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The Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme Y impairs endothelial cell proliferation and vascular repair following lung injury.

Exoenzyme Y (ExoY) is a Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin that is introduced into host cells through the type 3 secretion system (T3SS). Once inside the host cell cytoplasm, ExoY generates cyclic nucleotides that cause tau phosphorylation and microtubule breakdown. Microtubule breakdown causes interendothelial cell gap formation and tissue edema. Although ExoY transiently induces interendothelial cell gap formation, it remains unclear whether ExoY prevents repair of the endothelial cell barrier. Here, we test the hypothesis that ExoY intoxication impairs recovery of the endothelial cell barrier following gap formation, decreasing migration, proliferation, and lung repair. Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were infected with P. aeruginosa strains for 6 h, including one possessing an active ExoY (PA103 exoUexoT::Tc pUCPexoY; ExoY(+)), one with an inactive ExoY (PA103ÄexoUexoT::Tc pUCPexoY(K81M); ExoY(K81M)), and one that lacks PcrV required for a functional T3SS (ÄPcrV). ExoY(+) induced interendothelial cell gaps, whereas ExoY(K81M) and ÄPcrV did not promote gap formation. Following gap formation, bacteria were removed and endothelial cell repair was examined. PMVECs were unable to repair gaps even 3-5 days after infection. Serum-stimulated growth was greatly diminished following ExoY intoxication. Intratracheal inoculation of ExoY(+) and ExoY(K81M) caused severe pneumonia and acute lung injury. However, whereas the pulmonary endothelial cell barrier was functionally improved 1 wk following ExoY(K81M) infection, pulmonary endothelium was unable to restrict the hyperpermeability response to elevated hydrostatic pressure following ExoY(+) infection. In conclusion, ExoY is an edema factor that chronically impairs endothelial cell barrier integrity following lung injury.

['Animals', 'Bacterial Proteins', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cyclic AMP', 'Edema', 'Endothelial Cells', 'Glucosyltransferases', 'Host-Pathogen Interactions', 'Lung', 'Lung Injury', 'Male', 'Microvessels', 'Pneumonia, Bacterial', 'Pseudomonas Infections', 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'Rats']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.776.097'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.395', 'D13.695.462.200', 'D13.695.667.138.395', 'D13.695.827.068.395'], ['C23.888.277'], ['A11.436.275'], ['D08.811.913.400.450.460'], ['G06.462', 'G16.527.200'], ['A04.411'], ['C08.381.520', 'C26.891.554'], ['A07.015.461'], ['C01.150.252.620', 'C01.748.610.540', 'C08.381.677.540', 'C08.730.610.540'], ['C01.150.252.400.739'], ['B03.440.400.425.625.625.100', 'B03.660.250.580.590.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Plastic changes in neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in experimental models of limbic seizures.

PURPOSE: Neuropetide Y (NPY)-mediated neurotransmission in the hippocampus is altered by limbic seizures. The functional consequences of this change are still unresolved and clearly depend on the type of NPY receptors involved. NPY Y2 and Y1 receptors are increased on mossy fiber terminals and decreased on granule cell dendrites after seizures, respectively. We investigated (a) whether seizures modify the NPY Y5 receptors in the hippocampus, and (b) the effect of an agonist at Y2/Y5 receptors and antagonists at Y1 receptors on acute and chronic seizure susceptibility.METHODS: Limbic seizures were induced in rats by electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus, leading to stage 5 kindled seizures, or by intrahippocampal or systemic injections of kainic acid. Pentylentetrazol was administered to epileptic rats to assess their enhanced susceptibility to seizures. NPY Y5 receptor protein was measured in hippocampal homogenates using a specific polyclonal antibody and quantitative Western blotting.RESULTS: Y5 receptors (57-kD band) were transiently decreased (23 to 35%) in all hippocampal subregions 2 and 7 days, but not 2.5 hours, after seizures induced by systemic kainic acid. A minor band of 51 kD was reduced significantly in CA3 and dentate gyrus, although it was increased in CA1, 30 days after seizures, suggesting long-term posttranslational changes in this protein. NPY Y5 receptors were increased by 200% in total homogenate from the stimulated hippocampus 2 days but not 30 days after fully kindled seizures. Intracerebral injections of NPY 13-36 (Y2/Y5 receptor agonist) or BIBP 3225 and BIBO 3304 (selective Y1 receptor antagonists) decreased seizure susceptibility in rats.CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that NPY Y5 receptors change after limbic seizures and suggest that NPY receptors may provide novel target(s) for the treatment of epilepsy.

['Animals', 'Anticonvulsants', 'Arginine', 'Blotting, Western', 'Electroencephalography', 'Epilepsy', 'Hippocampus', 'Injections, Intraventricular', 'Kainic Acid', 'Kindling, Neurologic', 'Limbic System', 'Male', 'Neuronal Plasticity', 'Pentylenetetrazole', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Receptors, Neuropeptide Y']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.427.080'], ['D12.125.068.050', 'D12.125.095.104', 'D12.125.142.087'], ['E05.196.401.143', 'E05.301.300.096', 'E05.478.566.320.200', 'E05.601.262', 'E05.601.470.320.200'], ['E01.370.376.300', 'E01.370.405.245'], ['C10.228.140.490'], ['A08.186.211.180.405', 'A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.345'], ['E02.319.267.530.550'], ['D03.383.773.400'], ['G11.561.484'], ['A08.186.211.180'], ['G11.561.638'], ['D03.383.066.600'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750'], ['D12.776.543.750.695.500', 'D12.776.543.750.720.600.540', 'D12.776.543.750.750.555.540']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Understanding existing exposure situations.

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 103 removed the distinction between practices and interventions, and introduced three types of exposure situation: existing, planned, and emergency. It also emphasised the optimisation principle in connection with individual dose restrictions for all controllable exposure situations. Existing exposure situations are those resulting from sources, natural or man-made, that already exist when a decision on control has to be taken. They have common features to be taken into account when implementing general recommendations, such as: the source may be difficult to control; all exposures cannot be anticipated; protective actions can only be implemented after characterisation of the exposure situation; time may be needed to reduce exposure below the reference level; levels of exposure are highly dependent on individual behaviour and present a wide spread of individual dose distribution; exposures at work may be adventitious and not considered as occupational exposure; there is generally no potential for accident; many stakeholders have to be involved; and many factors need to be considered. ICRP is currently developing a series of reports related to the practical implementation of Publication 103 to various existing exposure situations, including exposure from radon, exposure from cosmic radiation in aviation, exposure from processes using naturally occurring radioactive material, and exposure from contaminated sites due to past activities.

['Humans', 'International Agencies', 'Radiation Dosage', 'Radiation Exposure', 'Radiation Monitoring', 'Radiation Protection']

[['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N03.540.514'], ['E05.799.513', 'G01.750.740', 'N06.850.810.250'], ['G01.750.748', 'N06.850.460.350.850'], ['E05.799.638', 'N06.850.780.375.700', 'N06.850.810.370'], ['N06.850.810.425']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Scopolamine sublingual spray: an alternative route of delivery for the treatment of motion sickness.

The purpose of this study was to develop a sublingual drug delivery spray formulation of scopolamine hydrobromide (L-(-)-hyoscine hydrobromide) and to determine the absolute bioavailability of scopolamine hydrobromide following sublingual delivery and to investigate the effect of a bioadhesive on the pharmacokinetic parameters of this drug in a rabbit model. Rabbits received a single scopolamine free base equivalent sublingual dose of 100 microg/kg and this was compared to intravenous administration of the drug. Blood samples were collected at different time points, and plasma scopolamine concentrations were determined using a new sensitive and specific LC/MS analytical method which utilized electrospray ionization detection. The bioavailability of sublingual scopolamine was determined by comparing plasma concentrations after sublingual spray delivery with equivalent intravenous doses. Following delivery of the sublingual spray dose, the average Cmax was 1024.4+/-177 ng/mL, and the AUC value was found to be 61067.6+/-9605 ng.min/mL. Relative to the intravenous dose (100% bioavailability), the bioavailability was 79.8% after sublingual spray administration. The addition of 2% chitosan, a bio-adhesive material and an absorption enhancer, showed a significant improvement in scopolamine sublingual absorption (p<0.05) was observed. Considering the limitations of delivering scopolamine orally or transdermally to patients who experience motion sickness, the sublingual route of administration using a spray delivery dosage form, is a potential alternative modality for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness.

['Adhesives', 'Administration, Sublingual', 'Animals', 'Area Under Curve', 'Biological Availability', 'Chitosan', 'Chromatography, Liquid', 'Excipients', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Male', 'Mass Spectrometry', 'Motion Sickness', 'Muscarinic Antagonists', 'Rabbits', 'Scopolamine']

[['D27.720.013', 'J01.637.016'], ['E02.319.267.100.878'], ['B01.050'], ['E05.318.740.200', 'G03.787.101', 'G07.690.725.064', 'N06.850.520.830.200'], ['G03.787.151', 'G07.690.725.129'], ['D05.750.078.139.500', 'D09.698.211.500'], ['E05.196.181.400'], ['D26.650.700.419', 'D27.720.744.770.419'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['E05.196.566'], ['C23.888.571'], ['D27.505.519.625.120.200.500', 'D27.505.696.577.120.200.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700'], ['D02.145.074.722.822.775', 'D03.132.760.180.848', 'D03.132.889.601.775', 'D03.605.084.500.722.822.775', 'D03.605.869.822.775']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]']

DNA cleavage at two recognition sites by the SfiI restriction endonuclease: salt dependence of cis and trans interactions between distant DNA sites.

At low ionic strength, the SfiI restriction enzyme cleaved at similar rates both supercoiled and linear DNA with two SfiI sites and linear DNA with one SfiI site. For the substrates with two sites, the majority of the DNA was converted directly to products cut at both sites; the enzyme appears to bind to two sites before catalyzing its reactions, looping out the intervening DNA. At high ionic strength, linear DNA with one SfiI site was not cut at all, linear DNA with two sites was cleaved slowly while supercoiled DNA with two sites was cleaved rapidly, though only half of the DNA with two sites was cut at both sites; the DNA that had been cut at one site was not cleaved again at the remaining site. The singly cut product must therefore have been generated by a reaction incorporating both sites. All DNA cleavage reactions by SfiI thus involve the tetrameric enzyme bound to two copies of its recognition sequence, but weakened DNA-protein interactions at high ionic strength can cause this complex to dissociate before cleaving both sites. Intramolecular interactions between distant DNA sites are generally thought to be enhanced by supercoiling and to be more stable than intermolecular interactions. The preference of SfiI at high ionic strength for substrates with two sites over substrates with one site and, in the former case, for supercoiled over linear DNA, validates this view. At low ionic strength, the similar rates with the different substrates may be due to rate-limiting product dissociation.

['Base Sequence', 'DNA', 'DNA, Superhelical', 'Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific', 'Kinetics', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Osmolar Concentration', 'Plasmids', 'Sodium Chloride', 'Substrate Specificity']

[['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['D13.444.308'], ['D13.444.308.283.250', 'G02.111.570.820.486.212.250', 'G05.360.580.156.250'], ['D08.811.150.280.260', 'D08.811.277.352.335.350.300.260', 'D08.811.277.352.355.325.300.260'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G02.640'], ['G05.360.600'], ['D01.210.450.150.875', 'D01.857.650'], ['G02.111.835']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Verbal fluency in mania: relationship to number of manic episodes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine verbal fluency in a group of patients with bipolar disorder (BPD) during an acute episode of mania, and to determine whether performance was related to disease chronicity. We hypothesized that manic patients with BPD would be impaired on verbal fluency, and that this impairment would be greatest in those individuals who had experienced a greater number of manic episodes.METHOD: Forty-five manic inpatients with bipolar disorder, and 30 healthy volunteers completed tests of phonemic and semantic verbal fluency. The patients were dichotomized into those experiencing their first episode of mania (FE) and those who had experienced multiple episodes (ME).RESULTS: On the phonemic fluency task, ME patients produced significantly fewer words than both healthy volunteers and FE patients, and they made a greater number of errors. No significant group differences in overall output were found on the semantic fluency task, although the ME group was more error-prone than were the other groups.CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that verbal fluency is more impaired in ME patients than in patients who have experienced only a single manic episode.

['Adult', 'Bipolar Disorder', 'Cognition Disorders', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Language Disorders', 'Language Tests', 'Male', 'Neuropsychological Tests', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'Verbal Behavior']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F03.084.500'], ['F03.615.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C10.597.606.150.500', 'C23.888.592.604.150.500'], ['F04.711.513.240'], ['F04.711.513'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['F01.145.209.908']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Procoagulant effects of lung cancer chemotherapy: impact on microparticles and cell-free DNA.

Lung cancer is the second leading type of cancer, with venous thromboembolism being the second leading cause of death. Studies have shown increased levels of microparticles and cell-free DNA (CFDNA) in cancer patients, which can activate coagulation through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, respectively. However, the impact of lung cancer chemotherapy on microparticle and/or CFDNA generation is not completely understood. The aim of the study was to study the effects of platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents on generation of procoagulant microparticles and CFDNA in vitro and in vivo. Microparticles were isolated from chemotherapy-treated monocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, or cancer cells. Tissue factor (TF) and phosphatidylserine levels were characterized and thrombin/factor Xa generation assays were used to determine microparticle procoagulant activity. CFDNA levels were isolated from cell supernatants and plasma. A murine xenograft model of human lung carcinoma was used to study the procoagulant effects of TF microparticles and CFDNA in vivo. In vitro, platinum-based chemotherapy induced TF/phosphatidylserine microparticle shedding from A549 and A427 lung cancers cells, which enhanced thrombin generation in plasma in a FVII-dependent manner. CFDNA levels were increased in supernatants of chemotherapy-treated neutrophils and plasma of chemotherapy-treated mice. TF microparticles were elevated in plasma of chemotherapy-treated tumour-bearing mice. Plasma CFDNA levels are increased in chemotherapy-treated tumour-free mice and correlate with increased thrombin generation. In tumour-bearing mice, chemotherapy increases plasma levels of CFDNA and TF/phosphatidylserine microparticles. Platinum-based chemotherapy induces the shedding of TF/phosphatidylserine microparticles from tumour cells and the release of CFDNA from host neutrophils.

['Animals', 'Cell-Derived Microparticles', 'DNA', 'Humans', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Mice', 'Venous Thromboembolism']

[['B01.050'], ['A11.284.295.588.500'], ['D13.444.308'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['C14.907.355.590.700']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]']

Regulation of miR163 and its targets in defense against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Small RNAs are important regulators for a variety of biological processes, including leaf development, flowering-time, embryogenesis and defense responses. miR163 is a non-conserved miRNA and its locus has evolved recently through inverted duplication of its target genes to which they belong to the SABATH family of related small-molecule methyltransferases (MTs). In Arabidopsis thaliana, previous study demonstrated that miR163 accumulation was induced by alamethicin treatment, suggesting its roles in defense response pathways. Enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) was observed in the mir163 mutant, whereas transgenic lines overexpressing miR163 showed increase sensitivity to Pst, suggesting that miR163 is a negative regulator of defense response. Elevated level of miR163 and its targets in A. thaliana were observed upon Pst treatment, suggesting a modulating relationship between miR163 and its targets. In addition, miR163 and histone deacetylase were found to act cooperatively in mediating defense against Pst. Transgenic plants overexpressing miR163-resistant targets suggested their different contributions in defense. Results from this study revealed that the stress-inducible miR163 and its targets act in concert to modulate defense responses against bacterial pathogen in A. thaliana.

['Arabidopsis', 'Arabidopsis Proteins', 'Disease Resistance', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Plant', 'Host-Pathogen Interactions', 'MicroRNAs', 'Plant Diseases', 'Plants, Genetically Modified', 'Pseudomonas syringae']

[['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.157.100'], ['D12.776.765.149'], ['C23.550.291.671', 'G12.450.564.250', 'G12.450.800.250', 'G15.630.250'], ['G05.308.375'], ['G06.462', 'G16.527.200'], ['D13.150.650.319', 'D13.444.735.150.319', 'D13.444.735.790.552.500'], ['G15.610'], ['B01.650.520', 'B05.620.600'], ['B03.440.400.425.625.625.770', 'B03.660.250.580.590.770']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Long-term stability of surgical open-bite correction by Le Fort I osteotomy.

Skeletal changes greater than those observed in untreated adults have been noted beyond 1 year post-surgery in adult patients who had surgical correction of a long face deformity. The stability of skeletal landmarks and dental relationships from 1 to >3 years post-surgery was examined in 28 patients who had undergone surgery of the maxilla only, and in 26 patients who had undergone 2-jaw surgery to correct >2 mm anterior open bite. Although the average changes in almost all landmark positions and skeletal dimensions were less than 1 mm, point B moved down >2 mm and face height increased >2 mm in one-third of the maxilla-only group and in 40% of the 2-jaw group (>4 mm in 10% and 22% respectively). Overbite decreased 2-4 mm in only 7% of the maxilla-only and 12% of the 2 groups, with no changes >4 mm, because in three-fourths of the patients with an increase in anterior face height, further eruption of the incisors maintained the overbite relationship. In the maxilla-only group, mandibular length (Co-Pg) showed >2 mm long-term change in 45% of the patients, two-thirds of whom showed an increase rather than a decrease in length. In the 2-jaw group, no patients showed a decrease in Co-Pg length and one-third had an increase. For both groups, changes in overjet were smaller and less frequent than changes in mandibular length.

['Adaptation, Physiological', 'Adult', 'Cephalometry', 'Chin', 'Facial Bones', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Malocclusion', 'Mandibular Advancement', 'Maxillofacial Abnormalities', 'Maxillofacial Development', 'Osteotomy, Le Fort', 'Recurrence', 'Syndrome', 'Tooth Eruption', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['G07.025', 'G16.012.500'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.600.024.250', 'E05.041.250', 'N06.850.505.200.100.300'], ['A01.456.505.259', 'A02.835.232.781.324.502.632.130', 'A14.521.632.300'], ['A02.835.232.781.324'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C07.793.494'], ['E04.545.500', 'E06.645.500', 'E06.658.280'], ['C05.660.207.540', 'C07.650.500', 'C16.131.621.207.540', 'C16.131.850.500'], ['G07.345.500.325.377.625.050.500.478', 'G11.427.578.050.500.478'], ['E04.545.575', 'E04.555.580.580', 'E06.645.575'], ['C23.550.291.937'], ['C23.550.288.500'], ['G10.549.810'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Open reduction of developmental hip dysplasia using a medial approach: a review of 24 hips.

The results of the Ferguson medial approach for reduction of developmental hip dysplasia were reviewed for 24 hips. The mean age at surgery was 4.8 months and the mean length of clinical follow-up was 59 months. Clinically all hips were normal in follow-up and radiologically the acetabular index was within normal limits. There was the need for further surgery in two cases with loss of concentric reduction. There were two cases showing evidence of vascular insult post operatively according to the classification of Kalmachi and MacEwan. We conclude that the Ferguson medial approach is a safe and effective form of treatment for open reduction of developmental hip dysplasia in cases where closed reduction either has failed or is inappropriate. The age of the child or the presence of the upper femoral ossific nucleus does not appear to affect outcome. The procedure can safely be performed before six months of age.

['Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Hip Dislocation, Congenital', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Male', 'Orthopedic Procedures', 'Reoperation']

[['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['C05.660.297.500', 'C16.131.621.297.500', 'C16.131.621.449'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['E02.718', 'E04.555'], ['E04.690']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Social, not individual, identification is the key to understanding group phenomena.

Baumeister and colleagues argue for the indispensability of groups in human life. Yet, in positing individual differentiation as the key to effective group functioning, they adopt a Western-centric view of the relationship of the individual to the group and overlook an alternative social identity account in which depersonalisation, not individuation, is central to understanding many group phenomena.

['Humans', 'Individuation', 'Social Identification']

[['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.752.747.466'], ['F01.145.813.708']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Metabolic syndrome increases the prevalence of spine osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the prevalence of severe spinal osteoarthritis (OA) increases with the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors.METHODS: Data from a single surgeon's high volume, spine surgery practice were reviewed. Severe OA was defined as degenerative spondylolisthesis or cervical or lumbar stenosis causing neurologically based symptoms and early OA as lumbar and cervical spondylosis causing axial pain only. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine the odds (adjusted for age and sex) of having severe spine OA with more numerous MetS risk factors.RESULTS: Severe spinal OA was identified in 839/1502 patients (55.9%) and early OA in the remaining 663 individuals (44.1%). The overall prevalence of MetS was 30/1502 (2.0%): 26/839 (3.1%) in the severe OA group and 4/663 (0.6%) in the early OA group (P = 0.001). Presence of all four MetS risk factors was associated with almost quadruple the odds of having severe OA as compared with absence of risk factors (OR 3.9 [1.4-11.6], P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: The components of MetS are more prevalent in subjects with severe spinal OA than in those with spondylosis causing axial pain. Future study of the association between MetS and the incidence of OA is required.

['Body Mass Index', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Metabolic Syndrome', 'Middle Aged', 'Obesity', 'Osteoarthritis, Spine', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Risk Factors']

[['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C18.452.394.968.500.570', 'C18.452.625'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C18.654.726.500', 'C23.888.144.699.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500'], ['C05.116.900.853.625.399', 'C05.550.114.606.750', 'C05.550.114.865.399', 'C05.799.613.750'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Three channels of corticothalamic communication during locomotion.

We studied the flow of corticothalamic (CT) information from the motor cortex of the cat during two types of locomotion: visually guided (cortex dependent) and unguided. Spike trains of CT neurons in layers V (CT5s) and VI (CT6s) were examined. All CT5s had fast-conducting axons (<2 ms conduction time), and nearly all showed step-phase-related activity (94%), sensory receptive fields (100%), and spontaneous activity (100%). In contrast, conduction times along CT6 axons were much slower, with bimodal peaks occurring at 6 and 32 ms. Remarkably, almost none of the slowest conducting CT6s showed step-related activity, sensory receptive fields, or spontaneous activity. As a group, these enigmatic neurons were all but silent. Some of the CT6s with moderately conducting axons showed step-related behavior (35%), and this response was more precisely timed than that of the CT5s. We propose distinct functional roles for these diverse corticothalamic populations.

['Algorithms', 'Animals', 'Cats', 'Cerebral Cortex', 'Electric Conductivity', 'Electric Stimulation', 'Forelimb', 'Locomotion', 'Models, Animal', 'Neural Pathways', 'Neurons', 'Reinforcement, Psychology', 'Thalamus', 'Wakefulness']

[['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.377.750.250.125'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500'], ['G01.358.500.249.277'], ['E05.723.402'], ['A13.395'], ['G07.568.500', 'G11.427.410.568'], ['E05.598'], ['A08.612'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['F02.463.425.770'], ['A08.186.211.200.317.826'], ['F02.830.104.821', 'G11.561.035.738']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Phosphoglyceride crystal deposition disease.

An extremely rare phosphoglyceride deposition disease is reported. A healthy 62-year-old Japanese woman suffered from tumors that repeatedly appeared in injured soft tissues for more than 20 years. No immunologic disorders or abnormal laboratory data were found. Histology showed foreign body granulomas consisting of macrophages surrounding yellowish-white crystals. The crystals were weakly positive by von Kossa's method, were dissolved in 30% acetic acid with gas, and were easily dissolved in 0.1 N NaOH or potassium hydroxide, losing their crystal structure. Using a scanning electron microscopy X-ray microanalyzer, phosphorus and calcium peaks were detected. Phosphoglycerides were detected by microscopic infrared spectrophotometry and microsampling mass spectrometry. The gold hydroxamic acid method for detecting phosphoglyceride showed strong positive staining in the crystals. Based on the above analyses, the deposited crystals were regarded as phosphoglyceride, which bound calcium as a counter ion. The crystals tended to be deposited at sites of injury, where macrophages had accumulated. The patient had received many injections of a medicine made from alcohol extract from bovine liver. We suspect that this medicine was related to the cause of the deposition as the deposition repeatedly appeared at the site of the injections.

['Connective Tissue', 'Crystallization', 'Female', 'Glycerophospholipids', 'Granuloma, Foreign-Body', 'Humans', 'Macrophages', 'Mass Spectrometry', 'Microscopy, Electron', 'Middle Aged', 'Spectrophotometry, Infrared']

[['A10.165'], ['E05.196.300', 'G02.171'], ['D10.570.755.375.760.400'], ['C23.550.382.437', 'C26.392.560.325'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A11.329.372', 'A11.627.482', 'A11.733.397', 'A15.382.670.522', 'A15.382.680.397'], ['E05.196.566'], ['E01.370.350.515.402', 'E05.595.402'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.196.712.726.676', 'E05.196.867.826.676']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Cortical thickness is influenced by regionally specific genetic factors.

BACKGROUND: Although global brain structure is highly heritable, there is still variability in the magnitude of genetic influences on the size of specific regions. Yet, little is known about the patterning of those genetic influences, i.e., whether the same genes influence structure throughout the brain or whether there are regionally specific sets of genes.METHODS: We mapped the heritability of cortical thickness throughout the brain using three-dimensional structural magnetic resonance imaging in 404 middle-aged male twins. To assess the amount of genetic overlap between regions, we then mapped genetic correlations between three selected seed points and all other points comprising the continuous cortical surface.RESULTS: There was considerable regional variability in the magnitude of genetic influences on cortical thickness. The primary visual (V1) seed point had strong genetic correlations with posterior sensory and motor areas. The anterior temporal seed point had strong genetic correlations with anterior frontal regions but not with V1. The middle frontal seed point had strong genetic correlations with inferior parietal regions.CONCLUSIONS: These results provide strong evidence of regionally specific patterns rather than a single, global genetic factor. The patterns are largely consistent with a division between primary and association cortex, as well as broadly defined patterns of brain gene expression, neuroanatomical connectivity, and brain maturation trajectories, but no single explanation appears to be sufficient. The patterns do not conform to traditionally defined brain structure boundaries. This approach can serve as a step toward identifying novel phenotypes for genetic association studies of psychiatric disorders and normal and pathological cognitive aging.

['Adult', 'Cerebral Cortex', 'Female', 'Genetic Variation', 'Genotype', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Phenotype', 'Twins']

[['M01.060.116'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500'], ['G05.365'], ['G05.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['G05.695'], ['M01.438.873']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

A benchmark study on error-correction by read-pairing and tag-clustering in amplicon-based deep sequencing.

BACKGROUND: The high error rate of next generation sequencing (NGS) restricts some of its applications, such as monitoring virus mutations and detecting rare mutations in tumors. There are two commonly employed sequencing library preparation strategies to improve sequencing accuracy by correcting sequencing errors: read-pairing method and tag-clustering method (i.e. primer ID or UID). Here, we constructed a homogeneous library from a single clone, and compared the variant calling accuracy of these error-correction methods.RESULT: We comprehensively described the strengths and pitfalls of these methods. We found that both read-pairing and tag-clustering methods significantly decreased sequencing error rate. While the read-pairing method was more effective than the tag-clustering method at correcting insertion and deletion errors, it was not as effective as the tag-clustering method at correcting substitution errors. In addition, we observed that when the read quality was poor, the tag-clustering method led to huge coverage loss. We also tested the effect of applying quality score filtering to the error-correction methods and demonstrated that quality score filtering was able to impose a minor, yet statistically significant improvement to the error-correction methods tested in this study.CONCLUSION: Our study provides a benchmark for researchers to select suitable error-correction methods based on the goal of the experiment by balancing the trade-off between sequencing cost (i.e. sequencing coverage requirement) and detection sensitivity.

['High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA']

[['E05.393.760.319'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['E05.393.760.700']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

The tissue reactions of mice to infection with Heligmosmoides polygyrus.

The intestines of normal and resistant LAF1 mice were subjected to histologic study to determine the timing and mechanisms of resistance to reinfection by Heligmosmoides polygyrus. During reinfection third-stage larvae are less able to penetrate the intestinal wall. Larvae which are able to encyst develop at a slower rate and provoke an increase in nonspecific inflammation around their cysts. After emergence from intestinal cysts, preadults are rapidly lost, but at no time were injured or destroyed larvae or adults noted. Exsheathed larvae were injected via tail vein into control, sensitized and resistant BALB/c mice. The inflammatory response around entrapped larvae in the lung was measured at 1, 2, 4, and 8 days. A heightened inflammatory response, consisting primarily of polymorphonuclear cells with some round cells which peaked in size on day 2, was observed in both sensitized and resistant mice. A similar heightened inflammatory response was also observed in both AKR (non-resistant) BALB/c (resistant) mice vaccinated subcutaneously with exsheathed larvae.

['Animals', 'Female', 'Immunity, Innate', 'Inflammation', 'Intestines', 'Larva', 'Lung', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred AKR', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Nematode Infections', 'Nematospiroides dubius']

[['B01.050'], ['G12.450.564'], ['C23.550.470'], ['A03.556.124'], ['B05.500.500', 'G07.345.500.550.500.500'], ['A04.411'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.318', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.318'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.338', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.338'], ['C01.610.335.508'], ['B01.050.500.500.294.400.968.400.550.275']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

WhatSAP - 2B4 sends mixed messages in the absence of SAP.

2B4 (CD244), a member of the SLAM-related receptor family, has important immuno-regulatory functions including coactivating the cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion of NK cells. Immune modulation by 2B4 is dependent on the small intracellular signaling molecule SAP. In patients suffering from X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP1), SAP is nonfunctional, not only abolishing the activating function of 2B4, but rendering this receptor inhibitory. In this issue of European Journal of Immunology, Meazza et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 1526-1534.] demonstrate that 2B4-mediated inhibition in NK cells from XLP1 patients is selective. While the activation of NK cells via ITAM-based receptors is blocked by inhibitory 2B4, DNAM-1, and NKG2D-dependent NK-cell activation is not affected by SAP deficiency. These findings provide an important insight into the different defective NK-cell functions in XLP1 patients and demonstrate the differential integration of redundant receptor signaling pathways in NK cells.

['Animals', 'Antigens, CD', 'Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte', 'Humans', 'Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins', 'Killer Cells, Natural', 'Lymphocyte Activation', 'Lymphoproliferative Disorders', 'NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K', 'Receptors, Immunologic', 'Signal Transduction', 'Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein', 'Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family']

[['B01.050'], ['D23.050.301.264.035', 'D23.101.100.110'], ['D23.050.301.264.894', 'D23.101.100.894'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.360', 'D12.776.476'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.537', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.537', 'A15.382.490.555.567.537'], ['E01.370.225.812.482', 'E05.200.812.482', 'E05.478.594.530', 'G12.450.050.400.545', 'G12.565'], ['C15.604.515', 'C20.683.515'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.895.800.910'], ['D12.776.543.750.705'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['D12.644.360.024.332', 'D12.776.157.057.166', 'D12.776.476.024.426'], ['D12.776.395.550.736', 'D12.776.543.550.746', 'D12.776.543.750.705.970']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]']

Program closure and change among VA substance abuse treatment programs.

OBJECTIVE: The population of Veterans Affairs (VA) substance abuse treatment programs in 1990 and 1994 was examined to determine which factors-program legitimacy or cost-accounted for program closure and change. Legitimacy is a concept in institutional theory that organizations tend to take on a form appropriate to the environment.METHODS: The study had two competing hypotheses. The first was that if external pressures push programs to produce high-quality and efficient treatment, then those that are initially closer to the legitimate form should be less likely to close later, and among surviving programs they should be less likely to experience change. The second hypothesis was that cost is the primary factor in program closure and change. The study used data from administrative surveys of all VA programs (273 in 1990 and 389 in 1994). Program legitimacy variables measured whether programs offered the prevalent type of treatment, such as 12-step groups or behavioral treatment, and had the prevalent type of staff.RESULTS: Program costs did not explain closure or change. For inpatient programs, the risk of closure increased in facilities with more than one substance abuse treatment program. The risk of closure increased for outpatient programs offering the prevalent type of treatment, contrary to what was predicted by the legitimacy hypothesis. Inpatient programs that offered the prevalent treatment were less likely to change the type of treatment offered.CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of change differed over time for inpatient and outpatient programs. Legitimacy factors, rather than cost, seem to play a role in program closure and change, although the picture is clearer for inpatient programs than for outpatient programs.

['Health Facility Closure', 'Health Personnel', 'Humans', 'Mental Health Services', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Substance-Related Disorders', 'United States', 'United States Department of Veterans Affairs']

[['N02.278.218', 'N05.300.430.390'], ['M01.526.485', 'N02.360'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F04.408', 'N02.421.461'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['C25.775', 'F03.900'], ['Z01.107.567.875'], ['I01.409.418.750.700', 'N03.540.348.500.500.700']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

A NASBA method to detect high- and low-pathogenicity H5 avian influenza viruses.

Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) allows the rapid amplification of specific regions of nucleic acid obtained from a diverse range of sources. It is especially suitable for amplifying RNA sequences. A NASBA technique was developed that allows the detection of avian influenza A subtype H5 from allantoic fluid harvested from inoculated chick embryos. The amplified viral RNA is detected by electrochemiluminescence. The described NASBA technique is a specific, rapid, and sensitive method of detection of influenza A subtype H5 viruses. More importantly, it can be used to distinguish high- and low-pathogenicity strains of the H5 subtype.

['Allantois', 'Animals', 'Base Sequence', 'Birds', 'Chick Embryo', 'DNA Primers', 'Influenza A virus', 'Influenza in Birds', 'RNA, Viral', 'Self-Sustained Sequence Replication', 'Sensitivity and Specificity']

[['A10.615.284.147', 'A16.254.750.147'], ['B01.050'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['B01.050.150.900.248'], ['A13.350.150', 'A16.331.200'], ['D13.695.578.424.450.275', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.600'], ['B04.820.480.968.405.400'], ['C01.925.782.620.300', 'C22.131.450'], ['D13.444.735.828'], ['E05.393.620.700'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Mechanisms of increased NGF production in vascular smooth muscle of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) was developed as a genetic model of essential hypertension. In vivo and in vitro evidence demonstrates that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the SHR produce more nerve growth factor (NGF) than the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control strain. This increased NGF production is accompanied by excessive innervation of target tissues in the SHR. In the present study, a sensitive, competitive, quantitative, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (C Q RT-PCR) assay is characterized and used to analyze levels of NGF mRNA in cultured VSMCs derived from the SHR and WKY strains as well as bladder tissue. Differences in NGF secretion rates between SHR and WKY VSMCs were partially due to an increased stability of NGF mRNA in SHR VSMCs. Following treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta 1) to elevate NGF production, the half-life of the NGF mRNA was 104.5 +/- 18.0 min in SHR VSMCs, compared to only 36.5 +/- 11.6 min in WKY VSMCs. Sequence analysis of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) revealed no strain differences in cis-acting sequences potentially involved in determining mRNA stability. Thus, it seems unlikely to be a 3'UTR mutation that prolongs mRNA lifetime. Rather, differential regulation of an RNA-binding protein may play a role in the abnormal NGF mRNA stability in SHR VSMCs. SHR VSMCs also demonstrate an increased translational efficiency of NGF protein; more NGF protein is synthesized per unit of NGF mRNA. The use of a C Q RT-PCR assay has allowed the determination that abnormal NGF mRNA stabilization as well as altered translational efficiency may contribute to excess NGF synthesis and progressive hypertension in the SHR.

['Animals', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Culture Media, Serum-Free', 'Dactinomycin', 'Muscle, Smooth', 'Muscle, Smooth, Vascular', 'Mutation', 'Nerve Growth Factors', 'Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors', 'Platelet-Derived Growth Factor', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Protein Biosynthesis', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred SHR', 'Rats, Inbred WKY', 'Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid', 'Species Specificity', 'Transcription, Genetic', 'Transforming Growth Factor beta', 'Urinary Bladder']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Monitoring winter and summer abundance of cetaceans in the Pelagos Sanctuary (northwestern Mediterranean Sea) through aerial surveys.

Systematic long-term monitoring of abundance is essential to inform conservation measures and evaluate their effectiveness. To instigate such work in the Pelagos Sanctuary in the Mediterranean, two aerial surveys were conducted in winter and summer 2009. A total of 467 (131 in winter, 336 in summer) sightings of 7 species was made. Sample sizes were sufficient to estimate abundance of fin whales in summer (148; 95% CI = 87-254) and striped dolphins in winter (19,462; 95% CI = 12 939-29 273) and in summer (38 488; 95% CI = 27 447-53 968). Numbers of animals within the Sanctuary are significantly higher in summer, when human activities and thus potential population level impacts are highest. Comparisons with data from past shipboard surveys suggest an appreciable decrease in fin whales within the Sanctuary area and an appreciable increase in striped dolphins. Aerial surveys proved to be more efficient than ship surveys, allowing more robust estimates, with smaller CIs and CVs. These results provide essential baseline data for this marine protected area and continued regular surveys will allow the effectiveness of the MPA in terms of cetacean conservation to be evaluated and inform future management measures. The collected data may also be crucial in assessing whether ship strikes, one of the main causes of death for fin whales in the Mediterranean, are affecting the Mediterranean population.

['Animals', 'Conservation of Natural Resources', 'Data Collection', 'Environmental Monitoring', 'Fin Whale', 'Mediterranean Sea', 'Population Density', 'Seasons', 'Stenella']

[['B01.050'], ['J01.256', 'N06.230.080'], ['E05.318.308', 'L01.399.250', 'N05.715.360.300', 'N06.850.520.308'], ['N06.850.460.350.080', 'N06.850.780.375'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.875.865.100.350'], ['Z01.756.592'], ['N01.224.600', 'N06.850.505.400.600'], ['G01.910.645.661', 'G16.500.275.071.590', 'N06.230.300.100.250.525'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.875.267.750']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Stability of elastin in the developing mouse aorta: a quantitative radioautographic study.

Elastic lamina growth during development and the ultimate stability of elastin in the mouse aortic media was investigated by light and electron microscopic radioautography. Following a single subcutaneous injection of L-[3,4-3H]valine at 3 days of age, animals were killed at 9 subsequent time intervals up to 4 months of age. One day after injection, radioautographic silver grains were primarily observed over the elastic laminae; however, silver grains were also seen over the smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix. By 21 to 28 days of age, the silver grains were almost exclusively located over the elastic laminae. From 28 days to 4 months of age, the distribution of silver grains appeared relatively unchanged. Quantitation of silver grain number/micron2 of elastin showed a steady decrease in the concentration of silver grains associated with the elastic laminae from 4 to 21 days of age. After this time, no significant difference in silver grain concentration was observed. Since the initial decrease in grains/micron2 of elastin corresponds to a period of rapid post-natal growth, the decrease is likely to be a result of dilution of the radiolabel due to new elastin synthesis. With the assumption that little or no significant turnover occurs during this time, a constant growth rate of 4.3% per day was predicted by linear regression analysis. Since no significant difference in the concentration of silver grains was observed from 28 to 118 days of age, no new growth or turnover of elastin can be said to occur during this time period. This is supported by the observation that animals injected with radiolabeled valine at 28 days and 8 months of age showed no significant incorporation of radiolabel into the elastic laminae. The results from this study present the first long-term radioautographic evidence of the stability of aortic elastin and emphasize that initial deposition of elastin and proper assembly of elastic laminae is a critical event in vessel development.

['Aging', 'Animals', 'Aorta', 'Autoradiography', 'Drug Stability', 'Elastin', 'Light', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Microscopy', 'Microscopy, Electron', 'Muscle, Smooth, Vascular', 'Tritium', 'Valine']

[['G07.345.124'], ['B01.050'], ['A07.015.114.056'], ['E01.370.225.750.132', 'E05.200.750.132', 'E05.799.256'], ['E05.916.330'], ['D05.750.078.421', 'D12.776.860.300.350'], ['G01.358.500.505.650', 'G01.590.540', 'G01.750.250.650', 'G01.750.770.578'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['E01.370.350.515', 'E05.595', 'H01.671.617.562'], ['E01.370.350.515.402', 'E05.595.402'], ['A02.633.570.491', 'A07.015.733.500', 'A10.690.467.491'], ['D01.268.406.875', 'D01.362.340.875', 'D01.496.749.925'], ['D12.125.070.950', 'D12.125.142.930']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Takayasu's arteritis and its therapy.

Twenty patients with Takayasu's arteritis were followed prospectively for an average of 4.6 years. Sixteen patients with active inflammatory Takayasu's arteritis were treated with glucocorticosteroids; eight responded to therapy. Six patients had clinical or angiographic progression of their vasculitis on daily corticosteroid therapy. These patients were then given cyclophosphamide together with prednisone on alternate days. Four of these 6 patients had no progression of vascular lesions while receiving cyclophosphamide; two had progression of vascular lesions after 30 and 48 months of therapy. Vascular reconstructive surgery was successful in 7 patients who tolerated a total of 13 vascular surgical procedures without major complications. One bypass graft occluded after 13 months and was revised. With corticosteroid therapy, cytotoxic therapy, and surgery, no deaths due to Takayasu's arteritis or its treatment have occurred.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aortic Arch Syndromes', 'Arteritis', 'Child', 'Combined Modality Therapy', 'Cyclophosphamide', 'Drug Therapy, Combination', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Prednisone', 'Prospective Studies', 'Takayasu Arteritis']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['C14.907.109.239'], ['C14.907.940.090'], ['M01.060.406'], ['E02.186'], ['D02.455.526.728.650.730.243', 'D02.705.672.500.243'], ['E02.319.310'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.719.702'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['C14.907.109.239.650', 'C14.907.940.090.800', 'C17.800.862.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

Direct Dynamic Kinetic Analysis and Computer Simulation of Growth of Clostridium perfringens in Cooked Turkey during Cooling.

This research applied a new 1-step methodology to directly construct a tertiary model that describes the growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey meat under dynamically cooling conditions. The kinetic parameters of the growth models were determined by numerical analysis and optimization using multiple dynamic growth curves. The models and kinetic parameters were validated using independent growth curves obtained under various cooling conditions. The results showed that the residual errors (å) of the predictions followed a Laplace distribution that is symmetric with respect to å = 0. For residual errors, 90.6% are within ±0.5 Log CFU/g and 73.4% are ±0.25 Log CFU/g for all growth curves used for validation. For relative growth <1.0 Log CFU/g, 88.9% of the residual errors are within ±0.5 Log CFU/g, and 63.0% are within ±0.25 Log CFU/g. For relative growth of <2.0 Log CFU/g, 92.7% of the residual errors are within ±0.5 Log CFU/g, and 70.3% are within ±0.25 Log CFU/g. The scale and distribution of residual errors clearly suggests that the models and estimated kinetic parameters are reasonably accurate in predicting the growth of C. perfringens. Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the probabilities of >1.0 and 2.0 Log CFU/g relative growth of C. perfringens in the final products at the end of cooling. This probabilistic process analysis approach provides a new alternative for estimating and managing the risk of a product and can help the food industry and regulatory agencies assess the safety of cooked meat in the event of cooling deviation.

['Animals', 'Clostridium perfringens', 'Colony Count, Microbial', 'Computer Simulation', 'Cooking', 'Food Handling', 'Food Microbiology', 'Food-Processing Industry', 'Humans', 'Kinetics', 'Meat', 'Models, Biological', 'Temperature', 'Turkeys']

[['B01.050'], ['B03.300.390.400.200.575', 'B03.353.625.375.500.575', 'B03.510.415.400.200.575'], ['E01.370.225.875.220', 'E05.200.875.220'], ['L01.224.160'], ['J01.576.423.200.200'], ['J01.576.423.200'], ['H01.158.273.540.274.332', 'J01.576.423.850.730.500.249.300', 'N06.850.425.200', 'N06.850.460.400.300', 'N06.850.601.500.249.300'], ['J01.576.423.200.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['G07.203.300.600', 'J02.500.600'], ['E05.599.395'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.800', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.800']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

[Method of evaluating the psychological conflict in patients who have had a myocardial infarct].

A test for quantitative appraisal of psychological confliction is described. A variant of the "Polar personality profiles" method (SDF) is used as the basis of the test. The corresponding scheme for presenting the SDF and interpreting the data obtained is elaborated. Data obtained during clinical interrogations were used for validation of the test. One hundred and forty-five males were examined 1.5 to 2 months after recovery from myocardial infarction. A close correlatin was noted between the clinical data and the results of SDF. The results of the study show that the suggested method makes it possible to obtain reliable quantitative data concerning the psychological confliction of patients who had myocardial infarction.

['Conflict, Psychological', 'Humans', 'Interpersonal Relations', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'Personality Tests', 'Psychological Tests', 'Semantic Differential']

[['F01.658.209'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.401'], ['C14.280.647.500', 'C14.907.585.500', 'C23.550.513.355.750', 'C23.550.717.489.750'], ['F04.711.647'], ['F04.711'], ['F02.694.663', 'F04.711.647.745']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Physical Fitness Among Swedish Military Conscripts and Long-Term Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Early-life physical fitness has rarely been examined in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in adulthood because of the lengthy follow-up required. Elucidation of modifiable risk factors at young ages may help facilitate earlier and more effective interventions.OBJECTIVE: To examine aerobic capacity and muscle strength at age 18 years in relation to risk for type 2 DM in adulthood.DESIGN: National cohort study.SETTING: Sweden.PARTICIPANTS: 1 534 425 military conscripts from 1969 to 1997 (97% to 98% of all men aged 18 years nationwide) without prior type 2 DM.MEASUREMENTS: Aerobic capacity and muscle strength (measured in watts and newtons per kilogram of body weight, respectively) were examined in relation to type 2 DM identified from outpatient and inpatient diagnoses from 1987 to 2012 (maximum age, 62 years).RESULTS: 34 008 men were diagnosed with type 2 DM in 39.4 million person-years of follow-up. Low aerobic capacity and muscle strength were independently associated with increased risk for type 2 DM. The absolute difference in cumulative incidence of type 2 DM between the lowest and highest tertiles of both aerobic capacity and strength was 0.22% at 20 years of follow-up (95% CI, 0.20% to 0.25%), 0.76% at 30 years (CI, 0.71% to 0.81%), and 3.97% at 40 years (CI, 3.87% to 4.06%). Overall, the combination of low aerobic capacity and muscle strength was associated with a 3-fold risk for type 2 DM (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.07 [CI, 2.88 to 3.27]; P < 0.001), with a positive additive interaction (P < 0.001). These associations were seen even among men with normal body mass index.LIMITATION: This cohort did not include women and did not measure physical fitness at older ages.CONCLUSION: In this large cohort of Swedish male military conscripts, low aerobic capacity and muscle strength at age 18 years were associated with increased long-term risk for type 2 DM, even among those with normal body mass index.PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institutes of Health.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Body Mass Index', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Exercise Test', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Incidence', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Military Personnel', 'Muscle Strength', 'Oxygen Consumption', 'Physical Fitness', 'Risk Factors', 'Socioeconomic Factors', 'Sweden']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['C18.452.394.750.149', 'C19.246.300'], ['E01.370.370.380.250', 'E01.370.386.700.250', 'E05.333.250'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['M01.526.625'], ['E01.370.600.425', 'G11.427.560'], ['G03.680'], ['G11.427.685', 'I03.450.642.845.054.800', 'N01.400.545'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['I01.880.853.996', 'N01.824'], ['Z01.542.816.500']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for minor strokes: the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study experience.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Acute ischemic stroke patients eligible for tissue plasminogen activator and with less severe neurologic deficits, although still generally benefiting from therapy, may have a different risk-benefit profile than all eligible acute stroke patients. We address whether patients with a minor stroke should receive tissue plasminogen activator, analyze minor stroke syndromes in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study, and define what constitutes a "minor stroke."METHODS: The NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study included 624 patients with acute ischemic stroke within 180 minutes of symptom onset within a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. To explore the relationship among stroke severity, thrombolytic therapy, and stroke outcome, we defined minor strokes (5 specified definitions) based on the standardized data available at treatment decision, including National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. We studied prespecified clinical outcomes, including 3-month favorable outcome (global statistic) defined from a set of standardized clinical scales, dichotomized clinical outcome at 3 months (good=modified Rankin Scale < or =2, bad=modified Rankin Scale >2), and risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage.RESULTS: For each of the 5 definitions of minor stroke, adjusted odds ratios for treatment benefit were consistently 2.0 with the lower 95% confidence limit, ranging from 1.4 to 1.5, and the upper 95% confidence limit, ranging from 2.7 to 2.9. There were less frequent "bad" outcomes (modified Rankin Scale >2) after therapy with tissue plasminogen activator than placebo. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage within 36 hours of treatment had a frequency in the tissue plasminogen activator-treated subjects, ranging from 0% to 4%, depending on minor stroke definition.CONCLUSION: Recognizing the limitations of post hoc subgroup analyses, we could not detect a difference in the beneficial effects of tissue plasminogen activator in patients with minor stroke syndromes compared to the overall treatment effects in the entire cohort. Our data suggest that the risk-benefit ratio for using tissue plasminogen activator in minor-stroke patients favors treatment in eligible patients.

['Confidence Intervals', 'Double-Blind Method', 'Fibrinolytic Agents', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Odds Ratio', 'Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care', 'Stroke', 'Tissue Plasminogen Activator', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['E05.318.740.275', 'N05.715.360.750.220', 'N06.850.520.830.275'], ['E05.318.370.300', 'E05.581.500.300', 'N05.715.360.325.320', 'N06.850.520.445.300'], ['D27.505.519.421.750', 'D27.505.954.411.320', 'D27.505.954.502.427'], ['E02.760.400', 'N02.421.585.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['N04.761.559', 'N05.715.360.575'], ['C10.228.140.300.775', 'C14.907.253.855'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.875', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.875', 'D12.776.124.125.662.768', 'D23.119.970'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]']

Quantitative T1 Mapping for Detecting Microvascular Obstruction in Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction: Comparison with Late Gadolinium Enhancement Imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To compare native and post-contrast T1 mapping with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging for detecting and measuring the microvascular obstruction (MVO) area in reperfused acute myocardial infarction (MI).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 20 patients with acute MI who had undergone 1.5T cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) after reperfusion therapy. CMR included cine imaging, LGE, and T1 mapping (modified look-locker inversion recovery). MI size was calculated from LGE by full-width at half-maximum technique. MVO was defined as an area with low signal intensity (LGE) or as a region of visually distinguishable T1 values (T1 maps) within infarcted myocardium. Regional T1 values were measured in MVO, infarcted, and remote myocardium on T1 maps. MVO area was measured on and compared among LGE, native, and post-contrast T1 maps.RESULTS: The mean MI size was 27.1 ± 9.7% of the left ventricular mass. Of the 20 identified MVOs, 18 (90%) were detected on native T1 maps, while 10 (50%) were recognized on post-contrast T1 maps. The mean native T1 values of MVO, infarcted, and remote myocardium were 1013.5 ± 58.5, 1240.9 ± 55.8 (p < 0.001), and 1062.2 ± 55.8 ms (p = 0.169), respectively, while the mean post-contrast T1 values were 466.7 ± 26.8, 399.1 ± 21.3, and 585.2 ± 21.3 ms, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean MVO areas on LGE, native, and post-contrast T1 maps were 134.1 ± 81.2, 133.7 ± 80.4, and 117.1 ± 53.3 mm², respectively. The median (interquartile range) MVO areas on LGE, native, and post-contrast T1 maps were 128.0 (58.1-215.4), 110.5 (67.7-227.9), and 143.0 (76.7-155.3) mm², respectively (p = 0.002). Concordance correlation coefficients for the MVO area between LGE and native T1 maps, LGE and post-contrast T1 maps, and native and post-contrast T1 maps were 0.770, 0.375, and 0.565, respectively.CONCLUSION: MVO areas were accurately delineated on native T1 maps and showed high concordance with the areas measured on LGE. However, post-contrast T1 maps had low detection rates and underestimated MVO areas. Collectively, native T1 mapping is a useful tool for detecting MVO within the infarcted myocardium.

['Adult', 'Contrast Media', 'Female', 'Gadolinium', 'Heart', 'Humans', 'Image Enhancement', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'Myocardial Reperfusion Injury', 'Myocardium']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D27.505.259.500', 'D27.720.259'], ['D01.268.558.362.484', 'D01.552.550.399.484'], ['A07.541'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.600.350', 'L01.224.308.380'], ['E01.370.350.825.500.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C14.280.647.500', 'C14.907.585.500', 'C23.550.513.355.750', 'C23.550.717.489.750'], ['C14.280.238.615', 'C14.280.647.625', 'C14.907.585.625', 'C14.907.725.600', 'C23.550.767.877.500'], ['A02.633.580', 'A07.541.704', 'A10.690.552.750']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]']

Functional Status Is Associated With 30-Day Potentially Preventable Readmissions Following Skilled Nursing Facility Discharge Among Medicare Beneficiaries.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine the association between patients' functional status at discharge from skilled nursing facility (SNF) care and 30-day potentially preventable hospital readmissions, and to examine common reasons for potentially preventable readmissions.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.SETTING: SNFs and acute care hospitals submitting claims to Medicare.PARTICIPANTS: National cohort of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries discharged from SNF care between July 15, 2013, and July 15, 2014 (n = 693,808). Average age was 81.4 (SD 8.1) years, 67.1% were women, and 86.3% were non-Hispanic white.MEASUREMENTS: Functional items from the Minimum Data Set 3.0 were categorized into self-care, mobility, and cognition domains. We used specifications for the SNF potentially preventable 30-day postdischarge readmission quality metric to identify potentially preventable readmissions.RESULTS: The overall observed rate of 30-day potentially preventable readmissions following SNF discharge was 5.7% (n = 39,318). All 3 functional domains were independently associated with potentially preventable readmissions in the multivariable models. Odds ratios for the most dependent category versus the least dependent category from multilevel models adjusted for patients' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were as follows: mobility, 1.54 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49-1.59); self-care, 1.50 (95% CI 1.44-1.55); and cognition, 1.12 (95% CI 1.04-1.20). The 5 most common conditions were congestive heart failure (n = 7654, 19.5%), septicemia (n = 7412, 18.9%), urinary tract infection/kidney infection (n = 4297, 10.9%), bacterial pneumonia (n = 3663, 9.3%), and renal failure (n = 3587, 9.1%). Across all 3 functional domains, septicemia was the most common condition among the most dependent patients and congestive heart failure among the least dependent.CONCLUSIONS: Patients with functional limitations at SNF discharge are at increased risk of hospital readmissions considered potentially preventable. Future research is needed to determine whether improving functional status reduces risk of potentially preventable readmissions among this vulnerable population.

['Activities of Daily Living', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Cohort Studies', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Geriatric Assessment', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Medicare', 'Odds Ratio', 'Patient Discharge', 'Patient Readmission', 'Physical Fitness', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Risk Assessment', 'Skilled Nursing Facilities', 'Texas', 'Time Factors', 'United States']

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['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Medial lower lid epiblepharon repair solely by skin-redraping medial epicanthoplasty.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate clinical efficacy of a procedure using solely skin-redraping medial epicanthoplasty without traditional epiblepharon correction methods in patients with medial lower lid epiblepharon with epicanthal fold.METHODS: This clinical practice study included 24 eyes of 12 patients with medial lower lid epiblepharon who underwent epiblepharon repairs from January to September 2012. The patients included were those whose cilia touch disappeared with medial epicanthal fold traction for temporary medial epicanthal fold repair during preoperative examination. The patients underwent the sole procedure of skin-redraping medial epicanthoplasty.RESULTS: The mean age was 7.50 ± 3.23 years and the mean period of follow-up was 12.5 ± 3.80 months. Complete correction of cilia touch was observed in all patients. Surgical complications such as canalicular injury, skin fold, severe hypertrophic scar and excessive haemorrhage were not observed in any patients. Cosmetic results of surgical intervention were considered satisfactory by all patients, including one case of mild scar formation. There was no recurrence during the follow-up period.CONCLUSIONS: For patients with medial lower lid epiblepharon with epicanthal fold without excessive skin and muscle, a simple skin-redraping medial epicanthoplasty without traditional epiblepharon correction methods showed good results of epiblepharon repair.

['Adolescent', 'Blepharoplasty', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Dermatologic Surgical Procedures', 'Eyelid Diseases', 'Eyelids', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Surgical Flaps', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.057'], ['E04.540.104', 'E04.680.275.090'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['E04.680.275'], ['C11.338'], ['A01.456.505.420.504', 'A09.371.337'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A10.850.710', 'E07.862.710'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

The requirement for surface Ig signaling as a prerequisite for T cell:B cell interactions. A possible role for desialylation.

Models for T cell:B cell collaboration suggest that activated B cells process and present Ag to Th cells which subsequently induce B cell proliferation and differentiation. In contrast to activated B cells, resting B cells have generally been shown to be less efficient APC. If this model of T:B collaboration is physiologically correct, then resting B cells must undergo a phenotypic change that permits effective interaction with T cells. In this report, the requirement for rapid signaling through surface Ig on resting B cells for the induction of T:B interaction was investigated with an in vitro clustering assay. Resting splenic B cells were unable to form specific conjugates with T cell clones, unless the B cells were first treated with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid. In contrast, LPS-activated B cells were able to form conjugates without prior treatment. The ability of antibody against LFA-1 or L3T4 to inhibit cluster formation depended on the state of B cell activation in that anti-LFA-1 and anti-L3T4 mAb inhibited cluster formation by neuraminidase-treated resting B cells, but not by LPS-activated B cells. In addition, Ag-specific B cells which were isolated by their capacity to bind specific Ag were able to form clusters without any additional treatment. Moreover, treatment of resting splenic B cells with anti-mu-antibody induced clustering potential in B cells in as little as 10 min, suggesting that signaling through surface Ig was sufficient to induce this phenotypic change in B cells. Furthermore, activation of protein kinase C and Ca2+ mobilization were shown to be involved in that PMA and ionomycin treatment were also able to induce clustering potential in resting B cells. The rapid induction of clustering potential in resting B cells after signaling through surface Ig may represent a fundamental change in B cell physiology which occurs after recognition of specific Ag and may be required for effective cognate recognition between resting hapten-specific B cells and carrier-specific T cells. The potential role of desialylation for the induction of T:B interaction is discussed.

['Animals', 'Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic', 'Antigen-Presenting Cells', 'Antigens, Surface', 'B-Lymphocytes', 'Cell Aggregation', 'Female', 'Immunoglobulin mu-Chains', 'Lymphocyte Activation', 'Lymphocyte Cooperation', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Mice, Inbred DBA', 'N-Acetylneuraminic Acid', 'Neuraminidase', 'Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell', 'Sialic Acids', 'T-Lymphocytes']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Oral Administration of Polymyxin B Modulates the Activity of Lipooligosaccharide E. coli B against Lung Metastases in Murine Tumor Models.

INTRODUCTION: Polymyxin B (PmB) belongs to the group of cyclic peptide antibiotics, which neutralize the activity of LPS by binding to lipid A. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of PmB on the biological activity of lipooligosaccharide (LOS E. coli B,rough form of LPS) in vitro and in experimental metastasis models.RESULTS: Cultures of murine macrophage J774A.1 cells and murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC) stimulated in vitro with LOS and supplemented with PmB demonstrated a decrease in inflammatory cytokine production (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-á) and down-regulation of CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC class II molecule expression. Additionally, PmB suspended in drinking water was given to the C57BL/6 mice seven or five days prior to the intravenous injection of B16 or LLC cells and intraperitoneal application of LOS. This strategy of PmB administration was continued throughout the duration of the experiments (29 or 21 days). In B16 model, statistically significant decrease in the number of metastases in mice treated with PmB and LOS (p<0.01) was found on the 14th day of the experiments, whereas the most intensive changes in surface-antigen expression and ex vivo production of IL-6, IL-1â and TNF-á by peritoneal cells were observed 7 days earlier. By contrast, antigen expression and ex vivo production of IL-6, IL-10, IFN-ã by splenocytes remained relatively high and stable. Statistically significant decrease in LLC metastases number was observed after the application of LOS (p<0.01) and in the group of mice preconditioned by PmB and subsequently treated with LOS (LOS + PmB, p<0.01).CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, prolonged in vivo application of PmB was not able to neutralize the LOS-induced immune cell activity but its presence in the organism of treated mice was important in modulation of the LOS-mediated response against the development of metastases.

['Administration, Oral', 'Animals', 'Carcinoma, Lewis Lung', 'Concanavalin A', 'Cytokines', 'Dendritic Cells', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Escherichia coli', 'Female', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Lipopolysaccharides', 'Lung', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Lymphocytes', 'Macrophages, Peritoneal', 'Melanoma, Experimental', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Phenotype', 'Polymyxin B', 'Spleen']

[['E02.319.267.100'], ['B01.050'], ['C04.557.470.200.280', 'C04.619.230'], ['D12.776.503.499.500', 'D12.776.765.678.500'], ['D12.644.276.374', 'D12.776.467.374', 'D23.529.374'], ['A11.066.270', 'A11.436.270', 'A15.382.066.270', 'A15.382.670.260'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['D09.400.500', 'D09.698.718.450', 'D10.494', 'D23.050.161.616.525', 'D23.946.123.329.500'], ['A04.411'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['A11.118.637.555.567', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567', 'A15.382.490.555.567'], ['A11.329.372.630', 'A11.627.482.630', 'A11.733.397.630', 'A15.382.670.522.630', 'A15.382.680.397.630'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.510.525', 'C04.557.580.625.650.510.525', 'C04.557.665.510.525', 'C04.619.600', 'E05.598.500.496.937'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['G05.695'], ['D04.345.566.780.750', 'D10.477.750.750', 'D12.644.050.600.750', 'D12.644.641.780.750', 'D12.776.543.695.054.600.750'], ['A10.549.700', 'A15.382.520.604.700']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Identification and analysis of the site of -1 ribosomal frameshifting in red clover necrotic mosaic virus.

The genomic RNA-1 of red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus (RCNMV) contains the heptanucleotide GGAUUUU that precedes the termination codon of the 5' proximal p27 open reading frame (ORF). This heptanucleotide is followed by a sequence with the potential to form a stable, complex secondary structure. Translation of RNA-1 is postulated to utilize a -1 ribosomal frameshifting mechanism to express the 88-kDa viral RNA polymerase. Using site-directed mutagenesis together with cell-free translation to monitor frameshifting and a biological assay of the mutants in plants, we establish the role of the GGAUUUU as the site where -1 ribosomal frameshifting occurs. The frameshifting signal sequence conforms to the simultaneous slippage model. Stop codons flanking the shifty signal are not required for frameshifting but the p27 ORF termination codon is necessary for maintaining optimal infectivity of the virus. Mutations abolishing the RCNMV RNA-1 internal p57 ORF initiation codon did not affect infectivity of the virus, suggesting that this cistron is only expressed in vivo as an 88-kDa ribosomal frameshifting product. Shifty heptanucleotide signals from a number of animal retroviruses and RNA plant viruses facilitate RCNMV frameshifting in vitro. However, only a limited number of the heterologous shifty heptanucleotides were functional in plant cells. We suggest that specific shifty tRNA populations in the cell facilitate viral -1 ribosomal frameshifting. This analysis also suggests that the slippery sequence requirements are not identical in mammalian and in plant systems.

['Base Sequence', 'DNA Mutational Analysis', 'Fabaceae', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Mosaic Viruses', 'Mutagenesis, Site-Directed', 'Nucleic Acid Conformation', 'Oligoribonucleotides', 'Plants, Medicinal', 'Plants, Toxic', 'Protein Biosynthesis', 'Reading Frames', 'Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid', 'Sequence Analysis, RNA', 'Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid', 'Tobacco']

[['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['E05.393.760.700.300'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.401'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['B04.715.464'], ['E05.393.420.601.575'], ['G02.111.570.820.486', 'G05.360.580'], ['D13.695.578.424.500'], ['B01.650.560'], ['B01.650.660'], ['G02.111.660.871', 'G03.734.871', 'G05.297.670'], ['G05.360.335.760'], ['G02.111.570.080.689', 'G05.360.080.689'], ['E05.393.760.710'], ['G02.111.810.550', 'G05.810.550'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.908.500.900']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: Using data from the Japan Adult Cardiovascular Surgery Database, we evaluated the prognostic influence of off-pump technique in patients with low ejection fraction who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting.METHODS: We analyzed 2187 patients with an ejection fraction <0.30 who underwent primary, nonemergency, isolated coronary artery bypass grafting between 2008 and 2012, as reported in the Japan Adult Cardiovascular Surgery Database. Patients were divided into on-pump (n = 1134; 51.1%) and off-pump (n = 1053; 48.9%) coronary artery bypass grafting groups. Propensity-score matching for 20 preoperative variables was performed, and early mortality and morbidity were compared between matched groups.RESULTS: Propensity-score matching created 918 pairs. Of the 918 patients in the off-pump group, conversion to an on-pump procedure occurred in 56 (6.1%). Compared with on-pump, off-pump technique was associated with significantly lower incidences of 30-day death (1.7% vs 3.7%; P = .01), operative death (3.3% vs 6.1%; P = .006), mediastinitis (1.9% vs 3.4%; P = .041), reoperation for bleeding (0.9% vs 3.5%; P < .001), and prolonged ventilation (8.2% vs 13.4%; P < .001). Comparison of patients undergoing off-pump versus on-pump procedures demonstrated no significant differences in the incidence of stroke (1.5% vs 2.1%; P = .38), renal failure (6.1% vs 7.4%; P = .26), and postoperative dialysis (3.1% vs 4.4%; P = .14). Institutional volume-adjusted analysis confirmed most of these results.CONCLUSIONS: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with significantly reduced early mortality and morbidity in patients with an ejection fraction <0.30.

['Aged', 'Cardiopulmonary Bypass', 'Coronary Artery Bypass', 'Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump', 'Coronary Artery Disease', 'Databases, Factual', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Japan', 'Logistic Models', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Propensity Score', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Risk Factors', 'Stroke Volume', 'Time Factors', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Ventricular Dysfunction, Left', 'Ventricular Function, Left']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['E04.292.413'], ['E04.100.376.719.332', 'E04.100.814.868.750', 'E04.928.220.520.220'], ['E04.100.376.719.332.199', 'E04.100.814.868.750.199', 'E04.928.220.520.220.189'], ['C14.280.647.250.260', 'C14.907.137.126.339', 'C14.907.585.250.260'], ['L01.313.500.750.300.188.400', 'L01.470.750.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.252.474.463', 'Z01.639.595'], ['E05.318.740.500.525', 'E05.318.740.600.800.450', 'E05.318.740.750.450', 'E05.599.835.875', 'N05.715.360.750.530.480', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.450', 'N05.715.360.750.695.470', 'N06.850.520.830.500.525', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.450', 'N06.850.520.830.750.450'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C23.550.767'], ['E05.318.740.600.675', 'N05.715.360.750.625.620', 'N06.850.520.830.600.650'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['E01.370.370.380.150.700', 'G09.330.380.124.882'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['C14.280.945.900'], ['G09.330.955.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Stereo-controlled C-C bond formation at the anomeric position of uracil nucleosides.

Stereoselective synthesis of 1'-carbon-substituted uracil nucleosides has been achieved through face-selective bromo-pivaloyloxylation of a 1',2'-unsaturated derivative and successive SnCl4-promoted nucleophilic substitution with organosilicon reagents. This constitutes the first example of C-C bond formation at the anomeric position of nucleosides.

['Carbon', 'Nucleosides', 'Organosilicon Compounds', 'Stereoisomerism', 'Uracil']

[['D01.268.150'], ['D09.408.595', 'D13.570'], ['D02.756'], ['G02.607.445.682'], ['D03.383.742.698.875']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Modulation of the effects of osteoprotegerin (OPG) ligand in a human leukemic cell line by OPG and calcitonin.

The discovery of osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), and RANK has elucidated the mechanism by which osteoblasts and stromal cells regulate osteoclastic differentiation and function and mediate the effects exerted by other hormones and cytokines. We have investigated the effects of these novel cytokines on the preosteoclastic cell line FLG 29.1. We show that OPGL alone and in combination with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) dramatically reduced replication and increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. However, although FLG29.1 cells appear to adhere to the bone surface, they are not able to form resorption lacunae. OPG and calcitonin completely abolished the differentiation induced by OPGL. RANK was detectable in FLG 29.1 and the number of positive cells was increased by OPGL/CSF-1 treatment while reduced by calcitonin. We propose that calcitonin could interact with the OPG/OPGL, and its effects on RANK may explain in part the action of this hormone in suppressing bone resorption.

['Acid Phosphatase', 'Calcitonin', 'Carrier Proteins', 'Cell Adhesion', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Division', 'Cell Survival', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Glycoproteins', 'Humans', 'Isoenzymes', 'Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute', 'Lymphocytes', 'Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor', 'Membrane Glycoproteins', 'Osteoclasts', 'Osteoprotegerin', 'RANK Ligand', 'Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B', 'Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear', 'Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor', 'Recombinant Proteins', 'Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase', 'Tumor Cells, Cultured']

[['D08.811.277.352.650.025'], ['D06.472.699.150', 'D06.472.931.052', 'D12.644.400.095', 'D12.644.548.150', 'D12.776.631.650.095'], ['D12.776.157'], ['G04.022'], ['G04.152'], ['G04.144.220', 'G04.161.750.500', 'G05.113', 'G07.345.249.410.750.500'], ['G04.346'], ['A11.251'], ['D09.400.430', 'D12.776.395'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D08.811.348', 'D12.776.800.300'], ['C04.557.337.539.275.484'], ['A11.118.637.555.567', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567', 'A15.382.490.555.567'], ['D12.644.276.374.410.240.500', 'D12.776.395.240.500', 'D12.776.467.374.410.240.500', 'D23.529.374.410.240.500'], ['D12.776.395.550', 'D12.776.543.550'], ['A11.329.372.700', 'A11.627.482.700'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.852.760.949.249'], ['D12.644.276.374.750.562', 'D12.776.467.374.750.562', 'D23.529.374.750.562'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.852.760.345'], ['D12.776.826'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.852.760'], ['D12.776.828'], ['D08.811.277.352.650.025.500', 'D08.811.277.352.650.625.862'], ['A11.251.860']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

The variability of viability: the effect of physicians' perceptions of viability on the survival of very low--birth weight infants.

Physicians who deliver babies in Alabama were surveyed to determine their level of knowledge about the survival of low--birth weight/early gestational age infants. These estimates of neonatal survival were compared to the actual neonatal survival rates at local hospitals and at the regional perinatal centers in Alabama. In addition, the physicians' knowledge of survival rates was correlated with their management decisions in hypothetical cases of premature labor. Our findings indicate that physicians who perform deliveries tended to underestimate the potential for neonatal survival in premature infants. Equally as important, the range of responses varied markedly. In the hypothetical cases, management decisions often appeared to be based on incorrect information about neonatal survival. These decisions, including not electronically monitoring fetuses, not performing a cesarean section for fetal distress, and not transferring women in premature labor to a perinatal center, if made in actual cases, would result in potentially viable fetuses receiving less than optimal management.

['Adult', 'Cognition', 'Female', 'Georgia', 'Hospitals, Community', 'Humans', 'Infant Mortality', 'Infant, Low Birth Weight', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infant, Premature', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Perception', 'Physicians', 'Pregnancy', 'Probability', 'Regional Medical Programs']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F02.463.188'], ['Z01.107.567.875.075.250', 'Z01.107.567.875.750.370'], ['N02.278.421.306'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.475', 'N01.224.935.698.489', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.475', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.475'], ['M01.060.703.520.460'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.520'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F02.463.593'], ['M01.526.485.810', 'N02.360.810'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E05.318.740.600', 'G17.680', 'N05.715.360.750.625', 'N06.850.520.830.600'], ['N03.349.650.400']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Hindsight bias in reflective practice: an empirical investigation.

Reflection is seen as a central component in the education and practice of nurses. It is through critical reflection on one's practice that expertise can be assured. This faith in the process of reflection has influenced much of pre and post registration nurse education. It is only in the past few years that reflection as a technique has being criticized. A small-scale study investigating the phenomenon of hindsight bias and its consequence on the reflective process is described. The effects of the hindsight bias is to influence people's recollection of events once they know the final outcome. The present study does indicate that nurses are susceptible to such a bias, which would question the validity of reflection as a way to enhance patient care. There is an urgent need to clarify the reflective process and then to examine its effect on patient outcomes.

['Bias', 'Humans', 'Mental Recall', 'Nurses', 'Nursing Diagnosis', 'Psychometrics', 'United Kingdom']

[['N05.715.350.150', 'N06.850.490.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F02.463.425.540.641'], ['M01.526.485.650', 'N02.360.650'], ['N04.590.233.508.480.110'], ['F04.711.780'], ['Z01.542.363']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Does the diagnosis of trachoma adequately identify ocular chlamydial infection in trachoma-endemic areas?

We evaluated the validity of clinically determined active trachoma as a surrogate for chlamydial eye infection in 1059 children from the Egyptian arm of the Azithromycin in the Control of Trachoma study. Participants were determined to be "clinically active" if they had >or=5 follicles or intense inflammatory infiltration on the tarsal conjunctiva. Conjunctival swabs were tested using ligase chain reaction (LCR) to detect chlamydial DNA. Of clinically active children aged 1-10 years, 31% did not have infection, as determined by LCR. Conversely, 31% of infected children were not clinically active; 78% of clinically active children aged 1-5 years were infected, versus 17% of those aged 11-15 years. The proportion of clinically active children who were infected decreased from 67% before treatment to 10% 14 months after mass azithromycin treatment. Clinically active trachoma is not always a reliable marker of infection, particularly in teenagers and after treatment.

['Adolescent', 'Age Factors', 'Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Azithromycin', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Chlamydia trachomatis', 'Egypt', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Tetracycline', 'Trachoma']

[['M01.060.057'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['D02.540.576.500.992.050'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B03.440.190.190.190.750'], ['Z01.058.266.317'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['D02.455.426.559.847.562.900.875', 'D04.615.562.900.875'], ['C01.150.252.289.225.800', 'C01.150.252.400.210.125.745', 'C01.375.354.220.800', 'C11.187.183.220.889', 'C11.204.813', 'C11.294.354.220.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]']

Fibrinogen ã' levels in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: The fibrinogen ã' variant (ã') has both antithrombotic and prothrombotic properties when compared to normal fibrinogen. It may therefore be of relevance in intracerebral hemorrhage and intraventricular extension of the bleeding.OBJECTIVE: To study the role of ã' in intracerebral hemorrhage, and in intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage.PATIENTS/METHODS: We performed a case-control study in 156 controls and 55 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, with and without intraventricular extension. Levels of fibrinogen ã' and the ã'/total fibrinogen ratio were measured in all participants.RESULTS: Levels of ã' were increased in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage when compared with controls (0.40 vs 0.32g/l, p<0.001). The ã'/total fibrinogen ratio was similar in patients and controls (0.092 vs 0.096 p=0.42). There was evidence for an unfavorable outcome in patients with fibrinogen levels in the highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile (OR 4.0, 95%CI 1.1-15.2), and a nonsignificant trend toward unfavorable outcome with higher levels of ã' (p-value for trend=0.06).CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that absolute levels of fibrinogen ã' are increased in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, but relative levels are similar in patients and controls, suggesting that the absolute rise in ã' is an acute phase response.

['Case-Control Studies', 'Cerebral Hemorrhage', 'Female', 'Fibrinogen', 'Fibrinogens, Abnormal', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Risk Factors']

[['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['C10.228.140.300.535.200', 'C14.907.253.573.200', 'C23.550.414.913.100'], ['D12.776.124.050.250', 'D12.776.124.125.500', 'D12.776.811.300', 'D23.119.490'], ['D12.776.124.050.250.265', 'D12.776.124.125.500.265', 'D23.119.490.265'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Alternative treatment strategies to accelerate the elimination of onchocerciasis.

The use of alternative (or complementary) treatment strategies (ATSs) i.e. differing from annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) is required in some African foci to eliminate onchocerciasis by 2025. ATSs include vector control, biannual or pluriannual CDTI, better timing of CDTI, community-directed treatment with combinations of currently available anthelminthics or new drugs, and 'test-and-treat' (TNT) strategies requiring diagnosis of infection and/or contraindications to treatment for decisions on who to treat with what regimen. Two TNT strategies can be considered. Loa-first TNT, designed for loiasis-endemic areas and currently being evaluated using a rapid test (LoaScope), consists of identifying individuals with levels of Loa microfilaremia associated with a risk of post-ivermectin severe adverse events to exclude them from ivermectin treatment and in treating the rest (usually >97%) of the population safely. Oncho-first TNT consists of testing community members for onchocerciasis before giving treatment (currently ivermectin or doxycycline) to those who are infected. The choice of the ATS depends on the prevalences and intensities of infection with Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa and on the relative cost-effectiveness of the strategies for the given epidemiological situation. Modelling can help select the optimal strategies, but field evaluations to determine the relative cost-effectiveness are urgently needed.

['Animals', 'Anthelmintics', 'Disease Eradication', 'Humans', 'Insect Control', 'Ivermectin', 'Onchocerca volvulus', 'Onchocerciasis', 'Prevalence']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.122.250.075'], ['N06.850.275'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N06.850.780.200.650.425'], ['D02.540.576.500.997'], ['B01.050.500.500.294.400.937.463.510.850'], ['C01.610.335.508.700.750.361.699', 'C01.610.858.650', 'C17.800.838.775.690'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Solubility enhancement of hydrophobic compounds by cosolvents: role of solute hydrophobicity on the solubilization effect.

Drug solubilization is an important aspect of drug development. We investigate the relationship between solute hydrophobicity on the solubilization properties of water-cosolvent mixtures. The solubilization in water-cosolvent mixtures of seven chemically unrelated drugs was determined. The set of solutes included hydrocortisone, sulfanilamide, acetophenetidine, benzocaine, indomethacin, thymol and ibuprofen. Two sets of water-cosolvent mixtures were used in the study. A group of polar cosolvents consisting of three aliphatic alcohols, and a group of the less polar cosolvents NMP, tetraglycol and labrasol. The hydrophobicity of the drug has a direct impact on the solubilization obtained in the water-cosolvent mixtures. However, the role of hydrophobicity is different in the case of the polar cosolvents compared with the less polar ones. In polar cosolvents, the solubilization behavior is typical of polarity match, where the collective trend of solubility enhancement decreases as the activity coefficient of the solute in the solvent mixture increases. The result is a linear profile comprising the combined data of all solutes and all solvents. On the other hand, while the less polar cosolvents exhibit greater positive deviations from the log-linear cosolvency model, the collective solubility enhancement in these systems exhibits no readily discernible pattern. However, by taking into account the hydrophobicity of the solutes, a systematic effect becomes clearly apparent. In this case, the hydrophobicity of the solute demarcates its region in the solubilization profile.

['1-Propanol', 'Chemistry, Pharmaceutical', 'Drug Compounding', 'Ethanol', 'Glycerides', 'Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions', 'Linear Models', 'Methanol', 'Models, Chemical', 'Organic Chemicals', 'Pharmaceutical Preparations', 'Polyethylene Glycols', 'Pyrrolidinones', 'Solubility', 'Solvents', 'Technology, Pharmaceutical', 'Water']

[['D02.033.755.600'], ['H01.158.703.007', 'H01.181.466'], ['E05.916.270'], ['D02.033.375'], ['D10.351'], ['G02.409'], ['E05.318.740.500.500', 'E05.318.740.750.425', 'E05.599.835.750', 'N05.715.360.750.530.460', 'N05.715.360.750.695.460', 'N06.850.520.830.500.500', 'N06.850.520.830.750.425'], ['D02.033.623'], ['E05.599.495'], ['D02'], ['D26'], ['D02.033.455.250.700', 'D05.750.741', 'D25.720.741', 'J01.637.051.720.741'], ['D03.383.773.812'], ['G02.805'], ['D27.720.844'], ['E05.916', 'J01.897.836'], ['D01.045.250.875', 'D01.248.497.158.459.650', 'D01.650.550.925']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus.

INTRODUCTION: Cholesterol granuloma (CG) can be found in several areas of the body. Maxillary sinus localization is considered rare.CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old male presented with acute febrile sinusitis. Nasal endoscopy showed a nasal polyp at the middle meatus. Computed Tomography (CT scan) of the sinus showed complete opacity of the right maxillary sinus without calcification and partial opacification of frontal and ethmoidal sinuses. Functional endoscopic sinus approach was performed. Marsupialization of the cyst which a brownish fluid, which evoked the diagnosis of cholesterol granuloma.CONCLUSION: The definite diagnosis is made by histology, although intra-operative finding could be suggestive. Complete excision is achievable by endoscopic approach.

['Adult', 'Cholesterol', 'Granuloma, Foreign-Body', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Maxillary Sinus', 'Paranasal Sinus Diseases', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D04.210.500.247.222.284', 'D04.210.500.247.808.197', 'D10.570.938.208'], ['C23.550.382.437', 'C26.392.560.325'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A04.531.621.578'], ['C08.460.692', 'C09.603.692'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Analysis of autofluorescence pattern in birdshot chorioretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To characterize and correlate the different patterns of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR), with functional and anatomical parameters.METHODS: Twenty-one BSCR patients were prospectively studied in 2013 and 2014. Each patient underwent visual acuity (VA) and visual field (SITA standard 30.2) testing as well as fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) B scan, enhanced depth imaging (EDI), and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging. The disease was classified as active, chronic, or quiescent.RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 60.3 ± 9.2 years and 60% were female. Disease duration was 5.7 ± 3.7 years. Autofluorescence imaging showed punctiform hyper-FAF spots in 23 out of the 29 eyes (79%), which was significantly associated with a greater visual field mean deviation (-7 ± 7 versus -3 ± 2 dB, p = 0.04). Hypo-FAF was defined as peripapillary (n = 25; 86.2%), macular (n = 10; 34.5%), lichenoid (n = 17; 58.6%), and/or diffuse (n = 13; 44.8%). Lichenoid hypo-FAF was significantly associated with worse VA (0.18 ± 0.24 vs. 0.05 ± 0.07 LogMAR, p = 0.04). Macular hypo-FAF was associated with a history of macular edema (62.5%; p = 0.06). Diffuse hypo-FAF was observed more frequently (p = 0.01) in chronic disease (66.7%) than in active (0%) or quiescent disease (27.3%).CONCLUSIONS: Autofluorescence analysis in BRSC patients contributes to evaluating disease activity and could be useful to guide follow-up and treatment.

['Birdshot Chorioretinopathy', 'Chorioretinitis', 'Choroid', 'Female', 'Fluorescein Angiography', 'Fundus Oculi', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prospective Studies', 'Retina', 'Tomography, Optical Coherence', 'Visual Acuity', 'Visual Fields']

[['C11.768.773.348.500', 'C11.941.160.478.400.500', 'C11.941.879.780.900.300.318.500', 'C11.941.879.780.900.650.250', 'C20.111.303'], ['C11.768.773.348', 'C11.941.160.478.400', 'C11.941.879.780.900.300.318'], ['A09.371.894.223'], ['E01.370.370.050.350', 'E01.370.380.250'], ['A09.371.729.313'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['A09.371.729'], ['E01.370.350.589.249.500', 'E01.370.350.825.805.500', 'E05.642.249.500'], ['E01.370.380.850.950', 'F02.463.593.932.901', 'G14.940'], ['F02.463.593.932.934', 'G14.950']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Assessing farmers' perspectives on climate change for effective farm-level adaptation measures in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Agriculture is considered as the backbone of the economy of Pakistan. However, current changes in climate have been adversely affecting agricultural productivity. In this paper, perceived impacts of climate change on agriculture and adaptation towards it have been studied in Charsadda district (lowlands) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan through extensive field surveys, involving 116 farm households. Results have revealed that climate change factors including fluctuating temperature, evidence of yearly long droughts, and a steady shift in rainfall patterns have pressured the agriculture sector and livelihoods of the local peasants. The staggering floods of 2010 and 2011 in Pakistan have evidenced severe climatic changes in Pakistan. These countrywide floods have washed fertile soil in the study area that has directly contributed to losses in agricultural yield and increased vector-borne diseases in crops. The local farmers have commonly deployed adaptive measure such as crops diversification, changing fertilizer, and planting shaded trees to minimize the impacts of changes in climate. However, these adjustments measures are perceived as not appropriate for improving farm yield. Therefore, the study suggests that improved understanding of the climate change impacts and knowledge on adapting adequately will lead to no-regret adaptation. It will also help protecting farmer's lives and livelihoods and will boost their resilience towards changing climatic conditions. Graphical abstract .

['Agriculture', 'Climate Change', 'Crops, Agricultural', 'Droughts', 'Environmental Monitoring', 'Farmers', 'Farms', 'Fertilizers', 'Floods', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Pakistan', 'Public Opinion']

[['J01.040'], ['G16.500.175.374'], ['B01.650.160', 'G07.203.300.300', 'J02.500.300'], ['G16.500.175.781', 'G16.500.750.775.154', 'N06.230.100.230.150'], ['N06.850.460.350.080', 'N06.850.780.375'], ['M01.526.390'], ['J01.040.372', 'J03.540.150'], ['D27.720.031.400'], ['G16.500.175.812', 'N06.230.100.230.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.252.245.723'], ['I01.880.630.548']]

['Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

Molecular cloning and characterization of groESL operon in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

GroEL is a major target of the immune defense in infection and seems to be negatively regulated by HrcA in gram-positive organisms. However, HrcA's mechanism has not been elucidated. To elucidate the role of groEL in Streptococcus pneumoniae, the groESL operon was cloned in Escherichia coli. The promoter region of the pneumococcal groESL operon contained a sigmaA type promoter and an inverted repeat (CIRCE). A Northern blot analysis of the groESL operon demonstrated that the groESL operon is transcribed as a bicistronic mRNA, and reached maximum expression 7.5 to 10 min after heat shock. A primer extension analysis showed a potential transcription start point at 155 bp upstream of the translation start site, preceding the groES gene. The putative negative regulator of the groEL gene, hrcA, of S. pneumoniae was recovered by PCR-based chromosomal walking from grpE locus. A sequence analysis showed a sigmaA type promoter flanked by 2 CIRCE elements. His-tagged HrcA was overexpressed as a soluble form in E. coli and bound to the CIRCE regions in the promoter of both groESL and dnaK operons in vitro. Additionally, a helix-loop helix motif, a putative DNA binding domain, was found at the C-terminal of HrcA. These results will help to determine the nature of HrcA in the groESL repression.

['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Bacterial Proteins', 'Base Sequence', 'Chaperonins', 'Cloning, Molecular', 'DNA-Binding Proteins', 'Escherichia coli Proteins', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial', 'HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Operon', 'Promoter Regions, Genetic', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid', 'Repressor Proteins', 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'Transcription, Genetic']

[['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['D12.776.097'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['D08.811.277.040.025.142', 'D12.776.580.216.210'], ['E05.393.220'], ['D12.776.260'], ['D12.776.097.275'], ['G05.308.300'], ['D12.776.580.216.375'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G05.360.340.024.686', 'G05.360.340.358.207.500'], ['G02.111.570.080.689.675', 'G05.360.080.689.675', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.750.680'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['G02.111.570.080.708', 'G05.360.080.708'], ['D12.776.260.703', 'D12.776.930.780'], ['B03.353.750.737.872.550', 'B03.510.400.800.872.550', 'B03.510.550.737.872.550'], ['G02.111.873', 'G05.297.700']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility: incidence and pathophysiology of aspiration.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to examine the incidence and pathophysiology of aspiration in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility presenting with dysphagia.STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) data and medical records in two tertiary medical care centers.METHODS: The data for all patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility who underwent FEESST between 2000 and 2003 were reviewed.RESULTS: Eighty-one patients (45 male and 36 female patients) were included in the study. The mean age was 59 years. The most common causes or origins were iatrogenic (42%), malignancy (23%), and neurological (18%). The immobility was left-sided in 59% of patients. A majority of the patients exhibited laryngeal edema/erythema (90%), difficulty with secretions (60%), and decreased laryngopharyngeal sensation (83%). The laryngeal adductor reflex was absent in 34% of the patients. An aspiration rate of 35% was detected with thin liquids. Trials of purees revealed a 76% rate of pooling, 44% rate of spillage, 32% rate of penetration, 18% rate of aspiration, and 24% rate of regurgitation. Rates of penetration and aspiration with purees were significantly higher in patients who had decreased laryngopharyngeal sensation, absent pharyngeal squeeze, and absent laryngeal adductor reflex.CONCLUSION: Dysphagia in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility is demonstrated during FEESST by pooling, spillage, penetration, and aspiration. The pathophysiology of dysphagia is multifactorial with decreased sensation and limitation of airway protective mechanisms both acting as contributing factors.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Cohort Studies', 'Deglutition', 'Deglutition Disorders', 'Edema', 'Erythema', 'Female', 'Gagging', 'Humans', 'Inhalation', 'Laryngeal Diseases', 'Laryngoscopy', 'Larynx', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pharynx', 'Reflex, Abnormal', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Sensation', 'Sensation Disorders', 'Vocal Cord Paralysis']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['G10.261.178'], ['C06.405.117.119', 'C09.775.174'], ['C23.888.277'], ['C17.800.229', 'C23.888.885.328'], ['C23.888.821.414', 'F02.830.702.157', 'G10.261.338', 'G11.561.731.251'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G09.772.705.700.390'], ['C08.360', 'C09.400'], ['E01.370.386.460', 'E01.370.388.250.525', 'E04.502.250.525', 'E04.580.373'], ['A04.329'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A03.556.750', 'A04.623', 'A14.724'], ['C10.597.704', 'C23.888.592.717', 'E01.370.376.550.650.655', 'E01.370.600.550.650.655', 'G11.561.731.587'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['F02.830.816', 'G11.561.790'], ['C10.597.751', 'C23.888.592.763'], ['C08.360.931', 'C09.400.931', 'C10.292.887.800', 'C10.597.622.943', 'C23.888.592.636.943']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

An Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNA targets PUMA to promote host cell survival.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), gastric carcinoma (GC), and other malignancies. EBV is the first human virus found to express microRNAs (miRNAs), the functions of which remain largely unknown. We report on the regulation of a cellular protein named p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) by an EBV miRNA known as miR-BART5, which is abundantly expressed in NPC and EBV-GC cells. Modulation of PUMA expression by miR-BART5 and anti-miR-BART5 oligonucleotide was demonstrated in EBV-positive cells. In addition, PUMA was found to be significantly underexpressed in approximately 60% of human NPC tissues. Although expression of miR-BART5 rendered NPC and EBV-GC cells less sensitive to proapoptotic agents, apoptosis can be triggered by depleting miR-BART5 or inducing the expression of PUMA. Collectively, our findings suggest that EBV encodes an miRNA to facilitate the establishment of latent infection by promoting host cell survival.

['Apoptosis', 'Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins', 'Blotting, Western', 'Cell Line', 'Cell Survival', 'Computational Biology', 'DNA Primers', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Herpesvirus 4, Human', 'Humans', 'In Situ Nick-End Labeling', 'MicroRNAs', 'Plasmids', 'Proto-Oncogene Proteins']

[['G04.146.954.035'], ['D12.644.360.075', 'D12.776.476.075'], ['E05.196.401.143', 'E05.301.300.096', 'E05.478.566.320.200', 'E05.601.262', 'E05.601.470.320.200'], ['A11.251.210'], ['G04.346'], ['H01.158.273.180', 'L01.313.124'], ['D13.695.578.424.450.275', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.600'], ['G05.308'], ['B04.280.210.400.500.450', 'B04.280.382.400.500.400', 'B04.613.204.500.500.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.393.475'], ['D13.150.650.319', 'D13.444.735.150.319', 'D13.444.735.790.552.500'], ['G05.360.600'], ['D12.776.624.664.700']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]']

Evaluation of genotoxic and apoptotic potential of Hypericum adenotrichum Spach. in vitro.

Hypericum adenotrichum Spach. is an endemic plant from Turkey that is also used in folk medicine. In this study, following analyses of its chemical composition, the genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects of the methanol extract of H. adenotrichum in human lymphocyte culture were investigated using in vitro sister chromatid exchange, micronucleus and comet assays. In addition, the anti-growth effect of the extract was investigated in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) using MTT and ATP viability assays. The mode of cell death was determined using fluorescence microscopy and biochemical methods. We found that the H. adenotrichum extract demonstrated cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in a cell type-dependent manner. At selected doses (125-500 ìg/ml), the H. adenotrichum extract exhibited significant genotoxic activity in human lymphocytes, whereas it showed anti-growth effects on cancer cell lines between 0.2 and 100 ìg/ml concentrations. The mode of cell death in cancer cells was shown to be apoptosis due to the presence of pyknotic nuclei, the cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and/or the activation of caspase-3. These results suggest that H. adenotrichum might show both cytotoxic and genotoxic effects depending on the cell type. This should be taken into account in its use for therapeutic purposes.

['Adenosine Triphosphate', 'Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic', 'Apoptosis', 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cell Survival', 'Comet Assay', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hypericum', 'Lymphocytes', 'MCF-7 Cells', 'Male', 'Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective', 'Micronucleus Tests', 'Microscopy, Fluorescence', 'Mutagenicity Tests', 'Phytotherapy', 'Plant Extracts', 'Plants, Medicinal', 'Risk Assessment', 'Sister Chromatid Exchange', 'Young Adult']

[['D03.633.100.759.646.138.236', 'D13.695.667.138.236', 'D13.695.827.068.236'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D27.505.954.248.179'], ['G04.146.954.035'], ['C04.588.180', 'C17.800.090.500'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['G04.346'], ['E05.196.401.153.150', 'E05.301.300.100.150', 'E05.393.560.150', 'E05.940.560.150'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.859.625.500'], ['A11.118.637.555.567', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567', 'A15.382.490.555.567'], ['A11.251.210.190.630'], ['A11.284.430.106.570', 'A11.284.430.214.190.875.117.570', 'C23.550.210.570', 'G05.365.590.175.570'], ['E05.393.560.598'], ['E01.370.350.515.458', 'E05.595.458'], ['E05.393.560', 'E05.940.560'], ['E02.190.755'], ['D20.215.784.500', 'D26.667'], ['B01.650.560'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.715', 'N04.452.871.715', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.690', 'N06.850.505.715', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.715'], ['G05.728.615.750'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]']

[Short-term outcomes of minimally invasive Sweet esophagectomy for Siewert type ? esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma].

Objective: To describe the technique for minimally invasive Sweet esophagectomy and to evaluate the feasibility, safety and the short-term clinical outcomes of this approach in the treatment of Siewert type ? esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma. Methods: The clinical data of 122 patients with Siewert type ? esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma who received Sweet esophagectomy between October 2013 and June 2015 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Anhui Medical University was analyzed retrospectively. The study group consisted of 87 men and 35 women, and the ages ranged from 48 to 78 years (median: 67 years). Of those 122 patients, 47 underwent minimally invasive approach and 75 underwent open left transthoracic sweet esophagectomy. This study included 16 stage ?a patients, 35 stage ?b patients, 32 stage ?a patients, 28 stage ?b patients, and 11 stage ?a patients. The clinicopathologic factors, operational factors and postoperative complications of the two groups were compared by t test and ÷2 test. Results: The two groups were similar in terms of gender, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, preoperative staging and incidence of comorbidities (P>0.05). The minimally invasive approach was associated with significant increase in the number of total lymph nodes dissected or the stations of the total lymph nodes dissected (18.1±2.7 vs. 15.0±2.5, t= 6.612, P=0.001; 8.9±1.1 vs. 6.7±1.2, t=9.960, P=0.003), significant decrease in surgical blood loss ((88±32) ml vs. (120±34) ml, t=5.052, P=0.001), chest tube duration ((8±4) d vs. (10±4) d, t=3.110, P=0.002) and postoperative stay ((9±5) d vs. (12±4) d, t=3.167, P=0.002) relative to the open approach. The postoperative in-hospital mortality and total morbidity did not differ between the two groups (P>0.05). The minimally invasive approach was associated with significantly fewer respiratory complications than the open approach (8.5% vs. 22.7%, ÷2=4.063, P=0.044). Conclusion: Minimally invasive technique for Siewert type ? esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma can be safely and effectively performed for intrathoracic anastomosis with favorable early outcomes.

['Adenocarcinoma', 'Aged', 'Blood Loss, Surgical', 'Esophageal Neoplasms', 'Esophagectomy', 'Esophagogastric Junction', 'Female', 'Hospital Mortality', 'Humans', 'Lymph Node Excision', 'Lymph Nodes', 'Lymphatic Metastasis', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['C04.557.470.200.025'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C23.550.414.300', 'C23.550.505.300'], ['C04.588.274.476.205', 'C04.588.443.353', 'C06.301.371.205', 'C06.405.117.430', 'C06.405.249.205'], ['E04.210.346'], ['A03.556.875.500.414', 'A03.556.875.875.330'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.400', 'N01.224.935.698.400', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.400', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E04.446'], ['A10.549.400', 'A15.382.520.604.412'], ['C04.697.650.560', 'C23.550.727.650.560'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E04.502'], ['E01.789.625'], ['C23.550.767'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Indirect methods for improving parameter estimation of PET kinetic models.

PURPOSE: Parametric images obtained from kinetic modeling of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) data provide a new way of visualizing quantitative parameters of the tracer kinetics. However, due to the high noise level in pixel-wise image-driven time-activity curves, parametric images often suffer from poor quality and accuracy. In this study, we propose an indirect parameter estimation framework which aims to improve the quality and quantitative accuracy of parametric images.METHODS: Three different approaches related to noise reduction and advanced curve fitting algorithm are used in the proposed framework. First, dynamic PET images are denoised using a kernel-based denoising method and the highly constrained backprojection technique. Second, gradient-free curve fitting algorithms are exploited to improve the accuracy and precision of parameter estimates. Third, a kernel-based post-filtering method is applied to parametric images to further improve the quality of parametric images. Computer simulations were performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The simulation results showed that when compared to the Gaussian filtering, the proposed denoising method could provide better PET image quality, and consequentially improve the quality and quantitative accuracy of parametric images. In addition, gradient-free optimization algorithms (i.e., pattern search) can result in better parametric images than the gradient-based curve fitting algorithm (i.e., trust-region-reflective). Finally, our results showed that the proposed kernel-based post-filtering method could further improve the precision of parameter estimates while maintaining the accuracy of parameter estimates.

['Algorithms', 'Brain', 'Computer Simulation', 'Humans', 'Image Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'Kinetics', 'Models, Theoretical', 'Phantoms, Imaging', 'Positron-Emission Tomography', 'Signal-To-Noise Ratio']

[['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['L01.224.160'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.224.308'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['E05.599'], ['E07.671'], ['E01.370.350.350.800.700', 'E01.370.350.600.350.800.399', 'E01.370.350.710.800.399', 'E01.370.350.825.800.399', 'E01.370.384.730.800.399'], ['E05.318.370.800.875', 'E05.318.740.872.875', 'G17.800.500', 'N05.715.360.325.700.840', 'N05.715.360.750.725.750', 'N06.850.520.445.800.875', 'N06.850.520.830.872.750']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Impact of Changing Treatment Strategies on Outcomes in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, treatment strategies for ulcerative colitis have evolved with an early step-up approach, the availability of biologicals, and therapeutic drug monitoring.We carried out this study to evaluate the effect of these changes on disease outcomes.METHODS: In this retrospective review, 2 time periods were defined: Group 1 (2005-2010) and Group 2 (2011-2016). Baseline demographic, endoscopic parameters, and medication use were compared. Overall colectomy rate, number of disease flares per year, and number of hospital admissions per year were compared between the 2 groups.RESULTS: Group 1 had 71 children, and in children in Group 2. The use of 5-ASA increased in Group 2 (Group 2, 99.2% vs. Group 1, 84.5%, P = 0.0007). In addition, infliximab and thiopurines were introduced earlier in the disease course.The 2-year cumulative probability of colectomy decreased from 14% to 3% (P = 0.02) between the 2 periods. No change in median number of flares per year [Group 1, 0.41 (IQR 0.6) vs. Group 2, 0.62 (IQR 0.91), P = 0.28] or median number of hospital admissions per year [Group 1, 0.30 (IQR 0.77) vs. Group 2, 0.21 (IQR 0.75), P = 0.52] was seen.Thereafter, we proceeded to identify the changes in treatment strategies that were responsible for the reduction in colectomy and we found that the use of infliximab OR 3.7 (95% CI 1.1-11.7), P = 0.02, was independently associated with it.CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in 2-year colectomy rates has been observed in patients with pediatric ulcerative colitis since biologics have become available for its treatment. The numbers of disease-flares rates and hospital admissions remain unchanged.

['Adolescent', 'Australia', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Colectomy', 'Colitis, Ulcerative', 'Female', 'Gastrointestinal Agents', 'Humans', 'Infliximab', 'Logistic Models', 'Male', 'Mesalamine', "Practice Patterns, Physicians'", 'Retrospective Studies', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.057'], ['Z01.639.100', 'Z01.678.100.373'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['E04.210.219'], ['C06.405.205.265.231', 'C06.405.205.731.249', 'C06.405.469.158.188.231', 'C06.405.469.432.249'], ['D27.505.954.483'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224.608', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224.537', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224.642'], ['E05.318.740.500.525', 'E05.318.740.600.800.450', 'E05.318.740.750.450', 'E05.599.835.875', 'N05.715.360.750.530.480', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.450', 'N05.715.360.750.695.470', 'N06.850.520.830.500.525', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.450', 'N06.850.520.830.750.450'], ['D02.241.223.100.050.300.500', 'D02.241.223.100.300.595.100.540', 'D02.241.511.390.595.100.540', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127.020.452.750', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127.281.595.100.540', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.410.595.100.540'], ['N04.590.374.577', 'N05.300.625'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

Breast cancer and atypia among young and middle-aged women: a study of 110 medicolegal autopsies.

In 110 consecutive, medicolegal autopsies of young and middle-aged women (range 20-54 years) the breasts were examined by an extensive histopathologic method and by correlative specimen radiography. Malignancy was found in 22 women (20%) of which only one was known to have had clinical invasive breast cancer (IBC). At autopsy 2 women had IBC (2%), the remaining in situ carcinoma (in situ BC) of microfocal type (18%), i.e. 15 (14%) intraductal carcinomas (DCIS), 4 (3%) lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and one (1%) both DCIS and LCIS. Forty-five per cent of the women with malignancy had multicentric and 41% had bilateral lesions. Forty-five per cent of all histologically confirmed malignant lesions were identified by specimen radiography. Adenosis, benign epithelial hyperplasia, papilloma and duct ectasia were positively associated with malignancy. In addition malignancy was significantly more frequent among women aged more than 40 years, with late age at first full-term pregnancy, with alcohol abuse and with steatosis or cirrhosis of the liver. The results suggest that clinically occult in situ BC are frequent in young and middle-aged women.

['Adult', 'Alcoholism', 'Breast', 'Breast Diseases', 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Carcinoma in Situ', 'Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating', 'Denmark', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hyperplasia', 'Liver Diseases, Alcoholic', 'Middle Aged']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C25.775.100.250', 'F03.900.100.350'], ['A01.236'], ['C17.800.090'], ['C04.588.180', 'C17.800.090.500'], ['C04.557.470.200.240'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.275', 'C04.557.470.200.240.187.250', 'C04.557.470.615.275'], ['Z01.542.816.124'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.550.444'], ['C06.552.645', 'C25.775.100.087.645'], ['M01.060.116.630']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]']

The equal effectiveness of different defensive strategies.

Plants have evolved a variety of defensive strategies to resist herbivory, but at the interspecific level, the relative effectiveness of these strategies has been poorly evaluated. In this study, we compared the level of herbivory between species that depend on ants as indirect defenders and species that rely primarily on their own direct defenses. Using a dataset of 871 species and 1,405 data points, we found that in general, ant-associated species had levels of herbivory equal to those of species that are unattractive to ants; the pattern was unaffected by plant life form, climate and phylogenetic relationships between species. Interestingly, species that offer both food and nesting spaces for ants suffered significantly lower herbivory compared to species that offer either food or nesting spaces only or no reward for ants. A negative relationship between herbivory and latitude was detected, but the pattern can be changed by ants. These findings suggest that, at the interspecific level, the effectiveness of different defensive strategies may be equal. Considering the effects of herbivory on plant performance and fitness, the equal effectiveness of different defensive strategies may play an important role in the coexistence of various species at the community scale.

['Animals', 'Ants', 'Biological Evolution', 'Herbivory', 'Phylogeny', 'Plant Physiological Phenomena', 'Plants', 'Species Specificity', 'Symbiosis']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.875.205'], ['G05.045', 'G16.075'], ['F01.145.113.547.600', 'F01.145.407.758', 'G07.203.650.353.758'], ['G05.697', 'G16.075.605', 'L01.100.697'], ['G15'], ['B01.650'], ['G16.824'], ['G06.550.800', 'G16.840']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Information Science [L]']

Randomized controlled trial of adjunctive Valproate for cognitive remediation in early course schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with cognitive impairment that contributes to disability, but the cognitive dysfunction is relatively refractory to pharmacologic intervention. Though Valproate augmentation is reported to improve psychopathology among patients with SZ, its effects on cognitive functions have not been investigated systematically.METHODS: Using a randomized double blind placebo controlled design, the effects of Valproate or placebo as adjuncts to risperidone (RISP) treatment were evaluated among patients with early course SZ (N = 109). Domains of cognitive function, estimated using the Arabic version of the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery, were the prime outcomes. Clinical severity and social function were secondary outcomes. We also explored the effects of valproate treatment on serological responses to Toxoplama Gondii (TOXO), a putative risk factor for cognitive dysfunction in SZ.RESULTS: There were no significant differences between Valproate and placebo (PLA) treated groups with respect to changes in cognitive functions, positive or negative symptom scores or daily function scores at the beginning and end of the study. No significant Valproate/PLA differences were noted on TOXO serostatus or TOXO-related cognitive dysfunction.CONCLUSION: Valproate treatment may not be beneficial for cognitive dysfunction in SZ or for TOXO infection.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Antimanic Agents', 'Antipsychotic Agents', 'Cognitive Dysfunction', 'Double-Blind Method', 'Drug Synergism', 'Drug Therapy, Combination', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Risperidone', 'Schizophrenia', 'Toxoplasmosis', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Valproic Acid', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D27.505.696.277.950.025', 'D27.505.954.427.210.950.025', 'D27.505.954.427.700.872.025'], ['D27.505.696.277.950.040', 'D27.505.954.427.210.950.040', 'D27.505.954.427.700.872.331'], ['F03.615.250.700'], ['E05.318.370.300', 'E05.581.500.300', 'N05.715.360.325.320', 'N06.850.520.445.300'], ['G07.690.773.968.477'], ['E02.319.310'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D03.383.742.698.685'], ['F03.700.750'], ['C01.610.752.250.800'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['D02.241.081.944.509.900', 'D10.251.400.895.593.900'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Immunohistochemical staining of cutaneous tumours with G-81, a monoclonal antibody to dermcidin.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the novel antimicrobial peptide named dermcidin (DCD) was reported in human eccrine sweat glands.OBJECTIVES: We investigated the expression of DCD in a variety of cutaneous tumours in order to assess the usefulness of the monoclonal antibody (G-81), which recognizes a fragment of DCD.PATIENTS/METHODS: We studied the immunoreactivity of the G-81 antibody on 197 cutaneous tumours.RESULTS: A total of 13 of 26 cutaneous mixed tumours showed substantial immunoreactivity. In contrast all the following cases were completely unreactive: (i) epithelial tumours (seborrhoeic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, actinic keratosis, genital Paget's disease); (ii) follicular tumours (basal cell carcinoma, trichilemmoma, trichoepithelioma, trichoblastoma, keratoacanthoma, proliferating trichilemmal tumour, pilomatricoma); (iii) melanocytic tumours (malignant melanoma, naevus cell naevus, Spitz naevus, blue naevus); (iv) neural tumours (schwannoma, neurofibroma, Merkel cell neoplasm); (v) mesenchymal tumours (soft fibroma, dermatofibroma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, vascular leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, lipoma, juvenile xanthogranuloma, angiomyoma); and (vi) other sweat gland tumours (poroid neoplasms, syringoma, cylindroma, clear cell hidradenoma, spiradenoma, syringoid eccrine carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, apocrine cystadenoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, apocrine adenocarcinoma). Twenty-six cutaneous mixed tumours were considered from histopathological findings to be the apocrine type, but 13 of 26 mixed tumours contained some DCD-immunopositive cells that possibly differentiate into eccrine secretory glands.CONCLUSIONS: We found the expression of DCD in tubular structures of 50% of cutaneous mixed tumours with apocrine differentiation. These results suggest that a number of cutaneous mixed tumours show both eccrine and apocrine differentiation in the same neoplasm.

['Antibodies, Monoclonal', 'Humans', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Peptides', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Skin Neoplasms', 'Sweat Gland Neoplasms']

[['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['D12.644'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['C04.588.805', 'C17.800.882'], ['C04.588.805.776', 'C17.800.882.743', 'C17.800.946.743']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]']

ZrO(2)/hydroxyapatite coating on titanium by electrolytic deposition.

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) was coated on a titanium (Ti) substrate over a ZrO(2) layer by the electrolytic deposition method, this double layer coating was then compared with a single layer coating of HA. The HA layer was used to increase the bioactivity and osteoconductivity of the Ti substrate, and the ZrO(2) layer was intended to improve the bonding strength between the HA layer and Ti substrate, and to prevent the corrosion of the Ti substrate. The electrolytic deposition formed an HA layer with a thicknesses of approximately 20 mum, which adhered tightly to the Ti substrate. The bonding strength of the HA/ZrO(2) double layer coating on Ti was markedly improved when compared to that of the HA single coating on Ti. The improvement in bonding strength with the use of a ZrO(2) base layer was attributed to the resulting increase in chemical affinity of the ZrO(2) to the HA layer and to the Ti substrate. The osteoblast-like cells cultured on the HA/ZrO(2) coating surface, proliferated in a similar manner to those on the HA single coating and on the pure Ti surfaces. At the same time, the corrosion resistance of Ti was improved by the presence of the ZrO(2) coating, as shown by a potentiodynamic polarization test.

['Coated Materials, Biocompatible', 'Corrosion', 'Durapatite', 'Electric Impedance', 'Electroplating', 'Materials Testing', 'Surface Properties', 'Titanium', 'Zirconium']

[['D25.130.420', 'J01.637.051.130.420'], ['G02.165'], ['D01.029.260.700.675.374.075.025.300.150', 'D01.146.360.050.300.200', 'D01.578.122.477.300', 'D01.695.625.675.650.075.025.300.150'], ['G01.358.500.249.277.350'], ['E05.301.250.348'], ['E05.570'], ['G02.860'], ['D01.268.557.800', 'D01.268.956.878', 'D01.552.547.800'], ['D01.268.556.950', 'D01.268.956.937', 'D01.552.544.950']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Procalcitonin in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Acute myocardial infarction induces an inflammatory reaction. We related conventional inflammatory parameters including C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and axillary temperature to plasma concentrations of procalcitonin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In a prospective-descriptive study, we evaluated 54 patients with acute myocardial infarction. During a time period of 8 days following myocardial infarction, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and axillary temperature as well as the plasma concentrations of procalcitonin were measured. Maximal procalcitonin remained normal (below 0.5 microgram/L) in patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. This contrasted with results obtained from patients additionally afflicted by pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock, in whom maximal procalcitonin increased up to 5.24 micrograms/L. Resuscitation after cardiac arrest and/or concomitant bacterial infection increased procalcitonin to a maximal value of 134 micrograms/L, which was independent of the severity of left heart failure. Conventional inflammatory parameters were all significantly increased even in the absence of cardiac and non-cardiac complications of acute myocardial infarction. In conclusion, procalcitonin increases in patients with acute myocardial infarction only if associated with severe left heart failure, resuscitation after cardiac arrest or in the presence of bacterial infections. Thus, procalcitonin may help to elucidate the etiology of systemic inflammatory response during the early course of acute myocardial infarction.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Austria', 'Blood Sedimentation', 'Body Temperature', 'C-Reactive Protein', 'Calcitonin', 'Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Leukocyte Count', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'Prognosis', 'Prospective Studies', 'Protein Precursors', 'Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['Z01.542.088'], ['E01.370.225.625.125', 'E05.200.625.125'], ['E01.370.600.875.374', 'G07.110'], ['D12.776.034.145', 'D12.776.124.050.120', 'D12.776.124.486.157'], ['D06.472.699.150', 'D06.472.931.052', 'D12.644.400.095', 'D12.644.548.150', 'D12.776.631.650.095'], ['D12.644.400.097', 'D12.776.631.650.097'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.595', 'E01.370.225.625.107.595', 'E05.200.500.195.107.595', 'E05.200.625.107.595', 'E05.242.195.107.595', 'G04.140.107.595', 'G09.188.105.595'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C14.280.647.500', 'C14.907.585.500', 'C23.550.513.355.750', 'C23.550.717.489.750'], ['E01.789'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['D12.776.811'], ['C23.550.470.790', 'C23.550.835.900']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]']

Effect of teledermatology on the prognosis of patients with cutaneous melanoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in the initial prognosis of patients with cutaneous melanoma managed by teledermatology (TD) vs other non-TD referral systems.DESIGN: Descriptive and longitudinal study of a store-and-forward TD system aimed at the triage of patients with suspicious pigmented lesions.SETTING: In 2003, a store-and-forward TD triage system aimed at the selection of patients with skin growths suggestive of cancer was implemented at a skin cancer clinic. This system has been shown to be accurate and reliable and able to significantly shorten waiting periods for consultation with a dermatologist.PARTICIPANTS: Patients with primary cutaneous melanoma referred to the Melanoma Clinic of the Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain, by TD or non-TD tracks were included in the study.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Decisions on the referral of patients with suspicious skin lesions by store-and-forward TD vs by a conventional referral system. Breslow thickness and tumor stage were recorded in each study group (TD and non-TD) and were compared.RESULTS: Two hundred one patients with primary cutaneous melanoma were enrolled in the study. In total, 33.3% were managed at their primary care center by teleconsultation, whereas 66.7% were managed by a conventional referral system. The mean Breslow thickness was significantly lower among patients in the TD group than among patients in the non-TD group (1.06 vs 1.64 mm, P = .03). The frequency of melanoma with a favorable initial prognosis (tumor stages Tis and T1a) was significantly higher in the TD group (70.1% vs 56.9%, P = .03). The odds ratio of having a cutaneous melanoma with a favorable initial prognosis in the TD group was 1.96 (95% CI, 1.14-3.50; P = .04).CONCLUSION: Teledermatology as a screening system for cutaneous melanoma has a favorable effect on the initial prognosis of patients with melanoma.

['Dermatology', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Longitudinal Studies', 'Male', 'Melanoma', 'Middle Aged', 'Prognosis', 'Skin Neoplasms', 'Telemedicine']

[['H02.403.225'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.500'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.510', 'C04.557.580.625.650.510', 'C04.557.665.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789'], ['C04.588.805', 'C17.800.882'], ['H02.403.840', 'L01.178.847.652', 'N04.590.374.800']]

['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Information Science [L]']

Decomposition of beclomethasone propionate esters in human plasma.

The kinetics of decomposition of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), the 17-monopropionate ester (17-BMP), and beclomethasone (BOH) were characterized in whole human plasma (HP), pH 7.1, and in solutions of 1% human serum albumin (HSA), pH 7.4, and 0.067 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (mu = 0.17). A reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay enabled simultaneous separation and quantification of beclomethasone propionate esters and six degradation products including three unidentified products, D1-D3, not previously reported. Following incubation of BDP, products were formed in the following sequence, D1, 17-BMP, beclomethasone-21-monopropionate (21-BMP), D3, BOH, and D2. Following incubation of 17-BMP, the same sequence of degradation products was formed with the exception of D1. Following incubation of BOH, only D2 was formed. The decomposition reactions of BDP, 17-BMP, and BOH in HP exhibit pseudo-first-order kinetics. However the degradation reactions of BDP in solutions of 1% HSA and phosphate buffer were found to follow pseudo-zero-order kinetics. At an initial concentration of 40 micrograms mL-1, the half-lives for BDP, 17-BMP, and BOH in HP were 10.9 +/- 0.4, 3.0 +/- 0.2 and 24.8 +/- 0.2 h, respectively.

['Albumins', 'Beclomethasone', 'Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid', 'Esterases', 'Half-Life', 'Humans', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Kinetics', 'Protein Binding', 'Solubility', 'Solutions']

[['D12.776.034'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.769.125', 'D04.210.500.883.154'], ['E05.196.181.400.300'], ['D08.811.277.352'], ['G01.910.405'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.300'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['G02.805'], ['D26.776']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Chitosan oligosaccharide decreases very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride and increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in high-fat-diet-fed rats.

It is well known that chitosan has beneficial lipid-regulating effects, but it remains unknown whether chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), the chitosan degradation product, has the same lipid benefits. High-fat-diet-fed Wistar rats were administrated with COS by gastric gavage for three weeks. The effects of COS on lipids, lipoprotein components and lipid metabolism related protein activities were investigated. Plasma lipids level assays by an enzyme method showed that COS decreased triglyceride (TG) by 29-31%, and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 8-11%, but did not affect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Lipid distribution analysis through fast protein liquid chromatography indicated that COS significantly decreased TG content distributed in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)/LDL fractions but increased cholesterol content in HDL fractions. Apolipoprotein analysis through plasma ultracentrifugation and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis displayed that COS decreased apolipoprotein B-100 of LDL and increased apolipoprotein E of LDL and apolipoprotein B-100 of VLDL, but did not change apoA-I content of HDL particles. Lipoprotein formation associated protein determination showed that COS also increased plasma activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase but not phospholipid transfer protein. The present study suggests that COS may play a beneficial role in plasma lipid regulation of rats with dyslipidemia induced by high-fat diet. The COS-decreased VLDL/LDL TG and -enhanced HDL cholesterol may be related to the upregulated activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase.

['Animals', 'Anticholesteremic Agents', 'Chitosan', 'Cholesterol, HDL', 'Chromatography, Liquid', 'Dietary Fats', 'Lipoproteins, VLDL', 'Male', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Triglycerides']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.519.186.071.202', 'D27.505.954.557.500.202'], ['D05.750.078.139.500', 'D09.698.211.500'], ['D04.210.500.247.808.197.238', 'D10.532.432.400', 'D10.570.938.208.270', 'D12.776.521.479.470'], ['E05.196.181.400'], ['D10.212.302', 'G07.203.300.375', 'J02.500.375'], ['D10.532.599', 'D12.776.521.622'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['D10.351.801']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Comparison of microtitre plates with flat-bottomed and round-bottomed wells for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC).

To compare microtitre plates with flat-bottomed and round-bottomed wells and to standardize a method for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), the effects of cell number, culture time, 3H-thymidine concentration and labelling time were studied. On both plates, allogeneic cells induced increased RNA synthesis beginning at about 30 hours and increased DNA synthesis beginning at about 50 hours, if suitable cell numbers were used. On plates with flat-bottomed wells, 1.5 X 10(5) responding and stimulating cells per well had near-exponential growth on day four and five, often through day six; on plates with round-bottomed wells the corresponding cell number was 0.25-1.0 (optimally 0.5) X 10(5). Near these cell numbers, the response depended closely on the number of responding cells. On plates with flat-bottomed wells, stimulating cells had a dose-dependent effect on the response, whereas on plates with round-bottomed wells, increasing the stimulating cell dose did not consistently strengthen the response. Both plate types proved suitable for MLC experiments; plates with round-bottomed wells have the obvious advantage of requiring smaller cell numbers. 3H-thymidine (spec, act 2000 mCi/mmol) self-suppressed its incorporation, which increased only slightly or even decreased if labelling time exceeded 12-18 hours. Relative responses remained virtually unaltered, however, with 3H-concentrations of 0.5 and 2.0 micronCi/ml and with labelling times of 8 and 24 hours.

['DNA', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation', 'Humans', 'Isotope Labeling', 'Leukocyte Count', 'Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed', 'Lymphocytes', 'Monocytes', 'RNA', 'Radiation Dosage', 'Scintillation Counting']

[['D13.444.308'], ['E05.799.513.500', 'G01.750.740.500', 'G04.712.500', 'G07.225', 'G07.738.500', 'N06.850.810.250.180'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.522'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.595', 'E01.370.225.625.107.595', 'E05.200.500.195.107.595', 'E05.200.625.107.595', 'E05.242.195.107.595', 'G04.140.107.595', 'G09.188.105.595'], ['E01.370.225.812.385.475', 'E05.200.812.385.475', 'E05.478.594.385.429'], ['A11.118.637.555.567', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567', 'A15.382.490.555.567'], ['A11.118.637.555.652', 'A11.148.580', 'A11.627.624', 'A11.733.547', 'A15.145.229.637.555.652', 'A15.378.316.580', 'A15.382.490.555.652', 'A15.382.670.547', 'A15.382.680.547'], ['D13.444.735'], ['E05.799.513', 'G01.750.740', 'N06.850.810.250'], ['E05.799.700']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Caring for chronic kidney disease patients: focus on mineral and bone disorders.

This case study focuses on a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with mineral and bone disorders (MBD) and the relationship and management strategies used in treating CKD-MBD. The various risks and issues pertaining to the CKD stage 5 patient population are addressed, including CKD-MBD and renal osteodystrophy. Proper management of CKD-MBD with diet, dialysis, laboratory testing, and medications is discussed. An interdisciplinary team that includes the patient and family is crucial for effective management of MBD.

['Calcium', 'Chelating Agents', 'Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder', 'Cinacalcet', 'Diet Therapy', 'Humans', 'Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary', 'Hyperphosphatemia', 'Kidney Failure, Chronic', 'Metabolic Diseases', 'Middle Aged', 'Naphthalenes', 'Parathyroid Hormone', 'Pharmaceutical Services', 'Phosphorus', 'Receptors, Calcium-Sensing', 'Renal Dialysis', 'Vitamin D']

[['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['D27.505.519.914.500', 'D27.720.832.500'], ['C05.116.198.816.750', 'C12.777.419.080', 'C13.351.968.419.795', 'C18.452.104.816.750', 'C18.452.174.845.750', 'C18.654.521.500.133.770.734.750', 'C19.642.355.480.500'], ['D02.455.426.559.847.638.183', 'D04.615.638.183'], ['E02.642.249'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C19.642.355.480'], ['C18.452.750.199'], ['C12.777.419.780.750.500', 'C13.351.968.419.780.750.500'], ['C18.452'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D02.455.426.559.847.638', 'D04.615.638'], ['D06.472.699.590', 'D12.644.548.587'], ['N02.421.668'], ['D01.268.666'], ['D12.776.543.750.695.115'], ['E02.870.300', 'E02.912.800'], ['D04.210.500.812.768']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]']

Synthetic analogues of SB-219383. Novel C-glycosyl peptides as inhibitors of tyrosyl tRNA synthetase.

Novel inhibitors of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase have been synthesised in which the cyclic hydroxylamine moiety of SB-219383 is replaced by C-pyranosyl derivatives. Potent and selective inhibition of bacterial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase was obtained.

['Bacterial Proteins', 'Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic', 'Enzyme Inhibitors', 'Furans', 'Models, Molecular', 'Molecular Structure', 'Pyrans', 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase']

[['D12.776.097'], ['D03.605.084'], ['D27.505.519.389'], ['D03.383.312'], ['E05.599.595'], ['G02.111.570', 'G02.466'], ['D03.383.663'], ['B03.300.390.400.800.750.100', 'B03.353.500.750.750.100', 'B03.510.100.750.750.100', 'B03.510.400.790.750.100'], ['D08.811.464.263.200.900']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Functional analysis of microRNAs during the retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation of human NT2 cells.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are phylogenetically widespread small RNAs in animals and plants. These small RNAs can regulate a gene expression at a translational level and play roles during the development of C. elegans, D. melanogaster and plants. Although more than two hundred miRNAs have been found in mammals, the target mRNAs of miRNAs is unknown. Recently, we identified Hes1, bHLH transcriptional repressor, as a target of miR-23 in NT2 cells. In this study, we further investigate that the expression of Hes1 is regulated by miR-23 during the retinoic acid (RA)-induced neural differentiation of NT2 cells. Reduction in the level of miR-23 by siRNAs resulted in the accumulation of Hes1 in differentiated NT2 cells. Moreover, a reduction in the level of miR-23 by siRNA-miR-23 affected the RA-induced neural differentiation of NT2 cells. Thus, our results indicate that miR-23 has a critical role in the RA-induced neuronal differentiation of NT2 cells.

['Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Line', 'Humans', 'MicroRNAs', 'Neurons', 'Tretinoin']

[['G04.152'], ['A11.251.210'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D13.150.650.319', 'D13.444.735.150.319', 'D13.444.735.790.552.500'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['D02.455.326.271.665.202.495.818.500', 'D02.455.426.392.368.367.379.249.700.860.500', 'D02.455.849.131.495.818.800', 'D02.455.849.291.925.500', 'D23.767.261.700.780']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Propofol-nitrous oxide versus sevoflurane-nitrous oxide for strabismus surgery in children.

Vomiting is a common problem following strabismus surgery. We compared the effects of propofol-N2O and sevoflurane-N2O on the incidence of oculocardiac reflex and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Forty unpremedicated children, aged 3-15 years were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 patients. In group 1, anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol infusion (173 +/- 41 micrograms.kg-1.min-1). In group 2, anaesthesia was induced with N2O (66%) in O2 and incremental sevoflurane via face mask and maintained with sevoflurane. Both groups received 66% N2O in O2 throughout surgery. The overall incidence of vomiting and antiemetic requirement in the first 24 h was significantly higher in sevoflurane-N2O group than propofol-N2O group (P < 0.05). The propofol-N2O group had significantly more episodes of oculocardiac reflex than sevoflurane-N2O group (P < 0.05). Propofol-N2O anaesthesia results in a significantly lower incidence of postoperative vomiting, yet a significantly higher incidence of oculocardiac reflex.

['Adolescent', 'Anesthesia, Inhalation', 'Anesthetics, Inhalation', 'Anesthetics, Intravenous', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Methyl Ethers', 'Nitrous Oxide', 'Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting', 'Propofol', 'Reflex, Oculocardiac', 'Sevoflurane', 'Strabismus']

[['M01.060.057'], ['E03.155.197.197'], ['D27.505.696.277.100.035.060', 'D27.505.954.427.210.100.035.060'], ['D27.505.696.277.100.035.075', 'D27.505.954.427.210.100.035.075'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D02.355.601'], ['D01.362.635.625', 'D01.625.550.550', 'D01.650.550.587.650'], ['C23.550.767.859', 'C23.888.821.712.700', 'C23.888.821.937.059'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657.773'], ['G11.561.731.685'], ['D02.355.601.810', 'D02.455.526.510.717'], ['C10.292.562.887', 'C11.590.810']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Biologically-generated primer for PCR: PCR primer of unknown sequence.

We describe a method for producing specific PCR primers directly from PCR product, bypassing the usual need to know the primer sequence. Lack of abundance of primers derived from a PCR product is compensated for by the incorporation of an arbitrary 5'TAG sequence which acts as a surrogate template target for the bulk amplification phase. We use the technique to amplify clonospecific rearranged immunoglobulin genes, which have applications as markers of lymphoid neoplasms for tracing the success of therapy. The principle may have wider application wherever conserved and variable regions of DNA are juxtaposed.

['Base Sequence', 'DNA', 'DNA Primers', 'Humans', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Sensitivity and Specificity']

[['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['D13.444.308'], ['D13.695.578.424.450.275', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.600'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Binding Isotherms and Time Courses Readily from Magnetic Resonance.

Evidence is presented that binding isotherms, simple or biphasic, can be extracted directly from noninterpreted, complex 2D NMR spectra using principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal the largest trend(s) across the series. This approach renders peak picking unnecessary for tracking population changes. In 1:1 binding, the first principal component captures the binding isotherm from NMR-detected titrations in fast, slow, and even intermediate and mixed exchange regimes, as illustrated for phospholigand associations with proteins. Although the sigmoidal shifts and line broadening of intermediate exchange distorts binding isotherms constructed conventionally, applying PCA directly to these spectra along with Pareto scaling overcomes the distortion. Applying PCA to time-domain NMR data also yields binding isotherms from titrations in fast or slow exchange. The algorithm readily extracts from magnetic resonance imaging movie time courses such as breathing and heart rate in chest imaging. Similarly, two-step binding processes detected by NMR are easily captured by principal components 1 and 2. PCA obviates the customary focus on specific peaks or regions of images. Applying it directly to a series of complex data will easily delineate binding isotherms, equilibrium shifts, and time courses of reactions or fluctuations.

['Algorithms', 'Animals', 'Brain', 'Carrier Proteins', 'Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Membrane Glycoproteins', 'Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular', 'Principal Component Analysis', 'Protein Binding', 'Proteins']

[['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['D12.776.157'], ['D04.210.500.105.225.272.150.350', 'D04.210.500.105.225.272.411.360', 'D04.210.500.105.225.400.380.360', 'D04.210.500.221.430.342.300.400', 'D04.210.500.221.430.342.400.450', 'D04.210.500.221.430.484.430.420', 'D12.125.481.700.249.420.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['D12.776.395.550', 'D12.776.543.550'], ['E05.196.867.519.550'], ['E05.318.740.562'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['D12.776']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Public attitudes in Edmonton toward assisted reproductive technology.

OBJECTIVE: To determine public attitudes toward the use and possible limitations of assisted reproductive technology (ART).DESIGN: Mail survey based on telephone numbers selected at random by computer.SETTING: Edmonton.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 602 Edmonton residents aged 16 years or more (57% of eligible subjects) reached by telephone agreed to participate. Completed questionnaires were received from 455 subjects (76%).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Attitudes toward egg donation, sperm donation, selective fetal reduction, embryo freezing and experimentation, and surrogacy, as determined through responses to five cases. Comments and demographic data were also solicited.MAIN RESULTS: Overall, 66% and 63% respectively of the respondents would donate an egg or sperm to a sibling; the corresponding rates for donation to a stranger were 41% and 44%. Selective fetal reduction was supported by 47% of the respondents, although only 24% would support fetal reduction to eliminate fetuses of an undesired sex. Most (64%) thought that live embryo freezing should be permitted by law. A total of 74% agreed with surrogacy if done for medical reasons, but 85% opposed its use for reasons of convenience. Overall, 72% of the respondents thought that ART should be regulated. A total of 58% felt that physicians should be primarily responsible for determining the allowable limits of this technology, and 38% felt that the public should be primarily responsible. Only 21% agreed with public funding of ART. Religious affiliation strongly influenced attitudes toward ART.CONCLUSIONS: Public support for ART varies depending on the circumstances of its use. Education is needed to make the general community aware of the various aspects of ART. The results of this survey should help physicians and governing bodies make informed decisions about the future directions of ART in Canada.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Alberta', 'Female', 'Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Public Opinion', 'Reproductive Techniques', 'Surveys and Questionnaires']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['Z01.107.567.176.064'], ['F01.100.150.500', 'N05.300.150.410'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['I01.880.630.548'], ['E02.875', 'E05.820'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Combined endoscopic and open approach to the removal of expandable metallic tracheal stents.

OBJECTIVES: To review complications of indwelling tracheal stents and to describe a technique of stent removal using a combined open and endoscopic approach.DESIGN: Descriptive case series.SETTING: Medical University of South Carolina.PATIENTS: Six patients were identified who had undergone combined open and endoscopic removal of indwelling tracheal stents. Coated (4 patients) and uncoated (2 patients) expandable metal stents had been present for an average time of 24 months (range, 5-60 months) before removal.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Medical comorbidities, characteristics of the underlying airway lesion (origin, type, and length), stent characteristics (type and duration), and the presentation and management of stent-related complications.RESULTS: All patients presented with worsening dyspnea and/or stridor, with 3 requiring intubation. Stent removal was performed in the operating room and consisted of initial exposure of the trachea for emergency airway access, removal of the indwelling stent under bronchoscopic and transtracheal guidance, and tracheotomy. Two patients experienced desaturations of more than 25% during the procedure, and 2 patients had stents that could be only partially removed. Five patients subsequently received Montgomery T-tubes without complications after a mean follow-up of 23 months (range, 6-40 months).CONCLUSIONS: Indwelling tracheal stents are becoming increasingly common in the management of benign airway stenosis. The stents frequently occlude with granulation tissue and may require removal. A combined open and endoscopic removal maximizes airway protection and minimizes potential complications.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Bronchoscopy', 'Device Removal', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Stents', 'Trachea', 'Tracheal Stenosis']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.370.386.105', 'E01.370.388.250.100', 'E04.502.250.100', 'E04.928.600.080'], ['E04.199'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E07.695.750'], ['A04.889'], ['C08.907.663']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Protein synthesis and the recovery of both survival and cytoplasmic "petite" mutation in ultraviolet-treated yeast cells. II. Mitochondrial protein synthesis.

The contribution of mitochondrial proteins in the repair of UV-induced lethal and cytoplasmic genetic damages was studied in dark liquid held exponential and stationary phase yeast cells. This was performed by using the specific inhibitors, erythromycin (ER) anc chloramphenicol (CAP). It was shown that mitochondrial proteins are involved in the recovery of stationary phase cells. Mitochondrial proteins are partly implicated in the mechanisms leading to the restoration of the (see article) genotype in UV-irradiated dark liquid held exponential phase cells. Here again, in stationary phase cells, mitochondrial enzymes do not seem to participate in the negative liquid holding (NLH) process for the (see article) induction, as shown by inhibiting mitochondrial protein synthesis or both mitochondrial and nuclear protein synthesis. When cells are grown in glycerol, the response after dark liquid holding of UV-treated cells in the different growth stages are similar to that found for glucose-grown cells. In other words, the fate of cytoplasmic genetic damage, in particular, is not correlated with the repressed or derepressed state of the mitochondria.

['Cell Nucleus', 'Cell Survival', 'Chloramphenicol', 'Cytoplasm', 'DNA Repair', 'Darkness', 'Erythromycin', 'Mitochondria', 'Mutation', 'Protein Biosynthesis', 'Radiation Genetics', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'Ultraviolet Rays']

[['A11.284.430.106', 'A11.284.430.214.190.875.117'], ['G04.346'], ['D02.033.455.706.300', 'D02.455.426.559.389.565.175', 'D02.640.529.175'], ['A11.284.430.214'], ['G02.111.222', 'G05.219'], ['G01.590.540.233'], ['D02.540.576.500.992'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.875.564', 'A11.284.835.626'], ['G05.365.590'], ['G02.111.660.871', 'G03.734.871', 'G05.297.670'], ['H01.158.273.343.800', 'N06.850.810.335'], ['B01.300.107.795.785.800', 'B01.300.930.705.655'], ['G01.358.500.505.650.891', 'G01.590.540.891', 'G01.750.250.650.891', 'G01.750.750.659', 'G01.750.770.578.891', 'G16.500.275.063.725.525.600', 'G16.500.750.775.525.600', 'N06.230.300.100.725.525.600']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

[The punishment of blinding and the life of the blind].

The article deals with a group of people who were deprived of their eyesight by private acts of force or by executions of lawful sentences. In early medieval texts blinding is frequently mentioned in connection with popes, kings, princes or bishops. However, since the High Middle Ages these dignitaries were increasingly spared the loss of their eyes. It may be said that on the whole, from the eighth to the twelfth century, blinding was overwhelmingly used to dispose of political adversaries, but did then rapidly turn into a criminal punishment. In the earliest 'Landfriedensordnungen' of the late eleventh century, the loss of the perpetrator's eyes crops up as punishment for breach of the peace, while later it was applied to a variety of more or less serious offences. The destiny of the blinded in the early Middle Ages is only highlighted by sketches of a few individual cases; for the High and late Middle Ages--apart from a few notable exceptions--it is only possible to reflect on the general situation of blind people in society, since the sources usually do not differentiate between those having lost their sight through human violence or due to other causes.

['Blindness', 'Civil Disorders', 'Criminal Law', 'Eye Injuries', 'Germany', 'History, Medieval', 'Humans', 'Punishment', 'Social Isolation', 'Visually Impaired Persons']

[['C10.597.751.941.162', 'C11.966.075', 'C23.888.592.763.941.162'], ['I01.880.735.140'], ['I01.198.290', 'I01.880.604.583.100'], ['C10.900.300.284.250', 'C11.297', 'C26.915.300.425.250'], ['Z01.542.315'], ['K01.400.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F02.463.425.770.571', 'I01.880.630.716'], ['F01.145.813.781', 'I01.880.853.748'], ['M01.150.850']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Kiwifruit remnants from digestion in vitro have functional attributes of potential importance to health.

The physicochemical properties of plant cell walls in the gut are important in modulating processes that influence health. We investigated the physicochemical properties of kiwifruit cell walls digested under gastric and gastroileal conditions in vitro. Soluble and insoluble undigested polymer fractions were measured, the hydration properties of the digested pulp, and the capacity to retard diffusion and mixing in a simulated small intestinal segment. Undigested polymer (dietary fibre) fractions differed little between "Hayward' ('Hayward') and 'Hort16A' (gold) kiwifruit cultivars in their relative proportions, although total dietary fibre was greater in 'Hayward' than in the 'Hort16A'. The polysaccharide composition of seed-free digestion-resistant polymer was similar in both cultivars and not affected by in vitro digestion. Indigestible remnants from kiwifruit had strong water retention and swelling capacities, also little affected by digesting, and retarded both glucose diffusion and mixing significantly, especially in the presence of low background viscosity. We conclude that the particulate cell wall remnants of digested kiwifruit retain substantial potential to influence the properties of gut contents.

['Actinidia', 'Dietary Fiber', 'Digestion', 'Fruit', 'Health', 'Humans', 'Models, Biological', 'Viscosity']

[['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.341.500.500'], ['D09.301.416', 'G07.203.300.400', 'J02.500.400'], ['G07.203.650.250', 'G10.261.190'], ['A18.024.500', 'G07.203.300.562', 'J02.500.562'], ['N01.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.599.395'], ['G02.930']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

[Solitary splenic metastasis of bladder carcinoma. Report of a clinical case].

Several authors assumed that spleen was resistant to neoplastic dissemination because of spleen metastasis are rare in relation to the incidence of metastasis in other parenchymatous organs. We report a clinical case of a symptomatic solitary spleen metastasis in cystic-looking bladder cancer; afterwards we'll examine real incidence of secondary splenic injury. In autopsy studies, the incidence of splenic metastatic spread is in contrast with the rarity of clinical manifestations of solitary metastasis. The case reported is really uncommon: a voluminous single metastasis, cystic-looking, with splenomegaly, abdominal pain and rapid onset. In the presence of a high malignancy primitive tumor, the evaluation of the effective utility of the surgical treatment carried out is premature, because of the relatively short follow-up. On the other hand, the painful symptomatology, the risk of disruption in peritoneal cavity, the impossibility to make inquiries about the nature of the cystic mass, imposed, in our opinion, a surgical treatment.

['Aged', 'Carcinoma, Transitional Cell', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Splenic Neoplasms', 'Urinary Bladder Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['C04.557.470.200.430'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.842', 'C15.604.744.680'], ['C04.588.945.947.960', 'C12.758.820.968', 'C12.777.829.813', 'C13.351.937.820.945', 'C13.351.968.829.707']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

Effectiveness of antipsychotics in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder on response and remission: an open randomized clinical trial (EUFEST).

BACKGROUND: Predefined response and remission criteria may hold more clinical relevance than mean scores on rating scales. We compared the effectiveness of low doses of haloperidol and regular doses of second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) on >or=50% response and remission.METHODS: In an open randomized clinical trial in 14 countries, 498 unselected first-episode patients with schizophrenia were assigned to haloperidol (1-4 mg/d; n=103), amisulpride (200-800 mg/d; n=104), olanzapine (5-20mg/d; n=105), quetiapine (200-750 mg/d; n=104), or ziprasidone (40-160 mg/d; n=82). Primary outcomes were >or=50% response and remission within 12 months, as measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Analysis was by intention-to-treat.RESULTS: Within 12 months, the proportions of patients with >or=50% response were 37% for haloperidol, 67% for amisulpride, 67% for olanzapine, 46% for quetiapine, and 56% for ziprasidone. Comparisons with haloperidol showed a higher likelihood for >or=50% response with amisulpride (hazard ratio [HR] 2.27, [95% CI 1.51-3.42]), olanzapine (HR 2.07 [1.38-3.10]), and ziprasidone (HR 1.62 [1.02-2.56]). Within 12 months, the proportions of patients in remission were 17% for haloperidol, 40% for amisulpride, 41% for olanzapine, 24% for quetiapine, and 28% for ziprasidone. Comparisons with haloperidol showed a better chance for remission on amisulpride (HR 2.49, [95% CI 1.43-4.35]), olanzapine (HR 2.58 [1.48-4.48]), quetiapine (HR 1.96 [1.06-3.64]), and ziprasidone (HR 2.03 [1.07-3.87]).CONCLUSIONS: Substantial proportions of first-episode patients with schizophrenia showed clinically meaningful response and remission rates within 12 months. The proportions of response and remission were higher for most SGAs as compared to haloperidol.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Antipsychotic Agents', 'Cross-Cultural Comparison', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Europe', 'Female', 'Humans', 'International Cooperation', 'Israel', 'Male', 'Outcome Assessment, Health Care', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Proportional Hazards Models', 'Psychiatric Status Rating Scales', 'Psychotic Disorders', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Schizophrenia', 'Secondary Prevention', 'Time Factors', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D27.505.696.277.950.040', 'D27.505.954.427.210.950.040', 'D27.505.954.427.700.872.331'], ['I01.076.201.450.281', 'I01.880.853.100.257'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['Z01.542'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I01.615.500'], ['Z01.252.245.500.375'], ['H01.770.644.145.431', 'N04.761.559.590', 'N05.715.360.575.575'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['E05.318.740.500.700', 'E05.318.740.600.700', 'E05.318.740.750.725', 'E05.318.740.998.825', 'E05.599.835.900', 'N05.715.360.750.530.650', 'N05.715.360.750.625.650', 'N05.715.360.750.695.650', 'N05.715.360.750.795.825', 'N06.850.520.830.500.700', 'N06.850.520.830.600.700', 'N06.850.520.830.750.725', 'N06.850.520.830.998.912'], ['F04.711.513.653'], ['F03.700.675'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['F03.700.750'], ['E02.897', 'N02.421.726.825', 'N06.850.780.750'], ['G01.910.857'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

The contingent negative variation in a Go/No Go avoidance task: relationships with personality and subjective state.

Howard et al. (1982) reported an association in mentally abnormal offenders between psychometric impulsiveness and the degree of differentiation in the contingent negative variation (CNV) recorded at the vertex between Go and No Go conditions in a Go/No Go signalled avoidance task. The present study aimed to investigate whether this finding extended to two samples of young, healthy volunteers using a variety of impulsiveness-related measures. As well as examining the Go/No Go CNV recorded from the vertex, the present study investigated the Go/No Go CNV recorded bilaterally at central (C3 and C4: Experiment 1) and temporal (T3 and T4: Experiment 2) electrode derivations. The study also investigated relationships between the Go/No Go CNV and subjective state. including stress and arousal as measured by a mood-adjective checklist, as well as several task-related state measures. The Go CNV recorded at the vertex was found to relate to a variety of impulsiveness-related measures, in particular to Eysenck's Impulsivity, Venturesomeness and Psychoticism. The Go/No Go CNV recorded at temporal sites was more closely related to measures of Emotionality. While the Go CNV appears to be an electrocortical index of a neuropsychological system mediating subjective stress, the No Go CNV appears to index subjective arousal. Results are interpreted in terms of orthogonal 'primary' and 'secondary' appraisal processes (Folkman et al., 1979), and their implications for Gray's (1982) neuropsychological theory of anxiety and Tucker and Williamson's (1984) neural control systems model of human self-regulation are outlined.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Arousal', 'Avoidance Learning', 'Cerebral Cortex', 'Contingent Negative Variation', 'Electrophysiology', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Personality', 'Personality Tests', 'Psychometrics']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['F02.830.104', 'G11.561.035'], ['F02.463.425.097', 'F02.463.785.373.173'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500'], ['G07.265.216.500.250', 'G11.561.200.500.250'], ['H01.158.344.528', 'H01.158.782.236'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.752'], ['F04.711.647'], ['F04.711.780']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]']

Pial arteriolar constriction following cortical spreading depression is mediated by prostanoids.

The mechanism of pial arteriolar constriction during post-cortical spreading depression (CSD) was examined in anesthetized adult rabbits. Using a closed cranial window and intravital microscopy, the diameter of a pial arteriole was determined. A single CSD was induced by KCl micro-injection and its propagation was monitored by recording slow potential changes accompanying CSD. Prostanoid levels in cortical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Pial arteriolar diameter increased significantly from 76 +/- 6 to a maximum of 119 +/- 5 microns (57%, n = 8) for 1.6 +/- 0.1 min when CSD (velocity, 2.8 +/- 0.1 mm/min) reached the cortex just beneath the vessel irrespective of its location. Shortly after CSD expiration from the cortex, pial arteriolar diameter decreased from the pre-CSD level to a minimum of 67 +/- 5 microns (12%, n = 8) for 19.5 +/- 2.1 min. CSD was elicited again in the same animal while the cortical surface under the window was continuously superfused with artificial CSF at a flow rate of 3.2-4.5 ml/min. Pial arteriolar dilation (from 75 +/- 6 to 115 +/- 3 microns, 53 +/- 9%, for 1.6 +/- 0.1 min, n = 8) was observed again during CSD (velocity, 2.7 +/- 0.2 mm/min), however, no constriction of the vessel was seen after CSD expiration. Indomethacin pretreatment (n = 11) to inhibit prostanoid production enhanced the magnitude of CSD-induced vasodilation from the pretreatment levels of 59 +/- 9% (from 82 +/- 5 to 130 +/- 8 microns for 1.7 min) to the post-treatment levels of 82 +/- 13% (from 78 +/- 5 to 142 +/- 12 microns for 1.8 min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

['Animals', 'Arterioles', 'Cortical Spreading Depression', 'Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors', 'Indomethacin', 'Muscle Tonus', 'Perfusion', 'Pia Mater', 'Prostaglandins', 'Rabbits', 'Vasoconstriction']

[['B01.050'], ['A07.015.114.060', 'A07.015.461.080'], ['G11.561.200.500.300'], ['D27.505.519.389.310', 'D27.505.696.663.850.014.040.500.500', 'D27.505.954.158.030.500', 'D27.505.954.329.030.500'], ['D03.633.100.473.420'], ['G11.427.565'], ['E05.680'], ['A08.186.566.731'], ['D10.251.355.255.550', 'D23.469.050.175.725'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700'], ['G09.330.380.925']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency by electroporation in vivo.

The potential of electric current-mediated delivery technology to enhance DNA delivery and DNA vaccine potency was evaluated. Higher levels of reporter gene expression were observed in muscle cells of mice inoculated with luciferase or beta-galactosidase DNA followed by the application of electrical current, compared with DNA injected with no current. Similarly, substantially higher levels of immune responses (up to 20-fold) were demonstrated in mice vaccinated with HIV gag DNA and electric current. These enhanced responses were observed after one or two inoculations, and were maintained for at least 12 weeks. Therefore, the present studies demonstrate the utility of electroporation for enhancement of DNA vaccine potency in animals.

['Animals', 'Electroporation', 'Female', 'Gene Products, gag', 'Mice', 'Vaccines, DNA']

[['B01.050'], ['E05.200.500.454', 'E05.242.448', 'E05.301.500'], ['D12.776.775.330', 'D12.776.964.775.350', 'D12.776.964.970.600.850.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['D12.776.828.868.910', 'D20.215.894.865.910', 'D23.050.865.910']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Has the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials in thoracic surgery improved?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the thoracic surgery literature according to Consolidated Standard for Reporting of Trials (CONSORT) and to determine predictors of quality.METHODS: All RCTs published in four principal journals between 1998 and 2013 were identified in PubMed. Two independent reviewers assessed each trial using the CONSORT checklist (1996) with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. Mean checklist scores were compared between trials published from 1998 to 2005 and 2006 to 2013. The ê statistic for inter-rater agreement was calculated. Stepwise multivariable linear regression was then performed to identify independent predictors of quality.RESULTS: After 2 rounds of review, 203 of the 2838 identified articles met inclusion criteria. The overall ê coefficient was 0.95 indicating very good agreement between reviewers. The mean CONSORT score was significantly higher in 2006-13 [mean 10.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 10.3-11.2] than in 1998-2005 (mean 9.3; 95% CI: 8.7-9.6). On multivariable analysis, there was strong evidence of an increased mean CONSORT score in studies comparing non-surgical interventions, multicentre trials, publications after 2006, studies with increased number of authors and studies funded by industries.CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the quality of reporting in the thoracic surgery literature is improving with time and is predicted by factors including number of authors, multicentre trials, type of comparison, time period of publication and industry sponsorship. Ongoing efforts should be made to improve the quality of reporting in thoracic surgery.

['Biomedical Research', 'Humans', 'Linear Models', 'Publications', 'Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Thoracic Surgical Procedures']

[['H01.770.644.145'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.500.500', 'E05.318.740.750.425', 'E05.599.835.750', 'N05.715.360.750.530.460', 'N05.715.360.750.695.460', 'N06.850.520.830.500.500', 'N06.850.520.830.750.425'], ['L01.178.682'], ['E05.318.372.250.250.365.500', 'N05.715.360.330.250.250.365.500', 'N06.850.520.450.250.250.365.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E04.928']]

['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Information Science [L]']

Prevalence of anemia among under-5 children in the Ghanaian population: estimates from the Ghana demographic and health survey.

BACKGROUND: Anemia in children continues to be a major public health challenge in most developing countries, particularly in Africa. Anemia in the early stages of life leads to severe negative consequences on the cognitive as well as the growth and development of children, which may persist even after treatment. We examine the prevalence of anemia in under-five children in the Ghanaian population to help inform and serve as a guide to health policies and possible interventions.METHODS: Data from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) was used. Data consists of health, demographic and socio-economic factors. Anemia status was determined using hemoglobin level, and prevalence of childhood anemia along with 95% confidence intervals was provided. We also examined the distribution of prevalence across different age and socio-demographic groups as well as the different regions and sub-regions in Ghana.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of anemia in under-five children in Ghana was 78.4% (N = 2168, 95% CI: 76.7-80.2), where 7.8% (N = 2168, 95% CI: 6.6-8.9) of the children had severe anemia, 48.0% (N = 2168, 95% CI: 45.9-50.2) moderate anemia and 22.6% (N = 2168, 95% CI: 20.8-24.4) had mild anemia. The highest prevalence regions were the Upper East, 88.9% (N = 158, 95% CI: 80.9-94.0), and Upper West 88.1% (N = 220, 95% CI: 76.4-94.6). The prevalence was also higher among children under 2 years of age, 85.1% (N = 781, 95% CI: 82.6-87.7) than children 2-5 years of age, 74.8% (N = 1387, 95% CI: 72.5-77.1). No significant difference in prevalence between boys and girls was observed.CONCLUSIONS: Given the high prevalence of childhood anemia observed in Ghana, particularly among those less than 2 years old, and given the negative consequences on their cognitive and behavioral development even in later years, there is an urgent need for effective and efficient public health interventions.

['Africa', 'Anemia', 'Child, Preschool', 'Demography', 'Developing Countries', 'Female', 'Ghana', 'Health Services Needs and Demand', 'Health Surveys', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Prevalence', 'Public Health']

[['Z01.058'], ['C15.378.071'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['I01.240', 'N01.224', 'N06.850.505.400'], ['I01.615.500.300'], ['Z01.058.290.190.320'], ['N03.349.380.420', 'N05.300.450'], ['E05.318.308.980.438', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750'], ['H02.403.720', 'N01.400.550', 'N06.850']]

['Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Is childhood-onset type I diabetes a wealth-related disease? An ecological analysis of European incidence rates.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To describe the epidemiology of childhood-onset Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Europe, the EURODIAB collaborative group established prospective, geographically-defined registers of children diagnosed under 15 years of age. A total of 16,362 cases were registered by 44 centres during the period 1989-1994. The registers cover a population of approximately 28 million children with most European countries represented.METHODS: In most centres a primary and a secondary source of ascertainment were used so that the completeness of registration could be assessed by the capture-recapture method. Ecological correlation and regression analyses were used to study the relationship between incidence and various environmental, health and economic indicators.RESULTS: The standardised average annual incidence rate during the period 1989-94 ranged from 3.2 cases per 100,000 person-years in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia to 40.2 cases per 100,000 person-years in Finland. Indicators of national prosperity such as infant mortality (r = -0.64) and gross domestic product (r = 0.58) were most strongly and significantly correlated with incidence rate and previously-reported associations with milk consumption (r = 0.58), coffee consumption (r = 0.51) and latitude (r = 0.40) were also observed.CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: The wide variation in childhood Type I diabetes incidence rates within Europe could be partially explained by indicators of national prosperity. These indicators could reflect differences in environmental risk factors such as nutrition or lifestyle that are important in determining a country's incidence rate.

['Adolescent', 'Child', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1', 'Ecology', 'Europe', 'Geography', 'Humans', 'Incidence', 'Registries', 'Socioeconomic Factors']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.406'], ['C18.452.394.750.124', 'C19.246.267', 'C20.111.327'], ['H01.158.273.248', 'H01.277.249'], ['Z01.542'], ['H01.277.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['E05.318.308.970', 'N04.452.859.819', 'N05.715.360.300.715.700', 'N06.850.520.308.970'], ['I01.880.853.996', 'N01.824']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

[Post-dural puncture headache: treatment and prevention].

Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a common iatrogenic and incapacitating complication. Dural puncture can be intentional (spinal block, myelography,...) or accidental (epidural block). Risk factors are well described and the obstetric patient is at high risk for PDPH. The treatment of PDPH is not standardised. Many options have been proposed, but only the epidural blood patch has apparent benefits. A few measures have been suggested to prevent PDPH after unintentional dural puncture, but none has been shown to work with certainty.

['Acetaminophen', 'Analgesics, Non-Narcotic', 'Anesthesia, Epidural', 'Anesthesia, Obstetrical', 'Anesthesia, Spinal', 'Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal', 'Blood Patch, Epidural', 'Drug Therapy, Combination', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Post-Dural Puncture Headache', 'Pregnancy', 'Risk Factors', 'Spinal Puncture', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['D02.065.199.092.040', 'D02.092.146.113.092.040'], ['D27.505.696.663.850.014.040', 'D27.505.954.427.040.100'], ['E03.155.086.131'], ['E03.155.364'], ['E03.155.086.331'], ['D27.505.696.663.850.014.040.500', 'D27.505.954.158.030', 'D27.505.954.329.030'], ['E02.095.125', 'E02.319.267.530.580.300.145'], ['E02.319.310'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C10.228.140.546.699.124'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['E01.370.225.998.054.790', 'E01.370.376.700', 'E02.800.779', 'E04.074.790', 'E04.665.700', 'E05.200.998.054.790'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

One case of rotational subluxation of the carpal scaphoid.

The authors describe one case of perilunate dislocation. After reduction of the dislocation, there was a residual rotational subluxation of the scaphoid due to dorsal tearing of the scapho-triquetral and radio-scaphoid ligaments. The subluxation results in post-traumatic dorsal instability of the carpus. The authors report their clinical experience and conclude that clinical and radiographic diagnosis is not always easy and treatment, which is always surgical, must aim at joint stabilization and ligament reconstruction.

['Bone Wires', 'Carpal Bones', 'Humans', 'Joint Dislocations', 'Ligaments, Articular', 'Male', 'Radiography']

[['E07.695.370.468', 'E07.858.442.660.460.468', 'E07.858.690.725.460.468'], ['A02.835.232.087.319.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C05.550.518', 'C26.289'], ['A02.513.514', 'A02.835.583.512', 'A10.165.669.514'], ['E01.370.350.700']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Haptoglobin deficiency facilitates the development of autoimmune inflammation.

Haptoglobin (HP) is an acute phase protein synthesized by liver cells in response to IL-6. HP has been demonstrated to modulate the immune response and to have anti-inflammatory activities. To analyze HP's effect on autoimmune inflammation, we here studied the course of EAE induced by immunization of Hp knockout (Hp(-/-)) and syngeneic WT mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG(35-55)). Hp(-/-)mice suffered from a more severe disease that was associated with increased expression of IL-17A, IL-6, and IFN-gamma mRNA in the CNS and with a denser cellular infiltrate in the spinal cord. During the recovery phase, a significantly higher number of myeloid DC, CD8+ cells, IL-17+ CD4+ and IFN-gamma+ CD4+ cells persisted in the CNS of Hp(-/-) mice. Absence of HP affected the priming and differentiation of T cells after MOG(35-55) immunization, as levels of Th2 cytokines produced in response to MOG stimulation by Hp(-/-) T cells were reduced. These results suggest that HP plays a modulatory and protective role on autoimmune inflammation of the CNS.

['Animals', 'Autoimmune Diseases', 'Brain', 'Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Glycoproteins', 'Haptoglobins', 'Immunization', 'Immunoglobulin G', 'Inflammation', 'Interferon-gamma', 'Interleukin-10', 'Interleukin-17', 'Lymph Nodes', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Myelin Proteins', 'Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein', 'Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein', 'Peptide Fragments', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Spinal Cord', 'Spleen', 'T-Lymphocytes', 'Th2 Cells', 'Transforming Growth Factor beta']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]']

A novel method for the preparation of 4-arylimidazolones.

A series of 4-arylimidazolones have been accessed via late-stage, palladium-mediated arylation of acetone- and cyclohexanone-derived 4-chloroimidazolones. The 4-chloroimidazolones were prepared via a novel rearrangement of the corresponding imidazolone N-oxides. This communication serves as an expansion of chemistry originally developed for our glucagon receptor antagonist program.

['Catalysis', 'Cyclic N-Oxides', 'Cyclohexanones', 'Imidazoles', 'Molecular Structure', 'Palladium', 'Receptors, Glucagon']

[['G02.130'], ['D03.661.243'], ['D02.455.426.392.368.367.340', 'D02.522.400'], ['D03.383.129.308'], ['G02.111.570', 'G02.466'], ['D01.268.556.680', 'D01.268.956.718', 'D01.552.544.680'], ['D12.776.543.750.695.330', 'D12.776.543.750.750.580.350']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Opposite modulation of brain functional networks implicated at low vs. high demand of attention and working memory.

BACKGROUND: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies indicate that the brain organizes its activity into multiple functional networks (FNs) during either resting condition or task-performance. However, the functions of these FNs are not fully understood yet.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To investigate the operation of these FNs, spatial independent component analysis (sICA) was used to extract FNs from fMRI data acquired from healthy participants performing a visual task with two levels of attention and working memory load. The task-related modulations of extracted FNs were assessed. A group of FNs showed increased activity at low-load conditions and reduced activity at high-load conditions. These FNs together involve the left lateral frontoparietal cortex, insula, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. A second group of FNs showed increased activity at high-load conditions and reduced activity at low-load conditions. These FNs together involve the intraparietal sulcus, frontal eye field, lateral frontoparietal cortex, insula, and dorsal anterior cingulate, bilaterally. Though the two groups of FNs showed opposite task-related modulations, they overlapped extensively at both the lateral and medial frontoparietal cortex and insula. Such an overlap of FNs would not likely be revealed using standard general-linear-model-based analyses.CONCLUSIONS: By assessing task-related modulations, this study differentiated the functional roles of overlapping FNs. Several FNs including the left frontoparietal network are implicated in task conditions of low attentional load, while another set of FNs including the dorsal attentional network is implicated in task conditions involving high attentional demands.

['Adult', 'Attention', 'Brain', 'Brain Mapping', 'Female', 'Frontal Lobe', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Memory', 'Nerve Net', 'Parietal Lobe', 'Photic Stimulation', 'Psychomotor Performance', 'Radiography', 'Time Factors', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F02.830.104.214'], ['A08.186.211'], ['E01.370.350.578.875.500', 'E01.370.376.537.625.500', 'E05.629.875.500'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.270'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['F02.463.425.540'], ['A08.511'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.670'], ['E05.723.729'], ['F02.808', 'G11.427.700', 'G11.561.660'], ['E01.370.350.700'], ['G01.910.857'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Molecular-recognition-assisted pKa shifts and metal-ion-induced fluorescence regeneration in p-sulfonatocalix[6]arene-encapsulated acridine.

The host-guest interactions of cationic (AcH(+) ) and neutral (Ac) forms of the dye acridine with the macrocyclic host p-sulfonatocalix[6]arene (SCX6) were investigated by using ground-state absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, and NMR measurements. The cationic form undergoes significant complexation with SCX6 (Keq =2.5?10(4)  M(-1) ), causing a sharp decrease in the fluorescence intensity and severe quenching in the excited-state lifetime of the dye. The strong binding of the AcH(+) form of the dye with SCX6 is attributed to ion-ion interactions involving the sulfonato groups (SO3 (-) ) of SCX6 and the positively charged AcH(+) at pH of approximately 4.3. Whereas, the neutral Ac form of the dye undergoes weak complexation with SCX6 (Keq =0.9?10(3)  M(-1) ) and the binding constant is lowered by one order of magnitude compared with that of the SCX6-AcH(+) system. The strong affinity of SCX6 to the protonated form leads to a large upward pKa shift (?2 units) in the dye. In contrast, strong emission quenching upon SCX6 interaction and the regeneration of fluorescence intensity of the dye in the presence of Gd(3+) through competitive binding have also been demonstrated.

['Acridines', 'Calixarenes', 'Gadolinium', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Ions', 'Kinetics', 'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy', 'Phenols', 'Spectrometry, Fluorescence', 'Sulfones']

[['D03.633.300.046'], ['D04.345.025'], ['D01.268.558.362.484', 'D01.552.550.399.484'], ['G02.300'], ['D01.248.497'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['E05.196.867.519'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657'], ['E05.196.712.516.600.676', 'E05.196.867.726'], ['D02.886.590']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Evidence of Rab3A expression, regulation of vesicle trafficking, and cellular secretion in response to heregulin in mammary epithelial cells.

Heregulin beta1 (HRG), a combinatorial ligand for human growth factor receptors 3 and 4, is a regulatory polypeptide that promotes the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells into secretory lobuloalveoli. Emerging evidence suggests that the processes of secretory pathways, such as biogenesis and trafficking of vesicles in neurons and adipose cells, are regulated by the Rab family of low-molecular-weight GTPases. In this study, we identified Rab3A as a gene product induced by HRG. Full-length Rab3A was cloned from a mammary gland cDNA library. We demonstrated that HRG stimulation of human breast cancer cells and normal breast epithelial cells induces the expression of Rab3A protein and mRNA in a cycloheximide-independent manner. HRG-mediated induction of Rab3A expression was blocked by an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not by inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38(MAPK) and p42/44(MAPK). Human breast epithelial cells also express other components of regulated vesicular traffic, such as rabphilin 3A, Doc2, and syntaxin. Rab3A was predominantly localized in the cytosol, and HRG stimulation of the epithelial cells also raised the level of membrane-bound Rab3A. HRG treatment induced a profound alteration in the cell morphology in which cells displayed neuron-like membrane extensions that contained Rab3A-coated, vesicle-like structures. In addition, HRG also promoted the secretion of cellular proteins from the mammary epithelial cells. The ability of HRG to modify exocytosis was verified by using a growth hormone transient-transfection system. Analysis of mouse mammary gland development revealed the expression of Rab3A in mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, expression of the HRG transgene in Harderian tumors in mice also enhanced the expression of Rab3A. These observations provide new evidence of the existence of a Rab3A pathway in mammary epithelial cells and suggest that it may play a role in vesicle trafficking and secretion of proteins from epithelial cells in response to stimulation by the HRG expressed within the mammary mesenchyma.

['Animals', 'Breast', 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Cell Compartmentation', 'Cell Membrane', 'Dexamethasone', 'Epithelial Cells', 'Exocytosis', 'Female', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Humans', 'Insulin', 'Intracellular Membranes', 'Lactation', 'Mammary Glands, Animal', 'Mice', 'Neuregulin-1', 'Prolactin', 'Protein Transport', 'Signal Transduction', 'rab3A GTP-Binding Protein']

[['B01.050'], ['A01.236'], ['C04.588.180', 'C17.800.090.500'], ['G04.128'], ['A11.284.149'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.769.344', 'D04.210.500.908.238'], ['A11.436'], ['G04.468'], ['G05.308'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.625', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.625'], ['A11.284.149.450', 'A11.284.835.514'], ['G08.686.523', 'G08.686.702.500'], ['A10.336.482', 'A13.589'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['D12.644.276.860.550.750', 'D12.776.467.860.550.750', 'D12.776.631.600.550.750', 'D23.529.850.550.750'], ['D06.472.699.322.576.773', 'D06.472.699.631.525.525', 'D12.644.548.691.525.525'], ['G03.143.700'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['D08.811.277.040.330.300.400.400.100.500', 'D12.644.360.525.400.100.100', 'D12.776.157.325.515.400.100.100', 'D12.776.476.525.400.100.100']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Thermo-and pH-sensitive hydrogel membranes composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-hyaluronan for biomedical applications: Influence of hyaluronan incorporation on the membrane properties.

Interpenetrating hydrogel membranes consisting of pH-sensitive hyaluronan (HA) and thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) were synthesized using redox polymerization, followed by N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) and epichlorohydrin (EPI) were added as chemical crosslinkers. The interaction between membrane compositions has been characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and discussed intensively. The result indicates that HA incorporation in membranes increase the gel fraction, swelling uptake, and the flexibility/elasticity of crosslinked membranes, however it reduced oppositely the mechanical elongation of membranes. PNIPAAm-HA hydrogels responded to both temperature and pH changes and the stimuli-responsiveness was reversible. However, in vitro bioevaluation results revealed that the released ampicillin during the burst release time was sharply influenced and increased with increasing HA contents in membranes; afterwards it became sustainable. Whereas, high HA contents in hydrogels unexpectedly impacted negatively on the cells viability, owing to the viscosity of cell culture media changed. A big resistance was observed against microbial growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans in case of pure PNIPAAm hydrogel membranes without HA or ampicillin. However, HA incorporation or the loaded ampicillin in membranes showed unexpected easily microbial growth. The fast release performance with dual pH-thermo-sensitive hydrogels were suggested as promising materials for quick drug carrier in the biomedical field.

['Acrylamides', 'Acrylic Resins', 'Ampicillin', 'Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Candida albicans', 'Cross-Linking Reagents', 'Drug Carriers', 'Drug Liberation', 'Epichlorohydrin', 'Hyaluronic Acid', 'Hydrogels', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Kinetics', 'Membranes, Artificial', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Oxidation-Reduction', 'Polymerization', 'Salmonella typhi', 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'Temperature']

[['D02.065.122', 'D02.241.081.069.094'], ['D05.750.716.822.111', 'D25.720.716.822.111', 'J01.637.051.720.716.822.111'], ['D02.065.589.099.750.750.050', 'D02.886.108.750.750.050', 'D03.633.100.300.750.750.050'], ['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['B01.300.107.795.095.326', 'B01.300.381.147.326', 'B01.300.930.176.326'], ['D27.720.470.410.210'], ['D26.255.260', 'E02.319.300.380'], ['G02.211', 'G03.787.321', 'G07.690.725.321'], ['D02.355.291.411.400'], ['D09.698.373.475'], ['D20.280.320.375', 'D26.255.165.320.375'], ['G02.300'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['D25.479', 'J01.637.051.479', 'J01.637.087.500'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['G02.700', 'G03.295.531'], ['G02.750'], ['B03.440.450.425.800.200.800', 'B03.660.250.150.710.160.750'], ['B03.300.390.400.800.750.100', 'B03.353.500.750.750.100', 'B03.510.100.750.750.100', 'B03.510.400.790.750.100'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Partial structures of ketoconazole as modulators of the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BK(Ca)).

A series of partial structures of ketoconazole has been synthesized and tested for activity on the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BK) in bovine smooth muscle cells. This has provided openers and blockers of the channel. The results suggest that the phenyl and phenoxy moieties are important for interaction with BK, whereas the imidazole group is unimportant. The properties of the phenoxy moiety seem to determine whether the compounds act to open or block the channel.

['Animals', 'Cattle', 'Drug Evaluation, Preclinical', 'Ketoconazole', 'Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels', 'Membrane Transport Modulators', 'Molecular Structure', 'Muscle, Smooth, Vascular', 'Structure-Activity Relationship']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.271'], ['E05.290.750', 'E05.337.550'], ['D03.383.606.560'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.600.150.500', 'D12.776.543.550.450.750.150.500', 'D12.776.543.585.400.750.150.500'], ['D27.505.519.562'], ['G02.111.570', 'G02.466'], ['A02.633.570.491', 'A07.015.733.500', 'A10.690.467.491'], ['G02.111.830', 'G07.690.773.997']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Dissociation of sympathoexcitatory and vasodilator actions of modestly elevated plasma insulin levels.

OBJECTIVE: To determine sympathetic and vascular responses to modest increases in plasma insulin level.BACKGROUND: Most studies of sympathetic and vascular actions of insulin have evaluated high plasma insulin levels ( > 50 microU/ml). Those levels increase sympathetic nerve activity but also cause vasodilation. Hypertension and obesity are associated with only modestly elevated fasting insulin levels.METHODS: We investigated the effects of a 90 min low-dose hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography), forearm vascular resistance (plethysmography), heart rate, blood pressure and central venous pressure. Insulin and vehicle sessions were performed in 12 normal subjects.RESULTS: Plasma insulin levels were elevated from values of 10 +/- 2 in the fasting state to 25 +/- 3 microU/ml during insulin infusion. Insulin levels did not change during vehicle administration. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity increased from 16 +/- 2 to 25 +/- 3 burst/min during the insulin session and did not change during vehicle administration. In contrast to muscle sympathetic nerve activity, forearm vascular resistance did not change during insulin administration (from 50 +/- 3 to 51 +/- 4 U). Forearm vascular resistance tended to fall during vehicle administration (from 45 +/- 2 to 37 +/- 3 U). There were no changes in heart rate, blood pressure and central venous pressure that could be attributed to insulin.CONCLUSIONS: Modest elevations of plasma insulin levels produce sympathetic activation similar to that caused by high levels, but, in contrast to high levels modest elevations in plasma insulin level do not decrease forearm vascular resistance. The present findings suggest a dissociation between sympathoexcitatory and vascular actions of insulin at low plasma levels.

['Adult', 'Blood Glucose', 'Body Mass Index', 'Female', 'Forearm', 'Glucose Clamp Technique', 'Hemodynamics', 'Humans', 'Insulin', 'Male', 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['A01.378.800.585'], ['E01.370.225.124.100.350', 'E05.196.500', 'E05.200.124.100.350'], ['G09.330.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.625', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.625'], ['A02.633.567', 'A10.690.552.500'], ['A08.675.542.075.800', 'A08.675.542.100.800', 'A08.800.050.050.050.800', 'A08.800.800.060.050.800', 'A11.671.501.075.800', 'A11.671.501.100.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

On associations between computers and restaurants: rapid learning of new associations on a conceptual implicit memory test.

A novel event-based conceptual implicit memory test was designed to tap the development of new associations between objects and ad hoc categories. At study, participants were presented with a plausible story that linked an incongruous object (computer) with an ad hoc category (restaurant). At test, participants judged whether a given object was typically found in a restaurant. In Experiment 1, judgment time was significantly slower for the incongruous object (computer) when the story had previously linked the computer to the restaurant, relative to when it had not. Experiment 2 replicated this effect and ruled out the alternative interpretation that this interference effect was attributable to a general slowing of responses to all studied items. Unlike in prior studies, this demonstration of associative priming cannot be attributed to perceptual priming or to test awareness in memory-intact participants. The paradigm therefore offers a unique opportunity to study single-trial conceptual learning in memory-intact and memory-impaired populations.

['Adult', 'Attention', 'Computers', 'Concept Formation', 'Cues', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Mental Recall', 'Paired-Associate Learning', 'Reaction Time', 'Restaurants']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F02.830.104.214'], ['L01.224.230.260'], ['F02.463.785.233'], ['F02.463.425.234'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F02.463.425.540.641'], ['F02.463.425.952.500'], ['E05.796.817', 'F02.830.650', 'F04.669.817', 'G11.561.677'], ['J01.576.423.500.700', 'J03.813']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Completion of Schistosoma mansoni life cycle in thyroidectomized rats and effects of thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

The survival and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni worms was analyzed in normal, thyroidectomized (Thyrox), and hormone-restored Thyrox rats. Restoration therapy was conducted with both T3 and T4; weight gain of treated rats was monitored to assess hormone-replacement efficacy. Worm yields, lengths, and sex-ratios were compared. Egg yields and the capacity of miracidia to hatch from eggs were also analyzed. The results of these studies support the conclusion that the sequence of steps leading to completion of the S. mansoni life cycle are operational in Thyrox rats. Hormone-treated Thyrox rats are restored to the nonpermissive status, although the worms isolated from these rats still differ in certain respects when compared to worms isolated from normal rats.

['Animals', 'Body Weight', 'Female', 'Liver', 'Male', 'Ovum', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains', 'Schistosoma mansoni', 'Schistosomiasis', 'Thyroidectomy', 'Thyroxine', 'Triiodothyronine']

[['B01.050'], ['C23.888.144', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120', 'E05.041.124.160.750', 'G07.100.100.160.120', 'G07.345.249.314.120'], ['A03.620'], ['A05.360.490.690', 'A11.497.497', 'A16.690'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400'], ['B01.050.500.500.736.715.770.680.700'], ['C01.610.335.865.859', 'C01.920.922'], ['E04.270.856'], ['D06.472.931.812', 'D12.125.072.050.767'], ['D06.472.931.740.385', 'D12.125.072.050.767.741.894']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Pain-behavior contracts: effective management of the adolescent in sickle-cell crisis.

Pain-behavior contracts can be utilized as an alternative method of managing the discomfort experienced by adolescents in sickle-cell crisis. The psychological impact of sickle-cell disease, the developmental need of adolescents to control situations in which they find themselves, and principles of pain control all provide theoretical bases supporting the use of pain contracts in clinical practice. If nurses are to effectively use such contracts, they must understand how to develop and implement them in the clinical setting. In addition, research can be designed to explore the use of such contracts for adolescents and staff.

['Adolescent', 'Anemia, Sickle Cell', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Pain', 'Pain Management', 'Patient Care Planning', 'Patient Participation']

[['M01.060.057'], ['C15.378.071.141.150.150', 'C15.378.420.155', 'C16.320.070.150', 'C16.320.365.155'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.888.592.612', 'F02.830.816.444', 'G11.561.790.444'], ['E02.745', 'N04.590.607.500'], ['N04.590.233.624'], ['F01.100.150.750.500.620', 'F01.145.488.887.500.620', 'N02.421.143.212.300', 'N03.540.245.360.300', 'N05.300.150.800.500.620']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Molecular characterization of Aspergilli isolated from outdoor air.

Ubiquitous airborne conidia of the genus Aspergillus are responsible for a diverse group of human disorders from allergy to life treating invasive aspergillosis and mycotoxicoses. The aim of this study was to determine the population structure of Aspergillus isolated from outdoor air in Tehran by comparing the nucleotide sequences of ITS region and the PCR-RFLP molecular method. Internal transcribed spacer domains of 47 Aspergillus spp. were amplified and sequenced and PCR products were digested individually with restriction enzymes TaqI and EcoRI. For all species the PCR reaction produced a fragment of approximately 600bp in length. All of the nucleotide sequences were highly similar with the corresponding reference sequences registered at the gene bank. The all isolates displayed same banding pattern on the basis EcoR1 cleavage. While Taq1 enzyme profiling provided 5 different banding pattern. The results show that the A. niger section has the highest frequency with 27 isolates (57.4%). Of these, 23 isolates (48.9%) belonged to the A. niger complex and 4 isolates (8.5%) to the A. aculeatus complex. The A. flavus complex was also placed in the next ranking with 9 isolates (19.1%). These results strongly support the need for using molecular markers as an auxiliary tool in differentiating Aspergillus species.

['Air Microbiology', 'Aspergillus', 'DNA, Fungal', 'DNA, Ribosomal Spacer', 'Iran', 'Molecular Typing', 'Mycological Typing Techniques', 'Phylogeny', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA']

[['H01.158.273.540.274.110', 'N06.850.425.110'], ['B01.300.381.081'], ['D13.444.308.300'], ['D13.444.308.324.230', 'D13.444.308.475.230'], ['Z01.252.245.500.350'], ['E01.370.225.875.150.125.457', 'E05.200.875.150.125.457', 'E05.393.542'], ['E01.370.225.875.610', 'E05.200.875.610'], ['G05.697', 'G16.075.605', 'L01.100.697'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['G05.365.795.595'], ['E05.393.760.700']]

['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]']

Acute bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy following intra-articular injection of corticosteroid.

There is increasing evidence in the literature implicating the use of exogenous steroids through various routes as a risk factor for the development of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (ICSC). We report a case of acute bilateral ICSC following intra-articular injection of corticosteroids.

['Acute Disease', 'Adult', 'Blood', 'Choroid Diseases', 'Female', 'Fluorescein Angiography', 'Glucocorticoids', 'Humans', 'Injections, Intra-Articular', 'Retinal Diseases', 'Tenosynovitis', 'Triamcinolone Acetonide', 'Wrist Joint']

[['C23.550.291.125'], ['M01.060.116'], ['A12.207.152', 'A15.145'], ['C11.941.160'], ['E01.370.370.050.350', 'E01.370.380.250'], ['D06.472.040.543', 'D27.505.696.399.472.488'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.319.267.530.380'], ['C11.768'], ['C05.651.869.870'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.915.715', 'D04.210.500.908.891.927'], ['A02.835.583.405.930']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Outpatient therapy of serious pediatric infections with ceftriaxone.

Convalescent outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone was evaluated in an uncontrolled study of 101 children with documented serious bacterial infections, including meningitis. Criteria for outpatient therapy were established to assure that risks of complications from the illness were minimal at the time of discharge from the hospital. Daily physician visits and motivated, capable parents were considered essential in outpatient management. Ceftriaxone was given once daily to children with non-central nervous system infections and once or twice daily intravenously to children with meningitis. The mean durations of therapy for children with non-central nervous system infections and with meningitis were 2.4 and 4.6 days, respectively. No child enrolled in this study was readmitted to the hospital for medical or social reasons. Probable complications of treatment included diarrhea in 13% of children with meningitis and in 6% of children with non-central nervous system infections. One child with meningitis developed pseudomembranous colitis. For children who are infected with bacteria that are highly susceptible to ceftriaxone, single daily dose outpatient therapy is a reasonable option for management if a good clinical response to initial treatment is demonstrated and the risks of complications of the disease process are negligible.

['Adolescent', 'Ambulatory Care', 'Bacterial Infections', 'Bacterial Toxins', 'Blood Bactericidal Activity', 'Ceftriaxone', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Clostridium Infections', 'Diarrhea', 'Feces', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Male', 'Meningitis', 'Prognosis', 'Prospective Studies']

[['M01.060.057'], ['E02.760.106', 'N02.421.585.106'], ['C01.150.252'], ['D23.946.123'], ['G09.188.100', 'G12.450.564.204'], ['D02.065.589.099.249.190.190.155', 'D02.886.665.074.190.190.155', 'D03.633.100.300.249.190.190.155'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C01.150.252.410.222'], ['C23.888.821.214'], ['A12.459'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['C10.228.614'], ['E01.789'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

Acquisition of hemozoin by monocytes down-regulates interleukin-12 p40 (IL-12p40) transcripts and circulating IL-12p70 through an IL-10-dependent mechanism: in vivo and in vitro findings in severe malarial anemia.

Severe malarial anemia (SMA) is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in immune-na?ve infants and young children residing in areas of holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Although the immunopathogenesis of SMA is largely undefined, we have previously shown that systemic interleukin-12 (IL-12) production is suppressed during childhood blood-stage malaria. Since IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) are known to decrease IL-12 synthesis in a number of infectious diseases, altered transcriptional regulation of these inflammatory mediators was investigated as a potential mechanism for IL-12 down-regulation. Ingestion of naturally acquired malarial pigment (hemozoin [PfHz]) by monocytes promoted the overproduction of IL-10 and TNF-alpha relative to the production of IL-12, which correlated with an enhanced severity of malarial anemia. Experiments with cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and CD14(+) cells from malaria-na?ve donors revealed that physiological concentrations of PfHz suppressed IL-12 and augmented IL-10 and TNF-alpha by altering the transcriptional kinetics of IL-12p40, IL-10, and TNF-alpha, respectively. IL-10 neutralizing antibodies, but not TNF-alpha antibodies, restored PfHz-induced suppression of IL-12. Blockade of IL-10 and the addition of recombinant IL-10 to cultured PBMC from children with SMA confirmed that IL-10 was responsible for malaria-induced suppression of IL-12. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PfHz-induced up-regulation of IL-10 is responsible for the suppression of IL-12 during malaria.

['Anemia', 'Animals', 'Antibodies', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Child, Preschool', 'Down-Regulation', 'Female', 'Hemeproteins', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Interleukin-10', 'Interleukin-12', 'Interleukin-12 Subunit p40', 'Lipopolysaccharide Receptors', 'Malaria, Falciparum', 'Male', 'Monocytes', 'Phagocytosis', 'Plasmodium falciparum', 'Protein Subunits', 'Transcription, Genetic', 'Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha']

[['C15.378.071'], ['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114'], ['A11.251'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['G02.111.240', 'G05.308.200', 'G07.690.773.937'], ['D12.776.422'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.510', 'D12.776.467.374.465.510', 'D23.529.374.465.510'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.512', 'D12.776.467.374.465.512', 'D23.529.374.465.512'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.512.500', 'D12.644.276.374.465.759.249', 'D12.776.467.374.465.512.500', 'D12.776.467.374.465.759.249', 'D23.529.374.465.512.500', 'D23.529.374.465.550.249'], ['D12.776.395.550.448.100', 'D12.776.543.484.500.100', 'D12.776.543.550.418.100', 'D12.776.543.750.705.045', 'D23.050.301.264.900.045', 'D23.101.100.900.045'], ['C01.610.752.530.650', 'C01.920.875.650'], ['A11.118.637.555.652', 'A11.148.580', 'A11.627.624', 'A11.733.547', 'A15.145.229.637.555.652', 'A15.378.316.580', 'A15.382.490.555.652', 'A15.382.670.547', 'A15.382.680.547'], ['G04.417.350', 'G09.188.665', 'G12.450.564.809', 'G12.688'], ['B01.043.075.380.611.561'], ['D12.776.813'], ['G02.111.873', 'G05.297.700'], ['D12.644.276.374.500.800', 'D12.644.276.374.750.626', 'D12.776.124.900', 'D12.776.395.930', 'D12.776.467.374.500.800', 'D12.776.467.374.750.626', 'D23.529.374.500.800', 'D23.529.374.750.626']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

The bactericidal power of the blood and plasma of patients with burns.

Patients with burns are unusually susceptible to bacterial infections, but so far there is no satisfactory explanation for this lack of resistance. Since resistance to infection involves many different mechanisms, examination of individual components of the immune system may not sufficiently explain the underlying reasons for increased susceptibility. The use of whole blood for antibacterial tests has the advantage that all the immune systems present in that fluid compartment can take part in the bactericidal effect. Tests with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed no evidence that the bactericidal power of the blood and plasma of patients with burns was less than that of normal control plasma. This suggests that the solution to the problem of increased susceptibility to infection in patients with burns does not lie with the blood but must be looked for elsewhere.

['Blood Bactericidal Activity', 'Burns', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Klebsiella pneumoniae', 'Male', 'Plasma', 'Staphylococcus aureus']

[['G09.188.100', 'G12.450.564.204'], ['C26.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['B03.440.450.425.425.600', 'B03.660.250.150.400.590'], ['A12.207.152.693', 'A12.207.270.695', 'A15.145.693'], ['B03.300.390.400.800.750.100', 'B03.353.500.750.750.100', 'B03.510.100.750.750.100', 'B03.510.400.790.750.100']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']