達薩 (梵語)

達薩（梵語： ），在印度古文集《梨俱吠陀》和考底利耶的《政事論》中，意指雅利安人之敵。這個詞後來有其他含義，如「僕人」或「奴隸」或宗教意義上的「神僕」、「臣服於神的人」、「發願起誓」或「奉獻」，devadasa。

種族詮釋
在《梨俱吠陀》中Dasa、Dasyu和類似的詞語（比如Pani）有時與詞語krsna或asikni（“黑色”）聯合出現，這經常用作對吠陀經典做出種族詮釋的基礎。達薩人被描述成扁鼻、無鼻、黑皮肤，可被認為是印度原居民。

達薩的宗教
他们崇拜龍與陽具（林伽），梨俱吠陀有因陀羅用金剛打敗他們的龍（弗栗多）的記載。他們後來成為婆羅門教的首陀羅。

後期吠陀用法
坦米爾語中，tontai、達薩、僕人或奴隸一般指得都是毗濕奴或黑天的敬虔奉獻者。

而在神學體系的敘述中，bhuto（生靈）永遠服務（dasa）於至尊主（）。因此， Krishna（黑天主神）的毗濕奴派信眾指得就是Hari Dasa稱號中的dasa。

延伸閱讀

Bhagavan Shri Shanmukha Anantha Natha and Shri Ma Kristina Baird for the correct, nonracial meaning of the terms Dasyus and Asuras in their work "Divine Initiation"（ISBN 0-9582324-0-7）by Shri Kali Publications
Ambedkar, B.R.（1946）Who were the Shudras?
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: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. 2001. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9
J. Bronkhorst and M.M. Deshpande. 1999. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
 Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate. 1999. ISBN 81-86471-77-4
  The Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India, 1995. New Delhi: Voice of India; In Search of the Cradle of Civilization, Chapter 6
Hock, Hans. 1999b, Through a Glass Darkly: Modern "Racial" Interpretations vs. Textual and General Prehistoric Evidence on Arya and Dasa/Dasyu in Vedic Indo-Aryan Society." in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia.
Iyengar, Srinivas. 1914. "Did the Dravidians of India Obtain Their Culture from Aran Immigrant [sic]." Anthropos 1-15.
Macdonell, A.A. and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
 Parpola, Asko: 1988, The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the Cultural and Ethnic Identity of the Dasas; The problem of the Aryans and the Soma.
Rg Veda 1854-57. Rig-Veda Samhita. tr. H.H. Wilson. London: H.Allen and Co.
Schetelich, Maria. 1990, "The problem ot the "Dark Skin"（Krsna Tvac）in the Rgveda." Visva Bharati Annals 3:244-249.
  1992. The Problem of Aryan Origins. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
 Talageri, Shrikant G. 2000. The Rig Veda - A historical analysis.
Trautmann, Thomas R. 1997, Aryans and British India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Witzel, Michael. 1995b, 325, fn, "Rgvedic History" in The Indo-Aryans of South Asia.

梨俱吠陀