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METHODS | Primary outcomes were changes in anthropometry , maximal oxygen uptake , health-related quality of life , and self-reported physical activity . | Primary outcomes were changes in anthropometry, maximal oxygen uptake, health-related quality of life, and self-reported physical activity. |
METHODS | The secondary outcomes were changes in blood pressure and metabolic variables . | The secondary outcomes were changes in blood pressure and metabolic variables. |
RESULTS | After one year the intervention group significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake , physical activity , and quality of life and significantly decreased body weight , waist and hip circumference , body mass index , waist-hip ratio , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , triglycerides , and glycosylated haemoglobin . | After one year the intervention group significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake, physical activity, and quality of life and significantly decreased body weight, waist and hip circumference, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and glycosylated haemoglobin. |
RESULTS | There were significant differences between groups , mean changes ( and their 95 % confidence intervals , CI ) in waist circumference -1.9 cm ( -2.80 to -0.90 ; p < 0.001 ) , in waist-hip ratio -0.01 ( -.02 to -0.004 ; p < 0.01 ) and in diastolic blood pressure -2.3 mmHg ( -4.04 to -0.51 ; p < 0.05 ) . | There were significant differences between groups, mean changes (and their 95 % confidence intervals, CI) in waist circumference -1. 9 cm (-2. 80 to -0. 90 ; p < 0. 001), in waist-hip ratio -0. 01 (-. 02 to -0. 004 ; p < 0. 01) and in diastolic blood pressure -2. 3 mmHg (-4. 04 to -0. 51 ; p < 0. 05). |
CONCLUSIONS | A prevention programme in primary healthcare with a focus on physical activity and diet counselling followed by structured follow-up meetings can favourably influence several risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and quality of life in high-risk subjects for at least one year . | A prevention programme in primary healthcare with a focus on physical activity and diet counselling followed by structured follow-up meetings can favourably influence several risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and quality of life in high-risk subjects for at least one year. |
OBJECTIVE | To assess the impact of two methods of brief nurse-delivered brief interventions in reducing drinking variables in hazardous drinkers with alcohol-related facial injuries . | To assess the impact of two methods of brief nurse-delivered brief interventions in reducing drinking variables in hazardous drinkers with alcohol-related facial injuries. |
METHODS | A randomised controlled trial of two brief interventions involving hazardous drinkers with facial trauma in three Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery outpatient clinics in the West of Scotland ; 194 patients were recruited and randomised to have either a nurse-led brief motivational intervention ( intervention group ) or a leaflet about alcohol misuse ( control group ) . | A randomised controlled trial of two brief interventions involving hazardous drinkers with facial trauma in three Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery outpatient clinics in the West of Scotland ; 194 patients were recruited and randomised to have either a nurse-led brief motivational intervention (intervention group) or a leaflet about alcohol misuse (control group). |
METHODS | Patients were followed up at 3 and 12 months after the intervention and drinking variables reassessed . | Patients were followed up at 3 and 12 months after the intervention and drinking variables reassessed. |
RESULTS | A brief motivational intervention for alcohol provided by a nurse was more effective than a leaflet in helping some patients with facial trauma to reduce their alcohol consumption 12 months after the intervention ( p < 0.05 ) . | A brief motivational intervention for alcohol provided by a nurse was more effective than a leaflet in helping some patients with facial trauma to reduce their alcohol consumption 12 months after the intervention (p < 0. 05). |
CONCLUSIONS | Facial trauma in the West of Scotland is strongly associated with alcohol misuse and is a recurrent disease , particularly among those who drink heavily . | Facial trauma in the West of Scotland is strongly associated with alcohol misuse and is a recurrent disease, particularly among those who drink heavily. |
CONCLUSIONS | A nurse-delivered brief motivational intervention is effective in helping patients with high scores in the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test to reduce their drinking , and this effect was apparent 12 months after the intervention . | A nurse-delivered brief motivational intervention is effective in helping patients with high scores in the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test to reduce their drinking, and this effect was apparent 12 months after the intervention. |
BACKGROUND | Procedural burn pain is the most intense acute pain and most likely type of burn injury pain to be undertreated due to the physician 's fear of the adverse effect of analgesia and lack of anesthetist present . | Procedural burn pain is the most intense acute pain and most likely type of burn injury pain to be undertreated due to the physician 's fear of the adverse effect of analgesia and lack of anesthetist present. |
BACKGROUND | At our institution , in most of the cases , local burn detersion and debridement were performed at the ward level without any analgesics . | At our institution, in most of the cases, local burn detersion and debridement were performed at the ward level without any analgesics. |
BACKGROUND | This article describes a study designed to test the analgesia effect of a fixed nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture on burn dressing pain . | This article describes a study designed to test the analgesia effect of a fixed nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture on burn dressing pain. |
METHODS | The experiment was carried out in three centers . | The experiment was carried out in three centers. |
METHODS | The patients were given a number from 1 to 240 . | The patients were given a number from 1 to 240. |
METHODS | A randomization list was produced by a statistician according to our preliminary study . | A randomization list was produced by a statistician according to our preliminary study. |
METHODS | Due to the severity of the pain suffered , ethically it was decided to help as many as possible , so patients given the letters A , B or C were treated using a canister with the appropriate letter containing preprepared nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture ( NOOM ) . | Due to the severity of the pain suffered, ethically it was decided to help as many as possible, so patients given the letters A, B or C were treated using a canister with the appropriate letter containing preprepared nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture (NOOM). |
METHODS | Those with D were given oxygen only , from an identical-looking canister labeled D. Neither patients , nor doctors , nor nurses , nor data collector knew what was in each canister , thus they were all blind . | Those with D were given oxygen only, from an identical-looking canister labeled D. Neither patients, nor doctors, nor nurses, nor data collector knew what was in each canister, thus they were all blind. |
METHODS | The nursing officer who implemented the intervention handed the doctors envelopes containing the patients ' name and allocation of A , B , C or D. Thus , patients receiving NOOM or oxygen were in the ratio 3:1 . | The nursing officer who implemented the intervention handed the doctors envelopes containing the patients'name and allocation of A, B, C or D. Thus, patients receiving NOOM or oxygen were in the ratio 3:1. |
METHODS | Parameters , including pain severity , blood pressure , heart rate , digital oxygen saturation and the Chinese version of the burn specific pain anxiety scale ( C-BSPAS ) , were taken before , during and after dressing for each group . | Parameters, including pain severity, blood pressure, heart rate, digital oxygen saturation and the Chinese version of the burn specific pain anxiety scale (C-BSPAS), were taken before, during and after dressing for each group. |
METHODS | A video and audio record was taken individually for later communication coding and outcome analysis . | A video and audio record was taken individually for later communication coding and outcome analysis. |
METHODS | Rescue analgesic was recorded . | Rescue analgesic was recorded. |
CONCLUSIONS | Based on the findings from our previous qualitative study that physician 's reluctance to order narcotic analgesia is due to its adverse effect and from our pilot experiment , this study aims to test the hypothesis that a fixed nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture will promote better burn dressing pain alleviation and outcomes . | Based on the findings from our previous qualitative study that physician 's reluctance to order narcotic analgesia is due to its adverse effect and from our pilot experiment, this study aims to test the hypothesis that a fixed nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture will promote better burn dressing pain alleviation and outcomes. |
CONCLUSIONS | Analyses will focus on the effects of the experimental intervention on pain severity during dressing ( primary outcomes ) ; physiological parameters , C-BSPAS and acceptance of both health care professionals and patients ( secondary outcomes ) . | Analyses will focus on the effects of the experimental intervention on pain severity during dressing (primary outcomes) ; physiological parameters, C-BSPAS and acceptance of both health care professionals and patients (secondary outcomes). |
CONCLUSIONS | If this model of analgesia for burn pain management implemented by nurses proves successful , it could potentially be implemented widely in hospital and prehospital settings and improve patients ' satisfaction and quality of life . | If this model of analgesia for burn pain management implemented by nurses proves successful, it could potentially be implemented widely in hospital and prehospital settings and improve patients'satisfaction and quality of life. |
BACKGROUND | ( Clinical Trials Identifier : CHICTR-TRC11001690 ) . | (Clinical Trials Identifier : CHICTR-TRC11001690). |
OBJECTIVE | Whilst there is data to support the use of Melatonin in treating disorders of the sleep-wake cycle , so far there is little published evidence on the efficacy of Melatonin in treating the prevalent condition of post-TBI sleep disturbance . | Whilst there is data to support the use of Melatonin in treating disorders of the sleep-wake cycle, so far there is little published evidence on the efficacy of Melatonin in treating the prevalent condition of post-TBI sleep disturbance. |
METHODS | The present work used a randomized double-blind controlled cross-over trial to compare Melatonin ( 5 mg ) and Amitriptyline ( 25 mg ) in a small sample of TBI patients presenting with chronic sleep disturbance . | The present work used a randomized double-blind controlled cross-over trial to compare Melatonin (5 mg) and Amitriptyline (25 mg) in a small sample of TBI patients presenting with chronic sleep disturbance. |
RESULTS | No differences in sleep latency , duration , quality or daytime alertness were found for either drug compared to baseline using significance testing . | No differences in sleep latency, duration, quality or daytime alertness were found for either drug compared to baseline using significance testing. |
RESULTS | However , effect sizes revealed some encouraging changes . | However, effect sizes revealed some encouraging changes. |
RESULTS | Patients on Melatonin reported improved daytime alertness compared to baseline . | Patients on Melatonin reported improved daytime alertness compared to baseline. |
RESULTS | On Amitriptyline , patients reported increased sleep duration compared to baseline . | On Amitriptyline, patients reported increased sleep duration compared to baseline. |
CONCLUSIONS | The study provides preliminary evidence for the value of Melatonin and Amitriptyline in treating sleep disorder post-TBI . | The study provides preliminary evidence for the value of Melatonin and Amitriptyline in treating sleep disorder post-TBI. |
CONCLUSIONS | There were no adverse drug effects . | There were no adverse drug effects. |
CONCLUSIONS | Suggestions are made for ongoing investigation for the treatment of this prevalent condition . | Suggestions are made for ongoing investigation for the treatment of this prevalent condition. |
OBJECTIVE | To evaluate the clinical value of two alimentary reconstruction methods after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer . | To evaluate the clinical value of two alimentary reconstruction methods after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. |
METHODS | Thirty - one patients undergoing total gastrectomy for gastric cancer were prospectively randomly divided into two groups : single-canal jejunum interposition ( n = 16 , group A ) and P pouch with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy ( n = 15 , group B ) . | Thirty - one patients undergoing total gastrectomy for gastric cancer were prospectively randomly divided into two groups : single-canal jejunum interposition (n = 16, group A) and P pouch with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy (n = 15, group B). |
METHODS | All patients were followed up for one year . | All patients were followed up for one year. |
METHODS | The serum nutritional parameters , body weight change and clinical effects between the two groups were compared . | The serum nutritional parameters, body weight change and clinical effects between the two groups were compared. |
RESULTS | Both of the reconstruction types had the replacement of gastric function . | Both of the reconstruction types had the replacement of gastric function. |
RESULTS | The hemoglobin level was ( 102 + / - 11 ) g/L , the total protein level ( 6.8 + / - 3.9 ) g/L , and the body weight loss ( 1.0 + / - 1.7 ) kg in group A , while ( 98 + / - 12 ) g/L , ( 6.3 + / - 3.0 ) g/L and ( 4.0 + / - 2.3 ) kg in group B. | The hemoglobin level was (102 + / - 11) g/L, the total protein level (6. 8 + / - 3. 9) g/L, and the body weight loss (1. 0 + / - 1. 7) kg in group A, while (98 + / - 12) g/L, (6. 3 + / - 3. 0) g/L and (4. 0 + / - 2. 3) kg in group B. |
RESULTS | There were significant differences between the two groups ( all P < 0.05 ) . | There were significant differences between the two groups (all P < 0. 05). |
CONCLUSIONS | The single-canal jejunum interposition reconstruction after total gastrectomy ( Henley ) is a better surgical method . | The single-canal jejunum interposition reconstruction after total gastrectomy (Henley) is a better surgical method. |
OBJECTIVE | To assess the efficacy and safety of hemodilution combined with induced hypotension during surgery . | To assess the efficacy and safety of hemodilution combined with induced hypotension during surgery. |
METHODS | Randomized , nonblinded , controlled study . | Randomized, nonblinded, controlled study. |
METHODS | Operating room suite and intensive care unit ( ICU ) at a university hospital . | Operating room suite and intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital. |
METHODS | 16 ASA physical status I and II patients who underwent general or general plus epidural anesthesia for major orthopedic surgery . | 16 ASA physical status I and II patients who underwent general or general plus epidural anesthesia for major orthopedic surgery. |
METHODS | In Group 1 ( n = 10 ) , mean arterial blood pressure ( MAP ) was decreased to 50 mmHg by increasing the inspired concentration of isoflurane and injecting 75 mg of 0.5 % bupivacaine into the epidural catheter . | In Group 1 (n = 10), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was decreased to 50 mmHg by increasing the inspired concentration of isoflurane and injecting 75 mg of 0. 5 % bupivacaine into the epidural catheter. |
METHODS | Hematocrit was decreased to 20 % by phlebotomy and simultaneous infusion of crystalloid and colloid . | Hematocrit was decreased to 20 % by phlebotomy and simultaneous infusion of crystalloid and colloid. |
METHODS | In Group 2 ( n = 6 ) , isoflurane was adjusted to maintain MAP within 20 % of baseline values , and no phlebotomy or hemodilution was used . | In Group 2 (n = 6), isoflurane was adjusted to maintain MAP within 20 % of baseline values, and no phlebotomy or hemodilution was used. |
RESULTS | Efficacy of hemodilution combined with induced hypotension ( Group 1 ) was compared to standard management of blood volume and pressure ( Group 2 ) by measuring transfusion volume and length of ICU stay . | Efficacy of hemodilution combined with induced hypotension (Group 1) was compared to standard management of blood volume and pressure (Group 2) by measuring transfusion volume and length of ICU stay. |
RESULTS | Safety of hemodilution/hypotension was determined by measuring the electroencephalogram , internal jugular venous oxygen saturation , the electrocardiogram , and central venous oxygen saturation . | Safety of hemodilution/hypotension was determined by measuring the electroencephalogram, internal jugular venous oxygen saturation, the electrocardiogram, and central venous oxygen saturation. |
RESULTS | In Group 1 , both the volume of homologous blood ( 225 + / - 150 ml ) and total blood ( 1440 + / - 286 ml ) was significantly less than the volume of homologous blood transfused in Group 2 ( 2650 + / - 878 ml ) . | In Group 1, both the volume of homologous blood (225 + / - 150 ml) and total blood (1440 + / - 286 ml) was significantly less than the volume of homologous blood transfused in Group 2 (2650 + / - 878 ml). |
RESULTS | No patients in Group 1 , but all patients in Group 2 required ICU admission ( 3.5 + / - 1.6 days ) for treatment to prevent sequelae from , or progression of , moderate-severe tissue edema and metabolic acidosis . | No patients in Group 1, but all patients in Group 2 required ICU admission (3. 5 + / - 1. 6 days) for treatment to prevent sequelae from, or progression of, moderate-severe tissue edema and metabolic acidosis. |
RESULTS | Cerebral and myocardial measures were not significantly different between groups . | Cerebral and myocardial measures were not significantly different between groups. |
CONCLUSIONS | Hemodilution combined with induced hypotension was safe and may reduce the need for transfusion and ICU admission . | Hemodilution combined with induced hypotension was safe and may reduce the need for transfusion and ICU admission. |
OBJECTIVE | To examine blood pressure circadian rhythm in subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) and appropriate normal and fatigued controls to correlate parameters of blood pressure regulation with perception of fatigue in an observational cohort study . | To examine blood pressure circadian rhythm in subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and appropriate normal and fatigued controls to correlate parameters of blood pressure regulation with perception of fatigue in an observational cohort study. |
OBJECTIVE | The cause of CFS remains unknown and there are no effective treatments . | The cause of CFS remains unknown and there are no effective treatments. |
METHODS | To address whether inactivity was a confounder , we performed a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the following three subject groups : 1 ) CFS patients ( Fukuda Diagnostic criteria ) ( n = 38 ) ; 2 ) normal controls ( n = 120 ) ; and 3 ) a fatigue comparison group ( n = 47 ) with the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis ( PBC ) . | To address whether inactivity was a confounder, we performed a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the following three subject groups : 1) CFS patients (Fukuda Diagnostic criteria) (n = 38) ; 2) normal controls (n = 120) ; and 3) a fatigue comparison group (n = 47) with the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). |
METHODS | All patients completed a measure of fatigue severity ( Fatigue Impact Scale ) . | All patients completed a measure of fatigue severity (Fatigue Impact Scale). |
METHODS | In view of the different demographics between the patient groups , patients were age - and sex-matched on a case-by-case basis to normal controls and blood pressure parameters were compared . | In view of the different demographics between the patient groups, patients were age - and sex-matched on a case-by-case basis to normal controls and blood pressure parameters were compared. |
RESULTS | Compared with the control population , the CFS group had significantly lower systolic blood pressure ( p < .0001 ) and mean arterial blood pressure ( p = .0002 ) and exaggerated diurnal variation ( p = .009 ) . | Compared with the control population, the CFS group had significantly lower systolic blood pressure (p <. 0001) and mean arterial blood pressure (p =. 0002) and exaggerated diurnal variation (p =. 009). |
RESULTS | There was a significant inverse relationship between increasing fatigue and diurnal variation of blood pressure in both the CFS and PBC groups ( p < .05 ) . | There was a significant inverse relationship between increasing fatigue and diurnal variation of blood pressure in both the CFS and PBC groups (p <. 05). |
CONCLUSIONS | Lower blood pressure and abnormal diurnal blood pressure regulation occur in patients with CFS . | Lower blood pressure and abnormal diurnal blood pressure regulation occur in patients with CFS. |
CONCLUSIONS | We would suggest the need for a randomized , placebo-controlled trial of agents to increase blood pressure such as midodrine in CFS patients with an autonomic phenotype . | We would suggest the need for a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of agents to increase blood pressure such as midodrine in CFS patients with an autonomic phenotype. |
OBJECTIVE | To compare a single periovulatory intrauterine insemination ( IUI ) with a regimen employing two IUIs , one before ovulation and one after ovulation , in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with human menopausal gonadotropins ( hMG ) combined with human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) . | To compare a single periovulatory intrauterine insemination (IUI) with a regimen employing two IUIs, one before ovulation and one after ovulation, in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) combined with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). |
METHODS | A randomized , prospective trial . | A randomized, prospective trial. |
METHODS | Thirty-one consecutive patients undergoing 49 cycles of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation/IUI were studied in a tertiary care setting . | Thirty-one consecutive patients undergoing 49 cycles of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation/IUI were studied in a tertiary care setting. |
METHODS | Ovulation was determined sonographically . | Ovulation was determined sonographically. |
METHODS | The establishment of a clinical pregnancy was defined by either ultrasonographic verification of cardiac activity within an intrauterine fetus , or histologic confirmation of trophoblast in a surgical specimen . | The establishment of a clinical pregnancy was defined by either ultrasonographic verification of cardiac activity within an intrauterine fetus, or histologic confirmation of trophoblast in a surgical specimen. |
RESULTS | Clinical pregnancies developed in 2 of 23 cycles in the single insemination group , compared with 12 of the 23 cycles in the double insemination group . | Clinical pregnancies developed in 2 of 23 cycles in the single insemination group, compared with 12 of the 23 cycles in the double insemination group. |
RESULTS | Cycle fecundity was significantly higher for group II ( 0.522 ) than for group I ( 0.087 ) patients ( P = 0.003 ) . | Cycle fecundity was significantly higher for group II (0. 522) than for group I (0. 087) patients (P = 0. 003). |
CONCLUSIONS | In hMG/hCG cycles , two IUIs timed as described above are superior to one periovulatory insemination . | In hMG/hCG cycles, two IUIs timed as described above are superior to one periovulatory insemination. |
OBJECTIVE | To investigate the safety , tolerability and efficacy of rivastigmine capsules ( 3-12 mg/day ) in a 26-week , multi-centre , open-label extension of a double-blind study . | To investigate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of rivastigmine capsules (3-12 mg/day) in a 26-week, multi-centre, open-label extension of a double-blind study. |
METHODS | Patients with traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) and persistent cognitive impairment who had received rivastigmine ( 3-6 mg/day ) or placebo for 12 weeks could enter the extension study and receive rivastigmine ( < or = 12 mg/day ) . | Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and persistent cognitive impairment who had received rivastigmine (3-6 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks could enter the extension study and receive rivastigmine (< or = 12 mg/day). |
METHODS | Patients were assessed using a range of cognitive tests including the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test ( HVLT ) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Rapid Visual Information Processing ( CANTAB RVIP ) A ' sub-test . | Patients were assessed using a range of cognitive tests including the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Rapid Visual Information Processing (CANTAB RVIP) A'sub-test. |
METHODS | Safety measures included monitoring of adverse events . | Safety measures included monitoring of adverse events. |
RESULTS | In the extension study ( n = 127 ) , the mean duration of rivastigmine treatment was 23.8 weeks and the mean final dosage was 7.9 mg/day . | In the extension study (n = 127), the mean duration of rivastigmine treatment was 23. 8 weeks and the mean final dosage was 7. 9 mg/day. |
RESULTS | Approximately 40 % of patients were responders ( > or = 1.0 SD improvement from baseline ) on CANTAB RVIP A ' or HVLT total score at week 38 or endpoint . | Approximately 40 % of patients were responders (> or = 1. 0 SD improvement from baseline) on CANTAB RVIP A'or HVLT total score at week 38 or endpoint. |
RESULTS | Statistically significant changes from week 12 at week 38 were observed for CANTAB-RVIP A ' and HVLT-total word recall for the sub-group of ex-placebo patients with greater severity of initial impairment . | Statistically significant changes from week 12 at week 38 were observed for CANTAB-RVIP A'and HVLT-total word recall for the sub-group of ex-placebo patients with greater severity of initial impairment. |
RESULTS | The safety profile of rivastigmine capsules was consistent with the label . | The safety profile of rivastigmine capsules was consistent with the label. |
CONCLUSIONS | Treatment with rivastigmine for up to 38 weeks was safe in patients with TBI and cognitive impairment . | Treatment with rivastigmine for up to 38 weeks was safe in patients with TBI and cognitive impairment. |
OBJECTIVE | Every member of healthcare personnel should be able to perform basic life support including defibrillation ( CPR-D ) . | Every member of healthcare personnel should be able to perform basic life support including defibrillation (CPR-D). |
OBJECTIVE | The biggest cost of implementation is training and these costs need to be reduced . | The biggest cost of implementation is training and these costs need to be reduced. |
OBJECTIVE | The purpose of this randomized study was to evaluate the applicability of distance learning as a method to teach CPR-D . | The purpose of this randomized study was to evaluate the applicability of distance learning as a method to teach CPR-D. |
METHODS | Nurses ( n = 56 ) working in a geriatric hospital were randomized into three groups . | Nurses (n = 56) working in a geriatric hospital were randomized into three groups. |
METHODS | The first group was given the Internet-based CPR-D course and the second was given a traditional , small-group CPR-D course . | The first group was given the Internet-based CPR-D course and the second was given a traditional, small-group CPR-D course. |
METHODS | A third group without specific training in CPR-D served as a control group . | A third group without specific training in CPR-D served as a control group. |
METHODS | An objective structured clinical examination ( OSCE ) was performed 2 weeks after the courses with a manikin patient having a cardiac arrest . | An objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) was performed 2 weeks after the courses with a manikin patient having a cardiac arrest. |
RESULTS | The median score of all participants was 31/49 ( range 21-38 ) . | The median score of all participants was 31/49 (range 21-38). |
RESULTS | The reliability of the checklist was adequate ( Cronbach alpha 0.77 ) . | The reliability of the checklist was adequate (Cronbach alpha 0. 77). |
RESULTS | Nurses receiving traditional CPR-D performed better than those receiving the Internet-based course ( median score 34 vs. 28 , P < 0.05 ) and the control group ( median score 34 vs. 26 , P < 0.0001 ) . | Nurses receiving traditional CPR-D performed better than those receiving the Internet-based course (median score 34 vs. 28, P < 0. 05) and the control group (median score 34 vs. 26, P < 0. 0001). |
RESULTS | Nurses receiving Internet-based course performed similarly as the control group ( median score 28 vs. 26 , ns ) . | Nurses receiving Internet-based course performed similarly as the control group (median score 28 vs. 26, ns). |
CONCLUSIONS | Distance learning can not substitute for traditional small-group learning . | Distance learning can not substitute for traditional small-group learning. |
OBJECTIVE | To determine if a new , single-sample device ( ESwab ; Copan Diagnostics , Inc ) can simplify the traditional multi-sample approach to specimen collection in infectious keratitis . | To determine if a new, single-sample device (ESwab ; Copan Diagnostics, Inc) can simplify the traditional multi-sample approach to specimen collection in infectious keratitis. |
METHODS | Prospective , diagnostic test evaluation . | Prospective, diagnostic test evaluation. |
METHODS | In this institutional study , patients with suspected infectious keratitis meeting traditional criteria for diagnostic corneal specimen collection and culture were randomized to the order of first specimen collection method : ESwab or a sample directly plated for growth on chocolate agar . | In this institutional study, patients with suspected infectious keratitis meeting traditional criteria for diagnostic corneal specimen collection and culture were randomized to the order of first specimen collection method : ESwab or a sample directly plated for growth on chocolate agar. |
METHODS | This was followed by standard samples for blood agar , Gram stain , Sabouraud agar , thioglycolate broth , and brain heart infusion broth in all cases . | This was followed by standard samples for blood agar, Gram stain, Sabouraud agar, thioglycolate broth, and brain heart infusion broth in all cases. |
METHODS | The specimens collected using the 2 approaches were analyzed separately by the laboratory in a masked fashion . | The specimens collected using the 2 approaches were analyzed separately by the laboratory in a masked fashion. |