IMAP4.proxyauth(user)
Assume authentication as user. Allows an authorised administrator to proxy into any user’s mailbox.


IMAP4.read(size)
Reads size bytes from the remote server. You may override this method.


IMAP4.readline()
Reads one line from the remote server. You may override this method.


exception IMAP4.readonly
This exception is raised when a writable mailbox has its status changed by the server. This is a sub-class of IMAP4.error. Some other client now has write permission, and the mailbox will need to be re-opened to re-obtain write permission.


IMAP4.recent()
Prompt server for an update. Returned data is None if no new messages, else value of RECENT response.


IMAP4.rename(oldmailbox, newmailbox)
Rename mailbox named oldmailbox to newmailbox.


IMAP4.response(code)
Return data for response code if received, or None. Returns the given code, instead of the usual type.


IMAP4.search(charset, criterion[, ...])
Search mailbox for matching messages. charset may be None, in which case no CHARSET will be specified in the request to the server. The IMAP protocol requires that at least one criterion be specified; an exception will be raised when the server returns an error. charset must be None if the UTF8=ACCEPT capability was enabled using the enable() command. Example: # M is a connected IMAP4 instance...
typ, msgnums = M.search(None, 'FROM', '"LDJ"')

# or:
typ, msgnums = M.search(None, '(FROM "LDJ")')


IMAP4.select(mailbox='INBOX', readonly=False)
Select a mailbox. Returned data is the count of messages in mailbox (EXISTS response). The default mailbox is 'INBOX'. If the readonly flag is set, modifications to the mailbox are not allowed.


IMAP4.send(data)
Sends data to the remote server. You may override this method. Raises an auditing event imaplib.send with arguments self, data.


IMAP4.setacl(mailbox, who, what)
Set an ACL for mailbox. The method is non-standard, but is supported by the Cyrus server.


IMAP4.setannotation(mailbox, entry, attribute[, ...])
Set ANNOTATIONs for mailbox. The method is non-standard, but is supported by the Cyrus server.


IMAP4.setquota(root, limits)
Set the quota root’s resource limits. This method is part of the IMAP4 QUOTA extension defined in rfc2087.


IMAP4.shutdown()
Close connection established in open. This method is implicitly called by IMAP4.logout(). You may override this method.


IMAP4.socket()
Returns socket instance used to connect to server.


IMAP4.sort(sort_criteria, charset, search_criterion[, ...])
The sort command is a variant of search with sorting semantics for the results. Returned data contains a space separated list of matching message numbers. Sort has two arguments before the search_criterion argument(s); a parenthesized list of sort_criteria, and the searching charset. Note that unlike search, the searching charset argument is mandatory. There is also a uid sort command which corresponds to sort the way that uid search corresponds to search. The sort command first searches the mailbox for messages that match the given searching criteria using the charset argument for the interpretation of strings in the searching criteria. It then returns the numbers of matching messages. This is an IMAP4rev1 extension command.


IMAP4.starttls(ssl_context=None)
Send a STARTTLS command. The ssl_context argument is optional and should be a ssl.SSLContext object. This will enable encryption on the IMAP connection. Please read Security considerations for best practices.  New in version 3.2.   Changed in version 3.4: The method now supports hostname check with ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname and Server Name Indication (see ssl.HAS_SNI).


IMAP4.status(mailbox, names)
Request named status conditions for mailbox.


IMAP4.store(message_set, command, flag_list)
Alters flag dispositions for messages in mailbox. command is specified by section 6.4.6 of RFC 2060 as being one of “FLAGS”, “+FLAGS”, or “-FLAGS”, optionally with a suffix of “.SILENT”. For example, to set the delete flag on all messages: typ, data = M.search(None, 'ALL')
for num in data[0].split():
   M.store(num, '+FLAGS', '\\Deleted')
M.expunge()
  Note Creating flags containing ‘]’ (for example: “[test]”) violates RFC 3501 (the IMAP protocol). However, imaplib has historically allowed creation of such tags, and popular IMAP servers, such as Gmail, accept and produce such flags. There are non-Python programs which also create such tags. Although it is an RFC violation and IMAP clients and servers are supposed to be strict, imaplib nonetheless continues to allow such tags to be created for backward compatibility reasons, and as of Python 3.6, handles them if they are sent from the server, since this improves real-world compatibility.


IMAP4.subscribe(mailbox)
Subscribe to new mailbox.


IMAP4.thread(threading_algorithm, charset, search_criterion[, ...])
The thread command is a variant of search with threading semantics for the results. Returned data contains a space separated list of thread members. Thread members consist of zero or more messages numbers, delimited by spaces, indicating successive parent and child. Thread has two arguments before the search_criterion argument(s); a threading_algorithm, and the searching charset. Note that unlike search, the searching charset argument is mandatory. There is also a uid thread command which corresponds to thread the way that uid
search corresponds to search. The thread command first searches the mailbox for messages that match the given searching criteria using the charset argument for the interpretation of strings in the searching criteria. It then returns the matching messages threaded according to the specified threading algorithm. This is an IMAP4rev1 extension command.


IMAP4.uid(command, arg[, ...])
Execute command args with messages identified by UID, rather than message number. Returns response appropriate to command. At least one argument must be supplied; if none are provided, the server will return an error and an exception will be raised.


IMAP4.unselect()
imaplib.IMAP4.unselect() frees server’s resources associated with the selected mailbox and returns the server to the authenticated state. This command performs the same actions as imaplib.IMAP4.close(), except that no messages are permanently removed from the currently selected mailbox.  New in version 3.9.


IMAP4.unsubscribe(mailbox)
Unsubscribe from old mailbox.


IMAP4.utf8_enabled
Boolean value that is normally False, but is set to True if an enable() command is successfully issued for the UTF8=ACCEPT capability.  New in version 3.5.


IMAP4.xatom(name[, ...])
Allow simple extension commands notified by server in CAPABILITY response.


class imaplib.IMAP4_SSL(host='', port=IMAP4_SSL_PORT, keyfile=None, certfile=None, ssl_context=None, timeout=None)
This is a subclass derived from IMAP4 that connects over an SSL encrypted socket (to use this class you need a socket module that was compiled with SSL support). If host is not specified, '' (the local host) is used. If port is omitted, the standard IMAP4-over-SSL port (993) is used. ssl_context is a ssl.SSLContext object which allows bundling SSL configuration options, certificates and private keys into a single (potentially long-lived) structure. Please read Security considerations for best practices. keyfile and certfile are a legacy alternative to ssl_context - they can point to PEM-formatted private key and certificate chain files for the SSL connection. Note that the keyfile/certfile parameters are mutually exclusive with ssl_context, a ValueError is raised if keyfile/certfile is provided along with ssl_context. The optional timeout parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for the connection attempt. If timeout is not given or is None, the global default socket timeout is used.  Changed in version 3.3: ssl_context parameter was added.   Changed in version 3.4: The class now supports hostname check with ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname and Server Name Indication (see ssl.HAS_SNI).   Deprecated since version 3.6: keyfile and certfile are deprecated in favor of ssl_context. Please use ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain() instead, or let ssl.create_default_context() select the system’s trusted CA certificates for you.   Changed in version 3.9: The optional timeout parameter was added.


class imaplib.IMAP4_stream(command)
This is a subclass derived from IMAP4 that connects to the stdin/stdout file descriptors created by passing command to subprocess.Popen().


imaplib.Int2AP(num)
Converts an integer into a bytes representation using characters from the set [A .. P].


imaplib.Internaldate2tuple(datestr)
Parse an IMAP4 INTERNALDATE string and return corresponding local time. The return value is a time.struct_time tuple or None if the string has wrong format.


imaplib.ParseFlags(flagstr)
Converts an IMAP4 FLAGS response to a tuple of individual flags.


imaplib.Time2Internaldate(date_time)
Convert date_time to an IMAP4 INTERNALDATE representation. The return value is a string in the form: "DD-Mmm-YYYY HH:MM:SS
+HHMM" (including double-quotes). The date_time argument can be a number (int or float) representing seconds since epoch (as returned by time.time()), a 9-tuple representing local time an instance of time.struct_time (as returned by time.localtime()), an aware instance of datetime.datetime, or a double-quoted string. In the last case, it is assumed to already be in the correct format.


imghdr — Determine the type of an image Source code: Lib/imghdr.py The imghdr module determines the type of image contained in a file or byte stream. The imghdr module defines the following function:
imghdr.what(filename, h=None)
Tests the image data contained in the file named by filename, and returns a string describing the image type. If optional h is provided, the filename is ignored and h is assumed to contain the byte stream to test.  Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.
 The following image types are recognized, as listed below with the return value from what():
Value Image format
'rgb' SGI ImgLib Files
'gif' GIF 87a and 89a Files
'pbm' Portable Bitmap Files
'pgm' Portable Graymap Files
'ppm' Portable Pixmap Files
'tiff' TIFF Files
'rast' Sun Raster Files
'xbm' X Bitmap Files
'jpeg' JPEG data in JFIF or Exif formats
'bmp' BMP files
'png' Portable Network Graphics
'webp' WebP files
'exr' OpenEXR Files    New in version 3.5: The exr and webp formats were added.  You can extend the list of file types imghdr can recognize by appending to this variable:
imghdr.tests
A list of functions performing the individual tests. Each function takes two arguments: the byte-stream and an open file-like object. When what() is called with a byte-stream, the file-like object will be None. The test function should return a string describing the image type if the test succeeded, or None if it failed.
 Example: >>> import imghdr
>>> imghdr.what('bass.gif')
'gif'


imghdr.tests
A list of functions performing the individual tests. Each function takes two arguments: the byte-stream and an open file-like object. When what() is called with a byte-stream, the file-like object will be None. The test function should return a string describing the image type if the test succeeded, or None if it failed.


imghdr.what(filename, h=None)
Tests the image data contained in the file named by filename, and returns a string describing the image type. If optional h is provided, the filename is ignored and h is assumed to contain the byte stream to test.  Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.


exception ImportError
Raised when the import statement has troubles trying to load a module. Also raised when the “from list” in from ... import has a name that cannot be found. The name and path attributes can be set using keyword-only arguments to the constructor. When set they represent the name of the module that was attempted to be imported and the path to any file which triggered the exception, respectively.  Changed in version 3.3: Added the name and path attributes.


importlib — The implementation of import  New in version 3.1.  Source code: Lib/importlib/__init__.py Introduction The purpose of the importlib package is two-fold. One is to provide the implementation of the import statement (and thus, by extension, the __import__() function) in Python source code. This provides an implementation of import which is portable to any Python interpreter. This also provides an implementation which is easier to comprehend than one implemented in a programming language other than Python. Two, the components to implement import are exposed in this package, making it easier for users to create their own custom objects (known generically as an importer) to participate in the import process.  See also  The import statement

The language reference for the import statement.  Packages specification

Original specification of packages. Some semantics have changed since the writing of this document (e.g. redirecting based on None in sys.modules).
The __import__() function

The import statement is syntactic sugar for this function.  PEP 235

Import on Case-Insensitive Platforms  PEP 263

Defining Python Source Code Encodings  PEP 302

New Import Hooks  PEP 328

Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative  PEP 366

Main module explicit relative imports  PEP 420

Implicit namespace packages  PEP 451

A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System  PEP 488

Elimination of PYO files  PEP 489

Multi-phase extension module initialization  PEP 552

Deterministic pycs  PEP 3120

Using UTF-8 as the Default Source Encoding  PEP 3147

PYC Repository Directories    Functions
importlib.__import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)
An implementation of the built-in __import__() function.  Note Programmatic importing of modules should use import_module() instead of this function.

importlib.import_module(name, package=None)
Import a module. The name argument specifies what module to import in absolute or relative terms (e.g. either pkg.mod or ..mod). If the name is specified in relative terms, then the package argument must be set to the name of the package which is to act as the anchor for resolving the package name (e.g. import_module('..mod', 'pkg.subpkg') will import pkg.mod). The import_module() function acts as a simplifying wrapper around importlib.__import__(). This means all semantics of the function are derived from importlib.__import__(). The most important difference between these two functions is that import_module() returns the specified package or module (e.g. pkg.mod), while __import__() returns the top-level package or module (e.g. pkg). If you are dynamically importing a module that was created since the interpreter began execution (e.g., created a Python source file), you may need to call invalidate_caches() in order for the new module to be noticed by the import system.  Changed in version 3.3: Parent packages are automatically imported.

importlib.find_loader(name, path=None)
Find the loader for a module, optionally within the specified path. If the module is in sys.modules, then sys.modules[name].__loader__ is returned (unless the loader would be None or is not set, in which case ValueError is raised). Otherwise a search using sys.meta_path is done. None is returned if no loader is found. A dotted name does not have its parents implicitly imported as that requires loading them and that may not be desired. To properly import a submodule you will need to import all parent packages of the submodule and use the correct argument to path.  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.4: If __loader__ is not set, raise ValueError, just like when the attribute is set to None.   Deprecated since version 3.4: Use importlib.util.find_spec() instead.

importlib.invalidate_caches()
Invalidate the internal caches of finders stored at sys.meta_path. If a finder implements invalidate_caches() then it will be called to perform the invalidation. This function should be called if any modules are created/installed while your program is running to guarantee all finders will notice the new module’s existence.  New in version 3.3.

importlib.reload(module)
Reload a previously imported module. The argument must be a module object, so it must have been successfully imported before. This is useful if you have edited the module source file using an external editor and want to try out the new version without leaving the Python interpreter. The return value is the module object (which can be different if re-importing causes a different object to be placed in sys.modules). When reload() is executed:  Python module’s code is recompiled and the module-level code re-executed, defining a new set of objects which are bound to names in the module’s dictionary by reusing the loader which originally loaded the module. The init function of extension modules is not called a second time. As with all other objects in Python the old objects are only reclaimed after their reference counts drop to zero. The names in the module namespace are updated to point to any new or changed objects. Other references to the old objects (such as names external to the module) are not rebound to refer to the new objects and must be updated in each namespace where they occur if that is desired.  There are a number of other caveats: When a module is reloaded, its dictionary (containing the module’s global variables) is retained. Redefinitions of names will override the old definitions, so this is generally not a problem. If the new version of a module does not define a name that was defined by the old version, the old definition remains. This feature can be used to the module’s advantage if it maintains a global table or cache of objects — with a try statement it can test for the table’s presence and skip its initialization if desired: try:
    cache
except NameError:
    cache = {}
 It is generally not very useful to reload built-in or dynamically loaded modules. Reloading sys, __main__, builtins and other key modules is not recommended. In many cases extension modules are not designed to be initialized more than once, and may fail in arbitrary ways when reloaded. If a module imports objects from another module using from … import …, calling reload() for the other module does not redefine the objects imported from it — one way around this is to re-execute the from statement, another is to use import and qualified names (module.name) instead. If a module instantiates instances of a class, reloading the module that defines the class does not affect the method definitions of the instances — they continue to use the old class definition. The same is true for derived classes.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.7: ModuleNotFoundError is raised when the module being reloaded lacks a ModuleSpec.
 importlib.abc – Abstract base classes related to import Source code: Lib/importlib/abc.py The importlib.abc module contains all of the core abstract base classes used by import. Some subclasses of the core abstract base classes are also provided to help in implementing the core ABCs. ABC hierarchy: object
 +-- Finder (deprecated)
 |    +-- MetaPathFinder
 |    +-- PathEntryFinder
 +-- Loader
      +-- ResourceLoader --------+
      +-- InspectLoader          |
           +-- ExecutionLoader --+
                                 +-- FileLoader
                                 +-- SourceLoader

class importlib.abc.Finder
An abstract base class representing a finder.  Deprecated since version 3.3: Use MetaPathFinder or PathEntryFinder instead.
abstractmethod find_module(fullname, path=None)
An abstract method for finding a loader for the specified module. Originally specified in PEP 302, this method was meant for use in sys.meta_path and in the path-based import subsystem.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns None when called instead of raising NotImplementedError.

class importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder
An abstract base class representing a meta path finder. For compatibility, this is a subclass of Finder.  New in version 3.3.
find_spec(fullname, path, target=None)
An abstract method for finding a spec for the specified module. If this is a top-level import, path will be None. Otherwise, this is a search for a subpackage or module and path will be the value of __path__ from the parent package. If a spec cannot be found, None is returned. When passed in, target is a module object that the finder may use to make a more educated guess about what spec to return. importlib.util.spec_from_loader() may be useful for implementing concrete MetaPathFinders.  New in version 3.4.

find_module(fullname, path)
A legacy method for finding a loader for the specified module. If this is a top-level import, path will be None. Otherwise, this is a search for a subpackage or module and path will be the value of __path__ from the parent package. If a loader cannot be found, None is returned. If find_spec() is defined, backwards-compatible functionality is provided.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns None when called instead of raising NotImplementedError. Can use find_spec() to provide functionality.   Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.

invalidate_caches()
An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal cache used by the finder. Used by importlib.invalidate_caches() when invalidating the caches of all finders on sys.meta_path.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns None when called instead of NotImplemented.

class importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder
An abstract base class representing a path entry finder. Though it bears some similarities to MetaPathFinder, PathEntryFinder is meant for use only within the path-based import subsystem provided by PathFinder. This ABC is a subclass of Finder for compatibility reasons only.  New in version 3.3.
find_spec(fullname, target=None)
An abstract method for finding a spec for the specified module. The finder will search for the module only within the path entry to which it is assigned. If a spec cannot be found, None is returned. When passed in, target is a module object that the finder may use to make a more educated guess about what spec to return. importlib.util.spec_from_loader() may be useful for implementing concrete PathEntryFinders.  New in version 3.4.

find_loader(fullname)
A legacy method for finding a loader for the specified module. Returns a 2-tuple of (loader, portion) where portion is a sequence of file system locations contributing to part of a namespace package. The loader may be None while specifying portion to signify the contribution of the file system locations to a namespace package. An empty list can be used for portion to signify the loader is not part of a namespace package. If loader is None and portion is the empty list then no loader or location for a namespace package were found (i.e. failure to find anything for the module). If find_spec() is defined then backwards-compatible functionality is provided.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns (None, []) instead of raising NotImplementedError. Uses find_spec() when available to provide functionality.   Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.

find_module(fullname)
A concrete implementation of Finder.find_module() which is equivalent to self.find_loader(fullname)[0].  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.

invalidate_caches()
An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal cache used by the finder. Used by PathFinder.invalidate_caches() when invalidating the caches of all cached finders.

class importlib.abc.Loader
An abstract base class for a loader. See PEP 302 for the exact definition for a loader. Loaders that wish to support resource reading should implement a get_resource_reader(fullname) method as specified by importlib.abc.ResourceReader.  Changed in version 3.7: Introduced the optional get_resource_reader() method.
create_module(spec)
A method that returns the module object to use when importing a module. This method may return None, indicating that default module creation semantics should take place.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.5: Starting in Python 3.6, this method will not be optional when exec_module() is defined.

exec_module(module)
An abstract method that executes the module in its own namespace when a module is imported or reloaded. The module should already be initialized when exec_module() is called. When this method exists, create_module() must be defined.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.6: create_module() must also be defined.

load_module(fullname)
A legacy method for loading a module. If the module cannot be loaded, ImportError is raised, otherwise the loaded module is returned. If the requested module already exists in sys.modules, that module should be used and reloaded. Otherwise the loader should create a new module and insert it into sys.modules before any loading begins, to prevent recursion from the import. If the loader inserted a module and the load fails, it must be removed by the loader from sys.modules; modules already in sys.modules before the loader began execution should be left alone (see importlib.util.module_for_loader()). The loader should set several attributes on the module. (Note that some of these attributes can change when a module is reloaded):

__name__

The name of the module.

__file__

The path to where the module data is stored (not set for built-in modules).

__cached__

The path to where a compiled version of the module is/should be stored (not set when the attribute would be inappropriate).

__path__

A list of strings specifying the search path within a package. This attribute is not set on modules.

__package__

The fully-qualified name of the package under which the module was loaded as a submodule (or the empty string for top-level modules). For packages, it is the same as __name__. The importlib.util.module_for_loader() decorator can handle the details for __package__.

__loader__

The loader used to load the module. The importlib.util.module_for_loader() decorator can handle the details for __package__.     When exec_module() is available then backwards-compatible functionality is provided.  Changed in version 3.4: Raise ImportError when called instead of NotImplementedError. Functionality provided when exec_module() is available.   Deprecated since version 3.4: The recommended API for loading a module is exec_module() (and create_module()). Loaders should implement it instead of load_module(). The import machinery takes care of all the other responsibilities of load_module() when exec_module() is implemented.

module_repr(module)
A legacy method which when implemented calculates and returns the given module’s repr, as a string. The module type’s default repr() will use the result of this method as appropriate.  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.4: Made optional instead of an abstractmethod.   Deprecated since version 3.4: The import machinery now takes care of this automatically.

class importlib.abc.ResourceReader
Superseded by TraversableReader An abstract base class to provide the ability to read resources. From the perspective of this ABC, a resource is a binary artifact that is shipped within a package. Typically this is something like a data file that lives next to the __init__.py file of the package. The purpose of this class is to help abstract out the accessing of such data files so that it does not matter if the package and its data file(s) are stored in a e.g. zip file versus on the file system. For any of methods of this class, a resource argument is expected to be a path-like object which represents conceptually just a file name. This means that no subdirectory paths should be included in the resource argument. This is because the location of the package the reader is for, acts as the “directory”. Hence the metaphor for directories and file names is packages and resources, respectively. This is also why instances of this class are expected to directly correlate to a specific package (instead of potentially representing multiple packages or a module). Loaders that wish to support resource reading are expected to provide a method called get_resource_reader(fullname) which returns an object implementing this ABC’s interface. If the module specified by fullname is not a package, this method should return None. An object compatible with this ABC should only be returned when the specified module is a package.  New in version 3.7.
abstractmethod open_resource(resource)
Returns an opened, file-like object for binary reading of the resource. If the resource cannot be found, FileNotFoundError is raised.

abstractmethod resource_path(resource)
Returns the file system path to the resource. If the resource does not concretely exist on the file system, raise FileNotFoundError.

abstractmethod is_resource(name)
Returns True if the named name is considered a resource. FileNotFoundError is raised if name does not exist.

abstractmethod contents()
Returns an iterable of strings over the contents of the package. Do note that it is not required that all names returned by the iterator be actual resources, e.g. it is acceptable to return names for which is_resource() would be false. Allowing non-resource names to be returned is to allow for situations where how a package and its resources are stored are known a priori and the non-resource names would be useful. For instance, returning subdirectory names is allowed so that when it is known that the package and resources are stored on the file system then those subdirectory names can be used directly. The abstract method returns an iterable of no items.

class importlib.abc.ResourceLoader
An abstract base class for a loader which implements the optional PEP 302 protocol for loading arbitrary resources from the storage back-end.  Deprecated since version 3.7: This ABC is deprecated in favour of supporting resource loading through importlib.abc.ResourceReader.
abstractmethod get_data(path)
An abstract method to return the bytes for the data located at path. Loaders that have a file-like storage back-end that allows storing arbitrary data can implement this abstract method to give direct access to the data stored. OSError is to be raised if the path cannot be found. The path is expected to be constructed using a module’s __file__ attribute or an item from a package’s __path__.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises OSError instead of NotImplementedError.

class importlib.abc.InspectLoader
An abstract base class for a loader which implements the optional PEP 302 protocol for loaders that inspect modules.
get_code(fullname)
Return the code object for a module, or None if the module does not have a code object (as would be the case, for example, for a built-in module). Raise an ImportError if loader cannot find the requested module.  Note While the method has a default implementation, it is suggested that it be overridden if possible for performance.   Changed in version 3.4: No longer abstract and a concrete implementation is provided.

abstractmethod get_source(fullname)
An abstract method to return the source of a module. It is returned as a text string using universal newlines, translating all recognized line separators into '\n' characters. Returns None if no source is available (e.g. a built-in module). Raises ImportError if the loader cannot find the module specified.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises ImportError instead of NotImplementedError.

is_package(fullname)
An abstract method to return a true value if the module is a package, a false value otherwise. ImportError is raised if the loader cannot find the module.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises ImportError instead of NotImplementedError.

static source_to_code(data, path='<string>')
Create a code object from Python source. The data argument can be whatever the compile() function supports (i.e. string or bytes). The path argument should be the “path” to where the source code originated from, which can be an abstract concept (e.g. location in a zip file). With the subsequent code object one can execute it in a module by running exec(code, module.__dict__).  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.5: Made the method static.

exec_module(module)
Implementation of Loader.exec_module().  New in version 3.4.

load_module(fullname)
Implementation of Loader.load_module().  Deprecated since version 3.4: use exec_module() instead.

class importlib.abc.ExecutionLoader
An abstract base class which inherits from InspectLoader that, when implemented, helps a module to be executed as a script. The ABC represents an optional PEP 302 protocol.
abstractmethod get_filename(fullname)
An abstract method that is to return the value of __file__ for the specified module. If no path is available, ImportError is raised. If source code is available, then the method should return the path to the source file, regardless of whether a bytecode was used to load the module.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises ImportError instead of NotImplementedError.

class importlib.abc.FileLoader(fullname, path)
An abstract base class which inherits from ResourceLoader and ExecutionLoader, providing concrete implementations of ResourceLoader.get_data() and ExecutionLoader.get_filename(). The fullname argument is a fully resolved name of the module the loader is to handle. The path argument is the path to the file for the module.  New in version 3.3.
name
The name of the module the loader can handle.

path
Path to the file of the module.

load_module(fullname)
Calls super’s load_module().  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use Loader.exec_module() instead.

abstractmethod get_filename(fullname)
Returns path.

abstractmethod get_data(path)
Reads path as a binary file and returns the bytes from it.

class importlib.abc.SourceLoader
An abstract base class for implementing source (and optionally bytecode) file loading. The class inherits from both ResourceLoader and ExecutionLoader, requiring the implementation of:  ResourceLoader.get_data()

ExecutionLoader.get_filename()

Should only return the path to the source file; sourceless loading is not supported.     The abstract methods defined by this class are to add optional bytecode file support. Not implementing these optional methods (or causing them to raise NotImplementedError) causes the loader to only work with source code. Implementing the methods allows the loader to work with source and bytecode files; it does not allow for sourceless loading where only bytecode is provided. Bytecode files are an optimization to speed up loading by removing the parsing step of Python’s compiler, and so no bytecode-specific API is exposed.
path_stats(path)
Optional abstract method which returns a dict containing metadata about the specified path. Supported dictionary keys are:
'mtime' (mandatory): an integer or floating-point number representing the modification time of the source code;
'size' (optional): the size in bytes of the source code.  Any other keys in the dictionary are ignored, to allow for future extensions. If the path cannot be handled, OSError is raised.  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.4: Raise OSError instead of NotImplementedError.

path_mtime(path)
Optional abstract method which returns the modification time for the specified path.  Deprecated since version 3.3: This method is deprecated in favour of path_stats(). You don’t have to implement it, but it is still available for compatibility purposes. Raise OSError if the path cannot be handled.   Changed in version 3.4: Raise OSError instead of NotImplementedError.

set_data(path, data)
Optional abstract method which writes the specified bytes to a file path. Any intermediate directories which do not exist are to be created automatically. When writing to the path fails because the path is read-only (errno.EACCES/PermissionError), do not propagate the exception.  Changed in version 3.4: No longer raises NotImplementedError when called.

get_code(fullname)
Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_code().

exec_module(module)
Concrete implementation of Loader.exec_module().  New in version 3.4.

load_module(fullname)
Concrete implementation of Loader.load_module().  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use exec_module() instead.

get_source(fullname)
Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_source().

is_package(fullname)
Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.is_package(). A module is determined to be a package if its file path (as provided by ExecutionLoader.get_filename()) is a file named __init__ when the file extension is removed and the module name itself does not end in __init__.

class importlib.abc.Traversable
An object with a subset of pathlib.Path methods suitable for traversing directories and opening files.  New in version 3.9.

class importlib.abc.TraversableReader
An abstract base class for resource readers capable of serving the files interface. Subclasses ResourceReader and provides concrete implementations of the ResourceReader’s abstract methods. Therefore, any loader supplying TraversableReader also supplies ResourceReader.  New in version 3.9.
 importlib.resources – Resources Source code: Lib/importlib/resources.py  New in version 3.7.  This module leverages Python’s import system to provide access to resources within packages. If you can import a package, you can access resources within that package. Resources can be opened or read, in either binary or text mode. Resources are roughly akin to files inside directories, though it’s important to keep in mind that this is just a metaphor. Resources and packages do not have to exist as physical files and directories on the file system.  Note This module provides functionality similar to pkg_resources Basic Resource Access without the performance overhead of that package. This makes reading resources included in packages easier, with more stable and consistent semantics. The standalone backport of this module provides more information on using importlib.resources and migrating from pkg_resources to importlib.resources.  Loaders that wish to support resource reading should implement a get_resource_reader(fullname) method as specified by importlib.abc.ResourceReader. The following types are defined.
importlib.resources.Package
The Package type is defined as Union[str, ModuleType]. This means that where the function describes accepting a Package, you can pass in either a string or a module. Module objects must have a resolvable __spec__.submodule_search_locations that is not None.

importlib.resources.Resource
This type describes the resource names passed into the various functions in this package. This is defined as Union[str, os.PathLike].
 The following functions are available.
importlib.resources.files(package)
Returns an importlib.resources.abc.Traversable object representing the resource container for the package (think directory) and its resources (think files). A Traversable may contain other containers (think subdirectories). package is either a name or a module object which conforms to the Package requirements.  New in version 3.9.

importlib.resources.as_file(traversable)
Given a importlib.resources.abc.Traversable object representing a file, typically from importlib.resources.files(), return a context manager for use in a with statement. The context manager provides a pathlib.Path object. Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary file created when the resource was extracted from e.g. a zip file. Use as_file when the Traversable methods (read_text, etc) are insufficient and an actual file on the file system is required.  New in version 3.9.

importlib.resources.open_binary(package, resource)
Open for binary reading the resource within package. package is either a name or a module object which conforms to the Package requirements. resource is the name of the resource to open within package; it may not contain path separators and it may not have sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory). This function returns a typing.BinaryIO instance, a binary I/O stream open for reading.

importlib.resources.open_text(package, resource, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
Open for text reading the resource within package. By default, the resource is opened for reading as UTF-8. package is either a name or a module object which conforms to the Package requirements. resource is the name of the resource to open within package; it may not contain path separators and it may not have sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory). encoding and errors have the same meaning as with built-in open(). This function returns a typing.TextIO instance, a text I/O stream open for reading.

importlib.resources.read_binary(package, resource)
Read and return the contents of the resource within package as bytes. package is either a name or a module object which conforms to the Package requirements. resource is the name of the resource to open within package; it may not contain path separators and it may not have sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory). This function returns the contents of the resource as bytes.

importlib.resources.read_text(package, resource, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
Read and return the contents of resource within package as a str. By default, the contents are read as strict UTF-8. package is either a name or a module object which conforms to the Package requirements. resource is the name of the resource to open within package; it may not contain path separators and it may not have sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory). encoding and errors have the same meaning as with built-in open(). This function returns the contents of the resource as str.

importlib.resources.path(package, resource)
Return the path to the resource as an actual file system path. This function returns a context manager for use in a with statement. The context manager provides a pathlib.Path object. Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary file created when the resource needs to be extracted from e.g. a zip file. package is either a name or a module object which conforms to the Package requirements. resource is the name of the resource to open within package; it may not contain path separators and it may not have sub-resources (i.e. it cannot be a directory).

importlib.resources.is_resource(package, name)
Return True if there is a resource named name in the package, otherwise False. Remember that directories are not resources! package is either a name or a module object which conforms to the Package requirements.

importlib.resources.contents(package)
Return an iterable over the named items within the package. The iterable returns str resources (e.g. files) and non-resources (e.g. directories). The iterable does not recurse into subdirectories. package is either a name or a module object which conforms to the Package requirements.
 importlib.machinery – Importers and path hooks Source code: Lib/importlib/machinery.py This module contains the various objects that help import find and load modules.
importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES
A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for source modules.  New in version 3.3.

importlib.machinery.DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES
A list of strings representing the file suffixes for non-optimized bytecode modules.  New in version 3.3.   Deprecated since version 3.5: Use BYTECODE_SUFFIXES instead.

importlib.machinery.OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES
A list of strings representing the file suffixes for optimized bytecode modules.  New in version 3.3.   Deprecated since version 3.5: Use BYTECODE_SUFFIXES instead.

importlib.machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES
A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for bytecode modules (including the leading dot).  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.5: The value is no longer dependent on __debug__.

importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for extension modules.  New in version 3.3.

importlib.machinery.all_suffixes()
Returns a combined list of strings representing all file suffixes for modules recognized by the standard import machinery. This is a helper for code which simply needs to know if a filesystem path potentially refers to a module without needing any details on the kind of module (for example, inspect.getmodulename()).  New in version 3.3.

class importlib.machinery.BuiltinImporter
An importer for built-in modules. All known built-in modules are listed in sys.builtin_module_names. This class implements the importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder and importlib.abc.InspectLoader ABCs. Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation.  Changed in version 3.5: As part of PEP 489, the builtin importer now implements Loader.create_module() and Loader.exec_module()

class importlib.machinery.FrozenImporter
An importer for frozen modules. This class implements the importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder and importlib.abc.InspectLoader ABCs. Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation.  Changed in version 3.4: Gained create_module() and exec_module() methods.

class importlib.machinery.WindowsRegistryFinder
Finder for modules declared in the Windows registry. This class implements the importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder ABC. Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation.  New in version 3.3.   Deprecated since version 3.6: Use site configuration instead. Future versions of Python may not enable this finder by default.

class importlib.machinery.PathFinder
A Finder for sys.path and package __path__ attributes. This class implements the importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder ABC. Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation.
classmethod find_spec(fullname, path=None, target=None)
Class method that attempts to find a spec for the module specified by fullname on sys.path or, if defined, on path. For each path entry that is searched, sys.path_importer_cache is checked. If a non-false object is found then it is used as the path entry finder to look for the module being searched for. If no entry is found in sys.path_importer_cache, then sys.path_hooks is searched for a finder for the path entry and, if found, is stored in sys.path_importer_cache along with being queried about the module. If no finder is ever found then None is both stored in the cache and returned.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.5: If the current working directory – represented by an empty string – is no longer valid then None is returned but no value is cached in sys.path_importer_cache.

classmethod find_module(fullname, path=None)
A legacy wrapper around find_spec().  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.

classmethod invalidate_caches()
Calls importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder.invalidate_caches() on all finders stored in sys.path_importer_cache that define the method. Otherwise entries in sys.path_importer_cache set to None are deleted.  Changed in version 3.7: Entries of None in sys.path_importer_cache are deleted.
  Changed in version 3.4: Calls objects in sys.path_hooks with the current working directory for '' (i.e. the empty string).

class importlib.machinery.FileFinder(path, *loader_details)
A concrete implementation of importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder which caches results from the file system. The path argument is the directory for which the finder is in charge of searching. The loader_details argument is a variable number of 2-item tuples each containing a loader and a sequence of file suffixes the loader recognizes. The loaders are expected to be callables which accept two arguments of the module’s name and the path to the file found. The finder will cache the directory contents as necessary, making stat calls for each module search to verify the cache is not outdated. Because cache staleness relies upon the granularity of the operating system’s state information of the file system, there is a potential race condition of searching for a module, creating a new file, and then searching for the module the new file represents. If the operations happen fast enough to fit within the granularity of stat calls, then the module search will fail. To prevent this from happening, when you create a module dynamically, make sure to call importlib.invalidate_caches().  New in version 3.3.
path
The path the finder will search in.

find_spec(fullname, target=None)
Attempt to find the spec to handle fullname within path.  New in version 3.4.

find_loader(fullname)
Attempt to find the loader to handle fullname within path.

invalidate_caches()
Clear out the internal cache.

classmethod path_hook(*loader_details)
A class method which returns a closure for use on sys.path_hooks. An instance of FileFinder is returned by the closure using the path argument given to the closure directly and loader_details indirectly. If the argument to the closure is not an existing directory, ImportError is raised.

class importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader(fullname, path)
A concrete implementation of importlib.abc.SourceLoader by subclassing importlib.abc.FileLoader and providing some concrete implementations of other methods.  New in version 3.3.
name
The name of the module that this loader will handle.

path
The path to the source file.

is_package(fullname)
Return True if path appears to be for a package.

path_stats(path)
Concrete implementation of importlib.abc.SourceLoader.path_stats().

set_data(path, data)
Concrete implementation of importlib.abc.SourceLoader.set_data().

load_module(name=None)
Concrete implementation of importlib.abc.Loader.load_module() where specifying the name of the module to load is optional.  Deprecated since version 3.6: Use importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module() instead.

class importlib.machinery.SourcelessFileLoader(fullname, path)
A concrete implementation of importlib.abc.FileLoader which can import bytecode files (i.e. no source code files exist). Please note that direct use of bytecode files (and thus not source code files) inhibits your modules from being usable by all Python implementations or new versions of Python which change the bytecode format.  New in version 3.3.
name
The name of the module the loader will handle.

path
The path to the bytecode file.

is_package(fullname)
Determines if the module is a package based on path.

get_code(fullname)
Returns the code object for name created from path.

get_source(fullname)
Returns None as bytecode files have no source when this loader is used.

load_module(name=None)
 Concrete implementation of importlib.abc.Loader.load_module() where specifying the name of the module to load is optional.  Deprecated since version 3.6: Use importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module() instead.

class importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader(fullname, path)
A concrete implementation of importlib.abc.ExecutionLoader for extension modules. The fullname argument specifies the name of the module the loader is to support. The path argument is the path to the extension module’s file.  New in version 3.3.
name
Name of the module the loader supports.

path
Path to the extension module.

create_module(spec)
Creates the module object from the given specification in accordance with PEP 489.  New in version 3.5.

exec_module(module)
Initializes the given module object in accordance with PEP 489.  New in version 3.5.

is_package(fullname)
Returns True if the file path points to a package’s __init__ module based on EXTENSION_SUFFIXES.

get_code(fullname)
Returns None as extension modules lack a code object.

get_source(fullname)
Returns None as extension modules do not have source code.

get_filename(fullname)
Returns path.  New in version 3.4.

class importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec(name, loader, *, origin=None, loader_state=None, is_package=None)
A specification for a module’s import-system-related state. This is typically exposed as the module’s __spec__ attribute. In the descriptions below, the names in parentheses give the corresponding attribute available directly on the module object. E.g. module.__spec__.origin == module.__file__. Note however that while the values are usually equivalent, they can differ since there is no synchronization between the two objects. Thus it is possible to update the module’s __path__ at runtime, and this will not be automatically reflected in __spec__.submodule_search_locations.  New in version 3.4.
name
 (__name__) A string for the fully-qualified name of the module.
loader
 (__loader__) The Loader that should be used when loading the module. Finders should always set this.
origin
 (__file__) Name of the place from which the module is loaded, e.g. “builtin” for built-in modules and the filename for modules loaded from source. Normally “origin” should be set, but it may be None (the default) which indicates it is unspecified (e.g. for namespace packages).
submodule_search_locations
 (__path__) List of strings for where to find submodules, if a package (None otherwise).
loader_state
 Container of extra module-specific data for use during loading (or None).
cached
 (__cached__) String for where the compiled module should be stored (or None).
parent
 (__package__) (Read-only) The fully-qualified name of the package under which the module should be loaded as a submodule (or the empty string for top-level modules). For packages, it is the same as __name__.
has_location
 Boolean indicating whether or not the module’s “origin” attribute refers to a loadable location.
 importlib.util – Utility code for importers Source code: Lib/importlib/util.py This module contains the various objects that help in the construction of an importer.
importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER
The bytes which represent the bytecode version number. If you need help with loading/writing bytecode then consider importlib.abc.SourceLoader.  New in version 3.4.

importlib.util.cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None, *, optimization=None)
Return the PEP 3147/PEP 488 path to the byte-compiled file associated with the source path. For example, if path is /foo/bar/baz.py the return value would be /foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc for Python 3.2. The cpython-32 string comes from the current magic tag (see get_tag(); if sys.implementation.cache_tag is not defined then NotImplementedError will be raised). The optimization parameter is used to specify the optimization level of the bytecode file. An empty string represents no optimization, so /foo/bar/baz.py with an optimization of '' will result in a bytecode path of /foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc. None causes the interpreter’s optimization level to be used. Any other value’s string representation is used, so /foo/bar/baz.py with an optimization of 2 will lead to the bytecode path of /foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.opt-2.pyc. The string representation of optimization can only be alphanumeric, else ValueError is raised. The debug_override parameter is deprecated and can be used to override the system’s value for __debug__. A True value is the equivalent of setting optimization to the empty string. A False value is the same as setting optimization to 1. If both debug_override an optimization are not None then TypeError is raised.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.5: The optimization parameter was added and the debug_override parameter was deprecated.   Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

importlib.util.source_from_cache(path)
Given the path to a PEP 3147 file name, return the associated source code file path. For example, if path is /foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc the returned path would be /foo/bar/baz.py. path need not exist, however if it does not conform to PEP 3147 or PEP 488 format, a ValueError is raised. If sys.implementation.cache_tag is not defined, NotImplementedError is raised.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

importlib.util.decode_source(source_bytes)
Decode the given bytes representing source code and return it as a string with universal newlines (as required by importlib.abc.InspectLoader.get_source()).  New in version 3.4.

importlib.util.resolve_name(name, package)
Resolve a relative module name to an absolute one. If name has no leading dots, then name is simply returned. This allows for usage such as importlib.util.resolve_name('sys', __spec__.parent) without doing a check to see if the package argument is needed. ImportError is raised if name is a relative module name but package is a false value (e.g. None or the empty string). ImportError is also raised a relative name would escape its containing package (e.g. requesting ..bacon from within the spam package).  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.9: To improve consistency with import statements, raise ImportError instead of ValueError for invalid relative import attempts.

importlib.util.find_spec(name, package=None)
Find the spec for a module, optionally relative to the specified package name. If the module is in sys.modules, then sys.modules[name].__spec__ is returned (unless the spec would be None or is not set, in which case ValueError is raised). Otherwise a search using sys.meta_path is done. None is returned if no spec is found. If name is for a submodule (contains a dot), the parent module is automatically imported. name and package work the same as for import_module().  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.7: Raises ModuleNotFoundError instead of AttributeError if package is in fact not a package (i.e. lacks a __path__ attribute).

importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
Create a new module based on spec and spec.loader.create_module. If spec.loader.create_module does not return None, then any pre-existing attributes will not be reset. Also, no AttributeError will be raised if triggered while accessing spec or setting an attribute on the module. This function is preferred over using types.ModuleType to create a new module as spec is used to set as many import-controlled attributes on the module as possible.  New in version 3.5.

@importlib.util.module_for_loader
A decorator for importlib.abc.Loader.load_module() to handle selecting the proper module object to load with. The decorated method is expected to have a call signature taking two positional arguments (e.g. load_module(self, module)) for which the second argument will be the module object to be used by the loader. Note that the decorator will not work on static methods because of the assumption of two arguments. The decorated method will take in the name of the module to be loaded as expected for a loader. If the module is not found in sys.modules then a new one is constructed. Regardless of where the module came from, __loader__ set to self and __package__ is set based on what importlib.abc.InspectLoader.is_package() returns (if available). These attributes are set unconditionally to support reloading. If an exception is raised by the decorated method and a module was added to sys.modules, then the module will be removed to prevent a partially initialized module from being in left in sys.modules. If the module was already in sys.modules then it is left alone.  Changed in version 3.3: __loader__ and __package__ are automatically set (when possible).   Changed in version 3.4: Set __name__, __loader__ __package__ unconditionally to support reloading.   Deprecated since version 3.4: The import machinery now directly performs all the functionality provided by this function.

@importlib.util.set_loader
A decorator for importlib.abc.Loader.load_module() to set the __loader__ attribute on the returned module. If the attribute is already set the decorator does nothing. It is assumed that the first positional argument to the wrapped method (i.e. self) is what __loader__ should be set to.  Changed in version 3.4: Set __loader__ if set to None, as if the attribute does not exist.   Deprecated since version 3.4: The import machinery takes care of this automatically.

@importlib.util.set_package
A decorator for importlib.abc.Loader.load_module() to set the __package__ attribute on the returned module. If __package__ is set and has a value other than None it will not be changed.  Deprecated since version 3.4: The import machinery takes care of this automatically.

importlib.util.spec_from_loader(name, loader, *, origin=None, is_package=None)
A factory function for creating a ModuleSpec instance based on a loader. The parameters have the same meaning as they do for ModuleSpec. The function uses available loader APIs, such as InspectLoader.is_package(), to fill in any missing information on the spec.  New in version 3.4.

importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(name, location, *, loader=None, submodule_search_locations=None)
A factory function for creating a ModuleSpec instance based on the path to a file. Missing information will be filled in on the spec by making use of loader APIs and by the implication that the module will be file-based.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

importlib.util.source_hash(source_bytes)
Return the hash of source_bytes as bytes. A hash-based .pyc file embeds the source_hash() of the corresponding source file’s contents in its header.  New in version 3.7.

class importlib.util.LazyLoader(loader)
A class which postpones the execution of the loader of a module until the module has an attribute accessed. This class only works with loaders that define exec_module() as control over what module type is used for the module is required. For those same reasons, the loader’s create_module() method must return None or a type for which its __class__ attribute can be mutated along with not using slots. Finally, modules which substitute the object placed into sys.modules will not work as there is no way to properly replace the module references throughout the interpreter safely; ValueError is raised if such a substitution is detected.  Note For projects where startup time is critical, this class allows for potentially minimizing the cost of loading a module if it is never used. For projects where startup time is not essential then use of this class is heavily discouraged due to error messages created during loading being postponed and thus occurring out of context.   New in version 3.5.   Changed in version 3.6: Began calling create_module(), removing the compatibility warning for importlib.machinery.BuiltinImporter and importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader.
classmethod factory(loader)
A static method which returns a callable that creates a lazy loader. This is meant to be used in situations where the loader is passed by class instead of by instance. suffixes = importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES
loader = importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader
lazy_loader = importlib.util.LazyLoader.factory(loader)
finder = importlib.machinery.FileFinder(path, (lazy_loader, suffixes))

 Examples Importing programmatically To programmatically import a module, use importlib.import_module(). import importlib

itertools = importlib.import_module('itertools')
 Checking if a module can be imported If you need to find out if a module can be imported without actually doing the import, then you should use importlib.util.find_spec(). import importlib.util
import sys

# For illustrative purposes.
name = 'itertools'

if name in sys.modules:
    print(f"{name!r} already in sys.modules")
elif (spec := importlib.util.find_spec(name)) is not None:
    # If you chose to perform the actual import ...
    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
    sys.modules[name] = module
    spec.loader.exec_module(module)
    print(f"{name!r} has been imported")
else:
    print(f"can't find the {name!r} module")
 Importing a source file directly To import a Python source file directly, use the following recipe (Python 3.5 and newer only): import importlib.util
import sys

# For illustrative purposes.
import tokenize
file_path = tokenize.__file__
module_name = tokenize.__name__

spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(module_name, file_path)
module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
sys.modules[module_name] = module
spec.loader.exec_module(module)
 Setting up an importer For deep customizations of import, you typically want to implement an importer. This means managing both the finder and loader side of things. For finders there are two flavours to choose from depending on your needs: a meta path finder or a path entry finder. The former is what you would put on sys.meta_path while the latter is what you create using a path entry hook on sys.path_hooks which works with sys.path entries to potentially create a finder. This example will show you how to register your own importers so that import will use them (for creating an importer for yourself, read the documentation for the appropriate classes defined within this package): import importlib.machinery
import sys

# For illustrative purposes only.
SpamMetaPathFinder = importlib.machinery.PathFinder
SpamPathEntryFinder = importlib.machinery.FileFinder
loader_details = (importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader,
                  importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES)

# Setting up a meta path finder.
# Make sure to put the finder in the proper location in the list in terms of
# priority.
sys.meta_path.append(SpamMetaPathFinder)

# Setting up a path entry finder.
# Make sure to put the path hook in the proper location in the list in terms
# of priority.
sys.path_hooks.append(SpamPathEntryFinder.path_hook(loader_details))
 Approximating importlib.import_module()
 Import itself is implemented in Python code, making it possible to expose most of the import machinery through importlib. The following helps illustrate the various APIs that importlib exposes by providing an approximate implementation of importlib.import_module() (Python 3.4 and newer for the importlib usage, Python 3.6 and newer for other parts of the code). import importlib.util
import sys

def import_module(name, package=None):
    """An approximate implementation of import."""
    absolute_name = importlib.util.resolve_name(name, package)
    try:
        return sys.modules[absolute_name]
    except KeyError:
        pass

    path = None
    if '.' in absolute_name:
        parent_name, _, child_name = absolute_name.rpartition('.')
        parent_module = import_module(parent_name)
        path = parent_module.__spec__.submodule_search_locations
    for finder in sys.meta_path:
        spec = finder.find_spec(absolute_name, path)
        if spec is not None:
            break
    else:
        msg = f'No module named {absolute_name!r}'
        raise ModuleNotFoundError(msg, name=absolute_name)
    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
    sys.modules[absolute_name] = module
    spec.loader.exec_module(module)
    if path is not None:
        setattr(parent_module, child_name, module)
    return module


class importlib.abc.ExecutionLoader
An abstract base class which inherits from InspectLoader that, when implemented, helps a module to be executed as a script. The ABC represents an optional PEP 302 protocol.
abstractmethod get_filename(fullname)
An abstract method that is to return the value of __file__ for the specified module. If no path is available, ImportError is raised. If source code is available, then the method should return the path to the source file, regardless of whether a bytecode was used to load the module.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises ImportError instead of NotImplementedError.


abstractmethod get_filename(fullname)
An abstract method that is to return the value of __file__ for the specified module. If no path is available, ImportError is raised. If source code is available, then the method should return the path to the source file, regardless of whether a bytecode was used to load the module.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises ImportError instead of NotImplementedError.


class importlib.abc.FileLoader(fullname, path)
An abstract base class which inherits from ResourceLoader and ExecutionLoader, providing concrete implementations of ResourceLoader.get_data() and ExecutionLoader.get_filename(). The fullname argument is a fully resolved name of the module the loader is to handle. The path argument is the path to the file for the module.  New in version 3.3.
name
The name of the module the loader can handle.

path
Path to the file of the module.

load_module(fullname)
Calls super’s load_module().  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use Loader.exec_module() instead.

abstractmethod get_filename(fullname)
Returns path.

abstractmethod get_data(path)
Reads path as a binary file and returns the bytes from it.


abstractmethod get_data(path)
Reads path as a binary file and returns the bytes from it.


abstractmethod get_filename(fullname)
Returns path.


load_module(fullname)
Calls super’s load_module().  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use Loader.exec_module() instead.


name
The name of the module the loader can handle.


class importlib.abc.Finder
An abstract base class representing a finder.  Deprecated since version 3.3: Use MetaPathFinder or PathEntryFinder instead.
abstractmethod find_module(fullname, path=None)
An abstract method for finding a loader for the specified module. Originally specified in PEP 302, this method was meant for use in sys.meta_path and in the path-based import subsystem.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns None when called instead of raising NotImplementedError.


abstractmethod find_module(fullname, path=None)
An abstract method for finding a loader for the specified module. Originally specified in PEP 302, this method was meant for use in sys.meta_path and in the path-based import subsystem.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns None when called instead of raising NotImplementedError.


class importlib.abc.InspectLoader
An abstract base class for a loader which implements the optional PEP 302 protocol for loaders that inspect modules.
get_code(fullname)
Return the code object for a module, or None if the module does not have a code object (as would be the case, for example, for a built-in module). Raise an ImportError if loader cannot find the requested module.  Note While the method has a default implementation, it is suggested that it be overridden if possible for performance.   Changed in version 3.4: No longer abstract and a concrete implementation is provided.

abstractmethod get_source(fullname)
An abstract method to return the source of a module. It is returned as a text string using universal newlines, translating all recognized line separators into '\n' characters. Returns None if no source is available (e.g. a built-in module). Raises ImportError if the loader cannot find the module specified.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises ImportError instead of NotImplementedError.

is_package(fullname)
An abstract method to return a true value if the module is a package, a false value otherwise. ImportError is raised if the loader cannot find the module.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises ImportError instead of NotImplementedError.

static source_to_code(data, path='<string>')
Create a code object from Python source. The data argument can be whatever the compile() function supports (i.e. string or bytes). The path argument should be the “path” to where the source code originated from, which can be an abstract concept (e.g. location in a zip file). With the subsequent code object one can execute it in a module by running exec(code, module.__dict__).  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.5: Made the method static.

exec_module(module)
Implementation of Loader.exec_module().  New in version 3.4.

load_module(fullname)
Implementation of Loader.load_module().  Deprecated since version 3.4: use exec_module() instead.


exec_module(module)
Implementation of Loader.exec_module().  New in version 3.4.


get_code(fullname)
Return the code object for a module, or None if the module does not have a code object (as would be the case, for example, for a built-in module). Raise an ImportError if loader cannot find the requested module.  Note While the method has a default implementation, it is suggested that it be overridden if possible for performance.   Changed in version 3.4: No longer abstract and a concrete implementation is provided.


abstractmethod get_source(fullname)
An abstract method to return the source of a module. It is returned as a text string using universal newlines, translating all recognized line separators into '\n' characters. Returns None if no source is available (e.g. a built-in module). Raises ImportError if the loader cannot find the module specified.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises ImportError instead of NotImplementedError.


is_package(fullname)
An abstract method to return a true value if the module is a package, a false value otherwise. ImportError is raised if the loader cannot find the module.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises ImportError instead of NotImplementedError.


load_module(fullname)
Implementation of Loader.load_module().  Deprecated since version 3.4: use exec_module() instead.


static source_to_code(data, path='<string>')
Create a code object from Python source. The data argument can be whatever the compile() function supports (i.e. string or bytes). The path argument should be the “path” to where the source code originated from, which can be an abstract concept (e.g. location in a zip file). With the subsequent code object one can execute it in a module by running exec(code, module.__dict__).  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.5: Made the method static.


class importlib.abc.Loader
An abstract base class for a loader. See PEP 302 for the exact definition for a loader. Loaders that wish to support resource reading should implement a get_resource_reader(fullname) method as specified by importlib.abc.ResourceReader.  Changed in version 3.7: Introduced the optional get_resource_reader() method.
create_module(spec)
A method that returns the module object to use when importing a module. This method may return None, indicating that default module creation semantics should take place.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.5: Starting in Python 3.6, this method will not be optional when exec_module() is defined.

exec_module(module)
An abstract method that executes the module in its own namespace when a module is imported or reloaded. The module should already be initialized when exec_module() is called. When this method exists, create_module() must be defined.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.6: create_module() must also be defined.

load_module(fullname)
A legacy method for loading a module. If the module cannot be loaded, ImportError is raised, otherwise the loaded module is returned. If the requested module already exists in sys.modules, that module should be used and reloaded. Otherwise the loader should create a new module and insert it into sys.modules before any loading begins, to prevent recursion from the import. If the loader inserted a module and the load fails, it must be removed by the loader from sys.modules; modules already in sys.modules before the loader began execution should be left alone (see importlib.util.module_for_loader()). The loader should set several attributes on the module. (Note that some of these attributes can change when a module is reloaded):

__name__

The name of the module.

__file__

The path to where the module data is stored (not set for built-in modules).

__cached__

The path to where a compiled version of the module is/should be stored (not set when the attribute would be inappropriate).

__path__

A list of strings specifying the search path within a package. This attribute is not set on modules.

__package__

The fully-qualified name of the package under which the module was loaded as a submodule (or the empty string for top-level modules). For packages, it is the same as __name__. The importlib.util.module_for_loader() decorator can handle the details for __package__.

__loader__

The loader used to load the module. The importlib.util.module_for_loader() decorator can handle the details for __package__.     When exec_module() is available then backwards-compatible functionality is provided.  Changed in version 3.4: Raise ImportError when called instead of NotImplementedError. Functionality provided when exec_module() is available.   Deprecated since version 3.4: The recommended API for loading a module is exec_module() (and create_module()). Loaders should implement it instead of load_module(). The import machinery takes care of all the other responsibilities of load_module() when exec_module() is implemented.

module_repr(module)
A legacy method which when implemented calculates and returns the given module’s repr, as a string. The module type’s default repr() will use the result of this method as appropriate.  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.4: Made optional instead of an abstractmethod.   Deprecated since version 3.4: The import machinery now takes care of this automatically.


create_module(spec)
A method that returns the module object to use when importing a module. This method may return None, indicating that default module creation semantics should take place.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.5: Starting in Python 3.6, this method will not be optional when exec_module() is defined.


exec_module(module)
An abstract method that executes the module in its own namespace when a module is imported or reloaded. The module should already be initialized when exec_module() is called. When this method exists, create_module() must be defined.  New in version 3.4.   Changed in version 3.6: create_module() must also be defined.


load_module(fullname)
A legacy method for loading a module. If the module cannot be loaded, ImportError is raised, otherwise the loaded module is returned. If the requested module already exists in sys.modules, that module should be used and reloaded. Otherwise the loader should create a new module and insert it into sys.modules before any loading begins, to prevent recursion from the import. If the loader inserted a module and the load fails, it must be removed by the loader from sys.modules; modules already in sys.modules before the loader began execution should be left alone (see importlib.util.module_for_loader()). The loader should set several attributes on the module. (Note that some of these attributes can change when a module is reloaded):

__name__

The name of the module.

__file__

The path to where the module data is stored (not set for built-in modules).

__cached__

The path to where a compiled version of the module is/should be stored (not set when the attribute would be inappropriate).

__path__

A list of strings specifying the search path within a package. This attribute is not set on modules.

__package__

The fully-qualified name of the package under which the module was loaded as a submodule (or the empty string for top-level modules). For packages, it is the same as __name__. The importlib.util.module_for_loader() decorator can handle the details for __package__.

__loader__

The loader used to load the module. The importlib.util.module_for_loader() decorator can handle the details for __package__.     When exec_module() is available then backwards-compatible functionality is provided.  Changed in version 3.4: Raise ImportError when called instead of NotImplementedError. Functionality provided when exec_module() is available.   Deprecated since version 3.4: The recommended API for loading a module is exec_module() (and create_module()). Loaders should implement it instead of load_module(). The import machinery takes care of all the other responsibilities of load_module() when exec_module() is implemented.


module_repr(module)
A legacy method which when implemented calculates and returns the given module’s repr, as a string. The module type’s default repr() will use the result of this method as appropriate.  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.4: Made optional instead of an abstractmethod.   Deprecated since version 3.4: The import machinery now takes care of this automatically.


class importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder
An abstract base class representing a meta path finder. For compatibility, this is a subclass of Finder.  New in version 3.3.
find_spec(fullname, path, target=None)
An abstract method for finding a spec for the specified module. If this is a top-level import, path will be None. Otherwise, this is a search for a subpackage or module and path will be the value of __path__ from the parent package. If a spec cannot be found, None is returned. When passed in, target is a module object that the finder may use to make a more educated guess about what spec to return. importlib.util.spec_from_loader() may be useful for implementing concrete MetaPathFinders.  New in version 3.4.

find_module(fullname, path)
A legacy method for finding a loader for the specified module. If this is a top-level import, path will be None. Otherwise, this is a search for a subpackage or module and path will be the value of __path__ from the parent package. If a loader cannot be found, None is returned. If find_spec() is defined, backwards-compatible functionality is provided.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns None when called instead of raising NotImplementedError. Can use find_spec() to provide functionality.   Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.

invalidate_caches()
An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal cache used by the finder. Used by importlib.invalidate_caches() when invalidating the caches of all finders on sys.meta_path.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns None when called instead of NotImplemented.


find_module(fullname, path)
A legacy method for finding a loader for the specified module. If this is a top-level import, path will be None. Otherwise, this is a search for a subpackage or module and path will be the value of __path__ from the parent package. If a loader cannot be found, None is returned. If find_spec() is defined, backwards-compatible functionality is provided.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns None when called instead of raising NotImplementedError. Can use find_spec() to provide functionality.   Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.


find_spec(fullname, path, target=None)
An abstract method for finding a spec for the specified module. If this is a top-level import, path will be None. Otherwise, this is a search for a subpackage or module and path will be the value of __path__ from the parent package. If a spec cannot be found, None is returned. When passed in, target is a module object that the finder may use to make a more educated guess about what spec to return. importlib.util.spec_from_loader() may be useful for implementing concrete MetaPathFinders.  New in version 3.4.


invalidate_caches()
An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal cache used by the finder. Used by importlib.invalidate_caches() when invalidating the caches of all finders on sys.meta_path.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns None when called instead of NotImplemented.


class importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder
An abstract base class representing a path entry finder. Though it bears some similarities to MetaPathFinder, PathEntryFinder is meant for use only within the path-based import subsystem provided by PathFinder. This ABC is a subclass of Finder for compatibility reasons only.  New in version 3.3.
find_spec(fullname, target=None)
An abstract method for finding a spec for the specified module. The finder will search for the module only within the path entry to which it is assigned. If a spec cannot be found, None is returned. When passed in, target is a module object that the finder may use to make a more educated guess about what spec to return. importlib.util.spec_from_loader() may be useful for implementing concrete PathEntryFinders.  New in version 3.4.

find_loader(fullname)
A legacy method for finding a loader for the specified module. Returns a 2-tuple of (loader, portion) where portion is a sequence of file system locations contributing to part of a namespace package. The loader may be None while specifying portion to signify the contribution of the file system locations to a namespace package. An empty list can be used for portion to signify the loader is not part of a namespace package. If loader is None and portion is the empty list then no loader or location for a namespace package were found (i.e. failure to find anything for the module). If find_spec() is defined then backwards-compatible functionality is provided.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns (None, []) instead of raising NotImplementedError. Uses find_spec() when available to provide functionality.   Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.

find_module(fullname)
A concrete implementation of Finder.find_module() which is equivalent to self.find_loader(fullname)[0].  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.

invalidate_caches()
An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal cache used by the finder. Used by PathFinder.invalidate_caches() when invalidating the caches of all cached finders.


find_loader(fullname)
A legacy method for finding a loader for the specified module. Returns a 2-tuple of (loader, portion) where portion is a sequence of file system locations contributing to part of a namespace package. The loader may be None while specifying portion to signify the contribution of the file system locations to a namespace package. An empty list can be used for portion to signify the loader is not part of a namespace package. If loader is None and portion is the empty list then no loader or location for a namespace package were found (i.e. failure to find anything for the module). If find_spec() is defined then backwards-compatible functionality is provided.  Changed in version 3.4: Returns (None, []) instead of raising NotImplementedError. Uses find_spec() when available to provide functionality.   Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.


find_module(fullname)
A concrete implementation of Finder.find_module() which is equivalent to self.find_loader(fullname)[0].  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use find_spec() instead.


find_spec(fullname, target=None)
An abstract method for finding a spec for the specified module. The finder will search for the module only within the path entry to which it is assigned. If a spec cannot be found, None is returned. When passed in, target is a module object that the finder may use to make a more educated guess about what spec to return. importlib.util.spec_from_loader() may be useful for implementing concrete PathEntryFinders.  New in version 3.4.


invalidate_caches()
An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal cache used by the finder. Used by PathFinder.invalidate_caches() when invalidating the caches of all cached finders.


class importlib.abc.ResourceLoader
An abstract base class for a loader which implements the optional PEP 302 protocol for loading arbitrary resources from the storage back-end.  Deprecated since version 3.7: This ABC is deprecated in favour of supporting resource loading through importlib.abc.ResourceReader.
abstractmethod get_data(path)
An abstract method to return the bytes for the data located at path. Loaders that have a file-like storage back-end that allows storing arbitrary data can implement this abstract method to give direct access to the data stored. OSError is to be raised if the path cannot be found. The path is expected to be constructed using a module’s __file__ attribute or an item from a package’s __path__.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises OSError instead of NotImplementedError.


abstractmethod get_data(path)
An abstract method to return the bytes for the data located at path. Loaders that have a file-like storage back-end that allows storing arbitrary data can implement this abstract method to give direct access to the data stored. OSError is to be raised if the path cannot be found. The path is expected to be constructed using a module’s __file__ attribute or an item from a package’s __path__.  Changed in version 3.4: Raises OSError instead of NotImplementedError.


class importlib.abc.ResourceReader
Superseded by TraversableReader An abstract base class to provide the ability to read resources. From the perspective of this ABC, a resource is a binary artifact that is shipped within a package. Typically this is something like a data file that lives next to the __init__.py file of the package. The purpose of this class is to help abstract out the accessing of such data files so that it does not matter if the package and its data file(s) are stored in a e.g. zip file versus on the file system. For any of methods of this class, a resource argument is expected to be a path-like object which represents conceptually just a file name. This means that no subdirectory paths should be included in the resource argument. This is because the location of the package the reader is for, acts as the “directory”. Hence the metaphor for directories and file names is packages and resources, respectively. This is also why instances of this class are expected to directly correlate to a specific package (instead of potentially representing multiple packages or a module). Loaders that wish to support resource reading are expected to provide a method called get_resource_reader(fullname) which returns an object implementing this ABC’s interface. If the module specified by fullname is not a package, this method should return None. An object compatible with this ABC should only be returned when the specified module is a package.  New in version 3.7.
abstractmethod open_resource(resource)
Returns an opened, file-like object for binary reading of the resource. If the resource cannot be found, FileNotFoundError is raised.

abstractmethod resource_path(resource)
Returns the file system path to the resource. If the resource does not concretely exist on the file system, raise FileNotFoundError.

abstractmethod is_resource(name)
Returns True if the named name is considered a resource. FileNotFoundError is raised if name does not exist.

abstractmethod contents()
Returns an iterable of strings over the contents of the package. Do note that it is not required that all names returned by the iterator be actual resources, e.g. it is acceptable to return names for which is_resource() would be false. Allowing non-resource names to be returned is to allow for situations where how a package and its resources are stored are known a priori and the non-resource names would be useful. For instance, returning subdirectory names is allowed so that when it is known that the package and resources are stored on the file system then those subdirectory names can be used directly. The abstract method returns an iterable of no items.


abstractmethod contents()
Returns an iterable of strings over the contents of the package. Do note that it is not required that all names returned by the iterator be actual resources, e.g. it is acceptable to return names for which is_resource() would be false. Allowing non-resource names to be returned is to allow for situations where how a package and its resources are stored are known a priori and the non-resource names would be useful. For instance, returning subdirectory names is allowed so that when it is known that the package and resources are stored on the file system then those subdirectory names can be used directly. The abstract method returns an iterable of no items.


abstractmethod is_resource(name)
Returns True if the named name is considered a resource. FileNotFoundError is raised if name does not exist.


abstractmethod open_resource(resource)
Returns an opened, file-like object for binary reading of the resource. If the resource cannot be found, FileNotFoundError is raised.


abstractmethod resource_path(resource)
Returns the file system path to the resource. If the resource does not concretely exist on the file system, raise FileNotFoundError.


class importlib.abc.SourceLoader
An abstract base class for implementing source (and optionally bytecode) file loading. The class inherits from both ResourceLoader and ExecutionLoader, requiring the implementation of:  ResourceLoader.get_data()

ExecutionLoader.get_filename()

Should only return the path to the source file; sourceless loading is not supported.     The abstract methods defined by this class are to add optional bytecode file support. Not implementing these optional methods (or causing them to raise NotImplementedError) causes the loader to only work with source code. Implementing the methods allows the loader to work with source and bytecode files; it does not allow for sourceless loading where only bytecode is provided. Bytecode files are an optimization to speed up loading by removing the parsing step of Python’s compiler, and so no bytecode-specific API is exposed.
path_stats(path)
Optional abstract method which returns a dict containing metadata about the specified path. Supported dictionary keys are:
'mtime' (mandatory): an integer or floating-point number representing the modification time of the source code;
'size' (optional): the size in bytes of the source code.  Any other keys in the dictionary are ignored, to allow for future extensions. If the path cannot be handled, OSError is raised.  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.4: Raise OSError instead of NotImplementedError.

path_mtime(path)
Optional abstract method which returns the modification time for the specified path.  Deprecated since version 3.3: This method is deprecated in favour of path_stats(). You don’t have to implement it, but it is still available for compatibility purposes. Raise OSError if the path cannot be handled.   Changed in version 3.4: Raise OSError instead of NotImplementedError.

set_data(path, data)
Optional abstract method which writes the specified bytes to a file path. Any intermediate directories which do not exist are to be created automatically. When writing to the path fails because the path is read-only (errno.EACCES/PermissionError), do not propagate the exception.  Changed in version 3.4: No longer raises NotImplementedError when called.

get_code(fullname)
Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_code().

exec_module(module)
Concrete implementation of Loader.exec_module().  New in version 3.4.

load_module(fullname)
Concrete implementation of Loader.load_module().  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use exec_module() instead.

get_source(fullname)
Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_source().

is_package(fullname)
Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.is_package(). A module is determined to be a package if its file path (as provided by ExecutionLoader.get_filename()) is a file named __init__ when the file extension is removed and the module name itself does not end in __init__.


exec_module(module)
Concrete implementation of Loader.exec_module().  New in version 3.4.


get_code(fullname)
Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_code().


get_source(fullname)
Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_source().


is_package(fullname)
Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.is_package(). A module is determined to be a package if its file path (as provided by ExecutionLoader.get_filename()) is a file named __init__ when the file extension is removed and the module name itself does not end in __init__.


load_module(fullname)
Concrete implementation of Loader.load_module().  Deprecated since version 3.4: Use exec_module() instead.


path_mtime(path)
Optional abstract method which returns the modification time for the specified path.  Deprecated since version 3.3: This method is deprecated in favour of path_stats(). You don’t have to implement it, but it is still available for compatibility purposes. Raise OSError if the path cannot be handled.   Changed in version 3.4: Raise OSError instead of NotImplementedError.


path_stats(path)
Optional abstract method which returns a dict containing metadata about the specified path. Supported dictionary keys are:
'mtime' (mandatory): an integer or floating-point number representing the modification time of the source code;
'size' (optional): the size in bytes of the source code.  Any other keys in the dictionary are ignored, to allow for future extensions. If the path cannot be handled, OSError is raised.  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.4: Raise OSError instead of NotImplementedError.


set_data(path, data)
Optional abstract method which writes the specified bytes to a file path. Any intermediate directories which do not exist are to be created automatically. When writing to the path fails because the path is read-only (errno.EACCES/PermissionError), do not propagate the exception.  Changed in version 3.4: No longer raises NotImplementedError when called.


class importlib.abc.Traversable
An object with a subset of pathlib.Path methods suitable for traversing directories and opening files.  New in version 3.9.


class importlib.abc.TraversableReader
An abstract base class for resource readers capable of serving the files interface. Subclasses ResourceReader and provides concrete implementations of the ResourceReader’s abstract methods. Therefore, any loader supplying TraversableReader also supplies ResourceReader.  New in version 3.9.


importlib.find_loader(name, path=None)
Find the loader for a module, optionally within the specified path. If the module is in sys.modules, then sys.modules[name].__loader__ is returned (unless the loader would be None or is not set, in which case ValueError is raised). Otherwise a search using sys.meta_path is done. None is returned if no loader is found. A dotted name does not have its parents implicitly imported as that requires loading them and that may not be desired. To properly import a submodule you will need to import all parent packages of the submodule and use the correct argument to path.  New in version 3.3.   Changed in version 3.4: If __loader__ is not set, raise ValueError, just like when the attribute is set to None.   Deprecated since version 3.4: Use importlib.util.find_spec() instead.


importlib.import_module(name, package=None)
Import a module. The name argument specifies what module to import in absolute or relative terms (e.g. either pkg.mod or ..mod). If the name is specified in relative terms, then the package argument must be set to the name of the package which is to act as the anchor for resolving the package name (e.g. import_module('..mod', 'pkg.subpkg') will import pkg.mod). The import_module() function acts as a simplifying wrapper around importlib.__import__(). This means all semantics of the function are derived from importlib.__import__(). The most important difference between these two functions is that import_module() returns the specified package or module (e.g. pkg.mod), while __import__() returns the top-level package or module (e.g. pkg). If you are dynamically importing a module that was created since the interpreter began execution (e.g., created a Python source file), you may need to call invalidate_caches() in order for the new module to be noticed by the import system.  Changed in version 3.3: Parent packages are automatically imported.


importlib.invalidate_caches()
Invalidate the internal caches of finders stored at sys.meta_path. If a finder implements invalidate_caches() then it will be called to perform the invalidation. This function should be called if any modules are created/installed while your program is running to guarantee all finders will notice the new module’s existence.  New in version 3.3.