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Physical and functional interactions between protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha, PI 3-kinase, and PKCdelta.

The somatostatin analogue, TT-232 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells both in vivo and in vitro. While the early transient activation of Erk/MAPK was found to be important for the induction of cell cycle arrest, the signaling pathway leading to the activation of Erk/MAPK had not been fully established. Here we present evidence that activation of the Erk/MAPK pathway by TT-232 involves PI 3-kinase, PKCdelta and the protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTPalpha). We show a physical interaction of PI 3-kinase and PKCdelta with PTPalpha and show that the tyrosine phosphatase plays a role in the activation of MAPK. In this process, PTPalpha Ser-180 and Ser-204 phosphorylation is critical for the induction of phosphatase activity, which is required for dephosphorylation of pp60(c-src). Taken together, we demonstrate the physical and functional association between PI 3-kinase, PKCdelta and PTPalpha in a signaling complex that mediates the antitumor activity of the somatostatin analogue TT-232.

['Animals', 'Antineoplastic Agents', 'COS Cells', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Enzyme Activation', 'GTP-Binding Proteins', 'Genes, src', 'Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group F-H', 'Humans', 'Isoenzymes', 'Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases', 'Peptides, Cyclic', 'Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases', 'Phosphorylation', 'Protein Kinase C', 'Protein Kinase C-delta', 'Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases', 'RNA-Binding Proteins', 'Serine', 'Signal Transduction', 'Somatostatin', 'Virulence Factors, Bordetella']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.248'], ['A11.251.210.172.500', 'A11.329.228.220'], ['A11.251'], ['G02.111.263', 'G03.328'], ['D08.811.277.040.330.300', 'D12.776.157.325'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.375.500.791.570'], ['D12.776.157.725.813.750.400', 'D12.776.664.962.813.750.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D08.811.348', 'D12.776.800.300'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567', 'D12.644.360.450', 'D12.776.476.450'], ['D04.345.566', 'D12.644.641'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.500'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.725'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.725.400'], ['D08.811.277.352.650.775'], ['D12.776.157.725', 'D12.776.664.962'], ['D12.125.154.800'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['D06.472.699.327.700.875', 'D06.472.699.587.780', 'D12.644.400.400.700.875', 'D12.644.548.365.700.875', 'D12.644.548.586.780', 'D12.776.631.650.405.700.875'], ['D23.946.123.946', 'D23.946.896.980']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Mutational analysis of the U12-dependent branch site consensus sequence.

Highly conserved sequences at the 5' splice site and branch site of U12-dependent introns are important determinants for splicing by U12-dependent spliceosomes. This study investigates the in vivo splicing phenotypes of mutations in the branch site consensus sequence of the U12-dependent intron F from a human NOL1 (P120) minigene. Intron F contains a fully consensus branch site sequence (UUCCUUAAC). Mutations at each position were analyzed for their effects on U12-dependent splicing in vivo. Mutations at most positions resulted in a significant reduction of correct U12-dependent splicing. Defects observed included increased unspliced RNA levels, the activation of cryptic U2-dependent 5' and 3' splice sites, and the activation of cryptic U12-dependent branch/3' splice sites. A strong correlation was observed between the predicted thermodynamic stability of the branch site: U12 snRNA interaction and correct U12-dependent splicing. The lack of a polypyrimidine tract between the branch site and 3' splice site of U12-dependent introns and the observed reliance on base-pairing interactions for correct U12-dependent splicing emphasize the importance of RNA/RNA interactions during U12-dependent intron recognition and proper splice site selection.

['Alternative Splicing', 'Base Sequence', 'Consensus Sequence', 'Humans', 'Introns', 'Mutation', 'Nuclear Proteins', 'RNA Splice Sites', 'RNA, Small Nuclear', 'Spliceosomes', 'tRNA Methyltransferases']

[['G02.111.760.700.100', 'G03.839.700.100', 'G05.308.700.700.100'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['G02.111.570.580.175'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G05.360.340.024.220.400', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.515'], ['G05.365.590'], ['D12.776.660'], ['D13.444.735.544.550', 'G02.111.570.080.689.687.490', 'G05.360.080.689.687.490', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.800'], ['D13.444.735.628.818', 'D13.444.735.790.552.937'], ['A11.284.430.106.279.345.850'], ['D08.811.913.555.500.925']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Metabolite normalization with local radiotherapy following breast tumor resection.

The aims of this study were to investigate changes in energy balance-associated metabolites associated with radiotherapy in patients with breast cancer, and to relate these changes to the clinical and pathological response-to-treatment. We studied 151 women with breast cancer who received radiotherapy following surgical excision of the tumor. Blood was obtained before and after the irradiation procedure. The control group was composed of 44 healthy women with a similar age distribution to that of the patients. We analyzed the concentrations of metabolites involved in glycolysis, citric acid cycle and amino acid metabolism using targeted quantitative metabolomics. Post-surgery, pre-radiotherapy, patients had major alterations in the serum concentrations of products of glycolysis, citric acid cycle and amino acid metabolism. The strongest alterations were decreases in serine, leucine and isoleucine concentrations. Alterations in metabolite levels were partially, or totally, reversed after irradiation; the concentrations of serine, leucine and isoleucine approached equivalence to those of the control group. Estrogen receptor-positive patients were those with lower concentrations, while triple negative patients had higher concentrations of these amino acids. The normalization of the amino acids serine, leucine and isoleucine concentrations could be clinically relevant because the normalization of these energy-balance metabolites would suggest that residual micro-metastatic disease had been effectively diminished by the radiotherapy, and may be an indicator of its efficacy.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Amino Acids', 'Citric Acid Cycle', 'Female', 'Glycolysis', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D12.125'], ['G02.111.165', 'G03.295.342', 'G03.493.170'], ['G02.111.158.750', 'G03.191.750', 'G03.295.436', 'G03.493.360'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.588.180.788', 'C17.800.090.500.788']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Optimal designs of an HA-based DNA vaccine against H7 subtype influenza viruses.

The outbreak of a novel H7N9 influenza virus in 2013 has raised serious concerns for the potential of another avian-source pandemic influenza. Effective vaccines against H7N9 virus are important in the prevention and control of any major outbreak. Novel vaccination technologies are useful additions to existing approaches. In the current report, DNA vaccine studies were conducted to identify the optimal design of an H7 HA antigen using the HA gene from a previously reported H7N7 virus that is lethal in humans as the model antigen. New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with DNA vaccines expressing 1 of 3 forms of H7 HA antigen inserts encoding the HA gene from the same H7N7 virus. High-level H7 HA-specific IgG was detected by ELISA, and functional antibodies were confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition assay and pseudotyped virus-based neutralization assay against viruses expressing HA antigens from either the previous H7N7 virus or the novel H7N9 virus. HA antigen design under the tissue plasminogen activator leader (tPA) was the most immunogenic. The data presented in the current report confirm the immunogenicity of the H7 HA antigen and provide useful guidance to prepare for an optimized H7 HA DNA vaccine to help to control the emerging H7N9 virus if and when it is needed.

['Animals', 'Antibodies, Neutralizing', 'Antibodies, Viral', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus', 'Humans', 'Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype', 'Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype', 'Influenza Vaccines', 'Influenza, Human', 'Neutralization Tests', 'Rabbits', 'Vaccines, DNA']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.244', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.244', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.244'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.254', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.254', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.254'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['D12.776.964.970.880.345.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['B04.820.480.968.405.400.700'], ['B04.820.480.968.405.400.800'], ['D20.215.894.899.302'], ['C01.748.310', 'C01.925.782.620.365', 'C08.730.310'], ['E01.370.225.812.735.550', 'E05.200.812.735.550', 'E05.478.594.760.550'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700'], ['D12.776.828.868.910', 'D20.215.894.865.910', 'D23.050.865.910']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]']

European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on management of paraproteinaemic demyelinating neuropathies: report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society.

BACKGROUND: Paraprotein-associated neuropathies have heterogeneous clinical, neurophysiological, neuropathological and haematological features. Objectives. To prepare evidence-based and consensus guidelines on the clinical management of patients with both a demyelinating neuropathy and a paraprotein (paraproteinaemic demyelinating neuropathy, PDN).METHODS: Search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane library, review of evidence and consensus agreement of an expert panel.RECOMMENDATIONS: In the absence of adequate data, evidence based recommendations were not possible but the panel agreed the following good practice points: (1) Patients with PDN should be investigated for a malignant plasma cell dyscrasia. (2) The paraprotein is more likely to be causing the neuropathy if the paraprotein is immunoglobulin (Ig)M, antibodies are present in serum or on biopsy, or the clinical phenotype is chronic distal sensory neuropathy. (3) Patients with IgM PDN usually have predominantly distal and sensory impairment, with prolonged distal motor latencies, and often anti-myelin associated glycoprotein antibodies. (4) IgM PDN sometimes responds to immune therapies. Their potential benefit should be balanced against their possible side-effects and the usually slow disease progression. (5) IgG and IgA PDN may be indistinguishable from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, clinically, electrophysiologically, and in response to treatment. (6) For POEMS syndrome, local irradiation or resection of an isolated plasmacytoma, or melphalan with or without corticosteroids, should be considered, with haemato-oncology advice.

['Advisory Committees', 'Cooperative Behavior', 'Demyelinating Diseases', 'Europe', 'Evidence-Based Medicine', 'Humans', 'MEDLINE', 'Neurology', 'Paraproteinemias', 'Peripheral Nerves', 'Practice Guidelines as Topic', 'Societies, Medical']

[['N03.706.742.500'], ['F01.145.813.115'], ['C10.314'], ['Z01.542'], ['H02.249.750', 'H02.403.200.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.313.500.750.280.710.500', 'L01.313.500.750.280.750.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.188.300.650.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.710.500', 'L01.313.500.750.300.742.650.500', 'L01.470.750.500.650.500'], ['H02.403.600'], ['C15.378.147.780', 'C20.683.780'], ['A08.800.800'], ['N04.761.700.350.650', 'N05.700.350.650'], ['N03.540.828.589']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Thoracic epidural block attenuates cardiovascular response to apnea in rabbits.

PURPOSE: Apnea is one of the potential complications during anaesthesia. If sympathetic nerve activity is blocked by epidural anaesthesia, circulatory responses to apnea might change. Our objective was to assess the potential modifying effects of epidural anaesthesia on the cardiovascular responses to apnea in the animals.METHODS: Twenty rabbits anaesthetised with pentobarbital (25 mg.kg-1 i.v., 8 mg.kg-1.hr-1) and pacuronium bromide (0.2 mg.kg-1.hr-1 i.v.) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control (n = 10) and epidural (n = 10). In the control group, 0.6 ml saline, and in the epidural group, 0.6 ml lidocaine 1% was injected into the epidural space respectively. After mechanical ventilation with FIO2 0.4, apnea was induced by disconnecting the anaesthetic circuit from the endotracheal tube, and mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and time to cardiac arrest were measured.RESULTS: Before apnea MAP was lower in the epidural than in the control group (73 +/- 10 vs 91 +/- 10 mmHg, P < 0.05). Heart rate was not different between groups (264 +/- 36 vs 266 +/- 24 bpm). Mean arterial pressure increased in the control group after apnea, but not in the epidural group. The time to cardiac arrest was less in the epidural group than in the control group (420 +/- 67 vs 520 +/- 61 sec, P < 0.05). Heart rate decreased markedly after apnea in the control group whereas it decreased gradually in the epidural group.CONCLUSION: Thoracic epidural anaesthesia attenuated cardiovascular response to apnea and reduced the time to cardiac arrest.

['Anesthesia, Epidural', 'Animals', 'Apnea', 'Blood Pressure', 'Catecholamines', 'Heart Rate', 'Rabbits']

[['E03.155.086.131'], ['B01.050'], ['C08.618.085', 'C23.888.852.130'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['D02.092.311', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175'], ['E01.370.600.875.500', 'G09.330.380.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Production and properties of theta-toxin of Clostridium perfringens with special reference to lethal activity.

theta-Toxin of Clostridium perfringens produced in a synthetic medium showed high toxicity. The mouse was killed with 5-10 hemolytic units of the toxin. Neutralization experiments showed that lethal and hemolytic activities were due to the same toxic entity. The amount of theta-toxin expressed in lethal activity reached more than 30% that of alpha-toxin in the synthetic medium SM67. Although the activities of alpha-and theta-toxins were not additive in terms of LD50, increase in the ratio of theta-toxin to alpha-toxin resulted in reduction of the survival time of the mouse injected with a lethal dosis of the mixture of the two toxins when compared with alpha-toxin alone. Unlike those produced in other media, the hemolytic and lethal activities of theta-toxin produced in the synthetic medium was not activated by reduction with thioglycollate, even after partial purification. In other respects, the toxin was not different significantly from those reported in the past. The toxic form was detected also in complex medium. It was suggested that theta-toxin may be produced as a nascent entity.

['Animals', 'Antitoxins', 'Bacterial Toxins', 'Clostridium perfringens', 'Culture Media', 'Guinea Pigs', 'Hemolysin Proteins', 'Lethal Dose 50', 'Mice', 'Neutralization Tests']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.573.601', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.573.601', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.573.601', 'D20.215.401.601'], ['D23.946.123'], ['B03.300.390.400.200.575', 'B03.353.625.375.500.575', 'B03.510.415.400.200.575'], ['D27.720.470.305', 'E07.206'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.550'], ['D12.776.543.695.444'], ['E05.940.402', 'G07.225.500', 'G07.690.773.875.750', 'G07.690.936.500.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['E01.370.225.812.735.550', 'E05.200.812.735.550', 'E05.478.594.760.550']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Early transition to oral antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: duration of therapy, clinical outcomes, and cost analysis.

Our objective was to compare therapeutic outcome and analyse cost-benefit of a 'conventional' (7-day course of i.v. antibiotic therapy) vs. an abbreviated (2-day i.v. antibiotic course followed by 'switch' to oral antibiotics) therapy for in-patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We used a multicenter prospective, randomized, parallel group with a 28 day follow-up, at the University-based teaching hospitals: The Medical Center of Louisiana in New Orleans, LA and hospitals listed in the acknowledgement. Ninety-five patients were randomized to receive either a 'conventional' course of intravenous antibiotic therapy with cefamandole 1 g i.v. every 6 h for 7 days (n = 37), or an abbreviated course of intravenous therapy with cefamandole (1 g i.v. every 6 h for 2 days) followed by oral therapy with cefaclor (500 mg every 8 h for 5 days). No difference was found in the clinical courses, cure rates, survival or the resolution of the chest radiograph abnormalities among the two groups. The mean duration of therapy (6.88 days for the conventional group compared to 7-30 days for the early oral therapy group) and the frequencies of overall symptomatic improvement (97% vs. 95%, respectively) were similar in both groups. Patients who received early oral therapy had shorter hospital stays (7.3 vs. 9.71 days, P = 0.01), and a lower total cost of care ($2953 vs. $5002, P < 0.05). It was concluded that early transition to an oral antibiotic after an abbreviated course of intravenous therapy in CAP is substantially less expensive and has comparable efficacy to conventional intravenous therapy. Altering physicians' customary management of hospitalized patients with CAP can reduce costs with no appreciable additional risk of adverse patient outcome.

['Administration, Oral', 'Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Cefaclor', 'Cefamandole', 'Cephalosporins', 'Community-Acquired Infections', 'Female', 'Health Care Costs', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Length of Stay', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pneumonia, Bacterial', 'Prospective Studies', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['E02.319.267.100'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D02.065.589.099.249.200.155', 'D02.886.665.074.200.155', 'D03.633.100.300.249.200.155'], ['D02.065.589.099.249.150', 'D02.886.665.074.150', 'D03.633.100.300.249.150'], ['D02.065.589.099.249', 'D02.886.665.074', 'D03.633.100.300.249'], ['C01.234'], ['N03.219.151.400', 'N05.300.375'], ['E02.760.400', 'N02.421.585.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['E02.760.400.480', 'N02.421.585.400.480'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C01.150.252.620', 'C01.748.610.540', 'C08.381.677.540', 'C08.730.610.540'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Differences in salivary flow rates in elderly subjects using xerostomatic medications.

Stimulated whole salivary flow rate (SWSFR) was measured in a group of elderly subjects who were examined for the use of xerostomia-inducing medications. SWSFR was significantly reduced in elderly subjects using one of these medications when compared with control subjects (0.94 vs 1.52 ml/min). Increasing use of up to four different xerostomia-inducing medications did not result in additional significant reduction of stimulated salivary flow rate. Psychotropic and diuretic agents were the most commonly used xerostomatic medications, and these were almost equally potent in reducing mean flow rate (0.79 vs 0.84 ml/min). The use of potentially xerostomatic medications did not affect decayed, missing, or filled surface scores or unstimulated whole saliva pH values. A weak, statistically significant, positive correlation (r = 0.39, p less than 0.01) was found between subject age and salivary flow rate in this population of elderly subjects, and this suggests that SWSRF is influenced more by factors such as medication than by aging.

['Age Factors', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'DMF Index', 'Diuretics', 'Drug Combinations', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Male', 'Psychotropic Drugs', 'Saliva', 'Secretory Rate', 'Xerostomia']

[['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.300.350', 'E06.208.266', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.300.340', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.300.350', 'N06.890.160.100'], ['D27.505.696.560.500'], ['D26.310'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.300'], ['D27.505.954.427.700'], ['A12.200.666'], ['G03.857'], ['C07.465.815.929']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Suppression of amber codons in vivo as evidence that mutants derived from Escherichia coli initiator tRNA can act at the step of elongation in protein synthesis.

The absence of a Watson-Crick base pair at the end of the amino acid acceptor stem is one of the features which distinguishes prokaryotic initiator tRNAs as a class from all other tRNAs. We show that this structural feature prevents Escherichia coli initiator tRNA from acting as an elongator in protein synthesis in vivo. We generated a mutant of E. coli initiator tRNA in which the anticodon sequence is changed from CAU to CUA (the T35A36 mutant). This mutant tRNA has the potential to read the amber termination codon UAG. We then coupled this mutation to others which change the C1.A72 mismatch at the end of the acceptor stem to either a U1:A72 base pair (T1 mutant) or a C1:G72 base pair (G72 mutant). Transformation of E. coli CA274 (HfrC Su- lacZ125am trpEam) with multicopy plasmids carrying the mutant initiator tRNA genes show that mutant tRNAs carrying changes in both the anticodon sequence and the acceptor stem suppress amber codons in vivo, whereas mutant tRNA with changes in the anticodon sequence alone does not. Mutant tRNAs with the above anticodon sequence change are aminoacylated with glutamine in vitro. Measurement of kinetic parameters for aminoacylation by E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase show that both the nature of the base pair at the end of the acceptor stem and the presence or absence of a base pair at this position can affect aminoacylation kinetics. We discuss the implications of this result on recognition of tRNAs by E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase.

['Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases', 'Escherichia coli', 'Glutamine', 'Mutation', 'Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational', 'Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational', 'RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific', 'RNA, Transfer, Met', 'Substrate Specificity', 'Suppression, Genetic', 'Transfer RNA Aminoacylation']

[['D08.811.464.263.200'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['D12.125.068.330', 'D12.125.095.461', 'D12.125.154.424'], ['G05.365.590'], ['G02.111.660.871.640', 'G03.734.871.640'], ['G02.111.660.871.650', 'G03.734.871.650'], ['D13.444.735.757.700'], ['D13.444.735.757.700.525'], ['G02.111.835'], ['G05.365.590.835', 'G05.558.835'], ['G02.111.012.055.860', 'G02.111.660.050.860', 'G02.111.660.871.850', 'G03.040.055.860', 'G03.734.050.860', 'G03.734.871.850']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Investigation Into the Effects of Nucleotide Content on the Electrical Characteristics of DNA Plasmid Molecular Wires.

In this study, we investigate the effect of nucleotide content on the conductivity of plasmid length DNA molecular wires covalently bound to high aspect-ratio gold electrodes. The DNA wires were all between [Formula: see text] in length (>6000bp), and contained either 39%, 53%, or 64% GC base-pairs. We compared the current-voltage (I-V) and frequency-impedance characteristics of the DNA wires with varying GC content, and observed statistically significantly higher conductivity in DNA wires containing higher GC content in both AC and DC measurement methods. Additionally, we noted that the conductivity decreased as a function of time for all DNA wires, with the impedance at 100 Hz nearly doubling over a period of seven days. All readings were taken in humidity and temperature controlled environments on DNA wires suspended above an insulative substrate, thus minimizing the effect of experimental and environmental factors as well as potential for nonlinear alternate DNA confirmations. While other groups have studied the effect of GC content on the conductivity of nanoscale DNA molecules (<50bp), we were able to demonstrate that nucleotide content can affect the conductivity of micrometer length DNA wires at scales that may be required during the fabrication of DNA-based electronics. Furthermore, our results provide further evidence that many of the charge transfer theories developed from experiments using nanoscale DNA molecules may still be applicable for DNA wires at the micro scale.

['DNA', 'Electric Conductivity', 'Electronics', 'Nanotechnology', 'Nucleotides', 'Plasmids']

[['D13.444.308'], ['G01.358.500.249.277'], ['H01.671.293'], ['H01.603', 'J01.897.520.600'], ['D09.408.620', 'D13.695'], ['G05.360.600']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

A comparison of Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods to determine the performance of a point of care test for Helicobacter pylori in the office setting.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluations of point of care tests (PCT) are often hampered by a lack of appropriate gold standards. This study aimed to compare the results of a Bayesian statistical analysis and a maximum likelihood method to evaluate the performance of a PCT for Helicobacter pylori in primary care.METHODS: The Helisal Rapid Blood Test (Cortecs Diagnostics) was performed in 311 patients from 6 primary care centers, and a concurrent venous sample was taken for 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) performed at the laboratory, blind to the PCT result. The Bayesian analysis was conducted using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods (WinBUGS). The performance characteristics of the PCT and the 2 ELISA tests were estimated together with 95% credible intervals (95% CIs).RESULTS: The estimate of prevalence of H. pylori in this population was 64% (95% CI, 59% to 70%), the sensitivity and specificity of the PCT were 89% (84% to 94%) and 84% (77% to 91%), respectively (likelihood ratios positive 5.6, negative 0.13). The equivalent maximum likelihood results were prevalence, 65%; sensitivity, 90%; and specificity, 83%.CONCLUSIONS: The Helisal Rapid Blood Test performed as well as laboratory-based ELISA tests in this cohort of patients. The Bayesian analysis and the maximum likelihood method gave similar results, the Bayesian method also simultaneously estimating 95% CIs.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Bayes Theorem', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Female', 'Helicobacter Infections', 'Helicobacter pylori', 'Hematologic Tests', 'Humans', 'Likelihood Functions', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Point-of-Care Systems', 'Primary Health Care', 'Reference Standards', 'Sensitivity and Specificity']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E05.318.740.600.200', 'N05.715.360.750.625.150', 'N06.850.520.830.600.200'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['C01.150.252.400.466'], ['B03.440.500.550', 'B03.660.150.235.500.250.550'], ['E01.370.225.625', 'E05.200.625'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.500.475', 'E05.318.740.600.400', 'E05.599.835.500', 'N05.715.360.750.530.450', 'N05.715.360.750.625.450', 'N06.850.520.830.500.475', 'N06.850.520.830.600.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['N04.452.442.452.452.680', 'N04.452.515.360.652', 'N04.590.874'], ['N04.590.233.727'], ['E05.978.808'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children's rejection by peers.

This study examined whether maltreated children were more likely than nonmaltreated children to develop poor-quality representations of caregivers and whether these representations predicted children's rejection by peers. A narrative task assessing representations of mothers and fathers was administered to 76 maltreated and 45 nonmaltreated boys and girls (8-12 years old). Maltreated children's representations were more negative/constricted and less positive/coherent than those of nonmaltreated children. Maladaptive representations were associated with emotion dysregulation, aggression, and peer rejection, whereas positive/coherent representations were related to prosocial behavior and peer preference. Representations mediated maltreatment's effects on peer rejection in part by undermining emotion regulation. Findings suggest that representations of caregivers serve an important regulatory function in the peer relationships of at-risk children.

['Caregivers', 'Child', 'Child Abuse', 'Child Behavior Disorders', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Mood Disorders', 'Peer Group', 'Rejection, Psychology', 'Verbal Behavior']

[['M01.085', 'M01.526.485.200', 'N02.360.200'], ['M01.060.406'], ['I01.198.240.856.350.250', 'I01.880.735.900.350.250'], ['F03.625.141'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F03.600'], ['F01.829.316.483'], ['F01.145.813.565'], ['F01.145.209.908']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]']

Auditing bone densitometry and fractures in children with chronic disease.

In a retrospective analysis of bone densitometry scans performed in an audit of 576 children with chronic disease, lean-mass-adjusted bone mineral content (BMC) for the total body and the lumbar spine was marginally lower in children with fractures. However, the predictive ability of different bone mineral densities (BM) and BMC cut-offs to identify fracture risk in children with chronic disease needs to be tested for specific disease conditions in larger prospective studies.

['Absorptiometry, Photon', 'Bone Density', 'Child', 'Chronic Disease', 'Female', 'Fractures, Bone', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Statistics as Topic']

[['E01.370.350.700.024', 'E05.196.712.224.187'], ['G11.427.100'], ['M01.060.406'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['C26.404'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.740', 'H01.548.832', 'N05.715.360.750', 'N06.850.520.830']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

The torYZ (yecK bisZ) operon encodes a third respiratory trimethylamine N-oxide reductase in Escherichia coli.

The bisZ gene of Escherichia coli was previously described as encoding a minor biotin sulfoxide (BSO) reductase in addition to the main cytoplasmic BSO reductase, BisC. In this study, bisZ has been renamed torZ based on the findings that (i) the torZ gene product, TorZ, is able to reduce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) more efficiently than BSO; (ii) although TorZ is more homologous to BisC than to the TMAO reductase TorA (63 and 42% identity, respectively), it is located mainly in the periplasm as is TorA; (iii) torZ belongs to the torYZ operon, and the first gene, torY (formerly yecK), encodes a pentahemic c-type cytochrome homologous to the TorC cytochrome of the TorCAD respiratory system. Furthermore, the torYZ operon encodes a third TMAO respiratory system, with catalytic properties that are clearly different from those of the TorCAD and the DmsABC systems. The torYZ and the torCAD operons may have diverged from a common ancestor, but, surprisingly, no torD homologue is found in the sequences around torYZ. Moreover, the torYZ operon is expressed at very low levels under the conditions tested, and, in contrast to torCAD, it is not induced by TMAO or dimethyl sulfoxide.

['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Anaerobiosis', 'Chromosome Mapping', 'Escherichia coli', 'Isoenzymes', 'Kinetics', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases', 'Operon', 'Oxidoreductases', 'Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors', 'Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating', 'Plasmids', 'Recombinant Proteins', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Sequence Alignment', 'Sequence Homology, Amino Acid']

[['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['G02.111.062', 'G03.078'], ['E05.393.183'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['D08.811.348', 'D12.776.800.300'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['D08.811.682.608'], ['G05.360.340.024.686', 'G05.360.340.358.207.500'], ['D08.811.682'], ['D08.811.682.662'], ['D08.811.682.662.582'], ['G05.360.600'], ['D12.776.828'], ['E05.393.620.500.725'], ['E05.393.751'], ['G02.111.810.200', 'G05.810.200']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Periportal edema and necrosis as diagnostic histological features of early humoral rejection in ABO-incompatible liver transplantation.

Humoral rejection caused by antidonor blood group A/B antibodies is one of the most important obstacles for successful ABO-incompatible liver transplantation. However, no specific morphologic features of liver biopsies to distinguish humoral rejection from other conditions such as ischemia or sepsis have been satisfactorily documented. To histologically clarify the early changes in humoral rejection, we studied 41 cases of living donor ABO-incompatible liver transplantation whose allograft biopsies during the first episode of suspected acute rejection were available within the first postoperative month. Postoperative isohemagglutinin IgM titers were x64 or more in 21 patients (51%; high-titer group) and less than x64 in 20 cases (49%; low-titer group). In the high-titer group, elevation of postoperative titers x64 or more occurred within postoperative days 5.7 +/- 4.1 (range: 1-17). An increase in the incidence of cholangitis was observed in the high-titer group (90% vs. 30%, P <.0001), as well as poorer overall graft survival than in the low-titer group (38% vs. 70%, P <.05). Seven biopsies obtained from the high-titer group within 3 days after the onset of elevation of the antibody titers and one biopsy obtained at the peak of the antibody titers demonstrated periportal edema and necrosis, neither of which was found in the low-titer group. All grafts of these patients caused massive hepatocyte necrosis or severe biliary complications. In conclusion, a high morbidity rate of ABO-incompatible liver transplantation is associated with high postoperative levels of antibody titers. Periportal edema and necrosis observed during elevation of antibody titers can be regarded as histological indications of early changes in severe humoral rejection.

['ABO Blood-Group System', 'Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Antibody Formation', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Graft Rejection', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Liver', 'Liver Transplantation', 'Living Donors', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Necrosis', 'Portal System', 'Retrospective Studies']

[['D23.050.301.290.031', 'D23.050.705.230.031'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['G12.450.050.370.250'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['G12.875.545.328'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['A03.620'], ['E02.095.147.725.490', 'E04.210.650', 'E04.936.450.490', 'E04.936.580.490'], ['M01.898.656'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C23.550.717'], ['A07.015.908.670'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]']

Chromosome translocations and covert leukemic clones are generated during normal fetal development.

Studies on monozygotic twins with concordant leukemia and retrospective scrutiny of neonatal blood spots of patients with leukemia indicate that chromosomal translocations characteristic of pediatric leukemia often arise prenatally, probably as initiating events. The modest concordance rate for leukemia in identical twins ( approximately 5%), protracted latency, and transgenic modeling all suggest that additional postnatal exposure and/or genetic events are required for clinically overt leukemia development. This notion leads to the prediction that chromosome translocations, functional fusion genes, and preleukemic clones should be present in the blood of healthy newborns at a rate that is significantly greater than the cumulative risk of the corresponding leukemia. Using parallel reverse transcriptase-PCR and real-time PCR (Taqman) screening, we find that the common leukemia fusion genes, TEL-AML1 or AML1-ETO, are present in cord bloods at a frequency that is 100-fold greater than the risk of the corresponding leukemia. Single-cell analysis by cell enrichment and immunophenotype/fluorescence in situ hybridization multicolor staining confirmed the presence of translocations in restricted cell types corresponding to the B lymphoid or myeloid lineage of the leukemias that normally harbor these fusion genes. The frequency of positive cells (10(-4) to 10(-3)) indicates substantial clonal expansion of a progenitor population. These data have significant implications for the pathogenesis, natural history, and etiology of childhood leukemia.

['Base Sequence', 'Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit', 'DNA', 'DNA Primers', 'Embryonic and Fetal Development', 'Fetal Blood', 'Humans', 'In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Leukemia', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Oncogene Proteins, Fusion', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'RNA, Messenger', 'RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Transcription Factors', 'Translocation, Genetic']

[['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['D12.776.930.155.200.200'], ['D13.444.308'], ['D13.695.578.424.450.275', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.600'], ['G07.345.500.325', 'G08.686.784.170'], ['A12.207.152.200', 'A15.145.300', 'A16.378.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.620.670.325.350', 'E01.370.225.750.600.670.325.350', 'E05.200.500.620.670.325.350', 'E05.200.750.600.670.325.350', 'E05.393.285.350', 'E05.393.661.475.350'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['C04.557.337'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['D12.776.602.500.500', 'D12.776.624.664.500'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['D12.776.624.664.700.936', 'D12.776.930.780.625.575'], ['E05.393.620.500.725'], ['D12.776.930'], ['C23.550.210.870', 'G05.365.590.175.870', 'G05.558.860']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]']

Is 'stage of change' related to knowledge of health effects and support for tobacco control?

We examine the heterogeneity among current and former smokers categorized by 'stage of change' with respect to their perceptions about tobacco and tobacco control. Current and former smokers (n = 846) from a general population sample of adults in Ontario, Canada, were subdivided according to the stages of change categories (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination) and compared on measures of knowledge, attitudes, and support. Multivariate analyses were conducted adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Adjusted overall increases across the six stages were observed for seven of eight knowledge items and for all attitude and support items. Among current smokers, adjusted increases across the three stages were detected for a majority of items. However, statistically significant differences from one stage to the next, across all three current smoker stages, were detected only for one item. Among former smokers, adjusted increases across the three stages were observed for a minority of items. The stages of change classification was useful for differentiating subgroups of current smokers with regard to knowledge, attitudes, and support for tobacco control measures.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Female', 'Health Behavior', 'Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Smoking Cessation', 'Smoking Prevention', 'Social Perception']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['F01.145.488'], ['F01.100.150.500', 'N05.300.150.410'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F01.145.488.732'], ['I02.233.332.812', 'N02.421.726.407.840'], ['F02.463.593.752']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

[The modification of nitric oxide production by exogenous substrates of Krebs cycle during acute hypoxia].

Hypoxia causes the disruption of mitochondria electron respiratory chain, production of active oxygen forms and the unoxidative protection. In experiments on Wistar rats the influence of sodium succinate (50 mg/kg) and 6-ketoglutarate (200 mg/kg) on NO2-, NO3-, urea and polyamines contents in blood and liver under acute hypoxia (7% O2 in N2, 30 min) was investigated. Nitrite and nitrate content decreased in erythrocytes and liver but not in plasma under acute hypoxia. The exogenous succinate (SK) stimulated production of nitric oxide in erythrocytes and liver while 6-ketoglutarate (KG) only in liver. The switch from more intensive SK oxidation that reveals adrenomimetic influence and causes the synthesis and release of NO from erythrocyte, to less intensive KG correlates with well-known decrease of tissue respiration under the activation of the cholinergic system due to urea cycle activation particularly in liver. The activation of the SK oxidation takes place mainly under the different stress conditions and causes NO production in the blood cells. These conditions of the intensive and fast action under acute hypoxia are accompanied on the one hand by the increase of oxygen input ratio and on the other hand by activation of the free radical oxidation. The protective effect of the natural Krebs cycle intermediates--SK and KG in particular, is related to the regulation of NO synthesis and its metabolism in the main organs. These results proved the existence not only metabolite control of NO system by Krebs cycle intermediates, but the existence of the systemic mechanism for the support of the functional state of mitochondria under hypoxia.

['Acute Disease', 'Animals', 'Biogenic Polyamines', 'Citric Acid Cycle', 'Erythrocytes', 'Hypoxia', 'Ketoglutaric Acids', 'Liver', 'Male', 'Nitrates', 'Nitric Oxide', 'Nitrites', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Succinic Acid']

[['C23.550.291.125'], ['B01.050'], ['D02.092.211.415'], ['G02.111.165', 'G03.295.342', 'G03.493.170'], ['A11.118.290', 'A11.443.240', 'A15.145.229.334'], ['C23.888.852.079'], ['D02.241.081.337.351.502', 'D02.241.755.465'], ['A03.620'], ['D01.248.497.158.606', 'D01.625.525.550', 'D02.583'], ['D01.339.387', 'D01.625.550.500', 'D01.625.700.500', 'D01.650.550.587.600'], ['D01.248.497.158.635', 'D01.625.600.600', 'D02.633'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['D02.241.081.337.759.625']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies.

BACKGROUND: Reported associations between protein intake from different sources and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been inconsistent.OBJECTIVE: We prospectively examined the relations of total, animal, and plant protein intakes with incident T2D.DESIGN: We followed 21,523 participants (women: 61.7%) between 1990 and 2007 from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and kidney stones at baseline. We also conducted a meta-analysis that included the results from our cohort and from 10 previous prospective studies.RESULTS: A total of 929 new cases (4.3%) of T2D were documented during a mean of 11.7 y of follow-up. Multivariate-adjusted ORs for incident T2D in the highest compared with lowest quintiles of total and animal protein intakes as percentages of energy were 1.23 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.56; P-trend = 0.029) and 1.29 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.67; P-trend = 0.014), respectively. These associations appeared to be greater in men and in participants with normal baseline plasma glucose, body mass index, or blood pressure. Plant protein intake was inversely associated with incident T2D in women only (OR; 0.60; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.99). In the meta-analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies with 505,624 participants and 37,918 T2D cases (follow-up range: 5-24 y), pooled RRs for the comparison of the highest with lowest categories of total, animal, and plant protein intakes were 1.09 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.13), 1.19 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.28), and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.02), respectively. Associations between animal protein intake and T2D were similar across sex, geographic region, length of follow-up, study quality, and method of expressing protein intake. An inverse association between plant protein intake and T2D was observed in women (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.00) and in US populations (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97).CONCLUSION: Higher intakes of total and animal protein were both associated with increased risks of T2D, whereas higher plant protein intake tended to be associated with lower risk of T2D.

['Blood Glucose', 'Blood Pressure', 'Body Mass Index', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Dietary Proteins', 'Energy Intake', 'Humans', 'Incidence', 'Muscle Proteins', 'Nutrition Assessment', 'Plant Proteins', 'Risk Factors']

[['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['C18.452.394.750.149', 'C19.246.300'], ['D12.776.256', 'G07.203.300.428', 'J02.500.428'], ['G07.203.650.240.340'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['D12.776.210.500'], ['E05.318.308.585', 'N05.715.360.300.560', 'N06.850.505.557', 'N06.850.520.308.585'], ['D12.776.765'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]']

Establishment of a multi-dose study of chondroitin sulfate iron colloid for evaluation of the reticuloendothelial system function.

The assay system of chondroitin sulfate iron colloid (CSFe) was established to evaluate the reticuloendothelial system (RES) function in individual rabbits. In the multi-dose study of CSFe, CSFe was repeatedly administered to each individual rabbit with increasing doses (0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 6.0 mg/kg) at set intervals. Blood samples were serially collected after injection of CSFe and the concentration of CSFe in serum was directly measured as an iron concentration by modifying the previously described assay method [1] to minimize the sample volume. The clearance rate of CSFe at each injected dose was computed by the least-squares method and the double-reciprocal plotting of the doses against the phagocytic velocities by the Lineweaver-Burk method was obtained in each rabbit. The maximum phagocytic velocity (Vmax) and the CSFe concentration producing 1/2 Vmax (Kp) obtained in ten rabbits were 0.129 +/- 0.025 mg/kg per min and 0.417 +/- 0.121 mg/kg (mean +/- S.D.), respectively. The results obtained from this multi-dose study were comparable to our previous results obtained from the mean values of five groups given different doses [1]. The clearance rates of CSFe (0.6, 1.2, 6 mg/kg) decreased after the co-injection of 80 mg/kg of carbon colloid. The calculated Vmax and Kp in 29 rabbits were 0.125 mg/kg per min and 1.167 mg/kg. The Kp was apparently greater than that of the control (Vmax = 0.128 mg/kg per min, Kp = 0.421 mg/kg). Carbon colloid (80 mg/kg) was injected to six rabbits after the completion of the first multi-dose study of CSFe and then the second multi-dose study of CSFe was repeated after 24 h. No differences were found in Vmax and Kp between the two studies as were in the control group (10 rabbits) where saline was injected instead of carbon colloid. These results indicated that carbon colloid (80 mg/kg) gives a competitive and reversible inhibition on the RES. This multi-dose study of CSFe may be applicable for a bed-side analysis of the RES function in a patient.

['Animals', 'Carbon', 'Chondroitin Sulfates', 'Drug Administration Schedule', 'Drug Combinations', 'Evaluation Studies as Topic', 'Kinetics', 'Male', 'Mononuclear Phagocyte System', 'Phagocytosis', 'Povidone', 'Rabbits', 'Reference Standards']

[['B01.050'], ['D01.268.150'], ['D09.698.373.200.300'], ['E02.319.283'], ['D26.310'], ['E05.337', 'N05.715.360.335'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['A15.382.670'], ['G04.417.350', 'G09.188.665', 'G12.450.564.809', 'G12.688'], ['D02.455.326.271.884.533.699', 'D03.383.773.812.615', 'D05.750.716.721.838', 'D25.720.716.721.838', 'J01.637.051.720.716.721.838'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700'], ['E05.978.808']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Alcohol and GABA: ethanol intake modifies hippocampal nipecotic acid binding in ethanol-preferring and non-preferring rats.

3H-nipecotic acid (3H-NIP) binding to GABA uptake recognition sites was studied in the hippocampus of 3 groups of male, Long Evans rats: Group 1: ethanol-naive rats (ENR); Group II: ethanol-preferring rats (DR) and non-preferring rats (NDR), which had consumed about 5 g.kg-1.d-1 and 1 g-1.d-1 of alcohol respectively in the form of a 12% ethanol solution prior to 3H-NIP binding analysis; Group III: DR and NDR who had had no access to ethanol for 21 d after the initial exposure of ethanol solution (28 d). Binding studies showed that ethanol drunk by both DR and NDR in Group II decreased 3H-NIP binding (Bmax decreased) with an enhancement of affinity (KD decreased). In rats subjected to withdrawal of ethanol (Group III), affinity of 3H-NIP for GABA uptake sites was higher than in controls (Group I), but lower than in Group II, Bmax in this group being higher than in the 2 other groups. In Group III, KD was higher in DR than in NDR. These results showed that ethanol intake, in a free-choice paradigm, altered 3H-NIP binding, and that differences in ethanol intake between DR and NDR were associated with differences in sensitivity of hippocampal GABA uptake sites. These differences in 3H-NIP binding could either precede ethanol intake, or be a direct result from it. The results, together with data from other laboratories suggest that: 1), 3H-NIP binding sites are involved in the regulation of ethanol intake; 2), 1 factor responsible for individual differences in ethanol response is reflected by the GABA uptake system.

['Animals', 'Ethanol', 'GABA Antagonists', 'Hippocampus', 'Male', 'Nipecotic Acids', 'Proline', 'Rats', 'Self Administration', 'gamma-Aminobutyric Acid']

[['B01.050'], ['D02.033.375'], ['D27.505.519.625.240.300', 'D27.505.696.577.240.300'], ['A08.186.211.180.405', 'A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.345'], ['D03.066.566', 'D03.383.621.566'], ['D12.125.072.401.623'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['E02.319.890', 'E02.900.890'], ['D02.241.081.114.500.350', 'D12.125.190.350']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Lessons learned from malaria: Italy's past and sub-Sahara's future.

No longer a major public health concern in developed countries, malaria kills 1-3 million people annually, mostly children under the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1998, the WHO launched the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) drive to halve malaria mortality by 2010. This article contrasts the problems confronting RBM with the successful Italian drive to eradicate malaria between the late 19th and mid 20th centuries. The Italians employed education and applied socio-political will; however, ecological and socio-economic conditions in sub-Saharan Africa are more hospitable to the disease. RBM strategies should consider the Italian experience while awaiting a major scientific breakthrough necessary to achieve success.

['Africa South of the Sahara', 'Child, Preschool', 'Humans', 'Italy', 'Malaria', 'Public Health', 'World Health Organization']

[['Z01.058.290'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.542.489'], ['C01.610.752.530', 'C01.920.875'], ['H02.403.720', 'N01.400.550', 'N06.850'], ['N03.540.514.718.800']]

['Geographicals [Z]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]']

Differential diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus from other dementias using diffusion tensor imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Because DTI can provide good markers of white matter pathology, it could be useful in differentiating white matter changes of INPH from those of other dementias. The aim of this study was, by using DTI, to compare the characteristic white matter changes in INPH with those in AD, subcortical vascular dementia, and healthy control subjects.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with presurgical INPH, 10 with AD, 10 with subcortical vascular dementia, and 20 healthy control subjects underwent DTI. All patients with INPH showed clinical improvement after shunt surgery, and 9 of them also underwent postshunting DTI. Regions of interest were selected at the periventricular white matter, the anterior limb of the internal capsule, the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the genu and the splenium of the corpus callosum, the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. FA and MD were obtained from each region of interest and were compared among the groups.RESULTS: Presurgical INPH showed significantly higher FA than all the other groups in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, which was decreased after shunt surgery. Presurgical MD of the INPH group was higher than that in the AD and healthy control groups but lower than that in the subcortical vascular dementia group in the anterior periventricular white matter, the anterior limb of the internal capsule, and the superior longitudinal fasciculus. In differentiating INPH, the sensitivity and specificity of FA in the posterior limb of the internal capsule was 87.5% and 95.0%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Patients with shunt-responsive INPH showed higher FA in the posterior limb of the internal capsule compared with healthy controls and those in other groups of dementia that was reversible with shunt surgery. With this parameter, shunt-responsive INPH could be distinguished from AD, subcortical vascular dementia, and healthy conditions with high diagnostic accuracy.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Dementia', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Diffusion Tensor Imaging', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prospective Studies']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C10.228.140.380', 'F03.615.400'], ['E01.171'], ['E01.370.350.578.750', 'E01.370.350.825.500.150.500', 'E01.370.376.537.500', 'E05.629.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C10.228.140.602.750'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

Deficiency of LKB1 in skeletal muscle prevents AMPK activation and glucose uptake during contraction.

Recent studies indicate that the LKB1 tumour suppressor protein kinase is the major "upstream" activator of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We have used mice in which LKB1 is expressed at only approximately 10% of the normal levels in muscle and most other tissues, or that lack LKB1 entirely in skeletal muscle. Muscle expressing only 10% of the normal level of LKB1 had significantly reduced phosphorylation and activation of AMPKalpha2. In LKB1-lacking muscle, the basal activity of the AMPKalpha2 isoform was greatly reduced and was not increased by the AMP-mimetic agent, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR), by the antidiabetic drug phenformin, or by muscle contraction. Moreover, phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase-2, a downstream target of AMPK, was profoundly reduced. Glucose uptake stimulated by AICAR or muscle contraction, but not by insulin, was inhibited in the absence of LKB1. Contraction increased the AMP:ATP ratio to a greater extent in LKB1-deficient muscles than in LKB1-expressing muscles. These studies establish the importance of LKB1 in regulating AMPK activity and cellular energy levels in response to contraction and phenformin.

['AMP-Activated Protein Kinases', 'Aminoimidazole Carboxamide', 'Animals', 'Glucose', 'Integrases', 'Mice', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Multienzyme Complexes', 'Muscle Contraction', 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'Phenformin', 'Phenotype', 'Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases', 'Ribonucleotides']

[['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.085', 'D12.644.360.062', 'D12.776.476.062'], ['D03.383.129.308.030'], ['B01.050'], ['D09.947.875.359.448'], ['D08.811.739.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['D05.500.562', 'D08.811.600'], ['G11.427.494'], ['A02.633.567', 'A10.690.552.500'], ['D02.078.370.141.700'], ['G05.695'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700'], ['D13.695.827']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

CSF1R inhibitors exhibit antitumor activity in acute myeloid leukemia by blocking paracrine signals from support cells.

To identify new therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we performed small-molecule and small-interfering RNA (siRNA) screens of primary AML patient samples. In 23% of samples, we found sensitivity to inhibition of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) receptor (CSF1R), a receptor tyrosine kinase responsible for survival, proliferation, and differentiation of myeloid-lineage cells. Sensitivity to CSF1R inhibitor GW-2580 was found preferentially in de novo and favorable-risk patients, and resistance to GW-2580 was associated with reduced overall survival. Using flow cytometry, we discovered that CSF1R is not expressed on the majority of leukemic blasts but instead on a subpopulation of supportive cells. Comparison of CSF1R-expressing cells in AML vs healthy donors by mass cytometry revealed expression of unique cell-surface markers. The quantity of CSF1R-expressing cells correlated with GW-2580 sensitivity. Exposure of primary AML patient samples to a panel of recombinant cytokines revealed that CSF1R inhibitor sensitivity correlated with a growth response to CSF1R ligand, CSF1, and other cytokines, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The addition of CSF1 increased the secretion of HGF and other cytokines in conditioned media from AML patient samples, whereas adding GW-2580 reduced their secretion. In untreated cells, HGF levels correlated significantly with GW-2580 sensitivity. Finally, recombinant HGF and HS-5-conditioned media rescued cell viability after GW-2580 treatment in AML patient samples. Our results suggest that CSF1R-expressing cells support the bulk leukemia population through the secretion of HGF and other cytokines. This study identifies CSF1R as a novel therapeutic target of AML and provides a mechanism of paracrine cytokine/growth factor signaling in this disease.

['Anisoles', 'Antineoplastic Agents', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Survival', 'Culture Media, Conditioned', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute', 'Male', 'Paracrine Communication', 'Prognosis', 'Pyrimidines', 'Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor', 'Survival Rate', 'Tumor Cells, Cultured', 'Tumor Microenvironment']

[['D02.355.601.200', 'D02.355.726.158', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.654.158'], ['D27.505.954.248'], ['G04.152'], ['G04.346'], ['D27.720.470.305.250', 'E07.206.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.557.337.539.275'], ['G04.085.600'], ['E01.789'], ['D03.383.742'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.852.150.310', 'D12.776.543.750.750.400.200.420'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['A11.251.860'], ['G04.366.500']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Colwellia marinimaniae sp. nov., a hyperpiezophilic species isolated from an amphipod within the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench.

An obligately piezophilic strain was isolated from an amphipod crustacean obtained in the Challenger Deep region of the Mariana Trench during the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition. The strain, MTCD1T, grew at extremely high hydrostatic pressures, with a growth range of 80-140 MPa (optimum, 120 MPa) at 6 °C. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicate that it is closely affiliated with the genus Colwellia. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed 95.7, 95.5 and 95.2 % similarity to Colwellia maris ABE-1T, Colwellia piezophila Y233GT and Colwellia psychrerythraea ATCC 27364T, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1, C16 : 0 and C22 : 6 (docosahexaenoic acid), and the sole isoprenoid quinone produced was ubiqinone-8. DNA G+C content was 48.6 mol%. The strain was positive for oxidase and catalase activities. Based on the results from this study, strain MTCD1T is a novel Gram-negative species of the genus Colwellia, and the name Colwellia marinimaniae sp. nov. (type strain MTCD1T=ATCC TSD-5T=JCM 30270T) is proposed. It is the most piezophilic organism yet described.

['Alteromonadaceae', 'Amphipoda', 'Animals', 'Bacterial Typing Techniques', 'Base Composition', 'DNA, Bacterial', 'DNA, Ribosomal', 'Fatty Acids', 'Hydrostatic Pressure', 'Nucleic Acid Hybridization', 'Pacific Ocean', 'Phylogeny', 'RNA, Ribosomal, 16S', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA', 'Ubiquinone']

[['B03.660.250.021'], ['B01.050.500.131.365.055'], ['B01.050'], ['E01.370.225.875.150.125', 'E05.200.875.150.125'], ['G02.111.080'], ['D13.444.308.212'], ['D13.444.308.475'], ['D10.251'], ['G01.374.715.352'], ['E05.393.661', 'G02.111.611'], ['Z01.756.700'], ['G05.697', 'G16.075.605', 'L01.100.697'], ['D13.444.735.686.670'], ['E05.393.760.700'], ['D02.806.250.900', 'D08.211.935']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Information Science [L]']

Unintegrated HIV-1 DNAs are loaded with core and linker histones and transcriptionally silenced.

Upon delivery into the nucleus of the host cell, linear double-stranded retroviral DNAs are either integrated into the host genome to form the provirus or act as a target of the DNA damage response and become circularized. Little is known about the chromatinization status of the unintegrated retroviral DNAs of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation to investigate the nature of unintegrated HIV-1 DNAs and discovered that core histones, the histone variant H3.3, and H1 linker histones are all deposited onto extrachromosomal HIV-1 DNA. We performed a time-course analysis and determined that the loading of core and linker histones occurred early after virus application. H3.3 and H1 linker histones were also found to be loaded onto unintegrated DNAs of the Moloney murine leukemia virus. The unintegrated retroviral DNAs are potently silenced, and we provide evidence that the suppression of extrachromosomal HIV-1 DNA is histone-related. Unintegrated DNAs were marked by posttranslational histone modifications characteristic of transcriptionally inactive genes: high levels of H3K9 trimethylation and low levels of H3 acetylation. These findings reveal insights into the nature of unintegrated retroviral DNAs.

['DNA Methylation', 'DNA, Viral', 'Gene Silencing', 'HIV-1', 'HeLa Cells', 'Histones', 'Humans', 'Transcription, Genetic']

[['G02.111.035.538.161', 'G02.111.218', 'G03.059.538.161', 'G05.206'], ['D13.444.308.568'], ['G05.308.203.374'], ['B04.820.650.589.650.350.400'], ['A11.251.210.190.400', 'A11.251.860.180.400', 'A11.436.340'], ['D12.776.157.687.485', 'D12.776.660.720.485', 'D12.776.664.469'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.111.873', 'G05.297.700']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Prevalence of Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO) and its relation with incidence of metabolic syndrome, hypertension and type 2 Diabetes amongst individuals aged over 20 years in Ahvaz: A 5 Year cohort Study (2009-2014).

BACKGROUND: Today, obesity epidemic is one of the major health problems of the present century. One of the phenotypes of obesity is metabolically healthy obesity. It seems that these obese individuals suffer less from cardiovascular disease and metabolically unhealthy obesity. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and its relationship with incidence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and hypertension in individuals over 20 years in the city of Ahvaz.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a 5-year cohort study, which was conducted on adults between years 2009 to 2014.Participants who were randomly selected from individuals covered by the health centers in the city of Ahvaz in baseline population, were again recalled by these centers. The subjects completed the question aires, and anthropometric measurements and blood samples were prepared for performing tests based on Phase 1.RESULTS: A total of 591 individuals Participated in this study, 281 (47.5%) were males and 310 (52.5%) females with mean age of 42.2±13.3 years. The prevalence of MHO was 19.5% in the baseline population. The cumulative incidence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and hypertension in MHO individuals were 29.6%, 24.3% and 13%, respectively.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MHO was 19.5% in the baseline population. There was a specific relationship between MHO and incidence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes; however, there was a less significant relationship between MHO and hypertension.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Cohort Studies', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hypertension', 'Incidence', 'Male', 'Metabolic Syndrome', 'Middle Aged', 'Obesity', 'Prevalence']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['C18.452.394.750.149', 'C19.246.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.489'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['C18.452.394.968.500.570', 'C18.452.625'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C18.654.726.500', 'C23.888.144.699.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

The molar ratios of alpha and beta subunits of the Na+-K+-ATPase differ in distinct subcellular membranes from rat skeletal muscle.

The Na+-K+-ATPase consists of alpha and beta subunits proposed to function as an alpha-beta heterodimer. Skeletal muscle is characterized by expression of alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2 subunit isoforms. The relative molar proportions of each subunit or each protein isoform are not known, yet their subcellular distribution and expression in muscles of different fiber types are markedly different. In this study, the molar ratio of each pump subunit isoform was measured in purified membranes from skeletal muscle and compared with those in kidney and brain microsomes. Recombinant proteins were used as standards to quantitate each isoform by immunoblotting in combination with measurements of [3H]ouabain binding. The results indicate that in kidney microsomes, which express predominantly alpha1 and beta1 isoforms, the alpha:beta subunit molar ratio is approximately 1:1. In brain microsomes, the sum of all alpha (alpha1, alpha2, and alpha3) and all beta (beta1 and beta2) subunits also yielded a molar ratio of approximately 1:1. In contrast, in red (oxidative) skeletal muscles, the all alpha:beta subunit ratio was 0.2 in plasma membranes and 0.4 in intracellular membranes. The ratio of alpha2 subunits to alpha1 subunits ranged from 1.6 in surface membranes to up to 7 in internal membranes, while the beta1 subunits exceeded the beta2 subunits by approximately 4-fold in all membrane fractions. Thus, intracellular membranes of red skeletal muscles contain primarily alpha2 and beta1 subunits. When these intracellular membranes were further subfractionated by velocity gradient centrifugation, the alpha2:beta1 subunit ratio was 0.5 in the faster migrating (larger) membranes and 1.0 in the slower migrating (smaller) ones. This was due to a progressive decrease in abundance of the beta1 subunits without a change in the concentration of alpha2 subunits per unit protein. The Na+-K+-ATPase hydrolytic activity was higher in the larger vesicles than in the smaller ones along the sucrose gradient. These results suggest that the ratio of beta to alpha subunits may serve to regulate the catalytic activity of the Na+-K+-ATPase in skeletal muscle.

['Animals', 'Cell Fractionation', 'Intracellular Membranes', 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'Rats', 'Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase']

[['B01.050'], ['E05.242.251'], ['A11.284.149.450', 'A11.284.835.514'], ['A02.633.567', 'A10.690.552.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['D08.811.277.040.025.314.750', 'D12.776.157.530.450.162.780', 'D12.776.157.530.450.250.880', 'D12.776.157.530.813.750', 'D12.776.543.585.450.162.800', 'D12.776.543.585.450.250.890', 'D12.776.543.585.813.750']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Ectodermal dysplasia in females and inversion of chromosome 9.

Absence of sweat glands, hypotrichosis, hypodontia, characteristic facial features, and intolerance to heat, without dystrophia of the nails, are manifestations of sex linked hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Three males and two females were affected in a family in which the affected females were also carrying a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9. Those phenotypically normal females in this pedigree who were obligate carriers had normal karyotypes. One of the affected females (the proband) had, in addition, primary amenorrhoea, absence of the mammary glands, and rudimentary internal genitalia. The fact that clinical manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia in the carrier females of this family are only observed in those also carrying a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 in peripheral blood leucocytes perhaps suggests that non-random inactivation of the paternal X chromosome has occurred as a consequence of the inversion.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Chromosome Aberrations', 'Chromosome Disorders', 'Chromosome Inversion', 'Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X', 'Ectodermal Dysplasia', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Karyotyping', 'Male', 'Pedigree', 'X Chromosome']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['C23.550.210', 'G05.365.590.175'], ['C16.131.260', 'C16.320.180'], ['C23.550.210.190', 'G05.365.590.175.190', 'G05.365.590.770.500', 'G05.558.805.500'], ['A11.284.187.520.300.325', 'G05.360.162.520.300.325'], ['C16.131.077.350', 'C16.131.831.350', 'C16.320.850.250', 'C17.800.804.350', 'C17.800.827.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.385.315', 'E05.200.500.385.315', 'E05.242.385.315', 'E05.393.285.475'], ['E05.393.673'], ['A11.284.187.865.982', 'G05.360.162.865.982']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Patterns of use of chest physiotherapy in a teaching hospital.

Studies of chest physiotherapy in medical patients have consistently shown benefit only in patients who produce large amounts of sputum. Among surgical patients systematically repeated maximal inspiration is the only procedure that clearly reduces the incidence of post-operative pulmonary complications. Rationalization of the use of physiotherapy requires data on the pattern of its use. To obtain such data an audit was conducted on the use of physiotherapy in patients discharged from Royal Newcastle Hospital in October 1989. It was suspected that respiratory physicians would account for the bulk of chest physiotherapy. All patients admitted under respiratory physicians and random samples of patients admitted under other physicians and under surgical specialists were surveyed. Chest physiotherapy was ordered in 13/44 (30%) patients cared for by respiratory physicians, 5/45 (11%) other medical patients and 11/48 (23%) surgical patients (P = 0.049). Chest physiotherapy was ordered in 28 of 29 instances for conditions in which it is of no proven benefit. From the total numbers of medical and surgical patients it was estimated that 71% of chest physiotherapy referrals in October 1989 were for non-medical patients. About half of all referrals were initiated by junior medical staff. Much of the chest physiotherapy performed in the hospital was unlikely to have been of major clinical value and patients with respiratory illnesses were minor consumers of chest physiotherapy. Attempts to reduce wasteful overuse of chest physiotherapy may be most effective if directed at physiotherapists. If medical staff are targeted it would be essential to reach those attached to surgical units.

['Drainage, Postural', 'Female', 'Hospitals, Teaching', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'New South Wales', 'Percussion', 'Physical Therapy Modalities', 'Referral and Consultation', 'Respiratory Tract Diseases', 'Sputum', 'Utilization Review']

[['E02.309.221', 'E02.779.358', 'E02.831.535.358', 'E02.880.150'], ['N02.278.020.300', 'N02.278.421.639'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['Z01.639.100.750', 'Z01.678.100.373.750'], ['E01.370.600.610'], ['E02.779', 'E02.831.535'], ['N04.452.758.849'], ['C08'], ['A12.200.808'], ['N04.761.879', 'N05.700.900']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

A simple solution for improving reliability of cardiac arrest equipment provision in hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Effective and safe cardiac arrest care in the hospital setting is reliant on the immediate availability of emergency equipment. The patient safety literature highlights deficiencies in current approaches to resuscitation equipment provision, highlighting the need for innovative solutions to this problem.METHODS: We conducted a before-after study at a large NHS trust to evaluate the effect of a sealed tray system and database on resuscitation equipment provision. The system was evaluated by a series of unannounced inspections to assess resuscitation trolley compliance with local policy prior to and following system implementation. The time taken to check trolleys was assessed by timing clinicians checking both types of trolley in a simulation setting.RESULTS: The sealed tray system was implemented in 2010, and led to a significant increase in the number of resuscitation trolleys without missing, surplus, or expired items (2009: n=1 (4.76%) vs 2011: n=37 (100%), p<0.001). It also significantly reduced the time required to check each resuscitation trolley in the simulation setting (12.86 (95% CI: 10.02-15.71) vs 3.15 (95% CI: 1.19-4.51)min, p<0.001), but had no effect on the number of resuscitation trolleys checked every day over the previous month (2009: n=8 (38.10%) vs 2011: n=11 (29.73%), p=0.514).CONCLUSION: The implementation of a sealed tray system led to a significant and sustained improvement in resuscitation equipment provision, but had no effect on resuscitation trolley checking frequency.

['Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation', 'Confidence Intervals', 'Emergencies', 'Emergency Service, Hospital', 'Equipment and Supplies, Hospital', 'Female', 'Heart Arrest', 'Hospital Rapid Response Team', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Medicine Chests', 'Patient Care Team', 'Patient Safety', 'Quality Improvement', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Time Factors', 'Treatment Outcome', 'United Kingdom']

[['E02.365.647.110'], ['E05.318.740.275', 'N05.715.360.750.220', 'N06.850.520.830.275'], ['C23.550.291.781', 'N06.230.100.083', 'N06.850.376'], ['N02.278.216.500.968.336', 'N02.421.297.195', 'N04.452.442.452.422.336'], ['E07.325'], ['C14.280.383'], ['N04.590.715.550'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E07.546'], ['N04.590.715'], ['N06.850.135.060.075.399'], ['J01.293.754', 'N04.761.744'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['Z01.542.363']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Coapplication of Chicken Litter Biochar and Urea Only to Improve Nutrients Use Efficiency and Yield of Oryza sativa L. Cultivation on a Tropical Acid Soil.

The excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in sustaining high rice yields due to N dynamics in tropical acid soils not only is economically unsustainable but also causes environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to coapply biochar and urea to improve soil chemical properties and productivity of rice. Biochar (5 t ha(-1)) and different rates of urea (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of recommended N application) were evaluated in both pot and field trials. Selected soil chemical properties, rice plants growth variables, nutrient use efficiency, and yield were determined using standard procedures. Coapplication of biochar with 100% and 75% urea recommendation rates significantly increased nutrients availability (especially P and K) and their use efficiency in both pot and field trials. These treatments also significantly increased rice growth variables and grain yield. Coapplication of biochar and urea application at 75% of the recommended rate can be used to improve soil chemical properties and productivity and reduce urea use by 25%.

['Acids', 'Animals', 'Charcoal', 'Chickens', 'Crops, Agricultural', 'Fertilizers', 'Manure', 'Nitrogen', 'Oryza', 'Phosphorus', 'Soil', 'Tropical Climate', 'Urea']

[['D01.029'], ['B01.050'], ['D01.268.150.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.150', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.192'], ['B01.650.160', 'G07.203.300.300', 'J02.500.300'], ['D27.720.031.400'], ['D20.601'], ['D01.268.604', 'D01.362.625'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.822.616'], ['D01.268.666'], ['D20.721', 'G01.311.820', 'G16.500.275.815', 'N06.230.600'], ['G16.500.275.071.600', 'N06.230.300.100.250.600'], ['D02.065.950']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]']

Repairing holes in the head: a history of cranioplasty.

Cranioplasty is almost as ancient as trephination, yet its fascinating history has been neglected. There is strong evidence that Incan surgeons were performing cranioplasty using precious metals and gourds. Interestingly, early surgical authors, such as Hippocrates and Galen, do not discuss cranioplasty and it was not until the 16th century that cranioplasty in the form of a gold plate was mentioned by Fallopius. The first bone graft was recorded by Meekeren, who in 1668 noted that canine bone was used to repair a cranial defect in a Russian man. The next advance in cranioplasty was the experimental groundwork in bone grafting, performed in the late 19th century. The use of autografts for cranioplasty became popular in the early 20th century. The destructive nature of 20th century warfare provided an impetus to search for alternative metals and plastics to cover large cranial defects. The metallic bone substitutes have largely been replaced by modern plastics. Methyl methacrylate was introduced in 1940 and is currently the most common material used. Research in cranioplasty is now directed at improving the ability of the host to regenerate bone. As modern day trephiners, neurosurgeons should be cognizant of how the technique of repairing a hole in the head has evolved.

['Animals', 'Bone Plates', 'Bone Substitutes', 'Bone Transplantation', 'Craniotomy', 'Dogs', 'Female', 'History, 15th Century', 'History, 16th Century', 'History, 17th Century', 'History, 18th Century', 'History, 19th Century', 'History, 20th Century', 'History, Ancient', 'History, Medieval', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Trephining']

[['B01.050'], ['E07.695.370.374', 'E07.858.442.660.460.374', 'E07.858.690.725.460.374'], ['D25.130.325', 'J01.637.051.130.325'], ['E02.095.147.725.052', 'E04.555.130', 'E04.936.580.052'], ['E04.525.190'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['K01.400.475.500'], ['K01.400.475.750'], ['K01.400.504.750'], ['K01.400.504.875'], ['K01.400.504.937'], ['K01.400.504.968'], ['K01.400.470'], ['K01.400.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E04.525.190.840']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Humanities [K]']

Isolation and characterization of the 10-kDa and 22-kDa polypeptides of higher plant photosystem 2.

Two polypeptides of 10 kDa and 22 kDa, shown to be components of the higher plant photosystem 2, were purified and examined. A NaCl/Triton X-100 treatment was designed, which released these two polypeptides from the thylakoid membrane, in concert with the extrinsic 16-kDa and 23-kDa proteins, concomitant with a loss in oxygen-evolution activity. After this treatment the oxygen-evolving activity of the photosystem 2 membranes devoid of the 10-kDa and the 22-kDa polypeptides could be restored with CaCl2, but not by readdition of the purified 23-kDa protein. This deficiency was caused by an inability of the 23-kDa protein to rebind to the photosystem 2 membranes. In analogy, the oxygen-evolution activity of a highly purified photosystem 2 core preparation, devoid of the 10-kDa and 22-kDa polypeptides, was stimulated by CaCl2, but not by the 23-kDa protein. We, therefore, suggest that the 10-kDa or the 22-kDa polypeptides provide a binding-site for the extrinsic 23-kDa protein to the thylakoid membrane. The 10-kDa and 22-kDa polypeptides were isolated through ion-exchange chromatography in the presence of detergents. They both displayed hydrophobic properties, verified by their low proportion of polar amino acid residues and their partition to the hydrophobic phase during Triton X-114 fractionation. The purified polypeptides did not contain metallic cofactors or substances with absorption in the visible region of the spectrum.

['Amino Acids', 'Calcium Chloride', 'Chlorophyll', 'Cholic Acid', 'Cholic Acids', 'Cross Reactions', 'Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes', 'Molecular Weight', 'Peptides', 'Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins', 'Plant Proteins', 'Polyethylene Glycols', 'Sodium Chloride']

[['D12.125'], ['D01.146.300', 'D01.210.450.150.150'], ['D03.383.129.578.840.374', 'D03.633.400.909.374', 'D04.345.783.374'], ['D04.210.500.105.225.130', 'D04.210.500.221.430.130'], ['D04.210.500.105.225', 'D04.210.500.221.430'], ['G12.122.281'], ['D05.500.562.488.490', 'D08.811.600.710.490', 'D12.776.543.930.500.490', 'D12.776.765.199.750.750.490'], ['G02.494'], ['D12.644'], ['D05.500.562.488', 'D08.811.600.710', 'D12.776.543.930.500', 'D12.776.765.199.750.750'], ['D12.776.765'], ['D02.033.455.250.700', 'D05.750.741', 'D25.720.741', 'J01.637.051.720.741'], ['D01.210.450.150.875', 'D01.857.650']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

CD9P-1 expression correlates with the metastatic status of lung cancer, and a truncated form of CD9P-1, GS-168AT2, inhibits in vivo tumour growth.

BACKGROUND: Loss of CD9 expression has been correlated with a higher motility and metastatic potential of tumour cells originating from different organs. However, the mechanism underlying this loss is not yet understood.METHODS: We produced a truncated form of partner 1 of CD9 (CD9P-1), GS-168AT2, and developed a new monoclonal antibody directed towards the latter. We measured the expression of CD9 and CD9P-1 in human lung tumours (hLTs), and monitored the level of CD9 in NCI-H460, in vitro and in vivo, in the presence and absence of GS-168AT2.RESULTS: Loss of CD9 is inversely related to the expression of CD9P-1, which correlates with the metastatic status of hLT (n=55). In vitro, GS-168AT2 is rapidly internalised and degraded at both the membrane and cytoplasm of NCI-H460, and this correlates with the association of GS-168AT2 with both CD9 and CD81. Intraperitoneal injections of GS-168AT2 in NCI-H460-xenografted Nude mice led to drastic inhibition of tumour growth, as well as to the downregulation of CD9, but not of CD81, in the tumour core.CONCLUSION: These findings show for the first time that CD9P-1 expression positively correlates with the metastatic status of hLT, and that the upregulation of CD9P-1 expression could be one of the mechanisms underlying the loss of CD9 in solid tumours. Our study also reveals that, under certain conditions, loss of CD9 could be a tumour growth-limiting phenomenon rather than a tumour growth-promoting one.

['Animals', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Female', 'Gene Expression', 'Humans', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Mice, Nude', 'Neoplasm Proteins', 'Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays']

[['B01.050'], ['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['G05.297'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.338', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.338'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.500'], ['D12.776.624'], ['E05.337.550.200.900', 'E05.624.850']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Amatoxin intoxication.

Ingestion of mushrooms followed after 6-12 hours by gastrointestinal symptoms and after 3-4 days by hepatic symptoms is diagnostic for the life-threatening amatoxin intoxication and should be treated as soon as possible. Four case histories are reported and recommendations for treatment are given.

['Acute Kidney Injury', 'Adult', 'Amanita', 'Amanitins', 'Combined Modality Therapy', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Liver Function Tests', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Mushroom Poisoning']

[['C12.777.419.780.050', 'C13.351.968.419.780.050'], ['M01.060.116'], ['B01.300.179.100.110'], ['D04.345.566.050', 'D12.644.456.050', 'D12.644.641.050', 'D23.946.587.175'], ['E02.186'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.372.460'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C25.723.415.551', 'C25.723.680.551']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Postpartum Family Planning During Sociopolitical Transition: Findings from an Integrated Community-Based Program in Egypt.

CONTEXT: Limited information exists on postpartum family planning and implementation of integrated reproductive and maternal and child health programs in countries experiencing sociopolitical transition.METHODS: A quasi-experimental evaluation of an integrated reproductive and maternal and child health program implemented in selected sites in Upper and Lower Egypt was conducted between 2012 and 2014. Preintervention and postintervention household surveys were conducted among 12,454 women in intervention sites and nonintervention comparison sites who at survey had a child younger than 24 months. Bivariate and multivariate analyses estimated the intervention's effects on postpartum family planning-related outcomes, including contraceptive use, knowledge of optimal birthspacing, reproductive intentions and decision making about contraceptive use.RESULTS: In Upper Egypt, modern contraceptive use decreased over the study period in both intervention and comparison sites (by six and 15 percentage points, respectively), and in Lower Egypt, contraceptive use remained unchanged in intervention sites and decreased slightly (by three points) in comparison sites; in both regions, the intervention was positively associated with the difference in differences between groups (odds ratios, 1.5 for Upper Egypt and 1.3 for Lower Egypt). The intervention appears to have had a positive effect on knowledge of optimal birthspacing in Upper Egypt, on wanting to delay the next pregnancy in Lower Egypt, and on pregnancy risk and joint decision making in both regions.DISCUSSION: Study findings demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of an integrated reproductive and maternal and child health program implemented in a changing sociopolitical context. Revitalized efforts to bolster family planning within the country are needed to avert further losses and spark a return to positive trends.

['Adult', 'Child', 'Child Health Services', 'Contraception', 'Egypt', 'Family Planning Services', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Maternal Health Services', 'Postpartum Period', 'Pregnancy', 'Reproduction']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.406'], ['N02.421.143.130'], ['E02.875.194'], ['Z01.058.266.317'], ['N02.421.143.401', 'N02.421.800.249'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N02.421.143.620', 'N02.421.800.500'], ['G08.686.702'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['G08.686.784']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Optimization of a two-plasmid system for the identification of promoters recognized by RNA polymerase containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis stress response sigma factor, sigmaF.

The previously established two-plasmid system in Escherichia coli for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promoters that are recognized by RNA polymerase containing the stress response sigma factor sigmaF was optimized. Expression of the M. tuberculosis sigmaF encoded by sigF gene was under the control of the isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-dependent Ptrc promoter. A low level of IPTG induced a nontoxic but sufficient level of sigmaF to interact with the core enzyme of RNA polymerase. Such an RNA polymerase holoenzyme recognized the known sigmaF-dependent promoter, usfXp1, which was cloned in the compatible promoter probe plasmid, upstream of a promoterless lacZalpha reporter gene. Primer extension analysis of the usfXp1 promoter in the E. coli two-plasmid system after IPTG-induced expression of M. tuberculosis sigF revealed a transcription start point that was identical as in M. tuberculosis. This new system has been shown to be useful for identification of M. tuberculosis sigmaF-dependent promoters.

['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Bacterial Proteins', 'Base Sequence', 'Cloning, Molecular', 'DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases', 'Escherichia coli', 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis', 'Plasmids', 'Promoter Regions, Genetic', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA', 'Sigma Factor']

[['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['D12.776.097'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['E05.393.220'], ['D08.811.913.696.445.735.270'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['B03.510.024.962.500.702', 'B03.510.460.400.410.552.552.702'], ['G05.360.600'], ['G02.111.570.080.689.675', 'G05.360.080.689.675', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.750.680'], ['E05.393.760.700'], ['D12.776.930.800']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Persistent TTX-resistant Na+ current affects resting potential and response to depolarization in simulated spinal sensory neurons.

Small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which include nociceptors, express multiple voltage-gated sodium currents. In addition to a classical fast inactivating tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) sodium current, many of these cells express a TTX-resistant (TTX-R) sodium current that activates near -70 mV and is persistent at negative potentials. To investigate the possible contributions of this TTX-R persistent (TTX-RP) current to neuronal excitability, we carried out computer simulations using the Neuron program with TTX-S and -RP currents, fit by the Hodgkin-Huxley model, that closely matched the currents recorded from small DRG neurons. In contrast to fast TTX-S current, which was well fit using a m(3)h model, the persistent TTX-R current was not well fit by an m(3)h model and was better fit using an mh model. The persistent TTX-R current had a strong influence on resting potential, shifting it from -70 to -49.1 mV. Inclusion of an ultra-slow inactivation gate in the persistent current model reduced the potential shift only slightly, to -56.6 mV. The persistent TTX-R current also enhanced the response to depolarizing inputs that were subthreshold for spike electrogenesis. In addition, the presence of persistent TTX-R current predisposed the cell to anode break excitation. These results suggest that, while the persistent TTX-R current is not a major contributor to the rapid depolarizing phase of the action potential, it contributes to setting the electrogenic properties of small DRG neurons by modulating their resting potentials and response to subthreshold stimuli.

['Action Potentials', 'Animals', 'Computer Simulation', 'Ganglia, Spinal', 'Ion Channel Gating', 'Membrane Potentials', 'Mice', 'Mice, Mutant Strains', 'Models, Neurological', 'Neurons, Afferent', 'Nonlinear Dynamics', 'Patch-Clamp Techniques', 'Sodium', 'Sodium Channels', 'Tetrodotoxin']

[['G04.580.100', 'G07.265.675.100', 'G11.561.570.100'], ['B01.050'], ['L01.224.160'], ['A08.340.390.340', 'A08.800.350.340', 'A08.800.800.720.725.350'], ['G02.111.820.400', 'G04.835.400', 'G07.265.625'], ['G01.154.535', 'G04.580', 'G07.265.675', 'G11.561.570'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550'], ['E05.599.395.642'], ['A08.675.650', 'A11.671.650'], ['E05.599.850', 'H01.548.675'], ['E05.200.500.905', 'E05.242.800'], ['D01.268.549.750', 'D01.268.557.650', 'D01.552.528.850', 'D01.552.547.725'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.875', 'D12.776.543.550.450.875', 'D12.776.543.585.400.875'], ['D03.633.100.786.910', 'D23.946.580.910']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Comparison of laboratory values obtained by phlebotomy versus saline lock devices.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the utility of a peripheral saline lock device (SLD) as an alternative to a second venipuncture for obtaining selected blood samples.METHODS: This prospective study used a comparative design and was conducted in an urban emergency department (ED). Adult patients with an existing SLD in place who required serial phlebotomy were eligible for inclusion in the study. Each subject had blood samples obtained by venipuncture (control) with a Vacutainer adapter according to standard protocols. Within 5 minutes of obtaining the control samples, a sample was obtained from the patients' SLDs; a tourniquet was applied proximal to the intravenous line, a 5-mL waste portion was obtained, and a Vacutainer adapter was placed to draw specimens for testing. Each of the paired samples was analyzed for hematocrit, electrolytes, and cardiac enzymes. The Bland-Altman method was used to analyze the concordance between each pair of measurements. Paired t-tests for each of the eight laboratory tests were used to assess whether the values were statistically different from each other. The 95% limits of agreement around the mean differences were calculated. Differences between SLD aspirates and venipuncture aspirates also were compared with the federal regulatory standards that ensure reliable and accurate laboratory testing.RESULTS: Eighty-one patients were eligible for the study; in 73 (90.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 81.5% to 95.6%) of the patients, the SLD could be aspirated for testing. The paired t-tests indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean values of the two methods of testing. Of the 584 paired values analyzed, 35 (6.0%; 95% CI = 4.3% to 8.2%) exceeded the Bland-Altman limits of agreement, and 43 (7.4%; 95% CI = 5.4% to 9.8%) fell outside the acceptable range determined by the federal regulation of clinical laboratories. Of those values that exceeded the acceptable Bland-Altman limits of agreement, none would have resulted in clinical intervention.CONCLUSIONS: Aspirating blood via an SLD is an acceptable method of obtaining serial laboratory values in a group of stable, consenting adult ED patients.

['Adult', 'Blood Chemical Analysis', 'Blood Specimen Collection', 'Catheterization, Peripheral', 'Catheters, Indwelling', 'Emergency Service, Hospital', 'Equipment Design', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Phlebotomy', 'Prospective Studies']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.225.124.100', 'E05.200.124.100'], ['E01.370.225.998.110', 'E04.665.150', 'E05.200.998.110'], ['E02.148.224', 'E04.100.814.529.937', 'E04.502.382.937', 'E05.157.375'], ['E07.132.500'], ['N02.278.216.500.968.336', 'N02.421.297.195', 'N04.452.442.452.422.336'], ['E05.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.225.998.110.625', 'E02.800.558', 'E04.665.150.625', 'E05.200.998.110.625'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by combination of imatinib and allopurinol.

We report a case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) caused by imatinib combined with allopurinol. An 82-year-old female patient who had a diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia was initially treated with imatinib 200 mg/day and allopurinol 100 mg for 42 days, and had a satisfactory hematological response. The dose of imatinib was adjusted to 400 mg/day for 14 days. After two weeks, she developed SJS and was transferred to the intensive care unit for further treatment because her general condition had deteriorated. The aggravated cutaneous adverse reaction improved approximately 7 days after withdrawal of imatinib. Oral steroids with antihistamines were prescribed for the treatment of severe cutaneous reaction. The symptoms of SJS completely improved 1 month after discontinuation of imatinib and allopurinol. We concluded that imatinib alone may cause serious cutaneous reaction, but the combination of 2 high-risk drugs may increase the likelihood of exposed patients developing SJS. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of SJS caused by imatinib and allopurinol prescribed simultaneously.

['Aged, 80 and over', 'Allopurinol', 'Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols', 'Benzamides', 'Chronic Disease', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Imatinib Mesylate', 'Kidney Failure, Chronic', 'Leukemia, Myeloid', 'Piperazines', 'Pyrimidines', 'Stevens-Johnson Syndrome']

[['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D03.633.100.759.160'], ['E02.183.750.500', 'E02.319.077.500', 'E02.319.310.037'], ['D02.065.277', 'D02.241.223.100.100', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127.085'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D02.065.277.456', 'D02.241.223.100.100.435', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127.085.465', 'D03.383.606.405', 'D03.383.742.349'], ['C12.777.419.780.750.500', 'C13.351.968.419.780.750.500'], ['C04.557.337.539'], ['D03.383.606'], ['D03.383.742'], ['C07.465.864.500', 'C17.800.174.600.900', 'C17.800.229.400.683', 'C17.800.865.475.683', 'C20.543.206.380.900', 'C25.100.468.380.900']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

Integrative care for children with cancer. Project design for the development of an integrative care programme for use in paediatric oncology.

PURPOSE: Purpose of this paper is to describe the project design for the development of a context-specific and patient-focused integrative care programme for an intensive care unit for paediatric oncology to ease the strain of the treatments for patients and their families. Integrative care interventions based on anthroposophical medicine such as wraps, compresses and rhythmic body oiling can be used to ease typical side effects such as nausea, pain and agitation.METHODS: Conduct of a literature research on existing integrative care programmes in medical hospitals and biomedical settings and the identification of appropriate methods to achieve the research aim.RESULTS: A project design was developed which can be used as a basis for developing, introducing and evaluating an integrative care programme for a paediatric oncological intensive care unit in a German university hospital. A qualitative study design was chosen to develop this programme. This included participant observations and interviews with all stakeholders at the respective oncology ward as well as in existing oncology wards that work with an integrative care programme. The primary emphasis was on the criteria appropriateness for the specific setting, sustainability and financial viability as well as on the development of an appropriate evaluation model.CONCLUSIONS: When developing an integrative care programme for use in the specific setting of a paediatric oncology ward and selecting the appropriate interventions for inclusion in the programme, particular attention should be paid to the needs of the patients as well as to the practicability for the nursing staff, particularly with regard to resources such as time and personnel. Both the nursing team and nursing management should be actively involved in the project design from the outset. In the evaluation particular importance is attached to feasibility. The challenge for the economic evaluation is to create a robust database for negotiation of financing possibilities.

['Delivery of Health Care', 'Humans', 'Integrative Oncology', 'Models, Organizational', 'Neoplasms', 'Program Development']

[['N04.590.374', 'N05.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.190.463'], ['E05.599.670', 'N04.452.534'], ['C04'], ['N04.452.760']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]']

Kinetic approach to the study of primary production in the ocean.

Theoretical arguments for and experimental verification of the kinetic approach to the study of primary production in the ocean are described. According to some kinetic models the increase in pure primary production in the ocean is proportional not to time, but approximately to the square root of time. Calculation of the pure primary production of the Pacific Ocean, according to data in the literature, allowing for kinetic correction, gives a value of the order of 7 x 10(9)-10 x 10(9) tons CO2 per annum, equivalent to about 10% of the global pure primary production in the present-day biosphere, calculated from seasonal fluctuations in CO2 in the atmosphere. The existence of polycircadian cycles of function of oceanic phytoplankton is demonstrated.

['Atmosphere', 'Bicarbonates', 'Carbon Dioxide', 'Kinetics', 'Mathematics', 'Oxygen Consumption', 'Periodicity', 'Photosynthesis', 'Phytoplankton', 'Plankton', 'Seasons', 'Seawater', 'Water Microbiology']

[['G16.500.275.063', 'N06.230.300.100'], ['D01.200.275.150.100', 'D01.248.497.158.165.100'], ['D01.200.200', 'D01.362.150', 'D01.650.550.200'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['H01.548'], ['G03.680'], ['G01.910.645', 'G07.180.562'], ['G02.111.158.937', 'G02.111.669.700', 'G02.740.921', 'G03.191.937', 'G03.493.700', 'G03.800.700', 'G15.568'], ['B05.080.500.600'], ['B05.080.500'], ['G01.910.645.661', 'G16.500.275.071.590', 'N06.230.300.100.250.525'], ['G16.500.275.725.500'], ['H01.158.273.540.274.777', 'N06.850.425.450']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]']

Developing a satisfaction survey for families of Ohio's nursing home residents.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this project was to develop a reliable and valid family satisfaction instrument for use in Ohio's nursing homes.DESIGN AND METHODS: Investigators worked with an advisory council to develop the survey. Purposive sampling techniques were largely used to select 12 small, medium, and large for-profit and proprietary facilities in one large county for the pretest. A total of 239 families who were "most involved" in their relative's care completed an instrument with 97 satisfaction items.RESULTS: Factor analyses identified nine factors that explained 59.44% of the variance in satisfaction. Investigator judgment modified some factors and developed scales. The scales had good internal reliability ( and above, except for one), test-retest reliability ranged from.49 to.88, and differences between families of short- and long-stay residents were in expected directions. A final instrument with 62 satisfaction and 17 background items was recommended for statewide implementation.IMPLICATIONS: Findings from the project can be used to further refine the instrument and protocols for use with larger populations in other states and by the federal government.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Attitude to Health', 'Consumer Behavior', 'Factor Analysis, Statistical', 'Family', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Long-Term Care', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Nursing Homes', 'Ohio', 'Patient Advocacy', 'Surveys and Questionnaires']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['F01.100.150', 'N05.300.150'], ['F01.145.236'], ['E05.318.740.400', 'N05.715.360.750.350', 'N06.850.520.830.400'], ['F01.829.263', 'I01.880.853.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.760.476', 'N02.421.585.476'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['N02.278.825.610'], ['Z01.107.567.875.075.512', 'Z01.107.567.875.350.540', 'Z01.107.567.875.510.540'], ['I01.880.604.631', 'N03.706.678'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

[The gas chromatographic detection of glycols and their ethers in biological objects during forensic chemical research].

A system consisting of two columns with different separation mechanisms may be used for forensic chemical gas chromatographic analysis of glycols and their ethers: (1) with a polar immobile phase and (2) with a low-polar polymeric sorbent in gas adsorption or gas-liquid adsorption variants. Effects of other volatile solvents associated with glycols and their ethers, of components of technical liquids, blood substituting liquids, decay products on the results of gas chromatographic analysis of the said substances were revealed. The suggested method has been tried in expert studies.

['Cadaver', 'Chromatography, Gas', 'Ethers', 'Forensic Medicine', 'Glycols', 'Humans', 'Solvents']

[['C23.550.260.224'], ['E05.196.181.349'], ['D02.355'], ['H02.403.330', 'I01.198.780.937'], ['D02.033.455'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D27.720.844']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]']

Patterns of muscular activity during movement in patients with chronic low-back pain.

Bilateral paraspinal electromyogram (EMG) at levels L1-L2 and L4-L5, and abdominal EMG of a group of 20 low-back pain patients were compared to those of a group of 20 pain-free controls during flexion, extension, lateral bending to right and left, and rotation to right and left. The results showed no significant left-right differences in paraspinal EMG levels between low-back pain patients and pain-free controls during any of the movements. However, patterns of paraspinal and abdominal EMG were found to be different for low-back pain patients compared to pain-free controls during flexion only.

['Abdominal Muscles', 'Adult', 'Analysis of Variance', 'Back Pain', 'Electromyography', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Lumbosacral Region', 'Male', 'Movement', 'Muscles', 'Posture', 'Sex Factors']

[['A02.633.567.050'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E05.318.740.150', 'N05.715.360.750.125', 'N06.850.520.830.150'], ['C23.888.592.612.107'], ['E01.370.405.255', 'E01.370.530.255'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A01.923.176.519'], ['G07.568', 'G11.427.410'], ['A02.633', 'A10.690'], ['G11.427.695'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Cyclic peptides incorporating 4-carboxyphenylalanine and phosphotyrosine are potent inhibitors of pp60(c-)(src).

The protein tyrosine kinase, pp60(c-)(src), is involved in cellular signaling and is activated during mitosis and in various tumors. We have been employing cyclic decapeptides to identify the determinants for substrate binding and phosphorylation to develop inhibitors competitive with protein substrates of Src. A structure-activity study [McMurray, J. S., Budde, R. J. A., Ke, S., Obeyesekere, O. U., Wang, W., Ramdas, L., and Lewis, C. A. (1998) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 355, 124] revealed that, at the position 3 residues C-terminal to the phosphorylated tyrosine (Y + 3), both glutamic acid and phenylalanine gave identical K(i), K(m), and V(max) values. We hypothesized that the area of Src that binds the Y + 3 residue contains either a positively charged lysine or an arginine, capable of ionic interactions with glutamic acid or cation-pi interactions with phenylalanine. To test this hypothesis, a series of phenylalanine analogues were substituted at position 7 (the Y + 3 residue) in cyclo(Asp(1)-Asn(2)-Glu(3)-Tyr(4)-Ala(5)-Phe(6)-Phe(7)-Gln(8)-D-Phe(9 )-Pro(10)). Of these, 4-carboxyphenylalanine (4-Cpa) and phosphotyrosine resulted in high affinity peptides exhibiting K(i) values of 0.85 and 1.1 microM, respectively, 180- and 130-fold increases in potency over the parent cyclic peptide (K(i) = 150 microM). These peptides were noncompetitive with respect to ATP and competitive against the phosphate-accepting substrate, polyGlu(4)Tyr. The truncated cyclic peptide, cyclo(Phe-4-Cpa-Gln-D-Phe-Pro-Asp-Aca) (Aca = epsilon-aminocaproic acid), which did not contain tyrosine, was also a competitive inhibitor with a K(i) value of 24 microM. We conclude that these cyclic peptides bind to a positively charged area that is near the phosphate transfer region of the active site of Src but does not necessarily include the tyrosine-binding pocket. Furthermore, the 4-Cpa-containing cyclic decapeptide shows remarkable selectivity in the inhibition of Src versus the src family members Yes and Lck, as well as other protein tyrosine kinases, Ser/Thr kinases, and other ATP-utilizing enzymes.

['Animals', 'CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase', 'Enzyme Inhibitors', 'Peptides, Cyclic', 'Phenylalanine', 'Phosphotyrosine', 'Protein-Tyrosine Kinases', 'Structure-Activity Relationship', 'src-Family Kinases']

[['B01.050'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.158'], ['D27.505.519.389'], ['D04.345.566', 'D12.644.641'], ['D12.125.072.050.685', 'D12.125.142.666'], ['D12.125.072.050.875.750', 'D12.125.740.740'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725'], ['G02.111.830', 'G07.690.773.997'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence in mice: Implications for brain and behaviour.

BACKGROUND: There is growing appreciation for the importance of bacteria in shaping brain development and behaviour. Adolescence and early adulthood are crucial developmental periods during which exposure to harmful environmental factors can have a permanent impact on brain function. Such environmental factors include perturbations of the gut bacteria that may affect gut-brain communication, altering the trajectory of brain development, and increasing vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. Here we assess the effects of gut bacterial depletion from weaning onwards on adult cognitive, social and emotional behaviours and markers of gut-brain axis dysfunction in mice.METHODS: Mice were treated with a combination of antibiotics from weaning onwards and effects on behaviours and potential gut-brain axis neuromodulators (tryptophan, monoamines, and neuropeptides) and BDNF expression were assessed in adulthood.RESULTS: Antibiotic-treatment depleted and restructured gut microbiota composition of caecal contents and decreased spleen weights in adulthood. Depletion of the gut microbiota from weaning onwards reduced anxiety, induced cognitive deficits, altered dynamics of the tryptophan metabolic pathway, and significantly reduced BDNF, oxytocin and vasopressin expression in the adult brain.CONCLUSIONS: Microbiota depletion from weaning onwards by means of chronic treatment with antibiotics in mice impacts on anxiety and cognitive behaviours as well as key neuromodulators of gut-brain communication in a manner that is similar to that reported in germ-free mice. This model may represent a more amenable alternative for germ-free mice in the assessment of microbiota modulation of behaviour. Finally, these data suggest that despite the presence of a normal gut microbiome in early postnatal life, reduced abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota from weaning influences adult behaviours and key neuromodulators of the microbiota-gut-brain axis suggesting that dysregulation of this axis in the post-weaning period may contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders associated with altered anxiety and cognition.

['Animals', 'Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Behavior, Animal', 'Body Weight', 'Brain', 'Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor', 'Gastrointestinal Microbiome', 'Gastrointestinal Tract', 'Mice', 'Tryptophan']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['F01.145.113'], ['C23.888.144', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120', 'E05.041.124.160.750', 'G07.100.100.160.120', 'G07.345.249.314.120'], ['A08.186.211'], ['D12.644.276.860.100', 'D12.776.467.860.100', 'D12.776.631.600.100', 'D23.529.850.100'], ['G06.591.375', 'G16.500.275.157.049.100.500.375', 'N06.230.124.049.100.500.250'], ['A03.556'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['D12.125.072.050.850', 'D12.125.142.875']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]']

Caregiver burden and nonachievement of healthy lifestyle behaviors among family caregivers of cardiovascular disease patients.

PURPOSE: To determine whether caregiver burdens are associated with lifestyle behaviors 1 year following the hospitalization of a family member with cardiovascular disease (CVD).DESIGN: Prospective follow-up study of National Heart Lung and Blood Institute sponsored Family Intervention Trial for Heart Health participants.SETTING: Hospital-based recruitment/baseline visit with 1-year follow-up.SUBJECTS: Family members of hospitalized CVD patients (N  =  423; 67% female; 36% racial/ethnic minority; mean age 49 years).MEASURES: Systematic evaluation at 1 year to determine heart-healthy diet (defined as <10% kcal from saturated fat; Block 98 Food Frequency Questionnaire) and physical activity (defined as ?4 d/wk; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey) behaviors and caregiver burdens (five domains: employment, financial, physical, social, and time; Caregiver Strain Questionnaire).ANALYSIS: Logistic regression adjusted for covariates.RESULTS: Heart-healthy diet was less frequent among caregivers citing feeling overwhelmed (odds ratio [OR]  =  .50; 95% confidence interval [CI]  =  .26-.97), sleep disturbance (OR  =  .51; 95% CI  =  .27-.96), financial strain (OR  =  .41; 95% CI  =  .20-.86), upsetting behavior (OR  =  .48; 95% CI  =  .25-.92), and/or time demands (OR  =  .47; 95% CI  =  .26-.85) as burdens. Physical activity was less frequent among caregivers reporting financial strain (OR  =  .32; 95% CI  =  .13-.81) or upsetting patient behavior (OR  =  .33; 95% CI  =  .15-.76) as burdens. The most commonly cited caregiver burdens included changes in personal plans (39%), time demands (38%), and sleep disturbance (30%).CONCLUSION: Caregiver burdens were associated with nonachievement of heart-healthy diet and physical activity behaviors among family caregivers 1 year after patient discharge. When developing heart-health promotion interventions, caregiver burden should be considered as a possible barrier to prevention among family members of CVD patients.

['Adult', 'Cardiovascular Diseases', 'Caregivers', 'Confidence Intervals', 'Cost of Illness', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Life Style', 'Logistic Models', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Odds Ratio', 'Prospective Studies', 'Risk Reduction Behavior', 'Surveys and Questionnaires']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C14'], ['M01.085', 'M01.526.485.200', 'N02.360.200'], ['E05.318.740.275', 'N05.715.360.750.220', 'N06.850.520.830.275'], ['N03.219.151.165', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.182', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.046'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['E02.760.400', 'N02.421.585.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.458'], ['E05.318.740.500.525', 'E05.318.740.600.800.450', 'E05.318.740.750.450', 'E05.599.835.875', 'N05.715.360.750.530.480', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.450', 'N05.715.360.750.695.470', 'N06.850.520.830.500.525', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.450', 'N06.850.520.830.750.450'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['F01.145.699'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Eye movement and postural sway in dyslexic children during sitting and standing.

In this study, we investigated the eye movement and postural control performance in dyslexic children while reading text and performing Landolt reading when sitting and standing. Fifteen dyslexic and 15 non-dyslexic children were asked to sit in a chair while the eye movements were recorded, and were then asked to stand on an unstable platform while eye movements and postural sway were recorded simultaneously at the time of Landolt reading and text reading. Eye movements were recorded binocularly by Mobile EyeBrain Tracker (MobileT2®, SuriCog) and center of pressure excursions were recorded by Multitest Equilibre (by Framiral®). The dependent variables for visual performance in the reading tasks were: total reading time, mean duration of fixation, number of pro- and retro-saccades, and amplitude of pro-saccades. The dependent variable for postural performance was the center of pressure area. The results showed that dyslexic children spent more time reading the text compared to non-dyslexic children (p < 0.02). However, no difference was observed for the Landolt reading task (p > 0.05). Dyslexic children performed longer fixations in the sitting condition as compared to the standing (p < 0.03), namely, higher number of pro- (p < 0.001) and retro- saccades (p < 0.001), and smaller pro-saccades amplitude (p < 0.001). Therefore, when the linguistic and semantic requirements are not involved in the reading task, dyslexic children perform similar to non-dyslexic children even in different task requirements (p > 0.05). Finally, postural performance was poorer in dyslexic children than in non-dyslexic children in both the reading tasks (p < 0.02). However, postural control performance, which was poor in dyslexic children, is not related to lexical and semantic reading requirements.

['Child', 'Dyslexia', 'Eye Movements', 'Female', 'Fixation, Ocular', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Posture', 'Reading', 'Sitting Position', 'Standing Position']

[['M01.060.406'], ['C10.597.606.150.500.300', 'C10.597.606.150.550.200', 'C23.888.592.604.150.500.300', 'C23.888.592.604.150.550.200', 'F03.625.562.400'], ['G11.427.410.140', 'G14.350'], ['G14.350.253'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G11.427.695'], ['L01.559.423.557'], ['G11.427.695.575'], ['G11.427.695.600']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]']

Tough, Ultralight, and Water-Adhesive Graphene/Natural Rubber Latex Hybrid Aerogel with Sandwichlike Cell Wall and Biomimetic Rose-Petal-Like Surface.

Graphene aerogel (GA) as a rising multifunctional material has demonstrated great potential for energy storage and conversion, environmental remediation, and high-performance sensors or actuators. However, the commercial use of GA is obstructed by its fragility and high cost. Herein, by a simple stirring-induced foaming of the mixed aqueous solutions of natural rubber latex (NRL) and graphene oxide liquid crystal (GOLC), we obtained tough, ultralight (4.6 mg cm-3), high compressibility (>90%), and water-adhesive graphene/NRL hybrid aerogel (GA/NRL). Of particular note, the NRL particles are conformally wrapped by graphene layers to form a sandwichlike cell wall with a biomimetic rose-petal-like surface. These distinct hierarchical structures endow GA/NRL not only with high toughness to bear impact, torsion (>90°), and even ultrasonication but also with strong adhesion to water. As proof of concept, the utilization of the as-prepared GA/NRL for collecting water droplets suspended in moist air and its improved solar-thermal harvest capacity have been demonstrated. This facile, green, and cost-effective strategy opens a new route for tailoring the microstructure and functionality of GA, which will facilitate its large-scale production and commercial application.

['Adhesives', 'Biomimetics', 'Cell Wall', 'Gels', 'Graphite', 'Latex', 'Molecular Conformation', 'Rubber', 'Surface Properties', 'Water']

[['D27.720.013', 'J01.637.016'], ['H01.158.550.100', 'J01.897.120.100'], ['A11.284.183'], ['D20.280.320', 'D26.255.165.320'], ['D01.268.150.300', 'D01.578.300'], ['D05.750.078.625', 'D20.215.721.124', 'D25.720.099.625', 'D25.720.099.750.500', 'D25.720.327.840.239', 'J01.637.051.720.099.625', 'J01.637.051.720.540'], ['G02.111.570.820'], ['D25.720.099.750', 'D25.720.327.840', 'J01.637.051.720.099.750', 'J01.637.051.720.327.840', 'J01.637.412.767'], ['G02.860'], ['D01.045.250.875', 'D01.248.497.158.459.650', 'D01.650.550.925']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Von Willebrand gene tracking by single-tube automated fluorescent analysis of four short tandem repeat polymorphisms.

Molecular diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) has been hampered by the large size and complex genomic characteristics of the gene involved. For this reason, indirect methods using intragenic polymorphic markers described along the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene are valuable tools for gene monitoring and linkage analysis. Several studies have demonstrated the four commonly utilized short tandem repeats (STRs), three located in intron 40 and one in the promoter region of the VWF gene, to be highly informative for this task. Our objective was t o develop a rapid, automated method to simultaneously analyze these four STRs for VWF gene tracking. Amplification of the four loci is achieved in a single multiplex fluorescent PCR which is then analyzed in the same run by capillary electrophoresis. Data processing with GeneScan and Genotyper software has simplified management and tabulation of the resulting haplotypes. Analysis of the VWF gene in DNA from 102 individuals (204 chromosomes) revealed that the three STRs within intron 40 showed significant linkage disequilibrium against each other but not against the VWP locus. Moreover, the combination of the four markers offers a high heterozygosity rate (>99%) that improves tracing VWF gene inheritance. In conclusion, the automated fluorescent capillary electrophoresis method presented here is an extremely rapid, simple and highly informative technique for association studies between VWD and the VWF gene in addition to genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis by precise linkage analysis in VWD-affected families.

['Alleles', 'Automation', 'DNA', 'DNA Primers', 'Electrophoresis, Capillary', 'Female', 'Genetic Linkage', 'Genetic Techniques', 'Haplotypes', 'Heterozygote', 'Humans', 'Introns', 'Male', 'Microscopy, Fluorescence', 'Models, Genetic', 'Pedigree', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Polymorphism, Genetic', 'Promoter Regions, Genetic', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA', 'Software', 'Tandem Repeat Sequences', 'von Willebrand Diseases', 'von Willebrand Factor']

[['G05.360.340.024.340.030'], ['J01.897.104'], ['D13.444.308'], ['D13.695.578.424.450.275', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.600'], ['E05.196.401.190', 'E05.301.300.190'], ['G05.348'], ['E05.393'], ['G05.380.360'], ['G05.380.383'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G05.360.340.024.220.400', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.515'], ['E01.370.350.515.458', 'E05.595.458'], ['E05.599.395.397'], ['E05.393.673'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['G05.365.795'], ['G02.111.570.080.689.675', 'G05.360.080.689.675', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.750.680'], ['E05.393.760.700'], ['L01.224.900'], ['G02.111.570.080.708.800', 'G05.360.080.708.800', 'G05.360.340.024.850'], ['C15.378.100.100.900', 'C15.378.100.141.900', 'C15.378.140.900', 'C15.378.463.920', 'C16.320.099.920'], ['D12.776.124.125.920', 'D23.119.985']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]']

Leukemia and exposure to 1,3-butadiene, styrene and dimethyldithiocarbamate among workers in the synthetic rubber industry.

This study evaluated relations between exposure to 1,3-butadiene (BD), styrene (STY) and dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDTC) and mortality from leukemia among synthetic rubber industry workers. Subjects were 13130 men employed for at least 1 year during 1943-1991 at any of six plants that manufactured synthetic rubber. Death certificates and medical records identified workers with leukemia. Cumulative exposure estimates were based on plant- and time period-specific process and task characteristics, linked to subjects' work histories. Poisson regression estimated relative rates (RRs) for workers exposed to each agent compared to unexposed workers. Leukemia (N=59) was positively associated with BD ppm-years (RRs of 1.0, 1.2, 2.0 and 3.8, for exposures of 0, >0-<86.3, 86.3-<362.2 and 362.2+ ppm-years; only the RR for the highest exposure category was statistically significant), STY ppm-years (RRs of 1.0, 1.2, 2.3 and 3.2, for exposures of 0, >0-<20.6, 20.6-<60.4 and 60.4+ ppm-years; only the RR for the highest exposure category was statistically significant) and DMDTC mg-years/cm (RRs of 1.0, 2.3, 4.9 and 2.9, for 0, >0-<566.6, 566.6-<1395.1 and 1395.1+ mg-years/cm; the RR for each non-zero exposure category was statistically significant) after adjusting for age and years since hire. After further adjusting each agent-specific set of RRs for the other two agents, a positive but imprecise relation remained for BD and DMDTC but not for STY. The association with BD was stronger for ppm-years due to exposure intensities >100 ppm than for ppm-years due to lower concentrations. BD and DMDTC, but not STY, were positively associated with leukemia in multivariable analyses. The independent effect of each agent was difficult to evaluate because of correlations with other agents and imprecision.

['Butadienes', 'Chemical Industry', 'Dimethyldithiocarbamate', 'Hematologic Diseases', 'Humans', 'Leukemia', 'Occupational Diseases', 'Occupational Exposure', 'Risk Assessment', 'Rubber', 'Styrene', 'United States']

[['D02.455.326.271.665.146.240'], ['J01.576.655.437'], ['D02.241.081.251.869.210', 'D02.886.706.175'], ['C15.378'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.557.337'], ['C24'], ['N06.850.460.350.600'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.715', 'N04.452.871.715', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.690', 'N06.850.505.715', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.715'], ['D25.720.099.750', 'D25.720.327.840', 'J01.637.051.720.099.750', 'J01.637.051.720.327.840', 'J01.637.412.767'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.150.750.800'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

The posterior Cerebellum is involved in constructing Social Action Sequences: An fMRI Study.

Social neuroscience largely ignored the role of the cerebellum, despite its implications in a broad range of tasks and neurological disorders related to social functioning and inferences on others' mental state such as beliefs. One hypothesis states that during human evolution, the cerebellum's function evolved from a mere coordinator of fluent sequences of motions and actions, to an interpreter of action sequences without overt movements that are important for social understanding. The present study introduces new tasks to investigate the role of the cerebellum in sequencing, in which participants generated the correct chronological order of new or well-known event stories with or without social elements during functional neuroimaging (fMRI). Results showed strong cerebellar activation during order generation for all event types compared to passive viewing or reading events. More importantly, new social events involving true or false beliefs showed stronger activation in the bilateral posterior cerebellum (Crus 1 and Crus 2) compared to routine social and non-social (mechanical) events. This confirms the critical role of the posterior cerebellum in the understanding and construction of the correct order of action sequences relevant for social understanding. The present tasks and results may facilitate diagnoses and treatments of cerebellar dysfunctions in the future.

['Adult', 'Brain Mapping', 'Cerebellum', 'Cognition', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Movement', 'Reading', 'Social Skills', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.350.578.875.500', 'E01.370.376.537.625.500', 'E05.629.875.500'], ['A08.186.211.132.810.428.200'], ['F02.463.188'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['G07.568', 'G11.427.410'], ['L01.559.423.557'], ['F01.145.813.828', 'F01.829.401.737'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]']

Eight years of the Mayo International Health Program: what an international elective adds to resident education.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the educational benefits of international elective rotations during graduate medical education.PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: We studied Mayo International Health Program (MIHP) participants from April 1, 2001, through July 31, 2008. Data from the 162 resident postrotation reports were reviewed and used to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze MIHP elective experiences. Qualitative analysis of the narrative data was performed using NVivo7 (QRS International, Melbourne, Australia), a qualitative research program, and passages were coded and analyzed for trends and themes.RESULTS: During the study period, 162 residents representing 20 different specialties were awarded scholarships through the MIHP. Residents rotated in 43 countries, serving over 40,000 patients worldwide. Their reports indicated multiple educational and personal benefits, including gaining experience with a wide variety of pathology, learning to work with limited resources, developing clinical and surgical skills, participating in resident education, and experiencing new peoples and cultures.CONCLUSION: The MIHP provides the structure and funding to enable residents from a variety of specialties to participate in international electives and obtain an identifiable set of unique, valuable educational experiences likely to shape them into better physicians. Such international health electives should be encouraged in graduate medical education.

['Clinical Competence', 'Economics, Medical', 'International Educational Exchange', 'Internship and Residency', 'United States']

[['I02.399.630.210', 'N04.761.210', 'N05.715.175'], ['N03.219.300'], ['I01.615.500.650', 'I02.581'], ['I02.358.337.350.500', 'I02.358.399.350.750'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Clubbed fingers in a patient with inflammatory gingival hyperplasia.

The association of clubbing with miscellaneous diseases and its diagnostic implications are such that its detection should prompt consideration of the underlying etiology. We encountered a 48-year-old woman with clubbed fingers and a cauliflower-like gingival swelling on the hard palate of the upper jaw. There were no conventionally well-known causes for clubbing. Histological examination of gum biopsy specimen revealed a diagnosis of inflammatory gingival hyperplasia. As an etiology of clubbed fingers, gingivitis was suggested, since clubbing was regressed in parallel with remission of the gingivitis after the treatment by extraction of anterior teeth. Possible involvement of an autoimmune process in the pathogenesis was also considered, because of concomitant elevation of serum anti-double strand DNA antibodies. We recommend examination of the oral cavity for search of an inflammatory disease in cases with clubbed fingers, particularly when other common causes are not apparent.

['Antibodies, Antinuclear', 'Biopsy', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Gingiva', 'Gingival Hyperplasia', 'Gingivitis', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Osteoarthropathy, Secondary Hypertrophic', 'Tooth Extraction']

[['D12.776.124.486.485.114.323.204', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.323.204', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.204'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['E01.171'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['A14.549.167.646.480'], ['C07.465.714.258.428.250'], ['C01.408', 'C07.465.714.258.480'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C05.116.758', 'C05.550.684'], ['E04.545.700', 'E06.645.700']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Potential cause of lethality of an allele implicated in social evolution in fire ants.

The gene Gp-9 is believed to have a major effect on colony social organization in fire ants, with the presence of b-like alleles in a colony associated with multiple-queen (polygyne) organization. Queens and workers of polygyne Solenopsis invicta homozygous for the b-like allele designated b suffer reduced viability compared to other genotypes, and bb queens do not survive to become egg-layers. Thus, the b allele effectively acts as a recessive lethal. This allele differs from the remaining b-like alleles (designated b'), as well as all other Gp-9 alleles, by encoding a lysine at position 151 in the protein product, suggesting that this substitution is responsible for its deleterious effects. We tested this hypothesis by comparing frequencies of b'b' and bb homozygotes, first in queens of Solenopsis richteri and S. invicta, then in S. invicta workers from populations polymorphic for the two b-like alleles. We found that almost 20% of S. richteri queens were b'b' homozygotes, compared to the virtual absence of bb homozygotes among S. invicta queens, and that 5-18% of S. invicta workers bore genotype b'b', compared to the apparent lack of bb workers in the same populations. While we cannot entirely rule out involvement of other genes in complete gametic disequilibrium with Gp-9, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Lys(151) residue in GP-9 protein confers the deleterious effects of the b allele in homozygous condition, possibly by impairing the protein's function through interference with ligand binding/release or hindrance of dimer formation.

['Alleles', 'Animals', 'Ants', 'Carrier Proteins', 'Evolution, Molecular', 'Genes, Lethal', 'Genetic Variation', 'Genetics, Population', 'Genotype', 'Homozygote', 'Insect Proteins', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length', 'Selection, Genetic', 'Social Behavior']

[['G05.360.340.024.340.030'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.875.205'], ['D12.776.157'], ['G05.045.250', 'G16.075.250'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.350'], ['G05.365'], ['H01.158.273.343.335'], ['G05.380'], ['G05.380.554'], ['D12.776.093.500'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['G05.365.795.595'], ['G05.783'], ['F01.145.813']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Aggression and Helping as Responses to Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Rejection in Men and Women.

Research shows that interpersonal rejection increases aggression and decreases helping toward the rejecter. Based on the assumptions of the evolutionary approach, it was hypothesized that aggression would be higher and helping would be lower after rejection by a same-sex rather than an opposite-sex other. Moreover, it was predicted that the effect for aggression would be stronger in men, and the effect for helping would be stronger in women. Participants ( N = 100) were rejected or accepted by a same- or opposite-sex person, and later aggression and helping were measured using the tangram Help-Hurt task. The major finding was that same-sex rejection resulted in more aggression and less helping than opposite-sex rejection, but the rejectee's sex did not moderate the effect. Instead, men were more aggressive and less helping independently of condition. Along with the sexual exchange theory, more negative behavior in same-sex rejection could be interpreted as raised in-group sexual competitive tendencies, whereas less negative behavior in opposite-sex rejection could result from the motivation to exchange resources between men and women.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aggression', 'Female', 'Helping Behavior', 'Humans', 'Interpersonal Relations', 'Male', 'Rejection, Psychology', 'Sex Characteristics', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['F01.145.126.125', 'F01.145.813.045'], ['F01.145.813.225'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.401'], ['F01.145.813.565'], ['G08.686.815'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Cytomolecular discrimination of the Am

The cytomolecular discrimination of the Am- and A-genome chromosomes facilitates the selection of wheat-Triticum monococcum introgression lines. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with the commonly used DNA probes Afa family, 18S rDNA and pSc119.2 showed that the more complex hybridisation pattern obtained in T. monococcum relative to bread wheat made it possible to differentiate the Am and A chromosomes within homoeologous groups 1, 4 and 5. In order to provide additional chromosomal landmarks to discriminate the Am and A chromosomes, the microsatellite repeats (GAA)n, (CAG)n, (CAC)n, (AAC)n, (AGG)n and (ACT)n were tested as FISH probes. These showed that T. monococcum chromosomes have fewer, generally weaker, simple sequence repeat (SSR) signals than the A-genome chromosomes of hexaploid wheat. A differential hybridisation pattern was observed on 6Am and 6A chromosomes with all the SSR probes tested except for the (ACT)n probe. The 2Am and 2A chromosomes were differentiated by the signals given by the (GAA)n, (CAG)n and (AAC)n repeats, while only (GAA)n discriminated the chromosomes 3Am and 3A. Chromosomes 7Am and 7A could be differentiated by the lack of (GAA)n and (AGG)n signals on 7A. As potential landmarks for identifying the Am chromosomes, SSR repeats will facilitate the introgression of T. monococcum chromatin into wheat.

['Chromosomes, Plant', 'DNA Probes', 'DNA, Plant', 'Genome, Plant', 'Hybridization, Genetic', 'In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence', 'Microsatellite Repeats', 'Triticum']

[['A11.284.187.560', 'A18.005', 'G05.360.162.560'], ['D13.444.600.223', 'D27.505.259.750.600.223', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223'], ['D13.444.308.435'], ['G05.360.340.365'], ['E05.820.150.390', 'G05.090.390'], ['E01.370.225.500.620.670.325.350', 'E01.370.225.750.600.670.325.350', 'E05.200.500.620.670.325.350', 'E05.200.750.600.670.325.350', 'E05.393.285.350', 'E05.393.661.475.350'], ['G02.111.570.080.708.800.500', 'G05.360.080.708.800.500', 'G05.360.340.024.850.500'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.822.918']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

First line therapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Metastatic pancreatic cancer remains a difficult disease to treat; however, there are more new drug combinations on the horizon each week. We will discuss the results of the MPACT trial presented at the 2013 ASCO Annual Meeting (Abstracts #4005, #4058, and #4059) and compare to the 2011 FOLFIRINOX data.

['Adenocarcinoma', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Albumins', 'Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols', 'Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic', 'Deoxycytidine', 'Drug Administration Schedule', 'Fatigue', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Metastasis', 'Neutropenia', 'Paclitaxel', 'Pancreatic Neoplasms', 'Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic', 'Survival Analysis', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['C04.557.470.200.025'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D12.776.034'], ['E02.183.750.500', 'E02.319.077.500', 'E02.319.310.037'], ['E05.318.372.250.250.220', 'N05.715.360.330.250.250.220', 'N06.850.520.450.250.250.220'], ['D03.383.742.680.245.500', 'D13.570.230.329', 'D13.570.685.245.500'], ['E02.319.283'], ['C23.888.369'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.697.650', 'C23.550.727.650'], ['C15.378.553.546.184.564'], ['D02.455.426.392.368.242.888.777', 'D02.455.849.291.850.777'], ['C04.588.274.761', 'C04.588.322.475', 'C06.301.761', 'C06.689.667', 'C19.344.421'], ['E05.318.372.250.250.365.500', 'N05.715.360.330.250.250.365.500', 'N06.850.520.450.250.250.365.500'], ['E05.318.740.998', 'N05.715.360.750.795', 'N06.850.520.830.998'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Multiple sclerosis and polymorphisms of innate pattern recognition receptors TLR1-10, NOD1-2, DDX58, and IFIH1.

Genetic factors are critical in multiple sclerosis (MS), and it is conceivable that the pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system are of pathogenic importance. We therefore developed two novel assays capable of analyzing 42 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genes encoding TLR1-10, NOD1-2, DDX58, and IFIH1. Using these assays, we genotyped 963 MS patients and 960 controls, and analyzed for possible associations to MS diagnosis, clinical course, severity, and age at onset. Our results support previous findings of associations between the IFIH1-locus and MS (IFIH1-rs3747517 and IFIH1-rs1990760 trend test: P=0.002 and P=0.014, respectively).

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Animals', 'DEAD Box Protein 58', 'DEAD-box RNA Helicases', 'Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental', 'Female', 'Genome-Wide Association Study', 'Genotype', 'Humans', 'Immunity, Innate', 'Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Middle Aged', 'Multiple Sclerosis', 'Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein', 'Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein', 'Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide', 'Sex Characteristics', 'Toll-Like Receptors']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['B01.050'], ['D08.811.913.696.445.735.720.249.750'], ['D08.811.913.696.445.735.720.249'], ['C10.114.703.300', 'C10.228.140.695.562.250', 'C10.314.350.250', 'C20.111.258.625.300', 'E05.598.500.500.500'], ['E05.318.370.392', 'E05.318.416.249', 'E05.393.385.500', 'E05.393.522.500', 'E05.393.760.640.500', 'N06.850.520.445.392', 'N06.850.520.470.500'], ['G05.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G12.450.564'], ['D08.811.913.696.445.735.720.249.875'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C10.114.375.500', 'C10.314.350.500', 'C20.111.258.250.500'], ['D12.644.360.024.131.249', 'D12.644.360.024.313.249', 'D12.644.360.075.358.249', 'D12.644.360.539.500.249', 'D12.776.157.057.006.249', 'D12.776.157.057.078.249', 'D12.776.476.024.139.249', 'D12.776.476.024.391.249', 'D12.776.476.075.358.249'], ['D12.644.360.024.131.500', 'D12.644.360.024.313.500', 'D12.644.360.075.358.500', 'D12.644.360.539.500.500', 'D12.776.157.057.006.500', 'D12.776.157.057.078.500', 'D12.776.476.024.139.500', 'D12.776.476.024.391.500', 'D12.776.476.075.358.500'], ['G05.365.795.598'], ['G08.686.815'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.910.500']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Utility of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity--a clinical and histological assessment.

BACKGROUND:  The value of chairside adjunctive tests in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) remains uncertain.OBJECTIVES:  To determine the effectiveness of toluidine blue in detecting leukoplakia and erythroplakia and its accuracy in identifying cases with oral epithelial dysplasia.MATERIALS AND METHODS:  Ninety-two patients attending two oral medicine clinics in London, presenting with white and red patches of the oral mucosa, were investigated by the application of toluidine blue. Eighty-two patients were clinically diagnosed as OPMDs and 10 were frictional keratoses. A surgical biopsy was performed to assess epithelial dysplasia.RESULTS: Of 64 oral leukoplakias, 34 (53.1%) were positive for toluidine blue and among nine erythroplakias seven stained positive. Of 41 oral dysplasia cases, a little more than half of the lesions (n = 23) were stain positive, an estimated sensitivity of 56.1%. TBlue test had a higher sensitivity for detecting higher-grade dysplastic lesions (5/8 moderate dysplasia, sensitivity 62.5%; 5/7 severe dysplasia; sensitivity 71.4%) compared with lower grades of dysplasia, but the differences were not significant (P = 0.60).CONCLUSIONS: We report here the utility of TBlue for the detection of oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia. The test has the potential to detect OPMDs and yielded a sensitivity of 56.1% and specificity of 56.9% to detect oral epithelial dysplasia.

['Acetic Acid', 'Alcohol Drinking', 'Biopsy', 'Coloring Agents', 'Cytodiagnosis', 'Epithelium', 'Erythroplasia', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Leukoplakia, Oral', 'Male', 'Mouth Mucosa', 'Mouth Neoplasms', 'Precancerous Conditions', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'Smoking', 'Tolonium Chloride']

[['D02.241.081.018.165', 'D10.251.400.045.500'], ['F01.145.317.269'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['D27.720.233'], ['E01.370.225.500.384', 'E05.200.500.384', 'E05.242.384'], ['A10.272'], ['C04.834.288'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.443.591.545', 'C04.834.512.513', 'C07.465.530.545', 'C23.300.816.513'], ['A10.615.550.599', 'A14.549.512'], ['C04.588.443.591', 'C07.465.530'], ['C04.834'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872'], ['F01.145.805'], ['D02.886.369.869', 'D03.633.300.783.869']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

[The angiogram sign in lung consolidation: what is its diagnostic value?].

The angiogram sign in chest CT is the demonstration of normally enhanced pulmonary branches within hypoattenuating lung parenchyma consolidation. In a retrospective review of the chest CT exams performed in a 2-year period, we identified the angiogram sign in 10 patients with lung consolidation; the diagnosis was central lung tumor with obstructive pneumonia in 4 patients, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in 2 patients, postirradiation fibrosis in 1 patient, tuberculous pneumonia in 1 patient, lung lymphoma in 1 patient and metastasis from pancreatic tumor in 1 patient. The diagnosis was made with cytology and/or surgical specimen in 9 patients and with clinical-radiologic follow-up in 1 patient. The density, air and mucous bronchogram and the volume loss in the consolidated lung were also considered. The consolidated lung density was < 30 HU in 5 patients-one bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, one metastasis from pancreatic carcinoma and 3 obstructive pneumonia cases-, while it was > 30 HU in the extant 5 patients. The air bronchogram sign was observed in 4 cases-one bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, one metastasis, one postirradiation fibrosis and one lung lymphoma-, while a mucous bronchogram was observed in 3 patients with obstructive pneumonia. Lung volume was reduced only in 2 patients-one obstructive pneumonia and one postirradiation fibrosis. In our opinion, the CT angiogram sign must be considered a poorly specific sign, because it can be found in many pathologic processes, both benign and malignant. If associated with the other features of lung consolidation, the CT angiogram sign can help diagnose, together with clinical findings and the patient's history, the pathologic condition. Particularly, the angiogram sign within a hypoattenuated lung consolidation area can be found in obstructive pneumonia, while the angiogram sign within a hypoattenuated consolidation with an air bronchogram probably indicates a mucinous carcinoma with lipidic growth.

['Angiography', 'Humans', 'Lung Diseases', 'Sensitivity and Specificity']

[['E01.370.350.700.060', 'E01.370.370.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C08.381'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Design principles of a microtubule polymerase.

Stu2/XMAP215 microtubule polymerases use multiple tubulin-binding TOG domains and a lattice-binding basic region to processively promote faster elongation. How the domain composition and organization of these proteins dictate polymerase activity, end localization, and processivity is unknown. We show that polymerase activity does not require different kinds of TOGs, nor are there strict requirements for how the TOGs are linked. We identify an unexpected antagonism between the tubulin-binding TOGs and the lattice-binding basic region: lattice binding by the basic region is weak when at least two TOGs engage tubulins, strong when TOGs are empty. End-localization of Stu2 requires unpolymerized tubulin, at least two TOGs, and polymerase competence. We propose a 'ratcheting' model for processivity: transfer of tubulin from TOGs to the lattice activates the basic region, retaining the polymerase at the end for subsequent rounds of tubulin binding and incorporation. These results clarify design principles of the polymerase.

['Binding Sites', 'Cloning, Molecular', 'Gene Expression', 'Genetic Vectors', 'Kinetics', 'Microtubule-Associated Proteins', 'Microtubules', 'Models, Molecular', 'Protein Binding', 'Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical', 'Protein Conformation, beta-Strand', 'Protein Engineering', 'Protein Folding', 'Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs', 'Protein Isoforms', 'Recombinant Proteins', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins', 'Tubulin']

[['G02.111.570.120'], ['E05.393.220'], ['G05.297'], ['G05.360.337'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['D12.776.220.600.450', 'D12.776.631.560'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.750.602'], ['E05.599.595'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.600.020'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.600.750'], ['E05.393.420.601'], ['G01.154.651', 'G02.111.688'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.275.750.500'], ['D12.776.800'], ['D12.776.828'], ['B01.300.107.795.785.800', 'B01.300.930.705.655'], ['D12.776.354.750'], ['D05.750.078.734.800', 'D12.776.220.600.800', 'D12.776.631.920']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

Concomitant chemoradiation versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced cervical carcinoma: results from two consecutive phase II studies.

BACKGROUND: Randomized studies comparing induction chemotherapy followed by surgical resection with radiation alone found that the neoadjuvant approach produces better results. So far, this latter modality has not been compared with standard concomitant chemoradiation. The objective of this report was to compare the results of two consecutive phase II studies: neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery or chemoradiation for the unresectable cases versus standard cisplatin-based chemoradiation.PATIENTS AND METHODS: From February 1999 to July 1999, 41 patients with cervical carcinoma, stages IB2-IIIB, were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Treatment consisted of three 21-day courses of cisplatin 100 mg/m(2) on day 1 and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8, followed by either surgery or concomitant chemoradiation for the non-operable cases. From August 1999 to December 1999, an equal number of patients having comparable clinicopathological characteristics were treated with six weekly courses of cisplatin 40 mg/m(2) during standard pelvic radiation.RESULTS: A total of 82 patients were analyzed. Both groups were similar with regard to age, histology, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, tumor size, pretreatment hemoglobin levels, parametrial infiltration and performance status. In the neoadjuvant arm the overall response rate to induction chemotherapy was 95% (95% confidence interval 88% to 100%). Twenty-three patients had surgery and 14 underwent chemoradiation. In the definitive chemoradiation study, 38 patients completed treatment, the median number of cisplatin courses was six for a dose intensity of 33 mg/m(2)/week. Doses to points A and B were 85 Gy (range 68-95) and 55 Gy (range 51-65), respectively. Chemoradiation was delivered in 44.6 (range 28-113) days. Complete response rates after all treatment were similar: 97% and 87% in the neoadjuvant and chemoradiation groups, respectively. At a median follow-up of 28 (range 2-33) and 24 (range 3-30) months, respectively, there were no differences in overall survival. To date, 15 and 13 patients in the neoadjuvant and chemoradiation groups, respectively, have died of disease (P = 0.8567).CONCLUSIONS: The results of this non-randomized comparison suggest that induction chemotherapy followed by surgery or chemoradiation is at least as effective in terms of response and survival as standard cisplatin-based chemoradiation. A randomized study is needed to confirm these findings.

['Adenocarcinoma', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols', 'Carcinoma, Adenosquamous', 'Carcinoma, Squamous Cell', 'Cisplatin', 'Combined Modality Therapy', 'Deoxycytidine', 'Disease-Free Survival', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoadjuvant Therapy', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Survival Rate', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Uterine Cervical Neoplasms']

[['C04.557.470.200.025'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E02.183.750.500', 'E02.319.077.500', 'E02.319.310.037'], ['C04.557.435.250', 'C04.557.470.200.150'], ['C04.557.470.200.400', 'C04.557.470.700.400'], ['D01.210.375', 'D01.625.125', 'D01.710.100'], ['E02.186'], ['D03.383.742.680.245.500', 'D13.570.230.329', 'D13.570.685.245.500'], ['E01.789.800.190', 'E05.318.740.998.300', 'N04.761.559.590.800.190', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800.190', 'N05.715.360.750.795.300', 'N06.850.520.830.998.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E02.186.450'], ['E01.789.625'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['C04.588.945.418.948.850', 'C13.351.500.852.593.131', 'C13.351.500.852.762.850', 'C13.351.937.418.875.850']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

The effect of work-based mentoring on patient outcome in musculoskeletal physiotherapy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite persistent calls to measure the effectiveness of educational interventions on patient outcomes, few studies have been conducted. Within musculoskeletal physiotherapy, the effects of postgraduate clinical mentoring on physiotherapist performance have been assessed, but the impact of this mentoring on patient outcomes remains unknown. The objective of this trial is to assess the effectiveness of a work-based mentoring programme to facilitate physiotherapist clinical reasoning on patient outcomes in musculoskeletal physiotherapy.METHODS/DESIGN: A stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial (CRCT) has been designed to recruit a minimum of 12 senior physiotherapists who work in musculoskeletal outpatient departments of a large National Health Service (NHS) organization. Participating physiotherapists will be randomised by cluster to receive the intervention at three time periods. Patients will be blinded to whether their physiotherapist has received the intervention. The primary outcome measure will be the Patient-Specific Functional Scale; secondary outcome measures will include the EQ-5D, patient activation, patient satisfaction and physiotherapist performance. Sample size considerations used published methods describing stepped wedge designs, conventional values of 0.80 for statistical power and 0.05 for statistical significance, and pragmatic groupings of 12 participating physiotherapists in three clusters. Based on an intergroup difference of 1.0 on the PSFS with a standard deviation of 2.0, 10 patients are required to complete outcome measures per physiotherapist, at time period 1 (prior to intervention roll-out) and at each of time periods 2, 3 and 4, giving a sample size of 480 patients. To account for the potential loss to follow-up of 33%, 720 sets of patient outcomes will be collected.All physiotherapist participants will receive 150 hours of mentored clinical practice as the intervention and usual in-service training as control. Consecutive, consenting patients attending treatment by the participating physiotherapists during data collection periods will complete outcome measures at baseline, discharge and 12 months post-baseline. The lead researcher will be blinded to the allocation of the physiotherapist when analyzing outcome data; statistical analysis will involve classical linear models incorporating both an intervention effect and a random intercept term to reflect systematic differences among clusters.TRIAL REGISTRATION: Assigned 31 July 2012: ISRCTN79599220.

['Clinical Competence', 'Clinical Protocols', 'Cost-Benefit Analysis', 'Health Care Costs', 'Humans', 'Inservice Training', 'Mentors', 'Musculoskeletal Diseases', 'Patient Satisfaction', 'Physical Therapists', 'Physical Therapy Modalities', 'Physical Therapy Specialty', 'Research Design', 'Task Performance and Analysis', 'Time Factors', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Wales']

[['I02.399.630.210', 'N04.761.210', 'N05.715.175'], ['E02.183', 'N05.715.360.330.125'], ['N03.219.151.125'], ['N03.219.151.400', 'N05.300.375'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I02.574'], ['M01.395'], ['C05'], ['F01.100.150.750.625', 'F01.145.488.887.625', 'N04.452.822.700', 'N05.300.150.800.625', 'N05.715.360.600'], ['M01.526.485.790', 'N02.360.790'], ['E02.779', 'E02.831.535'], ['H02.010.625'], ['E05.581.500', 'H01.770.644.728'], ['F02.784.412.846', 'F02.784.692.746', 'F02.808.600'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['Z01.542.363.914']]

['Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Reduced risk of cancer among low-dose aspirin users: Data from French health care databases.

PURPOSE: The effect of chronic use of low-dose aspirin (LDA) on overall cancer is still unclear owing to many controversial results and methodological limitations of studies. This study aimed to assess the effect of LDA use on overall cancer incidence among the French population.METHODS: We conducted a 10-year historical cohort study using the permanent sample of the French national health care databases: the Syst?me National des Donn?es de Sant? (SNDS). We used data for 111 025 individuals aged 50 to 80 years at study entry (January 1, 2006) without prevalent cancer or LDA use. Individuals were followed until the earliest of cancer incidence, death from any cause, exit from the database, or end of the study on December 31, 2015. We estimated the effect of LDA on cancer incidence by using a dynamic model to account for the competing risk of death in the presence of time-dependent exposure and risk factors.RESULTS: LDA use was associated with reduced 10-year risk of cancer (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 0.81 [95% CI 0.77-0.86]). The SHRs were 0.88 [0.82-0.94] for men and 0.93 [0.85-1.02] for women. Moreover, each additional year of LDA use was associated with reduced 10-year risk of cancer (SHR 0.93 [0.92-0.95]). LDA use was also associated with reduced 10-year risk of death (SHR 0.86 [0.82-0.91]).CONCLUSIONS: This is the first population-based study to demonstrate a protective effect of LDA on overall cancer incidence and to account for the main methodological issues of previous observational studies.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Aspirin', 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Databases, Factual', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'France', 'Humans', 'Incidence', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prospective Studies', 'Prostatic Neoplasms', 'Risk Factors']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657.410.595.176'], ['C04.588.180', 'C17.800.090.500'], ['L01.313.500.750.300.188.400', 'L01.470.750.750'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['Z01.542.286'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['C04.588.945.440.770', 'C12.294.260.750', 'C12.294.565.625', 'C12.758.409.750'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Organisms [B]']

Preliminary clinical-radiological assessment of a MR tissue signature model in human stroke.

We evaluated the ability of an MR signature model (SM) of cerebral ischemic injury to stage the evolution of cellular damage in human stroke. In 19 patients with ischemic stroke of presumed embolic or non-embolic cause we carried out diffusion-weighted and T2-weighted MR imaging within 48 h of onset, and obtained apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADCw), and T2 weighted images. We used the signatures obtained from these ADCw/T2 maps to formulate two patterns of damage signifying accelerated or non-accelerated progression of cellular death after stroke onset. Those patients with the accelerated pattern corresponded to those with the neuroradiological (NRC) and clinical diagnosis (TOAST.1 and TOAST.2) of presumed embolic stroke, with clinical diagnosis performed blinded both to NRC and to SM. Agreement between the SM and NRC was substantial (kappa=0.62), moderate (0.60<kappa<0.40) between the SM or NRC and TOAST.2, and fair (0.40<kappa<0.20) among the SM or NRC and TOAST.1. We believe these results constitute a preliminary validation of the MR tissue signature modeling in clinical stroke assessment.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Animals', 'Brain Ischemia', 'Cerebral Infarction', 'Cerebrovascular Disorders', 'Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis', 'Magnetic Resonance Angiography', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Radiography', 'Rats']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['B01.050'], ['C10.228.140.300.150', 'C14.907.253.092'], ['C10.228.140.300.150.477.200', 'C10.228.140.300.775.200.200', 'C14.907.253.092.477.200', 'C14.907.253.855.200.200', 'C23.550.513.355.250.200', 'C23.550.717.489.250.200'], ['C10.228.140.300', 'C14.907.253'], ['E01.158', 'L01.313.500.750.100.158'], ['E01.171'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C10.228.140.300.525', 'C14.907.253.566', 'C14.907.355.590.213'], ['E01.370.350.825.500.500', 'E01.370.370.050.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.350.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]']

Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Nephroureterectomy is a Safe and Adherent Modality for Obese Patients with Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association of body mass index (BMI) with perioperative outcomes in patients who underwent laparoscopic or open radical nephroureterectomy.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective single-center study included 113 patients who had been diagnosed with upper urinary tract cancer from January 1998 to June 2013 and were treated with laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (Lap group, n=60) or open nephroureterectomy (Open group, n=53). Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was performed via a retroperitoneal approach following an open partial cystectomy. The two surgical groups were stratified into a normal-BMI group (<25) and a high-BMI group (BMI?25). The high-BMI group included 27 patients: 13 in the Lap group and 14 in the Open group.RESULTS: Estimated blood loss (EBL) in the Lap group was much lower than that in the Open group irrespective of BMI (p<0.01). Operative time was significantly prolonged in normal-BMI patients in the Lap group compared to those in the Open group (p=0.03), but there was no difference in operative time between the Open and Lap groups among the high-BMI patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the data for all the cohorts revealed that the open procedure was a significant risk factor for high EBL (p<0.0001, hazard ratio 8.02). Normal BMI was an independent predictor for low EBL (p=0.01, hazard ratio 0.25). There was no significant risk factor for operative time in multivariate analysis. There were no differences in blood transfusion rates or adverse event rates between the two surgical groups.CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy via a retroperitoneal approach can be safely performed with significantly reduced EBL even in obese patients with upper urinary tract cancer.

['Aged', 'Body Mass Index', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Laparoscopy', 'Male', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Nephrectomy', 'Obesity', 'Prognosis', 'Retroperitoneal Space', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Urologic Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.388.250.520', 'E04.502.250.520'], ['E01.789.625'], ['E04.950.774.435'], ['C18.654.726.500', 'C23.888.144.699.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500'], ['E01.789'], ['A01.923.047.025.750'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['C04.588.945.947', 'C12.758.820', 'C13.351.937.820']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Chinese villages and their sustainable future: the European Union-China-Research Project "SUCCESS".

China has 800,000 villages-one person out of seven on the globe is living in a Chinese rural settlement. Yet the global discussions about the situation in China is currently characterised by a disproportionate focus on the development of towns and until now circumstances have generally been neglected in the rural areas, where 70% of the Chinese population is still living. Within the 5 years of the SUCCESS project research, this set of actual problems has been considered and analysed under the principle of sustainability: "What to maintain?" "What to change?" were the overall research questions asked in the SUCCESS project; the researchers were looking for answers under a sustainability regime, respecting the need to raise the quality of life in the villages. Several interweaving processes were used to achieve results: the inter-disciplinary research process between many areas of expertise, the trans-disciplinary process between the researchers and the Chinese villagers, and a negotiation process that made the connection between these two processes. The introduction describes the basic sustainability definition that was orienting the whole study. The innovation lays mostly in the methodology: the inter-disciplinary research co-operation related to practice and to involving the affected communities is needed to manage the significant and growing imbalances between urban and rural areas regarding their sustainability. In the transdisciplinary work, the project developed "village future sentences" that describe the local outcome of the research as one step towards better theoretical understanding of the mechanisms that could lead to a sustainable future, and they also managed to start sustainability processes in the case study sites. The integrated approach of the project helped generating future scenarios for these villages covering all aspects of their development, including urban design issues. Out of these scenarios, the villages developed small projects that could be implemented during the research period. This work made an important impact on community thinking within these villages. However, it can also be seen as contributing to the dramatically changing development process in China, by finding a balance between traditional and contemporary approaches. In particular, the approach demonstrated a new, inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary negotiation processes whereby the local knowledge and the expert knowledge find common ground and outcomes. The article follows the hypothesis that only comprehensive concepts can contribute to an upgraded living standard, where living spaces and rural life should be recognised and esteemed in the future as a complement to urban lifestyles within the Chinese society. Innovative knowledge generation-such as the "systemic structure constellation" technique or the systems model approach-helped to bring out latent needs, hopes and potential of the villagers. Besides the practical usage of these implemented projects, the process leading there showed the stakeholders their own fields of action. One major impact of these projects is the visibility of the results, which is crucial for villagers' awareness, their self-confidence and their experience with a successful participation in decision-making processes. Another impact is the potential for replicating results of sustainability-oriented patterns throughout China, especially as three of the villages have been nominated official model villages. Scenarios of a sustainable future for Chinese villages were the objective of the SUCCESS project. The first condition for this future is the question whether they can persist into the future-and to picture the importance of the rural environment and living space as a relevant element of Chinese life that needs to get a better image and more attention from the authorities and from the public opinion. Therefore, the final sentence that the whole research consortium, composed of 17 scientific institutions from European Union and China, agreed upon as a common result for the SUCCESS project, is as follows: "China is composed of a rich diversity of villages with many attractive qualities and essential resources for the future growth of the whole country; we recommend that policy makers cherish the human and natural potential of the rural economy and environment so that villages provide the foundation for sustainable development of this progressive nation" [Dumreicher, H., 2006. SUCCESS-a sustainable future for Chinese villages. International Symposium "Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future", University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, January 16]. This sentence was used in papers that where sent to different Chinese authorities by the Chinese partners and found its way, as a sort of "unofficial Charta", towards governmental agencies at national and provincial levels. The team carried out a 5-year-research study in rural China, aiming at establishing future images under the premises of sustainability. But the basic topic that needed to be tackled with was the question whether at all those villages could persist in the coming decades of rapid development. Therefore, the first aim of the study was to establish the importance of the rural environment and living space as a basis for the future of China.

['China', 'Conservation of Natural Resources', 'Ecosystem', 'Environmental Monitoring', 'European Union', 'Humans', 'International Cooperation', 'Research', 'Rural Population']

[['Z01.252.474.164'], ['J01.256', 'N06.230.080'], ['G16.500.275.157', 'N06.230.124'], ['N06.850.460.350.080', 'N06.850.780.375'], ['I01.615.500.475'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I01.615.500'], ['H01.770.644'], ['N01.600.725']]

['Geographicals [Z]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

The Effect of Impact Location on Force Transmission to the Modular Junctions of Dual-Taper Modular Hip Implants.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that off-axis impaction has on stability of dual-taper modular implants as measured by forces delivered to and transmitted through the head-neck and neck-stem tapers, respectively.METHODS: One hundred forty-four impact tests were performed using 6 different directions: one on-axis and five 10° off-axes. Four different simulations were performed measuring the head-neck only and 3 different neck angulations: 0°, 8°, and 15°. A drop tower impactor delivered both on- and off-axis impaction from a constant height. Load cells positioned in the drop mass and at the head-neck (HN) or neck-stem (NS) junction measured the impact and joint forces, respectively.RESULTS: Impact force of the hammer on the head ranged from 3800-4500 N. Greatest impact force delivered to the head was typically with axial impact. However, greatest force transmission to the neck-stem junction was not necessarily with axial impacts. There was limited variability in the force measured at the NS junction for all impaction directions seen in the 8° neck, whereas the 15° neck had greater forces transmitted to the NS junction with off-axes impactions directed in the proximal and posterior-proximal directions.CONCLUSION: The location of the impact significantly influences the force transmitted to the head-neck and neck-stem junctions in dual-taper modular hip implants. Although axial impacts proved superior to off-axis impacts for the straight 0° neck, greater force transmission with off-axis impacts for the angled necks suggests that off-axis impacts may potentially compromise the stability of dual-taper components.

['Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip', 'Computer Simulation', 'Hip Prosthesis', 'Humans', 'Models, Theoretical', 'Prosthesis Design', 'Stress, Mechanical']

[['E04.555.110.110.110', 'E04.650.110.110', 'E04.680.101.110.110'], ['L01.224.160'], ['E07.695.400.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.599'], ['E05.320.550', 'E07.695.680'], ['G01.374.835']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

[Post-splenectomy infections and Pneumococcus vaccination in paediatric surgery (author's transl)].

Morbidity and lethality rates in pneumococal infections are higher among children with underlying diseases associated with restricted or absent splenic function. Vaccination with polyvalent vaccine is indicated in all children who are more than 2 years old and who have been splenectomized or have a congenital asplenia. Since protection by vaccination is 80% only, we combine the vaccination with penicillin prophylaxis for at present at least three to five years after splenectomy and draw the express attention of parents and family physicians to the limited nature of protection afforded by vaccination. An increase in the immunogenicity of polysaccharid antigen vaccine might lead to successful vaccination of children below 2 years of age who are notable for a particularly high risk of infection. First reports have been published in literature on the possibility of re-implantation of splenic tissue after post-traumatic rupture (17, 27, 28) so that it may become possible to employ this method additionally to pneumococcus vaccination. In case of haematological indication for splenectomy this should be postponed as far as possible until the child has completed his fifth year of life.

['Antibodies, Bacterial', 'Bacterial Vaccines', 'Child, Preschool', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Penicillins', 'Pneumococcal Infections', 'Polysaccharides, Bacterial', 'Splenectomy']

[['D12.776.124.486.485.114.107', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.125', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.125'], ['D20.215.894.135'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['D02.065.589.099.750', 'D02.886.108.750', 'D03.633.100.300.750'], ['C01.150.252.410.890.670'], ['D09.698.718', 'D23.050.161.616'], ['E04.726']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

The Preparation of Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles from Aspicilia lichens Using Bifido Bacteria for Help in the Treatment of Diabetes in Rats In Vivo.

Many common herbs and spices are claimed to have blood sugar lowering properties that make them useful for people with or at high risk of diabetes. The main of compounds of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), rhubarb (Rheum ribes), membrane inner of egg shell, wool of sheep, human fingernail (unguis), hyaluronic acid produced by the Bifidobacterium, and usnic acid of Aspicilia lichen were extracted by different methods. All compounds of the extract were divided into five groups. We used variables such as pH, different compounds, concentration, number of injections, and blood glucose monitoring in different situations. Our study, extracts changed to nanoform. The extract compounds and nanoparticles were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscope. The average size of the nanoparticles was found to be 55 nm. Five groups of nanoparticles were injected into rats, and they reduced their blood glucose levels significantly (statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05). The synthesized hyaluronic acid helped to treat diabetes in rats. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

['Animals', 'Ascomycota', 'Benzofurans', 'Bifidobacterium', 'Biological Products', 'Blood Glucose', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental', 'Fruit', 'Humans', 'Hyaluronic Acid', 'Nanoparticles', 'Rats', 'Sheep', 'Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.300.107'], ['D03.633.100.127'], ['B03.510.024.100', 'B03.510.460.400.400.049.100'], ['D20.215'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['C18.452.394.750.074', 'C19.246.240', 'E05.598.500.374'], ['A18.024.500', 'G07.203.300.562', 'J02.500.562'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D09.698.373.475'], ['J01.637.512.600'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.791'], ['E05.196.712.726.676.700', 'E05.196.867.826.676.700']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Necrotizing sialometaplasia involving the nasal cavity.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a disease process which affects minor salivary glands. It may clinically and microscopically resemble squamous cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma but is histologically benign. Thirteen patients with this process occurring on the hard palate have been reported in the past two years. We describe two cases in the nasal cavity and propose that compromise of the blood supply contributed to the occurrence of these lesions. This apparently benign lesion may represent nonspecific reaction of salivary and mucous glands to ischemic injury and must be distinguished from carcinoma.

['Aged', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Metaplasia', 'Middle Aged', 'Nasal Cavity', 'Nose', 'Salivary Gland Diseases']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.550.589'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A04.531.449'], ['A01.456.505.733', 'A04.531', 'A09.531'], ['C07.465.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Apoptosis induced by a chimeric Fas/FLICE receptor: lack of requirement for Fas- or FADD-binding proteins.

Current models for Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis suggest that FLICE/caspase-8 is recruited and activated, which results in cell death. However, the role of additional molecules in Fas signaling and FLICE activation is not clear. A chimeric Fas/FLICE (F/F) receptor, containing the extracellular/transmembrane portion of Fas and the caspase region of FLICE, mediated anti-Fas apoptosis. FLICE protease subunits were generated from the F/F precursor. Killing induced by Fas, but not F/F, was blocked by a dominant negative FADD. Apoptosis triggered through Fas and F/F was inhibited by coexpression of CrmA and p35, but not Bcl-xL. F/F bypassed Fas resistance in COS-7 cells and blocking by the death effector domain (DED)-containing viral protein MC159. These results show that: 1) F/F induces cell death, indicating that FLICE activation is sufficient for apoptosis and does not require additional Fas- or FADD-binding proteins; and 2) F/F bypasses proximal defects in Fas signaling that prevent FLICE recruitment or activation.

['Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing', 'Animals', 'Apoptosis', 'COS Cells', 'Carrier Proteins', 'Caspase 8', 'Caspase 9', 'Caspases', 'Cell Line', 'Cysteine Endopeptidases', 'Cytotoxicity, Immunologic', 'Fas Ligand Protein', 'Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein', 'Genes, Dominant', 'Hybridomas', 'Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins', 'Leukemia L1210', 'Ligands', 'Membrane Glycoproteins', 'Mice', 'Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2', 'Recombinant Fusion Proteins', 'Serpins', 'T-Lymphocytes', 'Viral Proteins', 'bcl-X Protein', 'fas Receptor']

[['D12.644.360.024', 'D12.776.157.057', 'D12.776.476.024'], ['B01.050'], ['G04.146.954.035'], ['A11.251.210.172.500', 'A11.329.228.220'], ['D12.776.157'], ['D08.811.277.656.262.500.126.550.800', 'D08.811.277.656.300.200.126.550.800', 'D12.644.360.024.285.037', 'D12.644.360.075.405.550.800', 'D12.644.360.075.421.037', 'D12.776.157.057.018.037', 'D12.776.476.024.320.025', 'D12.776.476.075.405.550.800', 'D12.776.476.075.421.037'], ['D08.811.277.656.262.500.126.550.900', 'D08.811.277.656.300.200.126.550.900', 'D12.644.360.024.131.155', 'D12.644.360.075.358.155', 'D12.644.360.075.405.550.900', 'D12.776.157.057.006.155', 'D12.776.476.024.139.155', 'D12.776.476.075.358.155', 'D12.776.476.075.405.550.900'], ['D08.811.277.656.262.500.126', 'D08.811.277.656.300.200.126', 'D12.644.360.075.405', 'D12.776.476.075.405'], ['A11.251.210'], ['D08.811.277.656.262.500', 'D08.811.277.656.300.200'], ['G12.287'], ['D12.644.276.374.750.249', 'D12.776.395.550.312', 'D12.776.467.374.750.249', 'D12.776.543.550.312', 'D23.529.374.750.249'], ['D12.644.360.024.285.200', 'D12.644.360.024.500.124', 'D12.644.360.075.421.200', 'D12.776.157.057.018.200', 'D12.776.157.057.500.124', 'D12.776.476.024.320.550', 'D12.776.476.024.500.124', 'D12.776.476.075.421.200'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.240', 'G05.420.320'], ['A11.251.353.485', 'A11.251.600.485'], ['D08.811.464.938.750.210', 'D12.644.360.075.437', 'D12.776.476.075.437'], ['C04.557.337.372.594', 'C04.619.531.594'], ['D27.720.470.480'], ['D12.776.395.550', 'D12.776.543.550'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['D12.644.360.075.718', 'D12.776.476.075.718', 'D12.776.624.664.700.169'], ['D12.776.828.300'], ['D12.644.861', 'D12.776.872', 'D27.505.519.389.745.800.675'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569'], ['D12.776.964'], ['D12.644.360.075.718.937', 'D12.776.476.075.718.875'], ['D12.776.543.750.690.500', 'D12.776.543.750.705.852.760.195']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

The â-blocker atenolol lowers the longevity-related degree of fatty acid unsaturation, decreases protein oxidative damage, and increases extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in the heart of C57BL/6 mice.

The interruption of the â-adrenergic receptor signaling at the level of adenylyl cyclase (AC) by specifically knocking out (KO) the AC5 gene activates the RAF/MEK/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, delays bone and heart aging, and increases mean and maximum longevity in mice. However, the mechanisms involved in life extension in this animal model with increased longevity have not been clarified, although a decrease in oxidative stress has been proposed as mediator. Two traits link longevity and oxidative stress. Long-lived mammals and birds have a low rate of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitROS) generation and a low degree of membrane fatty acid unsaturation, but these key factors have not been studied in AC5 KO mice. In the present investigation, male C57BL/6 mice were treated with the â-blocker atenolol in drinking water, and oxidative stress-related parameters were measured in the heart. Atenolol treatment did not change the rate of mitROS production and oxidative damage to mitDNA (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-oxodG]), but strongly decreased the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and the peroxidizability index, mainly due to decreases in 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 and to increases in 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7 and 16:0 in the atenolol group. Protein oxidation and lipoxidation were lower in the atenolol group than in the controls. The mitochondrial complex I and IV content and the amount of p-ERK1/2 signaling proteins were significantly higher in the atenolol-treated than in the control animals. These results support the idea that the increased longevity of the AC5 KO mice can be due in part to an ERK signaling-mediated stress-resistance due to a decrease in fatty acid unsaturation, leading to lower lipid peroxidation and decreased lipoxidation-derived damage to cellular proteins.

['Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists', 'Animals', 'Atenolol', 'Biomarkers', 'Electron Transport', 'Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases', 'Fatty Acids, Unsaturated', 'Glycosylation', 'Longevity', 'MAP Kinase Signaling System', 'Membrane Lipids', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Mitochondria, Heart', 'Myocardium', 'Oxidation-Reduction', 'Oxidative Stress', 'Oxygen Consumption', 'Phosphorylation', 'Reactive Oxygen Species']

[['D27.505.519.625.050.200.200.100', 'D27.505.696.577.050.200.200.100'], ['B01.050'], ['D02.033.100.624.698.070', 'D02.033.755.624.698.070', 'D02.092.063.624.698.070'], ['D23.101'], ['G02.111.248', 'G03.295.531.403', 'G03.493.350'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.567.249', 'D12.644.360.450.169', 'D12.776.476.450.169'], ['D10.251.355'], ['G02.111.158.812', 'G02.607.299', 'G03.191.812'], ['G07.345.124.519', 'G07.540'], ['G02.111.820.560', 'G03.493.560', 'G04.835.560'], ['D10.570'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.875.564.627.603', 'A11.284.835.626.627.603'], ['A02.633.580', 'A07.541.704', 'A10.690.552.750'], ['G02.700', 'G03.295.531'], ['G03.673', 'G07.775.750'], ['G03.680'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['D01.339.431', 'D01.650.775']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

The function of agoraphobia in the marital relationship.

A secondary analysis was carried out of data from a previous experiment on the treatment of agoraphobia. This analysis shows that, contrary to some reports in the literature, agoraphobics do have more problems in the relationship with their partner than the average members of the normal population. The analysis also shows that individual-oriented behavioural treatment of the agoraphobia significantly improves the marital relationship. The findings contradict the theory that agoraphobia serves a function in the relationship with the partner.

['Adult', 'Agoraphobia', 'Arousal', 'Behavior Therapy', 'Combined Modality Therapy', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hypnosis', 'Male', 'Marriage', 'Personality Inventory', 'Problem Solving', 'Self Concept', 'Social Environment', 'Stress, Psychological']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F03.080.100'], ['F02.830.104', 'G11.561.035'], ['F04.754.137'], ['E02.186'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.190.525.217', 'F04.754.424'], ['F01.829.263.315.500.500', 'I01.240.361.500.500', 'I01.880.853.150.423.500.500', 'N01.224.361.500.500', 'N01.824.308.500.500'], ['F04.711.647.513'], ['F02.463.425.725', 'F02.463.785.810'], ['F01.752.747.792'], ['I01.880.853.500'], ['F01.145.126.990', 'F02.830.900']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]']

Production of B cell stimulatory factor-2/interleukin-6 activity by human endothelial cells.

The effect of culture supernatants of endothelial cell (EC) lines on the immunoglobulin-M(IgM) synthesis by human B cell line, SKW6-CL4 cells, was investigated. Supernatants of human EC stimulated IgM synthesis, as high as 6-fold, but supernatants of bovine EC did not. This enhancing activity was completely blocked by addition of anti-human B cell stimulatory factor-2/interleukin-6 (BSF-2/IL-6) antibody. These data suggest that human EC might participate in the human antibody production system by producing soluble factor, BSF-2/IL-6.

['Animals', 'Antibodies', 'Cell Line', 'Endothelium, Vascular', 'Humans', 'Immunoglobulin M', 'Interleukin-6', 'Interleukins', 'Rabbits']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114'], ['A11.251.210'], ['A07.015.700.500', 'A10.272.491.355'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.619.574', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.619.574', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.574'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.224', 'D12.776.467.374.465.202', 'D23.529.374.465.224'], ['D12.644.276.374.465', 'D12.776.467.374.465', 'D23.529.374.465'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Common variations in 4p locus are related to male completed suicide.

Suicidal behavior is a multifactorial phenomenon, with a significant genetic predisposition. To assess the contribution of genes in the 4p region to suicide risk, we genotyped 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms from a 49Mb region on the chromosome arm 4p11-16 in a total of 288 male suicide victims and 327 healthy male volunteers. The nonsynonymous variants rs1383180 in EVC gene, rs6811863 in TBC1D1 gene, rs362272 in HTT gene, and rs734312 in WFS1 gene were associated to the male completed suicide. However, only EVC polymorphism remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons (P < .05 after 10 K permutations). The function of these genes is not clear yet. WFS1 and HTT are related to the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and TBC1D1 is a GTPase activator. EVC is a protein with transmembrane and leucine zipper domains, its function has not been elucidated yet. Further studies are required in order to reveal the role of these four polymorphisms in the pathoetiology of suicide.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4', 'Female', 'Genetic Markers', 'Genetic Predisposition to Disease', 'Genotype', 'Haplotypes', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Polymorphism, Genetic', 'Suicide', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['A11.284.187.520.300.280.285', 'G05.360.162.520.300.280.285'], ['D23.101.387', 'G05.695.450'], ['C23.550.291.687.500', 'G05.380.355'], ['G05.380'], ['G05.380.360'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G05.365.795'], ['F01.145.126.980.875', 'I01.880.735.856'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

Genetic variation in hyaluronan metabolism loci is associated with plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentration.

Elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentration is associated with cardiovascular disease risk. PAI-1 is the primary inhibitor of fibrinolysis within both the circulation and the arterial wall, playing roles in both atherosclerosis and thrombosis. To define the heritable component, subjects within the population-based SHARE (Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic groups) and SHARE-AP (Study of Health Assessment and Risk Evaluation in Aboriginal Peoples) studies, composed of Canadians of South Asian (n = 298), Chinese (n = 284), European (n = 227), and Aboriginal (n = 284) descent, were genotyped using the gene-centric Illumina HumanCVD BeadChip. After imputation, more than 150,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in more than 2000 loci were tested for association with plasma PAI-1 concentration. Marginal association was observed with the PAI-1 locus itself (SERPINE1; P < .05). However, 5 loci (HABP2, HSPA1A, HYAL1, MBTPS1, TARP) were associated with PAI-1 concentration at a P < 1 ? 10(-5) threshold. The protein products of 2 of these loci, hyaluronan binding protein 2 (HABP2) and hyaluronoglucosaminidase 1 (HYAL1), play key roles in hyaluronan metabolism, providing genetic evidence to link these pathways.

['Asian Continental Ancestry Group', 'European Continental Ancestry Group', 'Genetic Variation', 'Genotype', 'Humans', 'Hyaluronic Acid', 'Hyaluronoglucosaminidase', 'Oceanic Ancestry Group', 'Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1', 'Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide', 'Serine Endopeptidases']

[['M01.686.508.200'], ['M01.686.508.400'], ['G05.365'], ['G05.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D09.698.373.475'], ['D08.811.277.450.529', 'D08.811.520.241.700.675'], ['M01.686.508.600'], ['D12.644.861.695.500', 'D12.776.124.125.640', 'D12.776.872.695.500', 'D23.119.832.500'], ['G05.365.795.598'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Polynucleotides containing 5-mercapto-substituted pyrimidines: inhibition of viral DNA polymerases and the biological implication.

Partially thiolated polycytidylic acids MPC I-III, containing 1.7%, 3.5% and 8.6% 5-mercaptocytidylate units, respectively) inhibited the DNA polymerase of Friend leukemia virus (FLV) in the endogenic reaction as well as in the presence of poly(A)-(dT)14 or poly[d(a-T)] templates; the inhibitory activities were directly related to the percent of thiolation. Various partially thiolated RNA and DNA isolates from Ehrlich ascites cells (containing one 5-mercaptopyrimidine nucleotide/50-100 nucleotide units) also inhibited the DNA polymerases of FLV in the endogenic reaction, and also in the presence of the synthetic templates. The thiolated DNA was the most active, but the thiolated tRNA also showed substantial inhibitory effects, while the thiolated ribosomal RNA was less effective. In a bacterial DNA polymerase (E. coli-K12, using denatured DNA as template), MPC I-III showed no activity. By contrast, MPC III and several partially thiolated nucleic acid isolates significantly inhibited a regenerating rat liver DNA polymerase (I) system; among those tested, the thiolated DNA from Ehrlich ascites cells showed the highest activity. Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action of this thiolated DNA in the rat liver enzyme system, using as template the corresponding unmodified DNA, demonstrated that the thiolated DNA acts as a competitive inhibitor of the template, with a Ki/Km ratio of 0.5.

['Animals', 'Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor', 'DNA Nucleotidyltransferases', 'Escherichia coli', 'Friend murine leukemia virus', 'Kinetics', 'Liver', 'Liver Regeneration', 'Oncogenic Viruses', 'Poly C', 'Polyribonucleotides', 'RNA, Neoplasm', 'RNA, Ribosomal', 'Rats', 'Species Specificity', 'Structure-Activity Relationship', 'Sulfhydryl Compounds', 'Templates, Genetic']

[['B01.050'], ['C04.557.470.200.200', 'C04.619.169'], ['D08.811.913.696.445.308'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['B04.613.807.375.525.225', 'B04.820.650.375.525.225'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['A03.620'], ['G10.261.475', 'G16.762.468'], ['B04.613'], ['D13.695.578.550.560'], ['D13.695.578.550'], ['D13.444.735.615'], ['D13.444.735.686'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['G16.824'], ['G02.111.830', 'G07.690.773.997'], ['D02.886.489'], ['G05.360.840']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Multimodal approach to mild biliary pancreatitis based on a risk stratification of choledocholithiasis.

AIM: The management of acute mild biliary pancreatitis is multidisciplinary and still presents controversies in the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The aim of this retrospective study is to establish if a risk stratification of choledocholithiasis can optimize the employment of technological resources and medical competence in the treatment of individual patients in a tailored way. Our personal experience has then been compared with international literature. The main end-point was to evaluate the incidence of recurrence of acute pancreatitis. Secondary end point was to propose an affordable diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for this relatively common disease.METHODS: One hundred and one (101) patients affected by acute mild biliary pancreatitis were admitted in the Department of Patologia Chirurgica of "Ospedale SS. Annunziata" of Chieti from January 2004 to June 2011. Patients were divided in three groups; high (I), medium (II) and low risk (III) of choledocholithiasis (CBDS) according to clinical, laboratory and instrumental criteria. On the base of this division, patients in group I were subjected to ERCP with endoscopic sphinterotomy (ES) and subsequent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Group II patients underwent to MRCP, if positive for CBDS followed by ES and subsequently LC, if negative for CBDS directly LC. Group III patients underwent directly to LC associated with intra-operative cholangiography in selected cases.RESULTS: No recurrence of acute pancreatitis was observed in patients who completed the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.CONCLUSION: We believe that the application of a patient stratification in risk groups for choledocholithiasis can optimize the use of medical and technological resources and helps to address a patient for a specific and more appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic investigation allowing, at the same time, to identify patients who can usefully undergo to a simplified diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Choledocholithiasis', 'Combined Modality Therapy', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pancreatitis', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Risk Assessment', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C06.130.120.250.174', 'C06.130.409.267'], ['E02.186'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C06.689.750'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.715', 'N04.452.871.715', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.690', 'N06.850.505.715', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.715'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

Human trophectoderm apposition is regulated by interferon ã-induced protein 10 (IP-10) during early implantation.

INTRODUCTION: The first step in human implantation is the attraction of the blastocyst to the endometrium. We aimed to study attraction of the human blastocyst to the endometrium, and how this process is accomplished by chemokines secreted by the endometrium.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blastocyst trophectoderm cells and other trophoblast lineage cells were subjected to attraction assays by IP-10 and other chemokines using transwell migration and chemotaxis assays. Chemokine expression and secretion were investigated using immunohistochemistry, ELISA, FACS analysis, and RT-PCR on material from flushing of the uterine cavity in endometrial biopsies. Chemokine receptor expression by blastocyst trophectoderm following PGD biopsy, trophectoderm derived from hES, placental villi, and other trophoblast lineage cells were characterized by the same methods.RESULTS: IP-10 dramatically attracted trophectoderm derived from hES cells and other lineages by interaction with CXCR3 chemokine receptors, as shown by both chemotaxis and transwell migration. High levels of IP-10 were detected throughout the menstrual cycle at flushing of the uterine cavity. Immunohistochemistry, FACS analysis, and RT-PCR of endometrial biopsy detected IP-10 in glandular and stromal cells of the endometrium. High levels of IP-10 were detected in condition medium of the endometrial stromal and glandular cells. Of all of the chemokine/chemokine receptor combinations examined, the IP-10/CXCR3 interaction was the only cytokine that was significantly elevated.DISCUSSION: While they await the wandering blastocyst, IP-10 is produced by many cells of the endometrium, but not by endometrial natural killer cells.CONCLUSION: Endometrial IP-10 may specifically attract human blastocyst trophectoderm cells early in implantation.

['Adult', 'Cell Movement', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Chemokine CXCL10', 'Chemotaxis', 'Chorionic Villi', 'Culture Techniques', 'Ectoderm', 'Embryo Implantation', 'Endometrium', 'Female', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental', 'Humans', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy Trimester, First', 'Receptors, CXCR3', 'Stromal Cells', 'Trophoblasts']

[['M01.060.116'], ['G04.198', 'G07.568.500.180'], ['A11.251'], ['D12.644.276.374.200.120.500', 'D12.776.467.374.200.120.500', 'D23.125.300.120.500', 'D23.469.200.120.500', 'D23.529.374.200.120.500'], ['F01.145.113.780.500', 'F01.145.875.439.500.500', 'G04.198.424', 'G07.568.500.590.500', 'G11.427.410.568.850.500'], ['A10.615.284.473.200', 'A16.254.750.473.200', 'A16.710.189'], ['E05.481.500'], ['A16.504.273'], ['G08.686.784.170.104.500'], ['A05.360.319.679.490'], ['G05.308.310'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['G08.686.707.408'], ['D12.776.543.750.695.160.500.300', 'D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.500.300'], ['A11.329.830'], ['A11.382.992', 'A16.254.500.766', 'A16.710.802']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Thiol/redox metabolomic profiling implicates GSH dysregulation in early experimental graft versus host disease (GVHD).

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Upregulation of inflammatory cytokines precedes the clinical presentation of GVHD and predicts its severity. In this report, thiol/redox metabolomics was used to identify metabolic perturbations associated with early preclinical (Day+4) and clinical (Day+10) stages of GVHD by comparing effects in Syngeneic (Syn; major histocompatibility complex- identical) and allogeneic transplant recipients (Allo BMT) in experimental models. While most metabolic changes were similar in both groups, plasma glutathione (GSH) was significantly decreased, and GSH disulfide (GSSG) was increased after allogeneic compared to syngeneic recipient and non-transplant controls. The early oxidation of the plasma GSH/GSSG redox couple was also observed irrespective of radiation conditioning treatment and was accompanied by significant rise in hepatic protein oxidative damage and ROS generation. Despite a significant rise in oxidative stress, compensatory increase in hepatic GSH synthesis was absent following Allo BMT. Early shifts in hepatic oxidative stress and plasma GSH loss preceded a statistically significant rise in TNF-á. To identify metabolomic biomarkers of hepatic GVHD injury, plasma metabolite concentrations analyzed at Day+10 were correlated with hepatic organ injury. GSSG (oxidized GSH) and â-alanine, were positively correlated, and plasma GSH cysteinylglycine, and branched chain amino acids were inversely correlated with hepatic injury. Although changes in plasma concentrations of cysteine, cystathionine (GSH precursors) and cysteinylglycine (a GSH catabolite) were not significant by univariate analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that accumulation of these metabolites after Allo BMT contributed significantly to early GVHD in contrast to Syn BMT. In conclusion, thiol/redox metabolomic profiling implicates that early dysregulation of host hepatic GSH metabolism and oxidative stress in sub-clinical GVHD before elevated TNF-á levels is associated with GVHD pathogenesis. Future studies will probe the mechanisms for these changes and examine the potential of antioxidant intervention strategies to modulate GVHD.

['Amino Acids', 'Animals', 'Antioxidants', 'Female', 'Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase', 'Glutathione', 'Graft vs Host Disease', 'Liver', 'Metabolomics', 'Mice', 'Oxidation-Reduction', 'Sulfhydryl Compounds', 'Transplantation, Homologous', 'Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha', 'Up-Regulation']

[['D12.125'], ['B01.050'], ['D27.505.519.217', 'D27.505.696.706.125', 'D27.720.799.047'], ['D08.811.464.259.850.400'], ['D12.644.456.448'], ['C20.452'], ['A03.620'], ['H01.158.201.586', 'H01.158.273.180.599', 'H01.181.122.638'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['G02.700', 'G03.295.531'], ['D02.886.489'], ['E04.936.864'], ['D12.644.276.374.500.800', 'D12.644.276.374.750.626', 'D12.776.124.900', 'D12.776.395.930', 'D12.776.467.374.500.800', 'D12.776.467.374.750.626', 'D23.529.374.500.800', 'D23.529.374.750.626'], ['G02.111.905', 'G05.308.850', 'G07.690.773.998']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Identification and molecular characterization of a prophenoloxidase involved in Aedes aegypti chorion melanization.

Chorion melanization is a vital biochemical event for the survival of mosquito eggs in the environment. This study describes the identification and molecular characterization of a prophenoloxidase (proPO) involved in chorion melanization in Aedes aegypti by various biochemical and molecular techniques. Results revealed that transcription of the chorion proPO occurs only in adults, blood feeding greatly stimulated its transcription and haemocytes are responsible for its transcription. Our study provides a solid basis for suggesting an essential role of the isolated proPO in chorion melanization during chorion hardening and also raises fundamental questions regarding its transportation and distribution in the chorion. This study should serve as a useful reference towards functional elucidation of other proPOs in mosquitoes.

['Aedes', 'Amino Acid Sequence', 'Animals', 'Base Sequence', 'Catechol Oxidase', 'Chorion', 'Chromatography, Liquid', 'DNA Primers', 'DNA, Complementary', 'Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel', 'Enzyme Precursors', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic', 'Mass Spectrometry', 'Melanins', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Ovum', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA', 'Sequence Homology']

[['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.750.712.500.875.100'], ['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['B01.050'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['D08.811.682.690.708.125'], ['A10.615.284.473', 'A16.254.750.473'], ['E05.196.181.400'], ['D13.695.578.424.450.275', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.600'], ['D13.444.308.497.220', 'D13.444.600.223.500', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.260'], ['E05.196.401.402', 'E05.301.300.319'], ['D08.622', 'D12.776.811.243'], ['G05.308.320'], ['E05.196.566'], ['D12.125.072.050.875.379', 'D23.767.620'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['A05.360.490.690', 'A11.497.497', 'A16.690'], ['E05.393.620.500.725'], ['E05.393.760.700'], ['G02.111.810', 'G05.810']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Predictive value of hypo-osmotic swelling test to identify viable non-motile sperm.

AIM: To determine the predictive value of the hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test to identify viable, non-motile sperm.METHODS: Semen samples from 20 men with severe asthenozoospermia underwent traditional seminal analysis, eosin-nigrosin (EN) staining and the HOS test. A further EN stain was then performed on a HOS pre-treated aliquot and a total of 2000 further sperm examined.RESULTS: The median sperm density was 5.1 million/mL (IQR 4.3 approximately 13.1) and the median motility was 3.0% (IQR 0 approximately 7). Seven samples showed complete asthenozoospermia. Initial EN staining showed 59% viability (range 48 approximately 69) despite the poor standard parameters and 47% (range 33 approximately 61) in the complete asthenozoospermia subgroup. The HOS test showed 49.9% reacted overall (range 40 approximately 59) and 41.7% (range 22 approximately 61) in the complete asthenozoospermia subgroup. The combined HOS/EN stain showed the positive predictive value of the HOS test to identify viable sperm was 84.2 % overall and 79.7% in the complete asthenozoospermia subgroup.CONCLUSION: The HOS test can effectively predict sperm viability in patients with severe and complete asthenozoospermia.

['Adult', 'Aniline Compounds', 'Cell Survival', 'Coloring Agents', 'Eosine Yellowish-(YS)', 'Fluorescent Dyes', 'Humans', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Male', 'Osmotic Pressure', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Semen', 'Sperm Motility', 'Spermatozoa']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D02.092.146'], ['G04.346'], ['D27.720.233'], ['D02.455.426.779.347.325', 'D03.633.300.953.275.325', 'D04.711.347.325'], ['D27.720.233.348', 'D27.720.470.410.505.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.481'], ['G01.374.715.578', 'G02.640.249', 'G02.723.661'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['A12.200.732'], ['E01.370.225.992.812', 'E05.200.992.812', 'G04.198.750'], ['A05.360.490.890', 'A11.497.760']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Autonomic and haemodynamic responses to SK & F 101468 (ropinirole), a DA2 agonist, in anaesthetised cats.

The haemodynamic and autonomic nervous system effects of the DA2 agonist, SK & F 101468, have been studied in anaesthetised cats. SK & F 101468 inhibited the tachycardia response to cardiac accelerans nerve stimulation. The inhibition, reversed by L-sulpiride a selective DA2 receptor antagonist, was dose-dependent over the dose range 10-50 micrograms.kg-1 and there was proportionally greater inhibition of the responses to low rather than high frequency stimulation. There was evidence that SK & F 101468-A inhibited sympathetically mediated reflexes, but even at high doses, of up to 500 micrograms.kg-1, there was no inhibition of end-organ responsiveness to noradrenaline, isoprenaline or acetylcholine nor of the bradycardia caused by vagus nerve stimulation. SK & F 101468-A produced falls in blood pressure and heart rate at 50 and 500 micrograms.kg-1, but stroke volume, aortic blood flow and total peripheral resistance, were only slightly affected. These effects of SK & F 101468 in the intact cardiovascular system are consistent with an action on presynaptic receptors at sympathetic nerve endings to reduce transmitter release and thereby selectively reduce responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation.

['Acetylcholine', 'Anesthesia', 'Animals', 'Autonomic Nervous System', 'Blood Pressure', 'Cats', 'Coronary Circulation', 'Dopamine Agents', 'Electric Stimulation', 'Female', 'Heart Rate', 'Hemodynamics', 'Indoles', 'Isoproterenol', 'Male', 'Sulpiride', 'Vagus Nerve', 'Vascular Resistance']

[['D02.092.211.111'], ['E03.155'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.800.050'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.377.750.250.125'], ['G09.330.100.324'], ['D27.505.519.625.150', 'D27.505.696.577.150'], ['E05.723.402'], ['E01.370.600.875.500', 'G09.330.380.500'], ['G09.330.380'], ['D03.633.100.473'], ['D02.033.100.291.439', 'D02.092.063.291.439', 'D02.092.311.649', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.649'], ['D02.065.277.866', 'D02.241.223.100.100.866', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127.085.866'], ['A08.800.050.050.925', 'A08.800.050.600.825', 'A08.800.800.060.920', 'A08.800.800.120.900'], ['G09.330.380.921']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

A comparison of temperament in nonhuman apes and human infants.

The adaptive behavior of primates, including humans, is often mediated by temperament. Human behavior likely differs from that of other primates in part due to temperament. In the current study we compared the reaction of bonobos, chimpanzees, orangutans, and 2.5-year-old human infants to novel objects and people - as a measure of their shyness-boldness, a key temperamental trait. Human children at the age of 2.5 years avoided novelty of all kinds far more than the other ape species. This response was most similar to that seen in bonobos and least like that of chimpanzees and orangutans. This comparison represents a first step in characterizing the temperamental profiles of species in the hominoid clade, and these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that human temperament has evolved since our lineage diverged from the other apes in ways that likely have broad effects on behavior. These findings also provide new insights into how species differences in ecology may shape differences in temperament.

['Analysis of Variance', 'Animals', 'Behavior, Animal', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Hominidae', 'Humans', 'Latency Period, Psychological', 'Male', 'Observation', 'Shyness', 'Species Specificity', 'Temperament']

[['E05.318.740.150', 'N05.715.360.750.125', 'N06.850.520.830.150'], ['B01.050'], ['F01.145.113'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.752.747.722.458', 'F02.739.794.793.458'], ['E05.581.249'], ['F01.145.813.617'], ['G16.824'], ['F01.752.898']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Are we heading in the same direction? European and African doctors' and nurses' views and experiences regarding outcome measurement in palliative care.

OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare doctors' and nurses' views and experiences regarding outcome measurement in palliative care, including patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).METHODS: A web-based survey developed through expert review and piloting was conducted in Europe and Africa with palliative care professionals working in clinical care, audit and research.RESULTS: The overall participation rate was 42% (663/1592) and the overall completion rate was 59% (392/663). Of these respondents, 196 were doctors (51% male, mean 47 years) and 104 were nurses (84% female, mean 45 years). Doctors' most common reported reasons for not using tools were time constraints followed by lack of training. For nurses, it was lack of training followed by time constraints. Provision of information and guidance influenced willingness to use measures. For those that used tools, most reported favourable outcome measurement experiences. Both prioritized brief PROMs, and measures that included physical and psychological domains. For clinical purposes, the main advantage for doctors was assessment/screening, and clinical decision making for nurses. For research, doctors were most influenced by a measure's comparability with national/international literature followed by its validation in palliative care. For nurses, validation in palliative care was followed by tool access.CONCLUSION: Overall these respondents shared similar views and experiences, and both were influenced by similar factors. Multidisciplinary outcome measurement education and training is feasible and required. Multidimensional and brief PROMs that include physical and psychological domains need to be prioritized, and access to freely available, validated and translated tools is needed to ensure cross-national comparisons and coordination of international research.

['Adult', 'Africa', 'Aged', 'Data Collection', 'Decision Making', 'Europe', 'Evidence-Based Practice', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Internet', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Nurses', 'Outcome Assessment, Health Care', 'Palliative Care', 'Physicians']

[['M01.060.116'], ['Z01.058'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E05.318.308', 'L01.399.250', 'N05.715.360.300', 'N06.850.520.308'], ['F02.463.785.373'], ['Z01.542'], ['H02.249'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.224.230.110.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['M01.526.485.650', 'N02.360.650'], ['H01.770.644.145.431', 'N04.761.559.590', 'N05.715.360.575.575'], ['E02.760.666', 'N02.421.585.666'], ['M01.526.485.810', 'N02.360.810']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]']

Validity of sonographic prediction of fetal weight and weight discordance in twin pregnancies.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were (1) to assess the accuracy of estimated fetal weight (EFW) in twins and (2) to assess the accuracy of sonographic examination to predict birth weight discordance (BWD).METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed collected data on twin pregnancies between 2004 and 2007. All twin pregnancies with at least one ultrasound (US) examination within 15 days of delivery were included in this study. EFW was calculated according to Hadlock1, Hadlock2, Ong, Shepard and Warsof formulas. Mean and SD of the standardized errors and percentage of newborns with birth weight (BW) within 10% of EFW were calculated.RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-three twin pregnancies were included. Mean and SD (%) of the standardized errors were 1.54 +/- 12.19, 0.19 +/- 11.87, 10.93 +/- 15.55, - 1.91 +/- 14.93 and 5.37 +/- 14.91 for Hadlock1, Hadlock2, Shepard, Ong and Warsof formulas, respectively. Hadlock2's formula allowed for the highest proportion of newborns with BW within 10% of EFW and it also performed best to predict discordance of more than 25% as assessed by area under the ROC curve.CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic prediction of inter-twin BWD within 15 days of delivery seems to be accurate enough for routine clinical use. Performance and predictive values depend on the threshold chosen to define EFW and BW discordance.

['Adult', 'Algorithms', 'Birth Weight', 'Female', 'Fetal Weight', 'Humans', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Pregnancy', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Twins', 'Ultrasonography, Prenatal']

[['M01.060.116'], ['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['C23.888.144.186', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.186', 'E05.041.124.160.750.149', 'G07.100.100.160.120.186', 'G07.345.249.314.120.186'], ['C23.888.144.300', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.300', 'E05.041.124.160.750.300', 'G07.100.100.160.120.300', 'G07.345.249.314.120.300', 'G07.345.500.325.235.937', 'G08.686.280'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['M01.438.873'], ['E01.370.350.850.865', 'E01.370.378.630.865']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

A comparison of high-resolution melting analysis with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography for mutation scanning: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene as a model.

High-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) was compared with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) for mutation scanning of common mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. We amplified (polymerase chain reaction under conditions optimized for melting analysis or dHPLC) 26 previously genotyped samples with mutations in exons 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17b, and 21, including 20 different genotypes. Heterozygous mutations were detected by a change in shape of the melting curve or dHPLC tracing. All 20 samples with heterozygous mutations studied by both techniques were identified correctly by melting (100% sensitivity), and 19 were identified by dHPLC (95% sensitivity). The specificity of both methods also was good, although the dHPLC traces of exon 7 consistently revealed 2 peaks for wild-type samples, risking false-positive interpretation. Homozygous mutations could not be detected using curve shape by either method. However, when the absolute temperatures of HRMA were considered, G542X but not F508del homozygotes could be distinguished from wild type. HRMA easily detected heterozygotes in all single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) classes (including A/T SNPs) and 1- or 2-base-pair deletions. HRMA had better sensitivity and specificity than dHPLC with the added advantage that some homozygous sequence alterations could be identified. HRMA has great potential for rapid, closed-tube mutation scanning.

['Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid', 'Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator', 'DNA Mutational Analysis', 'Exons', 'Humans', 'Mutation', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide']

[['E05.196.181.400.300'], ['D12.776.157.530.100.304.500', 'D12.776.157.530.400.175.125', 'D12.776.157.530.450.074.500.500.500.500', 'D12.776.543.550.450.175.125', 'D12.776.543.585.100.304.500', 'D12.776.543.585.400.175.125', 'D12.776.543.585.450.074.500.500.500.500'], ['E05.393.760.700.300'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.137.232'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G05.365.590'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['G05.365.795.598']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Hypercoagulation and fibrinolysis in oral sub-mucous fibrosis.

In seven out of seven patients suffering from oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), we detected circulating molecules that are immunologically similar to fibrinogen (MISFI), as suggested by the hemagglutination inhibition studies using the FDP Kit (Wellcome) and by paracoagulation tests such as serial dilution protamine tests. The ethanol gelation test was positive in three of the seven patients. Cryofibrinogen developed in six of the seven patients within three to six days of incubation of plasma samples at 4 degrees C. Plasma kept at 37 degrees C did not develop any fibrous or amorphous precipitate. In OSMF, fibrinogen, fibrinogen intermediates, and fibrin degradation products deserve further scrutiny, as this may help define the etiology of OSMF which is, so far, obscure.

['Blood Coagulation Disorders', 'Blood Coagulation Tests', 'Cryoglobulins', 'Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products', 'Fibrinogen', 'Fibrinogens, Abnormal', 'Fibrinolysis', 'Humans', 'India', 'Mouth Diseases', 'Mouth Mucosa']

[['C15.378.100'], ['E01.370.225.625.115', 'E05.200.625.115'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.900.225', 'D12.776.124.790.651.900.225', 'D12.776.377.715.548.900.225'], ['D12.776.124.270.300', 'D12.776.811.300.290'], ['D12.776.124.050.250', 'D12.776.124.125.500', 'D12.776.811.300', 'D23.119.490'], ['D12.776.124.050.250.265', 'D12.776.124.125.500.265', 'D23.119.490.265'], ['G09.188.390.150.390'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.252.245.393'], ['C07.465'], ['A10.615.550.599', 'A14.549.512']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Applying the law of iterated logarithm to control type I error in cumulative meta-analysis of binary outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Cumulative meta-analysis typically involves performing an updated meta-analysis every time when new trials are added to a series of similar trials, which by definition involves multiple inspections. Neither the commonly used random effects model nor the conventional group sequential method can control the type I error for many practical situations. In our previous research, Lan et al. (Lan KKG, Hu M-X, Cappelleri JC. Applying the law of iterated logarithm to cumulative meta-analysis of a continuous endpoint. Statistica Sinica 2003; 13: 1135-45) proposed an approach based on the law of iterated logarithm (LIL) to this problem for the continuous case.PURPOSE: The study is an extension and generalization of our previous research to binary outcomes. Although it is based on the same LIL principle, we found the discrete case much more complex and the results from the continuous case do not apply to the binary case. The simulation study presented here is also more extensive.METHODS: The LIL based method ;penalizes' the Z-value of the test statistic to account for multiple tests and for the estimation of heterogeneity in treatment effects across studies. It involves an adjustment factor, which is directly related to the control of type I error and determined through extensive simulations under various conditions.RESULTS: With an adjustment factor of 2, the LIL-based test statistics controls the overall type I error when odds ratio or relative risk is the parameter of interest. For risk difference, the adjustment factor can be reduced to 1.5. More inspections may require a larger adjustment factor, but the required adjustment factor stabilizes after 25 inspections.LIMITATIONS: It will be ideal if the adjustment factor can be obtained theoretically through a statistical model. Unfortunately, real life data are too complex and we have to solve the problem through simulation. However, for large number of inspections, the adjustment factor will have a limited effect and the type I error is controlled mainly by the LIL.CONCLUSIONS: The LIL method controls the overall type I error for a very broad range of practical situations with a binary outcome, and the LIL works properly in controlling the type I error rates as the number of inspections becomes large.

['Computer Simulation', 'Data Interpretation, Statistical', 'Decision Support Techniques', 'Endpoint Determination', 'Humans', 'Meta-Analysis as Topic', 'Models, Statistical', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['L01.224.160'], ['E05.245.380', 'E05.318.740.300', 'L01.313.500.750.190.380', 'N05.715.360.750.300', 'N06.850.520.830.300'], ['E05.245', 'L01.313.500.750.190'], ['E05.315'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.370.500', 'E05.581.500.501', 'N05.715.360.325.515', 'N06.850.520.445.500'], ['E05.318.740.500', 'E05.599.835', 'N05.715.360.750.530', 'N06.850.520.830.500'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Effects of experimental lead pollution on the microbial communities associated with Sphagnum fallax (Bryophyta).

Ecotoxicological studies usually focus on single microbial species under controlled conditions. As a result, little is known about the responses of different microbial functional groups or individual species to stresses. In an aim to assess the response of complex microbial communities to pollution in their natural habitat, we studied the effect of a simulated lead pollution on the microbial community (bacteria, cyanobacteria, protists, fungi, and micrometazoa) living on Sphagnum fallax. Mosses were grown in the laboratory with 0 (control), 625, and 2,500 microg L(-1) of Pb(2+) diluted in a standard nutrient solution and were sampled after 0, 6, 12, and 20 weeks. The biomasses of bacteria, microalgae, testate amoebae, and ciliates were dramatically and significantly decreased in both Pb addition treatments after 6, 12, and 20 weeks in comparison with the control. The biomass of cyanobacteria declined after 6 and 12 weeks in the highest Pb treatment. The biomasses of fungi, rotifers, and nematodes decreased along the duration of the experiment but were not significantly affected by lead addition. Consequently, the total microbial biomass was lower for both Pb addition treatments after 12 and 20 weeks than in the controls. The community structure was strongly modified due to changes in the densities of testate amoebae and ciliates, whereas the relative contribution of bacteria to the microbial biomass was stable. Differences in responses among the microbial groups suggest changes in the trophic links among them. The correlation between the biomass of bacteria and that of ciliates or testate amoebae increased with increasing Pb loading. We interpret this result as an effect on the grazing pathways of these predators and by the Pb effect on other potential prey (i.e., smaller protists). The community approach used here complements classical ecotoxicological studies by providing clues to the complex effect of pollutant-affecting organisms both directly and indirectly through trophic effects and could potentially find applications for pollution monitoring.

['Animals', 'Bacteria', 'Ecosystem', 'Eukaryota', 'Fungi', 'Lead', 'Sphagnopsida']

[['B01.050'], ['B03'], ['G16.500.275.157', 'N06.230.124'], ['B01'], ['B01.300'], ['D01.268.556.435', 'D01.552.544.435'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.137.750']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Inhibition of sonic hedgehog autoprocessing in cultured mammalian cells by sterol deprivation.

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a signaling molecule that is important for defining patterning in the developing vertebrate central nervous system. After translation, Shh autoproteolyzes and covalently attaches cholesterol to the newly formed carboxyl terminus, a modification crucial for normal Shh signaling. Presented here is evidence that acute severe sterol deprivation in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing mouse Shh (mShh) inhibits autoprocessing of the protein. These conditions allowed the first detailed kinetic analysis of mShh autoprocessing and turnover rates revealing that cells rapidly degrade both precursor and mature mShh regardless of sterol content and sterol deprivation increases the rate of precursor degradation. Inhibition of mShh autoprocessing also allowed the determination of the subcellular localization of mShh precursor which accumulates in a pre-medial Golgi intracellular compartment. Finally, the precursor form of mShh that results from autoprocessing inhibition appears to accumulate as an amide rather than a stable thioester.

['Animals', 'Body Patterning', 'CHO Cells', 'Cricetinae', 'Embryonic Induction', 'Hedgehog Proteins', 'Mice', 'Protein Precursors', 'Protein Processing, Post-Translational', 'Proteins', 'Sterols', 'Trans-Activators']

[['B01.050'], ['G07.345.500.100'], ['A11.251.210.200', 'A11.436.155'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.075.250'], ['G04.085.300', 'G04.152.300', 'G07.345.500.100.250', 'G07.345.500.325.180.750', 'G08.686.784.170.104.750'], ['D12.644.276.671', 'D12.776.467.671', 'D23.529.671'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['D12.776.811'], ['G02.111.660.871.790.600', 'G02.111.691.600', 'G03.734.871.790.600', 'G05.308.670.600'], ['D12.776'], ['D04.210.500.247.808', 'D10.570.938'], ['D12.776.260.755', 'D12.776.930.900', 'D12.776.964.925.984']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Pre-operative serum levels of CA 242 and CEA predict outcome in colorectal cancer.

The prognostic value of the preoperative serum levels of CA 242 and CEA in patients with colorectal cancer was investigated. The serum concentrations of CA 242 and CEA were determined from preoperative serum samples of 259 patients with colorectal cancer (39 Dukes' A, 100 Dukes' B, 59 Dukes' C and 61 Dukes' D). Survival data of these patients were obtained to the end of 1993. There was a significantly longer survival in patients with a CA 242 level below 20 U/ml compared with patients with an elevated serum level. A difference was seen in overall survival (P < 0.0001), and in Dukes' B (P = 0.016) and Dukes' D (P = 0.009) stages. In Dukes' A and C colorectal cancer, the difference was not significant (P = 0.67 and P = 0.07, respectively). When 5 ng/ml was used as cut-off value for CEA, there was a significant difference in overall survival (P < 0.0001), but not within the different Dukes' stages. The prognosis was considerably worse in patients with concomitant elevation of CA 242 and CEA, compared with the prognosis of patients with normal levels or only one marker elevated (P < 0.0001). When analysing according to stage, a significant difference was seen in Dukes' B (P = 0.0004) and Dukes' C (P = 0.0007) stages. In a multivariate analysis, CA 242 was an independent prognostic factor (P < 0.0001). CEA was also an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.03), but only after exclusion of CA 242. Concomitant rise of CA 242 and CEA was found to be a strong independent prognostic factor (P < 0.0001). This study shows that the pre-operative serum CA 242 level is an independent prognostic factor in patients with colorectal cancer and that the prognosis of patients having a concomitant pre-operative elevation of CA 242 and CEA is poor.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Carcinoembryonic Antigen', 'Colorectal Neoplasms', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prognosis', 'Survival Rate', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D23.050.285.050', 'D23.050.550.325', 'D23.101.140.075'], ['D23.101.140'], ['D12.776.395.550.200.210', 'D12.776.543.550.200.210', 'D23.050.285.329', 'D23.050.301.350.210', 'D23.101.140.300'], ['C04.588.274.476.411.307', 'C06.301.371.411.307', 'C06.405.249.411.307', 'C06.405.469.158.356', 'C06.405.469.491.307', 'C06.405.469.860.180'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 3p markers in small-cell lung cancer.

Specific chromosomal deletions sometimes associated with tumours such as retinoblastoma (chromosome 13q14) and Wilm's tumour (chromosome 11p13) have led to the hypothesis that recessive genes may be involved in tumorigenesis. This hypothesis is supported by demonstration of allele loss specific for these regions using polymorphic DNA markers and by the isolation of a complementary DNA clone for the retinoblastoma gene. A cytogenetic deletion in chromosome 3 (p14-p23) was reported in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) by Whang-Peng et al. At least one homologue of chromosome 3 was affected in the majority of SCLC tumours; however, the multiple chromosomal changes seen presented the possibility that chromosome 3 was rearranged, not deleted. We used polymorphic DNA probes for chromosome 3p and compared tumour and constitutional genotypes of nine SCLC patients. Our data show loss of alleles of chromosome 3p markers in tumour DNA of all nine patients supporting the hypothesis that this region contributes to tumorigenesis in SCLC.

['Alleles', 'Carcinoma, Small Cell', 'Cell Line', 'Chromosome Aberrations', 'Chromosome Deletion', 'Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3', 'DNA, Neoplasm', 'Heterozygote', 'Humans', 'Karyotyping', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Nucleic Acid Hybridization', 'Polymorphism, Genetic']

[['G05.360.340.024.340.030'], ['C04.557.470.200.380'], ['A11.251.210'], ['C23.550.210', 'G05.365.590.175'], ['C23.550.210.050.500.500', 'G05.365.590.029.530.175', 'G05.365.590.175.050.500.500', 'G05.365.590.762.180', 'G05.558.800.180', 'G05.700.131.500.500'], ['A11.284.187.520.300.235.250', 'G05.360.162.520.300.235.250'], ['D13.444.308.425'], ['G05.380.383'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.385.315', 'E05.200.500.385.315', 'E05.242.385.315', 'E05.393.285.475'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['E05.393.661', 'G02.111.611'], ['G05.365.795']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Left atrial dyssynchrony time measured by tissue Doppler imaging to predict atrial fibrillation recurrences after pulmonary vein isolation.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we assess the value of left atrial dyssynchrony time measured by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) to predict recurrences after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF).METHODS: One hundred sixty patients (57 ± 7.5 years, 122 males) with symptomatic drug-refractory paroxysmal and persistent AF, undergoing PVI were enrolled in our study. PA peak time by tissue Doppler imaging (PApeak-TDI) is defined as the time measured from the start of P wave in lead II to the peak of A wave on the tissue Doppler tracing. Left atrial dyssynchrony was measured by subtracting the PApeak-TDI time measured at the mid-inter atrial septum from the PA peak-TDI time measured at the left atrial midlateral free wall, (LA dyssynchrony = PApeak TDI lateral-PApeak TDI septal).RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 12 ± 3 months, recurrences occurred in 50 out of 160 patients. Patients with recurrence of atrial fibrillation had larger left atrial dyssynchrony time (26.5 ± 2.4 ms vs. 23.5 ± 2.3 ms, p < 0.001). Left atrial dyssynchrony time of 25 ms has the best combined sensitivity and specificity (74% and 63% respectively) along with positive predictive value 53% and negative predictive value 85.5%. LA dyssynchrony time ? 25 ms was found to discriminate patients prone to AF recurrences over time. Multivariate regression analysis showed that left atrial dyssynchrony time (HR per ms: 1.69, p<0.001) was identified as independent predictor of AF recurrence.CONCLUSION: Left atrial dyssynchrony time is good clinical predictor of recurrence of AF after PVI in patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF.

['Atrial Fibrillation', 'Catheter Ablation', 'Echocardiography, Transesophageal', 'Female', 'Heart Atria', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Postoperative Period', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Pulmonary Veins', 'Recurrence', 'Ultrasonography, Doppler']

[['C14.280.067.198', 'C23.550.073.198'], ['E02.808.750.500', 'E04.014.760.500'], ['E01.370.350.130.750.235', 'E01.370.350.850.220.235', 'E01.370.370.380.220.235'], ['A07.541.358'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E04.614.750', 'N02.421.585.753.750'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['A07.015.908.713'], ['C23.550.291.937'], ['E01.370.350.850.850']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]']