ミルトン・バビット

ミルトン・バビット（Milton Babbitt, 1916年5月10日 - 2011年1月29日）はアメリカ合衆国の現代音楽の作曲家。ペンシルベニア州フィラデルフィア出身。

略歴 
最初はペンシルベニア大学で数学を専攻するが、後にニューヨーク大学に転校して音楽を学んだ。修士号はプリンストン大学で得ており、このときにはロジャー・セッションズに師事した。

十二音技法を彼なりに拡張したセリー技法を発明したことが名高く、トータル・セリエリズムの生みの親といわれる。1947年に作曲した「ピアノのための3つのコンポジション」はブーレーズ、メシアン、カレル・フイヴェールツに先駆けたセリー技法の作品である。バビット最大の発明である素材を全て比率で制御する「セリー技法」は、アメリカでは開花せず、ヨーロッパで開花した。その後バビットは「ピッチクラス・セット理論」を開発して、12音列の過度な組織化に向かう。

彼はこの後もピアノのための「ポスト・パーティションズ」やオーケストラのための「レラータI」などで極端に複雑な「タイムポイントテクニック」を駆使した作曲を試みるが、演奏の困難さを理由にRCAシンセサイザーによる作曲に移行した。1973年、ジュリアード学院教授就任。

1980年代以降はアメリカの演奏家のレベルアップに伴い、以前の困難な作風を難なくこなせるロバート・トーブ(Robert Taub)のような演奏家が現れ、通常のクラシカルな編成の委嘱も舞い込むようになった。以後シンセサイザーは使っていない。晩年も作曲ペースは遅かったが、1年に1〜2作ほどの作曲は続けていた。

2011年1月29日、ニュージャージー州プリンストンで逝去。

受賞歴 
1965 – Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
1974 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 
1982 – Pulitzer Prize, Special Citation, "for his life's work as a distinguished and seminal American composer" 
1986 – MacArthur Fellow
1988 – Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters Award for music composition
2000 – National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international, professional music fraternity 
2010 – The Max Reger Foundation of America – Extraordinary Life Time Musical Achievement Award

著作 
(1955). "Some Aspects of Twelve-Tone Composition". The Score and I.M.A. Magazine 12:53–61.
(1958). "Who Cares if You Listen?". High Fidelity (February). [Babbitt called this article "The Composer as Specialist." The original title was changed without his knowledge or permission by an editor at High Fidelity.]
(1960). "Twelve-Tone Invariants as Compositional Determinants," The Musical Quarterly 46/2.
(1961). "Set Structure as Compositional Determinant," Journal of Music Theory 5/1.
(1965). "The Structure and Function of Musical Theory," College Music Symposium 5.
(1972). "Contemporary Music Composition and Music Theory as Contemporary Intellectual History", Perspectives in Musicology: The Inaugural Lectures of the Ph. D. Program in Music at the City University of New York, edited by Barry S. Brook, Edward Downes, and Sherman Van Solkema, 270–307. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02142-4. Reprinted, New York: Pendragon Press, 1985. ISBN 0-918728-50-9.
(1987) Words About Music: The Madison Lectures, edited by Stephen Dembski and Joseph Straus. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (Dembski & Strauss 1987).
(1992) "The Function of Set Structure in the Twelve-Tone System." PhD Dissertation. Princeton: Princeton University.
(2003). The Collected Essays of Milton Babbitt, edited by Stephen Peles, Stephen Dembski, Andrew Mead, Joseph Straus. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

全作品 
1935 Generatrix for orchestra (unfinished)
1939–41 String Trio
1940 Composition for String Orchestra (unfinished)
1941 Symphony (unfinished)
1941 Music for the Mass I for mixed chorus
1942 Music for the Mass II for mixed chorus
1946 Fabulous Voyage (musical, libretto by Richard Koch)
1946 Three Theatrical Songs for voice and piano (taken from Fabulous Voyage)
1947 Three Compositions for Piano
1948 Composition for Four Instruments
1948 String Quartet No. 1 (withdrawn)
1948 Composition for Twelve Instruments
1949 Into the Good Ground film music (withdrawn)
1950 Composition for Viola and Piano
1951 The Widow's Lament in Springtime for soprano and piano
1951 Du for soprano and piano, August Stramm
1953 Woodwind Quartet
1954 String Quartet No. 2
1954 Vision and Prayer for soprano and piano (unpublished, unperformed)
1955 Two Sonnets for baritone, clarinet, viola, and cello, two poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins
1956 Duet for piano
1956 Semi-Simple Variations for piano
1957 All Set for jazz ensemble (alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, trumpet, trombone, contrabass, piano, vibraphone, and percussion) 
1957 Partitions for piano
1960 Composition for Tenor and Six Instruments
1960 Sounds and Words for soprano and piano
1961 Composition for Synthesizer
1961 Vision and Prayer for soprano and synthesized tape, setting of a poem by Dylan Thomas
1964 Philomel for soprano, recorded soprano, synthesized tape, setting of a poem by John Hollander
1964 Ensembles for Synthesizer
1965 Relata I for orchestra
1966 Post-Partitions for piano
1966 Sextets for violin and piano
1967 Correspondences for string orchestra and synthesized tape
1968 Relata II for orchestra
1968–69 Four Canons for SA
1969 Phonemena for soprano and piano
1970 String Quartet No. 3
1970 String Quartet No. 4
1968–71 Occasional Variations for synthesized tape
1972 Tableaux for piano
1974 Arie da capo for five instrumentalists
1975 Reflections for piano and synthesized tape
1975 Phonemena for soprano and synthesized tape
1976 Concerti for violin, small orchestra, synthesized tape
1977 A Solo Requiem for soprano and two pianos
1977 Minute Waltz (or 3/4 ± 1/8) for piano
1977 Playing for Time for piano
1978 My Ends Are My Beginnings for solo clarinet
1978 My Complements to Roger for piano
1978 More Phonemena for twelve-part chorus
1979 An Elizabethan Sextette for six-part women's chorus
1979 Images for saxophonist and synthesized tape
1979 Paraphrases for ten instrumentalists
1980 Dual for cello and piano
1981 Ars Combinatoria for small orchestra
1981 Don for four-hand piano
1982 The Head of the Bed for soprano and four instruments
1982 String Quartet No. 5
1982 Melismata for solo violin
1982 About Time for piano
1983 Canonical Form for piano
1983 Groupwise for flautist and four instruments
1984 Four Play for four players
1984 It Takes Twelve to Tango for piano
1984 Sheer Pluck (composition for guitar)
1985 Concerto for piano and orchestra
1985 Lagniappe for piano
1986 Transfigured Notes for string orchestra
1986 The Joy of More Sextets for piano and violin
1987 Three Cultivated Choruses for four-part chorus
1987 Fanfare for double brass sextet
1987 Overtime for piano
1987 Souper for speaker and ensemble
1987 Homily for snare drum
1987 Whirled Series for saxophone and piano
1988 In His Own Words for speaker and piano
1988 The Virginal Book for contralto and piano, setting of a poem by John Hollander
1988 Beaten Paths for solo marimba
1988 Glosses for Boys' Choir
1988 The Crowded Air for eleven instruments
1989 Consortini for five players
1989 Play It Again, Sam for solo viola
1989 Emblems (Ars Emblematica), for piano
1989 Soli e duettini for two guitars
1989 Soli e duettini for flute and guitar
1990 Soli e duettini for violin and viola
1990 Envoi for four hands, piano
1991 Preludes, Interludes, and Postlude for piano
1991 Four Cavalier Settings for tenor and guitar
1991 Mehr "Du" for soprano, viola and piano
1991 None but the Lonely Flute for solo flute
1992 Septet, But Equal
1992 Counterparts for brass quintet
1993 Around the Horn for solo horn
1993 Quatrains for soprano and two clarinets
1993 Fanfare for All for brass quintet
1993 String Quartet No. 6
1994 Triad for viola, clarinet, and piano
1994 No Longer Very Clear for soprano and four instruments, setting of a poem by John Ashbery
1994 Tutte le corde for piano
1994 Arrivals and Departures for two violins
1994 Accompanied Recitative for soprano sax and piano
1995 Manifold Music for organ
1995 Bicenguinguagenary Fanfare for brass quintet
1995 Quartet for piano and string trio
1996 Quintet for clarinet and string quartet
1996 Danci for solo guitar
1996 When Shall We Three Meet Again? for flute, clarinet and vibraphone
1998 Piano Concerto No. 2
1998 The Old Order Changeth for piano
1999 Composition for One Instrument for celesta
1999 Allegro Penseroso for piano
1999 Concerto Piccolino for vibraphone
2000 Little Goes a Long Way for violin and piano
2000 Pantuns for soprano and piano
2001 A Lifetime or So for tenor and piano
2002 From the Psalter soprano and string orchestra
2002 Now Evening after Evening for soprano and piano, setting of a poem by Derek Walcott
2002 A Gloss on 'Round Midnight' for piano
2003 Swan Song No. 1 for flute, oboe, violin, cello, mandolin (or guitar), and guitar
2003 A Waltzer in the House for soprano and vibraphone, setting of a poem by Stanley Kunitz
2004 Concerti for Orchestra, for James Levine and the Boston Symphony Orchestra
2004 Autobiography of the Eye for soprano and cello, setting of a poem by Paul Auster
2005–6 More Melismata for solo cello
2006 An Encore for violin & piano

出典 

アメリカ合衆国の作曲家
現代音楽の作曲家
ユダヤ人の作曲家
グッゲンハイム・フェロー
マッカーサー・フェロー
アメリカ芸術文学アカデミー会員
ジュリアード音楽院の教員
ユダヤ系アメリカ人
フィラデルフィア出身の人物
1916年生
2011年没