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An anatomic study of structure and innervation of the serratus anterior muscle.

BACKGROUND: The structure and function of the serratus anterior muscle are partitioned into three parts. If the morphological characteristics in each part can be demonstrated in more detail, the cause of dysfunction will probably be identifiable more accurately. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the details of the structure and innervation in each part of the serratus anterior muscle.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This macroscopic anatomic study was conducted using ten sides from five cadavers. The structure and innervation in each part of this muscle were examined.RESULTS: In the superior part, the independent branch was divided from a branch innervating the levator scapulae muscle. In the middle part, the long thoracic nerve descended on one-third of the anterior region between the origin and insertion. In the inferior part, the long thoracic nerve which ramified into many branches and branches from the intercostal nerves were distributed on all sides.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the innervation of the serratus anterior muscle was different in each part. The difference indicates that the superior part has an intimate relation with the levator scapulae muscle while the middle and inferior parts could be the actual serratus anterior muscle. Moreover, the distribution of branches from the intercostal nerves shows that the inferior part has a connection with some trunk elements. Understanding these characteristics of innervation is useful to identify the cause of dysfunction. In addition, we assert that the constant distribution of branches from the intercostal nerves is significant for the morphology.

['Cadaver', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'Ribs', 'Scapula', 'Thoracic Nerves', 'Thoracic Wall']

[['C23.550.260.224'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A02.633.567', 'A10.690.552.500'], ['A02.835.232.570.500'], ['A02.835.232.087.783'], ['A08.800.800.720.800'], ['A01.923.761.850']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

The success of opening single chronic total occlusion lesions to improve myocardialviabilitytrial (SOS-COMEDY): Study protocol of a prospective multicenter study.

AIMS: Success of opening single (SOS)-comedy is a prospective multicenter study to compare the improvement in the decrease of myocardial viability by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with that by optimal medical therapy (OMT) alone in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) of a single coronary artery.METHODS AND RESULTS: The risks and the benefits of both options (PCI and OMT) were listed in a CTO decision aid (DA). Eligible participants detected by invasive coronary angiography (ICA) or coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) were divided into PCI or OMT groups according to patients' choice after shared-decision making process with DA. Participants will undergo positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and proceed to ICA and revascularization if possible. Blinded core laboratory interpretation will be performed for ICA, CCTA, PET/CT, CMR, and TTE. All participants will be followed up for 12 months. The primary endpoint is the improvement to the decrease of myocardial viability from baseline assessed with the use of PET/CT after 12-month follow-up.CONCLUSIONS: All of the patients are appropriately consented before enrolling in this study, which has been approved by the Ethics Committee. Results of SOS-COMEDY will be helpful to develop a strategy for single CTO patients.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Anticholesteremic Agents', 'Antihypertensive Agents', 'Coronary Occlusion', 'Decision Support Techniques', 'Diet, Reducing', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Percutaneous Coronary Intervention', 'Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors', 'Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography', 'Prospective Studies', 'Smoking Cessation', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D27.505.519.186.071.202', 'D27.505.954.557.500.202'], ['D27.505.954.411.162'], ['C14.280.647.250.272', 'C14.907.585.250.272'], ['E05.245', 'L01.313.500.750.190'], ['E02.642.249.285', 'G07.203.650.240.285'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E04.100.814.529.968', 'E04.502.382.968'], ['D27.505.954.502.780'], ['E01.370.350.350.800.700.500', 'E01.370.350.350.810.645', 'E01.370.350.567.500', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810.490', 'E01.370.350.600.350.800.399.500', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810.645', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810.723', 'E01.370.350.710.800.399.500', 'E01.370.350.825.800.399.500', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810.700', 'E01.370.384.730.800.399.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['F01.145.488.732'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Pre/post effectiveness evaluation of updated additional risk minimisation measures for an orphan disease: Myozyme (alglucosidase alfa) Safety Information Packet.

BACKGROUND: The alglucosidase alfa (Myozyme®) Safety Information Packet ("previous SIP") was updated to improve readability and content ("updated SIP"). We compared the previous and updated SIPs.METHODS: A two-wave pre-post multicountry survey was conducted among health care professionals (HCPs) who prescribed or monitored patients on alglucosidase alfa in the largest European Union ("EU5") countries and Poland. Wave (W) 2 started 15 months after completion of W1 and the implementation of the updated SIP. Changes between the waves were analysed.RESULTS: Forty-six HCPs (34 physicians/12 nurses) participated in W1 and 52 in W2 (42 physicians/10 nurses); 22 participated in both waves. Nonsignificant differences were observed between waves 1 and 2 for awareness (75.6% in W1 and 82.4% in W2) and receipt (77.7% in W1 and 74.5% in W2) of the SIP, reading (88.6% in W1 and 89.5% in W2) and usage (88.2% in W1 and 89.5% in W2) among receivers of the SIP, or the overall knowledge about immunological testing (61.1% in W1 vs 55.1% in W2). Frequency of performance of immunological testing was significantly higher in W2 than in W1 (50.3% vs 34.4%; P = .024) with a tendency for increases in the appropriate performance of all types of testing in W2.CONCLUSIONS: Both versions of the SIP showed relatively high awareness, receipt, reading, and usage, with an overall trend for most measures to improve numerically in W2. The updated SIP did not require further changes.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Europe', 'Evaluation Studies as Topic', 'Female', 'Glycogen Storage Disease Type II', 'Health Personnel', 'Humans', 'Inservice Training', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Risk', 'Surveys and Questionnaires', 'Young Adult', 'alpha-Glucosidases']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['Z01.542'], ['E05.337', 'N05.715.360.335'], ['C10.228.140.163.100.435.340', 'C16.320.565.189.435.340', 'C16.320.565.202.449.500', 'C16.320.565.595.554.340', 'C18.452.132.100.435.340', 'C18.452.648.189.435.340', 'C18.452.648.202.449.500', 'C18.452.648.595.554.340'], ['M01.526.485', 'N02.360'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I02.574'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.600.800', 'G17.680.750', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980'], ['M01.060.116.815'], ['D08.811.277.450.420.050']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Purification and properties of N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1----3-fucosyltransferase from embryonal carcinoma cells.

A membrane-bound alpha-L-fucosyltransferase, which is involved in the synthesis of a developmentally regulated carbohydrate antigen, SSEA-1, was purified about 2000-fold from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. The procedures used were solubilization with Triton X-100, column chromatography on SP-Sephadex, DEAE-Sephadex, RCA-agarose and on GDP-agarose. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, the purified preparation gave a protein band with a relative molecular mass of 65 000. The optimum pH of the enzyme was between 6.0 and 7.0 and the Km toward N-acetyllactosamine was 0.55 mM. The enzyme was active with asialofetuin, but not with intact fetuin. Susceptibility of the product to alpha-L-fucosidase I from almond emulsin verified that the enzyme transferred fucose to C-3 hydroxyl of N-acetylglucosamine in the N-acetyllactosamine structure. Activities of beta-galactoside alpha 1----2-fucosyltransferase and N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1----4-fucosyltransferase acting on synthetic substrates were not detected in the purified enzyme nor in the crude extract of F9 cells. PYS-2 parietal endoderm cells lacked all the fucosyltransferases mentioned above.

['Amino Sugars', 'Animals', 'Asialoglycoproteins', 'Cell Line', 'Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel', 'Ethylmaleimide', 'Fetuins', 'Fucosyltransferases', 'Hexosyltransferases', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Kinetics', 'Methionine', 'Mice', 'Molecular Weight', 'Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal', 'alpha-Fetoproteins', 'alpha-L-Fucosidase']

[['D09.067'], ['B01.050'], ['D12.776.395.140'], ['A11.251.210'], ['E05.196.401.402', 'E05.301.300.319'], ['D02.241.081.337.502.524.418', 'D02.478.440.418', 'D03.383.129.578.399.418'], ['D12.776.124.790.106.304', 'D12.776.157.125.283', 'D12.776.215.625', 'D12.776.377.715.085.304'], ['D08.811.913.400.450.300'], ['D08.811.913.400.450'], ['G02.300'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['D02.886.030.676', 'D12.125.142.557', 'D12.125.154.549', 'D12.125.166.676'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['G02.494'], ['C04.557.465'], ['D12.776.124.790.106.092', 'D12.776.320.525.500', 'D12.776.377.228.500', 'D12.776.377.715.085.092', 'D23.101.140.050'], ['D08.811.277.450.050']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]']

[The dispensarization of population and the content of prevention activities of physicians in primary health care system].

Nowadays, positive trends in the development of priority principle of public health organization in Russia are observed. The dispensarization of large groups of population, declared by Minzdrav of Russia, made it possible to detect a large percentage of diseases. The implemented measures produced incontestable positive effect, though necessity is obvious to intensify involvement of citizen and families in health promoting activities. The article presents the study results providing important information concerning awareness of population and families about health and necessity to be concerned about health status. The means to enhance population health are in the areas of motivation of personal responsibility and public support from the state.

['Health Promotion', 'Health Status', 'Humans', 'Physicians, Primary Care', "Practice Patterns, Physicians'", 'Preventive Health Services', 'Primary Health Care', 'Public Health', 'Russia']

[['I02.233.332.445', 'N02.421.726.407.579'], ['I01.240.425', 'N01.224.425', 'N06.850.505.400.425'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.526.485.810.800', 'N02.360.810.795'], ['N04.590.374.577', 'N05.300.625'], ['N02.421.726'], ['N04.590.233.727'], ['H02.403.720', 'N01.400.550', 'N06.850'], ['Z01.252.122.500', 'Z01.542.248.775']]

['Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

The provision of public-sector services by family planning agencies in 1995.

Results from a 1995 survey of a nationally representative sample of 603 publicly funded family planning agencies reveal that 96% rely on federal funding, 60% on state funding and 40% on local funding to provide family planning and other services. Although only 25% of the contraceptive clients served by these publicly funded agencies--including health departments, hospitals, Planned Parenthood affiliates, independent agencies and community and migrant health centers--are Medicaid recipients, 57% have incomes below the federal poverty level and an additional 33% have incomes of 100-250% of the poverty level. Some 40% of the recipients of family planning services are black, Hispanic or from other minority groups, and 30% are younger than 20. Each agency employs an average of three physicians who together provide approximately seven hours of care per week and seven midlevel clinicians who provide 71 hours of care per week. The pill is the only contraceptive method provided by all agencies, but 96% provide the injectable; at least 90% spermicide, the condom and the diaphragm; 78% periodic abstinence; and 59% the implant. The remaining methods are provided by fewer than 50% of agencies. Almost 70% of agencies have at least one special program of outreach, education or services to meet the needs of teenagers, but far fewer have special programs for such hard-to-reach groups as the homeless, the disabled or substance users.

['Family Planning Services', 'Financing, Government', 'Health Services Research', 'Humans', 'Medicaid', 'Minority Groups', 'Poverty', 'Public Sector', 'Surveys and Questionnaires', 'United States']

[['N02.421.143.401', 'N02.421.800.249'], ['N03.219.521.346'], ['H01.770.644.145.360', 'N03.349.380', 'N05.425'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N03.219.521.346.506.564.655', 'N03.706.615.693'], ['I01.880.853.300'], ['I01.880.735.634', 'I01.880.853.996.535', 'N01.824.600'], ['I01.795', 'N04.452.633.890'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Investigation of selective protein immobilization on charged protein array by wavelength interrogation-based SPR sensor.

We have investigated the use of multilayer films of polyelectrolytes as selective surfaces to analyze protein interactions with a self-assembled SPR wavelength-shift sensor. Charged arrays were prepared by alternating adsorption of the charged polyelectrolytes, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). Multilayer formation was monitored with the SPR wavelength-shift sensor and a Spreeta SPR sensor. Protein immobilization on the charged surfaces, which was also analyzed by the SPR sensors, was dependent on the pI of the proteins. Tissue transglutaminase (tTGase) and beta-galactosidase (pIs, 5.1 and 5.3, respectively) were preferentially bound to the positively charged PDDA surface, whereas lysozyme (pI, 11.0) was selectively bound to the negatively charged PSS surface. Immobilization of tTGase on the PDDA surface was also dependent on the buffer pH. The interaction of tTGase with RhoA(V14), a constitutively active form of Rho, could be detected on the charged arrays with the wavelength-shift sensor. The arrays could be reutilized at least 5 times. Thus, it is likely that charged surfaces, assembled by the layer-by-layer method using polyelectrolytes, will prove useful for preparing selective protein arrays.

['Adsorption', 'Methacrylates', 'Muramidase', 'Polyethylenes', 'Polymers', 'Protein Array Analysis', 'Protein Binding', 'Pyridines', 'Quaternary Ammonium Compounds', 'Sulfonic Acids', 'Surface Plasmon Resonance', 'Transglutaminases', 'beta-Galactosidase', 'rhoA GTP-Binding Protein']

[['G01.030', 'G02.020'], ['D02.241.081.069.600'], ['D08.811.277.450.642'], ['D02.455.326.271.665.550', 'D05.750.716.507', 'D25.720.716.507', 'J01.637.051.720.716.507'], ['D05.750', 'D25.720', 'J01.637.051.720'], ['E05.588.570.700', 'E05.601.680'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['D03.383.725'], ['D01.625.062.500', 'D02.092.877', 'D02.675.276'], ['D01.029.260.877.740', 'D01.875.800.740', 'D02.886.645.600'], ['E05.196.890', 'E05.601.043.700'], ['D08.811.913.050.200.800'], ['D08.811.277.450.410.100'], ['D08.811.277.040.330.300.400.700.200', 'D12.644.360.525.700.200', 'D12.776.157.325.515.700.200', 'D12.776.476.525.700.200']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Vaginal endosonography of the anal sphincter complex is important in the assessment of faecal incontinence and perianal sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Anal endosonography is an established technique in the evaluation of anorectal disease. However, it is sometimes difficult to visualize the anterior part of the sphincter complex and anal endosonography may be impossible when anal pain or stenosis is present. The aim of this study was to evaluate vaginal endosonography in the diagnosis of faecal incontinence and perianal sepsis.METHODS: Anal and vaginal endosonography were performed in 56 women with faecal incontinence (n = 36) or perianal sepsis (n = 20). The technique and pelvic floor anatomy were described, anal sphincter measurements with anal and vaginal endosonography were compared, and the additive value of vaginal over anal endosonography in the diagnosis of faecal incontinence and perianal sepsis was assessed.RESULTS: The pelvic floor was clearly imaged with vaginal endosonography. However, after a relatively short learning curve it was still not possible to image the anal sphincters in three of 28 patients. Except for external anal sphincter thickness, which was significantly lower, all anal canal structure measurements were greater with vaginal than with anal endosonography. Concerning the diagnosis of either faecal incontinence or perianal sepsis, vaginal endosonography added important information in comparison with anal endosonography in 14 (25 per cent) of 56 patients.CONCLUSION: Vaginal endosonography provides reliable images of the anal sphincters in an undistorted fashion, thereby increasing the diagnostic yield of faecal incontinence and perianal sepsis in 25 per cent of patients. Therefore, endosonographists should become acquainted with this technique.

['Abscess', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Anus Diseases', 'Endosonography', 'Fecal Incontinence', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Rectovaginal Fistula', 'Sepsis']

[['C01.830.025', 'C23.550.470.756.100'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C06.405.469.860.101'], ['E01.370.350.850.280'], ['C06.405.469.860.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C06.267.550.600.650', 'C06.405.469.471.600.650', 'C06.405.469.860.752.650', 'C13.351.500.894.767.249', 'C23.300.575.185.550.600.650', 'C23.300.575.925.558'], ['C01.757', 'C23.550.470.790.500']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Clinical Ethics Consultation After God: Implications for Advocacy and Neutrality.

In After God: Morality and Bioethics in a Secular Age, H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. explores the broad implications for moral reasoning once a culture has lost a God's-eye perspective. In this paper, I focus on the implications of Engelhardt's views for clinical ethics consultation. I begin by examining the question of whether clinical ethics consultants (CECs) should advocate a particular viewpoint and/or process during consultations or adopt a neutral stance. I then examine the implications of Engelhardt's views for this question. Finally, I discuss some of Engelhardt's foundational ontological, metaphysical, meta-ethical, and epistemological commitments and how these commitments connect to his views on clinical ethics consultation.

['Ethical Theory', 'Ethicists', 'Ethics Consultation', 'Humanism', 'Humans', 'Patient Advocacy', 'Secularism']

[['K01.752.566.479.118', 'N05.350.256'], ['K01.752.566.479.119', 'M01.526.276', 'N05.350.262'], ['K01.752.566.479.117.200', 'N04.452.758.849.174', 'N05.350.250.200'], ['K01.752.566.479.174', 'N05.350.835'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I01.880.604.631', 'N03.706.678'], ['I01.880.853.350', 'K01.922']]

['Humanities [K]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

Event-related rTMS at encoding affects differently deep and shallow memory traces.

The "level of processing" effect is a classical finding of the experimental psychology of memory. Actually, the depth of information processing at encoding predicts the accuracy of the subsequent episodic memory performance. When the incoming stimuli are analyzed in terms of their meaning (semantic, or deep, encoding), the memory performance is superior with respect to the case in which the same stimuli are analyzed in terms of their perceptual features (shallow encoding). As suggested by previous neuroimaging studies and by some preliminary findings with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the left prefrontal cortex may play a role in semantic processing requiring the allocation of working memory resources. However, it still remains unclear whether deep and shallow encoding share or not the same cortical networks, as well as how these networks contribute to the "level of processing" effect. To investigate the brain areas casually involved in this phenomenon, we applied event-related repetitive TMS (rTMS) during deep (semantic) and shallow (perceptual) encoding of words. Retrieval was subsequently tested without rTMS interference. RTMS applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) abolished the beneficial effect of deep encoding on memory performance, both in terms of accuracy (decrease) and reaction times (increase). Neither accuracy nor reaction times were instead affected by rTMS to the right DLPFC or to an additional control site excluded by the memory process (vertex). The fact that online measures of semantic processing at encoding were unaffected suggests that the detrimental effect on memory performance for semantically encoded items took place in the subsequent consolidation phase. These results highlight the specific causal role of the left DLPFC among the wide left-lateralized cortical network engaged by long-term memory, suggesting that it probably represents a crucial node responsible for the improved memory performance induced by semantic processing.

['Adult', 'Brain', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Memory', 'Task Performance and Analysis', 'Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['A08.186.211'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F02.463.425.540'], ['F02.784.412.846', 'F02.784.692.746', 'F02.808.600'], ['E02.621.820'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Serial determinations of cerebral water content by magnetic resonance imaging after an infusion of hypertonic saline.

OBJECTIVE: To determine regional cerebral water content in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after the administration of 7.5% saline in brain-lesioned rabbits.DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, intervention trial.SETTING: University animal laboratory.SUBJECTS: Eighteen male New Zealand white rabbits, randomly assigned to one of three groups.INTERVENTIONS: The animals were anesthetized (1% halothane), intubated, and mechanically ventilated to maintain end-tidal CO2 tension between 30 and 35 mm Hg (4 and 4.7 kPa). Arterial and central venous catheters were inserted and arterial blood samples were serially obtained during the experiment. Serum osmolality was measured. A cryogenic cerebral lesion was produced by pouring liquid nitrogen for 1 min into a funnel placed on the intact skull over the right hemisphere. One group of animals received 20 mL of 7.5% saline intravenously 150 mins after the cerebral lesion was generated (7.5% saline group, n = 7). A second group of animals received the same volume of 0.9% saline intravenously (0.9% saline group, n = 7). In a third group of animals (control group, n = 4) no lesion was created and no fluid administered.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Five spin-echo T2-weighted MRIs of the brain were acquired at 90 mins (Baseline 1), 120 mins (Baseline 2), 150 mins (Infusion), 180 mins (Infusion + 30 mins), and 210 mins (Infusion + 60 mins) after the generation of the cerebral lesion. In the control group, two scans separated by a time interval of 120 mins were performed. The percent changes in signal intensity between the first and the four following scans of a coronal slice of the central region were determined. Analysis of variance and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Data are presented as mean +/- SD; p < .05 was considered significant. Serum osmolality increased significantly from 308 +/- 13 mosm/L to 349 +/- 19 mosm/L after the infusion of 20 mL of 7.5% saline, but did not change after the administration of 0.9% saline. Signal intensity in the area between the caudal edge of the core of the lesion and the basal ganglia was 9 +/- 8% higher on the injured side than in the corresponding area on the contralateral side (p < .05). Compared with Baseline 1, signal intensity at Infusion + 60 mins decreased by 26.3 +/- 13.7% in the 7.5% saline group, whereas it decreased by 10.4 +/- 8.6% in the 0.9% saline group (p < .05 between groups). Signal intensity decreased only slightly and nonsignificantly by 0.6 +/- 4.4% between the two scans in the control group.CONCLUSIONS: The administration of a 7.5% saline solution causes a prompt and substantial decrease in cerebral water content as assessed by spin-echo T2-weighted MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging offers the opportunity for repeated, noninvasive in vivo determinations of cerebral water content.

['Animals', 'Body Water', 'Brain', 'Brain Edema', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Infusions, Intravenous', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Organ Size', 'Osmolar Concentration', 'Rabbits', 'Random Allocation', 'Saline Solution, Hypertonic']

[['B01.050'], ['A12.207.200'], ['A08.186.211'], ['C10.228.140.187'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['E02.319.267.082.500', 'E02.319.267.510.590'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.660', 'E05.041.124.715', 'G07.100.100.660', 'G07.345.249.690'], ['G02.640'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700'], ['E05.318.370.700', 'E05.581.500.805', 'N05.715.360.325.675', 'N06.850.520.445.700'], ['D26.776.314.890']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

[Role of environmental pollution with heavy metals in chronic pulmonary diseases pathogenesis in North regions].

Accumulation of Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd in biologic materials causes microelements imbalance and metabolic disorders affecting also redox reactions, immune system and respiratory organs and functions, therefore leading to chronic pulmonary diseases. The authors suggested a hypothesis on links between environmental pollution, disorders of microelements metabolism and chronic pulmonary diseases pathogenesis in North region dwellers.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Catchment Area, Health', 'Chronic Disease', 'Environmental Pollution', 'Heavy Metal Poisoning', 'Humans', 'Lung Diseases', 'Middle Aged', 'Occupational Diseases', 'Russia']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['N01.224.791.200', 'N03.349.650.095', 'N06.850.505.400.800.200'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['N06.850.460'], ['C25.723.522'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C08.381'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C24'], ['Z01.252.122.500', 'Z01.542.248.775']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Platinum nanoparticles-doped sol-gel/carbon nanotubes composite electrochemical sensors and biosensors.

Platinum nanoparticle-doped sol-gel solution is prepared and used as a binder for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors. Amine group containing sol-gel solution is selected to utilize the affinity of -NH(2) groups toward metal nanoparticles for stabilization the nanoparticles in solution. The resulting CNT-silicate material brings new capabilities for electrochemical devices by using the synergistic action of the electrocatalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles and CNT. The combined electrocatalytic activity permits low-potential detection of hydrogen peroxide with remarkably improved sensitivity. With the incorporation of glucose oxidase within the Pt-CNT-silicate matrix, a Pt-CNT paste-based biosensor has been constructed that responds more sensitively to glucose than CNT-based biosensor. The influences of the composite of the sol-gel solution, the quantity of the solution and the Pt nanoparticles loading are examined. In pH 6.98 phosphate buffer, almost interference free determination of glucose is realized at 0.1 V versus SCE with a linear range from 1 to 25 mM, a response time <15s, and the sensitivity is 0.98 microA mM(-1)cm(-2). The sensitivity of the Pt-CNT paste-based biosensor is almost four times larger than that of the CNT-based biosensor (0.27 microA mM(-1)cm(-2) at 0.1 V). The improved electrocatalytic activity and surface renewability made the Pt-CNT-silicate system a potential platform to immobilize different enzymes for other bioelectrochemical applications.

['Adsorption', 'Biosensing Techniques', 'Coated Materials, Biocompatible', 'Electrochemistry', 'Enzymes, Immobilized', 'Equipment Design', 'Equipment Failure Analysis', 'Glucose', 'Glucose Oxidase', 'Hydrogen Peroxide', 'Nanotubes, Carbon', 'Ointments', 'Particle Size', 'Phase Transition', 'Platinum', 'Transducers']

[['G01.030', 'G02.020'], ['E05.601.043'], ['D25.130.420', 'J01.637.051.130.420'], ['H01.181.529.307'], ['D08.811.180', 'D12.776.463.500'], ['E05.320'], ['E05.325.192'], ['D09.947.875.359.448'], ['D08.811.682.047.239'], ['D01.248.497.158.685.750.424', 'D01.339.431.374.424', 'D01.650.550.750.400', 'D02.389.338.253'], ['D01.268.150.250.500', 'J01.637.512.850.500'], ['D26.255.640'], ['G02.712'], ['G01.645', 'G02.734'], ['D01.268.556.690', 'D01.268.956.734', 'D01.552.544.690'], ['E07.305.812']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of 28 oral haemangiomas in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: To present a large series of oral haemangiomas in children, analyzing the clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of oral haemangiomas in 28 children.MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted an observational retrospective study, reviewing medical records with clinical diagnosis of haemangioma between 1990 and 2006 at the Children's Maxillofacial Surgery Service of the Hospital Universitario la Fe, Valencia. All patients with a clinical, radiographic, pathologically confirmed diagnosis of oral haemangioma were included.RESULTS: The study included 28 patients (19 females and 9 males) with a mean age of 4.27 years (range 0-14 years). Nine were congenital haemangioma. The most frequent location of oral haemangioma was in the lip with 23 cases, followed by three cases in the tongue and 2 in the buccal mucosa. The mean diameter of the lesion was 1.67 cm (range 1-3 cm). The mean duration of the lesion was 6.3 months (range 1 month to 5 years). Of the 28 haemangiomas, 13 were surgically removed, 2 were treated with embolization and 13 disappeared spontaneously. The mean follow up was 2.7 months (1-8 months). There were no cases of recurrence.CONCLUSIONS: Haemangiomas usually present in children, and can be seen from birth. They have a predilection for females. They are uncommon in the oral cavity. In the oral region, the most common location is the lip. Most congenital haemangioma regress spontaneously without treatment. The treatment of choice is surgical excision of the lesion.

['Adolescent', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Hemangioma', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Male', 'Mouth Neoplasms', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C04.557.645.375'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['C04.588.443.591', 'C07.465.530'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Using nylon strips to dispense mosquito attractants for sampling the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s.

Synthetic versions of human derived kairomones can be used as baits when trapping host seeking mosquitoes. The effectiveness of these lures depends not only on their attractiveness to the mosquitoes but also on the medium from which they are dispensed. We report on the development and evaluation of nylon strips as a method of dispensing odorants attractive to the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Giles). When a synthetic blend of attractants was dispensed using this method, significantly more mosquitoes were trapped than when two previous methods, open glass vials or low density polyethylene sachets were used. We conclude that the nylon strips are suitable for dispensing odorants in mosquito trapping operations and can be adopted for use in rural and remote areas. The nylon material required is cheap and widely available and the strips can be prepared without specialized equipment or electricity.

['Animals', 'Anopheles', 'Behavior, Animal', 'Glass', 'Humans', 'Insect Vectors', 'Malaria', 'Mosquito Control', 'Nylons', 'Pheromones', 'Pheromones, Human', 'Polyethylene']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.750.712.500.875.120'], ['F01.145.113'], ['J01.637.437'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N06.850.335.188.100.500', 'N06.850.520.203.375.100.500'], ['C01.610.752.530', 'C01.920.875'], ['N06.850.780.200.650.425.500'], ['D05.750.716.392', 'D25.720.716.392', 'J01.637.051.720.716.392', 'J01.637.548'], ['D23.641'], ['D23.641.399'], ['D02.455.326.271.665.550.500', 'D05.750.716.507.500', 'D25.720.716.507.500', 'J01.637.051.720.716.507.500']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

High stocking density alters bone-related calcium and phosphorus metabolism by changing intestinal absorption in broiler chickens.

Live performance, bone health and metabolic responses to the interaction among stocking density and dietary concentrations of total calcium (TCa) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) were determined on 2,232 Ross 308 female broilers over a 3-wk experimental period. From 22 d of age, birds were randomly divided into 48 groups and provided with different corn-soybean meal-based diets varying in TCa (0.70% or 0.90%) and NPP (0.28% or 0.36%) content at 1 of 2 stocking densities [28.6 (LSD, 13 broilers/m2) and 39.6 (HSD, 18 broilers/m2) kg of predicted final BW/m2 floor space], according to a 2 ? 2 ? 2 factorial design with 6 replications in each treatment. Regardless of NPP supplementation, a high-TCa (0.90%) diet aggravated the impact of HSD on growth (BW gain and feed efficiency, P < 0.001) and motility (gait score, P < 0.001). This might be explained by deteriorating tibia quality (relative weight, mineral composition and biomechanical property; P < 0.01), due to the involvement of decreasing duodenal absorption (type IIb sodium-phosphate co-transporter mRNA, P < 0.001) in reduced phosphorus retention (P < 0.001). On the contrary, increasing dietary NPP (0.36%), particularly if high in TCa (0.90%), boosted TCa retention (P < 0.05) by improving absorption (calcium-binding protein D28k transcription, P < 0.05) for LSD chickens, hence enhancing bone development (relative tibia weight and tibia breaking strength, P < 0.05) and leg health (walking ability, P < 0.05). Together, HSD and LSD birds show an impaired TCa tolerance and a higher TCa+NPP threshold, respectively, to allow the optimization of bone quality via altered intestinal absorption.

['Animal Feed', 'Animal Husbandry', 'Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena', 'Animals', 'Calcium, Dietary', 'Chickens', 'Diet', 'Dietary Supplements', 'Digestion', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Female', 'Intestinal Absorption', 'Phosphorus, Dietary', 'Population Density', 'Random Allocation']

[['G07.203.300.300.100', 'J02.500.300.100'], ['J01.040.090'], ['G07.203.650.161'], ['B01.050'], ['D01.146.395'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.150', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.192'], ['G07.203.650.240'], ['G07.203.300.456', 'J02.500.456'], ['G07.203.650.250', 'G10.261.190'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['G03.015.500.374.500', 'G03.787.024.500.374.500', 'G07.203.650.372.500', 'G07.690.725.015.500.374.500', 'G10.261.353.500'], ['D01.695.635'], ['N01.224.600', 'N06.850.505.400.600'], ['E05.318.370.700', 'E05.581.500.805', 'N05.715.360.325.675', 'N06.850.520.445.700']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Peptides and neuromas: calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and mast cells in a mechanosensitive human sural neuroma.

We examined and compared a mechanosensitive human sural neuroma and a contralateral sural nerve collected simultaneously from a patient involved in a diabetic neuropathy research protocol. Using indirect immunofluorescence staining. we identified a striking difference in the content within axons of two neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and calcitonin, gene-related peptide (CGRP), between the contralateral nerve and the neuroma. Unlike the contralateral nerve, where immunofluorescence was sparse, a significant number of disorganized axon profiles that stained brightly positive for CGRP or SP were identified in the neuroma. In contrast, staining for tyrosine hydroxylase, a label of sympathetic axons, was largely absent except around one large arteriole. The neuroma specimen also contained large numbers of serotonin-containing mast cells, only noted occasionally in the contralateral nerve. The peptide staining and mast cell accumulation in the human neuroma closely resembled changes we have previously observed in an animal neuroma model. Local neuropeptides may play a role in the injury response of peripheral nerve, and may be related to mechanosensitivity.

['Antibody Specificity', 'Biopsy', 'Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide', 'Double-Blind Method', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Mast Cells', 'Mechanoreceptors', 'Middle Aged', 'Multicenter Studies as Topic', 'Myelin Sheath', 'Neuroma', 'Neurons', 'Pain', 'Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms', 'Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic', 'Substance P', 'Sural Nerve', 'Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase']

[['G12.100'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['D12.644.400.097', 'D12.776.631.650.097'], ['E05.318.370.300', 'E05.581.500.300', 'N05.715.360.325.320', 'N06.850.520.445.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A11.329.427', 'A15.382.652'], ['A08.675.650.915.750', 'A08.800.950.750', 'A11.671.650.915.750'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.658', 'N05.715.360.330.643', 'N06.850.520.450.643'], ['A08.637.600.500', 'A08.637.800.500', 'A08.675.542.512.560', 'A08.800.800.690.500', 'A10.755.503', 'A11.284.149.165.600', 'A11.650.600.500', 'A11.650.800.500', 'A11.671.501.512.560', 'A11.671.514.553'], ['C04.557.580.600.610'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['C23.888.592.612', 'F02.830.816.444', 'G11.561.790.444'], ['C04.588.614.596', 'C10.551.775', 'C10.668.829.725'], ['E05.318.372.250.250.365.500', 'N05.715.360.330.250.250.365.500', 'N06.850.520.450.250.250.365.500'], ['D12.644.276.812.900.866', 'D12.644.400.800.750', 'D12.644.456.800.866', 'D12.776.467.812.900.866', 'D12.776.631.650.800.750', 'D23.469.050.375.850.890', 'D23.529.812.900.866'], ['A08.800.800.720.450.760.820.820'], ['D08.811.682.690.708.923', 'D12.776.556.579.374.925']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Efficacy of addition of nepafenac 0.1% to steroid eye drops in prevention of post-phaco macular edema in high-risk eyes.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of addition of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops to steroidal eye drops with that of using postoperative steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops alone in prevention of macular edema in high-risk patients.SETTING: Cairo University Hospital.DESIGN: This study was comparative prospective interventional randomized study.METHODS: This study included 100 cataractous eyes divided into five subgroups: 20 eyes of diabetic patients, 20 uveitic eyes, 20 traumatic cataracts, 20 glaucomatous eyes on topical prostaglandin analogs, and 20 eyes with posterior capsular rupture during phacoemulsification. Each subgroup of 20 was randomized between two groups of 10 eyes, group A received postoperative topical steroids alone and group B received both steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops.RESULTS: There was significant increase in postoperative central foveal thickness as compared to preoperative values in both groups (60.9 ± 87.95 µ in group A and 25.52 ± 57.26 µ in group B) that was significantly more in group A (P value 0.016). There was significant difference in postoperative macular thickness between both groups (280.1 ± 86.0 µ and 246.80 ± 57.73 µ, respectively, in groups A and B) (P value = 0.012). There was no statistically significant difference between both groups in preoperative and postoperative corrected distance visual acuity and intraocular pressure.CONCLUSION: Addition of topical nepafenac eye drops to topical steroid drops significantly reduced the amount of pseudophakic macular edema after cataract surgery in high-risk eyes.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal', 'Benzeneacetamides', 'Cataract', 'Drug Combinations', 'Female', 'Glucocorticoids', 'Humans', 'Lens Implantation, Intraocular', 'Macular Edema', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Ophthalmic Solutions', 'Phacoemulsification', 'Phenylacetates', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Prednisolone', 'Prospective Studies', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Uveitis', 'Visual Acuity', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D27.505.696.663.850.014.040.500', 'D27.505.954.158.030', 'D27.505.954.329.030'], ['D02.065.064.294', 'D02.455.426.559.389.048'], ['C11.510.245'], ['D26.310'], ['D06.472.040.543', 'D27.505.696.399.472.488'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E04.540.825.600'], ['C11.768.585.439.245'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D26.776.708.645', 'D27.505.954.578.645', 'D27.720.752.608'], ['E04.540.825.249.704', 'E04.943.875'], ['D02.241.223.601'], ['C23.550.767'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.769.795'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['C11.941.879'], ['E01.370.380.850.950', 'F02.463.593.932.901', 'G14.940'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

[Is ureteral dilatation necessary in ureterorenoscopy?].

A retrospective analysis of 136 patients, who were submitted rigid ureteroscopy for stone removal, was performed. Patients were divided into two groups. First group consisted of 63 patients with routine balloon dilation of intramural part of ureter before ureteroscopy. 73 patients of the second group were submitted ureteroscopy without previous ureter dilation. The total success rate was achieved in the first and second group of the patients in 90.5% and 91.8%. The success rate achieved in removing of the stone of upper, middle and lower part of the ureter was in the first group 81.8%, 88.9% and 94.1% and in the second group 78.6%, 95%, 94.9%, respectively. None of the patients have demonstrated vesico-renal reflux. With respect to our similar success rate in both of the groups they don't consider routine dilation of ureter as necessary before ureteroscopy.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Catheterization', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Ureteral Calculi', 'Ureteroscopy']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E02.148', 'E05.157'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C12.777.725.938.500', 'C12.777.967.374.500', 'C12.777.967.500.851', 'C13.351.968.725.938.500', 'C13.351.968.967.374.500', 'C13.351.968.967.500.851', 'C23.300.175.850.750'], ['E01.370.388.250.920', 'E01.370.390.800', 'E04.502.250.920', 'E04.950.774.840']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Clinical utilization of injectable collagen.

The applications for an injectable, highly purified form of calfhide collagen (Zyderm Collagen Implant) were first described by Knapp et al in 1977. Since that time, the material has undergone evaluation in a nationwide clinical trial in which 728 physicians participated under a cooperative protocol. In these trials--which culminated in marketing clearance by the Food and Drug Administration--over 5,000 patients were treated for a variety of soft-tissue depressions resulting from surgery, atrophy, acne, viral pox, and aging. We participated in the clinical trial and have used injectable collagen in our practices since 1977 when the material was undergoing evaluation in California. We have treated over 400 patients with injectable collagen for a variety of facial cutaneous defects. The material has proved to be an effective tool for correction of certain soft-tissue defects not previously amenable to correction, and a useful surgical adjunct. Simplicity and safety are its major advantages. The persistence of correction afforded by injectable collagen is variable, but the majority of our patients have maintained improvement twelve or more months since the end of treatment. Hence we believe that there is a definite role for injectable collagen but that its long-term persistence must still be confirmed. This paper represents our state-of-the-art assessment of injectable collagen after six years of personal experience.

['Acne Vulgaris', 'Aging', 'Atrophy', 'Cicatrix', 'Collagen', 'Facial Asymmetry', 'Humans', 'Injections, Subcutaneous', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Skin', 'Skin Transplantation']

[['C17.800.030.150', 'C17.800.794.111'], ['G07.345.124'], ['C23.300.070'], ['A10.165.450.300', 'C23.550.355.274', 'G16.762.891.249'], ['D05.750.078.280', 'D12.776.860.300.250'], ['C23.300.505'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.319.267.530.620'], ['C23.550.767'], ['A17.815'], ['E02.095.147.725.700', 'E04.680.275.850', 'E04.936.580.700']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Influence of age and body mass index on gamma-glutamyltransferase activity: a 15-year follow-up evaluation in a community sample.

Most clinicians and researchers view serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity as a measure that can be interpreted equally in patients regardless of their demography. The present study evaluates the concurrent influence of age and body mass index (BMI) on GGT in a sample of 133 high functioning young men, with detailed assessment of the pattern of alcohol use at ages 20 [time 1 (T1)], 30 [time 2 (T2)], and 35 [time 3 (T3)]. GGT increased between T1 and T2 (15.4 +/- 9.65 units/liter vs. 20.1 +/- 12.07 units/liter, t = 4.17, p < 0.001), and between T2 and T3 (20.1 +/- 12.07 units/liter vs. 27.3 +/- 24.69 units/liter, t = 4.11, p < 0.001). Controlling for drinking quantity and frequency did not change the finding. The relationship between GGT and BMI was estimated after splitting the sample into normal (BMI < or = 25 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2) subjects. The correlation between GGT and BMI in normal weight men at T1 was r = 0.15, p = 0.09, at T2 r = 0.00, p = 0.96, and at T3 r = 0.09, p = 0.09. In overweight subjects, correlation at T1 was r = 0.40, p = 0.20, at T2 r = 0.36, p < 0.05, and at T3 r = 0.44, p < 0.001. Controlling for the effect of alcohol consumption and/or age did not alter these conclusions. Testing for the interaction of age, BMI, and alcohol consumption did not yield relevant results. We concluded that GGT is positively related to age in the 20s to late 30s and to BMI in overweight subjects; both relationships of age and BMI were independent of alcohol consumption. The interpretation of GGT should take age and BMI into account when suspecting subclinical alcohol problems in young men.

['Adult', 'Age Factors', 'Alcoholism', 'Body Mass Index', 'Child of Impaired Parents', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Reference Values', 'Risk Factors', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'gamma-Glutamyltransferase']

[['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['C25.775.100.250', 'F03.900.100.350'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['M01.106'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.978.810'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872'], ['D08.811.913.050.200.500']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Cell biological analysis of DT40 knockout cell lines for cell-cycle genes.

DT40 is a chicken B cell line that has been widely used as a model for gene functional studies because the high level of homologous recombination in DT40 cells allows targeted disruption of a gene of interest. While our laboratory uses DT40 cells to understand kinetochore assembly and function, the approach is applicable to functional studies of other genes that are required for cell cycle progression. Protocols are presented for the creation of knockout cells and subsequent cell biological analyses for characterizing the phenotypes of these cells.

['Animals', 'Cell Cycle', 'Cell Line', 'Chickens', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Gene Knockout Techniques', 'Genes, cdc']

[['B01.050'], ['G04.144'], ['A11.251.210'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.150', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.192'], ['E01.370.225.500.363.342', 'E01.370.225.500.386.350', 'E05.196.712.516.600.240.350', 'E05.200.500.363.342', 'E05.200.500.386.350', 'E05.242.363.342', 'E05.242.386.350'], ['E05.393.335.750'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.220']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

[Effect of GPX4 on proliferation and metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma and its relationship with expression of IGF-1R and COX-2].

Objective: To investigate the effect of human glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) on the proliferation and metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma and its relationship with the expression of IGF-1R and COX-2. Methods: Culture of human normal tubular cell line HK-2 and human renal clear cell carcinoma Caki-1, A498, Caki-2, 786-o in vitro. Detection of GPX4 mRNA and protein expression in different cell lines by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot assay. Overexpression of GPX4 cell lines, including blank carrier (Vector) and overexpress GPX4 (oeGPX4) group, and interference with GPX4 renal clear cell carcinoma cell lines, including random sequence (shControl), interference GPX4#1 (shGPX4#1) and interference GPX4#2 (shGPX4#2) group by lentiviral transfection. RT-PCR technology and Western blot were used to detect the expression of GPX4, IGF-1R and COX-2 mRNA and protein. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the relative proliferation of cells at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in each group. Transwell invasion and migration assay to detect the invasion and migration ability of cells of each group. Results: GPX4 is highly expressed in renal clear cell carcinoma cell lines compared to human normal tubular cell lines; The expression of GPX4, IGF-1R and COX-2 mRNA was significantly increased in oeGPX4 cells compared with Vector cells, the expression of GPX4,IGF-1R and COX-2 mRNA was significantly decreased in shGPX4#1 and shGPX4#2 compared with shControl cells; oeGPX4 cells significantly increased proliferative capacity compared to Vector cells at 72 and 96 h, the proliferation of shGPX4#1 and shGPX4#2 cells was significantly lower than that of shControl cells at 72 and 96 h; The number of invading and migrating cells of oeGPX4 cells was significantly higher than that of Vector cells, the number of invasive and migrating cells in shGPX4#1 and shGPX4#2 cells was significantly lower than that in shControl cells. Conclusion: GPX4 is highly expressed in renal clear cell carcinoma cells, which is positively correlated with the expression of IGF-1R and COX-2, and can promote cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro.

['Carcinoma, Renal Cell', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Cell Movement', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cyclooxygenase 2', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic', 'Humans', 'Kidney Neoplasms', 'Neoplasm Invasiveness', 'Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase', 'Receptor, IGF Type 1', 'Receptors, Somatomedin']

[['C04.557.470.200.025.390', 'C04.588.945.947.535.160', 'C12.758.820.750.160', 'C12.777.419.473.160', 'C13.351.937.820.535.160', 'C13.351.968.419.473.160'], ['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['G04.198', 'G07.568.500.180'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['D08.811.600.720.750'], ['G05.308.370'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.945.947.535', 'C12.758.820.750', 'C12.777.419.473', 'C13.351.937.820.535', 'C13.351.968.419.473'], ['C04.697.645', 'C23.550.727.645'], ['D08.811.682.732.925'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.185', 'D12.776.543.750.630.468', 'D12.776.543.750.750.400.780.400'], ['D12.776.543.750.750.400.780']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

A causal role for the extrastriate body area in detecting people in real-world scenes.

People are extremely efficient at detecting relevant objects in complex natural scenes. In three experiments, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the role of the extrastriate body area (EBA) in the detection of people in scenes. In Experiment 1, participants reported, in different blocks, whether people or cars were present in a briefly presented scene. Detection (d-prime) of people, but not of cars, was impaired after TMS over right EBA (rEBA; five pulses at -200, -100, 0, 100, 200 ms) compared with sham stimulation. In Experiment 2, we applied TMS either before (-200, -100 ms) or after (+100, +200) the scene onset. Poststimulus EBA stimulation impaired people detection relative to prestimulus EBA stimulation, while timing had no effect during sham stimulation. In Experiment 3, we examined anatomical specificity by comparing TMS over EBA with TMS over scene-selective transverse occipital sulcus (TOS). Two scenes were presented side by side, and response times to detect which scene contained people (or cars) were measured. For people detection, but not for car detection, response times during EBA stimulation were significantly slower than during TOS stimulation. Furthermore, rEBA stimulation led to an equivalent slowing of response times to left and right lateralized targets. These findings are the first to demonstrate the causal involvement of a category-selective human brain region in detecting its preferred stimulus category in natural scenes. They shed light on the nature of such regions, and help us understand how we efficiently extract socially relevant information from a complex input.

['Analysis of Variance', 'Brain Mapping', 'Discrimination, Psychological', 'Female', 'Functional Laterality', 'Human Body', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Photic Stimulation', 'Reaction Time', 'Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation', 'Visual Cortex', 'Visual Perception', 'Young Adult']

[['E05.318.740.150', 'N05.715.360.750.125', 'N06.850.520.830.150'], ['E01.370.350.578.875.500', 'E01.370.376.537.625.500', 'E05.629.875.500'], ['F02.463.593.257'], ['F02.830.297.425', 'G11.561.225.425'], ['I01.076.201.450.560', 'K01.093.378'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.723.729'], ['E05.796.817', 'F02.830.650', 'F04.669.817', 'G11.561.677'], ['E02.621.820'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.571.735', 'A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.814.953'], ['F02.463.593.932'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Effects of dextran sulfate on stabilization of milk lipoprotein lipase and VLDL triglyceride hydrolysis in vitro.

The effects of dextran sulfate (DS), which has various molecular numbers, on hydrolysis of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-TG) by bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and the stability of LPL were studied. VLDL-TG hydrolysis was increased by the addition of DS; DS caused linear increase in the Vmax for VLDL-TG with increase in its sulfate content, but did not change the Km value for VLDL-TG. DS also stabilized LPL, but this effect was not dependent on its sulfate content. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of DS in LPL stabilization may be different from that in enhancement of VLDL hydrolysis.

['Animals', 'Cattle', 'Dextran Sulfate', 'Dextrans', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Kinetics', 'Lipoprotein Lipase', 'Lipoproteins, VLDL', 'Milk', 'Molecular Weight', 'Structure-Activity Relationship', 'Triglycerides']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.271'], ['D09.698.365.272.300'], ['D05.750.078.562.272', 'D09.698.365.272'], ['E05.481'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['D08.811.277.352.100.430'], ['D10.532.599', 'D12.776.521.622'], ['A12.200.455', 'A12.790', 'G07.203.100.700', 'G07.203.300.350.525', 'J02.200.700', 'J02.500.350.525'], ['G02.494'], ['G02.111.830', 'G07.690.773.997'], ['D10.351.801']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Serum levels of soluble CD23 in patients with bullous pemphigoid.

In this study, we tested the serum levels of soluble CD23 (sCD23) in 27 bullous pemphigoid (BP) patients and compared them with the disease activity. Soluble CD23 is the cleaved portion of the low affinity Fc receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RII/CD23) which has an affinity for IgE and regulates IgE synthesis. Although bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepidermal blistering disease characterized by IgG class autoantibodies against the basement membrane of stratified squamous epithelia, several IgE-related phenomena have been reported. Recently, we have shown that Fc epsilon RII-expressing and IgE-bearing cells are detectable in the lesional skin and concluded that an IgE-Fc epsilon RII/CD23 system may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. The serum level of sCD23 in BP patients was significantly higher than healthy controls (p < 0.01). In 11 out of 12 patients, the alteration of serum sCD23 levels correlated well with the disease activity. Thus the serum level of sCD23 is useful as a new parameter for assessing the level of disease activity in BP. High levels of sCD23 may represent part of an IgE-mediated immune reaction which may play a role in the pathogenesis of BP.

['Anti-Inflammatory Agents', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Female', 'Glucocorticoids', 'Humans', 'Immunoglobulin E', 'Male', 'Pemphigoid, Bullous', 'Prognosis', 'Receptors, IgE', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'Steroids']

[['D27.505.954.158'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['D06.472.040.543', 'D27.505.696.399.472.488'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.619.312', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.619.312', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.619.312'], ['C17.800.865.690', 'C20.111.730'], ['E01.789'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.871.280'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['D04.210.500']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]']

Using community health profiles to improve service provision.

Profiling has become increasingly important to the purchasing and provision of todays' health care. Kate Cernik and Mandy Wearne examine the concept and its importance to health visitors and community nurses and ask what is involved in the profiling process and who should be doing it.

['Community Health Nursing', 'Health Services Needs and Demand', 'Humans', 'Marketing of Health Services', 'Nursing Assessment', 'Quality of Health Care']

[['H02.478.676.150', 'N02.421.143.150'], ['N03.349.380.420', 'N05.300.450'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['J01.219.687.550', 'N03.219.463.548', 'N05.300.430.500'], ['N04.590.233.508.480'], ['N04.761', 'N05.715']]

['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with cutaneous desmoplastic melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Although desmoplastic melanoma (DM) often presents at a locally advanced stage, nodal metastases are rare. We describe our experience with lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with DM to characterize the biological behavior of these tumors.METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with cutaneous DM underwent wide excision and attempted SLNB between 1996 and 2001. All pathology was reviewed by a single dermatopathologist (KB). Clinical and histological features were recorded.RESULTS: There were 20 male and 7 female patients. The median age was 64 years (range, 35-83 years). The head and neck was the most commonly involved anatomical region (n = 14). The median Breslow thickness was 2.2 mm. Twenty-four patients underwent successful SLNB. No patient had a positive sentinel node. At a median follow-up of 27 months, five patients recurred (four systemic and one local); all five had undergone successful SLNB. Two of these patients died of disease, two are alive with disease, and one remains alive and disease free. No patient experienced failure in a regional nodal basin.CONCLUSIONS: DM is a biologically distinct form of melanoma, with a very low incidence of regional lymph node metastases, either at presentation or in long-term follow-up. This biology should be considered when designing rational treatment strategies for these patients.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Female', 'Head and Neck Neoplasms', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Melanoma', 'Middle Aged', 'Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy', 'Skin Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C04.588.443'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.510', 'C04.557.580.625.650.510', 'C04.557.665.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100.580', 'E01.370.225.998.054.580', 'E01.370.388.100.580', 'E04.074.580', 'E04.446.819', 'E05.200.500.384.100.580', 'E05.200.998.054.580', 'E05.242.384.100.580'], ['C04.588.805', 'C17.800.882']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Sex differences in long-term gonadectomized rats: monoamine levels and [3H]nitroimipramine binding in brain nuclei.

The levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in microdissected brain nuclei from long-term gonadectomized male and female rats. Females had 50 and 120% higher levels of serotonin in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AH) and arcuate-median eminence (AR-ME), respectively. No significant differences in norepinephrine, dopamine or 5-hydroxyindoline acetic acid were found in any of the brain nuclei sampled. The differences in serotonin content do not appear to result from a sexually dimorphic distribution of serotonin nerve terminals since quantitative autoradiography of 3H-nitroimipramine revealed no differences in binding between the sexes in the AH or AR-ME.

['Animals', 'Binding Sites', 'Biogenic Amines', 'Castration', 'Dopamine', 'Female', 'Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid', 'Imipramine', 'Limbic System', 'Male', 'Norepinephrine', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains', 'Serotonin', 'Sex Characteristics']

[['B01.050'], ['G02.111.570.120'], ['D02.092.211'], ['E04.270.282', 'E04.950.165'], ['D02.092.211.215.406', 'D02.092.311.342', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.342'], ['D03.066.288.478', 'D03.633.100.473.404.478'], ['D03.633.300.240.485'], ['A08.186.211.180'], ['D02.033.100.291.502', 'D02.092.063.480', 'D02.092.211.215.746', 'D02.092.311.830', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.830'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400'], ['D02.092.211.215.801.852', 'D03.633.100.473.914.814', 'D23.469.050.650'], ['G08.686.815']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Seemingly diverse activities of beta-alethine.

beta-Alethine (beta-alanyl-cysteamine disulfide) exhibits striking biological activities in diverse systems. At an optimum of about 10 ng/ml, beta-alethine (a) adapts murine liver cells to culture (53 colonies/10(6) cells versus none in controls), (b) delays aging of human IMR-90 fetal lung fibroblasts (102 population doubling levels versus 47 in controls, producing 3 x 10(16) greater biomass), and (c) markedly stimulates antibody-producing plaque-forming cells from murine splenocytes (16,875/10(6) cells versus 55/10(6) cells in controls) or human peripheral blood leukocytes (1826/10(6) cells versus 0/10(6) cells in controls). Early interventions with beta-alethine (1 ng/kg to 100 micrograms/kg) successfully treat NS-1 myeloma in a syngeneic murine tumor model (NS-1 myeloma). Although there are indications in this model that beta-alethine is also effective when intervention is late, beta-alethine is ineffective in an allogeneic murine melanoma model (Cloudman S-91 melanoma). It is inferred that beta-alethine enhances cellular phenotypic expression, function, and vitality in diverse biological systems and may treat certain types of neoplasia. Because atomic spacings between the amide moieties in beta-alethine are the same as in the differentiating agent hexamethylene-bis-acetamide and because the radioprotectors WR 2721 and WR 1065 lack only the carbonyl oxygen of the thiol form (beta-aletheine), biological activities already reported for these compounds are compared with those presented herein for beta-alethine. Although these comparisons have not been made in the same systems, the tentative conclusion is that the amide moieties of beta-alethine may be critical to its potency and lack of obvious toxicity in cell culture and animal models.

['Animals', 'Antibody Formation', 'Cell Line', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cellular Senescence', 'Cysteamine', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor', 'Female', 'Fibroblasts', 'Humans', 'Leukocytes', 'Lymphocytes', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Multiple Myeloma']

[['B01.050'], ['G12.450.050.370.250'], ['A11.251.210'], ['A11.251'], ['G04.043'], ['D02.092.471.562.369', 'D02.886.489.472.369'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['E01.370.225.500.388', 'E05.200.500.388', 'E05.242.417', 'E05.337.550.200'], ['A11.329.228'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A11.118.637', 'A15.145.229.637', 'A15.382.490'], ['A11.118.637.555.567', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567', 'A15.382.490.555.567'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.338', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.338'], ['C04.557.595.500', 'C14.907.454.460', 'C15.378.147.780.650', 'C15.378.463.515.460', 'C20.683.515.845', 'C20.683.780.650']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]']

Phosphatidylkojibiosyl diglyceride. The covalently linked lipid constituent of the membrane lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus faecalis (faecium) ATCC 9790.

Water-soluble [14C]glycerol-labeled lipoteichoic acid isolated from the membrane preparations of Streptococcus faecalis (faecium) ATCC 9790 released chloroform-soluble radioactivity upon mild acid hydrolysis. Chromatography of the radioactive, chloroform-extractable material revealed the presence of a very polar lipid (lipid I). Depending upon the conditions of acid hydrolysis, lipid I accounted for as much as 92% of the total 14C-labeled lipids released. More stringent conditions of acid hydrolysis reduced the amount of lipid I and increased the quantity of the other lipids. Lipid I on further mild acid hydrolysis yielded phosphatidylkojibiosyl diglyceride almost quantitively. The other lipids released from the lipoteichoic acid were kojibiosyl diglyceride, monoglucosyl diglyceride, monoglyceride, diglyceride, and phosphatidylmonoglucosyl diglyceride. These lipids are most likely the degradation products of phosphatidylkojibiosyl diglyceride because they are all simpler, structural derivatives of the phosphoglucolipid and they increase in concentration with increasing acid hydrolysis. These and other data demonstrate that the glycerol phosphate polymer of the membrane lipoteichoic acid of S. faecalis (faecium) ATCC 9790 is covalently linked through a phosphodiester bond to phosphatidylkojibiosyl diglyceride.

['Carbon Radioisotopes', 'Cell Membrane', 'Chromatography, Gel', 'Diglycerides', 'Disaccharides', 'Enterococcus faecalis', 'Glycerol', 'Glycolipids', 'Lipopolysaccharides', 'Phosphatidylglycerols', 'Phospholipids', 'Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet', 'Teichoic Acids']

[['D01.268.150.075.328', 'D01.496.123.328', 'D01.496.749.154'], ['A11.284.149'], ['E05.196.181.400.250'], ['D10.351.303'], ['D09.698.629.305', 'D09.947.750'], ['B03.353.750.250.250.280', 'B03.510.550.250.250.280'], ['D02.033.800.875.500', 'D09.853.875.500'], ['D09.400.410', 'D10.390'], ['D09.400.500', 'D09.698.718.450', 'D10.494', 'D23.050.161.616.525', 'D23.946.123.329.500'], ['D10.570.755.375.760.400.885'], ['D10.570.755'], ['E05.196.712.726.802', 'E05.196.867.826.802'], ['D09.408.872', 'D09.698.718.825', 'D09.894.847', 'D23.050.161.616.797']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

[Identification of metabolites of epiberberine in rat liver microsomes and its inhibiting effects on CYP2D6].

Epiberberine, one of the most important isoquinoline alkaloid in Coptidis Rhizoma, possesses extensive pharmacological activities. In this paper, the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to study phase I and phase II metabolites. A Thermo HPLC system (including Surveyor AS, Surveyor LC Pump, Surveyor PDA. USA) was used. The cocktail probe drugs method was imposed to determine the content change of metoprolol, dapsone, phenacetin, chlorzoxazone and tolbutamide simultaneously for evaluating the activity of CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2C9 under different concentrations of epiberberine in rat liver microsomes. The result showed that epiberberine may have phase I and phase II metabolism in the rat liver and two metabolites in phase I and three metabolites in phase II are identified in the temperature incubation system of in vitro liver microsomes. Epiberberine showed significant inhibition on CYP2D6 with IC50 value of 35.22 ìmol L(-1), but had no obvious inhibiting effect on the activities of CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2C9. The results indicated that epiberberine may be caused drug interactions based on CYP2D6 enzyme. This study aims to provide a reliable experimental basis for its further research and development of epiberberine.

['Animals', 'Berberine', 'Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid', 'Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6', 'Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors', 'Drugs, Chinese Herbal', 'Male', 'Microsomes, Liver', 'Molecular Structure', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Tandem Mass Spectrometry']

[['B01.050'], ['D03.132.098.057.100', 'D03.633.400.168.100'], ['E05.196.181.400.300'], ['D08.244.453.005.600', 'D08.244.453.491.372', 'D08.811.682.690.708.170.010.600', 'D08.811.682.690.708.170.450.368', 'D12.776.422.220.453.010.600', 'D12.776.422.220.453.491.368'], ['D27.505.389.500.368', 'D27.505.519.389.335.368'], ['D20.215.784.500.350', 'D26.335'], ['A11.284.835.540.541'], ['G02.111.570', 'G02.466'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750'], ['E05.196.566.880']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Functional consequences of detubulation of isolated rat ventricular myocytes.

OBJECTIVE: Recent work has suggested that Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (NCX) and L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca)) are located predominantly in the t-tubules of cardiac ventricular myocytes, which therefore represent a microdomain for the regulation of intracellular Na(+) (Na(i)) and Ca(2+) (Ca(i)). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the t-tubules in the response of Ca(i) and contraction to interventions that alter the transsarcolemmal Na(+)gradient.METHODS: Enzymatically isolated and detubulated Wistar rat ventricular myocytes were investigated using fluorescence microscopy and optical detection of cell length.RESULTS: In unstimulated cells, spontaneous contractile activity increased when extracellular [Na(+)] was decreased or strophanthidin (100 microM) was added to the bathing solution, but the increase was significantly smaller in detubulated cells than in control cells. In electrically stimulated cells, strophanthidin increased Na(i) to a similar extent in normal and detubulated cells, although the associated increase in Ca(2+) transient amplitude and contraction were significantly smaller in detubulated cells. Similarly, tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10 microM) attenuated the Ca(2+) transient and contraction less in detubulated than in control cells. Increasing stimulation rate (0.05-1 Hz) caused little change or a small increase in contraction amplitude in control cells, but a significant decrease in contraction amplitude in detubulated cells, although the change of Na(i) caused by increasing stimulation rate from 0 to 1 Hz was not significantly different in the two cells types.CONCLUSION: It is concluded that although some Na/K ATPase, NCX and Na(+)channel activity is present on the surface membrane, the t-tubules play a major role in the modulation of contraction via NCX, allowing changes of the transsarcolemmal Na(+)gradient to be translated into changes of Ca(i).

['Animals', 'Calcium', 'Cell Size', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Heart Ventricles', 'Male', 'Microscopy, Fluorescence', 'Muscle Fibers, Skeletal', 'Myocytes, Cardiac', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Sarcolemma', 'Sodium', 'Stimulation, Chemical', 'Strophanthidin', 'Tetrodotoxin']

[['B01.050'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['G04.325'], ['A11.251'], ['A07.541.560'], ['E01.370.350.515.458', 'E05.595.458'], ['A10.690.552.500.500', 'A11.620.249'], ['A07.541.704.570', 'A10.690.552.750.570', 'A11.620.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['A11.284.149.707'], ['D01.268.549.750', 'D01.268.557.650', 'D01.552.528.850', 'D01.552.547.725'], ['G07.690.773.996'], ['D04.210.500.155.580.130.750.800'], ['D03.633.100.786.910', 'D23.946.580.910']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Two-dimensional NMR analysis of Angiopteris evecta rhizome and improved extraction method for angiopteroside.

INTRODUCTION: The rhizome of Angiopteris evecta is of academic interest in Kalimantan, Indonesia, from an ethnobotanical perspective. Angiopteroside is a substance of pharmaceutical importance that is found in the rhizome of A. evecta.OBJECTIVE: The aims of this research are to improve the extraction method for angiopteroside from the rhizome, compared to that in a previous report, and to determine the yield of angiopteroside from the rhizome of A. evecta, as well as to obtain precise data for extractives from the rhizome of A. evecta by using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).METHODOLOGY: We investigated the chemical constituents of the whole rhizome by means of two-dimensional NMR (heteronuclear single quantum coherence or HSQC) spectroscopy, neutral sugar analysis using the alditol acetate method, and lignin analysis using alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation and Klason lignin methods. LC-MS revealed the purity of the angiopteroside. Antimicrobial assays were also performed for the purified angiopteroside by using a broth microdilution method.RESULTS: Angiopteroside was isolated by Soxhlet extraction with aqueous acetone followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography (eluent: 20% methanol/dichloromethane). LC-MS revealed that angiopteroside can be found in the rhizome of A. evecta in 9.9% yield, which is an extremely high yield for a plant extractive.CONCLUSION: HSQC analysis is a powerful tool for surveying compounds in plant materials, such as the whole rhizome of A. evecta. Soxhlet extraction with aqueous acetone is an effective method for extracting glycosides from plant materials.

['Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Bacillus subtilis', 'Chromatography, Liquid', 'Escherichia coli', 'Klebsiella pneumoniae', 'Lignin', 'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy', 'Mass Spectrometry', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Molecular Structure', 'Rhizome', 'Sugars', 'Tracheophyta']

[['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['B03.300.390.400.158.218.725', 'B03.353.500.100.218.725', 'B03.510.100.100.218.725', 'B03.510.415.400.158.218.725', 'B03.510.460.410.158.218.725'], ['E05.196.181.400'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['B03.440.450.425.425.600', 'B03.660.250.150.400.590'], ['D05.750.078.562.180.515', 'D05.750.078.687', 'D20.538', 'D25.720.099.687', 'J01.637.051.720.099.687'], ['E05.196.867.519'], ['E05.196.566'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['G02.111.570', 'G02.466'], ['A18.024.937.750', 'A18.400.750'], ['D09.947'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

USB-based Personal Health Records: an analysis of features and functionality.

PURPOSE: To determine the features of commercially available USB-based Personal Health Records (PHR) devices, and compare the commercial state of the art to recommendations made by certification committees.METHODS: Thirteen USB-based PHRs were identified and analyzed based on data elements used and features provided. Marketing techniques used by the companies were also explored.RESULTS: Eight of the thirteen PHRs contained all seven clinical data elements (problems, procedures, medications, providers, allergies, labs, immunizations), three were missing a single element and the remaining two lacked two elements. In the features analysis no single PHR contained all eight features (export data, import data, images, summary print out, emergency entry, teaching material available for problem, username and password supported, Mac-compatible), but two of the devices had seven of the eight features. Finally, scare tactics were used in marketing all but two of the PHR devices.CONCLUSION: While PHRs are very important in the health care field, at the present time, USB-based PHRs currently on the market appear to have deficiencies. Tethered or web-based PHRs may be a better option for consumers at present.

['Computer Security', 'Confidentiality', 'Databases, Factual', 'Health Records, Personal', 'Humans', 'Medical Records Systems, Computerized', 'Quality Assurance, Health Care']

[['L01.224.134', 'N04.452.910.200'], ['F04.096.544.335.240', 'I01.880.604.473.650.500', 'I01.880.604.583.080', 'N03.706.437.650.124', 'N03.706.535.230'], ['L01.313.500.750.300.188.400', 'L01.470.750.750'], ['E05.318.308.940.968.249'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.940.968.625', 'L01.313.500.750.300.695', 'N04.452.859.564.650', 'N05.715.360.300.715.500.530', 'N06.850.520.308.940.968.625'], ['N04.761.700', 'N05.700']]

['Information Science [L]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

A mutation in dynein rescues axonal transport defects and extends the life span of ALS mice.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative condition characterized by motoneuron degeneration and muscle paralysis. Although the precise pathogenesis of ALS remains unclear, mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) account for approximately 20-25% of familial ALS cases, and transgenic mice overexpressing human mutant SOD1 develop an ALS-like phenotype. Evidence suggests that defects in axonal transport play an important role in neurodegeneration. In Legs at odd angles (Loa) mice, mutations in the motor protein dynein are associated with axonal transport defects and motoneuron degeneration. Here, we show that retrograde axonal transport defects are already present in motoneurons of SOD1(G93A) mice during embryonic development. Surprisingly, crossing SOD1(G93A) mice with Loa/+ mice delays disease progression and significantly increases life span in Loa/SOD1(G93A) mice. Moreover, there is a complete recovery in axonal transport deficits in motoneurons of these mice, which may be responsible for the amelioration of disease. We propose that impaired axonal transport is a prime cause of neuronal death in neurodegenerative disorders such as ALS.

['Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis', 'Animals', 'Axonal Transport', 'Axons', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Disease Progression', 'Dyneins', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Neurologic Mutants', 'Mice, Transgenic', 'Motor Neurons', 'Mutation', 'Nerve Degeneration', 'Recovery of Function', 'Superoxide Dismutase', 'Survival Rate']

[['C10.228.854.139', 'C10.574.562.250', 'C10.574.950.050', 'C10.668.467.250', 'C18.452.845.800.050'], ['B01.050'], ['G03.143.355.040', 'G04.392.040', 'G11.561.050'], ['A08.675.542.145', 'A11.284.180.075', 'A11.671.137', 'A11.671.501.145'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['C23.550.291.656'], ['D08.811.277.040.013.500.063', 'D08.811.277.040.025.024.063', 'D08.811.277.040.025.193.249', 'D12.776.157.025.750.063', 'D12.776.220.600.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.480'], ['B01.050.050.136.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800'], ['A08.675.655.500', 'A11.671.655.500'], ['G05.365.590'], ['C23.550.737'], ['G16.757'], ['D08.811.682.881'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]']

It's plain and simple: transparency is good for science and in the public interest.

In the past couple of years, there has been a growing focus on the need to make scientific output accessible to a greater number of people, especially in the field of clinical research. The public are being urged to become more well-informed and to ask their doctors about taking part in clinical trials. A key finding of a report from the Association of Medical Research Charities was that all published scientific papers would benefit from having a section in plain English. Researchers running a clinical trial are expected to provide a summary of their intended research at various stages of the research process. However, there is evidence that existing summaries are of variable length and quality and not always in plain English. As a result, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) commissioned a review of the guidance that is available to researchers. However, recent initiatives demonstrate that there are still a number of challenges in making current research both accessible and understandable by prospective participants. BioMed Central also has a number of ongoing initiatives involving trial registration services and journals.

['Access to Information', 'Biomedical Research', 'Clinical Trials as Topic', 'Comprehension', 'Disclosure', 'Guidelines as Topic', 'Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice', 'Health Literacy', 'Humans', 'Language', 'Public Opinion', 'Research Design', 'Research Subjects']

[['I01.880.604.473.352.500.030', 'L01.143.024', 'L01.737.030'], ['H01.770.644.145'], ['E05.318.372.250.250', 'N05.715.360.330.250.250', 'N06.850.520.450.250.250'], ['F02.463.188.357'], ['F01.829.401.046', 'I01.880.604.583.080.134', 'L01.143.335'], ['N04.761.700.350', 'N05.700.350'], ['F01.100.150.500', 'N05.300.150.410'], ['I02.233.332.186.500', 'L01.143.450.500', 'N02.421.726.407.229.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.145.209.399', 'L01.559'], ['I01.880.630.548'], ['E05.581.500', 'H01.770.644.728'], ['M01.774']]

['Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

[A case of bilateral atrial myxoma].

A case of 47-year-old female who underwent the surgery for the bilateral atrial myxoma two times was reported. At the first operation both tumors were attached to the same level of the atrial septum and were removed simultaneously followed by the resection of the left atrial wall. Six months later, she complained of dyspnea and easy fatigability for the recurrence of the tumor. She was operated again for the removal of the tumor. But she died of the re-recurrence of the tumor 4 months after the second operation.

['Female', 'Heart Atria', 'Heart Neoplasms', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Myxoma', 'Neoplasm Recurrence, Local', 'Reoperation']

[['A07.541.358'], ['C04.588.894.309', 'C14.280.459'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.557.450.565.550'], ['C04.697.655', 'C23.550.727.655'], ['E04.690']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Direct effects of fermented cow's milk product with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 on human enterocytes.

Cow's milk fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 (FM-CBAL74) exerts a preventive effect against infectious diseases in children. We evaluated if this effect is at least in part related to a direct modulation of non-immune and immune defence mechanisms in human enterocytes. Human enterocytes (Caco-2) were stimulated for 48 h with FM-CBAL74 at different concentrations. Cell growth was assessed by colorimetric assay; cell differentiation (assessed by lactase expression), tight junction proteins (zonula occludens1 and occludin), mucin 2, and toll-like receptor (TRL) pathways were analysed by real-time PCR; innate immunity peptide synthesis, beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2) and cathelicidin (LL-37) were evaluated by ELISA. Mucus layer thickness was analysed by histochemistry. FMCBA L74 stimulated cell growth and differentiation, tight junction proteins and mucin 2 expression, and mucus layer thickness in a dose-dependent fashion. A significant stimulation of HBD-2 and LL-37 synthesis, associated with a modulation of TLR pathway, was also observed. FM-CBAL74 regulates non-immune and immune defence mechanisms through a direct interaction with the enterocytes. These effects could be involved in the preventive action against infectious diseases demonstrated by this fermented product in children.

['Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides', 'Caco-2 Cells', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cultured Milk Products', 'Enterocytes', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Humans', 'Lactobacillus paracasei', 'Mucin-2', 'Occludin', 'Probiotics', 'Tight Junctions', 'Toll-Like Receptors', 'Zonula Occludens-1 Protein', 'beta-Defensins']

[['D12.644.050', 'D12.776.543.695.054'], ['A11.251.210.190.160', 'A11.251.860.180.160', 'A11.436.140'], ['G04.152'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['G07.203.200.500', 'G07.203.300.350.300', 'J02.350.500', 'J02.500.350.300'], ['A03.556.124.369.290', 'A10.615.550.444.290', 'A11.436.290'], ['G05.308'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['B03.353.750.450.475.559', 'B03.510.460.400.410.475.475.559', 'B03.510.550.450.475.559'], ['D12.776.395.560.631.161'], ['D12.776.543.488.500', 'D12.776.543.940.750'], ['G07.203.300.456.500', 'J02.500.456.500'], ['A11.284.149.165.420.820'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.910.500'], ['D12.776.543.940.900.500'], ['D12.644.050.200.075', 'D12.776.543.695.054.200.075']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]']

First-trimester prenatal diagnosis of hypophosphatasia: experience with 16 cases.

We have carried out first-trimester prenatal diagnosis of hypophosphatasia in 16 pregnancies with a 1 in 4 risk of this condition. The liver/bone/kidney isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase was measured in chorionic villus samples using a specific monoclonal antibody and an enzymatic amplification system. Fifteen of the 16 pregnancies were correctly predicted, while one has been lost to follow up. We suggest that this assay system is likely to be superior to DNA-base methods for the first-trimester prenatal diagnosis of hypophosphatasia.

['Alkaline Phosphatase', 'Antibodies, Monoclonal', 'Chorionic Villi Sampling', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hypophosphatasia', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy Trimester, First', 'Reproducibility of Results']

[['D08.811.277.352.650.035'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100.149', 'E01.370.225.998.054.149', 'E01.370.378.630.150', 'E01.370.388.100.150', 'E04.074.149', 'E05.200.500.384.100.149', 'E05.200.998.054.149', 'E05.242.384.100.149'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C16.320.565.618.482', 'C18.452.648.618.482'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['G08.686.707.408'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Burnout and perceived social support: The mediating role of secondary traumatization in nurses vs. physicians.

AIMS: The study aimed to examine differences between paediatric nurses and physicians regarding burnout syndrome, secondary traumatic stress (STS) and perceived social support (PSS).BACKGROUND: Paediatric nurses and physicians encounter cumulative effects of treating sick and injured children and helping their families, in situations that might promote burnout and STS.DESIGN: Cross-sectional design.METHOD: Nurses (n = 158) and physicians (N = 76) completed self-report questionnaires on STS, PSS and burnout.RESULTS: Nurses and physicians had similar rates of STS and burnout but showed significant differences in PSS. Furthermore, STS mediated the association between PSS and burnout for both groups; however, the effect was stronger for nurses in comparison to physicians.CONCLUSION: Paediatric nurses and physicians would benefit from participating in interventions geared towards reducing STS, thus minimizing burnout. Moreover, advocating social support within the organization is needed to bolster the ability for coping with sources of stress.IMPACT STATEMENT: Nurses' and physicians' involvement in the physical, physiological and mental needs of their paediatric patients might lead to burnout and secondary traumatic stress (STS). However, research on social support in the context of burnout and STS among nurses and physicians is scant. Secondary traumatic stress and burnout were similar for nurses and physicians, though perceived social support (PSS) was higher for nurses. Secondary traumatic stress plays a mediating role in the association between PSS and burnout among nurses and physicians. However, the mediation effect was stronger for nurses. Policy makers would be wise to advocate institutional stress management interventions to reduce secondary traumatic and to reinforce organizational support for nurses and physicians.

['Adult', 'Burnout, Professional', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Nurses', 'Physicians', 'Social Support', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C24.580.500', 'F01.145.126.990.367.500', 'F02.830.900.333.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['M01.526.485.650', 'N02.360.650'], ['M01.526.485.810', 'N02.360.810'], ['I01.880.853.500.600'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

Effects of cerium nitrate bathing and prompt burn wound excision on IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in burned rats.

The physiopathological events following thermal injury are not limited to the surface effects of heat but are also related to acute inflammatory reactions. Both tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are important mediators of the acute and severe inflammatory reaction in thermal injury. Surgical manipulation of the burn wound is known to prevent excessive release of cytokines. Cerium nitrate--a rare earth element--has been reported to have a protective effect against postburn immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of burn wound debridement and treatment with cerium nitrate bathing on the serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in rats. Treatment by cerium nitrate bathing prevented the elevation of TNF-alpha levels in the early period after thermal injury. The experimental study showed, as in other studies, that high levels of IL-6 appear to inhibit TNF-alpha elevation. High levels of IL-6 and, as a result, relatively low levels of TNF-alpha in the early period of thermal injury may limit the severity of the inflammatory reaction, which is caused by TNF, the most potent inflammatory cytokine. Since similar levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were achieved by both cerium nitrate bathing and burn wound debridement, cerium nitrate may be considered as equivalent to prompt excision of burn eschar.

['Animals', 'Anti-Infective Agents, Local', 'Baths', 'Burns', 'Cerium', 'Debridement', 'Interleukin-6', 'Male', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.122.187'], ['E02.056.110'], ['C26.200'], ['D01.268.558.362.249', 'D01.552.550.399.249'], ['E04.176'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.224', 'D12.776.467.374.465.202', 'D23.529.374.465.224'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750'], ['D12.644.276.374.500.800', 'D12.644.276.374.750.626', 'D12.776.124.900', 'D12.776.395.930', 'D12.776.467.374.500.800', 'D12.776.467.374.750.626', 'D23.529.374.500.800', 'D23.529.374.750.626']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]']

The Stress-Metabolic Syndrome Relationship in Adolescents: An Examination of the Moderating Potential of Physical Activity.

BACKGROUND: The role of psychosocial stress in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome is receiving increased attention and has led to examination of whether physical activity may moderate the stress-metabolic syndrome relationship. The current study examined relationships among physical activity, stress, and metabolic syndrome in adolescents.METHODS: Participants (N = 126; 57 girls, 69 boys) were assessed for anthropometry, psychosocial stress, physical activity, and metabolic syndrome variables; t tests were used to examine sex differences, and regression analysis was used to assess relationships among variables controlling for sex and maturity status.RESULTS: Mean body mass index approached the 75th percentile for both sexes. Typical sex differences were observed for systolic blood pressure, time spent in moderate and vigorous physical activity, and perceived stress. Although stress was not associated with MetS (â = -.001, P = .82), a modest, positive relationship was observed with BMI (â = .20, P = .04).CONCLUSIONS: Strong relationships between physical activity and stress with MetS or BMI were not found in this sample. Results may be partially explained by overall good physical health status of the participants. Additional research in groups exhibiting varying degrees of health is needed.

['Adolescent', 'Anthropometry', 'Blood Pressure', 'Body Height', 'Body Mass Index', 'Child', 'Exercise', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Metabolic Syndrome', 'Regression Analysis', 'Stress, Psychological', 'Waist Circumference']

[['M01.060.057'], ['E01.370.600.024', 'E05.041', 'N06.850.505.200.100'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.160.100', 'E05.041.124.160.500', 'G07.100.100.160.100', 'G07.345.249.314.100'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['M01.060.406'], ['G11.427.410.698.277', 'I03.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C18.452.394.968.500.570', 'C18.452.625'], ['E05.318.740.750', 'N05.715.360.750.695', 'N06.850.520.830.750'], ['F01.145.126.990', 'F02.830.900'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.160.560', 'E05.041.124.160.875', 'G07.100.100.160.560']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Intravenous versus oral ganciclovir: European/Australian comparative study of efficacy and safety in the prevention of cytomegalovirus retinitis recurrence in patients with AIDS. The Oral Ganciclovir European and Australian Cooperative Study Group.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral ganciclovir for the maintenance treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS.DESIGN: A 20-week, randomized, multicentre, open-label study. Progression of retinitis was assessed by funduscopy and masked reading of fundus photographs.METHODS: Adult patients with AIDS and stable CMV retinitis following a 2-3 week induction course of intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg every 12 h) were randomized 2:1 to receive maintenance therapy with oral ganciclovir 500 mg six times daily, or 5 mg/kg intravenous ganciclovir once daily infused over 1 h. The primary efficacy variable was time to progression of CMV retinitis from initiation of maintenance therapy.RESULTS: A total of 159 patients were enrolled; 112 received oral ganciclovir and 47 intravenous ganciclovir. By masked assessment of fundus photographs, CMV retinitis progressed in 72% of patients in the oral group and 76% in the intravenous group. Mean time to progression was 51 days with oral ganciclovir and 62 days with intravenous ganciclovir (P = 0.15). By funduscopy, CMV retinitis progressed in 59% of oral ganciclovir patients and 43% of intravenous ganciclovir patinets. Mean time to progression was 86 and 109 days, respectively (P = 0.02). Diarrhoea and neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500 x 10(6)/l) were the most frequently reported adverse events in both groups. The incidence of spesis for the oral and intravenous ganciclovir patients was 3 and 8.5%, respectively. Infection at the intravenous site occurred in 0 and 9% of patients, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Oral ganciclovir offers an effective and safe alternative to intravenous ganciclovir in the maintenance therapy of CMV retinitis.

['AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections', 'Administration, Oral', 'Adult', 'Australia', 'Cytomegalovirus Retinitis', 'Diarrhea', 'Disease Progression', 'Drug Evaluation', 'Europe', 'Female', 'Ganciclovir', 'Humans', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neutropenia', 'Recurrence', 'Time Factors', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['C01.221.250.875.100', 'C01.597.050', 'C01.610.684.050', 'C01.925.597.050', 'C01.925.782.815.616.400.100', 'C20.673.480.100'], ['E02.319.267.100'], ['M01.060.116'], ['Z01.639.100', 'Z01.678.100.373'], ['C01.375.725.270', 'C01.925.256.466.245.150', 'C01.925.325.270', 'C11.294.800.270', 'C11.768.773.360'], ['C23.888.821.214'], ['C23.550.291.656'], ['E05.290.625', 'E05.337.425'], ['Z01.542'], ['D03.633.100.759.758.399.454.250.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C15.378.553.546.184.564'], ['C23.550.291.937'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Efficacy and outcomes of transobturator tension-free vaginal tape with or without concomitant pelvic floor repair surgery for urinary stress incontinence: five-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the 5-year subjective and objective outcomes of transobturator tension-free vaginal tape alone versus the same procedure with concomitant pelvic floor repair surgery for pelvic organ prolapse in women with urinary stress incontinence.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: Urogynaecology unit at a university hospital in Hong Kong.PATIENTS: Of 218 women, 96 (44%) received transobturator tension-free vaginal tape alone and 122 (56%) received transobturator tension-free vaginal tape with concomitant pelvic floor repair surgery from September 2004 to December 2009. The women were followed up annually for up to 5 years after the operation.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The 5-year subjective and objective cure rates were assessed. Subjective cure was defined as no urine loss during physical activity and objective cure was defined as no urine leakage on coughing during urodynamic study.RESULTS: Overall, 88 women receiving transobturator tension-free vaginal tape alone and 101 women receiving transobturator tension-free vaginal tape with concomitant pelvic floor repair surgery were followed up for 5 years after operation. The subjective and objective cure rates of the two groups were 70.5% versus 94.1% (P<0.01) and 80.3% versus 85.7% (P=0.58), respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Transobturator tension-free vaginal tape is an effective treatment for urinary stress incontinence in women who received it alone or with concomitant pelvic floor repair surgery for pelvic organ prolapse, providing high subjective and objective efficacy for up to 5 years after operation. Transobturator tension-free vaginal tape with concomitant pelvic floor repair surgery achieved similar, if not better, long-term outcome compared with transobturator tension-free vaginal tape alone.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Pelvic Floor', 'Pelvic Organ Prolapse', 'Prospective Studies', 'Suburethral Slings', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Urinary Incontinence, Stress', 'Vagina']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A01.923.600.600', 'A02.633.567.050.750'], ['C23.300.842.624'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E07.695.752'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['C12.777.934.852.249', 'C13.351.968.934.814.500', 'C23.888.942.343.800.500'], ['A05.360.319.779']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Trauma-Informed Care Is the Best Clinical Practice in Rehabilitation Nursing.

PURPOSE: This clinical article explores how trauma-informed care (TIC) can be used by rehabilitation nurses with patients who have experienced pervasive adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).METHOD (INTERVENTION STRATEGIES): This clinical article gives suggestions for using the five guiding principles of TIC: safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment, as the best clinical practice.CONCLUSION: Implementing TIC promotes successful rehabilitation, improves patient outcomes, and reduces costs. For every $1 spent on TIC, $5 is saved in lifetime costs.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: ACEs cause physiological changes in the brain, leading to antisocial and risky behaviors, which may result in head injuries, spinal cord injuries, amputations, and multiple traumas with subsequent rehabilitation admissions, as well as obesity, and chronic illnesses. TIC is a cultural shift: We as providers must ask ourselves "What happened to this person?" instead of "What is wrong with this person?" Nurses are beginning to develop our literature and practice of TIC.

['Humans', 'Life Change Events', 'Practice Guidelines as Topic', 'Rehabilitation Nursing', 'Wounds and Injuries']

[['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.458.410'], ['N04.761.700.350.650', 'N05.700.350.650'], ['H02.478.676.789', 'N02.421.533.889'], ['C26']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Diseases [C]']

Impact of extreme prematurity on families of adolescent children.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the impact of burden of illness on families of teenaged children who were extremely low birth weight (ELBW) with that of members of a term control group (C) and to determine whether the attitudes toward active treatment of very immature infants differ between the 2 cohorts.DESIGN: In a cross-sectional survey, parents of 145 (86%) of 169 members of an ELBW cohort and 123 (85%) of 145 members of a control cohort completed a 23-item self-completed questionnaire encompassing occupational, marital, and family-related issues and attitudes toward treatment of infants of borderline viability.RESULTS: Both positive (P =.0003) and negative (P <.005) effects on marriage were higher in parents of the ELBW group; although more parents in the ELBW group felt that their child had brought their families closer together (P =.0001), their child's health had adversely affected their emotional health (P =.02) and that of other children in the family (P =.003). Despite this result, a significant proportion of parents from both cohorts supported saving all infants (ELBW 68%; C 58%) and favored the role of parents in decision making (ELBW 98%; C 97%).CONCLUSIONS: In the long term, it appears that parents of ELBW children have adjusted fairly well to their work and family life. Although some negative effects were identified, there was still considerable support for active treatment of infants of borderline viability.

['Adaptation, Psychological', 'Adolescent', 'Cohort Studies', 'Cost of Illness', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Decision Making', 'Developmental Disabilities', 'Ethics, Medical', 'Family', 'Humans', 'Infant, Low Birth Weight', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infant, Premature', 'Intensive Care, Neonatal']

[['F01.058'], ['M01.060.057'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['N03.219.151.165', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.182', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.046'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['F02.463.785.373'], ['F03.625.421'], ['K01.752.566.479.171.132.750', 'N05.350.340.162.500'], ['F01.829.263', 'I01.880.853.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703.520.460'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.520'], ['E02.760.190.405', 'N02.421.585.190.500']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]']

Prospective 3D analysis of facial soft tissue augmentation with calcium hydroxylapatite.

BACKGROUND: Facial rejuvenation is an expanding field with an increasing number of treatment modalities. Several non-autologous filler materials are available for soft tissue augmentation. Calcium hydroxylapatite (CaOH) is aimed at increasing collagen neosynthesis and thereby producing long-term augmentation effects. Despite a multitude of observational reports, the field is suffering from lack of quantitative morphometric evaluation methods.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this proof-of-principle study was to investigate whether the effects of facial tissue augmentation with CaOH (RADIESSE™) can be quantified and followed up using 3D surface scanning.METHODS: 3 female subjects received augmentation of the mid and lower face with CaOH. The faces were recorded prior, directly after, and two weeks and six months after the injection using standardized photos and 3D scanning. Computational analysis allowed quantifying the change in volume and displacement of the facial surface. Additionally, a patient satisfaction questionnaire was administered.RESULTS: In all subjects, increase in facial volume could be quantified and was present after two weeks and six months.CONCLUSIONS: 3D surface scanning is an adequate tool for objective quantification of changes after facial augmentation with filler materials. Persistent volume augmentation after CaOH injections could be quantified after two weeks and six months. Evidence level: IV.

['Aged', 'Aging', 'Dermal Fillers', 'Durapatite', 'Face', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted', 'Imaging, Three-Dimensional', 'Middle Aged', 'Patient Satisfaction', 'Photography', 'Rejuvenation', 'Time Factors']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['G07.345.124'], ['D27.720.102.461'], ['D01.029.260.700.675.374.075.025.300.150', 'D01.146.360.050.300.200', 'D01.578.122.477.300', 'D01.695.625.675.650.075.025.300.150'], ['A01.456.505'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.158.600', 'E01.370.350.350', 'L01.313.500.750.100.158.600'], ['E01.370.350.400', 'L01.224.308.410'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F01.100.150.750.625', 'F01.145.488.887.625', 'N04.452.822.700', 'N05.300.150.800.625', 'N05.715.360.600'], ['E01.370.350.600', 'E05.712'], ['E02.849'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]']

Structural basis for the temperature-induced transition of D-amino acid oxidase from pig kidney revealed by molecular dynamic simulation and photo-induced electron transfer.

The structural basis for the temperature-induced transition in the D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) monomer from pig kidney was studied by means of molecular dynamic simulations (MDS). The center to center (Rc) distances between the isoalloxazine ring (Iso) and all aromatic amino acids (Trp and Tyr) were calculated at 10 °C and 30 °C. Rc was shortest in Tyr224 (0.82 and 0.88 nm at 10 and 30 °C, respectively), and then in Tyr228. Hydrogen bonding (H-bond) formed between the Iso N1 and Gly315 N (peptide), between the Iso N3H and Leu51 O (peptide) and between the Iso N5 and Ala49 N (peptide) at 10 °C, whilst no H-bond was formed at the Iso N1 and Iso N3H at 30 °C. The H-bond of Iso O4 with Leu51 N (peptide) at 10 °C switched to that with Ala49 N (peptide) at 30 °C. The reported fluorescence lifetimes (228 and 182 ps at 10 and 30 °C, respectively) of DAAO were analyzed with Kakitani and Mataga (KM) ET theory. The calculated fluorescence lifetimes displayed an excellent agreement with the observed lifetimes. The ET rate was fastest from Tyr224 to the excited Iso (Iso*) at 10 °C and from Tyr314 at 30 °C, despite the fact that the Rc was shortest between Iso and Tyr224 at both temperatures. This was explained by the electrostatic energy in the protein. The differences in the observed fluorescence lifetimes at 10 and 30 °C were ascribed to the differences in electron affinity of the Iso* at both temperatures, in which the free energies of the electron affinity of Iso* at 10 and 30 °C were -8.69 eV and -8.51 eV respectively. The other physical quantities related to ET did not differ appreciably at both temperatures. The electron affinities at both temperatures were calculated with a semi-empirical molecular orbital method (MO) of PM6. Mean calculated electron affinities over 100 snapshots with 0.1 ps intervals were -7.69 eV at 10 °C and -7.59 eV at 30 °C. The difference in the calculated electron affinities, -0.11 eV, was close to the observed difference in the free energies, -0.18 eV. The present quantitative analysis predicts that the highest ET rate can occur from a donor with longer donor-acceptor distance, which was explained by differences in electrostatic energy.

['Animals', 'D-Amino-Acid Oxidase', 'Electrons', 'Hydrogen Bonding', 'Kidney', 'Molecular Dynamics Simulation', 'Photochemistry', 'Protein Conformation', 'Temperature']

[['B01.050'], ['D08.811.682.664.500.125'], ['G01.249.335', 'G01.358.500.750'], ['G02.282'], ['A05.810.453'], ['E05.599.595.500', 'G02.111.570.895', 'L01.224.160.500'], ['H01.181.529.711'], ['G02.111.570.820.709'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]']

A Cross-Correlated Delay Shift Supervised Learning Method for Spiking Neurons with Application to Interictal Spike Detection in Epilepsy.

This study introduces a novel learning algorithm for spiking neurons, called CCDS, which is able to learn and reproduce arbitrary spike patterns in a supervised fashion allowing the processing of spatiotemporal information encoded in the precise timing of spikes. Unlike the Remote Supervised Method (ReSuMe), synapse delays and axonal delays in CCDS are variants which are modulated together with weights during learning. The CCDS rule is both biologically plausible and computationally efficient. The properties of this learning rule are investigated extensively through experimental evaluations in terms of reliability, adaptive learning performance, generality to different neuron models, learning in the presence of noise, effects of its learning parameters and classification performance. Results presented show that the CCDS learning method achieves learning accuracy and learning speed comparable with ReSuMe, but improves classification accuracy when compared to both the Spike Pattern Association Neuron (SPAN) learning rule and the Tempotron learning rule. The merit of CCDS rule is further validated on a practical example involving the automated detection of interictal spikes in EEG records of patients with epilepsy. Results again show that with proper encoding, the CCDS rule achieves good recognition performance.

['Action Potentials', 'Cerebral Cortex', 'Epilepsy', 'Humans', 'Neural Inhibition', 'Neural Networks, Computer', 'Neurons', 'Supervised Machine Learning', 'Synapses', 'Time Factors', 'Wavelet Analysis']

[['G04.580.100', 'G07.265.675.100', 'G11.561.570.100'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500'], ['C10.228.140.490'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G07.265.755', 'G11.561.616'], ['G17.485', 'L01.224.050.375.605'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['G17.035.250.500.500', 'L01.224.050.375.530.500'], ['A08.850', 'A11.284.149.165.420.780'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E05.959', 'G17.915', 'L01.224.800.750']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Regional variations of muscle fibre characteristic in m. semitendinosus of growing cattle.

The objectives of the present study were to elaborate an intra-muscular profile of metabolic enzyme equipment, contractile and morphometric features along the longitudinal axis of m. semitendinosus at various ages throughout the growth phase. Thirty-seven male Montb?liard cattle, about half of them castrated, were representatively allocated to various slaughter dates, scheduled at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months of age. Samples were collected from proximal, medial and distal locations of m. semitendinosus. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (aerobic metabolism) and lactate dehydrogenase (anaerobic metabolism) were measured spectrophotometrically. Contractile muscle type was classified by quantification of myosin heavy chain I isoform proportion using the sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mean muscle fibre area was obtained on histologically-stained cross-sections utilizing an image analysis system. Our results indicate the existence of a regular intra-muscular pattern of muscle fibre traits along the length of m. semitendinosus, with decreasing glycolytic activities and concomitantly an increase in oxidative capacity towards the distal extremity. The metabolic characteristics were in good agreement with decreasing cross-sectional muscle fibre areas and the slow myosin heavy chain I isoform proportion becoming gradually more abundant from proximal to distal regions of the muscle. Moreover, the observed gradient was found to be closely related to age and diminished with advanced physiological maturity. At the final slaughter age (16 months) no differences among the distinct portions were detected, m. semitendinosus was longitudinally homogeneous in all the characteristics studied.

['Aging', 'Animals', 'Cattle', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Isocitrate Dehydrogenase', 'L-Lactate Dehydrogenase', 'Male', 'Muscle Fibers, Skeletal', 'Myosin Heavy Chains']

[['G07.345.124'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.271'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['D08.811.682.047.820.475'], ['D08.811.682.047.551.400', 'D08.811.682.047.820.493'], ['A10.690.552.500.500', 'A11.620.249'], ['D05.750.078.730.475.100', 'D08.811.277.040.025.193.750.249', 'D12.776.210.500.600.100', 'D12.776.220.525.475.100']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Transplants of fetal neural tissue and autologous peripheral nerves in an attempt to repair spinal cord injuries in the adult rat. An overall view.

Embryonic neurons and autologous peripheral nerve segments constitute selected materials for studying central nervous system plasticity and repair in adult mammals. Transplanted to the brain or the spinal cord, the former are possible substitutes designed to replace lost or deficient host neurons while the latter have useful stimulating and guiding effects upon axonal regrowth from surviving axotomized neurons. Consequently, these techniques give rise to interesting prospects for short and medium range fundamental research as well as for possible medium and long-term clinical applications. From a basic viewpoint, utilisation of such transplants is designed to study the survival, the morphological and biochemical differentiation, the reafferentation, the expression of potentialities for plasticity, axonal growth or regeneration, synaptogenesis, of host as well as of transplanted embryonic neurons. From a clinical viewpoint these studies should attempt at finding solutions to counteract the effects of severe traumatic or neurodegenerative lesions of the brain and of the spinal cord which until now appear quite refractory to therapeutic approaches.

['Animals', 'Fetal Tissue Transplantation', 'Nerve Tissue', 'Neurons', 'Peripheral Nerves', 'Rats', 'Spinal Cord Injuries', 'Transplantation, Autologous']

[['B01.050'], ['E02.095.147.725.300', 'E04.936.580.300'], ['A10.755'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['A08.800.800'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['C10.228.854.763', 'C10.900.850', 'C26.819'], ['E04.936.664']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

The Sp1 transcription factor is essential for the expression of gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

INTRODUCTION: Gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase (GLS/TP) has angiogenic and arthritogenic activities, and aberrant GLS production has been observed in the active synovial membranes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The human GLS gene promoter contains at least seven consensus binding sites for the DNA binding protein Sp1. Here we examined whether Sp1 is necessary for GLS production in RA. We also studied the effects of the Sp1 inhibitor mithramycin on GLS production in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs).METHODS: FLSs from RA patients were treated with specific inhibitors. The gene and protein expression of GLS were studied using the quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and an enzyme immunoassay. Intracellular signalling pathway activation was determined by western blotting analysis, a luciferase assay, a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection.RESULTS: The luciferase and ChIP assays showed that Sp1 binding sites in the GLS promoter were essential for GLS messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. GLS production was suppressed in FLSs by siRNA against Sp1 transfection. Mithramycin decreased GLS promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression in FLSs. Tumour necrosis factor-á (TNF-á) significantly increased GLS expression in RA FLSs; this effect was reduced by pre-treatment with cycloheximide and mithramycin.CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment of mithramycin and Sp1 silencing resulted in a significant suppression of GLS production in TNF-á-stimulated FLSs compared to controls. GLS gene expression enhanced by TNF-á was partly mediated through Sp1. As physiological concentrations of mithramycin can regulate GLS production in RA, mithramycin is a promising candidate for anti-rheumatic therapy.

['Aged', 'Arthritis, Rheumatoid', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Female', 'Fibroblasts', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Promoter Regions, Genetic', 'Sp1 Transcription Factor', 'Synovial Fluid', 'Thymidine Phosphorylase']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['C05.550.114.154', 'C05.799.114', 'C17.300.775.099', 'C20.111.199'], ['A11.251'], ['A11.329.228'], ['G05.308'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G02.111.570.080.689.675', 'G05.360.080.689.675', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.750.680'], ['D12.776.260.522.750.249', 'D12.776.930.375.750.249'], ['A02.835.583.443.800.800', 'A12.207.270.847'], ['D08.811.913.400.725.850.500', 'D23.050.301.500.600.925', 'D23.050.705.552.600.850']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

The action of scopolamine on retrieval and memory storage in rats evaluated in the staircase maze.

Rats were trained to run on staircase stopping on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th steps (correct responses). Stopping on any other step was considered an error. The acute administration of scopolamine (1.5 mg/kg) 20 min before the trial caused a reduction of the correct responses. An interruption of the daily training for 20 days caused, in the controls, a 24% reduction of correct responses. A chronic administration of scopolamine, at doses over 10 mg/kg in the first 15 days of the no-training period, nullified the behavioral deterioration observed in the controls. The interpretation of these results is that scopolamine damages the retrieval process and blocks the spontaneous decay of memory, as was observed in the controls after 20 days of interruption of the daily training.

['Animals', 'Behavior, Animal', 'Conditioning, Psychological', 'Discrimination Learning', 'Male', 'Memory', 'Rats', 'Scopolamine']

[['B01.050'], ['F01.145.113'], ['F02.463.425.179'], ['F02.463.425.280'], ['F02.463.425.540'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['D02.145.074.722.822.775', 'D03.132.760.180.848', 'D03.132.889.601.775', 'D03.605.084.500.722.822.775', 'D03.605.869.822.775']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Auditory evoked potentials compared with bispectral index for monitoring of midazolam and propofol sedation during colonoscopy.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare Bispectral index (BIS) and A-line auditory evoked potential index (AAI) for monitoring depth of low-dose midazolam and propofol sedation during colonoscopy.METHODS: A total of 115 consecutive patients (ASA I-IV), receiving low-dose midazolam and propofol sedation for colonoscopy, were evaluated. BIS and AAI levels, Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) scores, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, as well as the presence or absence of eyelash reflex, patient reaction to an external noxious stimulus and to procedure-related pain were recorded every 1-3 min by a single trained observer.RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between BIS and OAA/S scores (correlation coefficient=0.77) and to a lesser extent AAI and OAA/S scores (correlation coefficient=0.47). BIS and AAI showed significant differences between subsequent levels of sedation (P<0.001). The clustered receiver operating characteristic curve estimate of BIS for the detection of deep sedation was significantly better than that of AAI (P<0.001). Regarding the presence or absence of eyelash reflex and patient reaction to an external noxious stimulus and to procedure-related pain, significant different levels were found for BIS as well as AAI, respectively. Only small changes were observed in hemodynamic variables and oxygen saturation. Overall, our data suggest target BIS levels of slightly above 73 for moderate sedation (defined as OAA/S scores 2 and 3).CONCLUSIONS: BIS and AAI correlated with the level of sedation. Hemodynamic variables were poor indicators of the hypnotic-anesthetic status of the patient. BIS discriminated best between moderate and deep sedation and could complement clinical observation for guidance of moderate sedation.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Awareness', 'Colonoscopy', 'Conscious Sedation', 'Consciousness', 'Electroencephalography', 'Evoked Potentials, Auditory', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hypnotics and Sedatives', 'Male', 'Midazolam', 'Middle Aged', 'Monitoring, Intraoperative', 'Propofol', 'Prospective Studies', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['F02.463.188.150'], ['E01.370.372.250.250.200', 'E01.370.388.250.250.250.160', 'E04.210.240.250.160', 'E04.502.250.250.250.160'], ['E03.250'], ['F02.463.188.409', 'F02.830.233'], ['E01.370.376.300', 'E01.370.405.245'], ['G07.265.216.500.370', 'G07.888.250', 'G11.561.200.500.370'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D27.505.696.277.350', 'D27.505.954.427.210.350'], ['D03.633.100.079.080.575'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.520.510', 'E04.510'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657.773'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]']

Consecutive Inhibition of ISG15 Expression and ISGylation by Cytomegalovirus Regulators.

Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes an ubiquitin-like protein that covalently conjugates protein. Protein modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) is known to inhibit the replication of many viruses. However, studies on the viral targets and viral strategies to regulate ISGylation-mediated antiviral responses are limited. In this study, we show that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication is inhibited by ISGylation, but the virus has evolved multiple countermeasures. HCMV-induced ISG15 expression was mitigated by IE1, a viral inhibitor of interferon signaling, however, ISGylation was still strongly upregulated during virus infection. RNA interference of UBE1L (E1), UbcH8 (E2), Herc5 (E3), and UBP43 (ISG15 protease) revealed that ISGylation inhibits HCMV growth by downregulating viral gene expression and virion release in a manner that is more prominent at low multiplicity of infection. A viral regulator pUL26 was found to interact with ISG15, UBE1L, and Herc5, and be ISGylated. ISGylation of pUL26 regulated its stability and inhibited its activities to suppress NF-êB signaling and complement the growth of UL26-null mutant virus. Moreover, pUL26 reciprocally suppressed virus-induced ISGylation independent of its own ISGylation. Consistently, ISGylation was more pronounced in infections with the UL26-deleted mutant virus, whose growth was more sensitive to IFNâ treatment than that of the wild-type virus. Therefore, pUL26 is a viral ISG15 target that also counteracts ISGylation. Our results demonstrate that ISGylation inhibits HCMV growth at multiple steps and that HCMV has evolved countermeasures to suppress ISG15 transcription and protein ISGylation, highlighting the importance of the interplay between virus and ISGylation in productive viral infection.

['Cell Line', 'Cytokines', 'Cytomegalovirus', 'Cytomegalovirus Infections', 'Fluorescent Antibody Technique', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Viral', 'Host-Parasite Interactions', 'Humans', 'Immunoblotting', 'Immunoprecipitation', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Transfection', 'Two-Hybrid System Techniques', 'Ubiquitins', 'Viral Proteins']

[['A11.251.210'], ['D12.644.276.374', 'D12.776.467.374', 'D23.529.374'], ['B04.280.382.150.150'], ['C01.925.256.466.245'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512.240', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512.240', 'E05.200.500.607.512.240', 'E05.200.750.551.512.240', 'E05.478.583.375'], ['G05.308.385'], ['G16.527.200.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.478.566.320', 'E05.601.470.320'], ['E05.196.150.639', 'E05.478.605'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['E05.393.350.810', 'G05.728.860'], ['E05.393.220.870', 'E05.601.690.650', 'E05.601.870'], ['D12.776.947'], ['D12.776.964']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

In vitro assessment of vancomycin HCl compatibility after coinfusion with a specialized amino acid formulation.

Vancomycin usage at British Columbia's Children's Hospital has increased substantially in the Special Care Nursery as a consequence of a study demonstrating a reduced morbidity and mortality in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis when treated with vancomycin and cefotaxime. The inability to place more than one peripheral intravenous access necessitates interruption of parenteral nutrition to infuse vancomycin, resulting in a reduction of the planned daily intake of these neonates. This is clinically significant with the administration of vancomycin because of the long administration period required for this drug (60 minutes). This study was designed to assess the physical and chemical stability of vancomycin with a standard neonatal parenteral nutrition solution, Vamin A, when coadministered through the same intravenous line. To simulate the actual clinical setting, the dose of vancomycin and the infusion rate of Vamin A were chosen to represent those commonly used in a 1-kg neonate. Physical compatibility was assessed using effluent obtained after coinfusion of vancomycin with parenteral nutrition solution. Duplicate samples were visually checked for color changes and precipitate. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and pH testing were used to assess chemical compatibility of vancomycin. The results of physical compatibility revealed no color change or precipitate. No changes in pH were observed. HPLC determination confirmed that there were no significant time-dependent changes in vancomycin stability. The samples were studied over 24 hours to determine the rate of degradation of vancomycin, if any, under various temperature conditions. The concentrations were not significantly different from each other at the different temperatures studied. Thus, there was no apparent change in the concentration of vancomycin in the presence of Vamin A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

['Amino Acids', 'Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid', 'Drug Stability', 'Humans', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infusions, Intravenous', 'Parenteral Nutrition', 'Vancomycin']

[['D12.125'], ['E05.196.181.400.300'], ['E05.916.330'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.300'], ['E05.481'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['E02.319.267.082.500', 'E02.319.267.510.590'], ['E02.421.505', 'E02.642.500.505'], ['D09.400.420.925', 'D12.644.233.925']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Quantitative cell-free circulating BRAFV600E mutation analysis by use of droplet digital PCR in the follow-up of patients with melanoma being treated with BRAF inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Around 50% of cutaneous melanomas harbor the BRAF(V600E) mutation and can be treated with BRAF inhibitors. DNA carrying this mutation can be released into circulation as cell-free BRAF(V600E) (cfBRAF(V600E)). Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is an analytically sensitive technique for quantifying small concentrations of DNA. We studied the plasma concentrations of cfBRAF(V600E) by ddPCR in patients with melanoma during therapy with BRAF inhibitors.METHODS: Plasma concentrations of cfBRAF(V600E) were measured in 8 controls and 20 patients with advanced melanoma having the BRAF(V600E) mutation during treatment with BRAF inhibitors at baseline, first month, best response, and progression.RESULTS: The BRAF(V600E) mutation was detected by ddPCR even at a fractional abundance of 0.005% in the wild-type gene. Agreement between tumor tissue BRAF(V600E) and plasma cfBRAF(V600E) was 84.3%. Baseline cfBRAF(V600E) correlated with tumor burden (r = 0.742, P < 0.001). cfBRAF(V600E) concentrations decreased significantly at the first month of therapy (basal median, 216 copies/mL; Q1-Q3, 27-647 copies/mL; first response median, 0 copies/mL; Q1-Q3, 0-49 copies/mL; P < 0.01) and at the moment of best response (median, 0 copies/mL; Q1-Q3, 0-33 copies/mL; P < 0.01). At progression, there was a significant increase in the concentration of cfBRAF(V600E) compared with best response (median, 115 copies/mL; Q1-Q3, 3-707 copies/mL; P = 0.013). Lower concentrations of basal cfBRAF(V600E) were significantly associated with longer overall survival and progression-free survival (27.7 months and 9 months, respectively) than higher basal concentrations (8.6 months and 3 months, P < 0.001 and P = 0.024, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: cfBRAF(V600E) quantification in plasma by ddPCR is useful as a follow-up to treatment response in patients with advanced melanoma.

['Antineoplastic Agents', 'DNA', 'DNA Mutational Analysis', 'Disease-Free Survival', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Imidazoles', 'Indoles', 'Kaplan-Meier Estimate', 'Male', 'Melanoma', 'Middle Aged', 'Mutation', 'Oximes', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf', 'Sulfonamides', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Vemurafenib']

[['D27.505.954.248'], ['D13.444.308'], ['E05.393.760.700.300'], ['E01.789.800.190', 'E05.318.740.998.300', 'N04.761.559.590.800.190', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800.190', 'N05.715.360.750.795.300', 'N06.850.520.830.998.300'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D03.383.129.308'], ['D03.633.100.473'], ['E05.318.740.998.650', 'N05.715.360.750.795.650', 'N06.850.520.830.998.650'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.510', 'C04.557.580.625.650.510', 'C04.557.665.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G05.365.590'], ['D02.092.570.665'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.842.374', 'D12.644.360.400.842.374', 'D12.776.476.400.842.437', 'D12.776.624.664.700.204.200'], ['D02.065.884', 'D02.886.590.700'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['D02.065.884.919', 'D02.886.590.700.919', 'D03.633.100.473.936']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Primary hepatic carcinoid with production of gastrin: a case report.

A case of small primary hepatic carcinoid is reported. The tumor was solid, and lower in echogenicity than the hepatic parenchyma on ultrasonography. It was homogeneously stained on enhanced computed tomography, and showed tumor blush without malignant neovascularity on hepatic arteriography. The tumor removed was 2.0 cm in diameter with histological characteristics of foregut carcinoid, and many of the tumor cells were positive for gastrin. The tumor was not entirely encapsulated and protruded into the portal vein, suggesting its invasive and metastatic potency.

['Adult', 'Carcinoid Tumor', 'Diagnostic Imaging', 'Female', 'Gastrins', 'Humans', 'Liver', 'Liver Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.200', 'C04.557.470.200.025.200', 'C04.557.580.625.650.200'], ['E01.370.350'], ['D06.472.317.413', 'D06.472.699.280', 'D12.644.400.320', 'D12.644.548.280', 'D12.776.631.650.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A03.620'], ['C04.588.274.623', 'C06.301.623', 'C06.552.697']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Sensory input enhances synaptogenesis of adult-born neurons.

The adult mammalian brain maintains a prominent stem cell niche in the subventricular zone supplying new neurons to the olfactory bulb. We examined the dynamics of synaptogenesis by imaging the formation and elimination of clusters of a postsynaptic marker (PSD95), genetically targeted to adult-born neurons. We imaged in vivo adult-born periglomerular neurons (PGNs) during two phases of development, immaturity and maturity. Immature PGNs showed high levels of PSD95 puncta dynamics during 12-72 h intervals. Mature PGNs were more stable compared with immature PGNs but still remained dynamic, suggesting that synaptogenesis persists long after these neurons integrated into the network. By combining intrinsic signal and two photon imaging we followed PSD95 puncta in sensory enriched glomeruli. Sensory input upregulated the development of adult-born PGNs only in enriched glomeruli. Our data provide evidence for an activity-based mechanism that enhances synaptogenesis of adult-born PGNs during their initial phases of development.

['Adult Stem Cells', 'Animals', 'Brain', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Dendrites', 'Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein', 'Green Fluorescent Proteins', 'Guanylate Kinases', 'Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins', 'Membrane Proteins', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Mice, Transgenic', 'Microscopy, Confocal', 'Microscopy, Electron, Transmission', 'Nerve Tissue Proteins', 'Receptors, Odorant', 'Sensory Receptor Cells', 'Synapses', 'Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2']

[['A11.872.040'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['G04.152'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['A08.675.256', 'A11.284.180.225', 'A11.671.240'], ['D08.811.913.696.650.450.750', 'D12.644.360.265', 'D12.776.476.265', 'D12.776.543.219', 'D12.776.631.224'], ['D12.776.532.265'], ['D08.811.913.696.650.450'], ['D12.644.360', 'D12.776.476'], ['D12.776.543'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.338', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.338'], ['B01.050.050.136.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800'], ['E01.370.350.515.395', 'E05.595.395'], ['E01.370.350.515.402.580', 'E05.595.402.580'], ['D12.776.631'], ['D12.776.543.750.695.600'], ['A08.675.650.915', 'A08.800.950', 'A11.671.650.915'], ['A08.850', 'A11.284.149.165.420.780'], ['D12.776.157.530.450.162.887.625.750', 'D12.776.157.530.562.750.625.750', 'D12.776.543.585.450.162.887.625.750', 'D12.776.543.585.562.750.625.750']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

[Calcium intake and osteoporosis].

It has been well known that calcium (Ca) deficiency is a major risk factor for osteoporosis. However, few reliable evidences were available regarding the beneficial effect of increased dietary Ca in osteoporosis. Meta-analysis of the recently reported randomized clinical trials revealed that the beneficial effect of increased dietary Ca on BMD and/or fracture prevention was very small, if any.

['Calcium, Dietary', 'Fractures, Bone', 'Humans', 'Osteoporosis', 'Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic']

[['D01.146.395'], ['C26.404'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C05.116.198.579', 'C18.452.104.579'], ['E05.318.372.250.250.365.500', 'N05.715.360.330.250.250.365.500', 'N06.850.520.450.250.250.365.500']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Pond4Kids - an multi-site online Pediatric Oncology Research Database for collaborative protocol research.

Abstract: The Pediatric Oncology Networked Database (POND4Kids) is an online, multilingual database for pediatric hematology/oncology patients. Its purpose is to improve the care of pediatric oncology patients in countries with limited resources by the exchange of information and experience between oncologists in diverse geographic regions who practice in a similar medical environment.

['Child', 'Cooperative Behavior', 'Databases, Factual', 'Humans', 'Medical Oncology', 'Medical Records Systems, Computerized', 'Online Systems', 'Pediatrics', 'Systems Integration']

[['M01.060.406'], ['F01.145.813.115'], ['L01.313.500.750.300.188.400', 'L01.470.750.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['H02.403.429.515'], ['E05.318.308.940.968.625', 'L01.313.500.750.300.695', 'N04.452.859.564.650', 'N05.715.360.300.715.500.530', 'N06.850.520.308.940.968.625'], ['L01.313.500.750.300.742'], ['H02.403.670'], ['H01.770.787', 'L01.906.787']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Reactions of papain and of low-molecular-weight thiols with some aromatic disulphides. 2,2'-Dipyridyl disulphide as a convenient active-site titrant for papain even in the presence of other thiols.

1. The u.v.-spectral characteristics of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs(2)), 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide (2-Py-S-S-2-Py), 4,4'-dipyridyl disulphide (4-Py-S-S-4-Py), 5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzoic acid (Nbs), 2-thiopyridone (Py-2-SH) and 4-thiopyridone (Py-4-SH) were determined over a wide range of pH and used to calculate their acid dissociation constants. 2. The reactions of l-cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol and papain with the above-mentioned disulphides were investigated spectrophotometrically in the pH range 2.5-8.5. 3. Under the conditions of concentration used in this study the reactions of both low-molecular-weight thiols with all three disulphides resulted in the stoicheiometric release of the thiol or thione fragments Nbs, Py-2-SH and Py-4-SH at all pH values. The rates of these reactions are considerably faster at pH8 than at pH4, which suggests that the predominant reaction pathway in approximately neutral media is nucleophilic attack of the thiolate ion on the unprotonated disulphide. 4. The reaction of papain with Nbs(2) is markedly reversible in the acid region, and the pH-dependence of the equilibrium constant for this system in the pH range 5-8 at 25 degrees C and I=0.1 is described by: [Formula: see text] 5. Papain reacts with both 2-Py-S-S-2-Py and 4-Py-S-S-4-Py in the pH range 2.5-8.5 to provide release of the thione fragments, stoicheiometric with the thiol content of the enzyme. 6. Whereas the ratios of the second-order rate constant for the reaction at pH4 to that at pH8 for the cysteine-2-Py-S-S-2-Py reaction (k(pH4)/k(pH8)=0.015) and for the papain-4-Py-S-S-4-Py reaction (k(pH4)/k(pH8)=0.06) are less than 1, that for the papain-2-Py-S-S-2-Py reaction is greater than 1 (k(pH4)/k(pH8)=15). 7. This high reactivity of papain has been shown to involve reaction of the thiol group of cysteine-25, the enzyme's only cysteine residue, which is part of its catalytic site. 8. That this rapid and stoicheiometric reaction of the thiol group of native papain is not shown either by low-molecular-weight thiols or by the thiol group of papain after its active conformation has been destroyed by acid or heat denaturation, strongly commends 2-Py-S-S-2-Py as one of the most useful papain active-site titrants discovered to date. This reagent has been shown to allow accurate titration of papain active sites in the presence of up to 10-fold molar excess of l-cysteine and up to 100-fold molar excess of 2-mercaptoethanol.

['Benzoates', 'Binding Sites', 'Cysteine', 'Disulfides', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Kinetics', 'Mathematics', 'Mercaptoethanol', 'Molecular Weight', 'Nitro Compounds', 'Papain', 'Protein Binding', 'Pyridines', 'Pyridones', 'Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet', 'Structure-Activity Relationship', 'Time Factors']

[['D02.241.223.100', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127'], ['G02.111.570.120'], ['D02.886.030.230', 'D02.886.489.155', 'D12.125.154.299', 'D12.125.166.230'], ['D01.248.497.158.874.390', 'D01.875.350.850.150', 'D02.886.520.150'], ['G02.300'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['H01.548'], ['D02.033.375.534', 'D02.886.489.409'], ['G02.494'], ['D02.640'], ['D08.811.277.656.262.500.585', 'D08.811.277.656.300.200.585'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['D03.383.725'], ['D03.383.725.791'], ['E05.196.712.726.802', 'E05.196.867.826.802'], ['G02.111.830', 'G07.690.773.997'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Supramolecular dioxygen receptors composed of an anionic water-soluble porphinatoiron(II) and cyclodextrin dimers.

Three types of per-O-methylated â-cyclodextrin dimers, Im2CD, Im3NHCD and Py3NHCD, were prepared as globin models. Im2CD was synthesized by the condensation reaction of mono(2(A)-amino)-per-O-methylated â-cyclodextrin with 3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)pentanedioic acid. Im3NHCD and Py3NHCD were obtained through the S(N)2 reactions of mono(2(A),3(A)-epoxy)-per-O-methylated â-cyclodextrin with 3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)pentane-1,5-diamine and 3,5-bis(aminomethyl)pyridine, respectively. These cyclodextrin dimers formed 1:1 supramolecular inclusion complexes of tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphinatoiron(II) (Fe(II)TPPS) in aqueous solution. The supramolecular complexes bound dioxygen (O(2)), with the O(2) affinity of the Fe(II)TPPS/Im3NHCD complex (P(1/2)(O2) = 1.5 ± 0.1 Torr) being much higher than those of the Fe(II)TPPS/Im2CD (36 ± 2 Torr) and Fe(II)TPPS/Py3NHCD complexes (70 ± 5 Torr). On the basis of the results of the present study and previous results, it is concluded that the imidazole axial ligand at the linker attached at the 3- and 3'-positions of the cyclodextrin units causes higher O(2) affinity as compared with the imidazole ligand at the 2- and 2'-positions and the pyridine ligand at the 2,2'- or 3,3'-positions. The electron donating ability and orientation of the axial ligand may control the O(2) affinity of a supramolecular receptor.

['Coordination Complexes', 'Crystallography, X-Ray', 'Cyclodextrins', 'Dimerization', 'Hemeproteins', 'Imidazoles', 'Ligands', 'Metalloporphyrins', 'Models, Molecular', 'Molecular Structure', 'Oxidation-Reduction', 'Oxygen', 'Pyridines', 'Solubility', 'Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet', 'Water']

[['D01.234', 'D02.257'], ['E05.196.309.742.225'], ['D04.345.103', 'D09.301.915.400.375', 'D09.698.365.855.400.375'], ['G02.206', 'G03.230'], ['D12.776.422'], ['D03.383.129.308'], ['D27.720.470.480'], ['D02.257.250', 'D03.383.129.578.840.500.640', 'D03.633.400.909.500.640', 'D04.345.783.500.640', 'D23.767.727.640'], ['E05.599.595'], ['G02.111.570', 'G02.466'], ['G02.700', 'G03.295.531'], ['D01.268.185.550', 'D01.362.670'], ['D03.383.725'], ['G02.805'], ['E05.196.712.726.802', 'E05.196.867.826.802'], ['D01.045.250.875', 'D01.248.497.158.459.650', 'D01.650.550.925']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Inhibition of CCl4 metabolism by oxygen varies between isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450.

Oxygen inhibition of CCl4 metabolism by different isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 was assessed by studying liver microsomes isolated from control rats and rats treated with phenobarbital or isoniazid. Rates of CCl4 metabolism were similar for all microsomes under a nitrogen atmosphere. An air atmosphere inhibited metabolism by microsomes from control rats to 12% of the value under nitrogen and metabolism by microsomes from rats treated with phenobarbital to 5%. It inhibited metabolism by microsomes from rats treated with isoniazid only to 32%. Rats treated with phenobarbital, which increases hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, or isoniazid, which does not increase hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, both metabolized more CCl4 than control rats as indicated by exhalation of greater quantities of CCl4 metabolites and by an increase in CCl4 toxicity. These results indicate that some isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 are more effective than others in metabolizing CCl4 when oxygen is present.

['Animals', 'Carbon Tetrachloride', 'Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning', 'Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System', 'Isoenzymes', 'Isoniazid', 'Male', 'Microsomes, Liver', 'Oxygen', 'Phenobarbital', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains']

[['B01.050'], ['D02.455.526.439.150'], ['C25.723.177'], ['D08.244.453', 'D08.811.682.690.708.170', 'D12.776.422.220.453'], ['D08.811.348', 'D12.776.800.300'], ['D02.442.436', 'D03.066.349.410', 'D03.383.725.394.582'], ['A11.284.835.540.541'], ['D01.268.185.550', 'D01.362.670'], ['D03.383.742.698.253.650'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition events during human embryonic stem cell differentiation.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs during embryonic development and may also be associated with the metastatic spread of epithelial tumors. During EMT, E-cadherin is down-regulated and this correlates with increased motility and invasion of cells. We show that differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) cells in monolayer culture is associated with an E- to N-cadherin switch, increased vimentin expression, up-regulation of E-cadherin repressor molecules (Snail and Slug proteins), and increased gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinases; MMP-2 and MMP-9) activity and cellular motility, all characteristic EMT events. The 5T4 oncofetal antigen, previously shown to be associated with early human ES cell differentiation, is also part of this process. Abrogation of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact in undifferentiated ES cells using neutralizing antibody (nAb) SHE78.7 resulted in increased cellular motility, altered actin cytoskeleton arrangement and a mesenchymal phenotype together with presentation of the 5T4 antigen at the cell surface. nAb-treated ES cells remained in an undifferentiated state, as assessed by OCT-4 protein expression, and did not express EMT-associated transcripts. Removal of nAb from ES cells resulted in the restoration of cell-cell contact, absence of cell surface 5T4, decreased mesenchymal cellular morphology and motility, and enabled the differentiation of the cells to the three germ layers upon their removal from the fibroblast feeder layer. We conclude that E-cadherin functions in human ES cells to stabilize the cortical actin cyoskeletal arrangement and this prevents cell surface localization of the 5T4 antigen. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a useful model system with which to study EMT events relevant to embryonic development and tumor cell metastasis.

['Actins', 'Blotting, Western', 'Cadherins', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Movement', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cytoskeleton', 'Embryonic Stem Cells', 'Epithelium', 'Humans', 'Matrix Metalloproteinases', 'Membrane Glycoproteins', 'Mesoderm', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Snail Family Transcription Factors', 'Transcription Factors', 'Vimentin']

[['D05.750.078.730.250', 'D12.776.210.500.100', 'D12.776.220.525.255'], ['E05.196.401.143', 'E05.301.300.096', 'E05.478.566.320.200', 'E05.601.262', 'E05.601.470.320.200'], ['D12.776.395.550.200.200', 'D12.776.543.550.200.200', 'D23.050.301.350.200'], ['G04.152'], ['G04.198', 'G07.568.500.180'], ['A11.251'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.750'], ['A11.872.700.250'], ['A10.272'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.480.525', 'D08.811.277.656.675.374.525'], ['D12.776.395.550', 'D12.776.543.550'], ['A16.504.660'], ['E05.393.620.500.725'], ['D12.776.930.815'], ['D12.776.930'], ['D05.750.078.593.900', 'D12.776.220.475.900']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

Solid-phase extraction of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine from serum with gas chromatography-electron-capture detection.

A rapid, selective, and sensitive method is described for the purification and analysis of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine using a solid-phase extraction column and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. Linear quantitative response curves for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are generated over a concentration range of 20-200 ng/ml. Overall extraction efficiency of the extraction procedure is found to be greater than 90% and greater than 75% with correlation coefficients of 0.997 and 0.993 for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, respectively.

['Chromatography, Gas', 'Fluoxetine', 'Humans']

[['E05.196.181.349'], ['D02.092.831.280'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Ultrasonographic measurement of endometrial thickness during hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.

The objective of this study was to measure endometrial thickness by transvaginal ultrasonography during two regimens of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women and to compare these data with endometrial histology. Transvaginal ultrasonographic evaluation of endometrial thickness and endometrial biopsy were performed in 80 postmenopausal women before and after 6 months of HRT (between the 24th and the 28th day of the cycle). The group was randomized so that 40 women (Group A) were treated with a continuous sequential regimen consisting of 5 micrograms/day of estradiol continuously and 5 mg/day of medrogestone from the 17th to the 28th day of the cycle; and 40 women (Group B) were given continuous administration of 50 micrograms/day estradiol and 5 mg/day medrogestone. Prior to therapy, there was no significant difference in mean endometrial thickness between the groups. After 6 months of therapy, endometrial thickness was significantly increased in comparison with basal values in both groups. The mean value was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Group A (8.5 +/- 3.7 mm) than in Group B (3.6 +/- 1.3 mm). In Group A, endometrial thickness was < or = 4 mm in 16.7% of patients and < or = 8 mm in 69.5% of patients. In Group B, 91% of patients had an endometrium of < or = 4 mm. In both groups, the thickness of the atrophic endometrium was less than that of the other histological types of endometrium (4.1 +/- 0.3 mm for Group A and 3.5 +/- 1.2 mm for Group B). In Group A, the difference in mean endometrial thickness between the proliferative and secretory endometrium was not statistically significant. In both groups, the transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of endometrial thickness of < or = 4 mm had a high sensitivity for detecting atrophic endometrium (83.3% for Group A and 93.7% for Group B).

['Biopsy, Needle', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Drug Administration Schedule', 'Endometrium', 'Estradiol', 'Estrogen Replacement Therapy', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Medrogestone', 'Middle Aged', 'Postmenopause', 'Progesterone Congeners', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'Ultrasonography', 'Vagina']

[['E01.370.225.500.384.100.119', 'E01.370.225.998.054.119', 'E01.370.388.100.100', 'E04.074.119', 'E04.665.100', 'E05.200.500.384.100.119', 'E05.200.998.054.119', 'E05.242.384.100.119'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['E02.319.283'], ['A05.360.319.679.490'], ['D04.210.500.365.415.248', 'D06.472.334.851.437.500'], ['E02.319.452.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.481'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G08.686.157.500.625', 'G08.686.841.249.500.625'], ['D06.472.334.851.687'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872'], ['E01.370.350.850'], ['A05.360.319.779']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]']

Synthesis and biological evaluation of trehalose analogs as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis.

Analogs of trehalose are reported that were designed to interfere with mycolylation pathways in the mycobacterial cell wall. Several derivatives of 6,6'-dideoxytrehalose, including N,N'-dialkylamino and 6,6'-bis(sulfonamido) analogs, were prepared and evaluated for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Ra and a panel of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium. 6,6'-Diaminotrehalose and its diazido precursor were both inactive, but significant activity apparently related to aliphatic chain length was found among the sulfonamides, N-alkylamines, and one of the amidines.

['Antitubercular Agents', 'Cell Wall', 'Cord Factors', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis', 'Sulfonamides']

[['D27.505.954.122.085.255'], ['A11.284.183'], ['D10.390.240', 'D23.946.123.208'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['B03.510.024.962.500.702', 'B03.510.460.400.410.552.552.702'], ['D02.065.884', 'D02.886.590.700']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Collagen polymorphism in the normal and diseased blood vessel wall. Investigation of collagens types I, III and V.

Estimation of collagens types I and III in pepsin digests and by analysis of specific cyanogen-bromide derived peptides by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, has indicated that both the undiseased human aortic media and the atherosclerotic plaque of the diseased intima contain more type I collagen than type III. There was only a relatively small shift in composition in favour of type I collagen in the diseased compared to the undiseased tissue. Diffusely thickened intima was similar in composition to the atherosclerotic plaque. These results suggest that both atherogenesis and diffuse intimal thickening may involve primarily smooth muscle cell hyperplasia with increased overall collagen production but little alteration in cell phenotype as regards the relative proportions of the individual collagens produced. They do not support the contention that atherosclerosis involves a 'transformation' of smooth muscle cells to fibroblast in type, whereby a major switch in synthesis occurs from largely type III collagen to mainly type I in disease. Type V collagen(s) containing both alpha A- and alpha B-chains has been detected throughout the vessel wall in diffusely thickened intima, media and adventitia, as well as in the plaque where, in the latter case, a marked enrichment relative to interstitial collagens was noted. This is presumed to reflect the relatively cellular nature of the atherosclerotic lesion. The alpha C-chain of type V collagen was detected in porcine but not human aorta.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Animals', 'Aorta', 'Arteriosclerosis', 'Collagen', 'Cyanogen Bromide', 'Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Swine']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['B01.050'], ['A07.015.114.056'], ['C14.907.137.126'], ['D05.750.078.280', 'D12.776.860.300.250'], ['D01.139.300.050.100', 'D01.625.175'], ['E05.196.401.402', 'E05.301.300.319'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.880']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Growing and developing Dictyostelium cells express different ras genes.

The expression of ras-related protein in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is developmentally regulated. It was previously reported that Dictyostelium possesses a single ras gene (Ddras) that is maximally expressed during the pseudoplasmodial stage of development. We have isolated a series of cDNA clones derived from a second ras gene, DdrasG. It encodes a protein that is very similar to the protein encoded by Ddras, but in contrast to Ddras, DdrasG is only expressed during growth and early development. Although other eukaryotic organisms possess more than one ras gene, Dictyostelium is thus far unique in expressing different ras genes at different stages of development. In Dictyostelium the two ras proteins may fulfill different functions, with the DdrasG protein playing a role during cell growth and the Ddras protein playing a role in signal transduction during multicellular development.

['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Base Sequence', 'Cloning, Molecular', 'Dictyostelium', 'Fungal Proteins', 'Genes', 'Genes, Fungal', 'Genes, ras', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Restriction Mapping', 'Transcription, Genetic', 'ras Proteins']

[['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['E05.393.220'], ['B01.046.550.200.300'], ['D12.776.354'], ['G05.360.340.024.340'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.364.500', 'G05.360.340.358.024.500', 'G05.360.340.358.365.500'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.375.500.791.550'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['E05.393.183.620.650', 'E05.393.712'], ['G02.111.873', 'G05.297.700'], ['D08.811.277.040.330.300.400.500', 'D12.644.360.525.500', 'D12.776.157.325.515.500', 'D12.776.476.525.500']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

[Hepatitis B prevention measures in chronic kidney disease patients].

Hepatitis B virus infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients on dialysis, that are a target for vaccination. However, due to the poor immunogenicity of all types of vaccines in dialysis patients the collaboration between general practitioners, nephrologists and vaccination centers is essential to introduce the best preventive measures and to identify and immunize patients with chronic kidney disease before they enter dialysis.

['Hepatitis B', 'Humans', 'Renal Dialysis', 'Renal Insufficiency, Chronic']

[['C01.221.250.500', 'C01.925.256.430.400', 'C01.925.440.435', 'C06.552.380.705.437'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.870.300', 'E02.912.800'], ['C12.777.419.780.750', 'C13.351.968.419.780.750']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Interhospital transfers by helicopter: the first 50 patients of the Careflight project.

An interhospital helicopter transfer service was set up using a dedicated helicopter fitted with medical equipment and staffed by anaesthetists. The system proved to be safe and practical. Fifty patients were referred from 38 hospitals throughout the UK, with 84% of transfers preplanned. Patients were transferred a mean distance of 118 miles (range 35-397 miles) and there was no deterioration during transfer as measured by pre and post transfer sickness scores. Twenty-eight per cent of cases could not have been practically transferred by conventional means. The death rate of 20% was lower than that reported for specially equipped and staffed land transfer systems, which may indicate less physiological deterioration in the critically ill compared to road transfer. Dedicated helicopter transfer resulted in a 50% survival rate in patients with a sickness score over 18, a group found not to survive after land transfer. There was no correlation between distance moved and outcome. A helicopter transfer system using suitable equipment and staff is a practical and safe method of moving critically ill patients between hospitals, and may be preferable to land transfer for distances in excess of 25 miles.

['Aircraft', 'Critical Illness', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Patient Transfer', 'Time Factors', 'Transportation of Patients', 'United Kingdom']

[['J01.937.285.100'], ['C23.550.291.625'], ['E02.760.400', 'N02.421.585.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.760.169.624', 'E02.760.400.630', 'N02.421.585.169.624', 'N02.421.585.400.630', 'N04.590.233.727.210.624'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E02.365.839', 'N02.421.297.879'], ['Z01.542.363']]

['Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Variations of the circadian rhythm of cAMP in bronchial asthma after administration of fenoterol.

In the study of the physiology and therapeutic response of bronchial asthma the evaluation of adrenergic activity is of fundamental importance. References in the literature indicate a reduction of the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in asthmatic patients, as well as a reduction in the response to beta-adrenergic stimulants. This work intends to expose the possible effects of the prolonged administration of beta-stimulants (as employed in bronchial asthma therapy) on the levels of circulating cyclic nucleotides. From another perspective, we wish to relate the clinical improvement after beta-adrenergic therapy and the levels of cyclic AMP. Ten patients suffering from bronchial asthma were selected for the study, and cyclic AMP levels were determined at different hours during the day (in order to evaluate its circadian rhythm), before and after treatment with 5 mg of Fenoterol (beta-stimulant), three times a day during 20 days. The results showed a statistically significant (p less than 0.002) reduction in the levels of cyclic AMP in the asthmatics. An increase in circulating cyclic AMP was observed after treatment, remaining high throughout the day, and differing from pre-treatment levels by 4.9 p.Moles after 9 hours to 2 p.Moles 13 hours after initiation of treatment. Prolonged administration of Fenoterol modifies the circadian rhythm of cyclic AMP, causing an increase in its circulating levels. The magnitude of this increase is of less amplitude than the one observed after the administration of a single dose of Fenoterol and immediate determination.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Asthma', 'Circadian Rhythm', 'Cyclic AMP', 'Ethanolamines', 'Female', 'Fenoterol', 'Humans', 'Male']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['C08.127.108', 'C08.381.495.108', 'C08.674.095', 'C20.543.480.680.095'], ['G07.180.562.190'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.395', 'D13.695.462.200', 'D13.695.667.138.395', 'D13.695.827.068.395'], ['D02.033.100.291', 'D02.033.375.291', 'D02.092.063.291'], ['D02.033.100.291.465.300', 'D02.092.063.291.465.300', 'D02.092.311.660.300', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.660.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Stability of diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the 1-year temporal stability of a National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) lifetime diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study.METHOD: In that study, 20,862 individuals, aged 18 years and over, at five sites were evaluated by lay interviewers using the DIS (wave 1). All of those who were available 12 months later were reinterviewed (wave 2). In the present study, the temporal stability of wave 1 obsessive-compulsive disorder diagnoses at wave 2 was examined, as well as relationships with comorbid diagnoses. The consistency of reports of "new-onset" illness was also examined. Factors contributing to these measures were evaluated.RESULTS: The temporal stability of the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder was very low. Subjects with a stable diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder had a higher rate of both obsessions and compulsions, an earlier age at onset, and more comorbid anxiety, affective, and alcohol abuse/dependence disorders at initial assessment. The originally reported 1-year incidence estimates for obsessive-compulsive disorder primarily reflect data from subjects at wave 2 who reported the onset of symptoms as preceding the wave 1 interview. Older and less-educated subjects had significantly higher error rates in reporting onset.CONCLUSIONS: The DIS diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder has poor validity, leaving the true incidence and prevalence of the disorder unknown. Older and less-educated subjects require special attention in the design of instruments for use with community samples.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Age Factors', 'Age of Onset', 'Catchment Area, Health', 'Comorbidity', 'Confidence Intervals', 'Data Collection', 'Educational Status', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Incidence', 'Male', 'Mental Disorders', 'National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)', 'Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder', 'Odds Ratio', 'Prevalence', 'Psychiatric Status Rating Scales', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'United States']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['N05.715.350.075.100', 'N06.850.490.250.100'], ['N01.224.791.200', 'N03.349.650.095', 'N06.850.505.400.800.200'], ['N05.715.350.225', 'N06.850.490.687'], ['E05.318.740.275', 'N05.715.360.750.220', 'N06.850.520.830.275'], ['E05.318.308', 'L01.399.250', 'N05.715.360.300', 'N06.850.520.308'], ['N01.824.196'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['F03'], ['I01.409.418.750.600.650.496.460', 'N03.540.052.750.460', 'N03.540.348.500.500.600.650.496.460'], ['F03.080.600'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750'], ['F04.711.513.653'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Corticosteroid-induced leukocytosis in pregnancy: A prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: In the course of managing preterm labour, increasing trends of total white cell count raises concern for the obstetrician, suggesting a possible underlying infectious aetiology. Although mild leukocytosis is expected in pregnancy, the patterns of increment after corticosteroid administration are not well described beyond animal models and in a small number of human studies.METHODS: Seventy-three consecutive patients who required antenatal corticosteroids for either preterm labour or prelabour caesarean section were recruited and given a standard course of 12mg dexamethasone phosphate, twelve hours apart. Venous blood samples were taken before administration, at six hours and 36 hours after the first dose of dexamethasone.RESULTS: The total white count trend was 10.31±2.62 at baseline, 11.44±3.05 at six hours and 12.20±3.49 at 36 hours. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was 3.60±1.31, 8.73±3.63 and 3.24±1.49 respectively, reflecting relative neutrophilia and lymphopenia which normalised by 36 hours.CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous studies, we found only a slight increment in total white cell count of about 10%. The marginal changes described in our study would not normally raise any clinical concern, although vigilance should be exercised if higher levels were observed.

['Adult', 'Dexamethasone', 'Female', 'Glucocorticoids', 'Humans', 'Leukocytosis', 'Obstetric Labor, Premature', 'Pregnancy', 'Prospective Studies', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.769.344', 'D04.210.500.908.238'], ['D06.472.040.543', 'D27.505.696.399.472.488'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C15.378.553.475', 'C23.550.526'], ['C13.703.420.491'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Profiling hospitals for length of stay for treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Managed behavioral health care organizations (MBHOs) often profile hospitals on length of stay (LOS) and other performance measures. However, previous research has suggested that most of the variation in utilization for general medical conditions is attributable to case-mix indicators and random sources rather than individual providers. Hospital discharge data are used to estimate hierarchical linear models, where hospitals and physicians within hospitals are treated as a random effect. The goal was to determine the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for psychiatric LOS for hospitals and for physicians before and after making case-mix adjustments. After controlling for case-mix, the hospital ICCs for depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder show that 32%, 36%, and 11% of the variation in LOS, respectively, can be attributed to hospitals, while 7%, 5%, and 6% of the variation in LOS, respectively, can be attributed to physicians or provider practice. Unlike health services for other conditions, the variation in LOS for inpatient psychiatric treatment of depression and schizophrenia is quite dependent upon hospitals.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Bipolar Disorder', 'Depressive Disorder', 'Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry)', 'Diagnosis-Related Groups', 'Female', 'Hospitals, Psychiatric', 'Humans', 'Length of Stay', 'Male', 'Managed Care Programs', 'Middle Aged', 'Pennsylvania', 'Schizophrenia', 'Substance-Related Disorders']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['F03.084.500'], ['F03.600.300'], ['E01.190'], ['N03.219.521.710.305.200.080'], ['N02.278.421.556.508'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.760.400.480', 'N02.421.585.400.480'], ['N03.219.521.576.343.800', 'N04.590.374.410'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['Z01.107.567.875.075.550', 'Z01.107.567.875.350.550', 'Z01.107.567.875.500.550'], ['F03.700.750'], ['C25.775', 'F03.900']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]']

Bypassing the rRNA processing endonucleolytic cleavage at site A2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Rrp5p is the only ribosomal RNA processing trans-acting factor that is required for the synthesis of both 18S and 5.8S rRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutational analyses have characterized modified forms of Rrp5p that either affect formation of 18S rRNA by inhibiting cleavage at sites A0/A1/A2, or synthesis of 5.8S rRNA by inhibiting cleavage at site A3. Here, we examine the rRNA maturation process associated with a RRP5 bipartite allele that codes for two noncontiguous parts of the protein. This slow-growing bipartite mutant has a unique rRNA-processing phenotype that proceeds without endonucleolytic cleavage at site A2. In wild-type cells, the A2 cleavage takes place on the 32S pre-rRNA and is responsible for the formation of 20S and 27SA2 species, the precursors of mature 18S and 5.8S/25S rRNAs, respectively. In the bipartite strain, such precursors were not detectable as judged by Northern analysis or in vivo labeling. They were replaced by the aberrant 21S species and the bypassing 27SA3 precursor, both descended from direct cleavage of 32S pre-rRNA at site A3, which provides an alternative rRNA maturation pathway in this strain. The 21S pre-rRNA is the sole detectable and most likely available precursor of 18S rRNA in this particular strain, indicating that 18S rRNA can be directly produced from 21S. Furthermore, 21S species were found associated with 43S preribosomal particles as similarly observed for the 20S pre-rRNA in the wild-type cells.

['Fungal Proteins', 'Nuclear Proteins', 'Operon', 'RNA Precursors', 'RNA, Fungal', 'RNA, Ribosomal, 18S', 'RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S', 'RNA-Binding Proteins', 'Ribosomes', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins']

[['D12.776.354'], ['D12.776.660'], ['G05.360.340.024.686', 'G05.360.340.358.207.500'], ['D13.400.730', 'D13.444.735.640'], ['D13.444.735.500'], ['D13.444.735.686.675'], ['D13.444.735.686.660'], ['D12.776.157.725', 'D12.776.664.962'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.875.811'], ['B01.300.107.795.785.800', 'B01.300.930.705.655'], ['D12.776.354.750']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

A common conformationally coupled ATPase mechanism for yeast and human cytoplasmic HSP90s.

The conformationally coupled mechanism by which ATP is utilized by yeast Hsp90 is now well characterized. In contrast, ATP utilization by human Hsp90s is less well studied, and appears to operate differently. To resolve these conflicting models, we have conducted a side-by-side biochemical analysis in a series of mutant yeast and human Hsp90s that have been both mechanistically and structurally characterized with regard to the crystal structure of the yeast Hsp90 protein. We show that each monomer of the human Hsp90 dimer is mutually dependent on the other for ATPase activity. Fluorescence studies confirmed that the N-terminal domains of Hsp90beta come into close association with each other. Mutations that directly affect the conformational dynamics of the ATP-lid segment had marked effects, with T31I (yeast T22I) and A116N (yeast A107N) stimulating, and T110I (yeast T101I) inhibiting, human and yeast ATPase activity to similar extents, showing that ATP-dependent lid closure is a key rate-determining step in both systems. Mutation of residues implicated in N-terminal dimerization of yeast Hsp90 (L15R and L18R in yeast, L24R and L27R in humans) significantly reduced the ATPase activity of yeast and human Hsp90s, showing that ATP-dependent association of the N-terminal domains in the Hsp90 dimer is also essential in both systems. Furthermore, cross-linking studies of the hyper-active yeast A107N and human A116N ATP-lid mutants showed enhanced dimerization, suggesting that N-terminal association is a direct consequence of ATP binding and lid closure in both systems.

['Adenosine Triphosphatases', 'Calorimetry', 'Cytoplasm', 'Dimerization', 'HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins', 'Humans', 'Kinetics', 'Models, Molecular', 'Mutagenesis', 'Protein Conformation', 'Recombinant Proteins', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins']

[['D08.811.277.040.025'], ['E05.196.131'], ['A11.284.430.214'], ['G02.206', 'G03.230'], ['D12.776.580.216.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['E05.599.595'], ['G05.558'], ['G02.111.570.820.709'], ['D12.776.828'], ['B01.300.107.795.785.800', 'B01.300.930.705.655'], ['D12.776.354.750']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

NOTCH2 is neither rearranged nor mutated in t(1;19) positive oligodendrogliomas.

The combined deletion of 1p and 19q chromosomal arms is frequent in oligodendrogliomas (OD) and has recently been shown to be mediated by an unbalanced t(1;19) translocation. Recent studies of 1p/19q co-deleted OD suggest that the NOTCH2 gene is implicated in oligodendrocyte differentiation and may be involved in this rearrangement. The objective of the present study was to analyze the NOTCH2 locus either as a chromosomal translocation locus that may be altered by the 1p/19q recurrent rearrangement or as a gene that may be inactivated by a two hit process. We performed an array-CGH analysis of 15 ODs presenting 1p/19q co-deletion using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray spanning 1p and 19q pericentromeric regions with 377 bp average probe spacing. We showed that the 1p deletion extends to the centromere of chromosome 1 and includes the entire NOTCH2 gene. No internal rearrangement of this gene was observed. This strongly suggests that the t(1;19) translocation does not lead to an abnormal NOTCH2 structure. The analysis of the entire NOTCH2 coding sequence was performed in four cases and did not reveal any mutation therefore indicating that NOTCH2 does not harbor genetic characteristics of a tumor suppressor gene. Finally, the detailed analysis of chromosome 19 pericentromeric region led to the identification of two breakpoint clusters at 19p12 and 19q11-12. Interestingly, these two regions share a large stretch of homology. Together with previous observations of similarities between chromosome 1 and 19 alphoid sequences, this suggests that the t(1;19) translocation arises from complex intra and interchromosomal rearrangements.This is the first comprehensive deletion mapping by high density oligo-array of the 1p/19q co-deletion in oligodendroglioma tumors using a methodological approach superior to others previously applied. As such this paper provides clear evidence that the NOTCH2 gene is not physically rearranged by t(1;19) translocation of oligodendroglioma tumors.

['Base Sequence', 'Brain Neoplasms', 'Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1', 'Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19', 'DNA Mutational Analysis', 'Gene Rearrangement', 'Humans', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Mutation', 'Oligodendroglioma', 'Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis', 'Receptor, Notch2', 'Translocation, Genetic']

[['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['C04.588.614.250.195', 'C10.228.140.211', 'C10.551.240.250'], ['A11.284.187.520.300.235.240', 'G05.360.162.520.300.235.240'], ['A11.284.187.520.300.460.465', 'G05.360.162.520.300.460.465'], ['E05.393.760.700.300'], ['G05.344'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G05.365.590'], ['C04.557.465.625.600.380.590', 'C04.557.470.670.380.590', 'C04.557.580.625.600.380.590'], ['E05.393.661.640', 'E05.393.760.640', 'E05.588.570.660', 'E05.601.640'], ['D12.776.543.750.725.750', 'D12.776.930.770.750'], ['C23.550.210.870', 'G05.365.590.175.870', 'G05.558.860']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

phs Locus of Escherichia coli, a mutation causing pleiotropic lesions in metabolism, is an rpoA allele.

The phs mutation, which causes a pleiotropic growth defect, has been mapped and shown to be an allele of rpoA, the gene for the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase. The mutation is shown to cause a transcription defect in the arabinose operon, araBAD.

['Alleles', 'Arabinose', 'Bacteriophage lambda', 'Chromosome Mapping', 'Chromosomes, Bacterial', 'Coliphages', 'DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases', 'Escherichia coli', 'Genes, Bacterial', 'Genetic Complementation Test', 'Lysogeny', 'Mutation', 'Operon', 'Phenotype', 'Transcription, Genetic', 'Transduction, Genetic']

[['G05.360.340.024.340.030'], ['D09.947.875.627.166'], ['B04.123.150.800.230', 'B04.123.205.230', 'B04.280.090.800.230'], ['E05.393.183'], ['A11.284.187.190', 'A20.812', 'G05.360.162.190'], ['B04.123.205'], ['D08.811.913.696.445.735.270'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.364.249', 'G05.360.340.358.024.249', 'G05.360.340.358.207.249'], ['E05.393.281.526'], ['G05.935.500', 'G06.920.877.500'], ['G05.365.590'], ['G05.360.340.024.686', 'G05.360.340.358.207.500'], ['G05.695'], ['G02.111.873', 'G05.297.700'], ['E05.393.350.800', 'G05.728.850']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Cholesterol homeostasis in T cells. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin treatment results in equal loss of cholesterol from Triton X-100 soluble and insoluble fractions.

Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD) is frequently used to acutely deplete cells of cholesterol. A widespread assumption is that MBCD preferentially targets cholesterol in lipid rafts and that sensitivity to MBCD is proof of lipid raft involvement in a cellular process. To analyse any MBCD preference systematically, progressive cholesterol depletion of Jurkat T cells was performed using MBCD and [3H]-cholesterol. It was found that at 37 degrees C, MBCD extracts similar proportions of cholesterol from the Triton X-100 resistant (lipid raft enriched) as it does from other cellular fractions and that the cells rapidly reestablish the relative differences in cholesterol concentration between different compartments. Moreover, cells restore the cholesterol level in the plasma membrane by mobilising cholesterol from intracellular cholesterol stores. Interestingly, mere incubation at 0 degrees C caused a loss of plasma membrane cholesterol with a concomitant increase in cholesteryl esters and adiposomes. Moreover, only 35% of total cholesterol could be extracted by MBCD at 0 degrees C and was accompanied by a complete loss of plasma membrane and endocytotic recycling centre filipin staining. This study clearly shows that MBCD does not specifically extract cholesterol from any cellular fraction, that cholesterol redistributes upon temperature changes and that intracellular cholesterol stores can be used to replenish plasma membrane cholesterol.

['Cell Compartmentation', 'Cholesterol', 'Homeostasis', 'Humans', 'Jurkat Cells', 'Octoxynol', 'Solubility', 'Surface-Active Agents', 'T-Lymphocytes', 'Temperature', 'beta-Cyclodextrins']

[['G04.128'], ['D04.210.500.247.222.284', 'D04.210.500.247.808.197', 'D10.570.938.208'], ['G07.410'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A11.251.210.190.495', 'A11.251.860.180.495', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.440'], ['D02.033.455.250.700.660', 'D05.750.741.610', 'D25.720.741.610', 'J01.637.051.720.741.610'], ['G02.805'], ['D27.720.877'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710'], ['D04.345.103.333', 'D09.301.915.400.375.333', 'D09.698.365.855.400.375.333']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]']

FUS-DDIT3 prevents the development of adipocytic precursors in liposarcoma by repressing PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha and activating eIF4E.

BACKGROUND: FUS-DDIT3 is a chimeric protein generated by the most common chromosomal translocation t(12;16)(q13;p11) linked to liposarcomas, which are characterized by the accumulation of early adipocytic precursors. Current studies indicate that FUS-DDIT3- liposarcoma develops from uncommitted progenitors. However, the precise mechanism whereby FUS-DDIT3 contributes to the differentiation arrest remains to be elucidated.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we have characterized the adipocyte regulatory protein network in liposarcomas of FUS-DITT3 transgenic mice and showed that PPARgamma2 and C/EBPalpha expression was altered. Consistent with in vivo data, FUS-DDIT3 MEFs and human liposarcoma cell lines showed a similar downregulation of both PPARgamma2 and C/EBPalpha expression. Complementation studies with PPARgamma but not C/EBPalpha rescued the differentiation block in committed adipocytic precursors expressing FUS-DDIT3. Our results further show that FUS-DDIT3 interferes with the control of initiation of translation by upregulation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF2 and eIF4E both in FUS-DDIT3 mice and human liposarcomas cell lines, explaining the shift towards the truncated p30 isoform of C/EBPalpha in liposarcomas. Suppression of the FUS-DDIT3 transgene did rescue this adipocyte differentiation block. Moreover, eIF4E was also strongly upregulated in normal adipose tissue of FUS-DDIT3 transgenic mice, suggesting that overexpression of eIF4E may be a primary event in the initiation of liposarcomas. Reporter assays showed FUS-DDIT3 is involved in the upregulation of eIF4E in liposarcomas and that both domains of the fusion protein are required for affecting eIF4E expression.CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, this study provides evidence of the molecular mechanisms involve in the disruption of normal adipocyte differentiation program in liposarcoma harbouring the chimeric gene FUS-DDIT3.

['Adipocytes', 'Animals', 'CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha', 'Cell Line', 'Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E', 'Humans', 'Liposarcoma', 'Mice', 'Mice, Transgenic', 'Mutant Chimeric Proteins', 'Oncogene Proteins, Fusion', 'PPAR gamma', 'Stem Cells', 'Up-Regulation']

[['A11.329.114'], ['B01.050'], ['D12.776.260.108.124.500', 'D12.776.660.167.500', 'D12.776.930.127.124.500'], ['A11.251.210'], ['D12.776.157.725.750.374', 'D12.776.835.725.868.500.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.557.450.550.420', 'C04.557.450.795.465'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800'], ['D12.776.602.500'], ['D12.776.602.500.500', 'D12.776.624.664.500'], ['D12.776.826.239.588'], ['A11.872'], ['G02.111.905', 'G05.308.850', 'G07.690.773.998']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Reported infections after human tissue transplantation before and after new Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, United States, 2001 through June, 2010.

Processors distributed about 1.5 million human tissue allografts in the U.S. in 2007. The potential for transmitting infections through allografts concerns clinicians and patients. In 2005, FDA implemented Current Good Tissue Practice (CGTP) rules requiring tissue establishments to report to FDA certain serious infections after allograft transplantations. We describe infection reports following tissue transplants received by FDA from 2005 through June, 2010, and compare reporting before and after implementation of CGTP rules. We identified reports received by FDA from January 2001 through June, 2010, for infections in human tissue recipients, examining the reports by tissue type, organism, time to onset, severity, and reporter characteristics. Among 562 reports, 83 (20.8/year) were received from 2001-2004, before the CGTP rules, 43 in the 2005 transition year, and 436 (96.9/year) from 2006 through June, 2010, after the rules. Tissue processors accounted for 84.2% of reports submitted after the rules, compared to 26.5% previously. Bacterial infections were the most commonly reported organisms before (64.6%) and after (62.2%) the new rules. Afterward, 2.5% (11) of reports described deaths, and 33.7% (147) involved hospitalizations. Before the rules, 13% (11) described deaths, and another 72% involved hospitalizations. Reports received by the FDA quadrupled since 2005, suggesting that CGTP regulations have contributed to increased reporting and improved tissue safety surveillance. However, these data do not confirm that the reported infections were caused by suspect tissues; most reports may represent routine post-surgical infections not actually due to allografts.

['Death', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Infections', 'Research Report', 'Social Control, Formal', 'Time Factors', 'Transplantation, Homologous', 'Transplants', 'United States', 'United States Food and Drug Administration']

[['C23.550.260'], ['E02.760.400', 'N02.421.585.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C01'], ['H01.770.644.864', 'L01.559.423.906.769'], ['I01.880.604', 'N03.706'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E04.936.864'], ['A01.941'], ['Z01.107.567.875'], ['I01.409.418.750.600.650.760', 'N03.540.348.500.500.600.650.760']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Nonviability of cells with oxidative defects in galactose medium: a screening test for affected patient fibroblasts.

Diagnosis of respiratory chain defects in cultured skin fibroblasts is a difficult diagnostic procedure. We investigated the feasibility of using survival of skin fibroblasts in culture medium with galactose as the major carbon source as a method of quickly diagnosing cell lines that were compromised in oxidative metabolism. We found that cells from patients with most forms of cytochrome oxidase deficiency, cells with complex I deficiency, cells with multiple respiratory chain defects and cells with severe pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex deficiency failed to survive when subcultured into galactose (5 mM) medium. Cells from patients with Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), myoclonus-epilepsy-lactic acidosis-stroke (MELAS), the hepatic form of cytochrome oxidase deficiency, and mild PDH complex deficiency survived well in galactose (5 mM)-containing medium. This could be used as a rapid screening test for skin fibroblasts with major oxidative defects.

['Cell Line', 'Cell Survival', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cytochrome-c Oxidase Deficiency', 'Fibroblasts', 'Galactose', 'Humans', 'Kearns-Sayre Syndrome', 'MELAS Syndrome', 'Mitochondria', 'Optic Atrophies, Hereditary', 'Pyruvate Decarboxylase', 'Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex', 'Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease', 'Skin']

[['A11.251.210'], ['G04.346'], ['A11.251'], ['C16.320.565.240', 'C18.452.660.195'], ['A11.329.228'], ['D09.947.875.359.377'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C05.651.460.700.500', 'C10.292.562.750.250.500', 'C10.597.622.447.511.500', 'C10.668.491.500.700.500', 'C11.590.472.250.500', 'C11.768.585.658.500.627', 'C14.280.238.510', 'C18.452.660.410', 'C18.452.660.560.700.500', 'C23.888.592.636.447.511.500'], ['C05.651.460.620.520', 'C10.228.140.163.100.535', 'C10.228.140.300.275.500', 'C10.668.491.500.500.500', 'C14.907.253.329.500', 'C16.320.565.189.535', 'C18.452.132.100.535', 'C18.452.648.189.535', 'C18.452.660.560.620.520'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.875.564', 'A11.284.835.626'], ['C10.292.700.225.500', 'C10.574.500.662', 'C11.270.564', 'C11.640.451.451', 'C16.320.290.564', 'C16.320.400.630'], ['D08.811.520.224.125.750'], ['D05.500.562.625', 'D08.811.600.741'], ['C10.228.140.163.100.750', 'C10.597.606.360.455.875', 'C16.320.322.500.875', 'C16.320.400.525.875', 'C16.320.565.189.750', 'C16.320.565.202.810.766', 'C18.452.132.100.750', 'C18.452.648.189.750', 'C18.452.648.202.810.766', 'C18.452.660.710'], ['A17.815']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Forensic dental and medical response to the Bali bombing. A personal perspective.

After the Bali bombing on 12 October 2002, once the survivors had been treated or evacuated, many dead, severely burned and fragmented bodies were left. Formal identification was required before any remains could be released to grieving families. Australia sent a team to assist the Indonesians in this daunting and disturbing task. The "disaster victim identification" process eventually confirmed 202 people as dead, including 88 Australians. Personal and professional relationships between the Indonesians and our team were important factors in our acceptance into the Indonesian emergency response.

['Australia', 'Forensic Dentistry', 'Forensic Medicine', 'Humans', 'Indonesia', 'International Cooperation', 'Terrorism']

[['Z01.639.100', 'Z01.678.100.373'], ['H02.163.285', 'I01.198.780.875'], ['H02.403.330', 'I01.198.780.937'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.252.145.380', 'Z01.639.580'], ['I01.615.500'], ['I01.198.240.856.800', 'I01.880.735.900.800']]

['Geographicals [Z]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]']

Prostaglandin accumulation by isolated uterine endometrical epithelial cells from six-day pregnant rabbits.

Endometrial epithelial cell plaques were enzymatically isolated from rabbit uteri 6 days after artificial insemination. These cells were judged viable by exclusion of [3H]mannitol, trypan blue and [57Co]EDTA, and contained receptors for the ligand, [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). The cell plaques were evaluated for their ability to accumulate prostaglandins (PGs) as a function of PG concentration and type (E2, F2 alpha), temperature, pH, incubation time and cell protein. The PG accumulation was unsaturable, thereby suggesting that the cells, as isolated, and under the conditions of these experiments, do not have identifiable PG receptors or detectable facilitated transport mechanisms. Cells preloaded with PG rapidly released PG after dilution into buffer containing either no or 50 microM unlabeled PG. We suggest that PGs can be accumulated, by endometrial epithelial cells, in the nonionized (nonelectrolyte) form which dissolves (partitions) into the lipid bilayer; the amount of PG accumulated could reflect environmental concentration (levels in the uterine secretions).

['Animals', 'Endometrium', 'Epithelium', 'Female', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy, Animal', 'Prostaglandins', 'Quinuclidinyl Benzilate', 'Rabbits', 'Temperature', 'Time Factors']

[['B01.050'], ['A05.360.319.679.490'], ['A10.272'], ['G02.300'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['G08.686.784.769.498'], ['D10.251.355.255.550', 'D23.469.050.175.725'], ['D02.241.223.601.238.306.740', 'D02.241.511.085.740', 'D03.605.687.800'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]']

A protease inhibitor, NCO-700, improves the contractile function in stunned canine myocardium.

To explore the role of calcium-dependent protease in the stunned myocardium, open-chest dogs underwent 15 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Dogs received a single bolus intravenous injection of either the protease inhibitor NCO-700 (n = 6) or saline (n = 6) 1 min before reperfusion followed by a 30-min infusion at the same dose. Regional myocardial function was assessed in terms of systolic wall thickening with an epicardial Doppler probe. The two groups exhibited comparable systolic thickening under baseline conditions and similar degrees of dyskinesis during occlusion. After reperfusion, recovery of contractile function, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value, was significantly greater in NCO-700-treated dogs as than in control dogs: -14.3 +/- 10.6 vs -48.9 +/- 7.2 (p < 0.05) at 15 min, 10.8 +/- 10.3 vs -31.1 +/- 9.0 (p < 0.05) at 30 min, 42.5 +/- 10.1 vs -16.4 +/- 9.1 (p < 0.005) at 1 h, and 47.5 +/- 8.3 vs -14.9 +/- 9.4 (p < 0.001) at 2 h. The data suggest that the protease inhibitor markedly improved contractile function in stunned myocardium by inhibiting intracellular protease activity.

['Animals', 'Dogs', 'Hemodynamics', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Myocardial Contraction', 'Myocardial Stunning', 'Piperazines', 'Protease Inhibitors']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['G09.330.380'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['G09.330.580', 'G11.427.494.570'], ['C14.280.671', 'C23.888.582'], ['D03.383.606'], ['D27.505.519.389.745']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors in an impulsive-aggressive phenotype.

In adult male hamsters, individual differences in offensive aggression are correlated with differences in impulsive choice and decreased serotonin (5-HT) innervation. As serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors participate in the inhibition of aggression, whereas 5-HT3 receptor activation facilitates aggression, the authors hypothesized that differences in their expression are associated with differences in behavior. The authors confirmed previous behavioral associations, using a delay-discounting paradigm with various delays, as high-aggression (H-Agg) hamsters preferred the immediate-reward lever over the delayed-reward lever under most delays, compared with low-aggression (L-Agg) hamsters. Although the authors observed a greater density of 5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity in H-Agg hamsters within several areas, it appears to be related to a lack of serotonin release, as supported by further observations of decreased immunoreactive perikarya and 5-HT1A receptors in fluoxetine-treated hamsters. Also, 5-HT3 receptor density was greater in H-Agg hamsters within select areas. The data indicate a convergence of impulsive and aggressive characteristics to one phenotype that is associated with various aspects of serotonin function, such as serotonin release and differential expression of 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors.

['Aggression', 'Analysis of Variance', 'Animals', 'Brain', 'Conditioning, Psychological', 'Cricetinae', 'Fluoxetine', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Impulsive Behavior', 'Male', 'Mesocricetus', 'Phenotype', 'Photomicrography', 'Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A', 'Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3', 'Reward', 'Serotonin', 'Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors', 'Time Factors']

[['F01.145.126.125', 'F01.145.813.045'], ['E05.318.740.150', 'N05.715.360.750.125', 'N06.850.520.830.150'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['F02.463.425.179'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.075.250'], ['D02.092.831.280'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['F01.145.527'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.075.250.500'], ['G05.695'], ['E01.370.350.515.799', 'E01.370.350.600.635', 'E05.595.799'], ['D12.776.543.750.670.800.100.100', 'D12.776.543.750.695.800.100.100', 'D12.776.543.750.720.850.100.100'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.400.100.700', 'D12.776.543.550.450.500.100.700', 'D12.776.543.585.400.500.100.700', 'D12.776.543.750.130.750', 'D12.776.543.750.670.800.300', 'D12.776.543.750.720.850.300'], ['F02.463.425.770.836'], ['D02.092.211.215.801.852', 'D03.633.100.473.914.814', 'D23.469.050.650'], ['D27.505.519.562.437.850', 'D27.505.519.625.600.850', 'D27.505.519.625.850.900', 'D27.505.696.577.600.850', 'D27.505.696.577.850.900'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

The regulation of miRNAs by reconstituted high-density lipoproteins in diabetes-impaired angiogenesis.

Diabetic vascular complications are associated with impaired ischaemia-driven angiogenesis. We recently found that reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) rescue diabetes-impaired angiogenesis. microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate angiogenesis and are transported within HDL to sites of injury/repair. The role of miRNAs in the rescue of diabetes-impaired angiogenesis by rHDL is unknown. Using a miRNA array, we found that rHDL inhibits hsa-miR-181c-5p expression in vitro and using a hsa-miR-181c-5p mimic and antimiR identify a novel anti-angiogenic role for miR-181c-5p. miRNA expression was tracked over time post-hindlimb ischaemic induction in diabetic mice. Early post-ischaemia when angiogenesis is important, rHDL suppressed hindlimb mmu-miR-181c-5p. mmu-miR-181c-5p was not detected in the plasma or within HDL, suggesting rHDL specifically targets mmu-miR-181c-5p at the ischaemic site. Three known angiogenic miRNAs (mmu-miR-223-3p, mmu-miR-27b-3p, mmu-miR-92a-3p) were elevated in the HDL fraction of diabetic rHDL-infused mice early post-ischaemia. This was accompanied by a decrease in plasma levels. Only mmu-miR-223-3p levels were elevated in the hindlimb 3 days post-ischaemia, indicating that rHDL regulates mmu-miR-223-3p in a time-dependent and site-specific manner. The early regulation of miRNAs, particularly miR-181c-5p, may underpin the rescue of diabetes-impaired angiogenesis by rHDL and has implications for the treatment of diabetes-related vascular complications.

['Animals', 'Cell Line', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental', 'Diabetic Angiopathies', 'Humans', 'Lipoproteins, HDL', 'Male', 'Mice', 'MicroRNAs', 'Neovascularization, Physiologic']

[['B01.050'], ['A11.251.210'], ['C18.452.394.750.074', 'C19.246.240', 'E05.598.500.374'], ['C14.907.320', 'C19.246.099.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D10.532.432', 'D12.776.521.479'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['D13.150.650.319', 'D13.444.735.150.319', 'D13.444.735.790.552.500'], ['G09.330.630']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Eccrine syringofibroadenomatosis in two patients with bullous pemphigoid.

A 67-year-old man and an 84-year-old woman developed palmoplantar erythema following resolution of bullous pemphigoid (BP). Clinical manifestations of the palmoplantar lesions in these 2 patients ranged from prominent, well-demarcated erythematous areas with focal erosions and fissures to mild erythema. On histological examination, the palmoplantar erythema in one patient showed thin reticular strands of proliferating cells which connected with the epidermis and extended into the dermis, interwinding and anastomosing irregularly. The second patient showed similar mild changes with duct-like luminal formations. These histological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of eccrine syringofibroadenoma (ESFA). We speculate that these lesions developed as a result of the underlying inflammatory process in BP and conclude that ESFA associated with an inflammatory condition should be considered a new category of ESFA.

['Actin Cytoskeleton', 'Adenoma, Sweat Gland', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Basement Membrane', 'Cell Division', 'Cell Nucleus', 'Cytoplasm', 'Desmosomes', 'Eccrine Glands', 'Epidermis', 'Erythema', 'Female', 'Fibroadenoma', 'Foot Diseases', 'Hand', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Microscopy, Electron', 'Microvilli', 'Pemphigoid, Bullous', 'Skin', 'Sweat Gland Neoplasms', 'Vacuoles']

[['A11.284.430.214.190.750.050'], ['C04.557.470.035.175', 'C04.557.470.550.175'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['A10.272.220', 'A10.615.179'], ['G04.144.220', 'G04.161.750.500', 'G05.113', 'G07.345.249.410.750.500'], ['A11.284.430.106', 'A11.284.430.214.190.875.117'], ['A11.284.430.214'], ['A11.284.149.165.420.297'], ['A10.336.899.480', 'A17.815.830.480'], ['A10.272.497', 'A17.815.250'], ['C17.800.229', 'C23.888.885.328'], ['C04.557.450.565.590.595.350', 'C04.557.470.625.350'], ['C05.360', 'C17.800.321'], ['A01.378.800.667'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.515.402', 'E05.595.402'], ['A11.284.180.565'], ['C17.800.865.690', 'C20.111.730'], ['A17.815'], ['C04.588.805.776', 'C17.800.882.743', 'C17.800.946.743'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.875.190.920']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

[Treatment of patients with arterial hypertension and other stroke risk factors in clinical practice. The PROGNOS program].

AIM: To analyse recent data on the treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) with other risk factors (RF) of cerebral stroke in the Russian Federation, assessment of effects of antihypertensive treatment with a combined drug Hyzaar on the risk of cardiovascular complications (including cerebral stroke), on affection of target organs and metabolic factors of atherosclerosis.MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 500 outpatients with primary AH and risk factors including the risk of stroke received Hyzaar (losartan 50/100 mg and hydrochlorthiaside 12.5/25 mg) for one year.RESULTS: More frequent RF in hypertensive patients are the following: high blood cholesterol (86.7%), left ventricular hypertrophy (53.2%), familial history of AH (74.2%). A combination of three and two RF occurs in 49.1 and 37% hypertensive patients, respectively. A 6-month treatment with Hyzaar lowered systolic blood pressure by 28.4 mm Hg and diastolic one by 15.4 mm Hg. The target blood pressure was achieved in 83.5%. Real clinical practice showed that administration of a target Hyzaar dose for 6 months leads to a 6.5% regress of left ventricular hypertrophy, an 11% decrease of total cholesterol, a 4% decrease of glucose and a 8.9% decrease of uric acid.CONCLUSION: A control of AH and correction of RF in hypertensive patients with a high RF of stroke and other cardiovascular complications is real in use of adequate antihypertensive therapy.

['Aged', 'Drug Combinations', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'Hypertension', 'Losartan', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Risk Factors', 'Stroke']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['D26.310'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D02.886.590.700.135.261.476', 'D02.886.655.500.261.476', 'D03.633.100.174.261.476'], ['C14.907.489'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.185.475', 'D03.383.129.308.507', 'D03.383.129.617.467'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['C10.228.140.300.775', 'C14.907.253.855']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Analysing eucalypt expansion in Portugal as a fire-regime modifier.

Eucalypts, especially blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus), have been extensively planted in Portugal and nowadays dominate most of its forest landscapes. Large-scale forestation programs can intensify fire activity, and blue gum plantations are often viewed as highly flammable due to the nature and structure of the fuel complex. The role of eucalypt plantations in the fire regime of Mediterranean climate regions is increasingly debated following the recent catastrophic wildfires in Portugal and elsewhere. In this study we examined the effects of eucalypt forestation on burned area (BA), fire size, and fire severity in Portugal. This was based on fire and vegetation mapping and statistics, fire weather data, satellite imagery, and national forest inventory data. Eucalypt BA comprised an average of 12.5% of total BA (1980-2017) and did not increase over time and with eucalypt expansion. Eucalypt metrics did not explain interannual BA variability after accounting for the effects of other variables. Forest fires started within eucalypt stands were the least likely to become large, and large fire size was irresponsive to forest composition. Likewise, forest type was a generally minor influence in mega-fire severity and accounted for just 1.4-8.6% of surface fuel-hazard metrics variation. In general, large-scale conversion of maritime pine to eucalypt stands (1970-2015) implied lower fuel accumulation. Fire activity results are consistent with fuel hazard results and express trade-offs between short-rotation forestry and fire behaviour in blue gum stands, with high spotting potential versus modest crown fire likelihood. We found no support for the contention of a modified fire regime as a result of eucalypt forestation in Portugal, but the rising undermanaged and abandoned blue gum estate, especially after large-fire seasons, is a concern for the future. However, it remains to be determined whether post-fire eucalypt regrowth is a higher fire threat than native vegetation in the same context.

['Environmental Monitoring', 'Eucalyptus', 'Forestry', 'Forests', 'Portugal', 'Wildfires']

[['N06.850.460.350.080', 'N06.850.780.375'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.773.366'], ['J01.576.430'], ['G16.500.275.157.437', 'N06.230.124.343'], ['Z01.542.727'], ['G01.311.988', 'N06.230.100.230.925', 'N06.230.216.875']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Biliary stenting for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: A population-based study of long-term outcomes and hospital costs in Taiwan.

Few studies have compared percutaneous biliary stenting (PBS) and endoscopic biliary stenting (EBS) in terms of long-term effects on cholangiocarcinoma (CC), and few have systematically evaluated outcome associations in Taiwan. This study aimed to compare long-term outcomes between two treatments for unresectable CC: PBS and EBS. After propensity score matching (PSM) to reduce the effect of selection bias, 1002 CC patients were included in this analysis: 501 in the PBS group and 501 in the EBS group. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to construct the survival curve for all CC patients, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate assessment of outcome predictors. After PSM, group comparisons revealed a significantly longer length of stay in the PBS group compared to the EBS group (25 days vs. 19 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Hospital costs were also significantly higher in the PBS group than in the EBS group (US$126,575 vs. US$89,326, respectively; p < 0.001). The median survival time was 3.7 months in all CC patients, 3.5 months in the PBS group, and 4.0 months in the EBS group. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates were 17.6%, 6.1%, and 3.2% in all CC patients; 16.6%, 4.8%, and 3.2% in the PBS group; and 18.6%, 7.27%, and 3% in the EBS group, respectively. The most important predictor of survival is extrahepatic CC. Medical professionals and healthcare providers should carefully consider the use of EBS for initial treatment of obstructive jaundice in patients with unresectable CC.

['Aged', 'Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic', 'Cholangiocarcinoma', 'Endoscopy', 'Female', 'Hospital Costs', 'Humans', 'Length of Stay', 'Linear Models', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Propensity Score', 'Proportional Hazards Models', 'Stents', 'Survival Analysis', 'Taiwan', 'Time Factors', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['A03.159.183.158', 'A03.620.150'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.450'], ['E01.370.388.250', 'E04.502.250'], ['N03.219.151.400.687', 'N03.219.262.500', 'N05.300.375.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.760.400.480', 'N02.421.585.400.480'], ['E05.318.740.500.500', 'E05.318.740.750.425', 'E05.599.835.750', 'N05.715.360.750.530.460', 'N05.715.360.750.695.460', 'N06.850.520.830.500.500', 'N06.850.520.830.750.425'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.600.675', 'N05.715.360.750.625.620', 'N06.850.520.830.600.650'], ['E05.318.740.500.700', 'E05.318.740.600.700', 'E05.318.740.750.725', 'E05.318.740.998.825', 'E05.599.835.900', 'N05.715.360.750.530.650', 'N05.715.360.750.625.650', 'N05.715.360.750.695.650', 'N05.715.360.750.795.825', 'N06.850.520.830.500.700', 'N06.850.520.830.600.700', 'N06.850.520.830.750.725', 'N06.850.520.830.998.912'], ['E07.695.750'], ['E05.318.740.998', 'N05.715.360.750.795', 'N06.850.520.830.998'], ['Z01.252.474.872', 'Z01.639.850'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Evaluation of a "walk-through" ladder top design during ladder-roof transitioning tasks.

This study evaluated the effect of an extension ladder "walk-through" top design on kinetic and kinematic behaviors and the outward destabilizing forces induced on the ladder during transitioning at elevation. Thirty-two male participants performed stepping tasks between a ladder top and a roof at simulated elevation in a surround-screen virtual-reality system. The experimental conditions included a "walk-through" and a standard ladder top section supported on flat and sloped roof surfaces. Three force platforms were placed under the ladder section and in the roof to measure propulsion forces during transitions. A motion measurement system was used to record trunk kinematics. The frictional demand at the virtual ladder base was also calculated. The results indicate that under optimal ladder setup (angle 75.5 °), the frictional demand at the ladder base remains relatively small for all experimental conditions. Also, the "walk through" ladder top eased the ladder-to-roof transitions but not the roof-to-ladder transitions.

['Accidental Falls', 'Adult', 'Biomechanical Phenomena', 'Computer Simulation', 'Equipment Design', 'Friction', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Safety', 'Task Performance and Analysis', 'User-Computer Interface', 'Walking', 'Young Adult']

[['N06.850.135.122'], ['M01.060.116'], ['G01.154.090', 'G01.374.089'], ['L01.224.160'], ['E05.320'], ['G01.374.618'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['N06.850.135.060.075'], ['F02.784.412.846', 'F02.784.692.746', 'F02.808.600'], ['L01.224.900.910'], ['G11.427.410.568.900', 'G11.427.410.698.277.937', 'I03.350.937', 'I03.450.642.845.940'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

[Doctor or technician? Reflections on the medical professional today].

Medicine is an outstanding example of an empirical science in theory and practice. In every stage of his work a doctor should be ready to pick up signs of possible scientific progress. Being constantly attentive and able to see anything new occurring, however difficult it may be to discern, should remain the basis of any professional commitment that takes care not to become sterile and thereby less effective in treating disease. A doctor is an experimenter par excellence, one who constantly applies experimental methods based on his own ''historical'' knowledge, experience, and capacity to comprehend even the tiniest signals that reach him from the real world. On the other hand, although the indiscriminate acceptance of results obtained by clinical trials and the increasing recourse to technology could herald the end of clinical freedom, we believe that such recourse to technology is, in fact, desirable. The reason for this belief is that a lack of innovation leads to loss of enthusiasm and loss of interest in specific clinical problems; it also results in a cultural attitude that refutes the notion of experimental logic being inherent in any treatment because of the changeability of individual conditions on a biological, clinical, and psycho-relational level.

['Clinical Medicine', 'Physicians']

[['H02.403.200'], ['M01.526.485.810', 'N02.360.810']]

['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]']

Should liquid-based cytology be repeated at the time of colposcopy?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of repeated liquid cytology at the time of colposcopy.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We screened 5,100 women with liquid-based cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing. Women with any abnormal cytology result including atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or a positive high-risk HPV DNA test result were referred for colposcopy. One thousand three hundred thirty-three women returned for colposcopy with repeated cytology and cervical biopsy.RESULTS: Twenty-one women had less than high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) screening cytology and cervical biopsy results; however, their repeated cytology at the colposcopy visit revealed HSIL, and excisional treatment was recommended. Repeated cytology at colposcopy significantly changed the clinical management for 1.6% (21) of 1,333 women.CONCLUSIONS: As an adjunct test to colposcopy, liquid cytology was similar to conventional cytology. Given current practice patterns, repeated liquid cytology at the time of colposcopy is rarely clinically useful.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Colposcopy', 'Cytodiagnosis', 'DNA, Viral', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Mass Screening', 'Middle Aged', 'Papillomaviridae', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'Uterine Cervical Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.378.150', 'E01.370.388.250.150', 'E04.502.250.150', 'E04.520.150', 'E04.950.300.210'], ['E01.370.225.500.384', 'E05.200.500.384', 'E05.242.384'], ['D13.444.308.568'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.500', 'E05.318.308.980.438.580', 'N02.421.726.233.443', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.580', 'N06.850.780.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['B04.280.210.655', 'B04.613.204.655'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872'], ['C04.588.945.418.948.850', 'C13.351.500.852.593.131', 'C13.351.500.852.762.850', 'C13.351.937.418.875.850']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]']

Desensitization to a whole egg by rush oral immunotherapy improves the quality of life of guardians: A multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, delayed-start design study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with food allergies and their families have a significantly reduced health-related quality of life (QOL).METHODS: We performed a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, delayed-start design study to clarify the efficacy and safety of rush oral immunotherapy (rOIT) and its impact on the participants' daily life and their guardians (UMIN000003943). Forty-five participants were randomly divided into an early-start group and a late-start group. The early-start group received rOIT for 3 months, while the late-start group continued the egg elimination diet (control). In the next stage, both groups received OIT until all participants had finished 12 months of maintenance OIT.RESULTS: The ratio of the participants in whom an increase of the TD was achieved in the first stage was significantly higher in the early-start group (87.0%), than in the late-start group (22.7%). The QOL of the guardians in the early-start group significantly improved after the first stage (65.2%), in comparison to the late-start group (31.8%). During 12 months of rOIT, the serum ovomucoid-specific IgE levels, the percentage of CD203c+ basophils upon stimulation with egg white, and the wheal size to egg white were decreased, while the serum ovomucoid-specific IgG4 levels were increased. However, approximately 80% of the participants in the early-start group showed an allergic reaction during the first stage of the study, whereas none of the patients in the late-start group experienced an allergic reaction.CONCLUSIONS: rOIT induced desensitization to egg and thus improved the QOL of guardians; however, the participants experienced frequent allergic reactions due to the treatment.

['Administration, Oral', 'Adolescent', 'Caregivers', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Desensitization, Immunologic', 'Egg Hypersensitivity', 'Egg White', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Quality of Life', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['E02.319.267.100'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.085', 'M01.526.485.200', 'N02.360.200'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['E02.095.465.425.450.310', 'E05.478.610.310'], ['C20.543.480.370.150'], ['G07.203.300.470.700', 'J02.500.470.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I01.800', 'K01.752.400.750', 'N06.850.505.400.425.837'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Humanities [K]']

[Molecular targeted cancer therapy and genetic tests --chairman's introductory remarks].

Genetic tests for individualized cancer therapy are now expanding their repertoire as pharmacogenomics biomarkers, coupled with advances in molecular targeted therapy. These tests were considered special in the 1990s, because they were almost entirely limited to hematopoietic tumors and other rare tumors. Molecular targeted therapy has been applied to common solid tumors as well as hematopoietic tumors in the first decade of the 21st century, leading to a breakthrough in genetic tests. In this symposium, recent advances in genetic tests for molecular targeted therapy are being presented on breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and hematopoietic tumors by 4 speakers.

['Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Genetic Testing', 'Humans', 'Molecular Targeted Therapy', 'Neoplasms']

[['D23.101.140'], ['E01.370.225.562', 'E05.200.562', 'E05.393.435', 'N02.421.308.430', 'N02.421.726.233.221'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.319.574'], ['C04']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Clinical features of IgG4-related dacryoadenitis.

BACKGROUND: To elucidate the clinical characteristics of IgG4-related dacryoadenitis.METHODS: Clinical features, laboratory findings, radiological findings, associated diseases, treatment, and prognosis were prospectively examined in 12 patients (seven men, five women; mean age, 60.9 ± 15.1 years) with IgG4-related dacryoadenitis.RESULTS: In addition to eyelid swelling, other ophthalmologic symptoms were observed in seven patients, including diplopia (n = 4), ptosis (n = 2), visual field disturbance (n = 2), eye pain (n = 2), decrease of visual acuity (n = 2), eye-movement disturbance (n = 1), dry eye (n = 1), corneal ulcer (n = 1), and epiphora (n = 1). Swelling of the lacrimal glands was bilateral in half of the patients. Other IgG4-related diseases were present in nine patients, including sialadenitis (n = 5), autoimmune pancreatitis (n = 4), retroperitoneal fibrosis (n = 2), and lymphadenopathy (n = 8). Serum IgG4 levels were significantly higher in patients with other IgG4-related disease (1070 ± 813 mg/dl) than in those without (197 ± 59 mg/dl, p = 0.017). Allergic histories and elevated serum IgE levels were each detected in six patients. Eight patients showed inflammatory extension beyond the lacrimal gland, such as thickened rectus muscle (n = 6), inflammation of the optic nerve (n = 2), and retrobulbar inflammation (n = 3). Steroid therapy was effective in seven patients, but dacryoadenitis relapsed in two patients with markedly higher serum IgG4 levels and autoimmune pancreatitis.CONCLUSIONS: IgG4-related dacryoadenitis showed various ophthalmologic symptoms due to extensive inflammation beyond the lacrimal gland, frequent association with other IgG4-related disease or allergic phenomena, and steroid responsiveness.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Autoimmune Diseases', 'Corneal Diseases', 'Dacryocystitis', 'Diplopia', 'Eye Diseases', 'Eyelid Diseases', 'Female', 'Glucocorticoids', 'Humans', 'Immunoglobulin G', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Ocular Motility Disorders', 'Oculomotor Muscles', 'Optic Neuritis', 'Prospective Studies', 'Sialadenitis', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed', 'Vision Disorders']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]']