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Moreover, a large proportion of energy is dependent on imports, such as nuclear fuel for electricity production in nuclear reactors, and fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas, for the transport system. Swedish electricity production is largely based on hydroelectric power and nuclear power, but both the installed capacity and annual electricity production from wind power are increasing steadily, as the use of bioenergy in combined heat and power plants. In 2019, hydroelectric power accounted for 39 per cent of total electricity production, nuclear power for 39 per cent and wind power for 12 per cent, while biofuels and fossil-based production made up the remaining 10 per cent. Solar power has increased exponentially in recent years but accounts for only 0,4 per cent of the electricity production.

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The final decision concerning the INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan within the framework of a new global climate change agreement, which will be proposed for signing during the COP-21 (Paris, France, December 2015), is expected to be taken with due account for the outcomes of the negotiating process at this meeting. The Republic of Tajikistan, as a mountainous and landlocked country with a developing economy and low per capita GDP, is characterized by the low level of gross and specific greenhouse gas emissions and an extreme vulnerability to climate change, including frequent natural disasters. More than 60% of the water resources of the Central Asia Region, which originate from the high mountain glaciers, are generated in the country. Tajikistan adheres to the policy of sustainable development.

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Overarching policy instruments in the transport sector Energy tax and carbon tax in the transport sector Both petrol and diesel are subject to an energy and a carbon tax on fuel used for road vehicles, non-road mobile machinery and private vessels and aircrafts. The energy and carbon taxes on fuel are adjusted in relation to changes in the consumer price index to take inflation into account. Since 2017 the tax rates for petrol and diesel have also been adjusted to reflect the expected development of the GDP27. In specific cases, Sweden applies tax exemptions for sustainable biofuels. The reduction depends on the type of biofuel and the blend proportion. All high-blend sustainable biofuels are exempt from energy tax and carbon tax.

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The RMI National Climate Change Policy Framework (NCCPF) sets out the Government of RMI’s commitments and responsibilities to address climate change. This policy framework is intended to guide the development of adaptation and energy security measures that respond to RMI’s needs with an “All Islands Approach”, foster an environment in which the RMI can be better prepared to manage the current and future impacts of climate change while ensuring sustainable development, and provide a blueprint for building resilience in partnership with regional and global partners. In the NCCPF, RMI has identified a series of priority areas for urgent response.

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Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors: ● Energy o Electricity generation o Transportation o Residential demand (energy demand for cooking) ● Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) o Deforestation and forest degradation o Agriculture ● Industrial process and product use (IPPU) ● Waste Gases: ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ● Methane (CH4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; The detailed assessment carried out during the NDC formulation process concluded that the data needed to define targets and to rigorously assess the impact of policies and actions on emissions for all sectors was not available. Nepal will extend the scope of the coverage of its NDC overtime to all categories of anthropogenic emissions and removals, as more robust data becomes available.

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The current energy mix of Pakistan is predominantly tilted towards thermal generation based on imported fuels. Over the years, this has created severe macro-economic challenges for Pakistan. The long-term solution to this energy crisis is now justifiably understood to be based on tapping into domestic sources of energy, including coal, hydro and nuclear for power generation, to the maximum extent possible. For this, the present government has already rolled out its plans.While a considerable share of future electricity demand will be met through both domestic and imported coal, the share of nuclear-based electricity is set to grow from a mere 750 MW (3 percent of the present 25000 MW installed capacity) to 9630 MW (8 percent of an immensely larger energy pie).

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The remaining just under 4 per cent is accounted for by synthetic greenhouse gases where hydrofluorocar- bons (HFC), which are used as refrigerants for example, are significant. Figure 5: Switzerland s greenhouse gas emissions by sectors according to the CO2 Ordinance, supplemented by figures on international aviation and shipping. Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) The breakdown by sectors in Figure 5 clearly shows that the emissions reductions are primarily attribut- able to the buildings sector. The annual fluctuations are weather-related and highlight the continued high level of dependence on fossil-fuel heating systems. Emissions in industry and – to a lesser extent – in agriculture have also fallen, while they have now stabilised in the waste sector13.

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The climate is characterised by high fluctuations and extremes in temperature and precipitation. The annual mean temperature ranges from -8°C to 6°C across regions and the annual precipitation varies from 50 mm in the Gobi desert to 400 mm in the northern mountainous area. Climate change assessments undertaken in Mongolia in 2009 and 2014, demonstrated that fragile ecosystems, a reliance on pastoral animal husbandry and rain-fed agriculture, and the growing population with a tendency of urbanization, all combine to make Mongolia’s socio-economic development vulnerable to climate change. Development of Mongolia’s INDC Mongolia’s INDC has its conceptual roots in the Green Development Policy of Mongolia, approved by the Parliament in 2014, to which key sectorial action plans at the national level, including energy sector, are being adjusted.

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Large scale renewables and energy efficiency plan The Government Carbon Control Target Plan is rooted in the Oman vision 2040 and the National Energy Strategy to support a gradual transition to a low carbon economy and an energy matrix significantly lower in carbon emission by 2030. The massive deployment of renewable energy and the deepening of energy efficiency actions are the pillars of the 2030 carbon control plan in the Sultanate. The National Energy Strategy has set an ambitious target to derive 20% of electricity from renewables by 2027 (Figure 1). Over the period 2021-2027, the Renewable energy plan aimed to secure at least 2,660 MW. The plan relies mainly on solar PV with 79% and wind of about 21% (Table 3).

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Short to medium term • Identify and select suitable tree species for urban forestry. Short to medium term Promote agroforestry. South Sudan will promote agroforestry, which will not only help sequester carbon but will also provide other benefits such as reduced soil erosion and enhanced agricultural productivity by maintaining soil fertility. • Raise awareness and build the capacity of key stakeholders on agroforestry practices. The project is in the initial stage and minimal work has been done. Short term • Identify suitable multi-purpose tree species based on parameters such as landscape and climatic conditions in different parts of the country. Short term • Establish central tree nurseries in states and administrative areas to supply plants for the project. Short to medium term Review the Forest Policy to integrate climate-change concerns. South Sudan will carry out a review of its Forest Policy to integrate climate- change strategies into national and regional plans.

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Institutional Strengthening The Government of Nepal is strengthening its institutions to ensure implementation of climate change and REDD plus programmes. The Climate Change Management Division in the Ministry of Population and Environment, and REDD Implementation Centre under the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation are dedicated to develop necessary prerequisitesfor the effective implementation of the UNFCCC provisions. The National Planning Commission and relevant ministries have also made necessary arrangement to integrate climate change concerns into relevant policies and programmes. Nepal has also established the Recovery and Reconstruction Authority to rebuild after the earthquake and make Nepal greener, smarter and better. Several non-governmental and community-based organizations are also engaged in strengthening national and local entities to provide services to the climate vulnerable communities. b.

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Environmental impact assessments of applying a specific line of technologies should be conducted both at national and global level. For instance, the EV deployment in automotive industry could have a significant environmental impact not only in transportation but also in power generation sector. As environmental impacts could vary widely between sectors, a comprehensive assessment is needed to precisely understand how the applied technology affects each industry. For the environmental impact assessment of the technologies applied in various sectors, we could adopt the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach for quantitative evaluation. We also need a common LCA model to assess overall environmental impacts of the technologies at R&D stage so that it could be used in developing R&D strategies as well as in policymaking for promoting technologies.

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The INDC will not be an exception to this rule and after the required technical validation, it will be officially endorsed by Cabinet before submission to the UNFCCC. The Parliamentary Standing Committee onP a g e | 16 Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration which usually advises Cabinet on relevant policy matters will do so for the INDC also. The MET, which is responsible for all environmental issues in the country, is also the National Focal Point to the UNFCCC. It is the coordinating body for all climate change activities through its Climate Change Unit (CCU) of the Directorate of Environmental Affairs.

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The NZ ETS cap, auction price settings and any potential links to international carbon markets will need to be aligned with plans for achieving targets and the NDC. This will be informed by independent advice from the Climate Change Commission ► strengthen NZ ETS market governance to keep it fit for purpose and discourage market misconduct as the market evolves ► ensure NZ ETS settings are appropriately adjusted as necessary if offshore mitigation is needed to meet the NDC (eg, via the quantitative limit on the use of approved offshore mitigation) ► develop procedures for approving the use of any offshore mitigation within the NZ ETS and ensure compatibility with Paris Agreement requirements.

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The government will continue to pursue the green growth goal under the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (2016-2020) will further focus on pursuing green growth for sustainability and resilience. These include strengthening enabling environment for green growth, adoption of sustainable consumption and production, conserving natural resources and strengthening resilience against climate change and natural disasters. These actions will further reduce Malaysia’s carbon footprint.  Major barriers for implementation include high costs and capacity constraints Malaysia developed A Roadmap of Emissions Intensity Reduction in Malaysia in 2014. The study indicated that Malaysia has opportunities across various sectors to meet the reduction target of 40% emissions intensity reduction of GDP.

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As a result rainfall is much higher than normal during an El Niño and much lower during a La Niña. Maximum air temperatures tend to be higher than normal during El Niño years, driven by the warmer oceans surrounding the islands, while in the dry season minimum air temperatures in El Niño years are below normal. At Kiritimati, El Niño events also bring wetter conditions in both seasons and La Niña events bring drought. El Niño is generally associated with above-normal rainfall and strong westerly winds, while La Niña is associated with below-normal rainfall and the risk of drought.INDC KIRIBATI 12 | P a g e The climate of Kiribati is changing and will continue to change in the future as a result of global climate change.

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The scenario with the existing measures assumes that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced in 2020 by 39% and in 2030 by 47% compared to 1990. The scenario with the additional measures assumes that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced in 2020 by 42% and in 2030 by 49% compared to 1990. The emission trajectory required to achieve the indicative target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 is close to the scenario with additional measures. In the sectors covered by the EU ETS, emissions were reduced between 2005 and 2020 by 28% in the scenario with the existing measures and by 29% in the scenario with additional measures.

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NSDP M&E Framework A22 Vanuatu commits to regularly monitor and evaluate the state of coastal fisheries including to develop and implement procedures for climate change monitoring and impact assessment protocols. Vanuatu Coastal Fisheries StrategyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 FORESTRY Impacts of climate change on the people and forests of Vanuatu are diverse and cross-sectoral, including inundation of forested land in low-lying areas, increased incidence of pests and diseases, prolonged periods of drought and flood conditions, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, salinisation of forested land close to the coasts and the penetration of saltwater into the subterranean freshwater resources, adversely affecting forests and trees. Changing temperature and precipitation regimes are influencing the productivity of forested land and require the adaptation or introduction of new trees and silvicultural production systems.

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Lack of diversified sources of long-term financing. It is hard to secure private sector financing in this area in particular, so public sector funding including ODA and other development assistance are a primary source. Technical and human resources constraints that limit capacity for meteorological and hydrological observations, forecasting, and early warning of associated hazards. Absence of monitoring and evaluation framework and systems including for climate finance monitoring.

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Planning process (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Grenada’s NDC planning process was led by the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) and involved the following steps: - A technical committee as a sub-group from the NCCC was formed in 2018 and comprised of representatives from the relevant ministries (Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment; the Energy Division in the Ministry of Infrastructure Development, Public Utilities, Energy, Transport and Implementation). - Several workshops were held with key stakeholders to develop strategies and initiatives and to identify the possible data sources that will be needed to update the NDC.

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Within the context of these national circumstances, South Sudan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are based on a cross-sectoral consultative process involving multiple stakeholders that was conducted in parallel to the NAPA preparatory work and associated meetings. The INDCs will also contribute towards the attainment of South Sudan Vision 2040 and the South Sudan Development Plan, both of which aim to, amongst other objectives, ensure that economic development is environmentally sustainable. National Circumstances 6. South Sudan, the world’s newest nation, is a landlocked country located in north-eastern Africa, with a total area of 619,745 km2 and a population of approximately 12,340,000 (2015 estimates). South Sudan is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

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The progressive restoration of the area felled between 2012 and 2020 is included in both the BAU and NDC projections. • Agriculture The NDC scenario considers that development actions made it possible to optimize certain high- emitting sources: - Improving the dairy productivity of cows by 10% would allow a reduction in the herd compared to the reference scenario and therefore a reduction in the associated CH4 O emissions. - Improving rice growing practices would make it possible to shorten the watering period of rice fields (from 183 days in the reference scenario to 165 days in 2030) and therefore the associated CH4 emissions.

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Cambodia is also actively mainstreaming climate change resilience into sub-national planning and finance systems. (2) Specifically on adaptation, Cambodia has undertaken initiatives to mainstream adaptation into national development, and in specific sectors such as in the agriculture, forestry and human health sectors, as well as coastal zone management. In addition to the CCSP and the SCCSPs and SCCAPs, Cambodia has developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (2006), in which coping mechanisms to hazards and climate change impacts are identified, as well as key adaptation needs. (3) The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process is being used in Cambodia to strengthen the ongoing climate change adaptation processes through cross-sectoral programming and implementation at national and sub-national levels.

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Integrate climate change adaptation measures into the policies and programmes for the development of the most vulnerable priority sectors3; Objective 2. Improve awareness, education and communication regarding adaptation and the risks associated with climate change. Adaptation option 2: Improve knowledge about resilience to climate change Objective 3. Enhance capabilities for handling climate change data at the national, regional and local levels. Objective 4. Study the resilience mechanisms of the agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry systems. Objective 5. Establish an early warning system.