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METHODS | A prospective , single-center , randomized , double-blind study was conducted at the Brazilian Center for Studies in Dermatology in Porto Alegre , Brazil . | A prospective, single-center, randomized, double-blind study was conducted at the Brazilian Center for Studies in Dermatology in Porto Alegre, Brazil. |
METHODS | The participants included 19 women . | The participants included 19 women. |
METHODS | Each patient received 2 U of abobotulinumtoxinA on one side of the forehead and 2 U of onabotulinumtoxinA on the other side . | Each patient received 2 U of abobotulinumtoxinA on one side of the forehead and 2 U of onabotulinumtoxinA on the other side. |
METHODS | Horizontal and vertical diameter and area of the fields of anhidrotic effect , the amplitude of evoked compound muscle action potentials , and the 4-point validated Wrinkle Severity Scale were assessed at 28 days . | Horizontal and vertical diameter and area of the fields of anhidrotic effect, the amplitude of evoked compound muscle action potentials, and the 4-point validated Wrinkle Severity Scale were assessed at 28 days. |
RESULTS | The horizontal and vertical diameters of the fields of effect and the areas were significantly larger for onabotulinumtoxinA than those obtained for abobotulinumtoxinA . | The horizontal and vertical diameters of the fields of effect and the areas were significantly larger for onabotulinumtoxinA than those obtained for abobotulinumtoxinA. |
RESULTS | There were no significant differences between the products in the Wrinkle Severity Scale scores and Evoked Compound Muscle Action Potentials . | There were no significant differences between the products in the Wrinkle Severity Scale scores and Evoked Compound Muscle Action Potentials. |
RESULTS | OnabotulinumtoxinA had significantly more diffusion than abobotulinumtoxinA when isovolumetric injections of the same labeled unit dose of the products were injected . | OnabotulinumtoxinA had significantly more diffusion than abobotulinumtoxinA when isovolumetric injections of the same labeled unit dose of the products were injected. |
RESULTS | CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although many studies state that diffusion is product dependent and abobotulinumtoxinA diffuses more than onabotulinumtoxinA , findings from the present study confirm that diffusion is dose dependent and the more potent dose tested diffuses more . | CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although many studies state that diffusion is product dependent and abobotulinumtoxinA diffuses more than onabotulinumtoxinA, findings from the present study confirm that diffusion is dose dependent and the more potent dose tested diffuses more. |
RESULTS | TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier : NCT01732809 . | TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials. gov Identifier : NCT01732809. |
OBJECTIVE | Polyunsaturated phospatidyl-choline ( PPC ) has been shown to reduce serum aminotransferases in experimental hepatitis . | Polyunsaturated phospatidyl-choline (PPC) has been shown to reduce serum aminotransferases in experimental hepatitis. |
OBJECTIVE | This multi-center , randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of PPC in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C in combination with interferon alpha 2a or 2b . | This multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of PPC in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C in combination with interferon alpha 2a or 2b. |
OBJECTIVE | The diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis was based on an abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) value ( more than twice the upper value of normal ) , viral replication and chronic hepatitis found on liver biopsy . | The diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis was based on an abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) value (more than twice the upper value of normal), viral replication and chronic hepatitis found on liver biopsy. |
METHODS | Patients received 5 million I.U. ( Hepatitis B ) and 3 million I.U. ( hepatitis C ) interferon s.c. thrice weekly for 24 weeks , respectively , and were randomly assigned to additional oral medication with either 6 capsules of PPC ( total daily dose : 1.8 g ) or 6 capsules of placebo per day for 24 weeks . | Patients received 5 million I. U. (Hepatitis B) and 3 million I. U. (hepatitis C) interferon s. c. thrice weekly for 24 weeks, respectively, and were randomly assigned to additional oral medication with either 6 capsules of PPC (total daily dose : 1. 8 g) or 6 capsules of placebo per day for 24 weeks. |
METHODS | Biochemical response to therapy was defined as a reduction of ALT by more than 50 % of pre-treatment values . | Biochemical response to therapy was defined as a reduction of ALT by more than 50 % of pre-treatment values. |
METHODS | The responders were treated for further 24 weeks after cessation of interferon therapy with either PPC or placebo . | The responders were treated for further 24 weeks after cessation of interferon therapy with either PPC or placebo. |
RESULTS | 176 patients completed the study protocol ( per-protocol population : 92 in the PPC and 84 in the placebo group ) . | 176 patients completed the study protocol (per-protocol population : 92 in the PPC and 84 in the placebo group). |
RESULTS | A biochemical response ( > 50 % ALT reduction ) was seen in 71 % of patients who were treated with PPC , but only in 56 % of patients who received placebo ( p < 0.05 ) . | A biochemical response (> 50 % ALT reduction) was seen in 71 % of patients who were treated with PPC, but only in 56 % of patients who received placebo (p < 0. 05). |
RESULTS | PPC increased the response rate in particular in patients with hepatitis C : 71 % of those patients responded in the PPC group versus 51 % in the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . | PPC increased the response rate in particular in patients with hepatitis C : 71 % of those patients responded in the PPC group versus 51 % in the placebo group (p < 0. 05). |
RESULTS | Prolonged PPC therapy given to responders beyond the cessation of interferon therapy tended to increase the rate of sustained responders at week 48 in patients with hepatitis C ( 41 % versus 15 % in the control group ; p = 0.064 ) . | Prolonged PPC therapy given to responders beyond the cessation of interferon therapy tended to increase the rate of sustained responders at week 48 in patients with hepatitis C (41 % versus 15 % in the control group ; p = 0. 064). |
RESULTS | In contrast , PPC did not alter the biochemical response to interferon in patients with hepatitis B. PPC did not accelerate elimination of HBV-DNA , HBeAg and HCV-RNA . | In contrast, PPC did not alter the biochemical response to interferon in patients with hepatitis B. PPC did not accelerate elimination of HBV-DNA, HBeAg and HCV-RNA. |
CONCLUSIONS | In conclusion , PPC may be recommended in patients with chronic hepatitis C in combination with interferon and after termination of interferon in order to reduce the high relapse rate . | In conclusion, PPC may be recommended in patients with chronic hepatitis C in combination with interferon and after termination of interferon in order to reduce the high relapse rate. |
CONCLUSIONS | PPC may not be recommended for patients with chronic hepatitis B. | PPC may not be recommended for patients with chronic hepatitis B. |
CONCLUSIONS | In contrast to IFN and other antiviral agents PPC does not carry major risks and is tolerated very well . | In contrast to IFN and other antiviral agents PPC does not carry major risks and is tolerated very well. |
BACKGROUND | The subjective and psychomotor effects of remifentanil have not been evaluated . | The subjective and psychomotor effects of remifentanil have not been evaluated. |
BACKGROUND | Accordingly , the authors used mood inventories and psychomotor tests to characterize the effects of remifentanil in healthy , non-drug-abusing volunteers . | Accordingly, the authors used mood inventories and psychomotor tests to characterize the effects of remifentanil in healthy, non-drug-abusing volunteers. |
BACKGROUND | Alfentanil was used as a comparator drug . | Alfentanil was used as a comparator drug. |
METHODS | Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in a randomized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled , crossover trial in which they received an infusion of saline , remifentanil , or alfentanil for 120 min . | Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in which they received an infusion of saline, remifentanil, or alfentanil for 120 min. |
METHODS | The age - and weight-adjusted infusions ( determined with STANPUMP , a computer modeling software package ) were given to achieve three predicted constant plasma levels for 40 min each of remifentanil ( 0.75 , 1.5 , and 3 ng/ml ) and alfentanil ( 16 , 32 , and 64 ng/ml ) . | The age - and weight-adjusted infusions (determined with STANPUMP, a computer modeling software package) were given to achieve three predicted constant plasma levels for 40 min each of remifentanil (0. 75, 1. 5, and 3 ng/ml) and alfentanil (16, 32, and 64 ng/ml). |
METHODS | Mood forms and psychomotor tests were completed , and miosis was assessed , during and after the infusions . | Mood forms and psychomotor tests were completed, and miosis was assessed, during and after the infusions. |
METHODS | In addition , analgesia was tested at each dose level using a cold-pressor test . | In addition, analgesia was tested at each dose level using a cold-pressor test. |
RESULTS | Remifentanil had prototypic micro-like opioid subjective effects , impaired psychomotor performance , and produced analgesia . | Remifentanil had prototypic micro-like opioid subjective effects, impaired psychomotor performance, and produced analgesia. |
RESULTS | Alfentanil at the dose range tested had more mild effects on these measures , and the analgesia data indicated that a 40:1 potency ratio , rather than the 20:1 ratio we used , may exist between remifentanil and alfentanil . | Alfentanil at the dose range tested had more mild effects on these measures, and the analgesia data indicated that a 40:1 potency ratio, rather than the 20:1 ratio we used, may exist between remifentanil and alfentanil. |
RESULTS | A psychomotor test administered 60 min after the remifentanil infusion was discontinued showed that the volunteers were still impaired , although they reported feeling no drug effects . | A psychomotor test administered 60 min after the remifentanil infusion was discontinued showed that the volunteers were still impaired, although they reported feeling no drug effects. |
CONCLUSIONS | The notion that the pharmacodynamic effects of remifentanil are extremely short-lived after the drug is no longer administered must be questioned given our findings that psychomotor effects were still apparent 1 h after the infusion was discontinued . | The notion that the pharmacodynamic effects of remifentanil are extremely short-lived after the drug is no longer administered must be questioned given our findings that psychomotor effects were still apparent 1 h after the infusion was discontinued. |
BACKGROUND | Radical radiotherapy is commonly used to treat localised prostate cancer . | Radical radiotherapy is commonly used to treat localised prostate cancer. |
BACKGROUND | Late chronic side-effects limit the dose that can be given , and may be linked to the volume of normal tissues irradiated . | Late chronic side-effects limit the dose that can be given, and may be linked to the volume of normal tissues irradiated. |
BACKGROUND | Conformal radiotherapy allows a smaller amount of rectum and bladder to be treated , by shaping the high-dose volume to the prostate . | Conformal radiotherapy allows a smaller amount of rectum and bladder to be treated, by shaping the high-dose volume to the prostate. |
BACKGROUND | We assessed the ability of this new technology to lessen the risk of radiation-related effects in a randomised controlled trial of conformal versus conventional radiotherapy . | We assessed the ability of this new technology to lessen the risk of radiation-related effects in a randomised controlled trial of conformal versus conventional radiotherapy. |
METHODS | We recruited men with prostate cancer for treatment with a standard dose of 64 Gy in daily 2 Gy fractions . | We recruited men with prostate cancer for treatment with a standard dose of 64 Gy in daily 2 Gy fractions. |
METHODS | The men were randomly assigned conformal or conventional radiotherapy treatment . | The men were randomly assigned conformal or conventional radiotherapy treatment. |
METHODS | The primary endpoint was the development of late radiation complications ( > 3 months after treatment ) measured with the Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group ( RTOG ) score . | The primary endpoint was the development of late radiation complications (> 3 months after treatment) measured with the Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group (RTOG) score. |
METHODS | Indicators of disease ( cancer ) control were also recorded . | Indicators of disease (cancer) control were also recorded. |
RESULTS | In the 225 men treated , significantly fewer men developed radiation-induced proctitis and bleeding in the conformal group than in the conventional group ( 37 vs 56 % > or = RTOG grade 1 , p = 0.004 ; 5 vs 15 % > or = RTOG grade 2 , p = 0.01 ) . | In the 225 men treated, significantly fewer men developed radiation-induced proctitis and bleeding in the conformal group than in the conventional group (37 vs 56 % > or = RTOG grade 1, p = 0. 004 ; 5 vs 15 % > or = RTOG grade 2, p = 0. 01). |
RESULTS | There were no differences between groups in bladder function after treatment ( 53 vs 59 % > or = grade 1 , p = 0.34 ; 20 vs 23 % > or = grade 2 , p = 0.61 ) . | There were no differences between groups in bladder function after treatment (53 vs 59 % > or = grade 1, p = 0. 34 ; 20 vs 23 % > or = grade 2, p = 0. 61). |
RESULTS | After median follow-up of 3.6 years there was no significant difference between groups in local tumour control ( conformal 78 % [ 95 % CI 66-86 ] , conventional 83 % [ 69-90 ] ) . | After median follow-up of 3. 6 years there was no significant difference between groups in local tumour control (conformal 78 % [95 % CI 66-86], conventional 83 % [69-90]). |
CONCLUSIONS | Conformal techniques significantly lowered the risk of late radiation-induced proctitis after radiotherapy for prostate cancer . | Conformal techniques significantly lowered the risk of late radiation-induced proctitis after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. |
CONCLUSIONS | Widespread introduction of these radiotherapy treatment methods is appropriate . | Widespread introduction of these radiotherapy treatment methods is appropriate. |
CONCLUSIONS | Our results are the basis for dose-escalation studies to improve local tumour control . | Our results are the basis for dose-escalation studies to improve local tumour control. |
BACKGROUND | Antiretroviral therapy is complicated by drug interactions and contraindications . | Antiretroviral therapy is complicated by drug interactions and contraindications. |
BACKGROUND | Novel regimens are needed . | Novel regimens are needed. |
METHODS | This open label study randomly assigned treatment-naive , human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) - infected subjects to receive tenofovir-emtricitabine with efavirenz ( Arm I ) , with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir ( Arm II ) , or with zidovudine/abacavir ( Arm III ) . | This open label study randomly assigned treatment-naive, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - infected subjects to receive tenofovir-emtricitabine with efavirenz (Arm I), with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (Arm II), or with zidovudine/abacavir (Arm III). |
METHODS | Pair-wise comparisons of differences in time-weighted mean change from baseline plasma HIV-RNA to week 48 formed the primary analysis . | Pair-wise comparisons of differences in time-weighted mean change from baseline plasma HIV-RNA to week 48 formed the primary analysis. |
METHODS | Treatment arms were noninferior if the upper limit of the 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) was < 0.5 log ( 10 ) copies/mL . | Treatment arms were noninferior if the upper limit of the 95 % confidence interval (CI) was < 0. 5 log (10) copies/mL. |
METHODS | Secondary objectives included virologic , immunologic and safety end points . | Secondary objectives included virologic, immunologic and safety end points. |
RESULTS | The intention-to-treat population comprised 322 patients ( Arm I , n = 114 ; Arm II , n = 105 ; and Arm III , n = 103 ) . | The intention-to-treat population comprised 322 patients (Arm I, n = 114 ; Arm II, n = 105 ; and Arm III, n = 103). |
RESULTS | Noninferiority for the primary end point was established . | Noninferiority for the primary end point was established. |
RESULTS | Analysis for superiority showed that Arm III was significantly less potent than Arm I ( -0.20 log ( 10 ) copies/mL ; 95 % CI , -0.39 to -0.01 log ( 10 ) copies/mL ; P = .038 ) . | Analysis for superiority showed that Arm III was significantly less potent than Arm I (-0. 20 log (10) copies/mL ; 95 % CI, -0. 39 to -0. 01 log (10) copies/mL ; P =. 038). |
RESULTS | The proportions of patients on each of Arm I ( 95 % ) and Arm II ( 96 % ) with < 200 copies/mL were not different ( P = .75 ) , but the percentage of patients in Arm III with < 200 copies/mL ( 82 % ) was significantly lower ( P = .005 ) . | The proportions of patients on each of Arm I (95 %) and Arm II (96 %) with < 200 copies/mL were not different (P =. 75), but the percentage of patients in Arm III with < 200 copies/mL (82 %) was significantly lower (P =. 005). |
RESULTS | CD4 + cell counts did not differ . | CD4 + cell counts did not differ. |
RESULTS | Serious adverse events were more frequent in Arm III ( n = 30 ) than in Arm I or Arm II ( n = 15 for each ; P = .062 ) . | Serious adverse events were more frequent in Arm III (n = 30) than in Arm I or Arm II (n = 15 for each ; P =. 062). |
CONCLUSIONS | A novel quadruple nucleo ( t ) side combination demonstrated significantly less suppression of HIV replication , compared with the suppression demonstrated by standard antiretroviral therapy regimens , although it did meet the predetermined formal definition of noninferiority . | A novel quadruple nucleo (t) side combination demonstrated significantly less suppression of HIV replication, compared with the suppression demonstrated by standard antiretroviral therapy regimens, although it did meet the predetermined formal definition of noninferiority. |
CONCLUSIONS | Secondary analyses indicated statistically inferior virologic and safety performance . | Secondary analyses indicated statistically inferior virologic and safety performance. |
CONCLUSIONS | Efavirenz and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir arms were equivalent in viral suppression and safety . | Efavirenz and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir arms were equivalent in viral suppression and safety. |
OBJECTIVE | The aim of this study was to describe blood pressure responses during resistance exercise in hypertensive subjects and to determine whether an exercise protocol alters these responses . | The aim of this study was to describe blood pressure responses during resistance exercise in hypertensive subjects and to determine whether an exercise protocol alters these responses. |
BACKGROUND | Resistance exercise has been recommended as a complement for aerobic exercise for hypertensive patients . | Resistance exercise has been recommended as a complement for aerobic exercise for hypertensive patients. |
BACKGROUND | However , blood pressure changes during this kind of exercise have been poorly investigated in hypertensives , despite multiple studies of normotensives demonstrating significant increases in blood pressure . | However, blood pressure changes during this kind of exercise have been poorly investigated in hypertensives, despite multiple studies of normotensives demonstrating significant increases in blood pressure. |
METHODS | Ten hypertensive and ten normotensive subjects performed , in random order , two different exercise protocols , composed by three sets of the knee extension exercise conducted to exhaustion : 40 % of the 1-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) with a 45-s rest between sets , and 80 % of 1RM with a 90-s rest between sets . | Ten hypertensive and ten normotensive subjects performed, in random order, two different exercise protocols, composed by three sets of the knee extension exercise conducted to exhaustion : 40 % of the 1-repetition maximum (1RM) with a 45-s rest between sets, and 80 % of 1RM with a 90-s rest between sets. |
METHODS | Radial intra-arterial blood pressure was measured before and throughout each protocol . | Radial intra-arterial blood pressure was measured before and throughout each protocol. |
RESULTS | Compared with normotensives , hypertensives displayed greater increases in systolic BP during exercise at 80 % ( +80 + / -3 vs. +62 + / -2 mmHg , P < 0.05 ) and at 40 % of 1RM ( +75 + / -3 vs. +67 + / -3 mmHg , P < 0.05 ) . | Compared with normotensives, hypertensives displayed greater increases in systolic BP during exercise at 80 % (+80 + / -3 vs. +62 + / -2 mmHg, P < 0. 05) and at 40 % of 1RM (+75 + / -3 vs. +67 + / -3 mmHg, P < 0. 05). |
RESULTS | In both exercise protocols , systolic blood pressure returned to baseline during the rest periods between sets in the normotensives ; however , in the hypertensives , BP remained slightly elevated at 40 % of 1RM . | In both exercise protocols, systolic blood pressure returned to baseline during the rest periods between sets in the normotensives ; however, in the hypertensives, BP remained slightly elevated at 40 % of 1RM. |
RESULTS | During rest periods , diastolic blood pressure returned to baseline in hypertensives and dropped below baseline in normotensives . | During rest periods, diastolic blood pressure returned to baseline in hypertensives and dropped below baseline in normotensives. |
CONCLUSIONS | Resistance exercise increased systolic blood pressure considerably more in hypertensives than in normotensives , and this increase was greater when lower-intensity exercise was performed to the point of exhaustion . | Resistance exercise increased systolic blood pressure considerably more in hypertensives than in normotensives, and this increase was greater when lower-intensity exercise was performed to the point of exhaustion. |
OBJECTIVE | The purpose of this study was to explore the amount of family contact among older persons with serious mental illnesses ( SMI ) , and to examine its relationship to health and mental health . | The purpose of this study was to explore the amount of family contact among older persons with serious mental illnesses (SMI), and to examine its relationship to health and mental health. |
METHODS | An analysis of baseline data was conducted from a treatment study including 180 adults age 50 and older . | An analysis of baseline data was conducted from a treatment study including 180 adults age 50 and older. |
METHODS | The amount of family contact was examined with descriptive statistics . | The amount of family contact was examined with descriptive statistics. |
METHODS | Differences in health and mental health were examined between participants with low , moderate , or high levels of family contact . | Differences in health and mental health were examined between participants with low, moderate, or high levels of family contact. |
METHODS | Analyses also compared these groups on health and mental health functioning , controlling for psychiatric symptoms and the number and severity of medical diseases , respectively . | Analyses also compared these groups on health and mental health functioning, controlling for psychiatric symptoms and the number and severity of medical diseases, respectively. |
RESULTS | Over three-quarters of respondents ( 77.8 % ) reported speaking on the phone with a relative and two-thirds ( 67.2 % ) reported seeing a relative at least once during the past month . | Over three-quarters of respondents (77. 8 %) reported speaking on the phone with a relative and two-thirds (67. 2 %) reported seeing a relative at least once during the past month. |
RESULTS | Older adults who lived with a family member had more severe mood symptoms and poorer mental health functioning . | Older adults who lived with a family member had more severe mood symptoms and poorer mental health functioning. |
RESULTS | Those who lived with family or had moderate levels of family contact had more comorbid diseases and more disease severity than those with less family contact . | Those who lived with family or had moderate levels of family contact had more comorbid diseases and more disease severity than those with less family contact. |
RESULTS | These relationships remained significant after controlling for medical conditions or psychiatric symptoms . | These relationships remained significant after controlling for medical conditions or psychiatric symptoms. |
CONCLUSIONS | The majority of older persons have regular family contact and those with the highest levels of family contact appear to have more compromised physical and mental health . | The majority of older persons have regular family contact and those with the highest levels of family contact appear to have more compromised physical and mental health. |
CONCLUSIONS | Study findings provide new knowledge for practitioners regarding the importance of using family interventions to target physical health and mental illness management for older consumers who may need assistance to access medical care and treatment . | Study findings provide new knowledge for practitioners regarding the importance of using family interventions to target physical health and mental illness management for older consumers who may need assistance to access medical care and treatment. |
CONCLUSIONS | Further research on the role of families in psychiatric and physical health management will provide a foundation for family interventions aimed at supporting community living among older adults . | Further research on the role of families in psychiatric and physical health management will provide a foundation for family interventions aimed at supporting community living among older adults. |
BACKGROUND | Pharmacological benefits of glutamine supplementation have been shown in athletically and clinically stressed human subjects . | Pharmacological benefits of glutamine supplementation have been shown in athletically and clinically stressed human subjects. |
BACKGROUND | In the horse , infection and intense exercise have also been shown to significantly decrease plasma glutamine concentrations , but little is known on how best to supplement . | In the horse, infection and intense exercise have also been shown to significantly decrease plasma glutamine concentrations, but little is known on how best to supplement. |
OBJECTIVE | To evaluate whether ingestion of different foodstuffs , with or without L-glutamine ( G ) or a peptide ( Pep ) containing 31.5 % w/w G in a water-stable form , could affect plasma glutamine concentrations ( P-GC ) . | To evaluate whether ingestion of different foodstuffs, with or without L-glutamine (G) or a peptide (Pep) containing 31. 5 % w/w G in a water-stable form, could affect plasma glutamine concentrations (P-GC). |
METHODS | Nine feeds ( molassed sugar beet-pulp ( mSB ) ; naked oats ( nO ) ; commercial mix ( CM ) ; mSB with 30 or 60 mg/kg bwt G or the G-molar equivalent of Pep ; and CM with 60 mg/kg bwt G or equivalent Pep ) were offered to 6 healthy mature horses on different days following overnight food restriction . | Nine feeds (molassed sugar beet-pulp (mSB) ; naked oats (nO) ; commercial mix (CM) ; mSB with 30 or 60 mg/kg bwt G or the G-molar equivalent of Pep ; and CM with 60 mg/kg bwt G or equivalent Pep) were offered to 6 healthy mature horses on different days following overnight food restriction. |
METHODS | The changes in P-GC were monitored for 8 h post feeding . | The changes in P-GC were monitored for 8 h post feeding. |
RESULTS | After 1.5 h mean + / - s.d. AP-GC were -0.9 + / - 10.2 % ( mSB ) , +12.5 + / - 7.1 % ( nO ) and +44.7 + / - 15.9 % ( CM ; P < 0.05 ) . | After 1. 5 h mean + / - s. d. AP-GC were -0. 9 + / - 10. 2 % (mSB), +12. 5 + / - 7. 1 % (nO) and +44. 7 + / - 15. 9 % (CM ; P < 0. 05). |
RESULTS | deltaP-GC with mSB supplemented with G was +60.9 + / - 30.0 % ( 30 mg ; P < 0.05 ) and +156.8 + / - 34.6 % ( 60 mg ; P < 0.05 ) at 1 h ; deltaP-GC with Pep was 51.0 + / - 31.0 % ( 30 mg equivalent , P < 0.05 ) and +91.1 + / - 9.5 % ( 60 mg equivalent , P < 0.05 ) at 1 h. | deltaP-GC with mSB supplemented with G was +60. 9 + / - 30. 0 % (30 mg ; P < 0. 05) and +156. 8 + / - 34. 6 % (60 mg ; P < 0. 05) at 1 h ; deltaP-GC with Pep was 51. 0 + / - 31. 0 % (30 mg equivalent, P < 0. 05) and +91. 1 + / - 9. 5 % (60 mg equivalent, P < 0. 05) at 1 h. |
RESULTS | After 10 days of supplementation with 60 mg/kg bwt G , AP-GC following a further 60 mg/kg bwt G challenge showed a similar increase at 1 h of +154.3 + / - 37.9 % ; prevalues were unchanged . | After 10 days of supplementation with 60 mg/kg bwt G, AP-GC following a further 60 mg/kg bwt G challenge showed a similar increase at 1 h of +154. 3 + / - 37. 9 % ; prevalues were unchanged. |
RESULTS | G and Pep added to CM , increased P-GC by 246.3 + / - 55.3 ( +99.2 % ) and 252.3 + / - 94.2 micromol/l ( 96.7 % ) at 1.5 h with concentrations still above prevalues at 8 h ( P < 0.05 ) . | G and Pep added to CM, increased P-GC by 246. 3 + / - 55. 3 (+99. 2 %) and 252. 3 + / - 94. 2 micromol/l (96. 7 %) at 1. 5 h with concentrations still above prevalues at 8 h (P < 0. 05). |
RESULTS | Apart from the CM ( with or without supplement ) , pre P-GC was always regained by 4 h. Plasma NH3 and plasma protein concentrations were unaffected by supplementation with G or Pep . | Apart from the CM (with or without supplement), pre P-GC was always regained by 4 h. Plasma NH3 and plasma protein concentrations were unaffected by supplementation with G or Pep. |
CONCLUSIONS | P-GC may be modified by appropriate supplementation with no apparent adverse effects . | P-GC may be modified by appropriate supplementation with no apparent adverse effects. |
CONCLUSIONS | Increasing P-GC through appropriate supplementation may be of benefit in the athletically or clinically stressed horse with lowered plasma glutamine concentrations . | Increasing P-GC through appropriate supplementation may be of benefit in the athletically or clinically stressed horse with lowered plasma glutamine concentrations. |
OBJECTIVE | Develop and validate limited-sampling strategy ( LSS ) models for estimating the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve ( AUC ) of amlodipine , using data from a bioequivalence study . | Develop and validate limited-sampling strategy (LSS) models for estimating the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of amlodipine, using data from a bioequivalence study. |
METHODS | Sixteen healthy volunteers received single 5-mg oral doses of amlodipine , as reference or test formulation , at a 14-day interval , in a randomized , crossover protocol . | Sixteen healthy volunteers received single 5-mg oral doses of amlodipine, as reference or test formulation, at a 14-day interval, in a randomized, crossover protocol. |
METHODS | Plasma concentrations of amlodipine ( n = 288 ) , measured by mass spectrometry , were used to develop LSS models . | Plasma concentrations of amlodipine (n = 288), measured by mass spectrometry, were used to develop LSS models. |
RESULTS | Linear regression analysis of the AUC0-72 and a `` jack-knife '' validation procedure revealed that LSS models based on two sampling times ( 12 h and 48 h ) predict accurately ( R2 = 0.99 ; bias < 0.01 % ; precision = 0.03 % ) the AUC0-72 of amlodipine for each formulation . | Linear regression analysis of the AUC0-72 and a '' jack-knife '' validation procedure revealed that LSS models based on two sampling times (12 h and 48 h) predict accurately (R2 = 0. 99 ; bias < 0. 01 % ; precision = 0. 03 %) the AUC0-72 of amlodipine for each formulation. |