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Each and every specific locality would probably have its own locality specific adaptation needs. However, it can be noted that each of the aforementioned studies has only covered a limited number of sectors through scattered and selected pilot areas. Different areas have not been covered, and new emerging climate change associated impacts including spread of diseases such as Dengue have not yet been explored In addition, these studies have only provided a generic outlook rather than location-specific information which sounds to have very low applicability across the diverse geographic, topographic landscapes of the country.

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3) Mainstreaming climate agenda into development planning: recognizing the needs to integrate climate change into development and spatial planning and budgeting process, Indonesia includes key climate change indicators in formulating its development programme’s targets. 4) Promoting climate resilience in food, water and energy: recognizing the importance of fulfilling the needs of a growing young population for food, water and energy, Indonesia will improve its management of natural resources to enhance climate resilience by protecting and restoring key terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems.

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1 In Decision No 269/2019 of 25 October the European Union, Iceland and Norway formally agreed to extend the climate cooperation for the period 2021 – 2030 by amending Protocol 31 of the EEA Agreement, 2 The climate cooperation includes the following EU climate frameworks: (1) Effort Sharing Regulation included in Protocol 31 of the EEA Agreement for the period 2021 – 2030 (Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013) (2) Regulation on greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry included in Protocol 31 of the EEA Agreement for the period 2021 – 2030 (Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry). (3) Emission Trading System incorporated in Annex XX of the EEA Agreement (Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a system

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The UAE is recognized amongst the few countries that have, through a range of restoration and conservation efforts implemented since the 1970s, proactively expanded its mangrove forest cover. Following the success of the Abu Dhabi Blue Carbon Demonstration Project that made significant contribution to the understanding of blue carbon stocks in the UAE, the value of these stocks has been incorporated into federal and Emirate level policies. The UAE government is undertaking further field research to determine mangrove soil carbon sequestration rates using radiometric dating techniques. The findings will aid development of emission inventories and inform coastal management. Annually, mangroves sequester 1,073,696 tonnes of CO2 in the UAE. To enhance natural carbon sinks, the UAE intends to plant 30 million mangrove seedlings by 2030.

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National Adaptation Plan development is coordinated by Ministry of Environment Wildlife and Tourism, with support from the National Committee on Climate Change. Means of implementation The Government of Botswana has been spending a significant portion of its national resources to adapt to the impacts of climate variability over the years. With climate variability intensifying in the future, the budget for adaptation measures could increase significantly as depicted under mitigation and adaptation.Mitigation for GHG emission reductions It is estimated that to achieve the set target of 15% GHG emission reduction by 2030, the country would require approximately USD18.4 billion. These funds will be allocated to energy and transport sector infrastructural developments which will contribute to emission reductions.

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3.4 Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co - benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: 3.4.1 Economic and social consequences of response measures Not applicable. 3.4.2 Projects, measures and activities for to mitigation co - benefits, Not applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2021 Table 4: Information to facilitate transparency, clarity transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, referred Numbers and terms used in tables 1-3 Corresponding paragraph of decision 1/CMA.1, Annex I Quantifiable information on reference point (1) Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, a appropriate, a base year): Reference year or other starting point (1a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Quantifiable information on the reference indicators (1b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) and as applicable in the target year.

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INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NAMIBIA’S NDC MRV MANAGEMENT: RESPONSIBILITIES AND ROLES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT. Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) Responsible for coordinating, managing climate change issues in the country and implementation of the UNFCCC. The MEFT is also responsible for the coordination of the transposition and implementation of environmental laws in the field of environmental and climate change. The MEFT is the coordinator of the GHG emissions Inventory and is the lead for the estimates of the Waste Sector.

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Mainly, the sector is anticipating strenuous circumstances with regards to water scarcity, decreasing snowcap, degradation of fragile ecosystems, vulnerability of seaside infrastructure, extreme weather events and new diseases that may spread due to rising temperatures. Morocco’s Vision to Address the Risks of Climate Change Impacts Preserve its territory and its civilization in the most appropriate manner, effectively responding to the vulnerabilities of its territory and implementing an adaptation policy that builds resilience for all of its population and its economic actors to face these vulnerabilities. Morocco implements a sectoral approach, adapted to the circumstances and specific features of the territorial entities: mountain regions, the coast, oases, agricultural areas and urban areas.

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The additional requirements include the legal instrument to mandate CAPMAS to report climate data to CCCD. • Technology, research and development, and innovation play an important role in pursuing ambitious climate actions. Egypt’s ability to implement climate action is highly constrained by the availability of appropriate technologies. Support is required to deploy climate-friendly technologies (such as energy storage), build administrative capacities, and supportive legal frameworks. Climate know-how should be freely- available as a global public good to collectively fast-track the transition towards the 1.5-degree target of Paris Agreement. Furthermore, secure and diversify the supply of critical components and raw materials required for climate technologies (such as renewable energy), which are currently concentrated in few countries.

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It is also including measures that have high socio-economic benefits, aligns with the Government priorities, have received financial commitment, and is cost-effective, for which the Government do not need external support for its implementation. 3 Climate measures that are outside the scope of the unconditional definition, and facing market, regulatory and technological barriers and unlikely to receive Government support to implement them.4. Making the Nationally Determined Contribution Work Removing the systematic institutional, policy, and financial barriers is the surest way to make the nationally determined contribution work and positively affect the lives of the vulnerable.

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This has been supported by the issuance of Electricity Law 87/2015 with specific articles for electricity efficiency and energy management and the Second National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP II) (2018/2019 – 2021/2022). Due to the above mentioned programs and measures by electricity consumers, this has led to reduction in electricity consumption in FY2019/20 compared to FY2018/19 despite a growing population and large development initiatives. Energy efficiency improvement measures include market transformation to energy efficient lighting that showed significant drop in electricity consumption that reached 40% in some buildings as well as improved energy efficiency in industrial sector through energy management systems and simple energy optimization measures.

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Solomon Islands has a right to develop its economy and improve the well-being of its population. Thus Solomon Islands contribution towards limiting the global temperature to below 1.50C relative to pre-industrial levels provides a moral imperative as a global citizen. The government has embarked on a number of actions which will result in increasing the use of renewable energy technologies, improving energy security and reduction of GHG emissions. However, the main focus for long term sustainable development still remains the issue of addressing the adverse impacts of climate change and its consequent sea-level rise.

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Process established in the General Law of Electric Services, as stipulated in the respective Regulation (SD 134 fromGovernment of Chile Government of Chile Chile s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Update 2020 Non-energy sectors (IPPU, Agriculture, LULUCF and Waste) used the same models used by INGEI, but planned in the long term ac- cording to the projection of crucial variables for each category or sector, for example GDP, population, head of livestock, hectares of afforestation expected, etc. In general, this involved modeling in two steps: i) projecting the National GHG emissions with current policies and actions (until May 2019), and ii) a neutrality scenario that includes measures and considerations that might potentially lead Chile to reach GHG neutrality by 2050.

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As a demonstration of this conviction, and notwithstanding its minuscule contribution of about 0.0015% of global emissions (2010 estimate), the Government of Saint Lucia has decided to pursue an aggressive and ambitious plan to reduce its emissions by focusing on the Energy, Electricity Generation and Transportation sectors. Under the mitigation plan, and actions proposed in this iNDC, Saint Lucia expects its per capita emissions (excluding figures for LULUCF) to -eq by 2030, compared to the per capita emissions of 4.25 tCO2 -eq it would have increased to under the BAU scenario. This ambitious target must be considered against the background of the country’s small, open economy and limitations in natural, financial, technological and human resources to implement the measures necessary to achieve the intended emissions reductions.

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Singapore has also broadened and deepened its own technical cooperation programmes to share experiences with other developing countries. To date, Singapore has conducted programmes for over 10,700 officials from other countries in climate change and sustainable development issues alone. _______________SINGAPORE’S ADAPTATION EFFORTS 1) Adaptation Challenges As a small country without natural resources, Singapore has developed as an open economy that imports the bulk of its food supply, making it sensitive to disruptions to global supply chains. Domestically, Singapore has experienced changes in rainfall patterns and temperature. The annual maximum rainfall intensity in an hour increased from 80 mm in 1980 to 107 mm in 2012. National projections also reflect an upward trend in seasonal mean rainfall during the wet season, and greater dryness during months that are already drier.

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Times-MACRO model is used for energy related modeling and other national models and studies are used for non-energy sectors. Financial Needs 21/CP.20, in view of successfully implementing this INDC, Turkey will use domestic sources and receive international financial, technological, technical and capacity building support, including finance from the Green Climate Fund.

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The priority pillars for implementing strategies were: (1) Food security, social protection and health; (2) Comprehensive disaster management; (3) Infrastructure development; (4) Research and knowledge management; (5) Mitigation and low carbon development; and (6) Capacity building and institutional development. BCCSAP is in the final stages of being updated to make it more appropriate in keeping with advancements in science, technology and knowledge since its first formulation. Climate Change Trust Fund Act 2010 (CCTFA) was introduced in response to the need for a specific law for handling Climate Change Trust Fund (CCTF) of the Government of Bangladesh with transparency so that the benefits accruing from CCTF-financed projects reach the intended beneficiaries.

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Global warming potentials (GWP) for a 100 year time horizon from the IPCCs fifth Assessment Report will be used to calculate CO2 equivalents. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on afforested land and managed forest land may be excluded from the accounting if the emissions from the natural disturbance exceed the average emissions caused by natural disturbances in the period 2001- 2020, excluding outliers (background level), if calculated as in accordance with Art 10 and Annex VI of Regulation (EU) 2018/841.

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The impact of global climate changes with their local impacts on land-use patterns and the accelerating pace of their degradation has put pressure on: - Natural resources for agriculture and livestock exploitation, and the implications on sustainable production and strengthening communities resilience. - Renewable energy resources such as hydropower, due to drop in water levels, and wind power, as a result of climate variability. - Water resources, which are already limited, especially the suffering from a growing water deficit due to the increasing demand of water for irrigation, drinking and industrial purposes. - Natural ecosystems and their balance, as well as the overall impact on public health and other economic, production, service and social sectors.

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BAU projections include the electricity sector only, which is Palau’s largest emitting sector. BAU assumptions include a GDP per capita growth of 3.72% per year (historical 15 year CAGR) and EIA oil price projections in reference case as the basis for residential, government and commercial sector energy use growth projections. Commercial energy use growth projections also took into consideration energy use by private generators in the tourism sector. Emission from the waste management and transport sectors are not included in the BAU projection however emission reduction initiatives will be addressed on a project basis.

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The Climate Finance Center under the SCEC has been identified as the secretariat of this Coordination Council. The institutional structure for the implementation of the NDC also includes sectoral government bodies that oversee the development and implementation of policies in vulnerablesectorsq which are also a source of information and statistical data (National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, industrial enterprises, and other organizations). The strategic legislative framework for the development and implementation of climate change policy is determined by the National Development Strategy of the Kyrgyz Republic for 2018-2040, approved by the Decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic of October 31, 2018 No.

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Montenegro is in the process of accession to the European Union which involves the gradual transposition and implementation of the European Union’s climate and energy legislation. Key Assumptions Metric Applied The metric used for the GHG emissions is the Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report Inventory methodology IPCC 2006 Guidelines are used for the inventory. Improved inventory data was used to the INDC and also for the Biennial Update Report of Montenegro compared to the 2nd National Communication. Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land uses Greenhouse gas emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and other land uses are currently not included in the accounting.

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Thus Chile hopes to have a baseline for financing Climate Change at a national level. The country would also like to be able to identify and structure the financial flows according to their origin, differentiating between national vs. international and public vs. private spending; and eventually according to its performance. With a sound evaluation of its Climate Change finance, Chile will be in a position to implement a national financing strategy that is appropriate to confront the challenges and opportunities facing the country.

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The Korean government also collected feedback from various stakeholders through public hearings and a forum hosted by the National Assembly. On that basis, the 2030 mitigation target was reviewed by the Committee on Green Growth, and finalized in accordance with national authorization procedures.2.2 Sectoral measures for mitigation Korea announced its voluntary mitigation target in 2009 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% from the business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2020. The target was stipulated in the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth which came into effect in April 2010. Furthermore, Korea has continued its efforts to provide a legislative framework and national plans for addressing climate change.

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Industrial processes and chemical / product use (IPPU) 5. Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) As stated above, it is important to elaborate on the high proportion of LULUCF emissions in total emissions in Iceland and the significant uncertainty of their estimate in defining the path towards net zero emissions.On the Path to Climate Neutrality October 2021On the Path to Climate Neutrality October 2021 Iceland’s mitigation measures seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring sustainable growth and a just transition and providing synergies with other environmental goals, such as improving air quality, a circular economy, and protecting biodiversity. The Climate Action Plan is Iceland’s main instrument to reach its commitments under the Paris Agreement, specifically its emissions reduction goals for 2030.

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Together they make up 2,293,200 hectares of the country’s land surface. Suriname is currently drafting a new Nature Conservation Law in a participatory process, to enable improved management of its protected areas. This law will replace the Nature Conservation Act of 1954. 5. The 2017 – 2021 Policy Development Plan aim for the forest sector is to increase its contribution to the economy and the welfare of this and future generations, including through biodiversity preservation. This will be achieved by increasing the income from timber production, but also by stimulating the markets for non-timber forest products and ecosystem services.

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The NDCs embody efforts by countries that are Party to the Paris Agreement to put in place measures to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The NDC has outlined Malawi s climate change priorities for the period from 2020 - 2040 and has provided concrete strategies for addressing the causes of climate change and responding to the adverse effects and impacts in line with provisions established under the Paris Agreement. In order to ably track progress of its implementation and funding, the NDC has been prepared together with accompanying documents that will facilitate its implementation, mainstreaming, monitoring and reporting. These are: an Implementation Plan; Mainstreaming Guidelines; a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework; and a Resource Mobilization Strategy.

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In line with these commitments, the emissions intensity of India’s GDP had already reduced by 24% from 2005 levels until 2016 (MoEFCC, 2021), and as of May 2022, the share of non-fossil fuel sources in the country’s installed generating capacity had reached 41.4% (CEA, n.d.). This indicates that India has overachieved one of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) announced at Paris Climate Summit (2015) by already meeting 40% of its power capacity from non-fossil fuels as of November 2021 almost nine years ahead of its targeted commitment. The country is thus on track to meeting its NDC targets.

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In doing so, the decisions already made in Slovenia will be taken into consideration, and measures adopted at the EU level will support the policy reformation. Slovenia will: - gradually reduce reimbursements of excise duties on liquid fossil fuels (complete abolishment by 2030 or in accordance with EU legislation), as already stipulated by the NECP; - increase the environmental tax on air pollution with CO2 emissions and harmonise it with the price of emission allowances or marginal costs to attain the objectives of the Paris Agreement, as already stipulated by the NECP; - promote climate action with other tax measures, i.e. tax relief, different tax rates, etc.

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However, it is stricken by the ongoing shrinkage of its arable land and its biodiversity due to rapid desertification, which will only be exacerbated with rising temperatures. Likewise, in respect of marine ecosystems, more than half the coral cover is likely to disappear in the years to come. This deterioration could have a profound effect on the local populations that are dependent on those resources and who already live in poverty. The various impacts of climate change engender major financial and human losses, primarily in the nation’s capital but also in the rest of the country. As a result, national adaptation priorities have been defined for 2035, broken down into multiple strategies.

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Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 2.1.1. Quantification of the INDC Type of commitment Absolute emission reduction from base year emissions Coverage Economy wide; 100% of emissions covered Base year 1990 Base year emissions About 52.0 Mt CO2 -equivalents.1 The base year emissions estimated in line with decision 24/CP.19 will be reported in Norway’s next national GHG inventory submission. Time frame 2021-2030 Reduction level At least 40% reduction in 2030 compared to 1990. To be developed into an emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030. Scope: inclusion of gases All greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol - Carbon dioxide - Methane O - Nitrous oxide PFCs - Perfluorocarbons HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons - Sulphur hexafluoride – Nitrogen trifluoride 1 The land sector (land-use, land-use change and forestry) is not included in this figure.

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These include improvements in the State’s energy security, with a reduced dependence on imported electricity from Israel and increased energy reserves through development and exploitation of the Gaza Strip’s gas field. Improvements in the Palestinian people’s living conditions, health and environment, through better air quality, less unmanaged waste, increased food production and increased water resources are also important co- benefits. These actions will also support the implementation of sustainable development goals (SDGs).

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Improving access by rural communities and farmers to water to support food security, reduce poverty and improve agricultural productions 7. Raising awareness for people of Afghanistan on climate change impacts and adaptation measures Current Adaptation Undertakings and Support Afghanistan has initiated a number of steps to promote the country’s sustainable development. In term of national development policies, plans, and legal frameworks, considerable effort has been placed on addressing environmental challenges, disaster risk reduction, food security, water security, protection of forest and rangelands, and biodiversity conservation, all of which have clear relevance to climate change adaptation.

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At the time of submission, Annex 6.4 of the Inventory submitted on April 15, 2021, linked here, contains a full list of sources of data for the Inventory. f Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Consistent with IPCC good practice guidance, and paragraph 28 of Decision 18/CMA1 Annex 1, the United States is committed to improving the quality of its inventory and will perform recalculations to the inventory time series as needed to reflect the latest data and to maintain methodological consistency over time.

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The framework for the effective pricing of CO2 should be to promote competition. To this end, the following concrete action areas are being brought into the discussion: • Further measures for more effective CO2 pricing in air traffic and for creating a competition-neutral taxation situation in relation to other modes of transport. • For the purposes of environmental economy, a CO2 price with an adequate incentive and steering effect is indispensable if we are to achieve our long-term goal of zero net emissions in an economically efficient manner.

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The country ambition contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement, including curbing the rise in global emissions to 1.5 % above pre-industrial levels. Other The information provided may be subject to revision following the release of Cabo Verde’s first biennial update report (BUR), planned for 2022.Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)Cabo Verde: 2020 Update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Energy is a transversal sector on which the rest of the economy depends upon. A key priority for Cabo Verde is to secure access to affordable energy for 100% of households.

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Bahrain’s national adaptation planning efforts aims at enhancing the adaptive capacity to cope with climate change risks. As part of this overarching picture, comes The National Adaptation Investment Plan to take the adaptation investment related efforts forward, by addressing some of the pressing climate change adaptation needs. The National Adaptation Investment Plan is the guiding document to identify interventions in order to increase the Kingdom of Bahrain’s resilience to climate change. For that purpose, the document has the following four objectives: 1. To systematically describe what adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change means in Bahrain and to identify objectives for adaptation (situational analysis), 2. To identify interventions to increase resilience to climate change and achieve the objectives for adaptation (project pipeline), 3.

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Weather-Related Loss Events in 1994 to 2013 and in 2013, Germanwatch and V. ii Union of Myanmar Post Nargis Joint Assessment, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United Nations, World Health Organization, Union of Myanmar Post Nargis Joint Assessment iii National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 2012, UNEP with the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ministry of Transport, Republic of the Union of Myanmar, page 26 iv Cit. NAPA 2012, PRECIS Model still to be validated, page 28 v Myanmar Census 2014 vi National Energy Policy, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, National Energy Management Committee, 2014 vii Initial National Communication, 2012

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Land Use and Forestry National Forest Action Plan (PAFN) 1994, updated in November 2011. Togo’s Forest Policy (PFT), defined in November 2011. Preparation of structuring programmes and mobilisation of adequate funding through public/private partnerships. Agriculture Commitment to the Climate-Smart Agriculture process in the framework of the implementation of the agricultural policy laid out by ECOWAS and NEPAD. National Policy for the Agricultural Development of Togo (PNDAT) 2013-2022, approved at a national workshop on 22 and 23 November 2012. The existence of the National Programme for Agricultural Investment and Food Security (PNIASA). Initiation of specific adaptation programmes along the lines of the ADAPT project currently being implemented, as well as mitigation programmes. Water Resources National Policy on Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation in Rural and Semi-Urban Areas, prepared in April 2006. National Action Plan for the Water and Sanitation Sector(PANSEA). Integrated Water Resource Management(IWRM) Strategy.

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b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; In additional to 6(a) above, Liberia’s current GHG emission is near-negligible to the global emissions and Liberia’s commitment to reduce its economy-wide emission to 64% is more than equitable and fair. This is, in addition, reflected in the conditionality of the implementations of targets on international support as an equitable transfer of support given Liberia’s fair share and national circumstances.c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The Liberia’s Second or Revised NDC set up a very ambitious economy-wide targets and contains enhanced actions as compared to the First NDC: ▪ Whereas the first NDC has limited ambition and coverage, the second NDC has increased ambitious and increased coverage, ▪ Whereas the first NDC contained limited priority areas for both mitigation and adaptation action, the 2nd NDC presents specific sectoral mitigation actions with both GHG and non GHG target aligned with sectoral strategies and national development priority.

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Information on recalculations will be provided in the relevant chapters of the Biennial Update Report (BUR) and the Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2. Time frames and/or implementation periods (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) The time-frame for implementation is from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030. (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable. Single-year target established for 2030 3. Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; The contribution determined for 2030 is an economy-wide GHG reduction target, expressed as relative reduction by 2030 compared to 2010.

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Fiji will explore the poten- tial of bilateral, regional and multilateral market-based cooperation, including in the context of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to support the achievement of its own NDC and to provide additional mitigation outcomes to support NDC attainment by other countries.Fiji’s Updated NDC 2020 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a) How the Party considers that its nationally deter- mined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circum- stances; Fiji is committed to leading by example in reaching net- zero carbon emissions despite its negligible contribution of 0.006% to global GHG emissions.

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France has also announced the end of petrol and diesel car sales by 204093, Norway is aiming for 100 per cent ultra low emissions vehicle sales by 202594, and China has recently announced a requirement for at least 10 per cent of auto manufacturers’ output in the country to be either low or zero emission from 2019, rising to 12 per cent in 202095. Meanwhile auto manufacturers are rapidly expanding their plans for new ultra low emission vehicle models, from just ten in 2010 to more than 200 in 202096.

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The highlands which are habitually mild have increasingly shown higher temperatures which are favourable for the breeding of the vectors, particularly during the moist period of the year. Although these observations need to be scientifically established through research, there is a dire need for crafting concrete adaptation strategies in the short term. To tackle the emerging climate~ 22 ~ related diseases and public health problems, Eritrea has been undertaking various integrated programs including the use of mosquito nets, sensitization of the public and public health campaign through the mass media and the press to raise the awareness of the public about the consequences of climate change on the public health.

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Territorial scope of the UK’s NDC The NDC for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the UK’s NDC”) encompasses emissions and removals from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It does not include emissions and removals from the UK’s Crown Dependencies or Overseas Territories. The UK Government will consult with UK Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories on extending the Paris Agreement and the UK’s NDC to cover their emissions at an appropriate point in the future. In the UK GHG Inventory submission to the UNFCCC, the UK will continue to report emissions on behalf of the Crown Dependencies (Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man) and the Overseas Territories (Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar) which have joined the UK’s instrument of ratification of the Convention.

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IPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V. Masson-Delmotte / P. Zhai,/ H.-O. Pörtner / D. Roberts / J. Skea / P.R. Shukla / A. Pirani / W. Moufouma-Okia / C. Péan / R. Pidcock / S. Connors / J.B.R. Matthews / Y. Chen / X. Zhou / M.I. Gomis / E. Lonnoy / T. Maycock / M. Tignor / T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.

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Within 50 years Liechtenstein developed from a mainly agricultural state to one of the most highly industrialized countries in the world. The high value-added development until today is particularly due to the strong industrial sector and financial services, while the public sector of the national economy is 2 To this regard Liechtenstein reserves the right to revisit its overall commitment if no internationally agreed rules are given.comparatively small. From 1990 until 2012 the country’s GDP experienced a growth of about 140 %, with an increase of population of around 25 %. At the same time Liechtenstein managed to decouple its economic growth from its greenhouse gas emissions.

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3) Thailand’s NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) prepared by the Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. This roadmap identifies mitigation measures in energy sector, including renewable electricity and energy efficiency; IPPU sector such as the substitution of raw materials in cement production; and waste sector such as waste management and waste incineration. Measures under the NDC roadmap 2030 are projected to have the potential to reduce GHG emissions by 113 MtCO2eq by 2030. 4) NDC Action Plan in the energy sector, 2021 – 2030, prepared by the Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy.

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1) Strengthen the national framework on climate change - Strengthen laws and regulations on climate change - Formulate and implement the national strategy on climate change - Integrate climate-change-related objectives into the national economic and social development plans - Develop the national GHG inventory system - Establish systems for measuring, reporting and verification at the national and sectoral levels in order to monitor and supervise GHG emissions activities - Formulate long-term, low GHG emissions development strategy 2) Improve energy use efficiency and reduce energy consumption - Encourage the use of energy efficient appliances in the residential sector - Conserve firewood in residential sector - Reduce electric power consumption for irrigation water pumping by effective water resource management plans - Improve the energy efficiency of technologies and processes in industrial sector - Establish and improve standards on energy consumption of major technologies and products - Improve the fuel-economics of the vehicles - Restrict excessive use of the private transportation by the permitting system of car service by day of the week and a day’s interval - Expand and encourage public transport facilities 3) Improve energy efficiency and encourage the use of alternative energy in electric power industry - Increase electric power

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However, in the spirit of increasing ambition and in order to demonstrate STP s commitment to combat global warming, the country is committed to develop a "finance tracking methodology", to be officially approved by STP government entities, which will allow the definition and presentation of unconditional mitigation actions from a subsequent NDC, that is, in 2025. In addition, it is noted that, for the period of implementation of this NDC, through the effort made by the Santomean government and with the kind contribution of international partners9, it will be possible to reduce from 5 KtCO2 e by the year 2030, considering the already pledged financial support to be provided. 7 “1.

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The Republic of Uzbekistan, being committed to the effective and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement, guided by the Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change 4/CMA.1, 1/CP.21, 9/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1 and in accordance with current internal circumstances and capabilities, has updated its nationally determined contribution. The Republic of Uzbekistan hereby communicates its updated Nationally Determined Contribution and accompanying information to ensure clarity, transparency and understanding. This document is an updated version of the NDC. It provides information on national circumstances, mitigation and adaptation measures and actions that need to be taken to achieve this goal.

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It seeks to ensure that this transition is socially fair – not leaving any EU citizens or regions behind – and enhances the competitiveness of EU economy and industry on global markets, securing high quality jobs and sustainable growth in Europe, while providing synergies with other environmental challenges, such as air quality or biodiversity loss.To do so, the Strategy looks into the portfolio of options available for Member States, business and citizens, as well as into how these can contribute to the modernisation of our economy and improve the quality of life of Europeans, protect the environment, and provide for jobs and growth. 3.

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Key research areas for mitigation are forest inventories for better assessing the loss in sink capacity, refine emissions and removals estimates and the development of national emission and stock factors. Sufficient sustained support for capacity and funding will be needed to implement the NAMAs and NAP once they are finalized.P a g e | 17 The implementation spans over the full period of 15 years to 2030 and some of the measures have already been planned. These can be implemented as soon as the enabling environment is created and the necessary appropriate support is made available.

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Good Jobs and Economic Growth are enhanced by protecting the ecosystems upon which fishers and farmers rely. Climate action will be enhanced by reducing emissions from commercial fishing due to marine conservation measures and by protecting and strengthening marine, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems through management approaches that involve ecosystems-based climate change adaptation measures The conservation and sustainable use of the Ocean are among the primary objectives of the Contributions in this Ecosystems Management policy area. The protection and sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems and halting biodiversity loss are among the primary objectives of the Contributions in this Ecosystems Management policy area.

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1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target Carbon dioxide (CO ); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF ); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF ). All sectors, categories and carbon pools, as defined by the IPCC 2006 guidelines, and additional sources reported in the annual National Inventory Report. 1.3.3 Complete and continuous coverage Australia has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. No source, sink, or activity that was included in Australia’s 2020 target under the Convention has been excluded. 1.3.4 Mitigation co-benefits Not applicable. 1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals Australia assesses progress towards its 2030 target by comparing cumulative net emissions over the period 2021–2030 with the emissions budget for the period.

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In addition, there are direct and indirect benefits for rural forest-based communities including energy autonomy, regional investment, and employment opportunities. Technology to support this option includes modern wood heating systems such as biomass-fueled boilers and stoves and furnaces that use sustainable wood-based feedstock. While this technology is commercially available, a bioenergy heating initiative would depend on securing additional energy infrastructure investments as up-front costs would be high, particularly where the infrastructure in not in place. Bio-based materials and chemicals are likely to gain importance over the long term. There is a general consensus that the mid-century will bring a larger, more urban population and along with this comes the need for primary resources to sustain urban growth.

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-Strengthen cooperation and experience sharing on climate change broadcasting between public and private media organizations. Baseline: No baseline available. There were several private media organizations such as CBS, Hang Meas and Bayon collaborating with Ministry of Information so far. Target: 90% of private media organizations including Electronic, Traditional and Online media participate in climate change broadcasting campaigns. -Reduce cost of climate risk -informed society and active citizens -GHG Mitigation Environmental protection -Forest protection -Biodiversity conservation population is well-informed about climate change and its adaptation implications -TV -Radio -Website -App -Social Media Target: 30% of those interviewed report increased awareness of climate change are women Women groups living in remote and vulnerable areas are able to receive comprehensive news on climate change and actively participate in environmental protection. Some cases need funding News anchors/hosts who majority are youth working at media organizations play a vital role to encourage/ promote the public on Climate Change adaptation Collaboration with private media organizations. Support private media organization on technical, specialist and funding.

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In 2007, The State Council set up the National Leading Group on Climate Change, Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, headed by the Premier of The State Council, and took the lead among developing countries in releasing the National Climate Change Program. In 2009, China announced its Nationally Appropriate MitigationActions to the international community by 2020, and has included the reduction of carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP as a binding target in the five-year plan for national economic and social development since the 12th Five-Year Plan, which has been decomposed the national carbon intensity reduction target to local governments and implemented it in the earnest. In 2015 China announced its Nationally Determined Contributions, and in both September and December 2020, President Xi Jinping announced China s new nationally determined contribution targets.

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3.1 Climate Change Trends, Impacts and Vulnerabilities 5. Seychelles is about to embark on its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, which will eventually produce updated findings with respect to climate change trends and projected impacts. For now, existing data from the Second National Communication must be used to guide planning for climate change. The main climate change threats facing Seychelles are similar to those threatening other small island developing states: changes in rainfall patterns leading to flooding, landslides on one hand and extended periods of drought on the other, increases in sea temperature, changes in acidity and damage to marine ecosystems, increases in storms and storm surges, and sea level rise during the longer term.

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When information is not available, flexibility is to be applied. Malaysia will continue to improve its methodologies to account for historical emissions. Adopting future improvements may affect historical emissions, including 2005 emissions. ii. For Parties with NDCs that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; n/a iii. For climate forcers included in NDCs not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; n/aiv. Further technical information, as necessary; LULUCF Categories: Forest land Cropland Grassland Wetland Settlement (Emissions and removals from grassland and wetland will be accounted subject to the activities undertaken). LULUCF pools: Above ground Below ground Soil organic carbon (drained peatlands) g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Malaysia does not intend to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to achieve its NDC. 6.

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Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement - continued. Food security: Zambia s role in global food security in the context of climate change is to adapt to a changing climate, manage and use these resources sustainably, to secure food supplies while emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced. Gender equality: In 2018, the Government Republic of Zambia with support from cooperating partners developed and launched a Climate Change Gender Action Plan (CCGAP) which ensures that Zambia’s climate change processes mainstream gender considerations to guarantee that women and men can have access to, participate in, and benefit equally from climate change initiatives. Youth actions: Education and training are important elements in enhancing the country’s capacity to effectively undertake climate change actions.

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Outside of academics, UAE government entities have launched public awareness campaigns, including “Waterwise” and “Powerwise”, “Heroes of the UAE”, the “Sustainable Schools” and “Sustainable Campus” initiatives as well as the “Ecological Footprint Initiative”. Monitoring, reporting and verification Monitoring, reporting and verification will proceed as per the arrangements agreed at COP 16 in Cancun and COP 17 in Durban. The UAE has launched a process to develop a full national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. The UAE is also undertaking a process to improve its air quality measuring and reporting, in terms of pollution and the negative effects it may have on human health.

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In its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (hereinafter referred to as “INDC”), in accordance with the position approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of November 16, 2015 No. 461, the Republic of Belarus committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 28 per cent by 2030 as compared to the 1990 level, excluding the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector (hereinafter referred to as “LULUCF”) and without any additional conditions. The commitment did not imply using international carbon market mechanisms or mobilizing foreign financial resources for the implementation of the best available technologies.

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Contribution to UNFCCC Article 2 Sierra Leone explicitly links its NDC target to the objectives set out in Article 2 of the UNFCCC and refers to the Low Emissions Carbon Resilient Development Strategy (LECRDS) which set a national policy goal for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)+ in 2010. Use of market mechanisms and cooperative approaches Sierra Leone will explore mechanisms for cooperation as provided under Art. 6 of the PA.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Conditional contributions Energy: The country’s NDC considers the transition to Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) a major means of reducing current emission levels. The goal is to improve energy efficiency and increase access to grid connections by 42% in 2025 and offgrid mini-grid and solar stand-alone systems by 27% and 10% respectively in 2030.

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China regards addressing climate change as an important aspect of building a community with a shared future for mankind. Upholding multilateralism as well as the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, equity and respective capabilities, China promotes and leads the establishment of fair and equitable, mutually beneficial global climate governance system, and safeguards the concerted efforts to deal with global climate change, in a bid to protect the shared homeland for future generations. (II) China’s New Goals for NDCs In June 2015, the Chinese government submitted the Enhanced Actions on Climate Change: China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions.

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Implementation Mechanism Sri Lanka has taken several steps to strengthen the country’s readiness to face climate change. The Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka (2012) provides the overarching framework that guides country priorities. In order to support NDC implementation and monitoring and to support the mainstreaming of climate actions into sectoral plans, Sri Lanka prepared a Readiness Plan 2016-2019 to identify and meet the pre-requirements for NDC implementation. The implementation and monitoring of the revised NDCs presented in this document will be supported through the below institutional framework (Figure 8.1), which builds on the experience of the Readiness Plan. This institutional architecture will be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment as the national focal point for the UNFCCC.

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By intends to avoid total GHG emission reductions of from Tea and Coffee industries. This action will These initiatives will lower consumption of wood fuels thus sustaining adaptation roles of forests.Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 20 of 24 focus on e energy efficiency improvements through the installation of less energy intensive equipments and technologies for drying, roasting packaging, improvements of water efficiency through loss minimization, recycling and reuse. of Eco-industrial park of Green Industry complex Rwanda has prioritized the development of industrial parks and special economic zones (SEZs) for export oriented markets.

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renovation of buildings for which also international financial support is required in order to increase the emission reduction amount and develop a sustainable system, as well as and a very slight trend of increasing the share of RES in electricity production. This scenario does not imply any incentives, nor ambitious or systematic approaches and plans for implementation of EE measures in the buildings sector (public and residential).Given the specific trends of emissions during the war period, which were as low as 12% of 1990 levels in 1993, and the fact that BiH has been recovering and coming closer to 1990 levels ever since, it is not fully relevant to compare the reduction of emissions to reductions in other countries, which have seen a steady increase of emissions in the same period.

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Submitted jointly to the government by the Ministers of Environmental Protection, Finance and National Infrastructures, Energy and Water Resources the target was approved and includes sector specific targets: Energy efficiency - 17% reduction in electricity consumption relative to BAU scenario in 2030 Renewable energy – 17% of the electricity generated in 2030 will be from renewable sources Public transport – 20% shift from private to public transportation. Future development The government decision for the national target stipulates that within 45 days of approval, the relevant ministries are to submit to the government an outline of economy wide measures to be taken.

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Energy: Energy efficiency • Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy (West Bank) • Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy (Gaza Strip) • Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption, mainly for commercial and industrial application (West Bank) • Reduce energy consumption through modern production technologies (West Bank) • Energy audits to improve energy efficiency in industry (Gaza Strip) • Maintenance to enhance energy efficiency (Gaza Strip). Improve energy efficiency by 20% (versus business as usual) across all sectors by 2030. Energy: Energy distribution • Providing reliable electricity supply (West Bank) • Electricity grid upgrading (West Bank) Upgrade of the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar PV, by 2030.

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Based on a second round of civil society review and inputs, an amended document was produced and presented at a national consultative conference, jointly coordinated by Government and Civil Society, at which a finalized consensus document was agreed. This revised INDC was approved by Cabinet and submitted to the UNFCCC as Guyana‟s revised INDC.Type of commitment While we look forward to broad-based and economically holistic emission reduction commitments from developed countries, the contribution of Guyana and other developing countries will in the main be policy-based including measures to reduce the normative "business as usual" growth in emissions. As a developing country, a coastal low-lying SIDS state, and one of few net carbon sink countries, Guyana proposes the following policies, measures and actions, both conditional and unconditional.

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IN LIGHT OF THIS URGENCY, THE UNITED STATES HAS SET A GOAL OF NET-ZERO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY NO LATER THAN 2050. 1 Greenhouse gas emissions in total have contributed 150% of the observed warming of 1.0⁰C, but emissions of cooling aerosols have counteracted some of that warming. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES THIS U.S. NET-ZERO 2050 GOAL IS AMBITIOUS. It puts the United States ahead of the trajectory required to keep 1.5°C within reach through three decades of investment in clean power, electrification of transportation and buildings, industrial transformation, reductions in methane and other potent non-carbon dioxide climate pollutants, and bolstering of our natural and working lands. DELIVERING ON OUR 2030 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) WILL PUT THE UNITED STATES FIRMLY ON TRACK TO NET-ZERO.

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Japan’s INDC towards post-2020 GHG emission reductions is at the level of a reduction of 26.0% by fiscal year (FY) 2030 compared to FY 2013 (25.4% reduction compared to FY 2005) (approximately 1.042 billion t-CO2 eq. as 2030 emissions), ensuring consistency with its energy mix1, set as a feasible reduction target by bottom-up calculation with concrete policies, measures and individual technologies taking into adequate consideration, inter alia, technological and cost constraints, and set based on the amount of domestic emission reductions and removals assumed to be obtained.

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Mozambique NDC Includes only forcings covered by IPCC 2006 Guidelines (see Section 3 b). Not applicable. Mozambique recognises the experience gained from implementing the Clean Development Mechanism and wishes to be supported by market mechanisms with high environmental integrity that contribute to sustainable development and establish strong incentives to harness the strength of the private sector. In the medium and long term it intends to plan and use the carbon market or new market mechanisms.

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In communicating its second NDC in 2025, SA will consider whether the level of ambition for 2030 can be increased further, in the light of national circumstances, technology developments, and the availability of international support. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; (Article 4.4 states that “Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction South Africa has updated its mitigation targets, which are economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets for 2025 and 2030. 6 It is understood that the CERC calculator will be updated with post-COVID growth rates in the latter part of 2021, and that this will very likely have an impact on SA’s fair share range according to CERC.

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Seventy per cent of freight moves by road, 16 per cent by rail and 14 per cent by coastal shipping ► urban areas characterised by sprawling low-density land-use patterns supported by motorways. This has contributed to vehicle dependence and has limited the potential for public transport and active transport use ► decades of planning and funding for travel by private car that have encouraged car use over alternatives, for example, by building extra lanes to solve traffic problems, rather than changing how we travel. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 45 TransportSectors connected with the transport sector have a significant impact on transport emissions. It will be important to collaborate with these sectors, which include the planning system, housing and urban development, the energy sector and the tax system.

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Jamaica’s susceptibility to natural disasters has proven to be a major threat to the stability of human settlements and infrastructure. At the international level, as a Party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, Jamaica has been active in negotiations pressing the case of small island developing states (SIDS) for there to be substantial reductions in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and for adequate funding to be made available to assist SIDS which are not responsible for the high levels of GHG emissions.

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Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Key sectors covered by this NDC: • Energy • Agriculture • Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, • Waste The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21. The sectors considered reflect the coverage of categories and sectors consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Inventory Guidelines. Greenhouse gases covered by this NDC are: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration and (d) of decision 1/ The scope of Timor-Leste’s NDC is limited by data deficits and capacity limitations which reduce the potential to develop quantifiable and technically achievable targets.

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GEORGIA’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION SUBMISSION TO THE UNFCCC Georgia is pleased to communicate its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC), elaborated by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection of Georgia in close cooperation with the key ministries and other relevant stakeholders involved in the consultations process. Introduction Georgia is fully committed to the UNFCCC negotiation process with a view to adopting a global legally binding agreement at the Paris Conference in December 2015 applicable to all Parties in line with the below 2°C objective. The dissolution of Soviet Union and the collapse of centrally planned economy in early 90s caused significant reduction in national greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions (lowest value eq in 1995).

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Whilst there is no explicit action towards adapting the health sector to climate change, The Millennium Development Goals, the Essential Public Health Functions, and the Caribbean Cooperation in Health, Phase III, and other initiatives provide a good basis for adaptation. 4.13 Disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation St. Vincent is a member of the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) an inter-regional supportive network of independent emergency units that responds to disasters wherever they occur in the region. The National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) falls under the ambit of the Prime Minister’s Office. In St. Vincent and the Grenadines, there is recognition of the importance of disaster management to environmental management.

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d) Expand the national census portfolio and integrate questions to obtain data on extreme events, vulnerability and adaptation. Collaborate with and utilise data from other relevant sources to address features of risk. e) Provide support to ministries, provincial governments and civil society organizations, including faith-based and private sector organisations, to review and revise their corporate plans, sector programs and strategies to include measures to assess vulnerability of sectors and identify and implement adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies and actions.

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The NAMA is currently in draft form and is expected to be published shortly.water aquifers), further affecting the productivity of both agriculture and fisheries. Barbados will face indirect climate-related impacts including drought, flooding, and storms (physical damage), increased pest outbreaks, the spread of invasive species, the increased probability for the occurrence of vector borne and heat related illnesses and the destruction of key ecosystems which all threaten national productivity and may undermine the potential for real growth. With the majority of Barbados’ population and its economic activities located within its narrow coastal zone, this area is undeniably one of the island s most valuable economic and social assets.

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vector borne disease, water quality, climate change, etc. ); m) assessing the risk for the emergence of new, unfamiliar diseases and health impacts; n) consider the cost and amount of energy and CO2 emissions used by air-conditioning and advocate alternative cooling methods to the public; o) increase the international and regional cooperation.

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There are only a limited number of development projects in Denmark that convert ferries into climate-friendlier opera- tion (such as the Ellen electrical ferry on the Ærø line and a coming hybrid ferry on the Fanø line). The Agreement on the realisation of the green transport pool in April 2020 provided for an analysis to examine which ferry connections are most suitable for transition- ing to renewable energy and how to best support the transition of ferries with fund- Replacement of regional diesel trains in state rail traffic – example It is deemed possible to expedite the replacement of diesel trains in state rail traffic in Central and West Jut- land and on the Svendborgbanen line to a CO2-neutral solution, e.g.

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A comparative study in Brunei Darussalam identified four key climate change impacts which includes: rising temperature; rising sea levels; extreme weather events; and ocean warming and acidification. 2.2 Natural Disasters Climate change has created a variability in the weather trend which has intensified the global water cycle, and the frequency and severity of natural disaster cases. The severity of the natural disasters in Brunei Darussalam is compounded by the change in climate patterns. Hydrology experts in Brunei Darussalam perceive hydrology-related risks such as flood and droughts as the country’s most severe impact from climate change. With a high proportion of settlements located along the Brunei Bay in particular, it is expected that the area will be under threat from flooding and change in river flow in the next 20 years.

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Submission by Norway to the ADP Norway’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Norway is fully committed to the UNFCCC negotiation process towards adopting at COP21 a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention, applicable to all Parties, in line with keeping global warming below 2°C. Norway hereby communicates its intended nationally determined contribution and the accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, with reference to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. Regarding the invitation to consider communicating undertakings in adaptation planning, Norway refers to the information contained in its recent Sixth National Communication. 2. Norway’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Norway is committed to a target of an at least 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.

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Its total planned investment is estimated to be KRW 61 trillion (approximately USD 51.7 billion) by 2025. The Green New Deal aims to contribute to the achievement of the updated NDC and improve sustainability of the society. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity The Republic of Korea declared to move towards the goal of carbon neutrality, and accordingly, enhanced the previous update of its first NDC in an effort to keep the 1.5°C within reach, indicated by the IPCC Special Report on the Global Warming of 1.5℃. 40% reduction target is more enhanced because it is below its linear reduction pathways from 2018 to 2050. This indicates the Republic of Korea’s enhanced ambition towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050.

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Thus, the GHG emissions from the agriculture sector is projected to be approximately 50.0 MtCO2eq in 2050. LULUCF The development of the Thailand’s LEDS of the LULUCF sector is based on the National Strategy (2018-2037). The implementation of the strategy will drastically increase carbon sinks as the key measures include increasing and remaining primary forest and regenerated natural forest area, increasing economic forest area, increasing and remaining cropland, and reducing biomass burning. It is expected that the implementation of the strategy will lead to carbon dioxide removals in the LULUCF of approximately 120.0 MtCO2eq in 2050. 3.3 Macroeconomic Impact Assessment The development of national policies, including in relation to climate change should carefully consider the direction and pattern of local and global development.

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Methodologies New Zealand’s assumed accounting for the forestry and other land use sector will be based on a combination of the 2006 IPCC Guidance and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement, providing for Kyoto Protocol accounting approaches to be applied to the greenhouse gas inventory land- based categories. New Zealand’s existing activity start year of 1990 will continue to apply, ensuring continuity of action with previous commitments.New Zealand’s forestry and other land use approach assumes accounting will be either land or activity based, and will apply existing IPCC methodologies to distinguish areas subject to direct human-induced change from those under pre-existing management, as follows: a. Forests established from the activity start year will continue to be accounted for as they would under the Kyoto Protocol, but once they attain their long-term average carbon stock, taking into account all carbon pools and activities, the forest will transfer to the Forest management/Forest remaining forest category, where it will be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level.

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7.1.7 Proposed progress monitoring indicators Due to the complexity of the influential parameters indicating the effectiveness of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy, Slovenia will establish an efficient and comprehensive monitoring system which will be based on several parameters and indicators. It will become involved in the preparation of the framework for monitoring a circular economy at the EU level and thus harmonise national and European circularity indicators which the EC will adopt for monitoring the key trends and samples of the circular economy’s elements in order to comparatively define the success factors in member states and assess whether the measures adopted are suitable.

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By 2030, the total necessary funding to implement the INDC adaptation component would be 14.170 billion USD, in order to establish development resilient to climate change. Current and planned initiatives to support adaptation On the national level, the initiatives to support adaptation have just started within the National Adaptation Programme of Action for Climate Change (NAPA adopted in2009), in particular with financing by the EU (~5.26 billion CFA francs or 8 million Euros through the AMCC –Global Climate Change Alliance project-) for the following priority projects: • Development of intensive and diversified crops that are adapted to extreme climate risks • Soil restoration and defence against degradation caused by climate change • Improvement of intercommunity grassland areas, in order to reduce migratory movements due to climate change • National Agency for the Great Green Wall In addition to these, adaptation will be supported by the 11th European Development Fund for the period 2014-2020.

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6465 Table 6.1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Samoa’s Second NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The GHG emissions reduction targets in this NDC are defined for the year 2030 and measured against a base year of 2007 (or measured against the new reference year64 once the GHG emissions inventory has been updated). The 2007 base year was chosen to make use of the most recent comprehensive GHG inventory. Samoa’s 2007 emissions inventory did not include data on marine sector emissions and removals, so it was not possible to set a percentage-based target for emissions reductions in this sector.

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Green industrial parks will not only allow Dominica to meet development goals but also to compete and integrate in the global economy. Green industrialization will not only benefit society as a whole through the increased generation of jobs and welfare but also represents benefits for women, as a tool for gender empowerment and the youth as well. The main beneficiaries of the GEIP will be workers – increased opportunities for sustainable employment, private sector – significant opportunities for investment in renewable energy, households – increased disposable income and economic livelihood, Dominica State College – research, partnerships GREEN INDUSTRIAL ECO PARK (GIEP)The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions instance and possibly liquid hydrogen and other synthetic fuels whenever it becomes feasible.

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In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation), the Paris Agreement focuses on adapting to the negative climate change impacts (adaptation), financing climate actions in developing countries, applying modern technologies and capacity building in developing countries. The Czech Republic as a Member State of the European Union is fully involved in the common European efforts and contributes to the objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions set for 2020 and 2030. The Czech Republic‘s approach to climate change can be divided into a policy aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and into a policy of adaptation and strengthening resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change1.

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Area Measure NDC Millennium Consumption Goals (MCG) Moderate MCG Lighthouse Scenario (the Significant Scenario has the same efficiency assumption but is 15 years delayed) Mtons Reduced Additional Mtons Reduced Electricity Energy Efficiency Demand: Prepay Meter Included in overall 25% reduction target across all end user efficiencies. Included in reduction target across all end user efficiencies. Energy Efficiency End User Diesel Generator Efficiency / Rapid Response 6,2 3,7 10% reduction in 2025.Diesel Heat Recovery 3,8 0 Solar Total radiant energy (RE) capped at 30% of grid (ramping w/ fast diesel/SCADA). 100% RE w/ battery/thermal storage. Wind 2,5 MW single turbine @ MEC gen plant. turbines @ MEC gen plant. Coconut Oil Use 50% available coconut for electricity generation phase in, 50% by 2035. Vehicle to Grid Battery Storage Convert all cars/trucks to electric vehicles. Automated SCADA/Dispatch/Forecasting In place by 2025. Battery Storage Covers 2/3 of storage needed. Curtailment Not used. Commercial/Residential Demand Response Thermal Storage Covers 1/3 of storage needed. Replace all A/C with Wet Cooling Towers/Seawater ASHP’s Major driver in the 25%/50% end use efficiency improvement.

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The scenarios for the INDC were developed taking into consideration draft of the 3rd National Communication of Albania and all available scenario development work related to greenhouse gas emissions. Within the preparation process of the INDC it became clear that significant data uncertainty exist regarding the emissions of greenhouse gases other than CO2 and in sectors outside of sectors covered by the INDC. Improvements were made on existing modelling work and the scenarios presented are result of this work. Participation in international market mechanism Albania intends to sell carbon credits during the period until 2030 to contribute to cost‐effective implementation of the low emission development pathway and its sustainable development.

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• Improving health and safety of the population, animals and crop production to protect from transmissible illnesses that thrive under climate change. • Continuing to improve the institutional and regulatory governance frameworks addressing climate change, as well as ensuring policies are consistent across sectors. • Building capacity with regards to developing, financing, implementing and monitoring climate change adaptation projects at the institutional and local levels (public, private and partnerships). • Promoting scientific research, research and development, innovation, as well as technology and knowledge transfer. • Developing early warning systems for climate events, and agro-meteorological systems for forecasting agricultural production. • Introducing academic curricula specializing in climate risk and climate change in training and learning institutions. In this context, Morocco is seeking the support of the international community to implement these projects.

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Financial institutions will also be guided to actively guard against and respond to risks associated with climate change, and incorporate related risks into the risk management framework. The standardization system of green finance will be established and improved. Furthermore, China will press on the capacity-building of carbon emission statistical accounting, and accelerate the construction of a unified and standardized statistical accounting system for carbon emission. In regard to standardization, China will expedite the updating and upgrading of energy conservation standards, and urgently revise a number of mandatory national standards and engineering construction standards relevant to energy consumption limits as well as energy efficiency of products and facilities.

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The country’s commitment is further reflected in its Energy Policy (2010) and the ongoing review of the Electricity Supply Services Act to help to create an enabling environment to achieve this goal. Against this background, the Government of Saint Lucia responds to Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC by communicating to the Parties its intended Nationally Determined Contribution to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, consistent with Article 2 of the Convention. MITIGATION Intended Nationally Determined Contribution The mitigation targets of this iNDC are set against a Business As Usual (BAU) projection and consider emissions reductions from the Energy Demand, Electricity Generation and Transportation sectors.

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The report has been drawn up in accordance with decision 1/CP.20 (Lima call for climate action), which specifically draws attention, in paragraph 14, to the clarity, transparency and understanding of the INDC reports. It is based on important models and calculations of emissions reductions in various sectors, as well as ways of identifying and evaluating adaptation measures. The document was drafted through broad cooperation between the main stakeholders involved in the topic of climate change in Tunisia, including public institutions, the private sector and civil society.