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Thus, the Updated NDCs build upon the active stakeholder engagement undertaken to develop the documents and strategies on which they rely and are endorsed by the Palestinian Government. Palestine constitutes the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which is made up of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, based on the borders of June 1967 and are separated by Israel, the occupying power. Neighbouring countries include Jordan to the east and Egypt to the south.

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Planned Mitigation Actions Below are proposed mechanisms in key sectors aiming to facilitate Liberia’s INDC. It is prudent to note that these were developed with the view to implement upon the provision of means of implementation by the international community. For Mitigation, Liberia will focus on the following sectors orientation and specific actions:Energy: 1. Strengthen implementation and coordination mechanisms to improve climate change mitigation actions. 2. Implement quantitative and qualitative research and improve systematic priority sequencing between National Energy Policy, Low Carbon Economy, and National Vision 2030 developmental goals. 3. Strengthen institutional and individual capacity in renewable energy technology and management. 4. Implement and strengthen policy that promotes private investment in renewable energy (hydro, biomass and solar etc). 5. Rehabilitate existing hydro-power plants and build new hydro-power plants to increase hydro-power production capacity.

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Information on available technologies, measures, and financing skills. Traditional customs and administered pricing. Building codes, and standards on appliances and equipment. Clean cooking, heating and power projects. million/Year Energy Human and institutional capacity for adoption of cleaner technology. Capital markets that encourage investment in decentralized systems. Information and intellectual property rights for mitigation technologies. Renewable energy, entry costs support, access to capital, and subsidies. Environmental compliance standards (emission and indoor). Million/Year Waste Management Landfill management, decentralised wastewater treatment. Climate Project development skills. Million/Year Forest and Rangelands Carbon sequestration on forest/rangelands, and forest carbon skills. Funding institutional capacity to monitor and verify projects. Better spatial planning for community and production agriculture. Reduce rural peoples’ dependence on fuel for cooking and heating.

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Moreover, it is expected that the intensity of the frequency of dust storms will increase as a result of the negative impacts of climate change. The impacts of climate change have begun to show in a tangible manner in the form of urban challenges, where the sand storms became more frequent with the rising heat waves and the drop of rainfall rate in winter.Kuwait relies entirely on sea water desalination process to obtain fresh water where is 93% from the water supply comes from the desalination of sea water, while the remaining percentage comes from non-renewable groundwater due to scarcity of rainfall. However, the seawater desalination process consumes high energy with an adverse impact on marine and coastal ecosystems.

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In light of limited resources, the implementation of the climate change program outlined in this INDC is conditional upon receiving timely access to international climate change financing, technology and capacity building support for priority adaptation/mitigation measures. Equity In order to ensure the fair and equitable distribution to local communities of benefits from the harnessing of renewable resources to facilitate the transition to a low carbon development pat, the Government of Dominica will establish an appropriate royalty regime for the commercial exploitation of hydro and geothermal resources. To assure fair and equitable compensation for self-generation owners, the Government of Dominica will promote the establishment of a net metering program. This will assist in ensuring fair and equitable payment for excess power delivered to the grid from self-generators.

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The Welsh Government is investing in people to develop the skills needed for a low-carbon, circular economy, including reskilling workers in existing industries. The Welsh Government will seek to exploit the opportunities of this transition to secure greater added value in sectors like energy and housing (timber in construction and modular housing). In Northern Ireland, the Department for Economy’s 10X Economy92 sets out the vision for the 2020s as a decade of innovation bringing opportunity and growth. The Energy Strategy discusses the substantial and underpinning role of skills development in delivering on Northern Ireland’s commitment to a net zero carbon future – and the focus on innovation, research and development is reinforced in the Green Growth Strategy.

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It seeks to measurably decrease the vulnerability of people and the national economy of St. Vincent and the Grenadines to climate change and natural hazards. The Pilot Project on Climate Resilience (PPCR) is addressing mainly infrastructural support in response to climate change and sea-level rise. 5. Fairness and Ambition Despite its negligible contribution to global GHG emissions (approximately 0.001%) and the fact that it is still a developing economy, St. Vincent and the Grenadines is taking significant and ambitious steps to reduce its national emissions.

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Annual low emissions technology statements and State of Hydrogen reports will track progress against this cost goal. Ultra-low cost solar: The $15/MWh stretch goal for ultra-low cost solar has been set taking into consideration current and projected cost of utility scale solar electricity, and alignment with international benchmarks. The stretch goal assumes utility scale solar PV without network or firming costs, and without subsidies. Other assumptions include: 25% capacity factor, 5.9%WACC, and 25 year operating life. The target timeframe provided is based on utility scale solar technology. Note that the timeframe for achieving the ultralow-cost solar stretch goal does not yet underpin the electricity price assumptions used for achieving clean hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminum stretch goals.

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At present, the action being taken to address the issue of adaptation is executed with limited capacities and resources, with a need for a more comprehensive and articulated adaptation package with support from the international community, Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the UNFCCC. The Kingdom of Bahrain is undertaking the following actions to adapt to climate change: Adaptation Strategy A national adaptation Investment Plan (NAIP) on climate change in cooperation with the relevant government agencies is in preparation. The plan aims to include adaptation priorities and implementation actions. Bahrain’s national adaptation planning efforts aims at enhancing the adaptive capacity to cope with climate change risks.

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Intended Nationally Determined Contribution - Submission of the Republic of Kazakhstan The Republic of Kazakhstan is fully committed to the UNFCCC negotiation process with a view to adopting a global legally binding agreement applicable to all parties at the Paris Conference in December 2015, with the ultimate aim of ensuring that global temperature rise does not exceed 2°C. The Republic of Kazakhstan wishes to communicate the following Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC), and intends to achieve an economy-wide target of 15%- 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990.

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Enhancement of the percentage of waste utilization by composting and 3R (paper). No mitigation actions. 2030*. 22% in 2020, 30% in 2030*. 3. Enhancement of the percent-age of PLTSa/RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) implementation, compare to total waste. Note: PLTSa = Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah No mitigation actions. - Up to 3% in 2020 and increase up to 5% in 2030**. - PLTSa implementation in 7 cities. - Up to 3% in 2020 and increase up to 5% in 2030**. - PLTSa implementation in 12 cities (additional)***. Notes: * refer to national target on solid waste management 2015-2025. ** considered government plan in developing PLTSa (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah) in 7 cities and current trend on waste utilization by RDF in industries.

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The areas of focus are the Environmental monitoring and pollution management. Global Environmental Facility In ImplementationAntigua and Barbuda’s 2021 update to the first Nationally Determined Contribution in Antigua and Barbuda technologies for improved water availability to increase food security in Antigua and Barbuda This project aims to improve food security in Proposal Approved Antigua and Barbuda by facilitating the availability and use of ground or surface water for agricultural purposes via innovative technologies. The proposed technologies for demonstration purposes run on self- generating renewable power, making them resilient to disruptions from grid instabilities or extreme climate events, and are aligned with the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target of transitioning to 100% renewable energy by 2030. Currently, water for agriculture is provided by RO plants or through surface water catchments.

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Energy demand is assumed to grow at 0.6% per annum giving rise to almost a 14% reduction in energy demand by 2050 compared with the BAU Unconditional scenario. Generation at the mine is assumed to be from existing diesel generators that will be retired, starting from the 19 MW in capacity in 2013, reduced to 18 MW by 2025, 15 MW by 2030, 12 MW by 2040, and 9 MW by 2050. Capacity will otherwise be replaced with new solar PV, new geothermal, and new wind technologies.FIJI LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2018-2050 I 63 62 I FIJI LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2018-2050 Figure 20. Generation Technologies in GWh for on-grid generation under High Ambition scenario. Figure 21. New capacity added in MW in High Ambition scenario.

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By 2020, the ABC Plan had exceeded its goals by 155%, and is to be continued, from 2020 to 2030, through the Sectoral Adaptation Plan for a Low Carbon Agriculture for Sustainable Development (Plan ABC+). It is a key policy among Brazilian sectoral efforts to tackle climate change. Brazil has one of the cleanest energy mixes in the world. In 2020, renewable sources accounted for 48.4% of the total demand for energy, three times the world average. In the electricity demand mix, the share of renewables accounted for 84.8%. As for the transport mix, it represents 25% of the sources.

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The elaboration of RNC2050 was carried out in parallel with the preparatory work for the National Energy and Climate Plan (PNEC), which will be the main energy and climate policy instrument for the decade 2021-2030, setting new national targets for the reduction of GHG emissions, renewable energy and energy efficiency in line with the objective of carbon neutrality. The PNEC emerges within the framework of the obligations laid down by the Regulations of Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, which provide for all Member States to draw up and periodically submit to the European Commission a PNEC that establishes national targets and objectives for GHG emissions, renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy security, internal market and research, innovation and competitiveness, as well as a clear approach regarding how to achieve them.

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The following data was used in the LEAP model: Current electricity rate: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Report (2011) Historical electricity use: • 1998 data from the 1999 National Energy Policy of FSM • 2011 kWh sectoral data from Pacific Power Association 2012 • 2010-2013 kWh sectoral sales data calculated from Yap 2012 and 2013 YSPC Annual Report • 2009 kWh sectoral sales data calculated from the 2009 KUA Annual Report Mitigation effects Individual assumptions were made for the mitigation scenarios. These can be found in the technical report ‘Electricity Sector Analysis for Federated States of Micronesia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution’ prepared by NREL.greenhouse gas emission, ensuring we are on track toward limitation of global temperature rise below 1.5 degree Celsius by 2100.

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The Russian Federation is concentrating its efforts on reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and increasing their absorption, including the implementation of the following measures: increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy, developing the use of non-fuel and renewable energy sources, protecting and improving the quality of natural sinks and storage of greenhouse gases, financial and tax stimulating the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions Measures to improve energy efficiency are provided for by the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" and a comprehensive action plan to improve the energy efficiency of the Russian economy, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 19, 2018 No.

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Negotiations on Article 6 are currently underway, and the country is following the opportunities that can arise from the future carbon market. In addition, Article 13 of the Paris Agreement establishes a transparency framework to provide a clear understanding of climate change action, mutual trust and confidence that involves reporting data in a regular basis. 6.5.1. National Framework for Climate Finance Since Angola ratified the UNFCCC in 2000 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007, it has managed to use some of the international financial instruments for climate action and at national level to mobilize public and private funds for mitigation and adaptation measures.

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(Solar Water Heaters: 40 percent of market potential in 2025 (200,000 units) representing a saving potential of 457 GWh) Transport - Improving energy use efficiency in transportation sector. Industrial - Introduction of renewable energy sources in the industrial energy supplies concepts (solar water heaters, solar based process heat/steam, photovoltaic and wind systems) Agriculture - Introduction of solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems for irrigation - Proper land management to reduce methane from soil Water - Methane captures from wastewater treatment plants - Encouraging and expanding renewable energy-based water desalination Wastes - Landfill gas capturing for flaring or using for power generation 2.3 Fairness and Ambition Yemen, as a Least Developed Country (LDC) whose emissions are less than 0.1 percent of global emissions, is not contributing a lot into the anthropogenic GHG emissions (0.92 Metric Tons per capita in 2011) but stands highly vulnerable to climate change‐related impacts because of its fragile socioeconomic development and inadequate adaptive capacity.

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REPUBLIC OF TURKEY INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION In accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Republic of Turkey hereby presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards achieving the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which is set out in its Article 2 and clarifying information. National Circumstances Turkey achieved 230 per cent increase in GDP between 1990 and 2012. Its population has increased more than 30 per cent since 1990. Turkey’s energy demand increases by 6-7 percent every year. Turkey is an upper-middle income developing country according to the World Bank classification. Turkey remains eligible to official development assistance (ODA). Turkey is listed in Annex I to the UNFCCC.

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By 2030, installation of 1000 numbers of Biogas Plants for Commercial and Residential Use By 2030, Increase Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector, (a) 5% increase in Energy Efficiency in Commercial andResidential Sector; and (b) 10 Numbers of Energy Efficient Building (Green Building) By 2030, Increase Ecotourism Supported by Local Communities These three energy sub-sector targets collectively can reduce GHG emissions approximately 78.786 Gg CO2e from energy sector in comparison to BAU scenario in 2030, which is around 40% reduction in comparison to energy sector’s GHG emissions from the BAU scenario. IPPU Not applicable for Vanuatu, hence not included.

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As a small island developing state, Jamaica is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change not only in terms of our natural resources, but also our social wellbeing and our economic development, as sectors such as tourism, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and water are very climate sensitive. Jamaica’s vulnerability to climate change impacts is further compounded by social issues such as poverty, the location of human settlements in high risk areas, environmental degradation, and instances of poorly constructed infrastructure and housing.The severe weather events which have impacted the country over the years have severely/significantly affected the country’s economic growth and development. Between 2001 and 2012, Jamaica experienced 11 storm events (including 5 major hurricanes) and several flood and drought events.

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Decentralized renewable energy solutions and more efficient technologies will also be considered and tested by Cabo Verde; Seek to promote new water storage and distribution techniques and to build at least 5 new dams by 2030; Seek to develop water and sanitation master plans (“planos diretores”) for each island and encourage private_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 | P á g i n a sector participation through different policy incentives and business models; Seek to increase urban resilience by developing master plans for rainwater drainage, improving and extending drainage infrastructure, and implementing flood management systems in vulnerable areas; Seek to disseminate more efficient small-scale irrigation techniques and promoting soil conservation schemes for farmers and rural producers; Seek to diversify income generating activities in rural areas by promote artisanal fishing activities (providing training, equipment, micro-credit) in coastal areas; Seek to promote Cabo Verde´s ocean-based (“blue”) economy by, among others, supporting new techniques of aquaculture, improving quality of fishery products through ecolabelling, and promoting sustainable coastal and maritime tourism and sports; Seek to strengthen governance, strategy development and capacity building by, among others:  promoting workshops in order to introduce crop varieties and species more adaptable to climatic conditions;  improving strategies associated with the distribution

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The Government will also encourage the formation of business entities that promote regional self-sustaining diffusion of decarbonization, thereby accelerating the development of the Circulating and Ecological Economy. Furthermore, the Government will utilize emissions information platforms and make efforts for “visualization” to facilitate the smooth implementation of community and enterprise initiatives. In addition, the Government will support local activities that aim to create and spread innovations for a decarbonized society by engaging in dialogues with various relevant parties, including a consultative meeting. Local authorities, taking their own initiatives and setting examples for the local entities and population, will play a central role in establishing the Circulating and Ecological Economy by cooperating and working together with various stakeholders in and out of the locality.

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Jamaica aims to move towards the eradication of poverty while simultaneously contributing to reducing global emissions. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; A key feature of Jamaica’s approach to determining its NDC is that it is based on policies, initiatives, and commitments that the country has already made. This approach - by focusing on activities where there is political support and which, in many cases, benefit from existing implementation plans – serves to make its NDC robust. This approach helps ensure the legitimacy of Jamaica’s NDC to domestic constituents and enhances the credibility of the international process governing emission reductions. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; A commitment to reducing GHG emission levels nationally will require cleaner technologies, expertise and financing.

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Some of the challenges and opportunities for PPPs include23: An absence of reliable data on private sector investments, including difficulties in identifying adaptation measures supported by the private sector and issues in covering all parts of the economy; The size of the informal sector which accounts for more than half of Cambodia’s GDP; and Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) make up the majority of businesses in Cambodia (only 0.2 % are companies with at least 100 employees; 98% of companies employ 10 people or fewer) and provide around two-thirds of the country’s employment. Through addressing some of these challenges and opportunities, there is potential to accelerate climate action with the private sector through PPPs.

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Furthermore, toward 2050, on top of these efforts, the Government will utilize geothermal resources that have yet to be utilized so far by developing new technologies.- 76 - Through these efforts, it is important to aim for a significant introduction of geothermal power generation, and to promote the further growth of various industries related to geothermal development, such as drilling, turbines, and other power generation systems, as well as materials and components for drag wells. In particular, taking advantage of the fact that Japanese companies currently account for 70% of the turbines used for geothermal power generation in Japan and abroad, Japan will expand the market and strengthen the competitiveness of its geothermal industry by providing support, including financial support, to developing countries for the vast amount of undeveloped geothermal development in the world, especially in developing countries, from the preparation of master plans to exploration, exploratory drilling, excavation, and plant construction, together with the world s top-class power generation systems.

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Due to the uncertainty in forestry emissions, waste emission and agricultural emissions the numbers reported in this INDC document do not include these sectors. Emissions from the forestry and agriculture sectors are expected to rise concurrently to national economic growth, as demand increases for forest and agricultural commodities – fuelled by both domestic and international markets, and demands of the rural populace put increasing demands on the forest for food, fodder, fuel and building materials. Gases considered The paucity of reliable data at the present time regarding emissions suggests that PNG limit the gases considered to CO2 only, except for the indigenous oil and gas production sector where CH4 is also included in the industry calculations.

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Therefore, the rehabilitation of the Fanoole Dam is priority for the reconstruction and development of Middle and Lower Jubba regions. At the downstream of Fanoole, there were the important projects of Marerey Sugar, Mogambo Rice Project and the banana plantations in Lower Jubba. In addition, the Kismayo Port is the economic outlet for the Jubba Valley. The Fanoole project had 1,500 Somali staff and workers and 42 Chinese experts and technicians. The employee had living quarters of 70 houses and in addition, the project had 20 storage facilities for inputs and rice. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES The Fanoole Dam and agriculture land were one of the most important projects in the Jubba valley. The key objectives of its rehabilitation are: 1. Rehabilitation of the Fanoole Dam’s hydroelectric infrastructures; 2.

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In the face of development challenges, Chad is ready to fight against climate change and adapt to its impacts by making efforts to protect the environment, in particular through activities such as planting thousands of trees each year and implementing the national programme for the development of green belts around Chadian cities. In addition to these green belts, ten million trees are being planted as part of the African Great Green Wall initiative, and National Tree Week has been officially launched. Chad has also established a Special Fund for the Environment (FSE) in 2013, in order to mobilise its own resources through the establishment of specific taxes.

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With regard to an ultimate solution to the global challenge of climate change, South Africa is firmly committed to working with others to ensure temperature increases are kept well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, which could include a further revision of the temperature goal to below 1.5°C in light of emerging science, noting that global average temperature increase of 2°C translates to up to 4°C for South Africa by the end of the century. This temperature goal is an essential starting point for our INDC, and we believe this goal should inform all countries’ contributions – in relation to both adaptation and mitigation. More and earlier mitigation means fewer unavoidable impacts, lessening the requirement for adaptation investment.

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The current indicative value of the emissions budget is 4832 – 4764 mt C02-e, corresponding to the 26 – 28 per cent target range, as published in Australia’s emissions projections 2020. Time frames Period of implementation 2021-2030, implemented as a multi-year budget Scope and coverage Target type Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction expressed as an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Gases covered Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) Sectors covered Energy; Industrial processes and product use; Agriculture; Land-use, Land-use change and forestry (UNFCCC classifications); Waste % of base year emissions covered 100 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Australia’s national greenhouse gas inventory Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting Metrics Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed.

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Potential Measures and Next Steps Area Activity Education, Training & Public Awareness x Relevant studies should be initiated to better understand the specific climate education needs in RMI and to inform the process of developing the NAP. Figure 24: Health potential measures and next stepsSection 9 – Approach & Future Perspectives Headline Recommendations ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs pursuant to the Paris Agreement; ¾ Collect comments on this first 2050 Strategy from stakeholders – including Government, private sector, donors, members of the public – and use them to inform implementation and subsequent updates; ¾ Design and implement a domestic process to oversee future reviews and revisions of this 2050 Strategy and to monitor its implementation.

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Efforts will be made for new buildings and government-funded public buildings to meet star-rated green building standards. And more work will be done to promote the integrative development of solar energyintegrated buildings and housing industrialization, making the wider use of renewable energies in new public building projects such as office buildings of public institutions and public housing buildings. (2) Promote energy-saving renovation of existing buildings Support the construction of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems on the roofs of commercial complexes and large public buildings, and release policies and measures to promote energy-saving renovation of commercial buildings.

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X Adoption and application of climate- smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield XUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Mitigation or Adaptation MRV Indicators M A - Tonnes of methane (CH4) reduced or avoided by category - # of people with diversified income - Tonnes of waste produce per year - Tonnes of methane converted into energy - # of incineration facilities provided - Tonnes N2O emissions reduced or avoided by category Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management, and pasture rehabilitation. X - - Conservation of forest genetic resources - # of inventories of climate change impacts on biodiversity - Area of land under landscape-scale conservation - Change in predictable losses of lives and economic assets due to the impact of extreme climate-related disasters in the geographic area - # of climate change vulnerability analysis and maps of coastal zone developed - Uptake of early warning systems (UV and air/water quality) - Uptake of measures to reduce air pollution - Uptake of soil conservation measures - %of climate-resilient trees/crops planted - Proportion of relevant sectors (water, forest, tourism, environment, disaster, gender, etc.)

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How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Barbados as a small island developing state bears little historical responsibility for the climate crisis. The 2021 NDC update is considerably more ambitious than the 2015 Barbados NDC. In doing so, Barbados is accelerating its decoupling of economic development from emissions growth. Emissions per capita in 2030 of 2.3 tCO2e per capita, down from 7.7 t in 2008, will be substantially below the global average. See section 1(f) and 4(c) above. A significant enhancement of the NDC update is the introduction of an unconditional contribution, alongside the enhanced ambition of the conditional contribution.

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The intended nationally determined contribution is prepared in accordance with decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1 / CP.19 and 1 / CP.20.Contribution to adaptation 1. The need to include adaptation in contribution For the Kyrgyz Republic, a mountainous country that has a high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, the implementation of adaptation actions is vital1. 2. The most vulnerable sectors and expected economic losses in absence of adaptation actions Water resources 718 Forest and Biodiversity 94.80 The current assessment of economic losses is the lower bound, as a result of the specific national assessment methods. The revision of the methods is envisioned. Reduction of economic losses in the hydro energy sector will be reached through mitigation actions. 3.

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Trends of emissions and sinks of greenhouse gases in the Czech Republic in the period 1990–2014 according to specific sectors thous. t CO2eq. Energy  Industrial Processes and Product Use Agriculture LULUCF Waste 2 LULUCF – Land Use, Land Use Change and ForestryCLIMATE PROTECTION POLICY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC • Executive summary 2017 The most significant emission reductions occurred in the Czech Republic in the period 1990–1994 particularly in connection with the national economy restructuring, the transition to a market based economy and a significant fall in the heavy industry production. From 1998, emissions fluctuated around the value of 140 million tonnes of CO2-eq. After 2008, there was a downward trend again, related to the economic recession and economic slowdown.

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(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans; Not applicable. 4. Planning processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: At the joint meetings of the Mid- and Long-Term Climate Change Countermeasures Subcommittee of the Global Environment Committee under the Central Environment Council and the Working Group for Consideration of Global Warming Countermeasures of the Global Environment Subcommittee of the Committee on industrial Science and Technology Policy and Environment under the Industrial Structural Council, the examination was conducted on the Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures, a comprehensive plan for the implementation of Japan’s emissions reduction goal for the year 2030, in a transparent manner to the public, while holding hearing from future generations and relevant ministries and agencies.

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The compliance and the perspectives of greater ambitions in the Cuban Contribution will depend on the fulfillment of international obligations established under the Convention. In preserving its sovereign rights, Cuba has the right to adjust the Contribution: • In the event of serious impacts due to natural extreme disasters or any other force majeure, • In the event of inadequate financial support or technology transfer and capacity building, in agreement with the commitments undertaken for developing countries in the Convention and the Paris Agreement, • As a consequence of the negative impact of the strengthening of the economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed by the United States of America onto Cuba.

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14 The Sectoral Plan for Energy Infrastructures in Andorra was approved by the Government on 16 May 2018.The National Energy Strategy for the Fight against Climate Change In this regard, it is possible to study tools to promote the self-consumption of electricity, including relocated consumption based on the establishment of an “energy transport toll” allowing electricity to be generated by an owner and consumed at another point in the territory as if it were its own energy in exchange for paying a toll for the cost of transporting the energy to the point of consumption. In the specific case of the exemplary role of the communal public administration, the Litecc states that the communes must work on creating a value chain based on the management of the communal forest masses for energy use, thus primarily covering the thermal needs of their buildings.

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The National Conservation and Environmental Protection Act (NCEPA) articulates strategic approaches to environmental protection, and serves as a framework for the declaration of sensitive ecological and historic sites that presents clearly vulnerability to climate change and vulnerability.The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) towards achieving the UNFCCC objective as set out in Article 2 of the Convention, and in accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20.MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The reference point 22% of the absolute GHG from the Business as Usual (BAU) in 2025. 35% of the absolute GHG from the BAU in 2030. Time frame and/or Implementation period The time frame to implement the iNDC is from 2020-2030, mid-term review in 2025.

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Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 27. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 11Contributions PNG is committing to a headline target of carbon neutrality within the energy industries sub-sector. This will be achieved by: Non - GHG Quantitative Targets As part of PNG’s energy transition, the country is targeting a transition in its energy mix in the energy industries for the share of installed capacity of renewables from 30 percent in 2015 to 78 percent in 2030 for on-grid connection managed by PNG Power Limited. This target is conditional and based on the availability and timing of international support.

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Estimated lower and upper GHG emission economy-wide reduction targets by 2030 For the global effort to avoid dangerous anthropogenic climate change, a below 2°C scenario requires serious mitigation actions including a substantial deviation from baseline emissions by 2050 in all developing countries. Tanzania continues to undertake various efforts, which contribute to the global mitigation agenda. Priority mitigation sectors are energy, transport, forestry, and waste management. These are amongst the sectors that contribute to GHG emissions in Tanzania currently, and are expected to continue to increase, as shown in Figure 1. Reducing emissions in these sectors will enable the country to embark on a low emission growth pathway, while achieving the desired sustainable development.

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6 Aichi Biodiversity Target 11, pp. 91-96, Sixth National Report to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (Government of Suriname 2019) 7 REDD+ stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 communities, competitive small, medium-sized and large companies that increase and diversify the national production and export through forestry and wood processing.” Since the submission of the 2015 NDC, the REDD+ National Strategy (2018) has been prepared.

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Realizing the importance and assuming the responsibility, Turkmenistan intends to make its adequate contribution to international efforts in addressing climate change. Turkmenistan is committed to limiting greenhouse gas emissions and improving the country s capacity to respond to climate change. In designing low-carbon development policy, Turkmenistan takes into account the level of its economic and technological development and social consequences of emission reductions. The country should pass to the "zero-risk" development, that is, contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change, which should lead to the country s economic growth and improving of living standards.

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Since 2015, rules and regulations require Member States to submit broader reporting or completely new reporting obligations compared to the original requirements that regulated the greenhouse gas emissions monitoring. The new requirements include providing annual reports on the inventory of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, the preparation and reporting of emission projections (every two years), Biennial Reports and National Communications (i.e. detailed reports, submitted every two or four years, containing all key information as regards national conditions, policies and measures related to climate policy in all sectors of the economy).

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Moreover, national efforts to implement INDC in FSM imply that resources to be allocated for development priorities will be arbitrated to take into account the requirements of the implementation of the Paris Agreement. By presenting an ambitious INDC in the context of the Paris’ agreement, FSM would like to stress that the very survival of many SIDS is at stake without ambitious global emissions reductions that will ensure the stabilisation of the GWPs used Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCCs 4th Assessment Report. Inventory methodology The FSM GHG inventory for year 2000 contained in the Second National Communication utilized the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Land sector emissions N/A International market mechanisms FSM does not intend to use international market mechanisms.

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Additional clarifications on emissions from Iceland In determining Iceland‘s efforts for climate mitigation, and assessing their ambition level and fairness, it is useful to look at Iceland‘s circumstances regarding size and the proportional impact of relatively large single projects, the high percentage of renewable energy, and Iceland‘s high level of integration into European carbon markets, notably through participation in the EU-ETS and Iceland‘s participation in joint commitment under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. These factors are briefly explained here below. Iceland‘s electricity production and heating comes almost 100% from renewable energy, with minimal emissions. This was mostly achieved before 1990. This means that Iceland must look to other sectors for mitigation options, including transport, agriculture, fisheries, industrial processes, waste and LULUCF.

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Moreover, CBAs are normally applied to a single project or investment and consider benefits only available for investors. These benefits are usually limited to those expressed in monetary units. Standard project-based CBAs do not assess the tangible/material and intangible, non-material benefits (or costs) of a given investment to society, regardless of if they are monetized or not. Nevertheless, investments in low carbon development are designed to tackle a societal issue such as climate change that affects many economic actors simultaneously. Investments in energy efficiency for instance, reduce energy consumption and curb emissions, while at the same time, the co-benefit of avoided energy use, reduced air pollution and health costs emerge.

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The LAPA contributes to sensitize people and stakeholders, conduct vulnerability and adaptation assessment; identify, select and prioritize adaptation options; and formulate and implement adaptation plan. The framework provides opportunities to develop and implement a stand-alone LAPA and/or integrate adaptation options into the planning and implementation processes. At present, Nepal is implementing LAPAs in 90 Village Development Committees and 7 Municipalities – the lowest administrative units in the country. Similarly, about 375 local adaptation plans and nearly 2200 community adaptation plan of action (CAPAs) for community forests have been developed. i. National Adaptation Plans In 2015, Nepal launched a process to formulate and implement National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address medium and long-term adaptation needs and reduce climate vulnerabilities.

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Intended nationally determined contribution of Turkmenistan in accordance with decision 1/CP. 20 UNFCCC Turkmenistan presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in accordance with decision 1/CP.20 UNFCCC "Lima call for action to address climate change", which calls Parties to communicate in advance their INDC to facilitate adoption of the new international agreement on climate change before the 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21), which will take place in Paris in December 2015. INDC is not an obligation, but it reflects the intention of the country to make an appropriate contribution towards reducing or restraining increase of greenhouse gas emissions and prevent increase of global average temperature by more than 2 ° C and thereby prevent global climate change.

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Due to the military aggression 20% of the country’s economic potential has been destroyed. After restoration of territorial integrity and state sovereignty over the whole territory of Ukraine, the need will arise to reconstruct ruined industrial facilities and infrastructural networks, including railway infrastructure, gas and oil pipelines, water supply systems, sewerage networks, and to repair and build new residential houses and social facilities. All this will cause increase in the production of metals, non-metal construction items, food products, etc. Ukraine will acutely need multi-billion capitalinvestments. Ukraine’s INDC will be revised after the restoration of its territorial integrity and state sovereignty as well as after the approval of post-2020 socio-economic development strategies with account of investment mobilization. 2.

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The Vojany Power Plant is planned to be transformed into a secondary fuel installation in order to get away from dependence on imported primary energy sources, as well as to support the circular economy in the region.Figure 8: Projections of fugitive methane and CO2 emissions from coal mining and post- mining activities in the Slovak Republic until 2040 under the WEM reference scenario CO2 (t) scenár WEM CH4 (t) scenár WEM Source: SHMI Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. 2.5.1.4 Projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas production, transport and distribution in the SR for 2017 – 2040 under the WEM reference scenario The projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas production, transport and distribution in the Slovak Republic were estimated based on the following assumptions:  Oil production in the Slovak Republic is expected to end after 2020;  Natural gas production will only decline slowly;  Consumption / distribution of natural gas and oil

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Carrying out the TNA could provide an opportunity to realize the need for new techniques, equipment, knowledge and skills for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions and reducing vulnerability to climate change. Capacity At the policy and legislative levels a number of legislative changes are required to reflect the current climate and disaster governance arrangements and clarify the full range of climate and disaster risk responsibilities. Among these are the National Disaster Management Act and the Vanuatu Meteorology Act. At the corporate level the Ministry of Climate Change needs to develop a long term cooperate plan to guide the implementation of its responsibility and also to further guide the agencies under its remit. Agency level cooperate plans are already in existence but lack strong links between the various departments.

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Complementing the SIRMZP strategy, the adaptation targets presented in this INDC are incremental efforts to the national physical development plan as the targets elevate ambition beyond development, to build resilience through adaptation interventions in preparation for projected climate impacts. 4 The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2015. Draft Vulnerability Impact and Adaptation Analysis in the Caribbean (VIAAC): National Vulnerability Analysis for Antigua and Barbuda. Prepared with funding from UNEP-­‐ROLAC. 5 The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2012. The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA): Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda.

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Grid upgrades may still be necessary to allow for increased solar penetration. 63. For electricity storage, which is essential as renewable energy penetration for electricity generation increases, a mixture of stationary batteries, thermal storage, and electric vehicles (which can provide vehicle to grid storage), has been assumed in the Scenarios set out in this 2050 Strategy. 64. Electric vehicles could play a role in electricity storage in the two main population centers of Majuro and Ebeye. Vehicle to grid storage would allow RMI to simultaneously reduce transportation emissions and help stabilize the grid in response to the growing variability in electricity production introduced by the rising penetration of renewable energy. This may require infrastructure upgrades to facilitate bi-directional electricity flows to and from the grid.

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• Development of individual, institutional and systemic capacities. In 2050, the Central African Republic will emit around 189,271.8 ± 94,635.4 kt eq-CO2 , i.e. 62.7% more than in 2010, with sectoral contributions of 68.4% for land use change and forestry; 13.4% for energy (10.7% of which is for wood energy); 13.4% for agriculture; 3.2% for water; and finally 1.6% for industrial processes and use of solvents.

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There is also an urgent need for technical work to be undertaken and should include an assessment of impacts and risks at different levels of CO2 concentration and warming, including 1.5 ° C, especially the risks of ocean acidification, global and regional sea level rise and irreversible changes in the physical, ecological and human systems, including for specific regions and key sectors and systems. Observations and projections relevant to local and regional circumstances should cover exposure and vulnerability to climate change, the resulting impacts, adaptation options and loss and damage.

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Regarding the remaining agricultural activities included in the Agriculture sector, which accounted for 47% (20 Gg) of the total N2O emissions according to NGHGI 2012, they have declined in terms of intensity (measured in terms of GDP) due to an increase in productivity and to soybean crop advance, since as a leguminous species it requires lower nitrogen fertilization.This context enables Uruguay to contribute towards 2025 with an unconditional mitigation objective for an intensity reduction (N2O emissions per GDP unit) of 48% compared to 1990 values. It also allows the country to aspire to a 52% mitigation objective conditional on additional and specific means of implementation by 2025.

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Likewise, it is expected that by 2030, the installed capacity of alternative energy sources in the SIN will be 771 MW. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 7, 8, 12 and 13. Installed capacity Goal (5) By 2030, the installed capacity of the interconnected electricity system will reach 5,028 MW. Condition: Goal will be met with national effort. Description: This measure seeks to define the total size of the national electricity system in the long term, based on installed capacity, so that this value can be used as a reference for the macro conditions of the electricity system that are expected to be achieved, as well as to set a quantitative basis of analysis for the relative goals of participation of generation plants.

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For example, in November 2020, the UK Prime Minister set out his ambitious Ten Point Plan for a green industrial revolution. Spanning clean energy, buildings, transport, nature and innovative technologies, the plan will mobilise £12 billion of government investment to create and support up to 250,000 highly-skilled green jobs in the UK, and unlock three times as much private sector investment by 2030.15 More broadly, the Clean Growth Strategy16 describes the UK Government’s current policies and measures to decarbonise all sectors of the UK economy through the 2020s and beyond. Ahead of COP26, the UK intends to publish a comprehensive Net Zero Strategy, setting out the government’s vision for transitioning to a net zero economy by 2050, making the most of new growth and employment opportunities across the UK.

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*NB: A more comprehensive exercise such as the National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process will advance the assessment of the countries vulnerability, adaptation needs and costs. and reporting progress on adaptation Monitoring tools - With the Assistance of the UNFCCC Focal Point in Zimbabwe (Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate), The Government’s Results Based Management system, which is coordinated by the Office of the President and Cabinet, will be used as the principal monitoring and execution framework for the adaptation component of Zimbabwe s INDC together with other internationally agreed and relevant guidelines. - The existing INDC National Steering Committee will continue working closely with the Climate Change Management Department in facilitating the accounting and monitoring of the INDC.

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The government runs forest nurseries and small-scale sawmilling, mainly as part of cyclone response and recovery works. Since the early 1970s, there has been a focus on developing timber plantations in ‘Eua and promoting public tree planting via seedlings produced at forest nurseries run by the Ministry of Agriculture Food, & Forests (MAFF). The main timber species promoted include Caribbean pine (Paini), Red cedar (Sita kula), Mahogany (Makoni), Teak (Tiki) and Kauri (Kauli). While sandalwood is the prominent export forest product, its export is currently banned under “Tonga Sandalwood Regulation 2016” which seeks to promote replanting and safeguard unsustainable harvest of sandalwood. Invasive species such as the Tulip and Kotia have also been introduced. Sawmilling, including coconut palm wood utilisation is a declining industry.

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These technologies have the potential to smooth traffic flows and increase efficiency of road transport. CCAV is also coordinating engagement with the wider research base and industry, identifying and reducing barriers to innovation or business expansion.

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Stakeholders in the tourism sector in Sri Lanka may have to take into consideration environmental friendly ways to preserve ecosystems and share responsibilities with other national and local agencies in managing ecosystems. In this context adaptation options need to be identified and implemented to be explored the tourism and recreation sector to transform the ongoing tourism trend to a more sustainable energy consuming environment friendly one in order to address the impacts to environment, and mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts. The NDCs for the Tourism and Recreation Sector 1. Adapt and alter conditions and destinations of the tourism and recreation sector. 2. Increase the preparedness of tourism and recreation operation to extreme weather conditions. 3.

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Consideration should be given to setting out the status and function of the TTE Committee (or other body) in legislation, so as to give it independent standing, insulate this 2050 Strategy from political changes, and ensure its longevity. Models such as the United Kingdom Climate Change Act 2008 and its Climate Change Committee6 should be considered if they offer useful precedents. In any event, the UK’s standing offer to provide technical advice and insights into the functioning of its Climate Change Act should be taken up. 200. As an immediate suggestion, the Environment Minister could usefully report once a year to the Nitijela on the state of implementation of the 2050 Strategy.

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GWP 100 from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: When New Zealand submits its first biennial transparency report under the Paris Agreement, further information will be provided on how ongoing technical improvements to the national greenhouse gas inventory will be treated. Until then the base year emissions estimate remains provisional. Timeframes and/or periods for implementation Sub-element: Information: Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date: Period covered by NDC: 2021 to 2030. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target: A point year target managed using an emissions budget approach to account for emissions in all the years for the period 2021 to 2030.

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To what extent the NDC of the Republic of Armenia is fair and ambitious considering the national circumstances • The target of the 2020NDC, compared to the 2015INDC has been brought in line with the latest data on GHG emissions and capabilities of the country, taking into account a 10-year timeframe aligned with that of the majority of Parties to the Paris Agreement, as well as aligned with preparations to the global stock take. • Armenia’ s current emissions are below 0.02 per cent of total global emissions. • In 1993 relative to 1990 the GDP shrank by 53.1 per cent due to the collapse of the economic system of the Soviet Union. From 1994 onwards, GDP growth rebounded.

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Implementation plans Implementation of the 2021-2030 NDC is safeguarded by the national and sectoral strategies and their implementation programmes, such as: • Republic of Armenia 2014-2025 Strategic Program of Perspective Development3 outlines actions to maximize the use of domestic energy resources, focusing on renewable energy and promoting energy efficiency; • Programme of the Government of Armenia4 (2019) puts emphasis on the development of nuclear energy, renewable energy sources, introduction of energy efficient and new technologies for ensuring energy security and providing affordable and reliable energy supply as well as for mitigating and preventing problems resulting from climate change, pursuant to the commitments under international agreements, the development and implementation of a sustainable policy for promoting green economy and achieving long- term sustainable development goals; • Provisions of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement Roadmap5 with 12 actions on climate change and 34 energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy security actions; • "Strategic Program for the Development of the Energy Sector of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040)”6, which safeguards national priority of 3 RA Government Decision No 442-L of 27 March 2014 4 RA Government Decision No 65-A of 08 February 2019 5 RA Prime Minister Decision No 666-L

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These included the Green Mark Scheme as a benchmarking standard to encourage the development of environmentally friendly buildings and energy efficiency grants to encourage industries to integrate resource and energy efficiencies into their facility operations. Energy Intensity toe/S$m GDP Emissions Intensity e/S$m GDP Energy Intensity (toe/S$m GDP) Emission Intensity (tCO2 e/S$m GDP) Time series of Singapore’s GHG emissions Time series of Singapore’s energy and emissions intensity GDP (Billion) in Chained (2015) Dollars GDP: CAGR of 5.2% Emission eq GHG Emission: CAGR of 1.8% Emission Profile (2017) Total Emission: ~52MtCO2 eCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 3 | Singapore s Long-Term Low-Emissions Aspiration Singapore has always sought to develop sustainably. Long-term integrated planning is at the heart of Singapore’s economic and environmental management.

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Diet preferences have changed with increased demand for plant-based diets. Agriculture with focus on livestock takes place around the country, but demand and thus production levels are moderate of sheep- and cattle-based products. As a result, the numbers of sheep and cattle in the country have declined. Both systems change, as described above, and technological solutions have enabled reaching net zero emissions. The energy system largely runs on domestic renewable energy. Transport on land relies on electricity, hydrogen or synfuels but aviation and marine transport have only partially switched to low-carbon solutions. The fishing industry has switched to low-carbon fuels such as electricity, hydrogen or synfuels, in addition to increased use of fishing gear that is lighter and thus less energy intensive.

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Seagrass beds, which constitute an important carbon sink, are distributed along the southeast coast, and along the west coast of Bahrain. At present the Kingdom of Bahrain does not have a full understanding of its seagrass areas as a carbon sink and is planning to further engage with the International Union for Conservation of Nature to do so. Means of implementation for support contributions The elaboration of this INDC includes a public participatory process through a series of multi- sectorial meetings, and has been reviewed by the National Climate Change Committee.

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This intervention is intended to enable access to clean energy for the communities while also curtailing their dependence on firewood. 4. More than 50 Solar Water Heating Systems (SWHS) of 1000 litres per day (LPD) capacity shall be installed in various public institutions (schools, monasteries, hospitals etc. ), to curtail pressure on firewood which is otherwise deployed for heating water. 5. The remote Lunana community will be provided with a 500-kW mini-hydel to meet the energy demands of the community through a sustainable and reliable approach. This will eliminate the need for a 97km transmission line in a national protected area and avoid deforestation and degradation. 6.

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This means that Iceland must look to other sectors for mitigation options, including transport, agriculture, fisheries, industrial processes, waste and LULUCF. Iceland considers the utilization of its renewable energy sources to have global benefits from a climate change mitigation perspective.Iceland is a party to the EU-ETS, due to membership of the European Economic Area, and over 40% of Iceland‘s emissions fall under the trading scheme. It is foreseen that this will continue after 2020. For a small economy like Iceland access to markets is important, as it provides flexibility that bigger economies do not need to the same extent; a single project can contribute a high percentage of emissions in a small economy like Iceland‘s but hardly register in bigger economies.

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Furthermore, understanding the limitations of existing schemes such as the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Label (SSTL) will provide information that will enable the scheme to be repositioned in order to achieve its mandate. MFAT, EPD, MFEPT, MIEI Data and information While it is well-known locally that the unique natural beauty and the quality of the natural environment are unique selling points for tourism, there is limited tangible action or change in-sector practices to maintain this valuable natural environment. (NCCC, 2009; SIF, pers. Com., 2021; D. Dogley, pers. Com, 2021; IDC, pers. Com., Economic valuation of ecosystem services assessment associated with tourism is currently ongoing. The tourism industry would benefit from communication regarding climate research and findings, as well as how to interpret, react to, and implement solutions to such findings. This can assist in proactive management of tourism assets and activities (authors).

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2005 and entered into force on 9 Jun. 2005. The State of Kuwait shares the concerns of the international community in limiting the negative impacts of climate change, it recognizes that the global nature of climate change calls for maximum cooperation and participation in an effective international response in implementing the terms of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC) from all countries of the world in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities as stated in Article 4 paragraph 1 , which says: “All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances."

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(iv) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable While at present, the use of Article 6 mechanisms is not envisaged, Lebanon does not exclude the possibility of making use of international market mechanisms to achieve its NDC targets.6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Considering Lebanon’s difficult national circumstances and its regional context as depicted in the national circumstances in this NDC, as well as its low share in global emissions, Lebanon therefore considers the targets put forward in this update as fair and ambitious.

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In January 2014, a new constitution was adopted and in May 2014 President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi was elected as President of the Republic. Moreover, holding the parliamentary elections set for October and November 2015 is the final step in the implementation of the country s political roadmap. Concerning social justice, the government seeks to achieve the following goals: o Expand social security allocations to include self-employed farmers who own more than one Feddan and expand their medical insurance. o Launch a cash transfer programme and increase the number of beneficiaries. o Establish logistic centers for grain trade and storage to achieve food security. o Replace traditional ration books with smart cards, adopt a new rationing system and apply the new bread supply system.

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Moreover, the pathway allows on long term for the convergence of Albania’s per capita emissions to the 2 ton/capita level. Means of implementation The results of the preparation of the INDC will be reflected in the Third National Communication of Albania and also will form the basis of the Environmental and Climate Change strategy which is in preparation. Development of the strategic directions for energy and transport sectors will take into consideration the INDC. Coordination of activities in relation to the strategy is foreseen to be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment which is the chair of the inter‐ministerial body on Climate Change.

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It guarantees the transparency and environmental commitment of financial products, and aims to increase investments that benefit the energy and ecological transition and combat climate change. Launched at the end of 2015 to complete the regulatory component of the energy transition for green growth act (LTECV), it extends the scope of the law to include property funds. In November 2019, it had 36 labelled funds outstanding by €10.5 billion. The “Participative funding for green growth” label, launched at the end of 2017, encourages participative funding of projects working to promote the energy and ecological transition. Since its launch, the total collected for labelled projects stands at €16.2 million.

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The carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation amounted to 529.287Gg of CO2 as Sierra Leone energy generation is based on diesel powered generators. The Land Use, Land Use Change and forestry (LULUCF) sector was the least significant source of CO2 emissions by up taking 752,748Gg of CO2, followed by the waste sector emitting 11.8Gg CO2. The industrial processes are however marginal amounting to 39.55 Gg of CO2 and these emissions came mostly from cement production. In 2000, the total Methane (CH4) emissions were 32,312.53 Gg CH4. Agriculture was the most important source of CH4 emissions (86.67%), followed by the LULUCF sector (5.631) and finally the waste sector (11.83). The other sectors were not sources of CH4 emissions.

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ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS 13. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDC • Methodologies for estimating emissions are based on IPCC 2006 Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. • The IPCC 2006 Inventory Software, developed for these Guidelines, was used for data entry, emission calculation, results analysis and conclusions. • Global Warming Potential was used on a 100- year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report (“1995 IPCC GWP Values”) as a basis for conversion of CH4, N2O, F-gases emissions to CO2eq. • GHG emissions and removals were estimatedusing tier 1, 2 and 3 methodologies from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. In the case of key categories, tier 2 and 3 methodologies were mainly applied.

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• Infrastructure & transport: Adaptation activities in infrastructure to resist extreme heat or precipitation will also promote a modal shift towards a lower fossil fuel intensity in the transport sector. • Agriculture: The mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions in agriculture are: the enhancement of carbon sinks by an increase in resilient species in areas vulnerable to forest fires; development of micro-reservoirs; the use of renewable energy for cooling and heating; harvest storage; and changes to food processing.• Soils: Actions carried out to prevent soil degradation (e.g. in the CAMP project) reduce land degradation with green-belt barriers and thereby contribute to increasing carbon sinks. • Forestry: Activities, such as the strengthening of the forestry infrastructure and the monitoring of logging, are also contributing to an increase in carbon sinks.

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Montenegro’s contribution to the international effort to avoid dangerous climate change is expressed in 30 % emission reduction by 2030 compared to the 1990 base year. The emission level of greenhouse gases for Montenegro from sectors covered by INDC was 5239 kilotons in 1990 and Montenegro pledges to reduce it at least by 1572 kilotons, to the level below or at 3667 kilotons. The reduction is to be achieved by general increase of energy efficiency, improvement of industrial technologies, increase of the share of renewables and modernization in the power sector.

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Planning Process (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner As the Ministry mandated with the climate change portfolio, the Ministry of Environment has updated the NDC in consultation with all relevant stakeholders including those in the public and private sector. In addition, the NDC was shared with the general public for their feedback. During the updating process, various development plans and ongoing activities within the sectors were considered. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication Please refer to the Maldives latest national communication (Second National Communication) and the First BUR.b.

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Net Contribution of International Market Based Mechanisms No contribution from international credits.Planning Process Domestic legally-binding legislation already in place for the 2020 climate and energy package. The existing legislation for land use, land-use change and forestry (EU Decision 529/2013) is based on the existing accounting rules under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Legislative proposals to implement the 2030 climate and energy framework, both in the emissions trading sector and in the non-traded sector, to be submitted by the European Commission to the Council and European Parliament in 2015-2016 on the basis of the general political directions by the European Council, taking into account environmental integrity. Fair and ambitious The target represents a significant progression beyond its current undertaking of a 20% emission reduction commitment by 2020 compared to 1990 (which includes the use of offsets).

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Emissions Reduction by 2030: The emissions reduction objective is intended to be a reduction of the cumulative emissions of the three sectors (power generation, industry and transport) between 2013 and 2030, and aimed to be achieved by 31 December 2030. These cumulative emissions are referenced against a 2013 baseline in which the total emissions from these sectors amounted to an estimated 34,234,032 tCO2-e. 2. Sectors: The sectors covered are the three major emitting sectors (power generation, industry and transportation) as the emissions from the other sectors are considered relatively negligible. For example, in 2010, the land use and agriculture sector accounted for 2% of total economy- wide emissions, while the waste sector accounted for 7% of the total economy-wide emissions. 3.

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The National Climate Change Strategy has identified that priorities are food security, energy security, water security, poverty reduction, gender equality, social security, public health, livelihood improvements and the protection of natural resources. These goals can only be achieved through enhancing the adaptive capacity of human and socio-economic systems as well as natural systems. Through its INDC, Viet Nam can communicate its current and future climate change response efforts implemented with national resources, and what can be done better with additional international support. Climate change adaptation will reduce vulnerability and inequality within and among countries. Adaptation benefits go beyond the scope of each locality, community and country. Pro-active climate change adaptation is a contribution of Viet Nam to the global efforts to address climate change.

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Extension of the railway to Bulgaria 9. Electrification of transportEmission projections Year WOM WEM WAM emissions projections According to the BAU scenario (WOM), CO2 emissions by 2030 will almost double (from about 9 000 kt they will increase to about 18 000 kt). With the 17 measures included in the mitigation scenario (WЕМ), in 2030 a reduction of 30% compared to the BAU scenario can be achieved. Further on, with the higher ambition mitigation scenario (WАМ), which includes improved and additional measures, the CO2 emission reduction compared to the BAU scenario in 2030 shall be 36%. In all scenarios the CO2 emissions shell have a growing trend, peaking between 2030 and 2032.

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Note: A quantitative target to be defined by the Min. of Industry. R E F F E R E N C E S ENERGY SECTOR o National Energy Policy (KEN) 2014, o Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) 2016-2025, o National Energy Plan (RUEN) 2016. AFOLU SECTOR o RKTN (Rencana Kehutanan Tingkat Nasional 2011-2030/National Forestry Plan 2011-2030), o Industri Minyak Sawit Indonesia Menuju 100 Tahun NKRI/Indonesian Oil Palm Industry toward 100 year (GAPKI), o The Roadmap of Indonesia’s Forest Business Association (APHI) 2050, o Strategic Plan for Plantation/estate crops (including scenario for livestock), o Introduction Study on RPJMN 2015-2019 (BAPPENAS, 2013) WASTE SECTOR o Act No. 18 year 2008 regarding Solid Waste Management, o Government Regulation No. 81 year 2012 regarding Management of Domestic Solid Waste. -- o 0 o --

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To reduce its emissions footprint, South Sudan will focus on promotion and implementation of activities like crop rotation, reduced tillage, zero grazing and rotational grazing to allow carbon to remain in the soil, thereby reducing GHG emissions. South Sudan will use its high agricultural production potential to create targeted agricultural hubs2 promoting closed agricultural loops. This will not only allow for efficient growth in the sector but also enable waste management and recycling, resulting in a reduction in GHG emissions. 2 Agricultural hubs are interconnected agricultural market spaces that are established in close proximity to agricultural land allowing for quicker and more efficient transportation of agricultural produce and waste between the field and the market.

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Mitigation in the energy sector requires much larger investments in order to permit access to clean, sustainable and affordable energy. However, in the National Adaptation Plan and the INDC’s vision for 2050, Niger would have to include all or part of a wide range of infrastructures (highways, bridges, dikes, construction projects to mobilise and enhance water resources, projects and networks to clean up used water and solid waste).

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Conditional on external support, which would enable the Government of Malawi to expand protection and conservation efforts beyond the nine reserves prioritize by the Department of Forestry in 2015, the emission reduction from protection and conservation could be increased. The mitigation actions that enhance afforestation and natural/assisted regeneration are projected to result in the unconditional sequestration of approximately 1 million tCO2e annually (through planned afforestation in plantations and on customary land, projected based on recent afforestation rates, and discounted to reflect realistic survival rates). Conditional on external support the contribution of afforestation could be increased. Specifically, for the Government of Malawi’s to achieve its target of 2% increase in forest cover nationally, the area being afforested on an annual basis would need to increase four times.

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Coverage of greenhouse gases The following gases are covered: CO2 , and N2 O. Fluorinated greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF6 ) play a limited role in Lebanon’s overall GHG emissions. Furthermore, they have not been assessed at the level of detail required to estimate their emissions with the necessary accuracy needed to include them in the GHG inventory. Such assessments are currently being undertaken. Lebanon plans to include emissions from fluorinated GHGs in an updated version of its INDC. Methodological Approaches The BAU scenario was developed using the 2011 GHG inventory as a basis. The 2011 GHG inventory data was compiled according to the following standards: - Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, - Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, - Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry.

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The vision for the Kiribati National Energy Policy (KNEP) is “available, accessible, reliable, affordable, clean and sustainable energy options for the enhancement of economic growth and improvement of livelihoods in Kiribati.” Reducing fossil fuel imports is the major goal, with the uptake of renewable energy along with further energy efficiency improvements on both the demand and supply sides, expected to replace more than one-third of fossil fuels for electricity and transport by 2025. Reflecting the ambition of the Majuro Declaration2, Kiribati has identified targets focused on reductions in fossil fuel use by 2025 through increases in renewable energy and energy efficiency (RE and EE) in the following sectors and geographical areas: South Tarawa by 45% (23% RE and 22% EE); Kiritimati Island by 60% (40% RE and 20% EE); rural public infrastructure, including Southern Kiribati Hospital and Ice plants by 60% (40% RE and 20% EE); and rural public and private institutions such as boarding schools, Island Council, private amenities and households by 100%(100% RE).

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) 2.1 NDC Planning and Alignment This document is an update of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that was submitted in 2015 by the United Republic of Tanzania to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Formulation of this NDC was undertaken and guided by the national policies, goals, vision, programme, plans and initiatives. The NDC is in line with the Tanzania Development Vision (2025) and Zanzibar Development Vision (2050), and the Third Five Year Development Plan (FYDP III). The NDC is also anchored in the National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021) and the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014).

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They are intended to meet society s food, material and 139 IPCC, 2014: Appendix II: Glossary [Mach, K.J., S. Planton and C. von Stechow (dir. Publ. )], Climate change 2014: Summary report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the fifth Evaluation Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 140 Légifrance, terminology from the French Rural Code (article R 645-1) 141 France Terme, French Ministry of Agriculture 142 France Terme, French Ministry of Agriculture, and French Agroforestry Association 143 Légifrance, environmental terminology 144 Allwood J. M., V. Bosetti, N. K. Dubash, L. Gómez-Echeverri and C. von Stechow, 2014: Glossary.

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Another important area of financing for climate measures will be State and local authorities’ budgets. Mitigation and adaptation measures must also be funded from the central government, regional and local governments’ own resources, regardless of the availability ofother sources, in the implementation of their own departmental measures which are either based on or in line with this Strategy. In implementing their own measures and priority areas, ministries and other public authorities often also implement measures in line with this Strategy, either directly or indirectly. 3.2.1 Modernisation Fund The Modernisation Fund is set up under Article 10d of the revised ETS Directive and will serve to encourage investment in modernising energy systems and improving energy efficiency.

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The second cycle will contribute to the implementation strategy of the Brazilian NDC by the federal government.5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: Brazil will update its national inventories for the historical series based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines or any subsequent guidelines that may come to replace them.