README.md

metadata

annotations_creators:
  - no-annotation
language_creators:
  - crowdsourced
language:
  - en
license:
  - cc-by-sa-3.0
multilinguality:
  - monolingual
pretty_name: Natural Questions
size_categories:
  - 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
  - original
task_categories:
  - question-answering
task_ids:
  - open-domain-qa
paperswithcode_id: natural-questions
dataset_info:
  features:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: document
      struct:
        - name: title
          dtype: string
        - name: url
          dtype: string
        - name: html
          dtype: string
        - name: tokens
          sequence:
            - name: token
              dtype: string
            - name: is_html
              dtype: bool
    - name: question
      struct:
        - name: text
          dtype: string
        - name: tokens
          sequence: string
    - name: annotations
      sequence:
        - name: id
          dtype: string
        - name: long_answer
          struct:
            - name: start_token
              dtype: int64
            - name: end_token
              dtype: int64
            - name: start_byte
              dtype: int64
            - name: end_byte
              dtype: int64
        - name: short_answers
          sequence:
            - name: start_token
              dtype: int64
            - name: end_token
              dtype: int64
            - name: start_byte
              dtype: int64
            - name: end_byte
              dtype: int64
            - name: text
              dtype: string
        - name: yes_no_answer
          dtype:
            class_label:
              names:
                '0': 'NO'
                '1': 'YES'
        - name: long_answer_candidates
          sequence:
            - name: start_token
              dtype: int64
            - name: end_token
              dtype: int64
            - name: start_byte
              dtype: int64
            - name: end_byte
              dtype: int64
            - name: top_label
              dtype: bool
  splits:
    - name: train
      num_bytes: 97445142568
      num_examples: 307373
    - name: validation
      num_bytes: 2353975312
      num_examples: 7830
  download_size: 45069199013
  dataset_size: 99799117880

Dataset Card for Natural Questions

Table of Contents

• Dataset Description
  • Dataset Summary
  • Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
  • Languages
• Dataset Structure
  • Data Instances
  • Data Fields
  • Data Splits
• Dataset Creation
  • Curation Rationale
  • Source Data
  • Annotations
  • Personal and Sensitive Information
• Considerations for Using the Data
  • Social Impact of Dataset
  • Discussion of Biases
  • Other Known Limitations
• Additional Information
  • Dataset Curators
  • Licensing Information
  • Citation Information
  • Contributions

Dataset Description

• Homepage: https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions/dataset
• Repository: https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions
• Paper: https://research.google/pubs/pub47761/
• Point of Contact: More Information Needed
• Size of downloaded dataset files: 42981.34 MB
• Size of the generated dataset: 95175.86 MB
• Total amount of disk used: 138157.19 MB

Dataset Summary

The NQ corpus contains questions from real users, and it requires QA systems to read and comprehend an entire Wikipedia article that may or may not contain the answer to the question. The inclusion of real user questions, and the requirement that solutions should read an entire page to find the answer, cause NQ to be a more realistic and challenging task than prior QA datasets.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions

Languages

en

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

• Size of downloaded dataset files: 42981.34 MB
• Size of the generated dataset: 95175.86 MB
• Total amount of disk used: 138157.19 MB

An example of 'train' looks as follows. This is a toy example.

{
  "id": "797803103760793766",
  "document": {
    "title": "Google",
    "url": "http://www.wikipedia.org/Google",
    "html": "<html><body><h1>Google Inc.</h1><p>Google was founded in 1998 By:<ul><li>Larry</li><li>Sergey</li></ul></p></body></html>",
    "tokens":[
      {"token": "<h1>", "start_byte": 12, "end_byte": 16, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "Google", "start_byte": 16, "end_byte": 22, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "inc", "start_byte": 23, "end_byte": 26, "is_html": False},
      {"token": ".", "start_byte": 26, "end_byte": 27, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "</h1>", "start_byte": 27, "end_byte": 32, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "<p>", "start_byte": 32, "end_byte": 35, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "Google", "start_byte": 35, "end_byte": 41, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "was", "start_byte": 42, "end_byte": 45, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "founded", "start_byte": 46, "end_byte": 53, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "in", "start_byte": 54, "end_byte": 56, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "1998", "start_byte": 57, "end_byte": 61, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "by", "start_byte": 62, "end_byte": 64, "is_html": False},
      {"token": ":", "start_byte": 64, "end_byte": 65, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "<ul>", "start_byte": 65, "end_byte": 69, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "<li>", "start_byte": 69, "end_byte": 73, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "Larry", "start_byte": 73, "end_byte": 78, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "</li>", "start_byte": 78, "end_byte": 83, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "<li>", "start_byte": 83, "end_byte": 87, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "Sergey", "start_byte": 87, "end_byte": 92, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "</li>", "start_byte": 92, "end_byte": 97, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "</ul>", "start_byte": 97, "end_byte": 102, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "</p>", "start_byte": 102, "end_byte": 106, "is_html": True}
    ],
  },
  "question" :{
    "text": "who founded google",
    "tokens": ["who", "founded", "google"]
  },
  "long_answer_candidates": [
    {"start_byte": 32, "end_byte": 106, "start_token": 5, "end_token": 22, "top_level": True},
    {"start_byte": 65, "end_byte": 102, "start_token": 13, "end_token": 21, "top_level": False},
    {"start_byte": 69, "end_byte": 83, "start_token": 14, "end_token": 17, "top_level": False},
    {"start_byte": 83, "end_byte": 92, "start_token": 17, "end_token": 20 , "top_level": False}
  ],
  "annotations": [{
    "id": "6782080525527814293",
    "long_answer": {"start_byte": 32, "end_byte": 106, "start_token": 5, "end_token": 22, "candidate_index": 0},
    "short_answers": [
      {"start_byte": 73, "end_byte": 78, "start_token": 15, "end_token": 16, "text": "Larry"},
      {"start_byte": 87, "end_byte": 92, "start_token": 18, "end_token": 19, "text": "Sergey"}
    ],
    "yes_no_answer": -1
  }]
}

Data Fields

The data fields are the same among all splits.

default

• id: a string feature.
• document a dictionary feature containing:
  • title: a string feature.
  • url: a string feature.
  • html: a string feature.
  • tokens: a dictionary feature containing:
    • token: a string feature.
    • is_html: a bool feature.
    • start_byte: a int64 feature.
    • end_byte: a int64 feature.
• question: a dictionary feature containing:
  • text: a string feature.
  • tokens: a list of string features.
• long_answer_candidates: a dictionary feature containing:
  • start_token: a int64 feature.
  • end_token: a int64 feature.
  • start_byte: a int64 feature.
  • end_byte: a int64 feature.
  • top_level: a bool feature.
• annotations: a dictionary feature containing:
  • id: a string feature.
  • long_answers: a dictionary feature containing:
    • start_token: a int64 feature.
    • end_token: a int64 feature.
    • start_byte: a int64 feature.
    • end_byte: a int64 feature.
    • candidate_index: a int64 feature.
  • short_answers: a dictionary feature containing:
    • start_token: a int64 feature.
    • end_token: a int64 feature.
    • start_byte: a int64 feature.
    • end_byte: a int64 feature.
    • text: a string feature.
  • yes_no_answer: a classification label, with possible values including NO (0), YES (1).

Data Splits

name	train	validation
default	307373	7830
dev	N/A	7830

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

More Information Needed

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

More Information Needed

Who are the source language producers?

More Information Needed

Annotations

Annotation process

More Information Needed

Who are the annotators?

More Information Needed

Personal and Sensitive Information

More Information Needed

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

More Information Needed

Discussion of Biases

More Information Needed

Other Known Limitations

More Information Needed

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

More Information Needed

Licensing Information

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported.

Citation Information

@article{47761,
title	= {Natural Questions: a Benchmark for Question Answering Research},
author	= {Tom Kwiatkowski and Jennimaria Palomaki and Olivia Redfield and Michael Collins and Ankur Parikh and Chris Alberti and Danielle Epstein and Illia Polosukhin and Matthew Kelcey and Jacob Devlin and Kenton Lee and Kristina N. Toutanova and Llion Jones and Ming-Wei Chang and Andrew Dai and Jakob Uszkoreit and Quoc Le and Slav Petrov},
year	= {2019},
journal	= {Transactions of the Association of Computational Linguistics}
}

Contributions

Thanks to @thomwolf, @lhoestq for adding this dataset.