sklearn.svm.LinearSVC  
class sklearn.svm.LinearSVC(penalty='l2', loss='squared_hinge', *, dual=True, tol=0.0001, C=1.0, multi_class='ovr', fit_intercept=True, intercept_scaling=1, class_weight=None, verbose=0, random_state=None, max_iter=1000) [source]
 
Linear Support Vector Classification. Similar to SVC with parameter kernel=’linear’, but implemented in terms of liblinear rather than libsvm, so it has more flexibility in the choice of penalties and loss functions and should scale better to large numbers of samples. This class supports both dense and sparse input and the multiclass support is handled according to a one-vs-the-rest scheme. Read more in the User Guide.  Parameters 
 
penalty{‘l1’, ‘l2’}, default=’l2’ 

Specifies the norm used in the penalization. The ‘l2’ penalty is the standard used in SVC. The ‘l1’ leads to coef_ vectors that are sparse.  
loss{‘hinge’, ‘squared_hinge’}, default=’squared_hinge’ 

Specifies the loss function. ‘hinge’ is the standard SVM loss (used e.g. by the SVC class) while ‘squared_hinge’ is the square of the hinge loss. The combination of penalty='l1' and loss='hinge' is not supported.  
dualbool, default=True 

Select the algorithm to either solve the dual or primal optimization problem. Prefer dual=False when n_samples > n_features.  
tolfloat, default=1e-4 

Tolerance for stopping criteria.  
Cfloat, default=1.0 

Regularization parameter. The strength of the regularization is inversely proportional to C. Must be strictly positive.  
multi_class{‘ovr’, ‘crammer_singer’}, default=’ovr’ 

Determines the multi-class strategy if y contains more than two classes. "ovr" trains n_classes one-vs-rest classifiers, while "crammer_singer" optimizes a joint objective over all classes. While crammer_singer is interesting from a theoretical perspective as it is consistent, it is seldom used in practice as it rarely leads to better accuracy and is more expensive to compute. If "crammer_singer" is chosen, the options loss, penalty and dual will be ignored.  
fit_interceptbool, default=True 

Whether to calculate the intercept for this model. If set to false, no intercept will be used in calculations (i.e. data is expected to be already centered).  
intercept_scalingfloat, default=1 

When self.fit_intercept is True, instance vector x becomes [x, self.intercept_scaling], i.e. a “synthetic” feature with constant value equals to intercept_scaling is appended to the instance vector. The intercept becomes intercept_scaling * synthetic feature weight Note! the synthetic feature weight is subject to l1/l2 regularization as all other features. To lessen the effect of regularization on synthetic feature weight (and therefore on the intercept) intercept_scaling has to be increased.  
class_weightdict or ‘balanced’, default=None 

Set the parameter C of class i to class_weight[i]*C for SVC. If not given, all classes are supposed to have weight one. The “balanced” mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data as n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y)).  
verboseint, default=0 

Enable verbose output. Note that this setting takes advantage of a per-process runtime setting in liblinear that, if enabled, may not work properly in a multithreaded context.  
random_stateint, RandomState instance or None, default=None 

Controls the pseudo random number generation for shuffling the data for the dual coordinate descent (if dual=True). When dual=False the underlying implementation of LinearSVC is not random and random_state has no effect on the results. Pass an int for reproducible output across multiple function calls. See Glossary.  
max_iterint, default=1000 

The maximum number of iterations to be run.    Attributes 
 
coef_ndarray of shape (1, n_features) if n_classes == 2 else (n_classes, n_features) 

Weights assigned to the features (coefficients in the primal problem). This is only available in the case of a linear kernel. coef_ is a readonly property derived from raw_coef_ that follows the internal memory layout of liblinear.  
intercept_ndarray of shape (1,) if n_classes == 2 else (n_classes,) 

Constants in decision function.  
classes_ndarray of shape (n_classes,) 

The unique classes labels.  
n_iter_int 

Maximum number of iterations run across all classes.      See also  
SVC


Implementation of Support Vector Machine classifier using libsvm: the kernel can be non-linear but its SMO algorithm does not scale to large number of samples as LinearSVC does. Furthermore SVC multi-class mode is implemented using one vs one scheme while LinearSVC uses one vs the rest. It is possible to implement one vs the rest with SVC by using the OneVsRestClassifier wrapper. Finally SVC can fit dense data without memory copy if the input is C-contiguous. Sparse data will still incur memory copy though.  
sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier


SGDClassifier can optimize the same cost function as LinearSVC by adjusting the penalty and loss parameters. In addition it requires less memory, allows incremental (online) learning, and implements various loss functions and regularization regimes.    Notes The underlying C implementation uses a random number generator to select features when fitting the model. It is thus not uncommon to have slightly different results for the same input data. If that happens, try with a smaller tol parameter. The underlying implementation, liblinear, uses a sparse internal representation for the data that will incur a memory copy. Predict output may not match that of standalone liblinear in certain cases. See differences from liblinear in the narrative documentation. References LIBLINEAR: A Library for Large Linear Classification Examples >>> from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC
>>> from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
>>> from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
>>> X, y = make_classification(n_features=4, random_state=0)
>>> clf = make_pipeline(StandardScaler(),
...                     LinearSVC(random_state=0, tol=1e-5))
>>> clf.fit(X, y)
Pipeline(steps=[('standardscaler', StandardScaler()),
                ('linearsvc', LinearSVC(random_state=0, tol=1e-05))])
 >>> print(clf.named_steps['linearsvc'].coef_)
[[0.141...   0.526... 0.679... 0.493...]]
 >>> print(clf.named_steps['linearsvc'].intercept_)
[0.1693...]
>>> print(clf.predict([[0, 0, 0, 0]]))
[1]
 Methods  
decision_function(X) Predict confidence scores for samples.  
densify() Convert coefficient matrix to dense array format.  
fit(X, y[, sample_weight]) Fit the model according to the given training data.  
get_params([deep]) Get parameters for this estimator.  
predict(X) Predict class labels for samples in X.  
score(X, y[, sample_weight]) Return the mean accuracy on the given test data and labels.  
set_params(**params) Set the parameters of this estimator.  
sparsify() Convert coefficient matrix to sparse format.    
decision_function(X) [source]
 
Predict confidence scores for samples. The confidence score for a sample is proportional to the signed distance of that sample to the hyperplane.  Parameters 
 
Xarray-like or sparse matrix, shape (n_samples, n_features) 

Samples.    Returns 
 array, shape=(n_samples,) if n_classes == 2 else (n_samples, n_classes)

Confidence scores per (sample, class) combination. In the binary case, confidence score for self.classes_[1] where >0 means this class would be predicted.     
  
densify() [source]
 
Convert coefficient matrix to dense array format. Converts the coef_ member (back) to a numpy.ndarray. This is the default format of coef_ and is required for fitting, so calling this method is only required on models that have previously been sparsified; otherwise, it is a no-op.  Returns 
 self

Fitted estimator.     
  
fit(X, y, sample_weight=None) [source]
 
Fit the model according to the given training data.  Parameters 
 
X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features) 

Training vector, where n_samples in the number of samples and n_features is the number of features.  
yarray-like of shape (n_samples,) 

Target vector relative to X.  
sample_weightarray-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None 

Array of weights that are assigned to individual samples. If not provided, then each sample is given unit weight.  New in version 0.18.     Returns 
 
selfobject 

An instance of the estimator.     
  
get_params(deep=True) [source]
 
Get parameters for this estimator.  Parameters 
 
deepbool, default=True 

If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and contained subobjects that are estimators.    Returns 
 
paramsdict 

Parameter names mapped to their values.     
  
predict(X) [source]
 
Predict class labels for samples in X.  Parameters 
 
Xarray-like or sparse matrix, shape (n_samples, n_features) 

Samples.    Returns 
 
Carray, shape [n_samples] 

Predicted class label per sample.     
  
score(X, y, sample_weight=None) [source]
 
Return the mean accuracy on the given test data and labels. In multi-label classification, this is the subset accuracy which is a harsh metric since you require for each sample that each label set be correctly predicted.  Parameters 
 
Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) 

Test samples.  
yarray-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs) 

True labels for X.  
sample_weightarray-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None 

Sample weights.    Returns 
 
scorefloat 

Mean accuracy of self.predict(X) wrt. y.     
  
set_params(**params) [source]
 
Set the parameters of this estimator. The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects (such as Pipeline). The latter have parameters of the form <component>__<parameter> so that it’s possible to update each component of a nested object.  Parameters 
 
**paramsdict 

Estimator parameters.    Returns 
 
selfestimator instance 

Estimator instance.     
  
sparsify() [source]
 
Convert coefficient matrix to sparse format. Converts the coef_ member to a scipy.sparse matrix, which for L1-regularized models can be much more memory- and storage-efficient than the usual numpy.ndarray representation. The intercept_ member is not converted.  Returns 
 self

Fitted estimator.     Notes For non-sparse models, i.e. when there are not many zeros in coef_, this may actually increase memory usage, so use this method with care. A rule of thumb is that the number of zero elements, which can be computed with (coef_ == 0).sum(), must be more than 50% for this to provide significant benefits. After calling this method, further fitting with the partial_fit method (if any) will not work until you call densify. 
 
 Examples using sklearn.svm.LinearSVC
 
  Release Highlights for scikit-learn 0.22  

  Comparison of Calibration of Classifiers  

  Probability Calibration curves  

  Pipeline Anova SVM  

  Univariate Feature Selection  

  Scalable learning with polynomial kernel aproximation  

  Explicit feature map approximation for RBF kernels  

  Detection error tradeoff (DET) curve  

  Balance model complexity and cross-validated score  

  Precision-Recall  

  Selecting dimensionality reduction with Pipeline and GridSearchCV  

  Column Transformer with Heterogeneous Data Sources  

  Feature discretization  

  Plot the support vectors in LinearSVC  

  Plot different SVM classifiers in the iris dataset  

  Scaling the regularization parameter for SVCs  

  Classification of text documents using sparse features