet clusters was noted, while no co-expression of PDX-1 with glucagon was found, suggesting that loss of PDX-1 is essential for alpha cell formation. Given that neurogenin 3 (NGN3) expression is critical for establishing the endocrine cell programme in the rodent pancreas, we examined its expression pattern and co-localisation in PDX-1(+), insulin(+) and glucagon(+) cells. Co-localisation of NGN3 with PDX-1, insulin and glucagon was noted during early development, with significant decreases in middle and late stages (p < 0.001). Our microarray and co-localisation analyses of transcription factors linked to NGN3 demonstrated that ISL1 transcription factor (ISL1), neurogenic differentiation 1 (NEUROD1), NK2 related transcription factor related, locus 2 (NKX2-2) and paired box gene 6 (PAX6) were upregulated during development and present in all four endocrine cell types, while NK6 related transcription factor related, locus 1 (NKX6-1) was expressed exclusively in beta cells.CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This study is an important step towards identifying key molecular factors involved in development of the human fetal endocrine pancreas.

['Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors', 'Biomarkers', 'Down-Regulation', 'Gene Expression Profiling', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental', 'Gestational Age', 'Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha', 'Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta', 'Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 6', 'Homeodomain Proteins', 'Humans', 'Nerve Tissue Proteins', 'Paired Box Transcription Factors', 'Pancreas', 'Snail Family Transcription Factors', 'Trans-Activators', 'Transcription Factors', 'Up-Regulation', 'Zebrafish Proteins']

[['D12.776.260.103', 'D12.776.930.125'], ['D23.101'], ['G02.111.240', 'G05.308.200', 'G07.690.773.937'], ['E05.393.332'], ['G05.308.310'], ['G07.345.500.325.235.968', 'G08.686.320'], ['D12.776.260.262.500.500', 'D12.776.260.400.218.500', 'D12.776.660.352.500.500', 'D12.776.930.318.500.500'], ['D12.776.260.262.875', 'D12.776.260.950.249.750', 'D12.776.660.352.875', 'D12.776.930.318.875', 'D12.776.930.977.249.750'], ['D12.776.260.262.984', 'D12.776.260.400.624.500', 'D12.776.660.352.984', 'D12.776.930.318.984', 'D12.776.930.640.500'], ['D12.776.260.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.631'], ['D12.776.260.645', 'D12.776.930.700'], ['A03.734'], ['D12.776.930.815'], ['D12.776.260.755', 'D12.776.930.900', 'D12.776.964.925.984'], ['D12.776.930'], ['G02.111.905', 'G05.308.850', 'G07.690.773.998'], ['D12.776.325.500']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

High prevalence of prehypertension is associated with the increased body mass index in community-dwelling Japanese.

Hypertension and obesity are likely the most common disease in Japan. It has been reported that subjects with prehypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] 120-139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] 80-89 mmHg) have also an increased risk of cardiovascular disease; however, only limited data are available on the prevalence of prehypertension and its association with body weight. We performed a cross-sectional study to examine whether the status of body weight was associated with prehypertension. Study participants aged 19 to 90 years [1,207 men aged 60 +/- 15 (mean +/- standard deviation) years and 1,634 women aged 63 +/- 12 years] were randomly recruited for a survey at the community-based annual medical check-up. The prevalence of prehypertension was 27.3% in men and 23.9% in women. The levels of SBP and DBP increased, as body mass index (BMI) increased in both genders. In a multivariate-adjusted model, increasing BMI categories were positively associated with prehypertension. Especially in men, compared to participants with BMI of < 21.0 kg/m(2) (referent), the multivariate-odds ratio (95% CI) of prehypertension was 1.90 (1.17-3.09) in the 21.0-23.4 kg/m(2) group, 2.38 (1.31-4.34) in the 23.5-24.9 kg/m(2) group, and 3.79 (2.03-7.09) in the > or = 25.0 kg/m(2) group. In conclusion, even subjects with mildly increased BMI (21.0-24.9 kg/m(2)) had an increased risk of prehypertension in community-dwelling persons. It is time to pay more attention to excess bodyweight in preventing high blood pressure.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Blood Pressure', 'Body Mass Index', 'Disease Susceptibility', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hypertension', 'Japan', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Odds Ratio', 'Prevalence', 'Residence Characteristics', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['C23.550.291.687', 'G07.100.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.489'], ['Z01.252.474.463', 'Z01.639.595'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750'], ['N01.224.791', 'N06.850.505.400.800'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Late presentations of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

The occurrence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in adults is rare and misleading even to experienced clinicians. In contrast to neonatal diaphragmatic hernias, most of the adult patients present with vague gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms mimicking other diseases. Hence high index of suspicion is required. When a diagnosis is established, it must be promptly treated surgically in order to avoid complications such as strangulation or bowel perforation. We present two cases of diaphragmatic hernia which were being managed as pulmonary pathologies.

['Adult', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Female', 'Hernia, Diaphragmatic', 'Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Radiography']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E01.171'], ['C23.300.707.960.500'], ['C16.131.433', 'C23.300.707.960.500.116'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.700']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

Captopril treatment reverses erectile dysfunction in male stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The involvement of antihypertensive therapy in the pathology of hypertension associated male erectile dysfunction is unclear. Stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were treated chronically with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril or placebo, normotensive rats served as controls. Mean arterial and intracavernosal pressure were measured during the induction of erection by autonomic ganglion stimulation. SHRSP-placebo treated rats were hypertensive and had a blunted erectile response. Captopril treatment returned both the blood pressure and erectile response to control levels. Therefore, ACE inhibitor therapy may not be responsible for the erectile dysfunction observed in treated hypertensive subjects.

['Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors', 'Animals', 'Blood Pressure', 'Captopril', 'Erectile Dysfunction', 'Genetic Predisposition to Disease', 'Hypertension', 'Male', 'Penile Erection', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred SHR', 'Stroke']

[['D27.505.519.389.745.085'], ['B01.050'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['D12.125.072.401.623.270'], ['C12.294.644.486', 'F03.835.400'], ['C23.550.291.687.500', 'G05.380.355'], ['C14.907.489'], ['G08.686.784.717'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760.300', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400.300'], ['C10.228.140.300.775', 'C14.907.253.855']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

A new and simple method for evaluating masticatory function using newly developed artificial test food.

The aim of this study was to develop an objective evaluation system for the masticatory function. This system used paraffin wax cubes as a test food, which had six red- and green-coloured layers so that each of the six surfaces showed a pseudo-checkered pattern. A total of 100 paraffin cubes were chewed by 37 subjects and the images of these samples were captured and analysed using a digital image analyzer. With regard to the colour and the shape of each sample, five parameters were obtained. Furthermore, an independent examiner graded the degree of colour mixing in the chewed samples into three groups (poor, medium and good) by visual inspection. A discriminant analysis was performed using the five variables as predictors of two groups (good and poor). Mixing Ability Index (MAI) was calculated from the discriminant function and using this index, 97% of the samples from these two groups were classified correctly. This system needed only a few minutes to complete and is easy to use. Therefore, it has high potentials for clinical use.

['Adult', 'Discriminant Analysis', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Image Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'Male', 'Mastication', 'Paraffin', 'Photography', 'Waxes']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E05.318.740.350', 'N05.715.360.750.325', 'N06.850.520.830.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.224.308'], ['G07.203.650.283.500', 'G10.261.330.500'], ['D02.455.612'], ['E01.370.350.600', 'E05.712'], ['D10.945']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

[Research on root fracture resistance after root canal filling].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the fracture resistance of roots filled with three different root canal filling techniques.METHODS: Forty extracted single-rooted permanent teeth were instrumented and randomly divided into four groups. Three experimental groups were filled with lateral compaction technique, vertical compaction technique and single-cone technique, respectively. No filling was performed in control group. All specimens were subjected to a vertical load to cause vertical root fracture. The force required to fracture was measured and the fracture lines was classified.RESULTS: Three experimental groups exhibited higher mean fracture load values than that of control group (179.93 N+/-34.03 N). There was no significant difference among the three experimental groups, and the mean fracture load values were (210.041+/-64.57), (232.55+/-50.74), (216.80+/-78.03) N, respectively. Eighty-five percent of root fracture lines were found in the bucco-lingual direction.CONCLUSION: Root canal filling alone can't influence the root strength significantly. There is no difference in root strength after three canal filling techniques.

['Dental Pulp Cavity', 'Dental Stress Analysis', 'Gutta-Percha', 'Humans', 'Root Canal Filling Materials', 'Root Canal Obturation', 'Tooth Fractures', 'Tooth Root']

[['A14.549.167.900.265'], ['E06.308'], ['D20.215.721.061', 'D25.339.859.495', 'D25.720.327.840.119', 'J01.637.051.339.859.495'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D25.339.859', 'J01.637.051.339.859'], ['E06.397.778.778'], ['C07.793.850.750', 'C26.900.750'], ['A14.549.167.900.750']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

[The function of the digestive processes in the stomach and small intestine in complicated peptic ulcer].

On the basis of investigations designed to study the condition of intragastric proteolysis and membrane digestion in the small intestine in 148 patients it has been found out that peptic ulcer is accompanied by enhancement of digestive processes in the stomach and by decrease thereof in the small intestine. With the development of peptic ulcer complications digestive disorders get aggravated, which fact leads to various manifestations of the enteral syndrome. A conclusion has been reached that study into intragastric proteolysis and membrane digestion can be useful in the objective evaluation of the activity and degree of severity of the ulcerous process as well as in the functional assessment of results of the treatments administered.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Chronic Disease', 'Digestion', 'Duodenal Ulcer', 'Humans', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Intestine, Small', 'Middle Aged', 'Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage', 'Peptic Ulcer Perforation', 'Peptide Hydrolases', 'Pyloric Stenosis', 'Stomach']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['G07.203.650.250', 'G10.261.190'], ['C06.405.469.275.800.348', 'C06.405.748.586.349'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.300'], ['A03.556.124.684'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C06.405.227.700', 'C23.550.414.788.700'], ['C06.405.469.275.800.698', 'C06.405.748.586.698'], ['D08.811.277.656'], ['C06.405.748.340.690'], ['A03.556.875.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Application of the principal component analysis (PCA) to the ecological study of an artificial environment: the tunny-fishing net of Camogli (Ligurian Sea).

The management of the marine environment and resource exploitation depend on the knowledge of both water conditions and ecological relationships between organisms. In the framework of fishing problems, an adequate food availability is important in order to allow maintaining and growth of fish stocks. The tunny-fishing of Camogli, owing to the coco-fibre texture of its net, can improve the trophic resources allowing the settlement of organisms eaten by fish. The distribution and composition of settled organisms was studied during the campaign 1988 by microscopical methods. The results have been elaborated by using multivariate (PCA) methods. Foraminifers, ciliates, hydroids, nematodes and copepods were the mainly observed groups. Their variations with season and depth and the relationships with caught fish species are presented. The elaboration of data by PCA allowed an easy and complete interpretation of the obtained complex data set showing the existence of a "rope" and of a "depth" effect.

['Animals', 'Ecology', 'Environment', 'Fishes', 'Seasons']

[['B01.050'], ['H01.158.273.248', 'H01.277.249'], ['G16.500.275', 'N06.230'], ['B01.050.150.900.493'], ['G01.910.645.661', 'G16.500.275.071.590', 'N06.230.300.100.250.525']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

[Changes in the content of neuromediator amino acids in the brain of mice with a convulsive syndrome induced by the hyperactivation of CNS cholinergic structures].

Methods of thin-layer chromatography with the following elution and photometry were used to determine the amount of taurin, glycin and glutamate in mouse brain 20 and 60 min after injections of arecolin (10 mg/kg), nicotin (9 mg/kg), fluorostigmin (3 mg/kg) and picrotoxin (8 mg/kg). It was determined that seizures induced by these drugs are followed by raising of the levels of taurin (on 20-70%), glycin (after 60 min on 30-70%), glutamate (after 20 min--on 70-60%). The level of glutamate was lowered (by 40-80%) to 60 min after injections of nicotin, fluorostigmin and picrotoxin.

['Amino Acids', 'Animals', 'Brain', 'Brain Chemistry', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Neurotransmitter Agents', 'Receptors, Cholinergic', 'Seizures', 'Syndrome', 'Time Factors']

[['D12.125'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['G02.111.150', 'G03.185'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['D27.505.519.625', 'D27.505.696.577'], ['D12.776.543.750.720.360'], ['C10.597.742', 'C23.888.592.742'], ['C23.550.288.500'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]']

In vitro properties of antimicrobial bromotyrosine alkaloids.

A bromotyrosine alkaloid family of antimicrobial agents was synthesized using the known structure of a natural inhibitor of the mycobacterial mycothiol S-conjugate amidase (MCA) as a template. This series of compounds represents a novel class of anti-infective agents against Gram-positive pathogens, including mycobacteria and meticillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The fact that these compounds are active against mycobacterial strains in which the MCA gene is deleted and against Gram-positive bacteria lacking mycothiol suggests the existence of an alternative target for these compounds. One member of this family, EXEG1706, was identified as the lead compound possessing low MICs (2.5-25 microg ml(-1)) for several clinical isolates, whilst having low toxicity for THP-1 monocytes and macrophages.

['Alkaloids', 'Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Bacteria', 'Cell Line', 'Humans', 'Macrophages', 'Models, Chemical', 'Molecular Structure', 'Monocytes', 'Tyrosine']

[['D03.132'], ['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['B03'], ['A11.251.210'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A11.329.372', 'A11.627.482', 'A11.733.397', 'A15.382.670.522', 'A15.382.680.397'], ['E05.599.495'], ['G02.111.570', 'G02.466'], ['A11.118.637.555.652', 'A11.148.580', 'A11.627.624', 'A11.733.547', 'A15.145.229.637.555.652', 'A15.378.316.580', 'A15.382.490.555.652', 'A15.382.670.547', 'A15.382.680.547'], ['D12.125.072.050.875']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

DNA fingerprinting of Pasteurella multocida recovered from avian sources.

Repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were used to characterize a sample of 43 field isolates and 4 attenuated vaccine strains of Pasteurella multocida recovered from multiple avian species. Both rep-PCR and AFLP assays were rapid and reproducible, with high indices of discrimination. Concordance analyses of rep-PCR and AFLP with somatic serotyping indicate that, in general, somatic serotyping is a poor indicator of genetic relatedness among isolates of P. multocida. In addition, the data provide evidence of host specificity of P. multocida clones. Overall, the results of our study indicate that the rep-PCR and AFLP techniques enable rapid fingerprinting of P. multocida isolates from multiple avian species and enhance the investigation of fowl cholera outbreaks.

['Animals', 'Bacterial Typing Techniques', 'Bird Diseases', 'Birds', 'Chickens', 'DNA Fingerprinting', 'DNA, Bacterial', 'Disease Outbreaks', 'Pasteurella Infections', 'Pasteurella multocida', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length', 'Poultry Diseases', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Software', 'Turkeys']

[['B01.050'], ['E01.370.225.875.150.125', 'E05.200.875.150.125'], ['C22.131'], ['B01.050.150.900.248'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.150', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.192'], ['E05.318.740.225.500.500', 'E05.393.290', 'I01.198.780.937.375', 'N04.452.910.099.750'], ['D13.444.308.212'], ['N06.850.290'], ['C01.150.252.400.700.662'], ['B03.440.450.600.600.500', 'B03.660.250.550.590.500'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['G05.365.795.595'], ['C22.131.728'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['L01.224.900'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.800', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.800']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]']

Receptors for the liver synthesized growth factors IGF-1 and HGF/SF in uveal melanoma: intercorrelation and prognostic implications.

PURPOSE: Uveal melanoma disseminates preferentially to the liver. The mechanism for this homing is largely unknown, but growth factors synthesized in the liver may be involved. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible relationship between cell surface receptors for two such growth factors: the c-Met proto-oncogene, which constitutes the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), and the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). Their role as a prognostic factor was also clarified.METHODS: Paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 132 patients with primary uveal melanoma were analyzed by using well-established specific antibodies against c-Met and IGF-1R. The intercorrelation of receptor expression and association with melanoma-related survival of patients were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses.RESULTS: Whereas the expression of both IGF-1R and c-Met was significantly associated with melanoma-specific mortality by univariate analysis (P = 0.004 and P = 0.007, respectively) only IGF-1R showed independent prognostic value by multivariate analysis, P = 0.004. The prognostic value of IGF-1R was stronger than such currently used prognostic parameters as tumor cell type and tumor diameter (P = 0.021 and P = 0.026, respectively). The expression patterns of the two growth factors receptors were weakly intercorrelated.CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the data suggest that the receptors for IGF-1 and HGF/SF may play a role in the spread of uveal melanoma and its affinity to the liver. The strong correlation between IGF-1R expression and melanoma-specific mortality points to the use of IGF-1R as a prognostic tool.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Immunoenzyme Techniques', 'Liver', 'Male', 'Melanoma', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Proteins', 'Prognosis', 'Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met', 'Receptor, IGF Type 1', 'Survival Rate', 'Uveal Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D23.101.140'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.478.566.350', 'E05.478.583.400', 'E05.601.470.350'], ['A03.620'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.510', 'C04.557.580.625.650.510', 'C04.557.665.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D12.776.624'], ['E01.789'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.075', 'D12.776.543.750.630.186', 'D12.776.543.750.750.400.100', 'D12.776.624.664.700.186'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.185', 'D12.776.543.750.630.468', 'D12.776.543.750.750.400.780.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['C04.588.364.978', 'C11.319.494', 'C11.941.855']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]']

Comparison of static airway pressures during total liquid ventilation while applying different expiratory modes and time patterns.

To compare pump driven (active) and gravity-siphon (passive) expiration modes during perfluorocarbon total liquid ventilation (TLV), a liquid ventilator was developed capable of providing either expiration mode. In a prospective, controlled laboratory study, 90 rabbits (3.2 +/- 0.1 kg) were anesthetized, tracheotomized, killed. After prefill with 12 ml/kg perflubron and TLV for 90 minutes (tidal volume 12 ml/kg, I:E ratio 1:2), randomly using passive (height 40 or 80 cm) or active expiration, respiratory rates were 4, 8, or 12/min. Static peak inspiratory and end-expiratory intratracheal pressures were measured at 5 minute intervals. Peak inspiratory and end-expiratory were constant in active groups, and increases in all 40 cm and 80 cm passive groups were significant. Differences between groups were significant for expiratory mode but not for respiratory rates. Only passive groups showed significant increases in body weight after TLV. Percentage of fluorothoraces was 10% using active and 85% using passive expiration. Based upon the stability of intrapulmonary pressures and volumes and a reduced rate of fluorothoraces, active expiration is more efficient than passive drainage during TLV.

['Animals', 'Biomedical Engineering', 'Female', 'Fluorocarbons', 'Liquid Ventilation', 'Male', 'Prospective Studies', 'Rabbits', 'Respiratory Mechanics', 'Time Factors']

[['B01.050'], ['H02.070', 'J01.293.140'], ['D02.455.526.510.435'], ['E02.041.625.525', 'E02.880.820.525'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700'], ['G09.772.705.700'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanism of quinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from diarrheal patients in a hospital in Tokyo.

We determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations of six types of antimicrobial agents for 523 strains of Campylobacter jejuni that were isolated from diarrheal patients in a general hospital in Tokyo during the period between 2003 and 2005. It was revealed that 20.2%, 22.9%, 6.7%, and 0.6% of all the C. jejuni strains tested were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CPFX), nalidixic acid, ampicillin, and fosfomycin, respectively. All the strains were susceptible to clarithromycin and erythromycin. To elucidate the mechanism of quinolone resistance, in a total of 55 strains selected randomly, we carried out sequence determination and analysis of the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of their gyrA and gyrB genes. Amino-acid substitution at codon 86 (Thr --> IIe) of GyrA was found in all the 37 CPFX-resistant strains. There was no amino-acid substitution in the QRDR of the gyrB gene. All of the genomic DNAs of these 55 strains showed distinct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Taken together, these results suggested that the quinolone resistance of C. jejuni was attributable mainly to the mutation at codon 86 (Thr --> IIe) in the QRDR of GyrA, and that this particular mutation and other silent mutations could be found not only in a certain clone of C. jejuni but also universally in a wide variety of strains.

['Amino Acid Substitution', 'Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Campylobacter Infections', 'Campylobacter jejuni', 'DNA Gyrase', 'DNA Mutational Analysis', 'Diarrhea', 'Drug Resistance, Bacterial', 'Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field', 'Feces', 'Humans', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Quinolones', 'Tokyo']

[['E05.393.420.601.035', 'G05.558.109'], ['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['C01.150.252.400.177'], ['B03.440.180.425', 'B03.660.150.235.250.500.375'], ['D08.811.399.403.741.149', 'D12.776.097.237'], ['E05.393.760.700.300'], ['C23.888.821.214'], ['G06.099.225', 'G06.225.347', 'G07.690.773.984.269.347'], ['E05.196.401.220', 'E05.301.300.220'], ['A12.459'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['D03.633.100.810.835'], ['Z01.252.474.463.709', 'Z01.433.900']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

[Canine teeth impacted in the palate--case report].

Maxillary canines have the longest period of development, the deepest area of formation and the most difficult path of all teeth. The maxillary canines are the most likely to remain unerupted or impacted. The maxillary permanent canine is considered important by virtue of its place in the scheme of functional occlusion and its contribution to facial appearance. We successfully orthodontically treated two cases with palatally impacted canines. Although both cases had palatally impacted canines, they were different due to canine position and angulation.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Cuspid', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Orthodontic Wires', 'Palate, Hard', 'Radiography, Panoramic', 'Tooth Eruption, Ectopic', 'Tooth, Impacted', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['A14.549.167.860.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E06.658.453.684'], ['A02.835.232.781.324.502.660', 'A14.521.658.660', 'A14.549.617.660'], ['E01.370.350.700.720.750', 'E06.342.764.750'], ['C07.793.790'], ['C07.793.905'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]']

Target range maximum of cyclosporine blood concentration two hours post dose in stable liver transplant patients.

Recently, single blood level measurement 2 hours after cyclosporine administration (C2) is taken as a more sensitive indicator of drug exposure in de novo transplant recipients than trough levels (C0). However, few studies focused on the determination of the C2 target range maximum and its associated adverse events in stable liver recipients. This prospective study was designed to assess the relative risk of developing CsA related side effects in patients with high C2-levels. Adverse effects were determined clinically, and by using a specially designed questionnaire. Eventual adverse events as well as C2 levels were determined repeatedly up to 4 times in 3-months intervals (observation period 9 +/- 3 months) in 36 long-term liver recipients (1-13.5 years post-transplant), in addition to conventional C0 levels. Cyclosporine dose was adjusted according to a predefined C0 target level range and clinical status. Totally 103 questionnaires and the corresponding paired CsA blood level records were obtained. C0 levels and C2 levels ranged from 90 to 287 (143 +/- 31) ng/ml and from 212 to 1358 (672 +/- 203) ng/ml respectively. No patient experienced a rejection episode during the observation period, demonstrating the efficiency of the immunosuppressive therapy. However, 33/36 patients (91%) showed symptoms attributable to CsA therapy. C2 levels above 750 ng/ml, determined at least twice in an interval of 3 months, were identified as a relevant risk factor for the presence of multiple adverse effects, which were defined as the combination of hypertension, renal insufficiency and more than two neurological complaints (RR = 3.11, p<0.01). This risk population was not completely identified by determination of C0 level.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Cyclosporine', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Drug Monitoring', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Immunosuppressive Agents', 'Liver Transplantation', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prospective Studies', 'Time Factors']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D04.345.566.235.300', 'D12.644.641.235.300'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['E01.370.520.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D27.505.696.477.656'], ['E02.095.147.725.490', 'E04.210.650', 'E04.936.450.490', 'E04.936.580.490'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

FoxP3+ T regulatory cells and immunomodulation after Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen immunization in experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease.

To assess the effect of Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen immunization on the immunomodulation in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis as an experimental model of IBD in comparison to non immunization and healthy control. The study was performed on 180 mice; 25 healthy control, 15 to identify the inflammatory peak of DSS, 25 received DSS for 7 days; 90 infected with S. mansoni cercariae to collect eggs for antigen preparation, and 25 immunized with the prepared antigen then received DSS course. Disease activity index, macroscopic & microscopic inflammatory scores, FoxP3+ T regulatory cell count, myeloperoxidase activity, and Th1/Th2 cytokine profile were compared in studied groups. Immunization induced both FoxP3+ T(regs) and Th2 cytokines to establish a state of immune homeostasis and create a quiescent steadier immune response to DSS. S. mansoni egg antigen succeeded in acting like a prophylactic helminthic therapy as it has a profitable modulatory effect on DSS-induced colitis model.

['Animals', 'Antigens, Helminth', 'Cytokines', 'Dextran Sulfate', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Female', 'Forkhead Transcription Factors', 'Immunization', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Immunomodulation', 'Inflammatory Bowel Diseases', 'Lymphocyte Count', 'Mice', 'Ovum', 'Peroxidase', 'Schistosoma mansoni', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory', 'Th1 Cells', 'Th2 Cells']

[['B01.050'], ['D23.050.223'], ['D12.644.276.374', 'D12.776.467.374', 'D23.529.374'], ['D09.698.365.272.300'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['D12.776.260.950.249', 'D12.776.930.977.249'], ['E02.095.465.425.400', 'E05.478.550', 'N02.421.726.758.310', 'N06.850.780.200.425', 'N06.850.780.680.310'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['E02.095.465', 'G12.535'], ['C06.405.205.731', 'C06.405.469.432'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.595.500', 'E01.370.225.625.107.595.500', 'E05.200.500.195.107.595.500', 'E05.200.625.107.595.500', 'E05.242.195.107.595.500', 'G04.140.107.595.500', 'G09.188.105.595.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['A05.360.490.690', 'A11.497.497', 'A16.690'], ['D08.811.682.732.700'], ['B01.050.500.500.736.715.770.680.700'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.550.500.700', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.200.700', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.500.700', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.550.500.700', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.200.700', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.500.700', 'A15.382.490.555.567.550.500.700', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.200.700', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.500.700'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.550.500.400.900', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.200.400.900', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.500.400.900', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.550.500.400.500', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.200.400.500', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.500.400.500', 'A15.382.490.555.567.550.500.400.900', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.200.400.900', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.500.400.900'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.550.500.400.905', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.200.400.905', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.500.400.905', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.550.500.400.750', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.200.400.750', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.500.400.750', 'A15.382.490.555.567.550.500.400.905', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.200.400.905', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.500.400.905']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Hepatocyte sortilin 1 knockout and treatment with a sortilin 1 inhibitor reduced plasma cholesterol in Western diet-fed mice.

Sortilin 1 (Sort1) is a member of the Vps10p domain intracellular trafficking receptor family. Genetic variations of the SORT1 gene are strongly associated with plasma cholesterol levels in humans. Recent studies have linked Sort1 to regulation of cholesterol metabolism in hepatocytes and pro-inflammatory response in macrophages, but the tissue-specific roles of Sort1 in lipid metabolism have not been well defined. We developed Sort1 floxed mice and investigated the development of Western diet (WD)-induced steatosis, hepatic inflammatory response, and hyperlipidemia in hepatocyte Sort1 KO mice and myeloid cell Sort1 KO mice. Our findings suggest that hepatocyte Sort1 deficiency attenuated diet-induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia in mice. In contrast, myeloid Sort1 deficiency did not reduce hepatic cytokine expression or plasma cholesterol levels, but exacerbated hepatic triglyceride accumulation in WD-fed mice. Finally, we showed that treating WD-fed mice with an orally bioavailable Sort1 inhibitor, AF38469, decreased plasma cholesterol and hepatic cytokine expression. AF38469 treatment did not affect diet-induced obesity or insulin resistance, but was associated with reduced hepatic VLDL secretion and higher hepatic cholesterol 7á-hydrolase expression in WD-fed mice. In conclusion, findings from this study suggest that Sort1 loss-of-function in hepatocytes contributes to lower plasma cholesterol, and pharmacological inhibition of Sort1 attenuates diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice.

['Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport', 'Animals', 'Blood Glucose', 'Cholesterol', 'Cytokines', 'Diet, Western', 'Fasting', 'Fatty Liver', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Gene Knockout Techniques', 'Hepatocytes', 'Macrophages', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL']

[['D12.776.543.990.150'], ['B01.050'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['D04.210.500.247.222.284', 'D04.210.500.247.808.197', 'D10.570.938.208'], ['D12.644.276.374', 'D12.776.467.374', 'D23.529.374'], ['G07.203.650.240.310'], ['F01.145.407.400', 'G07.203.650.240.587', 'G07.203.650.353.400'], ['C06.552.241'], ['G05.308'], ['E05.393.335.750'], ['A11.436.348'], ['A11.329.372', 'A11.627.482', 'A11.733.397', 'A15.382.670.522', 'A15.382.680.397'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]']

The antinociceptive and antihyperalgesic effect of tapentadol is partially retained in OPRM1 (ì-opioid receptor) knockout mice.

Activation of the ì-opioid receptor (MOR) and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition (NRI) are well recognized as analgesic principles in acute and chronic pain indications. The novel analgesic tapentadol combines MOR agonism and NRI in a single molecule. The present study used OPRM1 (MOR) knockout (KO) mice to determine the relative contribution of MOR activation to tapentadol-induced analgesia in models of acute (nociceptive) and chronic (neuropathic) pain. Antinociceptive efficacy was inferred from paw withdrawal latencies on a 48 °C hot plate in naive animals. Antihyperalgesic efficacy was inferred from the number of nocifensive reactions in diabetic animals (streptozotocin-induced) and non-diabetic controls on a 50 °C hot plate. The effect of tapentadol (0.316-31.6 mg/kg IP) and the MOR agonist morphine (3-10 mg/kg IP) was determined in OPRM1 KO- and congenic wildtype mice. At baseline, diabetic OPRM1 KO mice showed reduced nocifensive reactions as compared to diabetic wildtype mice. In both pain models, morphine and tapentadol were effective in wildtype mice. In the KO mice, however, morphine failed to produce analgesia in either model. On the other hand, tapentadol still had clear effects, and when tested at a dose that was fully efficacious in wildtype mice, showed reduced but still significant antinociceptive efficacy in non-diabetic, and antihyperalgesic efficacy in diabetic OPRM1 KO mice. The remaining antinociceptive activity of tapentadol in OPRM1 KO mice was abolished by the á₂-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine. In OPRM1 wildtype mice, the antihyperalgesic effect of tapentadol was 10 times more potent in diabetic animals (ED₅₀=1.10 mg/kg) than its antinociceptive effect in na?ve animals (ED₅₀=10.8 mg/kg). This study supports the conclusion that the analgesic effect of tapentadol is only partly due to the activation of MOR, both under acute and chronic pain conditions, and that the efficacy of tapentadol against acute and chronic pain is based on its combined mechanism of action.

['Analgesics, Opioid', 'Animals', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental', 'Diabetic Neuropathies', 'Mice', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Neuralgia', 'Phenols', 'Receptors, Opioid, mu', 'Tapentadol']

[['D27.505.696.277.600.500', 'D27.505.696.663.850.014.760.500', 'D27.505.954.427.040.550.500', 'D27.505.954.427.210.600.500'], ['B01.050'], ['C18.452.394.750.074', 'C19.246.240', 'E05.598.500.374'], ['C10.668.829.300', 'C19.246.099.937'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['C10.668.829.600', 'C23.888.592.612.664'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657'], ['D12.776.543.750.695.620.550', 'D12.776.543.750.720.600.610.550', 'D12.776.543.750.750.555.610.550'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657.926']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Upregulation of hsa_circ_0136666 contributes to breast cancer progression by sponging miR-1299 and targeting CDK6.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) can participate in multiple cancers, including breast cancer. Increasing circRNAs are recognized in various cancers because of the high-throughput sequencing. However, the potential physiological effect of hsa_circ_0136666 in breast cancer progression is unknown. In our study, the biological role of hsa_circ_0136666 in breast cancer development was studied. It was displayed that hsa_circ_0136666 was greatly increased in breast cancer. In addition, overexpression of hsa_circ_0136666 was able to promote Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF7) and BT474 cell proliferation and triggered cell cycle in G2/M phase. microRNA plays critical role in tumor development and they can act as direct targets of circRNAs. miR-1299 has been implicated as a famous tumor suppressor in many cancers. Here, miR-1299 was predicted as the target of hsa_circ_0136666. Meanwhile, its Upregulation repressed breast cancer proliferation, migration and invasion capacity, which could be reversed by the increase of hsa_circ_0136666. Furthermore, Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) was speculated as the downstream target of miR-1299. In MCF7 and BT474 cells, CDK6 was greatly overexpressed and it was shown that CDK6 contributed a lot to breast cancer progression. Subsequently, it was implied that hsa_circ_0136666 could modulate CDK6 levels positively in vitro. In conclusion, it was revealed that Upregulation of hsa_circ_0136666 promoted breast cancer progression by sponging miR-1299 and targeting CDK6.

["3' Untranslated Regions", 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Cell Movement', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6', 'Disease Progression', 'Female', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic', 'Humans', 'MCF-7 Cells', 'MicroRNAs', 'RNA, Circular', 'Up-Regulation']

[['D13.444.735.544.875.880', 'D13.444.735.790.878.880', 'G05.360.340.024.220.880.880', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.910.880'], ['C04.588.180', 'C17.800.090.500'], ['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['G04.198', 'G07.568.500.180'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.937', 'D12.644.360.250.515', 'D12.776.167.200.515', 'D12.776.476.250.515'], ['C23.550.291.656'], ['G05.308.370'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A11.251.210.190.630'], ['D13.150.650.319', 'D13.444.735.150.319', 'D13.444.735.790.552.500'], ['D13.444.735.032'], ['G02.111.905', 'G05.308.850', 'G07.690.773.998']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor is a death receptor for granzyme B during cytotoxic T cell-induced apoptosis.

The serine proteinase granzyme B is crucial for the rapid induction of target cell apoptosis by cytotoxic T cells. Granzyme B was recently demonstrated to enter cells in a perforin-independent manner, thus predicting the existence of a cell surface receptor(s). We now present evidence that this receptor is the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor receptor (CI-MPR). Inhibition of the granzyme B-CI-MPR interaction prevented granzyme B cell surface binding, uptake, and the induction of apoptosis. Significantly, expression of the CI-MPR was essential for cytotoxic T cell-mediated apoptosis of target cells in vitro and for the rejection of allogeneic cells in vivo. These results suggest a novel target for immunotherapy and a potential mechanism used by tumors for immune evasion.

['Animals', 'Apoptosis', 'Binding, Competitive', 'Cell Transplantation', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cytotoxicity, Immunologic', 'Endocytosis', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Graft Rejection', 'Granzymes', 'Humans', 'In Situ Nick-End Labeling', 'Jurkat Cells', 'Kidney', 'L Cells', 'Mannosephosphates', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Mice, SCID', 'Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases', 'Phosphorylation', 'Protein Binding', 'Receptor, IGF Type 2', 'Serine Endopeptidases', 'T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic']

[['B01.050'], ['G04.146.954.035'], ['E05.196.080', 'G02.111.084', 'G02.111.570.120.309'], ['E02.095.147.500', 'E04.936.225'], ['A11.251'], ['G12.287'], ['G04.417'], ['E01.370.225.500.363.342', 'E01.370.225.500.386.350', 'E05.196.712.516.600.240.350', 'E05.200.500.363.342', 'E05.200.500.386.350', 'E05.242.363.342', 'E05.242.386.350'], ['G12.875.545.328'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.397', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.397'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.393.475'], ['A11.251.210.190.495', 'A11.251.860.180.495', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.440'], ['A05.810.453'], ['A11.251.210.505', 'A11.329.228.505'], ['D09.894.417.650'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.338', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.338'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.780'], ['D08.811.277.352.650'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['D12.776.543.750.750.400.780.410'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350'], ['A11.118.637.555.283.875', 'A11.118.637.555.567.550.500.200', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.220.200', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.500.200', 'A15.145.229.637.555.283.875', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.550.500.200', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.220.200', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.500.200', 'A15.382.490.555.283.875', 'A15.382.490.555.567.550.500.200', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.220.200', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.500.200']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Radiology of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: normal findings, examination pitfalls, and complications.

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is a procedure in which an ileal reservoir is constructed after total colectomy and anastomosed to the anus. IPAA is a well-established option for patients who require surgery for chronic ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis. Although excellent functional results can be achieved with IPAA, the procedure is associated with an appreciable number of complications, including small bowel obstruction, pouch fistula, anastomotic separation, anastomotic leakage, pelvic infection and abscess, stricture, and pouchitis. However, most of these complications do not require surgical intervention and can be managed with aggressive medical treatment and delay of ileostomy closure. Radiography of the IPAA pouch is routinely performed before closure of the diverting ileostomy to evaluate the integrity of the pouch and anastomosis. Such radiography can demonstrate many of the complications of IPAA, thus allowing identification of patients who may require intervention or delay before closure of the ileostomy.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Barium Sulfate', 'Contrast Media', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Ileum', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Proctocolectomy, Restorative', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D01.103.075', 'D01.875.800.800.850.075'], ['D27.505.259.500', 'D27.720.259'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A03.556.124.684.249', 'A03.556.249.124'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C23.550.767'], ['E04.210.219.620', 'E04.210.895.500'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

cDNA cloning and bacterial expression of phospholipase A(2) inhibitor PLIalpha from the serum of the Chinese mamushi, Agkistrodon blomhoffii siniticus(1).

The cDNA encoding of a phospholipase A(2) inhibitor (PLIalpha) of the Chinese mamushi, Agkistrodon blomhoffii siniticus, was identified from a liver cDNA library by use of a probe prepared by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the basis of the amino acid sequence of PLIalpha. It encoded a polypeptide of 166 amino acid residues, including 19 residues of the signal sequence and 147 residues of the complete mature sequence of PLIalpha. The PLIalpha cDNA was subcloned into the expression vector pET-16b and used to transform Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS. The recombinant PLIalpha expressed as a fusion protein was solubilized and purified to homogeneity by use of a metal affinity resin. The purified PLIalpha fusion protein underwent folding to form a trimeric structure like the intact PLIalpha, and showed inhibitory activity against the group II acidic PLA(2) from A. blomhoffii siniticus venom; although its binding constant (1/K(i)) value was 30-fold lower than that of the natural PLIalpha. The elimination of the N-terminal additional peptide from the fusion protein resulted in a marked increase in the inhibition activity with a binding constant comparable to that of the natural PLIalpha against the acidic PLA(2). Furthermore, the carbohydrate chains of the natural PLIalpha were found to play an important role in the inhibitory activity against the basic PLA(2).

['Agkistrodon', 'Amino Acid Sequence', 'Animals', 'Base Sequence', 'Blood Proteins', 'Cloning, Molecular', 'DNA, Complementary', 'Gene Library', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Mutation', 'Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors', 'Phospholipases A', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction']

[['B01.050.150.900.833.672.125.937.240.250'], ['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['B01.050'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['D12.776.124'], ['E05.393.220'], ['D13.444.308.497.220', 'D13.444.600.223.500', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.260'], ['G05.360.325'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G05.365.590'], ['D27.505.519.389.735'], ['D08.811.277.352.100.680.750'], ['E05.393.620.500.725']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Antioxidant effect of propolis against exposure to chromium in Cyprinus carpio.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of propolis against the toxic effects of chromium (VI) by examining oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defence system components in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of chromium. Propolis was simultaneously administered to chromium-exposed fish. Treatment was continued for 28 days, and at the end of this period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, spleen, and gill) samples were collected. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in blood and tissues for measurement of oxidant-antioxidant status. The levels of MDA, as an index of lipid peroxidation, increased in blood and tissues. Antioxidant enzyme activities in blood and tissues were modified in chromium groups compared to controls. Simultaneous administration of propolis ameliorated these parameters. The present results suggest that administration of propolis might alleviate chromium-induced oxidative stress.

['Animals', 'Antioxidants', 'Carps', 'Catalase', 'Chromium', 'Gills', 'Glutathione', 'Glutathione Peroxidase', 'Kidney', 'Lipid Peroxidation', 'Liver', 'Malondialdehyde', 'Oxidative Stress', 'Propolis', 'Spleen', 'Superoxide Dismutase', 'Water Pollutants, Chemical']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.519.217', 'D27.505.696.706.125', 'D27.720.799.047'], ['B01.050.150.900.493.200.244.248'], ['D08.811.682.732.332'], ['D01.268.556.175', 'D01.268.956.124', 'D01.552.544.175'], ['A13.421'], ['D12.644.456.448'], ['D08.811.682.732.500'], ['A05.810.453'], ['G02.111.515', 'G03.295.531.587'], ['A03.620'], ['D02.047.700'], ['G03.673', 'G07.775.750'], ['D05.750.078.840.762', 'D20.215.721.500.762'], ['A10.549.700', 'A15.382.520.604.700'], ['D08.811.682.881'], ['D27.888.284.903.655']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Duplex PCR to differentiate between Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum on the basis of conserved species-specific sequences of their hemagglutinin genes.

We developed a duplex PCR assay targeting the hemagglutinin multigene families, vlhA and pMGA, of Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, respectively. The assay proved to be specific and sensitive enough to justify its use for the simultaneous detection of the two major avian mycoplasma species from field isolates.

['Animals', 'Bacterial Proteins', 'Conserved Sequence', 'Hemagglutinins', 'Mycoplasma Infections', 'Mycoplasma gallisepticum', 'Mycoplasma synoviae', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Poultry Diseases', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'Species Specificity', 'Trachea']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.776.097'], ['G02.111.570.580'], ['D27.505.696.477.136.377'], ['C01.150.252.400.610.610'], ['B03.440.860.580.553.553.345'], ['B03.440.860.580.553.553.770'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['C22.131.728'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872'], ['G16.824'], ['A04.889']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Spatial competition with Lactococcus lactis in mixed-species continuous-flow biofilms inhibits Listeria monocytogenes growth.

Surfaces in industrial settings provide a home for resident biofilms that are likely to interact with the attachment, growth and survival of pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. Experimental results have indicated that L. monocytogenes cells were inhibited by the presence of a model resident flora (Lactococcus lactis) in dual-species continuous flow-biofilms, and are spatially restricted to the lower biofilm layers. Using a new, simplified individual-based model (IBM) that simulates bacterial cell growth in a three-dimensional space, the spatial arrangements of the two species were reconstructed and their cell counts successfully predicted. This model showed that the difference in generation times between L. monocytogenes and L. lactis cells during the initial stages of dual-species biofilm formation was probably responsible for the species spatialization observed and the subsequent inhibition of growth of the pathogen.

['Antibiosis', 'Bacterial Load', 'Bacteriological Techniques', 'Biofilms', 'Culture Media', 'Humans', 'Lactococcus lactis', 'Listeria monocytogenes', 'Microscopy, Confocal']

[['G06.550.050', 'G16.062'], ['E01.370.225.875.150.115', 'E01.370.225.875.220.115', 'E05.200.875.150.115', 'E05.200.875.220.115', 'G06.099.100'], ['E01.370.225.875.150', 'E05.200.875.150'], ['A20.593', 'G06.120'], ['D27.720.470.305', 'E07.206'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['B03.353.750.737.500.400', 'B03.510.400.800.500.400', 'B03.510.550.737.500.400'], ['B03.353.500.500.500', 'B03.510.100.500.500', 'B03.510.460.400.410.485.500'], ['E01.370.350.515.395', 'E05.595.395']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Quantification of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol in urine by automated borate complex anion-exchange chromatography with an immobilized enzyme reactor.

HPLC using a borate form of a strongly anion-exchange resin column and an immobilized enzyme reactor for colorimetric detection was used to quantify urinary 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol. Urine samples were introduced into the system every 7 min without any pretreatment, and after separation of interfering substances in the column, 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol was successively detected. Quantitative determination of urinary 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol was possible within the 1.2-300 micromol/l range. The coefficient of variance was less than 3% and the correlation between results obtained with our system (y) and those obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (x) was y=0.983x-1.287 micromol/l (n=42, r=0.998).

['Borates', 'Chromatography, Gas', 'Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid', 'Chromatography, Ion Exchange', 'Deoxyglucose', 'Enzymes, Immobilized', 'Humans', 'Mass Spectrometry']

[['D01.132.250.075', 'D01.248.497.158.076', 'D02.203.130.075'], ['E05.196.181.349'], ['E05.196.181.400.300'], ['E05.196.181.400.383'], ['D09.254.229'], ['D08.811.180', 'D12.776.463.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.196.566']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Gastro-oesophageal candidiasis.

A prospective search for gastro-oesophageal candidiasis was made by histological examination of all the biopsies taken from 465 patients endoscoped consecutively during a 12 month period. The criterion for diagnosis was the demonstration of infiltration of tissue or ulcer slough by yeasts and hyphae. Nineteen cases of candidiasis were found giving an overall incidence of 4%. There were 12 cases with oesophageal candidiasis, two with both oesophageal and gastric candidiasis, and five with gastric candidiasis. In none of the patients was candidiasis suspected before endoscopy. Symptoms referable to the candidiasis were uncommon and radiology was not helpful in diagnosis. There was associated local pathology (particularly peptic ulceration and carcinoma of the stomach or oesophagus) in all except two patients, which suggests that the candidiasis is usually secondary to mucosal damage. In the series, candidiasis was present in 27% of patients with oesophageal cancer, 20% of patients with gastric cancer, 16% of patients with benign gastric ulcers, and 15% of patients with oesophagitis.

['Aged', 'Candidiasis', 'Esophageal Diseases', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prospective Studies', 'Stomach Diseases']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['C01.150.703.160'], ['C06.405.117'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['C06.405.748']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

QTL mapping of the production of wine aroma compounds by yeast.

BACKGROUND: Wine aroma results from the combination of numerous volatile compounds, some produced by yeast and others produced in the grapes and further metabolized by yeast. However, little is known about the consequences of the genetic variation of yeast on the production of these volatile metabolites, or on the metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of grape compounds. As a tool to decipher how wine aroma develops, we analyzed, under two experimental conditions, the production of 44 compounds by a population of 30 segregants from a cross between a laboratory strain and an industrial strain genotyped at high density.RESULTS: We detected eight genomic regions explaining the diversity concerning 15 compounds, some produced de novo by yeast, such as nerolidol, ethyl esters and phenyl ethanol, and others derived from grape compounds such as citronellol, and cis-rose oxide. In three of these eight regions, we identified genes involved in the phenotype. Hemizygote comparison allowed the attribution of differences in the production of nerolidol and 2-phenyl ethanol to the PDR8 and ABZ1 genes, respectively. Deletion of a PLB2 gene confirmed its involvement in the production of ethyl esters. A comparison of allelic variants of PDR8 and ABZ1 in a set of available sequences revealed that both genes present a higher than expected number of non-synonymous mutations indicating possible balancing selection.CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates the value of QTL analysis for the analysis of metabolic traits, and in particular the production of wine aromas. It also identifies the particular role of the PDR8 gene in the production of farnesyldiphosphate derivatives, of ABZ1 in the production of numerous compounds and of PLB2 in ethyl ester synthesis. This work also provides a basis for elucidating the metabolism of various grape compounds, such as citronellol and cis-rose oxide.

['Acyclic Monoterpenes', 'Alleles', 'Chromosome Mapping', 'Fermentation', 'Gene Deletion', 'Genetic Variation', 'Metabolic Networks and Pathways', 'Monoterpenes', 'Odorants', 'Organic Chemicals', 'Quantitative Trait Loci', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'Sesquiterpenes', 'Vitis', 'Wine']

[['D02.455.849.575.125'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.030'], ['E05.393.183'], ['G02.111.158.249', 'G03.191.249'], ['G05.365.590.762.320', 'G05.558.800.320'], ['G05.365'], ['G03.493'], ['D02.455.849.575'], ['G16.500.275.640', 'N06.230.480'], ['D02'], ['G05.360.340.024.380.937'], ['B01.300.107.795.785.800', 'B01.300.930.705.655'], ['D02.455.849.765'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.965.500'], ['G07.203.100.100.900', 'G07.203.200.887', 'J02.200.100.900', 'J02.350.887']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Trace metals and radionuclides in macroalgae from Moroccan coastal waters.

Macroalgae species Codium sp, Bangia atropurpurea, Membranoptera alata, Plocamium cartilagineum, Dictyota dichotoma, Fucus spiralis and Stypocaulon scoparia were collected from seven stations along the north coast of Morocco. Samples were analysed to determine activities of naturally occurring radionuclides ((210)Pb, U isotopes and (40)K) and concentrations of metals (Zn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cd, As and Cr) using radiometric and ICP-OES techniques, respectively. Metal concentrations were within ranges reported in the scientific literature, and concentrations of bio-essential elements were in the order Mn>Fe> Zn>Cu in all samples. Brown algae had the highest concentrations of almost all metals, and concentrations decreased in the order brown>red>green algae. With respect to radionuclides, the red alga P. cartilagineum had the highest activities of (210)Pb, in most cases an order of magnitude higher than for the green alga Codium sp. (234)U and (238)U activities in all algae samples were in the range 0.96- 7.61 and 1.16-6.14 Bq/kg dry weight, respectively. Our analyses of radionuclide activities and metal concentrations in marine macroalgae showed large differences among taxa. These results provide insights into which algal species should be used for biomonitoring programmes.

['Environmental Monitoring', 'Metals', 'Morocco', 'Radioisotopes', 'Seawater', 'Seaweed', 'Water Pollutants, Chemical', 'Water Pollution, Chemical']

[['N06.850.460.350.080', 'N06.850.780.375'], ['D01.552'], ['Z01.058.266.629'], ['D01.496.749'], ['G16.500.275.725.500'], ['B05.080.750'], ['D27.888.284.903.655'], ['N06.850.460.790.410']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Blood plasma binding of acebutolol and diacetolol in man.

1 Acebutolol or diacetolol were added to fresh human plasma in varying concentrations and their extent of binding at 25 degrees C measureed by an equilibrium dialysis technique. 2 The extent of binding for both compounds was shown to be very low, being 11-19% for acebutolol and 6-9% for diacetolol. 3 Partition coefficients were measured in an n- octanol/phosphate buffer (0.05M, pH 7.4) solvent system. For a cebutolol, P = 0.62 and for diacetol, P = 0.08. 4 The very low plasma binding is in accord with the hydrophilic partition coefficients of these compounds.

['Acebutolol', 'Blood Proteins', 'Humans', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Protein Binding', 'Solubility']

[['D02.033.100.624.698.025', 'D02.033.755.624.698.025', 'D02.092.063.624.698.025'], ['D12.776.124'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.481'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['G02.805']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Lingual mandibular bone concavity.

The lingual mandibular bone concavity is not pathognomonic but is a radiographic bone entity. The origin of the entity and the histologic picture of the contents found within the concavity are probably related to the size and growth of the structures located in the submandibular space and the contiguous area. This accounted for the presence of normal submandibular space tissue contents in this patient and in nine of the ten patients whose conditions are reviewed in the literature. The question of whether a surgical exploration is indicated should be decided in terms of each individual case by the oral surgeon. However, only by performing a surgical exploration and submitting the tissue contents for a histopathologic examination can an accurate diagnosis be made. The general practitioner of dentistry should be aware of this bone entity and be prepared to discuss the condition with the patient and to refer the patient for exploration of the area if appropriate.

['Biopsy', 'Bone Cysts', 'Mandible', 'Mandibular Diseases', 'Radiography, Panoramic', 'Terminology as Topic']

[['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['C04.182.089', 'C05.116.070'], ['A02.835.232.781.324.502.632', 'A14.521.632'], ['C05.500.607', 'C07.320.610'], ['E01.370.350.700.720.750', 'E06.342.764.750'], ['L01.559.598.400']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Information Science [L]']

Nuclear protein that binds sterol regulatory element of low density lipoprotein receptor promoter. II. Purification and characterization.

This paper describes the purification and characterization of a sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) that recognizes the SRE-1 sequence in the 5' flanking region of the gene for the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. The protein was purified more than 38,000-fold from nuclear extracts of human HeLa cells by ion exchange, gel filtration, and DNA-affinity chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified preparation revealed a cluster of bands at 59-68 kDa, each of which bound to the SRE-1 element as revealed by cross-linking experiments. Binding of SREBP correlated perfectly with transcriptional activity in a series of 16 sterol regulatory elements with point mutations. In the LDL receptor promoter, the 10-base pair SRE-1 is embedded in a 16-base pair sequence designated Repeat 2, which is adjacent to Repeat 3, a binding site for nuclear factor Sp1. Oligonucleotides containing Repeat 2 + 3 bound SREBP and Sp1 as revealed by mobility shift assays. SREBP produced a DNase I footprint over the SRE-1 sequence, which was immediately adjacent to the footprint produced by Sp1. The current data are consistent with the concept that SREBP acts in concert with Sp1 to achieve high level, sterol-suppressible transcription of the gene for the LDL receptor.

['Base Sequence', 'Binding Sites', 'CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins', 'Cell Nucleus', 'Chromatography, Affinity', 'Chromatography, Gel', 'Chromatography, Ion Exchange', 'DNA-Binding Proteins', 'Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel', 'HeLa Cells', 'Humans', 'Kinetics', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Molecular Weight', 'Nuclear Proteins', 'Oligodeoxyribonucleotides', 'Point Mutation', 'Promoter Regions, Genetic', 'Receptors, LDL', 'Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid', 'Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid', 'Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1', 'Sterols', 'Substrate Specificity', 'Transcription Factors']

[['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['G02.111.570.120'], ['D12.776.260.108.124', 'D12.776.660.167', 'D12.776.930.127.124'], ['A11.284.430.106', 'A11.284.430.214.190.875.117'], ['E05.196.181.400.170'], ['E05.196.181.400.250'], ['E05.196.181.400.383'], ['D12.776.260'], ['E05.196.401.402', 'E05.301.300.319'], ['A11.251.210.190.400', 'A11.251.860.180.400', 'A11.436.340'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G02.494'], ['D12.776.660'], ['D13.695.578.424.450'], ['G05.365.590.675'], ['G02.111.570.080.689.675', 'G05.360.080.689.675', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.750.680'], ['D12.776.543.750.710.450'], ['G02.111.570.080.689', 'G05.360.080.689'], ['G02.111.570.080.708', 'G05.360.080.708'], ['D12.776.260.103.500.750.500', 'D12.776.260.108.092.750.500', 'D12.776.930.125.500.750.500', 'D12.776.930.127.092.750.500'], ['D04.210.500.247.808', 'D10.570.938'], ['G02.111.835'], ['D12.776.930']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Innervation and neural regulation of the sex pheromone gland in female Heliothis moths.

Female Heliothis moths normally produce their species-specific male attractant (sex pheromone blend) during scotophase, and this production is stimulated by pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN), presumably carried in the hemolymph. Several lines of evidence indicate that the central nervous system plays another critical role in this regulation. Pheromone biosynthesis was induced during photophase by electrical stimulation of the ventral nerve cord or the peripheral nerves projecting from the terminal abdominal ganglion to the pheromone gland in the tip of the abdomen. Electron microscopy further revealed that axonal branches innervate the gland tissue. Nerve branches associated with pheromone gland cells are enwrapped in glia and contain dense-core vesicles, suggesting that the innervation of the gland might be neurosecretory. Finally, the biogenic monoamine octopamine was nearly as effective as purified Heliothis zea PBAN in stimulating pheromone biosynthesis when injected into intact females during mid-photophase. Furthermore, both octopamine and PBAN stimulated significant increases in the pheromone content of the glands in isolated abdomens lacking a ventral nerve cord but only when abdomens were treated at the onset of scotophase. These data suggest that the regulation of sex pheromone production in Heliothis is more complex than previously thought. Activation of the gland appears to be governed by both neural and hormonal mechanisms, and these control mechanisms depend on photoperiodic cues.

['Animals', 'Electric Stimulation', 'Endocrine Glands', 'Female', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Male', 'Moths', 'Nervous System', 'Nervous System Physiological Phenomena', 'Octopamine', 'Pheromones']

[['B01.050'], ['E05.723.402'], ['A06.300'], ['E05.481'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.937.650'], ['A08'], ['G11.561'], ['D02.033.100.291.525', 'D02.092.063.291.525', 'D02.092.211.215.811.651', 'D02.092.471.683.725'], ['D23.641']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Dynamics of Purcell's three-link microswimmer with a passive elastic tail.

One of the few possible mechanisms for self-propulsion at low Reynolds number is undulations of a passive elastic tail, as proposed in the classical work of Purcell (1977). This effect is studied here by investigating a variant of Purcell's three-link swimmer model where the front joint angle is periodically actuated while the rear joint is driven by a passive torsional spring. The dynamic equations of motion are formulated and explicit expressions for the leading-order solution are derived by using perturbation expansion. The dependence of the motion on the actuation amplitude and frequency is analyzed, and optimization with respect to the swimmer's geometry is conducted.

['Elasticity', 'Microbiology', 'Models, Biological', 'Movement']

[['G01.374.590'], ['H01.158.273.540'], ['E05.599.395'], ['G07.568', 'G11.427.410']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

[Effects of sodium hypochlorite on structure and function of pond microcosms].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of sodium hypochlorite on destruction and restoration of simulated pond ecosystems.METHODS: Six pond microcosms were established to simulate aquatic ecosystems. 0, 1, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite were put in these simulated pond microcosms every 24 h for 13 days and followed by observation for 10 days. The values of chlorine residual, total bacteria count, chlorophyll-a and total productivity were detected regularly.RESULTS: Chlorine residual increased continuously with the increase of doses and time course. Content of chlorophyll-a, total productivity negatively correlated with dose of sodium hypochlorite. 1.0 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite promoted the growth of bacteria, but 5.0 mg/L, 10.0 mg/L and 20.00 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite could kill bacteria effectively. Under low doses of sodium hypochlorite (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/L), there were no influence on microcosms' restoration, but the high doses (10.0 mg/L and 20.0 mg/L) could severely damage the microcosms.CONCLUSION: According to the tendency of chlorophyll-a and total productivity, structure and function of every pond microcosm could be changed by sodium hypochlorite in this test condition, the influence was reversible under the doses of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/L, but microcosms could not be restored under the doses of 10.0 mg/L and 20.0 mg/L.

['Bacteria', 'Chlorophyll', 'Chlorophyll A', 'Disinfectants', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Ecosystem', 'Fresh Water', 'Sodium Hypochlorite', 'Water Microbiology']

[['B03'], ['D03.383.129.578.840.374', 'D03.633.400.909.374', 'D04.345.783.374'], ['D03.383.129.578.840.374.140', 'D03.633.400.909.374.140', 'D04.345.783.374.140'], ['D27.505.954.122.425', 'D27.720.274'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['G16.500.275.157', 'N06.230.124'], ['G16.500.275.280', 'N06.230.232'], ['D01.210.465.800', 'D01.650.550.400.800', 'D01.857.750'], ['H01.158.273.540.274.777', 'N06.850.425.450']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Cross-modal plasticity among sensory networks in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To explore resting-state (RS) functional connectivity (FC) of the main sensory/motor networks of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs), clinically isolated optic neuritis (ON), and myelitis.METHODS: Clinical evaluation and RS fMRI were obtained from 28 NMOSD, 11 recurrent ON, and 12 recurrent myelitis patients and 30 healthy controls. Between-group RS FC comparisons and correlations with motor performance were assessed (SPM12) on the main sensory/motor RS networks (RSNs) identified by independent component analysis. Functional network connectivity analysis estimated inter-network connectivity.RESULTS: Intra- and inter-network RS FCs were reduced in RSNs associated to somatosensory modalities affected by pathology: regions of the primary visual network in ON patients, of the sensorimotor networks in myelitis patients, and of the sensorimotor and secondary visual networks in NMOSD patients. The opposite trend was observed in regions of RSNs spared by pathology: the auditory and part of visual networks in NMOSD, the secondary visual and sensorimotor networks in ON, and the primary visual network in myelitis patients. Better motor performance correlated with higher RS FC of spared RSNs.CONCLUSION: Sensory and motor RSN abnormalities occur in NMOSD. Loss of function within disease-target networks may elicit cross-modal plasticity across sensory networks potentially preserving clinical function.

['Adult', 'Connectome', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Nerve Net', 'Neuromyelitis Optica', 'Neuronal Plasticity', 'Sensorimotor Cortex']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.350.578.875.500.249', 'E01.370.376.537.625.500.249', 'E05.629.875.500.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A08.511'], ['C10.114.375.600.500', 'C10.114.375.800', 'C10.292.700.550.500', 'C10.314.350.600.500', 'C10.314.350.800', 'C11.640.576.695', 'C20.111.258.250.550.500', 'C20.111.258.250.775'], ['G11.561.638'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.814']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Emergency medical information system for transferring patients to the medical institute by triage-result.

The Objective of this study was to triage the emergency patients in a pre-hospital stage and transfer them to the appropriate medical institute by the triaged result. For this, considering the pre-hospital emergence situation, we selected the Manchester system as the triage. So we analyzed the components of the ambulance records in Korea, transformed MTS components according to analysis-results of the ambulances and applied them to the information system in using a C# web application. Then we made the emergency medical institute database with the distances of any selected places and institute-grade in the emergency medical system and connected the triage-result with the medical institute database. Through this study, the medical institute can be selected based on patient condition. In addition we also can expect the emergency medical institutes to be effectively managed.

['Emergency Service, Hospital', 'Hospital Information Systems', 'Humans', 'Korea', 'Patient Transfer', 'Triage']

[['N02.278.216.500.968.336', 'N02.421.297.195', 'N04.452.442.452.422.336'], ['N04.452.442.452.452', 'N04.452.515.360'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.252.474.557', 'Z01.586.407'], ['E02.760.169.624', 'E02.760.400.630', 'N02.421.585.169.624', 'N02.421.585.400.630', 'N04.590.233.727.210.624'], ['N02.421.297.900']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

[Anesthesia unrelated triggering of a fatal malignant hyperthermia crisis].

For incidents of malignant hyperthermia (MH) outside the hospital, a high number of unrecorded cases must be reckoned with because of an insufficient knowledge of emergency services and poor identification and documentation that make it impossible to classify acute situations under the diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia crisis. As a result, there are no statistical data in this field, and only case reports with a broad spectrum of suspected trigger mechanisms have been published. The case described in this report is a proved example of a non-anesthesia-related triggering of MH in a 21-year-old man who had had an anesthetic-induced MH manifestation in childhood, which was confirmed with an in vitro contracture test. After visiting a restaurant, he became unconscious and convulsive after consuming a high level of alcohol (2.9/1000). The first cardiocirculatory arrest occurred directly before hospitalization. After admission, the patient showed a full-blown MH episode whose subsequent fatality was unavoidable in spite of adapted and optimal therapy. Suspected trigger mechanisms seem to be multifactoral (excessive alcohol consumption, over-heating, mental stress) as a forensic investigation did not point to any particular signs of typical trigger substances. The case demonstrates again that an MH attack might be triggered under certain non-anaesthesia-related situations. For patients with an MH disposition, additional information on their behavior outside the hospital is required.

['Adult', 'Alcohol Drinking', 'Anesthesia, General', 'Fatal Outcome', 'Heart Arrest', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Malignant Hyperthermia']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F01.145.317.269'], ['E03.155.197'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.325', 'N01.224.935.698.201', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.325', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.325'], ['C14.280.383'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.550.505.700', 'C23.550.767.600']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

Studies on the life history of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) in Thailand.

The morphological, life-cycle, and experimental studies of Megaselia scalaris were reported. This fly is commonly found both in urban and rural areas in Thailand. It is easily identified and the humped thorax was the most distinct characteristic of the adult. The egg to the adult stage and the life span required 15 to 20 days for the male and 16 to 22 days for the female. Experimental attempts to induce myiasis infection in laboratory animals were unsuccessful.

['Animals', 'Diptera', 'Female', 'Male', 'Myiasis', 'Rats', 'Thailand']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.750'], ['C01.610.858.211.503'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['Z01.252.145.841']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Tolerance induction by a poorly arthritogenic collagen II can prevent collagen-induced arthritis.

Collagen type II (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) can be induced in 78% of B10.RIII mice (H2r) by intradermal (id) immunization with CII of bovine origin in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), whereas immunization with CII of chick origin induces arthritis in less than 5% of these mice. Nevertheless, tolerization of B10.RIII mice with intravenously injected chick CII renders the animals resistant to induction of CIA by immunization with bovine CII. Such tolerization can be achieved either by intravenous injection of 500 micrograms chick CII 1 week prior to immunization with bovine CII in CFA or by such an intravenous injection of chick CII 2 weeks after immunization with bovine CII in CFA. Postimmunization treatment results in a significant decrease in the concentration of antibody to bovine CII. Preimmunization administration of chick CII causes a marked decrease in the antibody reactive with chick CII without a significant effect on the anti-bovine CII antibody concentration. In DBA/1 mice, a strain in which both bovine CII and chick CII can induce a high incidence of the disease, intravenous injection of bovine CII can also prevent arthritis induced by chick CII, even when given 7 or 14 days after immunization. The fact that chick CII as tolerogen is quite effective in preventing arthritis in B10.RIII mice, while as immunogen it is very ineffective in inducing arthritis in this strain, may be interpreted as evidence for interaction between different epitopes on CII in the pathogenesis of CIA.

['Animals', 'Arthritis', 'Arthritis, Experimental', 'Cattle', 'Chickens', 'Collagen', 'Immune Tolerance', 'Injections, Intradermal', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Mice, Inbred DBA', 'Species Specificity', 'Time Factors']

[['B01.050'], ['C05.550.114'], ['C05.550.114.015', 'E05.598.500.249'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.271'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.150', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.192'], ['D05.750.078.280', 'D12.776.860.300.250'], ['G12.535.425'], ['E02.319.267.530.620.410'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.500'], ['G16.824'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Determination of methylxanthines in urine by liquid chromatography with diode array UV detection.

A liquid chromatography-diode array UV detection (LC-UVDAD) method for the simultaneous determination of four methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, paraxanthine and theophylline) is described. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a LC-18-DB column using 20:80 methanol:buffer (5mM citric acid adjusted to pH 5 with triethylamine) as mobile phase. The method has been applied to urine samples. The overall procedure had % recoveries ranging from 81.6 +/- 2.6 (theophylline) to 99.3 +/- 6.3 (theobromine). The within-day (n = 5) and between-days (n = 5 over 5 days) coefficients of variation in urine ranged from 2.9% (theophylline) to 3.4% (theobromine) and from 5.2% (theophylline) to 6.2% (theobromine). Estimated LOD and LOQ in urine ranged from 0.15microg/ml (theophylline) to 0.3microg/ml (theobromine) and from 0.8microg/ml (theophylline) to 1.2microg/ml (theobromine), respectively. Urine samples naturally contaminated with the target analytes were found.

['Chromatography, Liquid', 'Humans', 'Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet', 'Xanthines']

[['E05.196.181.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.196.712.726.802', 'E05.196.867.826.802'], ['D03.132.960', 'D03.633.100.759.758.824']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

[Diagnosis of renal metanephric adenoma: relevance of immunohistochemistry and biopsy].

Most renal tumors of the adult are carcinomas. Their treatment is surgical, consisting of limited excision or nephrectomy. In some instances, biopsy of the tumor can be performed in order to adapt treatment. We report the case of a 45 year-old woman presenting with renal tumor. A biopsy of the mass showed a metanephric adenoma. No surgical excision was performed because of the benignity of this tumor. Here we develop the interest of immunohistochemistry for differential diagnosis of metanephric adenoma and other "basophilic small cell tumors" of the kidney. We also put the stress on the growing role of biopsy of renal tumor allowing optimal treatment.

['Adenoma', 'Adult', 'Biopsy', 'Humans', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Kidney Neoplasms']

[['C04.557.470.035'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['C04.588.945.947.535', 'C12.758.820.750', 'C12.777.419.473', 'C13.351.937.820.535', 'C13.351.968.419.473']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Awareness of general practitioners towards treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux: a British survey.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with acid reflux can occasionally present with atypical symptoms such as globus pharyngeus, constant throat clearing, chronic cough, hoarseness, catarrh, choking episodes or asthma-like symptoms. The aim of this survey was to determine whether general practitioners are aware of the atypical manifestations of reflux and the differences in treatment between laryngopharyngeal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux.DESIGN: Questionnaire Survey.SETTING: Primary CareRESULTS: One hundred and sixty general practitioners who routinely refer patients to our Department of Otolaryngology were selected and a postal survey was conducted. One hundred and fifty of these responded (94% response rate). The commonest symptoms for which proton pump inhibitors are prescribed are heartburn (65%), followed by a combination of heartburn and other symptoms (15%), chronic cough (4%), choking episodes (4%), asthma-like symptoms (3%), hoarseness (2%), globus (2%), catarrh (1%), dysphagia (1.5%), frequent throat clearing (1.5%), halitosis and/or bitter taste (1%).CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the majority of the general practitioners surveyed are unaware of the entity laryngopharyngeal reflux or reflux symptom index. More awareness is required in the primary care setting for early recognition of patients with suspected laryngopharyngeal reflux.

['Anti-Ulcer Agents', 'Clinical Competence', 'Gastroesophageal Reflux', 'Health Care Surveys', 'Humans', 'Hypopharynx', 'Life Style', 'Physicians, Family', 'Proton Pump Inhibitors', 'United Kingdom']

[['D27.505.954.483.203'], ['I02.399.630.210', 'N04.761.210', 'N05.715.175'], ['C06.405.117.119.500.484'], ['E05.318.308.980.344', 'N03.349.380.210', 'N05.425.210', 'N05.715.360.300.800.344', 'N06.850.520.308.980.344'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A04.623.490', 'A14.724.490'], ['F01.829.458'], ['M01.526.485.810.770', 'N02.360.810.770'], ['D27.505.519.389.848'], ['Z01.542.363']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Implications in High-Recurrence Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

PURPOSE: Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) frequently involve genetic alterations. The objective of this study was to investigate genetic alterations and further explore the relationships between these genetic alterations and clinicopathological characteristics in a high-recurrence risk (node positive, N1) PTC group.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tumor tissue blocks were obtained from 240 surgically resected patients with histologically confirmed stage III/IV (pT3/4 or N1) PTCs. We screened gene fusions using NanoString's nCounter technology and mutational analysis was performed by direct DNA sequencing. Data describing the clinicopathological characteristics and clinical courses were retrospectively collected.RESULTS: Of the 240 PTC patients, 207 (86.3%) had at least one genetic alteration, including BRAF mutation in 190 patients (79.2%), PIK3CA mutation in 25 patients (10.4%), NTRK1/3 fusion in six patients (2.5%), and RET fusion in 24 patients (10.0%). Concomitant presence of more than two genetic alterations was seen in 36 patients (15%). PTCs harboring BRAF mutation were associated with RET wild-type expression (p=0.001). RET fusion genes have been found to occur with significantly higher frequency in N1b stage patients (p=0.003) or groups of patients aged 45 years or older (p=0.031); however, no significant correlation was found between other genetic alterations. There was no trend toward favorable recurrence-free survival or overall survival among patients lacking genetic alterations.CONCLUSION: In the selected high-recurrence risk PTC group, most patients had more than one genetic alteration. However, these known alterations could not entirely account for clinicopathological features of high-recurrence risk PTC.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Carcinoma, Papillary', 'Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases', 'DNA Mutational Analysis', 'Female', 'Gene Expression', 'Genes, ras', 'Genetic Association Studies', 'Genetic Variation', 'Humans', 'Kaplan-Meier Estimate', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Mutation', 'Neoplasm Metastasis', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Oncogene Proteins, Fusion', 'Prognosis', 'Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf', 'Recurrence', 'Thyroid Cancer, Papillary', 'Thyroid Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D23.101.140'], ['C04.557.470.200.360', 'C04.557.470.700.360'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.500.100.100', 'D08.811.913.696.620.500.200.100', 'D12.776.476.162'], ['E05.393.760.700.300'], ['G05.297'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.375.500.791.550'], ['E05.393.385'], ['G05.365'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.998.650', 'N05.715.360.750.795.650', 'N06.850.520.830.998.650'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G05.365.590'], ['C04.697.650', 'C23.550.727.650'], ['E01.789.625'], ['D12.776.602.500.500', 'D12.776.624.664.500'], ['E01.789'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.842.374', 'D12.644.360.400.842.374', 'D12.776.476.400.842.437', 'D12.776.624.664.700.204.200'], ['C23.550.291.937'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.085.612', 'C04.588.322.894.400', 'C04.588.443.915.400', 'C19.344.894.400', 'C19.874.788.400'], ['C04.588.322.894', 'C04.588.443.915', 'C19.344.894', 'C19.874.788']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

TGF-â1 levels and intraocular tissue alterations in mice infected with a virulent type I RH Toxoplasma gondii strain.

Toxoplasmosis is generally self-limiting in healthy adults but it may cause toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in cases of congenital infection leading to blindness. The importance of host genetics in determining disease severity in ocular toxoplasmosis has been shown in different inbred mouse strains using low-virulence toxoplasma strain. In this study, we studied intraocular immune response and tissue alterations in the genetically resistant BALB/c and susceptible MF1 mice infected with a virulent type I RH Toxoplasma gondii strain by intravitreal route. We observed a significant up-regulation of IFN-ã and TNF-á to >2200 pg/ml and >300 pg/ml respectively in the blood of both BALB/c and MF1mice during the early stages of post intraocular infection (p < 0.01) but the levels dropped sharply to normal during the late stages of the infection on day 26. The cytokine levels detected were higher in the MF1 mice compared with the BALB/c mice and a relatively higher levels were observed in the aqueous humour (AqH) than in the blood of both group of mice. The TGF-â1 level in the blood and AqH of BALB/c mice remained low throughout the infection period compared with MF1 mice which showed gradual increase to 50 pg/ml in the blood and AqH during the early stages of infection which then further increased 2-fold-132 pg/ml on day 11 (p < 0.01) and remained high till the last day of observation on day 26 except that the TGF-â1 level in AqH dropped sharply to normal level. In summary, our results support that TGF-â1 may down-regulate the effector functions of anti-Toxoplasma cellular immunity during acute toxoplasmosis. We document that a mild Th1 pro-inflammatory response in the BALB/c mice with high IFN-ã and TNF-á and, low TGF-â1 levels during the early stages of infection may have contributed to an effective cellular immune response leading to lower morbidity, mortality and less ocular tissue damage. However in the MF1 mice, a significantly high TGF-â1 level in the blood as well as in the AqH during the acute intra-ocular toxoplasma infection may have adversely interfered with an effective cellular immune response leading to an increased mortality and extensive ocular tissue damage with parasite tachyzoites observed in the pigment epithelium layers.

['Animals', 'Aqueous Humor', 'Cytokines', 'Down-Regulation', 'Eye', 'Female', 'Immunity, Cellular', 'Inflammation', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Toxoplasma', 'Toxoplasmosis, Animal', 'Toxoplasmosis, Ocular', 'Transforming Growth Factor beta1', 'Virulence']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]']

Mapping of eight testis-specific genes to mouse chromosomes.

We previously identified eight testis-specific genes using antibodies raised against testicular germ cells. They are expressed during spermatogenesis and are presumed to be involved in testicular germ cell differentiation and sperm formation. We have mapped the genomic loci for these testis-specific genes using restriction fragment length variants in interspecific backcross mice. The calmegin gene (Clgn) was mapped to Chr 8. The synaptonemal complex protein gene 1 (Sycp1) probe hybridized with two sequences on different chromosomes; Sycp1-rs2 was mapped to Chr 3, whereas Sycp1-rs3 was mapped to Chr 7. The relaxin-like factor gene (Rlnl) was mapped to Chr 8, and collapsin response mediator protein 1 (Crmp1) was mapped to Chr 5. Three novel genes encoding testis-specific proteins A2 (Tsga2), A8 (Tsga8), and A12 (Tsga12) were mapped to chromosomes 3, X, and 10, respectively.

['Animals', 'Calcium-Binding Proteins', 'Calnexin', 'Chromosome Mapping', 'Crosses, Genetic', 'DNA-Binding Proteins', 'Genes', 'Insulin', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C3H', 'Molecular Chaperones', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Muridae', 'Nerve Tissue Proteins', 'Nuclear Proteins', 'Phosphoproteins', 'Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length', 'Proteins', 'Spermatogenesis', 'Testis']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.776.157.125'], ['D12.644.360.372.311', 'D12.776.157.125.412.311', 'D12.776.476.387.311', 'D12.776.503.295', 'D12.776.543.162'], ['E05.393.183'], ['E05.393.281'], ['D12.776.260'], ['G05.360.340.024.340'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.625', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.625'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.388', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.388'], ['D12.776.580'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635'], ['D12.776.631'], ['D12.776.660'], ['D12.776.744'], ['G05.365.795.595'], ['D12.776'], ['G04.152.650.624', 'G08.686.784.310.760'], ['A05.360.444.849', 'A05.360.576.782', 'A06.300.312.782']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anatomy [A]']

The Provision of Health Care by Family Physicians in Taiwan as Illustrated With Population Pyramids.

Family physicians serve as personal doctors for individuals and their families and also act as gatekeepers of the health care system. If no special status is accorded to family physicians, however, then the rates at which health care recipients utilize their service might be affected. In the present cross-sectional study, representative claims data sets for 2010 from Taiwan's National Health Insurance program, a health care system in which beneficiaries are not required to register with a family physician, were used to investigate the provision of health care to the population by family physicians. Among 919 206 beneficiaries with a total of 13 713 199 ambulatory visits, 49.1% had visited family physicians, 34.1% had visited internists, 24.3% had visited pediatricians, and 38.9% had visited otolaryngologists. Women (÷2(1) = 538, P < .001) and patients aged 65 and above (÷2(1) = 16 000, P < .001) had a higher proportion of visiting family physicians rather than visiting other specialties. The onion-shaped population pyramid with family medicine visits was compatible with the general population, and the proportion of visiting family physicians increased with increasing age. Among 112 289 patients with essential hypertension, 63 379 patients with diabetes mellitus, and 80 090 patients with hyperlipidemia, only 35.3%, 32.0%, and 31.1%, respectively, had visited family physicians. The age and sex distributions of these patients were illustrated with population pyramids for data visualization and direct comparisons. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that the utilization of family physicians in Taiwan and the effectiveness of their associated role in chronic disease management still have room for improvement.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Ambulatory Care', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Chronic Disease', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Male', 'Medicine', 'Middle Aged', 'National Health Programs', 'Physicians, Family', 'Taiwan', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E02.760.106', 'N02.421.585.106'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['H02.403'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['N03.349.550'], ['M01.526.485.810.770', 'N02.360.810.770'], ['Z01.252.474.872', 'Z01.639.850'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

The value of post-mortem CT in neonaticide in case of severe decomposition: description of 12 cases.

INTRODUCTION: In cases of neonaticide with delayed finding of the body, interpretation of autopsy results can be difficult because of decomposition. Postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) has become an increasingly popular tool in the (pediatric) forensic field. We performed a retrospective study to compare the outcome of PMCT with autopsy results in suspected neonaticide, in neonates found more than one week after their demise. We compared the performance of both methods on (1) determining gestational age, (2) differentiating between live birth and still birth and (3) determining cause of death.METHOD: We selected all consecutive neonaticide cases with an estimated postmortem interval longer than one week, who underwent a forensic autopsy including a total body PMCT in the Netherlands Forensic Institute in the period 2008-2012. Both a pathologist and radiologist scored gestational age, signs of live birth and cause of death for each case.RESULTS: 22 cases of neonaticide were identified in the study period, of which 15 cases were estimated to be found more than 1 week after death. In 12 of these a total body PMCT was performed. In all cases, late postmortem changes were present. Gestational age could be assessed with PMCT in 100% of the cases and with autopsy in 58% of the cases. In all cases neither PMCT nor autopsy was able to assess live birth and cause of death.CONCLUSION: PMCT is a better tool for estimating gestational age in case of suspected neonaticide with late postmortem changes compared to autopsy and should therefore be a standard part of the work-up. Signs of live birth and cause of death could not be determined with neither of the methods, an adjusted post mortem examination including limited autopsy for these cases might be developed.

['Age Determination by Skeleton', 'Female', 'Femur', 'Foot', 'Forensic Pathology', 'Gestational Age', 'Humans', 'Imaging, Three-Dimensional', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infanticide', 'Live Birth', 'Male', 'Multidetector Computed Tomography', 'Postmortem Changes', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Stillbirth']

[['E01.370.049', 'E01.370.350.700.050'], ['A02.835.232.043.150'], ['A01.378.610.250'], ['H02.403.330.300', 'H02.403.650.249', 'I01.198.780.937.460'], ['G07.345.500.325.235.968', 'G08.686.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.400', 'L01.224.308.410'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['I01.198.240.470.572'], ['G08.686.784.769.496.249'], ['E01.370.350.350.810.800.500', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810.800.500', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810.800.500', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810.800.249', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810.800.249'], ['C23.550.260.224.617'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['C13.703.223.650', 'C23.550.260.585.630', 'G08.686.784.769.496.500']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]']

Induction of CD8+ regulatory T cells protects macaques against SIV challenge.

Efforts to develop a vaccine against HIV have so far met with limited success. Given that CD4(+) T cell activation drives the initial burst of viral replication, we explored in macaques whether an oral vaccine comprised of Lactobacillus plantarum, a commensal bacterium that favors immune tolerance, and inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIVmac239) would induce CD4(+) T cell unresponsiveness/tolerance toward SIV antigens and thereby prevent the establishment of SIV infection. The tolerogenic vaccine induced MHC-Ib/E-restricted CD8(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppressed SIV-harboring CD4(+) T cell activation and ex vivo SIV replication in 15 of 16 animals without inducing SIV-specific antibodies or cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Of 16 macaques that were intrarectally challenged with SIVmac239 or heterologous strain SIVB670, 15 were sterilely protected. In four macaques that were rechallenged intravenously, plasma SIV levels peaked slightly and then dropped to undetectable levels, although the animals subsequently harbored intracellular SIV DNA. Infusion of CD8 antibodies confirmed the role of CD8(+) Tregs in preventing/suppressing SIV in vivo. These findings suggest a new avenue of research toward developing an HIV-1 vaccine.

['Animals', 'CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes', 'CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes', 'Female', 'Lactobacillus plantarum', 'Lymphocyte Activation', 'Macaca mulatta', 'Male', 'SAIDS Vaccines', 'Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome', 'Simian Immunodeficiency Virus']

[['B01.050'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569.200', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.200', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.200'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569.220', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.220', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.220'], ['B03.353.750.450.475.612', 'B03.510.460.400.410.475.475.612', 'B03.510.550.450.475.612'], ['E01.370.225.812.482', 'E05.200.812.482', 'E05.478.594.530', 'G12.450.050.400.545', 'G12.565'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.199.120.510.550'], ['D20.215.894.899.790'], ['C01.925.782.815.616.850', 'C01.925.839.850', 'C22.735.500.850'], ['B04.820.650.589.650.800', 'B04.820.650.805.700']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]']

Brunner's gland adenomas: clinical presentation and surgical management.

Tumors of the Brunner's glands are rare, and the etiology remains obscure. Bleeding is the most common presenting symptom and may be occult or exsanguinating. Gastric outlet or duodenal obstruction may also occur. Often there is a history of preexisting nonspecific upper gastrointestinal symptoms, or the adenoma may be an incidental postmortem finding. Although contrast studies usually suggest the diagnosis confirmation requires endoscopy or operation. Resection is the preferred therapy, but bypass of the lesion has been done becaue the adenomas are not considered premalignant. Gastroduodenoscopy may facilitate definitive management. Our experience in managing three patients with Brunner's gland adenomas, including a patient with life-threatening upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from an ulcerated Brunner's gland tumor, is cited.

['Adenoma', 'Aged', 'Brunner Glands', 'Duodenal Neoplasms', 'Duodenal Obstruction', 'Duodenum', 'Female', 'Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged']

[]

[]

Comparison of mother, father, and teacher reports of ADHD core symptoms in a sample of child psychiatric outpatients.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the significance of adding father ratings to mother and teacher ratings in the assessment of ADHD symptoms in children.METHOD: The ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Teacher Report Form were filled out by all three informants for a sample of 48 clinically referred children (79% boys) aged 6 to 15 (M = 10.1) years.RESULTS: Correspondence between father and teacher reports on ADHD-specific symptoms (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .38) exceeded that between mothers and teachers (ICC = .23). Fathers rated their children as having fewer problems than did mothers and teachers on Total scale scores and the Inattention subscale of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV. Mother ratings were more sensitive to an ADHD diagnosis, whereas father ratings better predicted an ADHD diagnosis requiring the two-setting criterion.CONCLUSION: The choice of parent informant and informant combination had a considerable impact on parent-teacher concordance and estimates of ADHD symptoms and subtypes in the child.

['Adolescent', 'Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity', 'Child', 'Faculty', 'Fathers', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Mothers', 'Outpatients', 'Symptom Assessment']

[['M01.060.057'], ['F03.625.094.150'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.526.702.250'], ['F01.829.263.500.320.100', 'I01.880.853.150.500.340.210', 'M01.620.390'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.263.500.320.200', 'I01.880.853.150.500.340.270', 'M01.620.630'], ['M01.643.630'], ['E01.370.872']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Report of a case.

Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, often referred to as Pyle's disease, is a hereditary disease involving the expansion of the metaphyses of the long bones, giving the appearance of an Erlenmeyer flask. There is diffuse hyperostosis of the entire cranial vault, along with absence or decreased development of the paranasal sinuses. In the case presented here the mouth demonstrated an abnormality wide maxilla with a slight palatal vault. Genetically, this appeared to be a dmoninant form of dysplasia.

['Bone Diseases, Developmental', 'Child', 'Dentition', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Malocclusion', 'Maxilla', 'Skull']

[['C05.116.099'], ['M01.060.406'], ['A03.556.500.379', 'A14.549.167'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C07.793.494'], ['A02.835.232.781.324.502.645', 'A14.521.645'], ['A02.835.232.781']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Osteoarthritis antirheumatic drug trials. II. Tables for calculating sample size for clinical trials.

The calculation of sample size for clinical trials requires knowledge of the standard deviation (SD) of index variables. There are no published lists of SD and it is difficult to locate variance estimates based on relevant populations. In this study we used standardized procedures to determine in 60 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee the standard deviation of key outcome measures recommended in current Food and Drug Administration and European League Against Rheumatism guidelines for OA clinical trials. These tables will be useful to clinical researchers in selecting outcome measures as well as for calculating sample size requirements for future clinical studies in OA.

['Clinical Trials as Topic', 'Humans', 'Osteoarthritis', 'Research Design']

[['E05.318.372.250.250', 'N05.715.360.330.250.250', 'N06.850.520.450.250.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C05.550.114.606', 'C05.799.613'], ['E05.581.500', 'H01.770.644.728']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Vulnerability and fragility risk indices for non-renewable resources.

Protected areas are tasked with mitigating impacts to a wide range of invaluable resources. These resources are often subject to a variety of potential natural and anthropogenic impacts that require monitoring efforts and management actions to minimize the degradation of these resources. However, due to insufficient funding and staff, managers often have to prioritize efforts, leaving some resources at higher risk to impact. Attempts to address this issue have resulted in numerous qualitative and semi-quantitative frameworks for prioritization based on resource vulnerability. Here, we add to those methods by modifying an internationally standardized vulnerability framework, quantify both resource vulnerability, susceptibility to human disturbance, and fragility, susceptibility to natural disturbance. This modified framework quantifies impacts through a six-step process: identifying the resource and management objectives, identifying exposure and sensitivity indicators, define scoring criteria for each indicator, collect and compile data, calculate indices, and prioritize sites for mitigations. We applied this methodology to two resource types in Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA): caves and fossil sites. Three hundred sixty-five cave sites and 127 fossil sites in GRCA were used for this analysis. The majority of cave and fossil sites scored moderate to low vulnerability (0-6 out of 10 points) and moderate to low fragility for fossils. The percentage of sites that fell in the high-priority range was 5.5% for fossils and 21.9% for caves. These results are consistent with the known state of these resources and the results present a tool for managers to utilize to prioritize monitoring and management needs.

['Caves', 'Conservation of Natural Resources', 'Environmental Monitoring', 'Humans', 'Parks, Recreational', 'Risk', 'Risk Assessment']

[['G01.311.169', 'G16.500.275.067', 'N06.230.066'], ['J01.256', 'N06.230.080'], ['N06.850.460.350.080', 'N06.850.780.375'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['J03.925.680'], ['E05.318.740.600.800', 'G17.680.750', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.715', 'N04.452.871.715', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.690', 'N06.850.505.715', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.715']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

[Premorbid personality as a risk factor in the appearance of psychological and behavioural symptoms of dementia: Systematic review].

The aetiology of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is defined by a diversity of factors, and recent studies suggest that premorbid personality could be a risk factor for BPSD. This study aimed to review studies on the relationship between premorbid personality and BPSD. Studies were identified using PsycInfo, MedLine, and PubMed. The searches combined terms for premorbid personality, dementia and BPSD. Ten studies have been included in this review. Eight out of ten studies show a relationship between premorbid personality and BPSD. Neuroticism is associated with behavioural disturbances and anxiety. Extraversion is associated with wandering. Low agreeableness is associated with affective disturbance and aggression-related behaviours and high agreeableness is associated with wandering. The studies found no congruent results for openness and conscientiousness. In conclusion, premorbid personality may increase the risk of developing BPSD during the course of the disease. Even so, the relationship between personality and BPSD is complex due to multifactorial aetiology.

['Aged', 'Dementia', 'Humans', 'Mental Disorders', 'Personality', 'Risk Factors']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['C10.228.140.380', 'F03.615.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F03'], ['F01.752'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

The role of National Institutes of Health category IV prostatitis in accurately staging the newly diagnosed prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: It has been known that the National Institutes of Health category IV (NIH-IV) prostatitis increases the serum total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, the effect of NIH-IV prostatitis on tPSA levels, which are used for staging prostate cancer (PCa) in patients with PCa, has not been previously investigated.AIM: To evaluate the effect of NIH-IV prostatitis on the tPSA which is used for staging PCa in patients with newly diagnosed PCa.METHOD: A total of 198 patients in whom PCa was detected were included in the study. Group 1 included patients with only PCa, while Group 2 included patients with prostatitis and PCa. The tPSA levels of patients in Groups 1 and 2 were compared.RESULTS: A total of 120 (61%) PCa (Group 1) and 78 (39%) PCa+NIH-IV prostatitis (Group 2) patients were identified. The tPSA levels of 70 (58%) patients in Group 1 and 22 (28%) patients in Group 2 were at the interval of <20 ng/ml (the mean levels of tPSA: 11.8±4.5 and 14.1±3.3, respectively). The tPSA levels of 50 (42%) patients in Group 1 and 56 (72%) patients in Group 2 were within the range of ?20 ng/ml (the mean levels of tPSA: 39.9±31.0 and 47.0±29.2, respectively). Within both the <20 ng/ml range and ?20 ng/ml range, the mean tPSA value in Group 2 was found to be significantly higher than that of Group 1 (p=0.03 and 0.01, respectively).CONCLUSION: The existence of NIH-IV prostatitis together with cancer in patients with PCa significantly increases the tPSA level which is used in staging the PCa.

['Aged', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Prostate-Specific Antigen', 'Prostatic Neoplasms', 'Prostatitis', 'Statistics, Nonparametric', 'United States']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789.625'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.442.750', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.442.750', 'D12.776.866.249.500', 'D23.050.285.625', 'D23.101.140.625'], ['C04.588.945.440.770', 'C12.294.260.750', 'C12.294.565.625', 'C12.758.409.750'], ['C12.294.565.750'], ['E05.318.740.995', 'N05.715.360.750.760', 'N06.850.520.830.995'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Central pontine myelinolysis after living donor liver transplantation.

There are few reports of central pontine myelinolysis after living donor liver transplantation. A 59-year-old male received a right liver graft from his daughter for hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis. Methylprednisolone and tracrolimus were used for immunosuppression. Dysarthria and dysphasia were noted on the second postoperative day. Brain magnetic resonance image taken on the 9th postoperative day revealed a hyperintense area at the center of his pons in T2-weighted images. The symptoms improved spontaneously 1 month after the operation. Central pontine myelinolysis should be included in the differential diagnosis when neurologic manifestations are observed after living donor liver transplantation.

['Humans', 'Liver Transplantation', 'Living Donors', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myelinolysis, Central Pontine']

[['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.095.147.725.490', 'E04.210.650', 'E04.936.450.490', 'E04.936.580.490'], ['M01.898.656'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C10.228.140.163.560', 'C10.314.500', 'C18.452.132.560']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]']

Chronic hepatitis C infection and liver disease in HIV-coinfected patients in Asia.

Data on markers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients in resource-limited settings are scarce. We assessed HCV RNA, HCV genotype (GT), IL28B GT and liver fibrosis (FibroScan® ) in 480 HIV-infected patients with positive HCV antibody in four HIV treatment centres in South-East Asia. We enrolled 165 (34.4%) patients in Jakarta, 158 (32.9%) in Bangkok, 110 (22.9%) in Hanoi and 47 (9.8%) in Kuala Lumpur. Overall, 426 (88.8%) were male, the median (IQR) age was 38.1 (34.7-42.5) years, 365 (76.0%) reported HCV exposure through injecting drug use, and 453 (94.4%) were on combination antiretroviral therapy. The median (IQR) CD4 count was 446 (325-614) cells/mm3 and 208 (94.1%) of 221 patients tested had HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL. A total of 412 (85.8%) had detectable HCV RNA, at a median (IQR) of 6.2 (5.4-6.6) log10 IU/mL. Among 380 patients with HCV GT, 223 (58.7%) had GT1, 97 (25.5%) had GT3, 43 (11.3%) had GT6, eight (2.1%) had GT4, two (0.5%) had GT2, and seven (1.8%) had indeterminate GT. Of 222 patients with IL28B testing, 189 (85.1%) had rs12979860 CC genotype, and 199 (89.6%) had rs8099917 TT genotype. Of 380 patients with FibroScan® , 143 (37.6%) had no/mild liver fibrosis (F0-F1), 83 (21.8%) had moderate fibrosis (F2), 74 (19.5%) had severe fibrosis (F3), and 79 (20.8%) had cirrhosis (F4). One patient (0.3%) had FibroScan® failure. In conclusion, a high proportion of HIV-HCV-coinfected patients had chronic HCV infection. HCV GT1 was predominant, and 62% of patients had liver disease warranting prompt treatment (?F2).

['Adult', 'Alleles', 'Asia, Southeastern', 'CD4 Lymphocyte Count', 'Coinfection', 'Female', 'Genotype', 'HIV Infections', 'Hepacivirus', 'Hepatitis C Antibodies', 'Hepatitis C, Chronic', 'Humans', 'Interferons', 'Interleukins', 'Liver Cirrhosis', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'RNA, Viral', 'Viral Load']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Molecular events associated with dysplastic morphologic transformation and initiation of ovarian tumorigenicity.

BACKGROUND: Disabled-2 (Dab2), a candidate tumor suppressor of ovarian carcinoma, frequently (around 80%) loses its expression in ovarian tumors. Expression of exogenous Dab2 in tumor cell lines negatively regulates growth and suppresses the downstream signal of the Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase mitogenic pathway. The inactivation of Dab2 is believed to be an early event in ovarian tumorigenicity.METHODS: The authors analyzed the correlation among expression of Dab2, presence of basement membrane (collagen IV and laminin), morphologic alteration of the surface epithelial cells, and expression of the mitotic index marker Mib-1 in 50 archived ovarian tumors by an immunohistochemical approach. The stainings of Dab2, Mib-1, collagen IV, and laminin in premalignant lesions bordering both normal and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelium from adjacent slides were analyzed in 50 ovarian tumors.RESULTS: In these 50 ovarian tumors, the percentage of Mib-1 positive tumor cells distributed in a wide range, from 1% to 75%, and there has no strong correlation with the expression of Dab2. However, in the premalignant regions bordering tumor and normal ovarian surface epithelium, the loss of Dab2 expression closely correlated with the dysplastic morphologic transition and Mib-1 expression of the ovarian surface epithelial cells. In 20 foci in 12 out of the 50 tumors, a transition from normal to neoplastic morphology within a contiguous epithelium was observed, and in all cases the morphologic change correlated with the loss of Dab2 staining. In addition, the collagen and laminin staining of the basement membrane were absent or weakened in pre-malignant epithelium prior to loss of Dab2 expression in all these 20 cases. Nevertheless, collagen IV and laminin were detectable in established adenomas on the same tumor slides.CONCLUSIONS: The loss of Dab2 is closely associated with the transition of ovarian surface epithelial cells to premalignant states and is likely involved in the initiation of ovarian tumorigenicity. Transient loss of collagen IV and laminin in the basement membrane of the premalignant epithelium and subsequent inactivation of Dab2 are common early events associated with tumorigenicity of the ovarian surface epithelium.

['Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing', 'Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Antigens, Nuclear', 'Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins', 'Basement Membrane', 'Cell Transformation, Neoplastic', 'Collagen', 'Epithelial Cells', 'Female', 'Genes, Tumor Suppressor', 'Humans', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Ki-67 Antigen', 'Laminin', 'Middle Aged', 'Nuclear Proteins', 'Ovarian Neoplasms', 'Precancerous Conditions', 'Proteins', 'Tumor Suppressor Proteins']

[['D12.644.360.024', 'D12.776.157.057', 'D12.776.476.024'], ['D12.776.543.990.150'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D12.776.660.625', 'D23.050.290'], ['D12.644.360.075', 'D12.776.476.075'], ['A10.272.220', 'A10.615.179'], ['C04.697.098.500', 'C23.550.727.098.500'], ['D05.750.078.280', 'D12.776.860.300.250'], ['A11.436'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.375.249', 'G05.360.340.024.340.415.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['D12.776.660.625.500', 'D23.050.290.500', 'D23.101.140.400'], ['D12.776.395.550.530', 'D12.776.543.550.500', 'D12.776.860.300.675'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D12.776.660'], ['C04.588.322.455', 'C13.351.500.056.630.705', 'C13.351.937.418.685', 'C19.344.410', 'C19.391.630.705'], ['C04.834'], ['D12.776'], ['D12.776.624.776']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma.

During a 20-year period 17 patients underwent partial nephrectomy as primary curative therapy for renal adenocarcinoma. In 15 patients (88 per cent) partial nephrectomy was performed satisfactorily in situ with free margins of resection. Eleven patients are alive (65 per cent) and only 3 (17 per cent) died of recurrent malignant disease. There was no operative mortality and postoperative complications were minimal. A review of the literature reveals that partial nephrectomy is an effective form of therapy for patients with bilateral renal carcinoma or carcinoma occurring in a solitary kidney.

['Adenocarcinoma', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Kidney Neoplasms', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Nephrectomy', 'Ohio', 'Recurrence']

[['C04.557.470.200.025'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.945.947.535', 'C12.758.820.750', 'C12.777.419.473', 'C13.351.937.820.535', 'C13.351.968.419.473'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E04.950.774.435'], ['Z01.107.567.875.075.512', 'Z01.107.567.875.350.540', 'Z01.107.567.875.510.540'], ['C23.550.291.937']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Deciphering the 8q24.21 association for glioma.

We have previously identified tagSNPs at 8q24.21 influencing glioma risk. We have sought to fine-map the location of the functional basis of this association using data from four genome-wide association studies, comprising a total of 4147 glioma cases and 7435 controls. To improve marker density across the 700 kb region, we imputed genotypes using 1000 Genomes Project data and high-coverage sequencing data generated on 253 individuals. Analysis revealed an imputed low-frequency SNP rs55705857 (P = 2.24 ? 10(-38)) which was sufficient to fully capture the 8q24.21 association. Analysis by glioma subtype showed the association with rs55705857 confined to non-glioblastoma multiforme (non-GBM) tumours (P = 1.07 ? 10(-67)). Validation of the non-GBM association was shown in three additional datasets (625 non-GBM cases, 2412 controls; P = 1.41 ? 10(-28)). In the pooled analysis, the odds ratio for low-grade glioma associated with rs55705857 was 4.3 (P = 2.31 ? 10(-94)). rs55705857 maps to a highly evolutionarily conserved sequence within the long non-coding RNA CCDC26 raising the possibility of direct functionality. These data provide additional insights into the aetiological basis of glioma development.

['Alleles', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Chromosome Mapping', 'Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8', 'European Continental Ancestry Group', 'Genetic Association Studies', 'Genotype', 'Glioma', 'Humans', 'Neoplasm Grading', 'Odds Ratio', 'Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide']

[['G05.360.340.024.340.030'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['E05.393.183'], ['A11.284.187.520.300.325.340', 'G05.360.162.520.300.325.340'], ['M01.686.508.400'], ['E05.393.385'], ['G05.380'], ['C04.557.465.625.600.380', 'C04.557.470.670.380', 'C04.557.580.625.600.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.789.612'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['G05.365.795.598']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

Variations of patient doses in interventional examinations at different angiographic units.

PURPOSE: We analyzed doses for various angiographic procedures using different X-ray systems in order to assess dose variations.METHODS: Dose-area product (DAP), skin doses from thermoluminescent dosimeters and air kerma measurements of 308 patients (239 diagnostic and 69 interventional) were assessed for five different angiographic units. All fluoroscopic and radiographic exposure parameters were recorded online for single and multiprojection studies. Radiation outputs of each X-ray system were also measured for all the modes of exposure using standard protocols for such measurements.RESULTS: In general, the complexity of the angiographic procedure was found to be the most important reason for high radiation doses. Skill of the radiologist, management of the exposure parameters and calibration of the system are the other factors to be considered. Lateral cerebral interventional studies carry the highest risk for deterministic effects on the lens of the eye. Effective doses were calculated from DAP measurements and maximum fatal cancer risk factors were found for carotid studies.CONCLUSIONS: Interventional radiologists should measure patient doses for their examinations. If there is a lack of necessary instrumentation for this purpose, then published dose reports should be used in order to predict the dose levels from some of the exposure parameters. Patient dose information should include not only the measured quantity but also the measured radiation output of the X-ray unit and exposure parameters used during radiographic and fluoroscopic exposures.

['Angiography', 'Fluoroscopy', 'Humans', 'Radiation Dosage', 'Radiography, Interventional', 'Thermoluminescent Dosimetry']

[['E01.370.350.700.060', 'E01.370.370.050'], ['E01.370.350.700.225'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.799.513', 'G01.750.740', 'N06.850.810.250'], ['E01.370.350.700.725', 'E04.502.780'], ['E05.799.638.785', 'N06.850.810.370.420']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Using codon optimization, chaperone co-expression, and rational mutagenesis for production and NMR assignments of human eIF2 alpha.

Producing a well behaved sample at high concentration is one of the main hurdles when starting a new project on an interesting protein. Especially when one attempts to overexpress a eukaryotic protein in bacteria, some difficulties are encountered, such as low expression level, low solubility, or even lack of folded structure. Overexpression in prokaryotic systems is highly desirable for cost-effective production of different isotope-labeled samples needed for NMR studies. Here we describe generally applicable methods for obtaining highly concentrated protein samples efficiently. This approach was developed as we tried to produce a NMR-suitable sample of the 35 kDa human translation initiation factor eIF2 alpha, a protein that expresses poorly in E. coli and has very low solubility. First, an E. coli codon-optimized gene was synthesized on a thermal cycler, which increased the expression level by a factor of two. Second, we used co-expression of bacterial chaperone proteins, which largely increased the fraction of correctly folded protein found in the soluble phase. Third, we used rational mutagenesis guided by both the sequence alignment among homologues and the homology of one domain to a known fold for improving solubility and stability of the target protein by tenfold. Combining all these methods made it possible to produce from a one-liter preparation a 0.5 mM sample of human eIF2 alpha that showed well-resolved NMR spectra and enabled nearly complete assignment of the protein. These methods may be generally useful for studies of other eukaryotic proteins that are otherwise difficult to express and exhibit poor solubility.

['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Codon', 'Escherichia coli', 'Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Molecular Chaperones', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Mutagenesis', 'Mutation', 'Protein Structure, Secondary', 'Sequence Alignment', 'Solubility']

[['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['D13.444.735.544.355', 'G05.360.335.355', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.190'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['D12.776.835.725.868.249'], ['G05.308.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['D12.776.580'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G05.558'], ['G05.365.590'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.600'], ['E05.393.751'], ['G02.805']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Trans-Tenon's retrobulbar triamcinolone infusion for myopic choroidal neovascularization.

PURPOSE: To report the effects of trans-Tenon's retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone acetonide for subfoveal and juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) caused by pathological myopia.METHODS: Eleven consecutive patients (11 eyes) with myopic CNV were treated with trans-Tenon's retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Each patient received a single injection. Evaluation included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurements, fluorescein fundus angiography, retinal oedema examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and retinal sensitivity using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) at the initial examination and at 6 and 12 months after treatment.RESULTS: At 6 months after treatment, BCVA had improved by at least two ETDRS lines in eight eyes, and remained unchanged in three eyes. No eye showed worsening of VA by two or more ETDRS lines. At 12 months, BCVA had improved by at least two ETDRS lines in 10 eyes and remained unchanged in only one eye. The size of the CNV decreased in all patients after treatment. Fluorescein fundus angiography revealed an absence of dye leakage in the late angiographic phase. Optical coherence tomography revealed decreased retinal oedema in all patients and SLO microperimetry revealed an increase in retinal sensitivity in seven eyes, at both 6 and 12 months after treatment. Chorioretinal atrophy developed around the CNV in 10 eyes at 6 months and in all eyes at 12 months after treatment.CONCLUSIONS: Trans-Tenon's retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone acetonide for CNV resulting from pathological myopia appears to be relatively safe and to have a good visual outcome, although a longterm follow-up study in a larger series of patients is necessary.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Choroidal Neovascularization', 'Fascia', 'Female', 'Fluorescein Angiography', 'Glucocorticoids', 'Humans', 'Infusions, Parenteral', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myopia, Degenerative', 'Orbit', 'Tomography, Optical Coherence', 'Triamcinolone Acetonide', 'Visual Acuity']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C11.941.160.244', 'C23.550.589.500.145'], ['A02.340', 'A10.165.425'], ['E01.370.370.050.350', 'E01.370.380.250'], ['D06.472.040.543', 'D27.505.696.399.472.488'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.319.267.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C11.744.636.500'], ['A02.835.232.781.324.690'], ['E01.370.350.589.249.500', 'E01.370.350.825.805.500', 'E05.642.249.500'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.915.715', 'D04.210.500.908.891.927'], ['E01.370.380.850.950', 'F02.463.593.932.901', 'G14.940']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Understanding and using organizational politics, Part Two.

Politics is a fact of life in industry, academia, the military, religion, and even health care. Remember these five major ideas: 1. Politics exists in organizations. 2. Politics can be understood. 3. Politics can be managed. 4. Denial won't make politics go away. 5. You can become a better and more ethical organizational politician. Try these web sites for more information: http://www.bredemeyer.com/pdf_files/PoliticsCompetency.PDF. The political competency model presented here is for architects; however, it provides some interesting insights that you may find helpful. http://www.andersonconsulting.com/doopinto.htm. This web site has "The Dysfunctional Office and Organizational Politics Scale" that you can take online. http://www.politicalsavvy.com/. In addition to a newsletter, this web site lets you test your political savvy IQ and allows you to read further about politics in organizations.

['Leadership', 'Organizational Innovation', 'Organizational Objectives', 'Organizational Policy', 'United States']

[['F01.752.609'], ['N04.452.610'], ['N04.452.615'], ['I01.655.500.550', 'I01.880.604.825.550', 'N03.623.500.550'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Air in the aorta: treatment by reversed perfusion.

A ventricular septal defect was repaired in a 3 1/2-year-old child on cardiopulmonary bypass. Because of excessive pulmonary venous return, a period of circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia was used. A large volume of air was found in the arterial line and the ascending aorta before perfusion was reinstituted. The air probably entered the arterial system through a large aortopulmonary collateral artery during circulatory arrest. This artery was not visualized on angiocardiography and could have caused excessive pulmonary venous return during perfusion. Air was successfully expelled by reversed perfusion. There were no neurological sequelae.

['Aortic Diseases', 'Cardiopulmonary Bypass', 'Child, Preschool', 'Embolism, Air', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Perfusion']

[['C14.907.109'], ['E04.292.413'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C14.907.355.350.254'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.680']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]']

Menstrual cycle modulation of the relationship between cortisol and long-term memory.

Numerous cognitive effects of fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle have been previously identified. However, the influence of ovarian hormones on learning under stressful conditions is not well understood. In this experiment, the relationship between salivary cortisol and recall performance was assessed in women at hormonally distinct phases of the menstrual cycle at encoding after cortisol levels were elevated using a cold-pressor stress (CPS) procedure. No memory difference was found between control and CPS groups in any of the three menstrual positions tested, nor was any interaction between stress condition and menstrual phase detected. However, significantly different correlations between cortisol and memory were found in the different phases. A positive correlation was found between salivary cortisol levels and recall 1 week post training when encoding occurred during the mid-luteal phase, whereas no significant relationship was found in either the early or the late follicular phase. In addition, cortisol levels were found to be elevated during the mid-luteal phase. These findings suggest that glucocorticoid effects on memory are modulated by sex hormone levels.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Female', 'Gonadal Steroid Hormones', 'Humans', 'Hydrocortisone', 'Memory', 'Menstrual Cycle', 'Mental Recall', 'Saliva', 'Stress, Psychological', 'Time Factors']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D06.472.334.851'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D04.210.500.745.745.654.600', 'D06.472.040.585.353.476', 'D06.472.040.585.478.392'], ['F02.463.425.540'], ['G08.686.605'], ['F02.463.425.540.641'], ['A12.200.666'], ['F01.145.126.990', 'F02.830.900'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Silicone-fat differentiation in the breast: exploiting the bright-fat phenomenon in fast spin-echo MR imaging.

Selective suppression of silicone or fat with chemical shift-selective (CHESS) pulses is difficult because of the small chemical shift difference between the primary lipid signal and the primary silicone signal at 1.5 T. Differentiation of these chemically distinct species is, however, an important clinical task in assessing implant rupture and silicone migration in breast tissue. A method uniquely suited for silicone-fat differentiation with fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences is reported. It is based on the dependence of fat signal on echo spacing in FSE imaging and results show that it may provide a clinically robust method for silicone-fat differentiation in magnetic resonance imaging of the breast.

['Adipose Tissue', 'Breast', 'Breast Implants', 'Corn Oil', 'Equipment Failure', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Image Enhancement', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Models, Structural', 'Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'Silicones', 'Water']

[['A10.165.114'], ['A01.236'], ['E07.695.140'], ['D10.212.302.380.370', 'D10.212.507.340', 'D10.627.700.240', 'D20.215.784.750.240', 'G07.203.300.375.400.250', 'J02.500.375.400.250'], ['E05.325'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.600.350', 'L01.224.308.380'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['J01.897.280.500.545', 'L01.178.820.090.545'], ['L01.224.800'], ['D02.756.650.700', 'D05.750.900.850', 'D25.720.900.850', 'J01.637.051.720.900.850'], ['D01.045.250.875', 'D01.248.497.158.459.650', 'D01.650.550.925']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]']

Cluster organization and pore structure of ion channels formed by beticolin 3, a nonpeptidic fungal toxin.

Beticolin 3 (B3) belongs to a family of nonpeptidic phytotoxins produced by the fungus Cercospora beticola, which present a broad spectrum of cytotoxic effects. We report here that, at cytotoxic concentration (10 microM), B3 formed voltage-independent, weakly selective ion channels with multiple conductance levels in planar lipid bilayers. In symmetrical standard solutions, conductance values of the first levels were, respectively, 16 +/- 1 pS, 32 +/- 2 pS, and 57 +/- 2 pS (n = 4) and so on, any conductance level being roughly twice the lower one. Whether a cluster organization of elementary channels or different channel structures underlies this particular property was addressed by investigating the ionic selectivity and the pore size corresponding to the first three conductance levels. Both selectivity and pore size were found to be almost independent of the conductance level. This indicated that multiple conductance behavior resulted from a cluster organization of "B3 elementary channels." According to the estimated pore size and analyses of x-ray diffraction of B3 microcrystals, a structural model for "B3 elementary channels" is proposed. The ability to form channels is likely to be involved in the biological activity of beticolins.

['Biophysical Phenomena', 'Biophysics', 'Electric Conductivity', 'Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Ion Channels', 'Lipid Bilayers', 'Membrane Potentials', 'Models, Molecular', 'Molecular Conformation', 'Mycotoxins']

[['G01.154'], ['H01.158.344', 'H01.671.100'], ['G01.358.500.249.277'], ['D03.633.400'], ['E05.481'], ['D12.776.157.530.400', 'D12.776.543.550.450', 'D12.776.543.585.400'], ['D10.570.510', 'J01.637.087.500.510'], ['G01.154.535', 'G04.580', 'G07.265.675', 'G11.561.570'], ['E05.599.595'], ['G02.111.570.820'], ['D23.946.587']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Antiobesity effects of etiocholanolones in diabetes (db), viable yellow (Avy), and normal mice.

Two metabolites of the adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 3 alpha-hydroxyetiocholanolone and 3 beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone, were found to have antiobesity properties with respect to both prevention of the development of obesity as well as weight reduction after obesity was established. All of the obesity types studied responded to metabolite therapy to a greater or lesser extent. The more natural obesity seen in certain strains of mice with aging responded most rapidly to the feeding of either metabolite. The effective dosage (0.1%) fed in the diet was only one quarter the dosage required for DHEA to produce the same effect in preventing diabetes symptoms in C57BL/Ks diabetic (db) mutant mice. Unlike DHEA, neither metabolite produced any undesirable estrogenic or androgenic side-effects. 3 alpha-hydroxyethiocholanolone and 3 beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone, formerly considered only as inert end products of steroid metabolism, have beneficial actions in mice with various diabetes-obesity conditions and may be metabolic effectors in their own right.

['Animals', 'Blood Glucose', 'Body Weight', 'Dehydroepiandrosterone', 'Diabetes Mellitus', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental', 'Diet', 'Energy Intake', 'Etiocholanolone', 'Female', 'Insulin', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C3H', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Obesity']

[['B01.050'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['C23.888.144', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120', 'E05.041.124.160.750', 'G07.100.100.160.120', 'G07.345.249.314.120'], ['D04.210.500.054.079.429.625', 'D04.210.500.578.502.400', 'D06.472.040.502.400', 'D06.472.334.851.968.952'], ['C18.452.394.750', 'C19.246'], ['C18.452.394.750.074', 'C19.246.240', 'E05.598.500.374'], ['G07.203.650.240'], ['G07.203.650.240.340'], ['D04.210.500.054.040.368', 'D04.210.500.578.502.583', 'D06.472.040.502.583', 'D06.472.334.851.968.968'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.625', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.625'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.388', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.388'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['C18.654.726.500', 'C23.888.144.699.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Emergence of inflammatory alveolar macrophages during rejection or infection after lung transplantation.

Local activation of macrophages may play an important role in immune complications following lung transplantation. To document such a phenomenon, we have investigated the possible changes of alveolar macrophage surface antigen expression after lung transplantation. Using immunocytofluorometry, we have analyzed the phenotype of alveolar macrophages from 41 bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from 19 lung transplant recipients displaying various complications. The strong expression of HLA-DR observed on almost all alveolar macrophages was similar among groups I (no complication), II (minimal acute rejection), and III (mild to severe acute rejection), but was enhanced in group IV (bronchial infection) (P < 0.03). We observed no significant variation in the monocyte lineage CD14 antigen expression among the 4 groups, and about 83% of alveolar macrophages expressed this marker strongly. Membrane expression of the 27E10 antigen that characterizes infiltrating macrophages in acute inflammatory lesions was significantly higher during mild to severe rejection episodes than in controls (P < 0.02) and during bronchial infections (P < 0.05) but not during minimal rejection. Double staining experiments confirmed that 27E10-positive cells in groups III and IV belonged to the macrophage lineage. In addition, the expression of the 27E10 antigen on cultured alveolar macrophages was found to be increased after stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide or IFN-gamma. These results indicate that a particular alveolar macrophage subpopulation is activated during immune events after lung transplantation. This population, recognized by the 27E10 mAb, might be involved in cytokine production during severe acute rejection and infection episodes.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Antigens, CD', 'Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic', 'Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid', 'Female', 'Graft Rejection', 'HLA-DR Antigens', 'Humans', 'Infections', 'Lipopolysaccharide Receptors', 'Lung Transplantation', 'Macrophages, Alveolar', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Phenotype']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D23.050.301.264.035', 'D23.101.100.110'], ['D23.050.301.264.900', 'D23.101.100.900'], ['E05.927.100.500'], ['G12.875.545.328'], ['D12.776.395.550.509.400.440', 'D12.776.543.550.440.400.440', 'D23.050.301.500.400.400.440', 'D23.050.301.500.450.400.440', 'D23.050.705.552.410.400.440', 'D23.050.705.552.450.400.440'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C01'], ['D12.776.395.550.448.100', 'D12.776.543.484.500.100', 'D12.776.543.550.418.100', 'D12.776.543.750.705.045', 'D23.050.301.264.900.045', 'D23.101.100.900.045'], ['E04.928.600.495', 'E04.936.450.495'], ['A11.329.372.600', 'A11.627.482.600', 'A11.733.397.600', 'A15.382.670.522.600', 'A15.382.680.397.600'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G05.695']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

A method for preparing biologically active aqueous cyclosporin A solutions avoiding the use of detergents or organic solvents.

The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A (CsA) is highly hydrophobic and is, therefore, being taken for in vitro use directly from ethanolic stock solutions. In the present study it is demonstrated that ethanol itself affects several immunological activities in vitro, thus interfering with the immunosuppressive effects of CsA. As an alternative, it is demonstrated that CsA can be solubilized and retain its activity in aqueous solutions of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). Unlike ethanol, PVP has no effect on the various immunological activities in vitro and therefore the immunosuppressive effects of CsA can be evaluated without interference.

["2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase", 'Cell Line', 'Cyclosporins', 'Detergents', 'Enzyme Induction', 'Ethanol', 'Genes, myc', 'Humans', 'Interferon-gamma', 'Leukocytes, Mononuclear', 'Lymphocyte Activation', 'Lymphokines', 'Povidone', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Solubility', 'Solvents', 'Tumor Cells, Cultured']

[['D08.811.913.696.445.625'], ['A11.251.210'], ['D04.345.566.235', 'D12.644.641.235'], ['D27.720.877.265', 'J01.516.381'], ['G05.308.320.200'], ['D02.033.375'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.375.500.791.420'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.276.374.440.893', 'D12.644.276.374.480.615.350', 'D12.776.467.374.440.893', 'D12.776.467.374.480.615.350', 'D23.529.374.440.893', 'D23.529.374.480.615.350'], ['A11.118.637.555', 'A15.145.229.637.555', 'A15.382.490.555'], ['E01.370.225.812.482', 'E05.200.812.482', 'E05.478.594.530', 'G12.450.050.400.545', 'G12.565'], ['D12.644.276.374.480', 'D12.776.467.374.480', 'D23.529.374.480'], ['D02.455.326.271.884.533.699', 'D03.383.773.812.615', 'D05.750.716.721.838', 'D25.720.716.721.838', 'J01.637.051.720.716.721.838'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['G02.805'], ['D27.720.844'], ['A11.251.860']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Microwave drying of selected greens and their sensory characteristics.

Green leafy vegetables which supply minerals and vitamins to the diet, are highly perishable. Therefore, post harvest losses are extremely high. Limited studies are available in the literature with regard to preservation of greens. The effect of microwave drying and storage on physical and sensory properties of selected greens (coriander, mint, fenugreek, amaranth and shepu) were therefore studied. Microwave drying was carried out at 100% power and a frequency of 2450 mHz. The drying time varied from 10 to 16 min for different greens. Microwave drying affected color, appearance and odor of all the greens. The relative reconstitution capacity (RRC) for different greens was coriander-10.3, mint-10.3, amaranth-38.3, fenugreek-31.7 and shepu-32.8. The RRC appeared to influence acceptability. Coriander and mint, which exhibited the lowest RRC (10.3%), had the lowest scores for flavor and color while amaranth, with the highest RRC (38.3%), had scores similar to those of fresh amaranth. Scores for the products prepared with dried fenugreek and shepu, although low, were not statistically significant. Microwave drying was highly suitable for greens such as amaranth; moderately suitable for shepu and fenugreek and less suitable for coriander and mint.

['Amaranthus', 'Color', 'Coriandrum', 'Desiccation', 'Food Preservation', 'Mentha', 'Microwaves', 'Odorants', 'Sensation', 'Taste', 'Trigonella', 'Vegetables']

[['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.198.500.100.130'], ['G01.590.540.199'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.075.211'], ['E05.196.335', 'G02.176'], ['J01.576.423.850.700'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.583.520.483'], ['G01.358.500.505.810.500', 'G01.750.250.810.500', 'G01.750.770.721.500'], ['G16.500.275.640', 'N06.230.480'], ['F02.830.816', 'G11.561.790'], ['F02.830.816.724', 'G11.561.790.724'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.401.937'], ['B01.650.160.956', 'B01.650.510.956', 'G07.203.300.850', 'J02.500.850']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Influence of SLCO1B1 and CYP2C8 gene polymorphisms on rosiglitazone pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.

Polymorphisms in drug transporter genes and/or drug-metabolising enzyme genes may contribute to inter-individual variability in rosiglitazone pharmacokinetics in humans. We sought to determine the joint effects of polymorphisms in the SLCO1B1 drug transporter gene and the cytochrome P450 ( CYP ) 2C8-metabolising enzyme gene on rosiglitazone pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Healthy Caucasian subjects were prospectively enrolled on the basis of SLCO1B1 521 T > C genotype. Additionally, subjects were genotyped for SLCO1B1 -11187 G > A, -10499 A > C and 388 A > G polymorphisms, and the CYP2C8*3 polymorphism. SLCO1B1 haplotypes and diplotypes were computationally assigned. Rosiglitazone plasma concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and analysed using non-compartmental methods. The study population consisted of 26 subjects, with a mean age of 33 +/- 9 years, and a mean weight of 66.6 +/- 11.7 kg. There were no significant differences in rosiglitazone pharmacokinetic parameters between SLCO1B1 diplotype groups. Subjects with the CYP2C8*1/*3 genotype ( n = 7), however, had significantly lower rosiglitazone area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and significantly higher rosiglitazone oral clearance, compared with CYP2C8 wild-type homozygotes ( n = 19). Stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that CYP2C8 genotype ( p = 0.006) and weight ( p = 0.022) were significant predictors of rosiglitazone AUC (overall p = 0.002; R 2 = 41.6 per cent). We concluded that polymorphisms in the CYP2C8 drug-metabolising enzyme gene, but not the SLCO1B1 drug transporter gene, significantly influence rosiglitazone disposition in humans. Future studies examining the influence of CYP2C8 genotypes and haplotypes on thiazolidinedione disposition and response in patients with type 2 diabetes are warranted.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Area Under Curve', 'Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases', 'Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8', 'Female', 'Genotype', 'Health', 'Humans', 'Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Organic Anion Transporters', 'Polymorphism, Genetic', 'Rosiglitazone', 'Thiazolidinediones', 'Time Factors']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E05.318.740.200', 'G03.787.101', 'G07.690.725.064', 'N06.850.520.830.200'], ['D08.244.453.005', 'D08.811.682.690.708.170.010', 'D12.776.422.220.453.010'], ['D08.244.453.005.590', 'D08.244.453.491.368', 'D08.811.682.690.708.170.010.590', 'D08.811.682.690.708.170.450.360', 'D12.776.422.220.453.010.590', 'D12.776.422.220.453.491.360'], ['G05.380'], ['N01.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.157.530.450.074.500.781.500', 'D12.776.157.530.937.580', 'D12.776.543.585.450.074.500.875.500', 'D12.776.543.585.937.901'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D12.776.157.530.450.074.500', 'D12.776.543.585.450.074.500'], ['G05.365.795'], ['D02.886.675.933.500', 'D03.383.129.708.933.500'], ['D02.886.675.933', 'D03.383.129.708.933'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Active growth factor delivery from poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) foams prepared in supercritical CO(2).

A method for the production of microporous poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) foams containing encapsulated proteins using supercritical carbon dioxide is described. Foams generated as aqueous protein emulsions in a polymer-solvent solution were saturated with carbon dioxide at supercritical conditions, and then suddenly supersaturated at ambient conditions causing bubble nucleation and precipitation of the polymer. Proteins contained in the water phase of the emulsion were encapsulated within the foams, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), an angiogenic factor of interest in tissue engineering applications. The release and activity of bFGF from these foams was determined in vitro and compared with similar porous scaffolds prepared by traditional solvent casting-salt leaching techniques. Total protein release rate was greater from structures made in CO(2) than those made by the salt leaching technique, however a large initial burst of bFGF was released from the salt leached structures. This initial burst was not observed from the polymer foams processed in CO(2) and active bFGF was released at a relatively constant rate. Residual methylene chloride levels were measured in the foams made with CO(2) and were found to be above the limits imposed by the US Pharmacopoeia implying that further solvent removal would be required prior to in vivo use.

['Animals', 'Biocompatible Materials', 'Carbon Dioxide', 'Cattle', 'Cold Temperature', 'Drug Carriers', 'Drug Delivery Systems', 'Fibroblast Growth Factor 2', 'Growth Substances', 'Lactic Acid', 'Methylene Chloride', 'Microscopy, Electron, Scanning', 'Polyglycolic Acid', 'Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer', 'Polymers', 'Solutions']

[['B01.050'], ['D25.130', 'D27.720.102.130', 'J01.637.051.130'], ['D01.200.200', 'D01.362.150', 'D01.650.550.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.271'], ['G01.906.595.272', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710.300', 'G16.500.750.775.710.300', 'N06.230.300.100.725.154', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710.300'], ['D26.255.260', 'E02.319.300.380'], ['E02.319.300'], ['D12.644.276.624.120', 'D12.776.467.624.120', 'D23.529.624.120'], ['D27.505.696.377'], ['D02.241.511.459.450'], ['D02.455.526.439.642'], ['E01.370.350.515.402.541', 'E05.595.402.541'], ['D05.750.728.780', 'D25.720.728.780', 'J01.637.051.720.728.780'], ['D02.241.511.459.450.500', 'D05.750.728.780.500', 'D25.720.728.780.500', 'J01.637.051.720.728.780.500'], ['D05.750', 'D25.720', 'J01.637.051.720'], ['D26.776']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Five donors-one recipient: modeling a mosaic of granulocytes, natural killer and T cells from cord-blood and third-party donors.

BACKGROUND: A 21-year-old man was admitted to hospital because of leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and anemia. The patient had been in good health until a few days earlier, when he developed fever and night sweats and his performance status dramatically declined.INVESTIGATIONS: Laboratory tests, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic analyses, bone-marrow biopsy, minimal residual disease analysis using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, differential chimerism analysis using flow cytometry, mixed chimerism analysis, CT scans, electro-encephalography, cerebral magnetic resonance tomography.DIAGNOSIS: Bcr-abl-positive and Philadelphia-chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and primary graft failure complicated by invasive fungal infection and cytomegalovirus encephalitis.MANAGEMENT: Double cord-blood rescue transplantation, third-party CD34-positive stem-cell rescue transplantation, third-party cytomegalovirus-specific T lymphocyte transplantation.

['Adult', 'Cell Transplantation', 'Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation', 'Granulocytes', 'Humans', 'Killer Cells, Natural', 'Male', 'Mosaicism', 'Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma', 'T-Lymphocytes']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E02.095.147.500', 'E04.936.225'], ['E02.095.147.500.500.312', 'E04.936.225.687.312'], ['A11.118.637.415', 'A11.148.350', 'A11.627.340', 'A15.145.229.637.415', 'A15.378.316.340', 'A15.382.490.315'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.537', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.537', 'A15.382.490.555.567.537'], ['G05.365.590.175.595'], ['C04.557.337.428.600', 'C15.604.515.560.600', 'C20.683.515.528.600'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]']

The role of eicosanoids in cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in the rat.

Nephrotoxicity is the most troublesome complication of cyclosporine (CSA) therapy. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic treatment with CSA on the 24-hr urinary excretion of prostanoids (PGs) and thromboxane (Tx) and on the renal function in the absence or presence of indomethacin. CSA administration to Wistar rats (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days caused a significant increase in plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine osmolality, fractional excretion of sodium and potassium and a reduction in creatinine clearance (CCr) and urine volume. These changes were associated with a significant reduction in urinary excretion of PGE2 (21.1 +/- 3.3 vs 33.0 +/- 2.5 ng/24 hr) and PGF2 alpha (13.4 +/- 1.4 vs 27.9 +/- 3.8 ng/24 hr) and an increase in TxB2 (12.1 +/- 3.0 vs 4.6 +/- 0.5 ng/24 hr), and 6-keto PGF1 alpha (56.2 +/- 7.7 vs 27.7 +/- 1.9 ng/24 hr). However, the synthesis of TxB2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha by renal medullary and cortical slices prepared from CSA treated rats was not different from values obtained for vehicle treatment. In contrast, PGE2 synthesis by cortical slices prepared from the CSA group was increased. A single injection of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) to vehicle and CSA treated rats resulted in a significant reduction in PGs and TxB2 excretion. This, was associated with a further reduction in CCr (0.81 +/- 0.06 vs 1.03 +/- 0.04 ml/min) and an increase in BUN (38.5 +/- 5.2 vs 28.2 +/- 1.4 mg%) only in the CSA group. We suggest that the vasodilating PGs attenuate the renal toxic effects induced by CSA.

['Animals', 'Cyclosporins', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Kidney', 'Kidney Cortex', 'Kidney Medulla', 'Male', 'Prostaglandins', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains', 'Reference Values', 'Thromboxane B2']

[['B01.050'], ['D04.345.566.235', 'D12.644.641.235'], ['E05.481'], ['A05.810.453'], ['A05.810.453.324'], ['A05.810.453.466'], ['D10.251.355.255.550', 'D23.469.050.175.725'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400'], ['E05.978.810'], ['D10.251.355.255.100.825.810', 'D10.251.355.310.166.971.810']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Impact of pancreaticoduodenal arcade dilation on postoperative outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of pancreaticoduodenal arcade (PDA) dilation on postoperative outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy.METHODS: Consecutive patients submitted to pancreaticoduodenectomy between 2008 and 2016 underwent preoperative multi-detector computed tomography, the images of which were re-reviewed. The patients were categorized according to the grade of PDA dilation into 3 groups (remarkably-dilated, slightly-dilated, and non-dilated).RESULTS: Among the 443 patients, 25 patients (5.6%) were categorized as remarkably-dilated PDA and 24 patients (5.4%) as having slightly-dilated PDA. The patients with remarkably-dilated PDA had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy with additional surgical maneuvers to restore celiac arterial flow as needed, and had an uneventful postoperative recovery relative to those with non-dilated PDA. In contrast, patients with slightly-dilated PDA underwent only pancreaticoduodenectomy without additional surgical maneuvers, and developed clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) more frequently than those with non-dilated PDA (42% vs. 21%, P = 0.021). Moreover, slightly-dilated PDA was shown to be an independent risk factor for clinically relevant POPF (odds ratio = 2.719, P = 0.042).DISCUSSION: For patients with PDA dilation requiring pancreaticoduodenectomy, a preoperative evaluation of the vascular anatomy, intraoperative assessment of the celiac arterial flow, and additional surgical maneuvers might be necessary to reduce the risk of postoperative complications.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Dilatation, Pathologic', 'Duodenum', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pancreas', 'Pancreatic Neoplasms', 'Pancreaticoduodenectomy', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C23.300.325'], ['A03.556.124.684.124', 'A03.556.875.249'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A03.734'], ['C04.588.274.761', 'C04.588.322.475', 'C06.301.761', 'C06.689.667', 'C19.344.421'], ['E04.210.760'], ['C23.550.767'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Outcomes of Preterm Infants following Discussions about Withdrawal or Withholding of Life Support.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of postnatal discussions about withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining therapy (WWLST), ensuing WWLST, and outcomes of infants surviving such discussions. We hypothesized that such survivors have poor outcomes.STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective review included registry data from 18 centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Infants born at 22-28 weeks of gestation who survived >12 hours during 2011-2013 were included. Regression analysis identified maternal and infant factors associated with WWLST discussions and factors predicting ensuing WWLST. In-hospital and 18- to 26-month outcomes were evaluated.RESULTS: WWLST discussions occurred in 529 (15.4%) of 3434 infants. These were more frequent at 22-24 weeks (27.0%) compared with 27-28 weeks of gestation (5.6%). Factors associated with WWLST discussion were male sex, gestational age (GA) of ?24 weeks, birth weight small for GA, congenital malformations or syndromes, early onset sepsis, severe brain injury, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Rates of WWLST discussion varied by center (6.4%-29.9%) as did WWLST (5.2%-20.7%). Ensuing WWLST occurred in 406 patients; of these, 5 survived to discharge. Of the 123 infants for whom intensive care was continued, 58 (47%) survived to discharge. Survival after WWLST discussion was associated with higher rates of neonatal morbidities and neurodevelopmental impairment compared with babies for whom WWLST discussions did not occur. Significant predictors of ensuing WWLST were maternal age >25 years, necrotizing enterocolitis, and days on a ventilator.CONCLUSIONS: Wide center variations in WWLST discussions occur, especially at ?24 weeks GA. Outcomes of infants surviving after WWLST discussions are poor.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00063063.

['Decision Making', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant Mortality', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infant, Premature', 'Life Support Care', 'Male', 'Morbidity', 'Outcome Assessment, Health Care', 'Registries', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Survival Rate', 'Withholding Treatment']

[['F02.463.785.373'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.475', 'N01.224.935.698.489', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.475', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.475'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.520'], ['E02.760.440', 'N02.421.585.440'], ['E05.318.308.985.525', 'N01.224.935.597', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525'], ['H01.770.644.145.431', 'N04.761.559.590', 'N05.715.360.575.575'], ['E05.318.308.970', 'N04.452.859.819', 'N05.715.360.300.715.700', 'N06.850.520.308.970'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['E02.760.952', 'N02.421.585.952']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Molecular subtyping of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from five patients with solitary lymphocytoma.

Solitary lymphocytoma is a rare cutaneous manifestation of Lyme borreliosis that has been reported almost exclusively from Europe. This suggests that its etiologic agent may be absent or extremely rare on the North American continent. All three species of B. burgdorferi sensu lato known to be associated with human Lyme borreliosis (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. afzelii have been isolated in Europe, whereas only B. burgdorferi sensu stricto has been found in North America. This suggests that either B. garinii or B. afzelii might be the etiologic agent of borrelial lymphocytoma. To investigate this hypothesis we characterized five strains of B. burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from lymphocytoma lesions of patients residing in Slovenia. The methods used included: large restriction fragment pattern analysis of restriction enzyme MluI-digested genomic DNA, plasmid profiling, protein profiling, ribotyping using 5S, 16S, and 23S rDNA probes, and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the rrf (5S)-rrl (23S) intergenic spacer region. Molecular subtyping showed that four of the five isolates belonged to the species B. afzelii; however, this species is the predominant patient isolate in Slovenia and, therefore, may not represent a preferential association with lymphocytoma. The fifth isolate appeared to be most closely related to the DN127 genomic group of organisms. Further characterization of the isolate revealed that it possessed a unique molecular "fingerprint." The results not only show that borrelial lymphocytoma can be caused by B. afzelii but also demonstrate an association with another genomic group of B. burgdorferi sensu lato that is present in North America as well.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Antigens, Surface', 'Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins', 'Bacterial Vaccines', 'Biopsy', 'Borrelia burgdorferi Group', 'DNA Primers', 'DNA, Bacterial', 'Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field', 'Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel', 'Europe', 'Female', 'Gene Amplification', 'Humans', 'Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell', 'Lipoproteins', 'Lyme Disease', 'Middle Aged', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Restriction Mapping', 'Skin', 'Skin Neoplasms', 'Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']