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1533290

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Tsomgo

Lake Tsomgo

Tsomgo Lake, also known as Tsongmo Lake or Changgu Lake, is a glacial lake in the East Sikkim district of the Indian state of Sikkim, some from the capital Gangtok. Located at an elevation of , the lake remains frozen during the winter season. The lake surface reflects different colours with change of seasons and is held in great reverence by the local Sikkimese people. Buddhist monks prognosticated after studying the changing colours of the lake. Etymology In Bhutia language the name Tsomgo is made of two words 'Tso' meaning "lake" and 'Mgo' meaning "head" which gives the literal meaning as "source of the lake". Topography The lake is surrounded by steep mountains which are covered with snow during winter. During summer the snow cover melts and forms the source for the lake. The lake which remains frozen in winter season, sometimes extending up to May, receives an average annual precipitation of with temperatures recorded in the range of . The lake is about away from Gangtok on the Gangtok-Nathula highway. Further, the road to Nathu La skirts the lake on the north side. The Chinese border crossing is only some east-northeast in a straight line, but some by road. Features The lake is formed in an oval shape and has a surface area of . The maximum length of the lake is and has a maximum width of . The maximum depth reported is while the average depth is . The lake water quality is of moderate turbidity. The lake is the venue for the Guru Purnima festival which is also the Raksha Bandhan festival when the faith healers known as Jhakris of Sikkim assemble at the lake area to derive benefits from the healing qualities of the lake waters. Alpine forests cover the catchment of the lake. After the winter season ends in middle of May, the periphery of lake has scenic blooms of flower species of rhododendrons (the state tree of Sikkim), primulas, blue and yellow poppies, irises and so forth. Also seen in the precincts of the lake are several species of birds including Brahminy ducks. Wildlife seen includes the red panda. Tourist attractions at the lake site include joy rides on decorated yaks and mules where kiosks offer variety of food and drinks. There is also a small Shiva temple on the bank of the lake. Entry permits As the lake is located in a restricted area it is essential for all Indians visiting the area to obtain permits. In case of foreign nationals special permit is essential. Indian Postal Service released a commemorative stamp on the lake on 6 November 2006. Border trade market The nearby habitation of Changgu was declared a border trade market in 2003. Gallery See also Tilicho Lake Gurudongmar Lake Nathu La Tourist Attraction It is one of the biggest tourism draws in the Eastern Himalayan state of Sikkim receiving around 300,000 (3 lakh) tourists annually. The best time to visit the lake is January to March. References Tsomgo Lake travel guide - Permit Regulations Climate Temperature Bibliography Tsongmo Gangtok district Tsongmo

14858535

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Inch

Big Inch

The Big Inch and Little Big Inch, collectively known as the Inch pipelines, are petroleum pipelines extending from Texas to New Jersey, built between 1942 and 1944 as emergency war measures in the U.S. Before World War II, petroleum products were transported from the oil fields of Texas to the north-eastern states by sea by oil tankers. After the United States entered the war on 1 January 1942, this vital link was attacked by German submarines in Operation Paukenschlag, threatening both the oil supplies to the north-east and its onward transshipment to Great Britain. The Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes, championed the pipeline project as a way of transporting petroleum by the more-secure, interior route. The pipelines were government financed and owned, but were built and operated by the War Emergency Pipelines company, a non-profit corporation backed by a consortium of the largest American oil companies. It was the longest, biggest and heaviest project of its type then undertaken; the Big and Little Big Inch pipelines were long respectively, with 35 pumping stations along their routes. The project required 16,000 people and of materials. It was praised as an example of private-public sector cooperation and featured extensively in US government propaganda. After the end of the war there were extended arguments over how the pipelines should be used. In 1947, the Texas East Transmission Corporation purchased the pipelines for $143,127,000, the largest post-war disposal of war-surplus property. The corporation converted them to transport natural gas, transforming the energy market in the north-east. The Little Big Inch was returned to carry oil in 1957. The pipelines are owned by Spectra Energy Partners and Enterprise Products and remain in use. Background By the time that the United States entered World War II in 1941, oil was a vital part of military operations around the world. The United States produced 60 percent of the world's crude oil, with the state of Texas in the south-west leading this production, producing more than twice as much crude as any other state. The industry comprised a handful of very large producers and more than 3,500 smaller operators. The north-east coast of the United States depended on these supplies of oil, importing both crude and refined products. Across most of Texas, there had been little interest in building pipelines to transport oil, and petroleum was typically moved from the south-west to the north-east coast using a mixture of sea freight and railroad transport. In early 1941, 70,000 barrels of oil were moved on the railroads each day, but this method was expensive, and the bulk of the oil was moved using barges, some with a capacity of up to 15,000 barrels, operating up and down rivers and the Atlantic Coast. With the outbreak of war, the eastern sea routes of the country were attacked by German U-boat submarines. United States naval defence was very limited and largely obsolete; between January and April 1942, among other naval losses, 46 oil tankers were sunk and 16 damaged. The problem was made worse as 50 tankers had been sent to help the UK earlier in 1941. Insurers began to refuse to underwrite the remaining vessels and the volume of crude oil reaching the north-east from the Texas Gulf dropped. In response, steps were taken to better protect the tankers from attack, but losses continued to mount until, in April 1942, they were banned by the Navy from operating the north-east sea routes. The government and industry took steps to maximise the use of the railroads, increasing the amount of oil carried on them more than ten-fold, but there were shortages of rail tank cars, and the existing fleet of cars was in poor condition. Instead, the United States government began to examine options for the use of pipelines to fulfil the demand for petroleum in the north-east. Concept Transporting petroleum by pipeline from the south-west to the north-east was a potentially attractive option for the government as it would be safe from submarine attack and could operate efficiently regardless of the weather. Pipelines had been in use in the industry since 1862, but by the 1930s they were usually only wide, able to deliver 20,000 barrels of oil a day; larger pipes could be built, but due to structural weaknesses they could not operate at the regular pressures. Technologies to build high-pressure pipes at sizes larger than began to emerge during the two decades before the war, but their adoption was not commercially viable. The concept of constructing such a pipeline was first proposed in 1940 by the Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes, who argued that "the building of a crude oil pipeline from Texas to the East might not be economically sound; but that in the event of an emergency it might be absolutely necessary". A consortium led by Standard Oil put forward a bid to build one in spring 1941, but the plan failed, due to concerns over the amount of steel that would be required for such a project. In May 1941, Ickes was appointed as the Petroleum Coordinator for National Defense, and in December 1942 became the administrator of the Petroleum Administration for War. New laws were passed to enable the building of pipelines necessary for the war effort, including the compulsory purchasing of land under the right of eminent domain. Initial planning for the Inch pipelines began on May 15, 1941, when a meeting of Ickes and the oil industry commissioned an aerial survey of the possible route. A preliminary design was ready that September, and a consortium of major oil companies formed a new company, National Defense Pipelines, to build a pipeline along the route. The government Supply Priorities and Allocations Board, however, refused to approve the necessary steel, and the consortium's plan was dissolved shortly before the outbreak of war. After the outbreak of fighting, and the consequent deterioration of the sea routes for transporting oil, industry representatives met in March 1942 to produce a new pipeline strategy, called the Tulsa Plan. This included the construction of the Inch pipelines, backed by the slogan "longlines are lifelines", for which the steel was finally approved by the War Production Board on June 10. Once steel supplies had been agreed, an initial tranche of $35 million in funding was provided by the government Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which owned and manage the operation of the pipelines through its subsidiary organizations, the Defense Plant Corporation and the Defense Supplies Corporation. In turn, the actual construction and operation of the pipelines would be carried out by the War Emergency Pipelines company (WEP), a non-profit corporation backed by a consortium of the largest oil companies in the United States: Atlantic Refining, Cities Service Oil, Consolidated Oil, Gulf Oil, Pan American Petroleum and Transportation, Standard Oil, Tidewater Associated Oil, Shell Oil, Socony-Vacuum Oil, Sun Oil and the Texas Pipe Line Company. The WEP was led by Burt Hull and W. Alton Jones, both with extensive backgrounds in the industry, with Oscar Wolfe as its chief engineer. The company established its offices in Little Rock, Arkansas. Construction Design and management The Inch pipelines comprised two systems, the Big Inch pipeline and the Little Big Inch pipeline. The Big Inch was a pipeline for crude oil; it ran from the East Texas Oil Field at Longview, Texas, to Norris City, Illinois, and on to Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, from where it branched into segments. One served New York and terminated at Linden, New Jersey, and the other served Philadelphia and terminated at Chester Junction, Pennsylvania. The Little Big Inch, a largely parallel line intended for refined products, ran from Beaumont, Texas, to Little Rock, Arkansas, where it joined the path of the Big Inch, making use of the same pumping stations. From there it ran along the same right-of-way as the Big Inch to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The pipeline project was the longest, biggest and heaviest of its kind in the world. In total, the Big Inch pipeline was long, with of secondary distribution and feeder lines, and had 28 pumping stations along the route, approximately every . The Little Big Inch was long, with of secondary lines, and had seven unique pumping stations along its southern leg. Charles Cathers of the DPC directed the engineering project, with much of the work undertaken by Oscar Wolfe and, on the Little Inch pipeline, F. E. Richardson and L. F. Scherer. A meeting of all of the contractors for the build was held at the start of the July to kickstart the project; overall, 82 different companies would take on the pipeline work on a "cost-plus" basis, employing over 16,000 staff. The construction required the government to acquire permission to build the pipeline across 7,500 parcels of land; of these, the right of eminent domain had to be exercised in 300 cases. Major Jubel Parten, a director in the Petroleum Administration for War, considered the Inch pipelines to be part of “the most amazing Government-industry cooperation ever achieved”. The pipelines were soon given the names "Big Inch" and "Little Big Inch" by the construction teams, on account of their unprecedented diameters. The construction project was extensively advertised, as part of the US government's war-time propaganda effort. Newsreels ran clips such as Pipeline Goes Through! and Pipe Dream Comes True-Oil!, and short-films were made about the construction work, including Pipeline. The pipelines also appeared in the RKO Pathé film Oil is Blood. The National Tube Company of Lorain, Ohio produced from 137,500 tons of steel the pipe for the 550-mile section between Long View and Norris City in 4 month, the last shipment left on November 10, 1942, all together a total 4,600 gondola carloads. A contract for the first 360 miles for the section between Illinois and Pennsylvania was let to the same company on October 30. Process The Big Inch pipeline was made from sections of seamless diameter steel pipe up to long, thick and in weight. The Little Big Inch used both thick seamless steel and electric weld pipe, and a small amount of thick seamless pipe. In total, 21,185 railcar loads of steel piping were laid during the project, the Big Inch alone requiring of steel. The pipe was laid in trenches deep and wide, dug out by a combination of ditching machines and manual labor. The pipes were then cleaned by pulling a workman through the inside of them with cloths, and welded together, using both the "stovepiping" method and the roll-weld, or "firing line", methods. Stovepiping was an older method, in which the welder worked his way around two pipes, which remained stationary; the newer roll-weld approach instead rotated the pipes, allowing the welder to remain in one position as he worked, with up to seven pipes being welded together at the same time. Where it was necessary for the pipeline to curve to fit the route, the steel pipes were bent, using either a cold-bending approach, in which tractors would pull and push the pipelines into position, or a hot-bending method, with the pipe heated up by blow-torches and pulled into place using a jig. A new, specialized piece of equipment for bending pipes, the Cummings bending jig, was invented during the Big Inch build, and used on the construction of the Little Big Inch pipeline. To protect the pipeline from corrosion, its outside was then cleaned by machine, and painted in first a layer of coal tar enamel, and then hot coal tar coating, before being wrapped in asbestos felt. Finally the pipeline was lowered into position, taking care not to damage the ends of the pipes; the larger pipes were so heavy that they required a D-8 caterpillar tractor equipped with counter-weights to lift them. The trench was then back-filled, completing the process. The Big Inch pipeline had to pass under 33 rivers and 200 creeks and lakes, as well as under 289 railroad and 626 highway intersections. Specially lined tunnels were bored to lay the pipe under the roads and railroad lines, and specialist trenches dug to lay the pipelines across on the riverbeds and lakes, weighing down the pipeline to stop it floating to the surface. Around of underwater piping was laid in total. In marshy areas, the soft ground was filled in to provide firm foundations for the pipeline to rest on. The pumping stations for the pipelines were built on parcels of land between and in size; those with storage tanks were between and big. The plain, utilitarian buildings were initially prefabricated steel constructs, but as supplies grew scarce, wood was used instead. As much as of materials was needed for the total project. Completion Work on the Inch pipelines began immediately after the establishment of the WEP on June 26, 1942. They were built in three phases. The first part to be constructed was the Big Inch, its initial leg running to an interim terminal at Norris City, where oil was to be off-loaded to the railroad network. Once this leg was complete, it was extended to its terminus at Phoenixville. When the Big Inch was complete, work began on the third phase of the project, the Little Big Inch. The first purchase order, for of 24-inch-diameter pipe, was placed on July 2, 1942. To meet a construction deadline of January 1, 1943, the laying of pipe began on August 3, 1942, near Little Rock. Other pipeline crews began work immediately on segments elsewhere in Arkansas and Texas. By September 10 all eight pipelaying crews, each consisting of between 300 and 400 men, were in the field working. The schedule called for of the Big Inch pipeline to be laid each day. But soon men were laying as much as a day. In all, roughly of material were excavated. Oil began flowing through the Big Inch Line between Texas and Illinois on New Year's Eve 1942. Work on the Little Big Inch then began in 1943. The first crude oil arrived at Phoenixville via the Big Inch on August 14, 1943, and the first refined product in the Little Big Inch arrived on March 2, 1944. The pipelines were officially dedicated at a ceremony in Rockwood, Pennsylvania, on Friday, March 24, 1944; participants included U.S. Rep. J. Buell Snyder, George A. Wilson (Director of Supply & Transportation of the Petroleum Administration for War), and W. Alton Jones (President of War Emergency Pipelines). The Big Inch carried up to 334,456 barrels of crude oil a day, the Little Big Inch 239,844 barrels of gasoline; the lines were among the largest industrial consumers of electricity in the US, requiring 3.89 million kilowatt hours a day to pump the oil along the pipes. Construction process, recorded by John Vachon Post-war sale By the end of the war, there was considerable debate over the future of the pipelines. The major oil companies, such as Standard Oil, campaigned for the conversion of the pipelines for the transfer of natural gas. Engineers contracted to the US Surplus Property Administration proposed using the lines for natural gas, and the Tennessee Gas and Transmission Company conducted a four-month trial. Demand for natural gas was rising rapidly, and it was produced in large quantities in the Texas oilfields, but could not be got to market in the north-east and was otherwise burnt off uselessly into the atmosphere. The railroad and coal companies, who saw this as likely to introduce additional competition for coal and coal gas, and therefore lower demand for their goods and services, argued against this move. The smaller oil companies proposed continuing to use the pipelines for oil in order to undermine the transport monopolies of the larger corporations. A government inquiry was undertaken to determine the future use of the pipelines, and took evidence from the various stakeholders, most of whom presented the case that favored their companies or industry. The inquiry concluded that the pipelines should be sold for continued use in transporting petroleum. An auction for the pipelines was announced in 1946, which was designed to give preference to bidders who intended to use them for moving petroleum. 16 bids were received, with the highest cash bidders being companies hoping to use the pipelines for natural gas. Assessing the different bids proved difficult and the discussions became enmeshed in national politics, with companies seeking support from various Washington politicians. Meanwhile, a threatened national coal strike raised concerns over the availability of natural gas, strengthening the arguments of the natural gas lobby. A fresh inquiry was declared in November, voiding the previous competition and the Inch Lines were transferred to the War Assets Administration on December 2, 1946, for disposal. Pending any final decision on their sale, the lines were leased to the Tennessee Gas Company for use in shipping natural gas as far as Ohio and the Appalachians, but no further east, and only for 12 months. Tennessee Gas did not convert the pipelines in any way for their new role, and simply pumped the gas through the system under its own pressure, moving of gas a day in this way. A second auction was held, with bids for natural gas given equal weight to those wishing to transfer crude oil, although any natural gas bidder would be obliged to maintain the oil pumping stations for use in a national emergency. Ten bids were received and on February 8, 1947, the Texas East Transmission Corporation (TETCO) was declared successful. Its bid of $143,127,000 would make the disposal the largest sale of war-surplus property to the private sector following World War II. Conversion by TETCO TETCO was the brainchild of corporate lawyers Charles Francis and James Elkins, who convinced the construction specialists George and Herman Brown, and the fuel engineer E. Holley Poe, that buying the Big and Little Inch pipelines could be a lucrative opportunity. The corporation was established specifically for the purposes of the bid, and came to their bidding figure by estimating that the likely competition would bid at $130 million; their own figure exceeded this by 10 percent, and added on $127,000 to avoid a suspiciously round number. TETCO believed it could afford to make this offer because it intended to reuse the electric motors in the oil pumping mechanisms for moving the natural gas; it also believed that the price of gas would rise considerably in the post-war markets. After winning the bidding, TETCO raised the money to pay the government through a combination of bonds and share issues. A further government enquiry was required before the sale was allowed to go through, which was complicated by the reluctance of the state of Pennsylvania to allow the pipelines to be used to pump gas east through its territory. The government of Pennsylvania was influenced by the coal industry, who feared they would lose sales, but it eventually relented and the sale of the pipelines to TETCO was finally completed on November 1. The value of the company soared, and the original investors saw the value of their holdings increase 63-fold. TETCO immediately began to convert the pipelines for permanent use as natural gas transmission lines, under the direction of Baxter Goodrich, their chief engineer. 24 compressor stations were constructed along the pipeline with centrifugal compressors, increasing the capacity of the system to of gas a day, and the old oil pumps were retained for reuse in a future crisis. Steel valves replaced the older, less reliable cast iron designs. Demand continued to increase, requiring additional compressor capability, and by January 1949 the pipelines were moving a day. The supply route undermined the local markets for manufactured gas, and the major cities of the north-east rapidly converted to the use of natural gas; historian David Waples describes how the pipelines contributed to "an extraordinary expansion of natural gas customers and gas company employees after World War II". The Inch pipelines encouraged the development of further long distance pipelines in the US through the 1960s and 1970s. Later use In 1957, the operation of the Little Big Inch, and its ownership south of Ohio, was transferred from TETCO to the subsidiary Texas Eastern Petroleum Products Corporation (TEPPCO), and converted back to use for petroleum products. TEPPCO was purchased by Enterprise Products in 2010. Around 1961, there was discussion of converting the Big Inch pipeline back to petroleum use, but it continued in use as a gas pipeline. In 1989, TETCO was taken over by the Panhandle Eastern Corporation, and in 1997 this company was merged with Duke Power, to form the Duke Energy Corporation; in 2007, the oil pipelines were spun off from Duke Energy, to form part of Spectra Energy Partners. The Inch pipelines are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Along the western parts of the pipelines, around 90 percent of the pipes are the original installation, although in the east large parts have since been replaced, largely due to the absence of anti-corrosion protective coatings on the original piping. 62 of the original buildings from 1942 and 1943 remain, including pump-houses, offices, employee houses and garages. The best surviving examples of the original buildings are in Pennsylvania. A "Big Inch pipeline" construction playset was produced as a children's toy in 1962 by the Marx company. List of pumping stations Big Inch and northern Little Big Inch Station No. 1: Longview, Texas Station No. 2: Atlanta, Texas Station No. 3: Hope, Arkansas Station No. 4: Donaldson, Arkansas Station No. 5: Little Rock, Arkansas Station No. 6: Bald Knob, Arkansas Station No. 7: Egypt, Arkansas Station No. 8: Fagus, Missouri Station No. 9-a: Oran, Missouri Station No. 9-b: Gale, Illinois Station No. 10: Lick Creek, Illinois Station No. 11: Norris City, Illinois Station No. 12: Princeton, Indiana Station No. 13: French Lick, Indiana Station No. 14: Seymour, Indiana Station No. 15: Oldenburg, Indiana Station No. 16: Lebanon, Ohio Station No. 17: Circleville, Ohio Station No. 18: Crooksville, Ohio Station No. 19: Sarahsville, Ohio Station No. 20: Wind Ridge, Pennsylvania Station No. 21: Connellsville, Pennsylvania Station No. 22: Rockwood, Pennsylvania Station No. 23: Chambersburg, Pennsylvania Station No. 24: Marietta, Pennsylvania Station No. 25: Phoenixville, Pennsylvania Station No. 26: Lambertville, New Jersey Station No. 27: Linden, New Jersey Southern part of the Little Big Inch Station A: Baytown, Texas Station B: Beaumont, Texas Station C: Newton, Texas Station D: Many, Louisiana Station E: Castor, Louisiana Station F: El Dorado, Arkansas Station G: Fordyce, Arkansas See also Operation Pluto, another World War II petroleum pipeline References Bibliography External links Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation: Pipe Dream Comes True-Oil! news-reel Crude oil pipelines in the United States Natural gas pipelines in the United States Petroleum in Texas United States home front during World War II 1941 in the United States 1942 in the United States 1943 in the United States 1944 in the United States History of the petroleum industry in the United States Historic American Engineering Record in Arkansas Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey Historic American Engineering Record in Texas Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places Oil pipelines in Texas Oil pipelines in Arkansas Oil pipelines in Missouri Oil pipelines in Illinois Oil pipelines in Indiana Pipelines in Ohio Oil pipelines in Pennsylvania Oil pipelines in New Jersey Oil pipelines in Louisiana Natural gas pipelines in Texas Natural gas pipelines in Arkansas Natural gas pipelines in Missouri Natural gas pipelines in Illinois Natural gas pipelines in Indiana Natural gas pipelines in Ohio Natural gas pipelines in Pennsylvania Natural gas pipelines in New Jersey

18261621

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quique%20Hern%C3%A1ndez

Quique Hernández

Enrique "Quique" Hernández Martí (born 30 October 1958) is a Spanish football manager. Football career Born in Anna, Valencia, Hernández started managing in his early 20s. For the following twenty years, with the exception of the 1995–96 season with UD Almería in Segunda División, he coached exclusively in his native Valencian Community, the vast majority of the clubs being from the lower leagues. In the 1996–97 campaign, Hernández was one of three managers for Hércules CF as they eventually suffered La Liga relegation. He also worked with four teams in the second division in the 2000s, UE Lleida, CD Numancia, Recreativo de Huelva and Albacete Balompié, being relegated with the first and promoting with the third. From 2008 to 2010 Hernández coached in Greece, helping Aris Thessaloniki F.C. to the sixth position in the Superleague and suffering relegation with Levadiakos FC – he had already been briefly in charge of the former in 2006–07. In the 2011 summer, he returned to his country and signed for SD Huesca in the second level. On 28 May 2014, after a further two seasons in the second tier with former side Hércules, reaching the milestone of managing the club for more than 200 official matches, Hernández returned to Greece, being appointed director of football at Veria FC. Quique was appointed president of Hércules CF in January 2018. He led the club until the summer of 2020, when he became sporting director of CF Intercity. He led Intercity to two promotions in two seasons, reaching the Primera Federación before resigning in June 2022. References External links 1958 births Living people People from Canal de Navarrés Sportspeople from the Province of Valencia Spanish football managers La Liga managers Segunda División managers Segunda División B managers UD Alzira managers CD Alcoyano managers Levante UD managers CD Castellón managers Hércules CF managers Elche CF managers UD Almería managers UE Lleida managers CD Numancia managers Recreativo de Huelva managers Córdoba CF managers Albacete Balompié managers SD Huesca managers Super League Greece managers Aris Thessaloniki F.C. managers Spanish expatriate football managers Expatriate football managers in Greece Aris Thessaloniki F.C. non-playing staff CF Gandía managers

12979207

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Williams%20%28Ysgafell%29

Jane Williams (Ysgafell)

Jane Williams (1 February 1806 – 15 March 1885) was a Welsh writer, often known by her bardic name of Ysgafell. She is sometimes confused with her contemporary, Maria Jane Williams. Williams was born in Chelsea, and raised in Neuadd Felen, Brecknockshire. Her primary interests as a writer included Welsh history, Welsh literature, and Welsh folklore. In 1862, Williams wrote a book about Celtic fables, fairy tales, and legends. In 1869, she wrote a book about the history of Wales, using (in her words) "authentic sources". Biography She was born in Chelsea, the daughter of a naval official. She spent her youth in the family seat of Neuadd Felen, near Talgarth, where she developed an interest in Welsh history, literature and folklore, and associated with Augusta Hall, Lady Llanover. A volume of her poems was published privately in 1824, and she later published books on education in Wales, on Welsh folklore, and on Rev Thomas Price. She wrote the first article published in the first volume of the Cambrian Journal in 1854, which was her 1843 English translation of an article written in French by the German Dr Carl Meyer of Rinteln, on the philology of Celtic languages, which had won the Great Prize at the Cymreigyddion y Fenni Eisteddfod at Abergavenny in October 1842. She returned to Chelsea in 1856, where she continued to write and publish, including an 1857 book on the nurse Elizabeth Davis. Her 1869 book on the history of Wales was highly regarded. Her history of the parish of Glasbury was published in Archaeologia Cambrensis 1870. She assisted Henry Brinley Richards with his book on the Songs of Wales, published in 1873. She remained in London until her death, and she was buried at Brompton Cemetery. In 2020 the University of Wales Press published a biography of Jane Williams by Gwyneth Tyson Roberts. Selected works Miscellaneous Poems (1824) Twenty Essays on the Practical Improvement of God's Providential Dispensations as Means to the Moral Discipline to the Christian (1838) Artegall; or Remarks on the Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the State of Education in Wales (1848) The Literary Remains of the Rev. Thomas Price, Carnhuanawc … with a Memoir of his Life (1854–55) The Autobiography of Elizabeth Davis, a Balaclava Nurse, Daughter of Dafydd Cadwaladr (1857) The Literary Women of England (1861) Celtic Fables, Fairy Tales and Legends versified (1862, reprinting "Cambrian Tales" first published in Ainsworth's Magazine in 1849–50) Republished 2010 by Cambridge University Press References ODNB 1806 births 1885 deaths 19th-century Welsh historians 19th-century Welsh poets 19th-century Welsh women writers Writers from Chelsea, London Welsh women poets Pseudonymous women writers Welsh folklorists British women folklorists Folklore writers French–English translators Welsh women historians Historians of Wales Burials at Brompton Cemetery 19th-century pseudonymous writers

39671574

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk%20Orfinger

Henryk Orfinger

Henryk Orfinger (born 28 June 1951, Warsaw) is a Polish entrepreneur. He is the president of the management board at the cosmetic firm Dr. Irena Eris and holds several positions in Polish business institutions. Together with his wife, Irena Eris, he is listed within the 100 richest Poles in 2013 by the Polish edition of Forbes Magazine. Biography Orfinger graduated at the Warsaw University of Technology (Faculty of Transportation). 1983, with his wife, Irena Szołomicka-Orfinger, he founded the cosmetic company Dr. Irena Eris. He holds several positions in non-government institutions. He is a board member at the Polish Association of the Cosmetic Industry (Polski Związek Przemysłu Kosmetycznego) and chairman of the supervisory board of the Polish Confederation of Private Employers Lewiatan (Polska Konfederacja Pracodawców Prywatnych Lewiatan). He runs the jury for the Galeria Chwały Polskiej Ekonomii award. References Polish businesspeople Warsaw University of Technology alumni Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta Living people 1951 births

49820579

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonionota%20vexillata

Gonionota vexillata

Gonionota vexillata is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in Peru. The wingspan is 21–22 mm. The forewings are brown tinged with purple, the dorsal edge sometimes suffused with dark purplish fuscous and with an elongate deep yellow patch suffusedly mixed with bright crimson extending from the base of the dorsum along the costa to the middle and then projecting downwards to the end of the cell, marked with purplish fuscous towards the base of the costa and twice interrupted posteriorly. The first discal stigma is indistinct and blackish. The costal edge is white for a short distance towards two-thirds, edged beneath with rosy suffusion. The hindwings are dark fuscous. References Moths described in 1913 Gonionota

50326

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions of how cognitive activities are affected or controlled by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology, physiological psychology and affective neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neurobiology, and computational modeling. Parts of the brain play an important role in this field. Neurons play the most vital role, since the main point is to establish an understanding of cognition from a neural perspective, along with the different lobes of the cerebral cortex. Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental procedures from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and behavioral genetics. Studies of patients with cognitive deficits due to brain lesions constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. The damages in lesioned brains provide a comparable starting point on regards to healthy and fully functioning brains. These damages change the neural circuits in the brain and cause it to malfunction during basic cognitive processes, such as memory or learning. People have learning disabilities and such damage, can be compared with how the healthy neural circuits are functioning, and possibly draw conclusions about the basis of the affected cognitive processes. Some examples of learning disabilities in the brain include places in Wernicke's area, the left side of the temporal lobe, and Brocca's area close to the frontal lobe. Also, cognitive abilities based on brain development are studied and examined under the subfield of developmental cognitive neuroscience. This shows brain development over time, analyzing differences and concocting possible reasons for those differences. Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Historical origins Cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary area of study that has emerged from neuroscience and psychology. There are several stages in these disciplines that have changed the way researchers approached their investigations and that led to the field becoming fully established. Although the task of cognitive neuroscience is to describe the neural mechanisms associated with the mind, historically it has progressed by investigating how a certain area of the brain supports a given mental faculty. However, early efforts to subdivide the brain proved to be problematic. The phrenologist movement failed to supply a scientific basis for its theories and has since been rejected. The aggregate field view, meaning that all areas of the brain participated in all behavior, was also rejected as a result of brain mapping, which began with Hitzig and Fritsch's experiments and eventually developed through methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Gestalt theory, neuropsychology, and the cognitive revolution were major turning points in the creation of cognitive neuroscience as a field, bringing together ideas and techniques that enabled researchers to make more links between behavior and its neural substrates. Origins in philosophy Philosophers have always been interested in the mind: "the idea that explaining a phenomenon involves understanding the mechanism responsible for it has deep roots in the History of Philosophy from atomic theories in 5th century B.C. to its rebirth in the 17th and 18th century in the works of Galileo, Descartes, and Boyle. Among others, it's Descartes' idea that machines humans build could work as models of scientific explanation." For example, Aristotle thought the brain was the body's cooling system and the capacity for intelligence was located in the heart. It has been suggested that the first person to believe otherwise was the Roman physician Galen in the second century AD, who declared that the brain was the source of mental activity, although this has also been accredited to Alcmaeon. However, Galen believed that personality and emotion were not generated by the brain, but rather by other organs. Andreas Vesalius, an anatomist and physician, was the first to believe that the brain and the nervous system are the center of the mind and emotion. Psychology, a major contributing field to cognitive neuroscience, emerged from philosophical reasoning about the mind. 19th century Phrenology One of the predecessors to cognitive neuroscience was phrenology, a pseudoscientific approach that claimed that behavior could be determined by the shape of the scalp. In the early 19th century, Franz Joseph Gall and J. G. Spurzheim believed that the human brain was localized into approximately 35 different sections. In his book, The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular, Gall claimed that a larger bump in one of these areas meant that that area of the brain was used more frequently by that person. This theory gained significant public attention, leading to the publication of phrenology journals and the creation of phrenometers, which measured the bumps on a human subject's head. While phrenology remained a fixture at fairs and carnivals, it did not enjoy wide acceptance within the scientific community. The major criticism of phrenology is that researchers were not able to test theories empirically. Localizationist view The localizationist view was concerned with mental abilities being localized to specific areas of the brain rather than on what the characteristics of the abilities were and how to measure them. Studies performed in Europe, such as those of John Hughlings Jackson, supported this view. Jackson studied patients with brain damage, particularly those with epilepsy. He discovered that the epileptic patients often made the same clonic and tonic movements of muscle during their seizures, leading Jackson to believe that they must be caused by activity in the same place in the brain every time. Jackson proposed that specific functions were localized to specific areas of the brain, which was critical to future understanding of the brain lobes. Aggregate field view According to the aggregate field view, all areas of the brain participate in every mental function. Pierre Flourens, a French experimental psychologist, challenged the localizationist view by using animal experiments. He discovered that removing the cerebellum (brain) in rabbits and pigeons affected their sense of muscular coordination, and that all cognitive functions were disrupted in pigeons when the cerebral hemispheres were removed. From this he concluded that the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem functioned together as a whole. His approach has been criticised on the basis that the tests were not sensitive enough to notice selective deficits had they been present. Emergence of neuropsychology Perhaps the first serious attempts to localize mental functions to specific locations in the brain was by Broca and Wernicke. This was mostly achieved by studying the effects of injuries to different parts of the brain on psychological functions. In 1861, French neurologist Paul Broca came across a man with a disability who was able to understand the language but unable to speak. The man could only produce the sound "tan". It was later discovered that the man had damage to an area of his left frontal lobe now known as Broca's area. Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, found a patient who could speak fluently but non-sensibly. The patient had been the victim of a stroke, and could not understand spoken or written language. This patient had a lesion in the area where the left parietal and temporal lobes meet, now known as Wernicke's area. These cases, which suggested that lesions caused specific behavioral changes, strongly supported the localizationist view. Additionally, Aphasia is a learning disorder which was also discovered by Paul Broca. According to, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Aphasia is a language disorder caused by damage in a specific area of the brain that controls language expression and comprehension. This can often lead to the person speaking words with no sense known as "word salad" Mapping the brain In 1870, German physicians Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch published their findings of the behavior of animals. Hitzig and Fritsch ran an electric current through the cerebral cortex of a dog, causing different muscles to contract depending on which areas of the brain were electrically stimulated. This led to the proposition that individual functions are localized to specific areas of the brain rather than the cerebrum as a whole, as the aggregate field view suggests. Brodmann was also an important figure in brain mapping; his experiments based on Franz Nissl's tissue staining techniques divided the brain into fifty-two areas. 20th century Cognitive revolution At the start of the 20th century, attitudes in America were characterized by pragmatism, which led to a preference for behaviorism as the primary approach in psychology. J.B. Watson was a key figure with his stimulus-response approach. By conducting experiments on animals he was aiming to be able to predict and control behavior. Behaviorism eventually failed because it could not provide realistic psychology of human action and thought – it focused primarily on stimulus-response associations at the expense of explaining phenomena like thought and imagination. This led to what is often termed as the "cognitive revolution". Neuron doctrine In the early 20th century, Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi began working on the structure of the neuron. Golgi developed a silver staining method that could entirely stain several cells in a particular area, leading him to believe that neurons were directly connected with each other in one cytoplasm. Cajal challenged this view after staining areas of the brain that had less myelin and discovering that neurons were discrete cells. Cajal also discovered that cells transmit electrical signals down the neuron in one direction only. Both Golgi and Cajal were awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 for this work on the neuron doctrine. Mid-late 20th century Several findings in the 20th century continued to advance the field, such as the discovery of ocular dominance columns, recording of single nerve cells in animals, and coordination of eye and head movements. Experimental psychology was also significant in the foundation of cognitive neuroscience. Some particularly important results were the demonstration that some tasks are accomplished via discrete processing stages, the study of attention, and the notion that behavioural data do not provide enough information by themselves to explain mental processes. As a result, some experimental psychologists began to investigate neural bases of behaviour. Wilder Penfield created maps of primary sensory and motor areas of the brain by stimulating the cortices of patients during surgery. The work of Sperry and Gazzaniga on split brain patients in the 1950s was also instrumental in the progress of the field. The term cognitive neuroscience itself was coined by Gazzaniga and cognitive psychologist George Armitage Miller while sharing a taxi in 1976. Brain mapping New brain mapping technology, particularly fMRI and PET, allowed researchers to investigate experimental strategies of cognitive psychology by observing brain function. Although this is often thought of as a new method (most of the technology is relatively recent), the underlying principle goes back as far as 1878 when blood flow was first associated with brain function. Angelo Mosso, an Italian psychologist of the 19th century, had monitored the pulsations of the adult brain through neurosurgically created bony defects in the skulls of patients. He noted that when the subjects engaged in tasks such as mathematical calculations the pulsations of the brain increased locally. Such observations led Mosso to conclude that blood flow of the brain followed function. Emergence of a new discipline Birth of cognitive science On September 11, 1956, a large-scale meeting of cognitivists took place at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. George A. Miller presented his "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" paper while Noam Chomsky and Newell & Simon presented their findings on computer science. Ulric Neisser commented on many of the findings at this meeting in his 1967 book Cognitive Psychology. The term "psychology" had been waning in the 1950s and 1960s, causing the field to be referred to as "cognitive science". Behaviorists such as Miller began to focus on the representation of language rather than general behavior. David Marr concluded that one should understand any cognitive process at three levels of analysis. These levels include computational, algorithmic/representational, and physical levels of analysis. Combining neuroscience and cognitive science Before the 1980s, interaction between neuroscience and cognitive science was scarce. Cognitive neuroscience began to integrate the newly laid theoretical ground in cognitive science, that emerged between the 1950s and 1960s, with approaches in experimental psychology, neuropsychology and neuroscience. (Neuroscience was not established as a unified discipline until 1971). In the late 1970s, neuroscientist Michael S. Gazzaniga and cognitive psychologist George A. Miller were said to have first coined the term "cognitive neuroscience." In the very late 20th century new technologies evolved that are now the mainstay of the methodology of cognitive neuroscience, including TMS (1985) and fMRI (1991). Earlier methods used in cognitive neuroscience include EEG (human EEG 1920) and MEG (1968). Occasionally cognitive neuroscientists utilize other brain imaging methods such as PET and SPECT. An upcoming technique in neuroscience is NIRS which uses light absorption to calculate changes in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin in cortical areas. In some animals Single-unit recording can be used. Other methods include microneurography, facial EMG, and eye tracking. Integrative neuroscience attempts to consolidate data in databases, and form unified descriptive models from various fields and scales: biology, psychology, anatomy, and clinical practice. Adaptive resonance theory (ART) is a cognitive neuroscience theory developed by Gail Carpenter and Stephen Grossberg in the late 1970s on aspects of how the brain processes information. It describes a number of neural network models which use supervised and unsupervised learning methods, and address problems such as pattern recognition and prediction. In 2014, Stanislas Dehaene, Giacomo Rizzolatti and Trevor Robbins, were awarded the Brain Prize "for their pioneering research on higher brain mechanisms underpinning such complex human functions as literacy, numeracy, motivated behaviour and social cognition, and for their efforts to understand cognitive and behavioural disorders". Brenda Milner, Marcus Raichle and John O'Keefe received the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience "for the discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and cognition" and O'Keefe shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in the same year with May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain". In 2017, Wolfram Schultz, Peter Dayan and Ray Dolan were awarded the Brain Prize "for their multidisciplinary analysis of brain mechanisms that link learning to reward, which has far-reaching implications for the understanding of human behaviour, including disorders of decision-making in conditions such as gambling, drug addiction, compulsive behaviour and schizophrenia"., Recent trends Recently the focus of research had expanded from the localization of brain area(s) for specific functions in the adult brain using a single technology. Studies have been diverging in several different directions: exploring the interactions between different brain areas, using multiple technologies and approaches to understand brain functions, and using computational approaches. Advances in non-invasive functional neuroimaging and associated data analysis methods have also made it possible to use highly naturalistic stimuli and tasks such as feature films depicting social interactions in cognitive neuroscience studies. Another very recent trend in cognitive neuroscience is the use of optogenetics to explore circuit function and its behavioral consequences. Topics Attention Consciousness Decision-making Emotions Intelligence Language Learning Memory Perception Social cognition Methods Experimental methods include: Psychophysics Eye-tracking Functional magnetic resonance imaging Electroencephalography Magnetoencephalography Electrocorticography Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Computational Modeling Notable people Jesper Mogensen, Danish neuroscientist and former university professor See also Cognitive biology Cognitive psychology Embodied cognition Experimental psychology Cognitive psychophysiology Affective neuroscience Social neuroscience Social cognitive neuroscience Cultural neuroscience List of cognitive neuroscientists Neurochemistry Neuroethology Neuroendocrinology Neuroscience References Further reading Enersen, O. D. (2009). John Hughlings Jackson. In: Who Named It. http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2766.html Retrieved 14 August 2009 Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B. & Mangun, G. R. (2002). Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind (2nd ed.). New York: W.W.Norton. Gallistel, R. (2009). "Memory and the Computational Brain: Why Cognitive Science will Transform Neuroscience." Wiley-Blackwell . Gazzaniga, M. S., The Cognitive Neurosciences III, (2004), The MIT Press, Gazzaniga, M. S., Ed. (1999). Conversations in the Cognitive Neurosciences, The MIT Press, . Sternberg, Eliezer J. Are You a Machine? The Brain, the Mind and What it Means to be Human. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition By Roberto Cabeza, Alan Kingstone Principles of neural science By Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory By Amanda Parker, Edward L. Wilding, Timothy J. Bussey Neuronal Theories of the Brain By Christof Koch, Joel L. Davis Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning By Keith James Holyoak, Robert G. Morrison Handbook of Mathematical Cognition By Jamie I. D. Campbell Cognitive Psychology By Michael W. Eysenck, Mark T. Keane Development of Intelligence By Mike Anderson Development of Mental Processing By Andreas Demetriou, et al. Memory and Thinking By Robert H. Logie, K. J. Gilhooly Memory Capacity By Nelson Cowan Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Models of Working Memory By Akira Miyake, Priti Shah Memory and Thinking By Robert H. Logie, K. J. Gilhooly Variation in Working Memory By Andrew R. A. Conway, et al. Memory Capacity By Nelson Cowan Cognition and Intelligence By Robert J. Sternberg, Jean E. Pretz General Factor of Intelligence By Robert J. Sternberg, Elena Grigorenko Neurological Basis of Learning, Development and Discovery By Anton E. Lawson Memory and Human Cognition By John T. E. Richardson Society for Neuroscience. https://web.archive.org/web/20090805111859/http://www.sfn.org/index.cfm?pagename=about_SfN#timeline Retrieved 14 August 2009 Keiji Tanaka,"Current Opinion in Neurobiology", (2007) External links Cognitive Neuroscience Society Homepage There's Something about Zero What Is Cognitive Neuroscience?, Jamie Ward/Psychology Press goCognitive - Educational Tools for Cognitive Neuroscience (including video interviews) CogNet, The Brain and Cognitive Sciences Community Online, MIT Cognitive Neuroscience Arena, Psychology Press Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, CUJCS, Spring 2002 Whole Brain Atlas Top 100 Brain Structures Cognitive Neuroscience Discussion Group John Jonides, a big role in Cognitive Neurosciences by Beebrite Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience AgliotiLAB - Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory founded in 2003 in Rome, Italy Related Wikibooks Wikibook on cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience Wikibook on consciousness studies Cognitive Neuroscience chapter of the Wikibook on neuroscience Computational Cognitive Neuroscience wikibook

2911009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opoku%20Ware%20I

Opoku Ware I

Opoku Ware I was the 2nd Asantehene of Oyoko heritage, who ruled the Ashanti Empire. Between 1718 and 1722, Opoku Ware became Asantehene during a period of civil disorder after the death of the 1st Asanthene. From 1720 to 1721, Opoku established his power. Throughout his reign, Opoku carried out a series of campaigns that expanded the Ashanti Empire across Ghana and eastern Ivory Coast. In domestic affairs, the Asantehene supported industry and manufacturing. He also carried out state reforms that include the creation of new offices for the administration of the state. At the latter part of his reign, Opoku Ware initiated a reform to reduce the power of the chiefs who administered the provinces of the empire. This reform led to a conspiracy that was repressed by the Asantehene. Opoku Ware died in 1750, unable to complete the reform. He was succeeded by Kusi Obodom. Ascension Sources vary for the death of Opoku Ware's predecessor Osei Kofi Tutu I. Scholars such as Wilks, Fynn and Boahen argue the death date of Osei Kofi Tutu around 1712 or 1717. Scholars and historians including Margaret, Wilks and Boahen also argue that Osei Kofi Tutu I died during the campaign against the Akyem. The ascension of Opoku Ware occurred between 1718 and 1722 after civil strife following the death of Osei Kofi Tutu I. From 1720 - 1721, Opoku Ware was able to establish his power as Asantehene. Reign Campaigns Opoku Ware subdued a revolt by the Akyem, Wassa, Aowin and Denkyira. This commenced with an attack on Akyem in 1720–21. In the early 18th century, Aowin King Ebrimoro invaded Kumasi. The capital was sacked in the process and Ashanti royals including Opoku Ware's mother, were taken into captivity or massacred. This invasion was defeated by Opoku Ware. Between 1719 and 1722, the Ashanti defeated the Aowin, claiming Ahafo which was an Aowin territory, as a part of the Ashanti Empire. In 1723-24 Opoku oversaw the invasion of the Bono state which made Bono a part of the empire. In 1726, Ashanti invaded Wassa forcing Wassa King Ntsiful I to move his capital to Abrade near the coast until the 19th century. In 1732, the Ashanti Empire invaded Western Gonja and Gyaman as well as Banda in 1740. Two years later, the Ashanti incorporated the Akyem states of Abuakwa and Kotoku. In the process, the Ashanti occupied Accra and the coastal towns to its east. The Ga-Adangbe of the southeastern plains, represented by Accra ruler Tete Ahene Akwa, accepted Ashanti overrule but the Ga were able to negotiate an exception from paying tribute. After the conquest of the Akyem states in 1742, the Dutch paid a regular stipend on trade goods to Ashanti as rent to occupy the 17th century fort and land at Accra. Eastern Gonja was absorbed into the state by 1744 with the conquest of Dagbon occurring from 1744 to 1745. By the end of his reign the Ashanti encompassed the northern part of Ghana as well as north-eastern Ivory Coast. By the 1740s, the Ashanti held control over the entire coast of Ghana with the exception of areas under Fante influence near the Cape Coast Infrastructure L.F. Rømer records in 1760 that the King enlisted the services of four Dutch-men during his reign, to construct a distillery in Kumasi. According to historians Fage and Latorre, this attempt was unsuccessful. Danish agent Nog, visited Opoku Ware's court near the mid 18th century and he noted the Asantehene's support for craft industry. Opoku Ware introduced the thread of imported but unraveled woolen and silken textiles into the local cotton cloths. Nog observed this cloth factory set up by the King. The Ashanti road Route V (a) was opened for traffic in 1749. Reforms Opoku Ware promoted reforms in Ashanti revenue infrastructure through the introduction of death duties. Reindorf states that Opoku Ware adopted the policy of death duties as well as an accounting system on standard weights for measuring gold upon the guidance of the King of Techiman following the Ashanti conquest of the state in the early 18th century. Opoku reorganized the . During the reign of Osei Kofi Tutu I, the Gyase was charged with domestic duties in the King's palace. Under Opoku Ware, the Gyase was involved in the administration of the state. It had two sub offices named and under the Osei Tutu government. The , and were three new sub institutions created under the Gyase during the reign of Opoku Ware. The King placed the Sanaahene under the auspices of the Gyasewa. The was created to aid the Sanaahene with the operations of the treasury. Under Opoku Ware, the Sanaahene was tasked with war expenditure and domestic purchases. The was created by Opoku Ware as the King's physician. After the war against Techiman in the early 18th century, all medicine men and fetish priests were placed under the Nsumankwahene. The Nsumankwa office itself was placed within the jurisdiction of the Ananata. The Nsumankwahene also headed the medical corps in battle. Political development Banditry was prominent in the Gold Coast region during the 18th century. L.F. Rømer reports in 1760 about Antufi, a highwayman who was active in the Ashanti southern metropolitan districts. Antufi had an estimated 2000 followers and he had opposed the Ashanti government for 20 years. According to Rømer, Opoku Ware "offered Antufi whatever he wanted" on condition Antufi ceased banditry operations against the King's subjects. In 1819, Bowdich described the provincial districts of Ashanti noting that "every subject state was placed under the immediate care of an Ashantee chief, generally resident in the capital, who seldom visited it, but to receive the tribute from the native ruler, for whose conduct he was in a reasonable degree responsible." After successful expansionist campaigns, Opoku Ware proposed reforms that curtailed the power of the chiefs in the provincial districts. These chiefs placed in supervision of provincial areas had grown more powerful after Ashanti's expansionism in the mid 18th century. Opoku Ware's reform caused political turmoil in the 1740s. In the 1820s Joseph Dupuis wrote about the political upheaval in Ashanti during the latter part of Opoku Ware's reign. At Juaben, Opoku Ware was able to mobilize support from ally chiefs and defeat the rebels as well as reoccupy Kumasi. The rebels were pardoned after their defeat by the King on condition that Opoku's policies to curtail the power of provincial chiefs be respected. Opoku Ware died in 1750 and was unable to implement this policy. Hagan argues that this attempt by Opoku Ware to reduce the influence of the aristocracy served as an inspiration for the bureaucratic reforms of Asantehene Osei Kwadwo. References Bibliography 1700 births 1750 deaths 18th-century monarchs in Africa Ashanti monarchs

53865562

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Loyche

Rebecca Loyche

Rebecca Loyche (born 1979) is an American artist and curator. Based in Berlin and New York City, she works with a variety of mediums including video, photography, sound, and installation. Her work focuses on perception and communication. Loyche has curated programs throughout the United States, China and Europe. Early life and education Loyche grew up on horse farms in Upstate New York and moved to New York City in 1997. She received her Bachelors of Fine Art at Pratt Institute in Sculpture in 2001 and her Masters of Fine Art in Combined Media at Hunter College in 2006. She was accepted into the 2008 Bronx Museum Artist in the Marketplace program. From 2007 to 2009 she was an active member in the feminist artist collective tART in New York City. In 2009 Loyche moved to Berlin after being accepted into the Meisterschuler programme on a DAAD scholarship at Braunschweig University of Art, where she was a master-class student of Candice Breitz in 2011. Career At the exhibition entitled "Love / War / Sex" in the New York gallery Exit Art in 2007, Loyche presented All's fair in love and war, a three-channel video installation where a weapons specialist demonstrates, with professional detachment, different ways of killing while standing in a conservative, middle-class décor. It was called "the most disturbing" and "the most accomplished" work of the exhibition. Her video work Hvalreki (2009) was shot during the protests following the Iceland economy crash in October 2008. Loyche distilled an hour-long protest speech to a four-minute video that focuses on the sign language interpreter's real-time translation of the speech and the audience's reaction to it, pointing to the failure of communication in today's world ("Hvalreki" means "stranded" in Icelandic). Loyche's 2008-9 series Minds/Mines don’t care are photograms of improvised explosive devices, similar to early cyanotype photogram botany studies. They also look like X-rays, which is a nod to the issues of paranoia and "homeland security". The title derives from the U.S. military issuing country-specific land mine identification card packs with the slogan: "Be Aware Mines Don’t Care." She founded, directed, and curated Mitte’s MMX Open Art Venue along with her partner Jonathan Gröger in Linnienstrasse in 2010. After a year of continuous exhibitions, they opened a new artist-run space, CoVerlag, and made the first art show in April 2012. One of the exhibits was Loyche’s three-channel audio and video project entitled The Art Fair. A video shot during ArtForum Berlin was shown to three specialists in the fields of security, art, and psychology, respectively. Each specialist gave his or her own distinct "reading" of the people walking by. The work was a critique of voyeurism, surveillance culture and paranoia. In 2012, the developers who bought the MMX site invited Loyche and Gröger back, and they started re:MMX in September 2012, curating large-scale public art. Loyche's 2010-2011 installation Circadian envelops the viewer in a white room of full-spectrum light. A soundtrack playing in the room lasts about fifteen minutes, which is the minimum length of time that the body needs to physically benefit from exposure to sunlight. It is composed of several layers of white noise, audio recordings from ocean depths, sound elements from nature and the human body, classical music, and analog audio players. The piece, questioning the artificial and the natural, takes its name from the circadian rhythm, the natural human cycle corresponding to a 24-hour day, which is governed by exposure to sunlight. Her video work series Still Life I, II, and II (2011) presents several still life scenes. Each of them starts in silence, with objects on a table against a window. Debris begins dropping into the scene accompanied by loud noises of destruction. The scenes were recorded in an old building in Mitte undergoing renovation. Each still life was made from materials left behind in the rooms of the house. The historical still life format of capturing slow decay became the medium to show rapid destruction. Loyche's work often deals with sexuality, from her earlier series of bronze vagina doorknobs to the 2014 video Profession – Sexual Assistant. In the video, one of Europe's pioneers in the field of sexuality talks about her work. The piece addresses the issues of the sexual needs of people who have a physical, social and/or mental disability or handicap. Together with her husband Jonathan Loyche (né Gröger), she made Sonic Shanty, one of the Art Shanty Projects on White Bear Lake, Minnesota, in 2016. It is a hexagonal hut on the ice with a speaker connected to a hydrophone under the ice, reproducing the surrounding sounds. Piano wires resonate at the center. The entire hut is a musical instrument. Much of Loyche's work examines the variability of human perception, the subjective nature of human experience, and the breakdown and failure of language. Main works Minds/Mines don’t care (2008-9) Hvalreki (2009) Circadian (2010–11) Still Life I, II, and II (2011) The Art Fair (2011) Profession – Sexual Assistant (2014) References External links Living people 1979 births American installation artists American multimedia artists American sound artists Women sound artists American video artists American art curators American women curators 21st-century American women

22668679

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20Joachim

Mitchell Joachim

Mitchell Joachim (pronounced /jo-ak-um/; born February 3, 1972) is an architect and urban designer. He is the Co-Founder of Terreform ONE, and an Associate Professor of Practice at NYU. Previously he was the Frank Gehry Chair at University of Toronto and a faculty member at Pratt, Columbia, Syracuse, Washington, The New School, and the European Graduate School. Most of Joachim's projects employ innovative platforms and methods based on living biological matter for fabrication and design purposes. Rather than merely drawing inspiration from nature (not biomimicry), these materials are altered, coaxed, or engineered to function in ways that stay living and breathing within the environment. Early life and education Mitchell Joachim was born in New Jersey to Henry and Ellen Joachim. Henry, a passionate painter, owned a small wood furniture manufacturing business. Ellen, Mitchell’s mother, played a pivotal role in his upbringing, guiding him alongside Henry. In the late '70s, seeking a better quality of life, his parents moved from Manhattan to the suburbs of New Jersey. This relocation blended the cultural richness of their New York City heritage with suburban stability, shaping Mitchell's development and nurturing his passions and interests under the guidance of his parents’ entrepreneurial spirit and artistic inclination. He earned a Ph.D. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the Dept. of Architecture, Design and Computation program , a Master of Architecture in Urban Design (MAUD) at Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD), a M.Arch at Columbia University GSAPP, and a BPS at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York with Honors. Awards and recognition Mitchell has been awarded a Fulbright Scholarship, LafargeHolcim Foundation Award, ARCHITECT R+D Award, Senior Fellowship at TED 2011, Moshe Safdie and Assoc. Fellowship, and Martin Society for Sustainability Fellowship at MIT. He won the Zumtobel Group Award, History Channel and Infiniti Design Excellence Award for the City of the Future, and Time Magazine Best Invention of the Year 2007, MIT Car w/ MIT Smart Cities. His project, Fab Tree Hab, has been exhibited at MoMA and widely published. He was selected by Wired magazine for "The 2008 Smart List: 15 People the Next President Should Listen To". Rolling Stone magazine honored Mitchell as an agent of change in "The 100 People Who Are Changing America". In 2009 he was interviewed on the Colbert Report Popular Science magazine has featured his work as a visionary for “The Future of the Environment” in 2010. Mitchell was the Winner of the Victor Papanek Social Design Award sponsored by the University of Applied Arts Vienna, the Austrian Cultural Forum New York, and the Museum of Arts and Design in 2011. Dwell magazine featured Mitchell as one of "The NOW 99" in 2012. He won the American Institute of Architects New York, Urban Design Merit Award for; Terreform ONE, Urbaneer Resilient Waterfront Infrastructure, 2013. Design projects Fab Tree Hab MIT Car Cricket Shelter and Modular Edible Insect Farm Rapid Re(f)use Urbaneering Brooklyn: City of the Future SOFT XO Lamb Car Green Brain: Smart Park for a New City New York 2106: Self-Sufficient City Jetpack Packing and Blimp Bumper Bus Selected publications Mitchell Joachim, Maria Aiolova, and Terreform ONE. Design with Life: Biotech Architecture and Resilient Cities, Actar, 2019. Mitchell Joachim, Mike Silver. XXL-XS: New Directions in Ecological Design, Actar, 2017. Anker, Peder, Harpman, Louise, and Mitchell Joachim. Global Design: Elsewhere Envisioned, Prestel/ Random House, 2014. Tandon, Nina and Mitchell Joachim. Super Cells: Building with Biology. TED Books, 2014. Lasky, Julie, The Beauty of Bacteria, The New York Times, pp. D1, D7, Thur. Jan. 17, 2013. Myers, William (ed.), Bio Design: Nature + Science + Creativity, Thames & Hudson, The Museum of Modern Art, pp. 10, 58–61. 2012. Bergman, David, Sustainable Design: A Critical Guide, Princeton Architectural Press, p 135. 2012. Bua,Matt and Maximillian Goldfarb (ed.), Architectural Inventions: Visionary Drawings, Laurence King Publishing, pp. 20, 72, 144, 318. 2012. Amoroso, Nadia, Digital Landscape Architecture Now, Thames & Hudson. pp. 17, 242–247. 2012. Budds, Diana, “The Now 99, The Future of Housing,” Dwell, May, p. 102, 120. 2012. Mitchell Joachim, "The Necessity of All Scales: Planetary Design in the Age of Globality," Ecological Urban Architecture, Thomas Schroepfer (ed.), Birkhäuser, pp. 174–184. 2012. Mitchell Joachim, "Envisioning Ecological Cities; Rapid Re(f)use, One Hour Tower, Homeway," Sustainable Urbanism and Beyond: Rethinking Cities for the Future, Tigran Haas (ed.), Rizzoli, pp. 240–245. 2012. Mitchell Joachim and Maria Aiolova, “Design as a Resource for All Recourses,” Futuristic: Visions of Future Living, Caroline Klein, Prof. Dr. Stefanie Lieb (ed.), DAAB, pp. 242–249. 2012. Mitchell Joachim, "The Art of Cities," City Vision, Francesco Lipari, Federico Giacomarra (ed.), issue #7, autumn/winter, pp. 64–71. 2012. Mitchell Joachim, “Envisioning Ecological Cities,” Ecological Urbanism, Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty (ed.), pp. 224–29, Harvard University GSD, Lars Muller Publishers, 2010. John Bradley, "Future of The Environment: The Urban Remodeler," Popular Science, pp. cover, 7, 46–47, July 2010. Mitchell Joachim, “Agora: Dreams and Visions,” l’Arca, pp. 4– 11, N° 246, April, 2009. Mitchell Joachim, “Housing for the 21st Century; Urban Refuse, Housing & Wall-E,” eVolo magazine, pp. 62–63, issue 01, Fall, 2009. Maywa Montenegro, “The Seed Salon: Thomas Lovejoy & Mitchell Joachim,” Seed, pp. 39–44, issue #22, June, 2009. Matt Pascarella, “Philippe Starck & Mitchell Joachim; Designs for Violence, Ecology, Religion & Politics”, TAR, pp. 198–209, Issue 2, Spring, 2009. “The RS 100: Agents of Change,” Rolling Stone, p. 63, April 2, 2009. Tom Vanderbilt, “The 2008 Smart List: Mitchell Joachim, Redesign Cities from Scratch,” Wired, pp. 178–9, 16.10, Oct, 2008. Michelle Galindo (ed.), 1000X Architecture of the Americas, Verlagshaus Braun, p. 429, 2008. Tim Groen, Relax – Interiors for Human Wellness, p. 250-3, Birkhäuser, 2007. Linda Stern, “Terreform: Building Houses Out of Living Trees,” Newsweek, p. E2, May 28, 2007. Craig Kellogg, “Tree/House,” Interior Design, p. 48, Vol. 78, issue #1, Jan. 1, 2007. Axel Ritter, Smart Materials: Types, Products, Architecture, pp. 10–11, 142, 160, Birkhäuser, 2006. Richard Burdett, Cities: Architecture and Society 10, Internazional Di Architettura, International Architectural Exhibition, V.1-2, p. 301, 2006. Robin Pogrebin, “Visions of Manhattan: For the City, 100-Year Makeovers,” The New York Times, p. A9, Nov. 4, 2006. Gregory Mone, “Grow Your Second Home,” Popular Science, pp. 38–9, Nov, 2006. Geeta Dayal, “A Sheep at the Wheel,” Intersection, Issue 03, p. 78-79, 2006. Mitchell Joachim, Javier Arbona, Lara Greden, “Nature's Home,” 306090 08: Autonomous Urbanism, Kjersti Monson & Alex Duval, ed., NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005. David J. Brown, The HOME House Project: The Future of Affordable Housing, MIT Press, 2005. Phil Patton, “At M.I.T., Rethinking the Car for City Life,” The New York Times, p. D9, Sep. 6, 2004. Catherine Fox, “How Harvard would remake Atlanta,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Jun. 3, 2001. See also Pleaching References External links Archinode Studio Terreform ONE Mitchell Joachim Faculty Page at European Graduate School Mitchell Joachim – Articles, Interviews and Reviews "Don't build your home, grow it!" (TED2010) Dwell magazine: The Future of Housing 1972 births Living people 20th-century American architects American industrial designers Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni Academic staff of European Graduate School Futurologists Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni New York University faculty Sustainability advocates Urban designers Architects from New Jersey 21st-century American architects

12463292

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak%20monarch

Biak monarch

The Biak monarch (Symposiachrus brehmii), or Biak monarch flycatcher, is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. It is endemic to Biak Island, Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss; the Biak monarch's habitat is affected by clearing forests for agricultural use and by logging. There are an estimated 2,500 to 9,999 adult birds of the species. If juvenile birds are included, the population may be between 3,500 and 15,000 individuals. Its population is decreasing. Taxonomy and systematics This species was originally placed in the genus Monarcha until moved to Symposiachrus in 2009. Description Biak monarchs measure 17 centimeters. Its heads, wings, throat, and central tail feathers are dark brown or black; its outer tail feathers, belly, breast, and rump are white. It also has a white patch on its wing. Some of the coloring may differ based on sex or age. References External links BirdLife Species Factsheet. Symposiachrus Birds of the Schouten Islands Birds described in 1871 Endemic birds of Indonesia Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Endemic fauna of the Biak–Numfoor rain forests

25680553

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%2C%20the%20Royal%20Cadet

Leo, the Royal Cadet

Leo, the Royal Cadet is a light opera with music by Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann. The libretto was by George Frederick Cameron. It was composed in Kingston, Ontario, Canada in 1889. The work centres on Nellie's love for Leo, a cadet at the Royal Military College of Canada who becomes a hero serving during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire. The operetta focussed on typical character types, events and concerns of Telgmann and Cameron's time and place. Background The story is loosely based on actual events. The character 'Colonel Hewett' is based on Colonel Edward Osborne Hewett, C.M.G. who served as the first Commandant of the Royal Military College of Canada 1875-86. The character of Leo, who leaves his sweetheart Nellie to fight the Zulus in Natal, and other cadets may be based on several early cadets who were decorated for valour. Huntley Brodie Mackay, a Royal Engineer was the first ex-cadet to win a Distinguished Service Order, served in Bechuanaland 1884-9 and as commanding royal engineer in West Africa 1887-9. Mackay fought tribes near Sierra Leone and became an acting administrator of the British East Africa Company. William Henry Robinson, Royal Engineer, the first ex-cadet to be killed in action, died while attempting to blow up the gate of a stockade at Tambi near Sierra Leone. Kenneth J.R. Campbell was the first ex-cadet to be mentioned in despatches for his part in the operation against the town of Brohemie, Niger Coast Protectorate. Sir George Norton Cory participated in operations in Natal, South Africa in 1899 and later edited 'The Diary of Reverend Francis Owen M. A., missionary with Dingaan in 1837-38 together with extracts from the writings of the interpreters in Zulu, Messrs. Hulley and Kirkman'(Cape Town, South Africa: Van Riebeech Society, 1926). The character Cetcho, a Zulu chief is based on Cetshwayo. The Battalion Sergeant Major character who sings The Royal Cadet - The Battalion Sergeant Major was the senior cadet at the Royal Military College of Canada from 1878–1923 and 1934-42. Since 1952, the senior cadet has been known as a Cadet Wing-Commander. Performance history Musical dramas such as Leo, the Royal Cadet were important entertainment in the 19th century. The work premiered "under the Patronage of the Commandant and Staff, and Gentleman Cadets of the Royal Military College" on 11 July 1889 at Martin's Opera House in Kingston. The opera went on to tour, in Canada and the United States. It played successfully in Kingston, Ottawa, Guelph, Toronto, Woodstock, Ontario and Utica, New York. There were 1,700 performances in the closing years of the 19th Century and as late as 1925. The play was not performed for 75 years. The Toronto Operetta Theatre hired Canadian composer John Greer to revise and orchestrate the piano score and Virginia Reh to revise the libretto. In 1982 excerpts from Leo, the Royal Cadet were performed at Music at Sharon (a summer concert series in Ontario) and in 1990 excerpts were performed in Toronto and Ottawa. Seven excerpts from the work were reprinted in Canadian Musical Heritage Society (CMH), vol 10. In recent years, the musical play has been performed in Canada, for example by the Toronto Operetta Theatre. For revivals, the opera was shortened from three acts into two and 8 of the 17 characters were eliminated. Commandant Commodore William S. Truelove (Royal Roads Military College 1985), as Honorary Patron for Toronto Operetta Theatre's Leo, The Royal Cadet, attended on Opening Night with a contingent of cadets and alumni on February 19, 2010. The synopsis of this version is given below. Roles Synopsis (revised two-act version) The opera is a light-hearted piece about love and war which traces the career of Leo before, during, and after he entered the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario. The opera opens with Leo and his beloved Nellie on picnic grounds outside the Royal Military College. Leo is recruited by Captain Bloodswigger to fight with the Zulus in Natal, Africa. Leo is awarded the Victoria Cross for valour. The opera ends with his reunion with his true love, Nellie, on a village green on the St. Lawrence River. Act 1 The opera opens on the picnic grounds outside the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Queen Victoria’s birthday, May 1878. Leo the Royal Cadet and his sweetheart Nellie are enjoying a picnic party. Captain Wellington Bloodswigger takes the opportunity to recruit officers for the Anglo-Zulu war. Wind, a young poet and composer friend of Leo attends the picnic in pursuit of material for his Faerie Opera. ("I am Wind"). The Ladies led by Nellie, Caroline and Madge, carry their picnic baskets ("We are maidens"). Captain Wellington Bloodswigger introduces the Royal Military College Commandant Hewitt, who introduces the new French and German professors ("The French and German professors") and invites the entire party for a tour of the College. Nellie is concerned by Leo’s plans to join the forces against the Zulus in Africa and regrets she ever listened to his words of love ("Maiden so beautiful/First Love"). The picnic party resumes ("The red sun sinks to sleep") with dances, ("The Rideau") and military hymns ("Glory and Victory"). Leo and Wind decide to serve. The commandant, noting Nellie’s distress decides to woo her for himself ("Ho, ho! My pretty maid"). The commandant decides to rid himself of Leo ("The Initiation") by ordering Captain Bloodswigger to add both Leo and Wind to the next party leaving for the war. The celebrations end with a hymn to pumpkin pie (Farewell O Fragrant Pumpkin Pie) and tender farewells. Act 2 Scene 1 Leo is with a group of soldiers serving at the British Camp at Isandiwana, January 1879 ("Soldiers and our country’s pride"). He thinks of Nellie ("The days of long ago"). Leo cannot sleep and sounds the bugle upon the impending threat of the Zulus ("The moon is bright/To the field'''). The Zulus demand a return of their dear native land ("Now for justice") and battle against the invader ("The Battle'). Scene 2 In the spring of 1879, Nellie and her friends are on the grounds outside the Royal Military College. Nellie is concerned that Leo may have been killed in action (He sleeps the sleep). Caroline consoles her (True love can never alter). They remain faithful and are uninterested in romantic opportunities with Andy and his friends (We are the Dudes). The ladies mock these advances in (Some day!). Leo, Captain Wellington Bloodswigger arrive with Wind (Smile again). Wind who puts on a performance of the Wind's Faerie Opera (Wind’s Faerie Opera). All sing (Glory and Victory) as the curtain falls. Musical numbers (original three-act version) Act 1 Scene 1 An inn in the Village of Dead-and-Alive. As the curtain rises, Gaspard, Bloodswigger, Leo, Quip, el al, are discovered about the table. Drinking Song (Gaspard) Socialism (Schouvaloff) The Bohemian (Gaspard) Glory and Victory (Bloodswigger) Scene 2 The Village Green. Farewell picnic to Leo The Red Sun Sinks to Sleep (Villagers) The Cross-cut Saw" (Bellows) Hie Away - Fly Away (Caroline) Farewell O Fragrant Pumpkin Pie (Leo) Act 2 Scene 1 The Gates of R. M. C, Kingston. Commandant and Students enter and face Leo Glory and Victory (students) Scene 2 The R. M. C. Court. The Court of the Bulldogs in full session. White sheets, masks with bulldog faces, headsman and axe, etc. Wind in night shirt, bound etc. The Bulldogs (Sheriff and student chorus) Judge's Song (Judge) The Resurrectionists Act 3 Outside the gates of R.M.C. Scene 1 The R.M.C Ensemble (Nellie and Maidens) I Met him in the Far-Away (Nellie) Though Thou Could'st Offer (Nellie) Maiden So Beautiful (Leo) First Love (Nellie and Leo) O Maidens Fair (Battalion Sergeant Major (senior cadet) and chorus of Cadets) The Royal Cadet (Battalion Sergeant Major (senior cadet)) I am Wind (Wind) Farewell (Leo, Nellie, Bloodswigger, Caroline) Scene 2 Three months later, Isamdula. The British tents by moonlight in the distance. The Days of Long Ago (Leo) The Moon is Bright (Leo) The Flag of Fatherland (Soldiers) Scene 3 Zululand, near Isamdula. Night. Enter Cetcho and Zulu warriors. The Stars As They Look (Cetcho) Scene 4 The village green in Dead and Alive. Nellie discovered sitting on a mound. He Sleeps the Sleep (Nellie) True Love Can Never Alter (Caroline, Nellie and Maidens) Glory and Victory! (All) Recordings 'Leo, The Royal Cadet: Recitative: Duet' Vocal Recital: Dibblee, Sally / Braun, Russell - (Le Souvenir - Canadian Songs for Parlour and Stage) See also List of Canadian composers Music of Canada References Brian Kennedy The Baron Bold and the Beauteous Maid: A Compact History of Canadian Theatre'' August 2006 Theatre Communications Group Scene 4 G. F. Cameron and Oscar Telgmann, Leo, the royal cadet 31-45 External links Cameron, George Frederick, 1854-1885 Leo, the Royal Cadet (microform) Kingston, Ontario George Frederick Cameron 'Leo, the Royal Cadet' Kingston, Ont. : s.n., 1889 1 microfiche (22 images) Nova Scotia Archives & Records Management Leo, the Royal Cadet microform (1889) Cameron, George Frederick, 1854-1885; Telgmann, Oscar F was filmed from a copy of the original publication held by the National Library of Canada Operas English-language operettas Royal Military College of Canada Operas set in Canada 1889 operas

30605502

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%20USC%20Trojans%20football%20team

1930 USC Trojans football team

The 1930 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1930 college football season. In their sixth year under head coach Howard Jones, the Trojans compiled an 8–2 record (5–1 in the Pacific Coast Conference, runner-up), and outscored their opponents 382 to 66. Schedule References External links Official game program: USC at Washington State – October 11, 1930 USC USC Trojans football seasons USC Trojans football

56152663

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20of%202017

Class of 2017

Class of 2017 is a 2017 Hindi web series created and produced by Vikas Gupta for Ekta Kapoor's video on demand platform ALTBalaji. The web series revolves around the lives of a few teenagers who get intertwined with drugs, sex, peer pressure and anxiety. The series is loosely based on Hip Hip Hurray. It is mainly available for streaming on the ALT Balaji App and its associated websites since its release date. Its sequel series Class of 2020 started streaming on ALTBalaji from 4 February 2020. Plot The series revolves around the lives of a few teenagers who get intertwined with drugs, sex, peer pressure and anxiety. It explores how they crumble and later overcome teenage problems while learning about life. Cast Anshuman Malhotra as Siddharth Krissann Barretto as Sarah Rohan Shah as Nikhil Adhish Khanna as Shaurya Kajol Tyagi as Swati Sarah Khatri as Riya Pooja Jadhav as Minnie Rohit Suchanti as Jai Deena Hasan as Amanda Jahangir Kakaria as Behzaad (Principal) Roopa Ganguly as Frida (Teacher) Sikandar Khan as Tiwari (Teacher) Rosemary Fernandes as The Bride, Payal Ma'am Gaurav Sharma as Amaan Ashish Chanchlani as Ishaan Episodes Episode 1: Kavita Ki Kahaani Episode 2: Behzaad Ka Aatank Episode 3: Baba Ki Booty Episode 4: The Younger The Better Episode 5: But That's Your Boob!!! Episode 6: Magic Pills Episode 7: Love Game Begins Episode 8: Lap Dance! Episode 9: Rose Day Episode 10: Humans Need Sex! Episode 11: Stop Being Slutty Episode 12: Rajma Chawal Episode 13: Mystery Man Episode 14: Bro's Before Hoe's Episode 15: Under My Pants Episode 16: Am I An Alien? Episode 17: Love is Chu@*#!#pa Episode 18: Superman Episode 19: Safety Net Episode 20: Season Finale: Bon Voyage Sequel Class of 2017's Sequel Series Class of 2020 series started streaming on ALTBalaji from 4 February 2020. References External links Watch Class of 2017 on ALT Balaji website 2017 web series debuts Hindi-language web series ALTBalaji original programming Indian drama web series Indian LGBT-related web series

72269214

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Snowden%20Jr.

Edgar Snowden Jr.

Edgar Snowden Jr. was an American 19th-century newspaper editor and state legislator in Virginia. He served in the Virginia Senate representing Alexandria, Fairfax and Loudoun Counties along with Thomas E. Taylor. He worked at his father Edgar's Alexandria Gazette newspaper. He was an organizing officer of the Manassas Gap Railroad. He served as an assistant postmaster. The Union Army used him and others as human shields on rail lines. His paper was pressured by Union authorities not to recognize the legislature in Richmond. Snowden was succeeded in the legislature by Henry Wirtz Thomas. He was involved with the Alexandria Library Company. Carrol H. Quenzel wrote a biographical sketch about him. References Year of birth missing Year of death missing 19th-century American newspaper editors Virginia postmasters Virginia state senators Editors of Virginia newspapers Politicians from Alexandria, Virginia American railroad executives

15803341

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Richards

Eugene Richards

Eugene Richards (born 1944) is an American documentary photographer living in Brooklyn, New York. He has published many books of photography and has been a member of Magnum Photos and of VII Photo Agency. He was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts. Early life and education Richards was born and grew up in Dorchester, Massachusetts. He received a BA in English from Northeastern University then studied photography at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, supervised by Minor White. Life and work During the 1960s, Richards was a civil rights activist and VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) volunteer. His first book was Few Comforts or Surprises (1973), a depiction of rural poverty in Arkansas. His second book, the self-published Dorchester Days (1978), set in Dorchester, Massachusetts is "an angry, bitter book", both political and personal. Gerry Badger writes that "[Richards's] involvement with the people he is photographing is total, and he is one of the best of photojournalists in getting that across, often helped by his own prose". Richards founded Many Voices Press to publish his books, beginning with Dorchester Days. He was invited to join Magnum Photos in 1978, where he remained until 1995, then rejoined in 2002 for three more years. He joined VII Photo Agency in 2006. He lives in Brooklyn, New York. Publications Few Comforts or Surprises: The Arkansas Delta. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973. . Dorchester Days. Wollaston, MA: self-published / Many Voices, 1978. Second edition, revised and expanded. London: Phaidon, 2000. . With an introduction by Dorothea Lynch and an afterword by Richards. 50 Hours. New York: Many Voices, 1983. . With Dorothea Lynch. Exploding into Life. New York: Aperture in association with Many Voices, 1986. . With Dorothea Lynch. Below the Line: Living Poor in America. Mount Vernon, NY: Consumers Union, 1987. (paperback); (hardback). Text ed. Christiane Bird, story researched by Janine Altongy. The Knife and Gun Club: Scenes from an Emergency Room. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1989. . 2nd ed. 1995. With Edward Barnes. Cocaine True, Cocaine Blue. New York: Aperture, 1994. (hardback), (paperback). New York: Aperture, 1996. . Americans We: Photographs and Notes. New York: Aperture, 1994. . Eugene Richards. Photo Poche series. Paris: Nathan, 1997. . Eugene Richards. Phaidon 55 series. London and New York: Phaidon, 2001. Text by Charles Bowden. Stepping through the Ashes. New York: Aperture, 2002. . With interviews by Janine Altongy. The Fat Baby. London: Phaidon, 2004. . A Procession of Them. University of Texas Press, 2008. . The Blue Room. 2008. . War Is Personal. 2010. . Red Ball of a Sun Slipping Down. New York: Many Voices, 2014. . The Day I Was Born. New York: Many Voices, 2020. Edition of 1000 copies. Exhibitions The Blue Room, Rencontres d'Arles, Arles, France, 2009 Eugene Richards: The Run-On of Time, George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York, 2017; Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, 2017/18 Awards 1981: W. Eugene Smith Grant from the W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund. 1987: Infinity Award: Photojournalism award from the International Center of Photography, New York, for Below The Line: Living Poor in America 1995: Infinity Award: Publication award, from the International Center of Photography, New York for Americans We 2014: Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism, Missouri School of Journalism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Collections Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts: 23 prints (as of 5 January 2022) Centre Pompidou, Paris: 4 prints (as of 5 January 2022) Fogg Museum, Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 6 prints (as of 5 January 2022) Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago: 2 prints (as of 4 January 2022) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts: 4 prints (as of 5 January 2022) Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri: 26 prints (as of 5 January 2022) Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.: 4 prints (as of 5 January 2022) Videos of Richards Lassiter, Kenneth T., Gary Bechtold, et al. Techniques of the Masters (videoconference, April 18, 1991). 1991. Richards, Eugene. Eugene Richards Photographer of the Year. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company, 1991. References External links "Eugene Richards portfolio", VII American photojournalists Magnum photographers 1944 births Living people Artists from Boston Northeastern University alumni Photographers from Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni

30908757

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone%20Accountability

Keystone Accountability

Founded in 2004, Keystone Accountability is a not-for-profit organization with locations in United Kingdom, South Africa, United States. Keystone's mission strives to improve the effectiveness of social purpose organizations. Using benchmarking surveys, feedback and analysis, Keystone consults on NGOs, international development agencies, and major foundations to plan, measure and report social change. In 2009, Keystone blended participatory evaluation and customer satisfaction to create a new methodology referred to as Constituent Voice. Past Projects Global Knowledge Partnership Evaluation (2007) The Rural Enterprise Development Initiative. (2007) East African Grantee Survey (2008) Grantmaker Performance Survey (2008) Networks Survey (2009) International NGO Survey (2010–2011) Social Investment Performance (2010) Southern Africa Grantee Survey (2010–2011) See also Philanthropy Social enterprise Social change Consultant NGO Socially responsible investing References International development agencies Organizations established in 2004

35815358

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek%20J%C3%B3%C5%BAwik

Marek Jóźwik

Marek Jan Jóźwik (born 10 April 1947 in Łódź) is a Polish former hurdler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics. He now works as a sports journalist and commentator for Telewizja Polska. He is also the president of the Polish Curling Association. References 1947 births Living people Polish male hurdlers Olympic athletes for Poland Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Łódź Skra Warszawa athletes 20th-century Polish people

20938460

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy%20Sandford

Teddy Sandford

Edward Albert Sandford (22 October 1910 – 13 May 1995) was an English footballer who played as an inside forward. During his professional career from 1930 to 1943 he represented West Bromwich Albion, Sheffield United, Morris Commercial and the England national football team. Career Sandford was born in Handsworth, Birmingham. As a youth he played football for Tantany Athletic, Overend Wesley, Birmingham Carriage Works F.C. and Smethwick Highfield. In October 1929, while still an amateur, he joined West Bromwich Albion, the club that his uncle Abe Jones had represented between 1896 and 1901. Sandford turned professional in May 1930 and scored on his senior debut in November of the same year when Albion beat Preston North End 3–2 in a Division Two match. During his first season, he was part of the Albion side that won promotion to the First Division and that also beat Birmingham 2–1 in the 1931 FA Cup Final. In November 1932 he won his only England cap, in a 0–0 draw with Wales at Wrexham. Sandford scored for West Bromwich Albion in the 1935 FA Cup Final. He joined Sheffield United for £1500 in 1939, before finishing his career with Morris Commercial F.C., retiring in May 1943. He died in Great Barr, Birmingham, in May 1995. References External links Englandstats.com profile 1910 births 1995 deaths Footballers from Handsworth, West Midlands Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands English men's footballers England men's international footballers Men's association football inside forwards West Bromwich Albion F.C. players Sheffield United F.C. players English Football League players

40915593

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder.org

Founder.org

Founder.org is a nonprofit foundation in San Francisco, California, United States that invests in student entrepreneurs. The organization features a company building program for student entrepreneurs at major research institutes and universities. Operated by a group of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs, Founder.org supports teams across various industries including sensors, sanitation, influencer marketing, biotechnology, health and transportation. Program The organization offers a program for student entrepreneurs, recent alumni and faculty from its partner schools. The organization has a mission statement of helping entrepreneurial individuals build successful companies while staying in school. The 8D Company Building Program aims to improve the odds that more young companies become successful. The program is composed of eight dimensions and challenges that support building a highly effective company. A class of 50 student companies are selected to participate in the 8D Company Building Program. Each team is provided a personalized 12-month engagement with an executive mentor, and has access to a network of industry advisors across a broad range of B2C and B2B sectors. Founder.org hosts an annual contest which provides $100,000 in grant funding to ten student companies. Members of the entering class of 50 teams receive $10K to $100K in seed grant money. Additionally, an investment fund is available to provide $250K - $2.5M in further capital for exceptional teams. Partner schools Founder.org partners with a number of colleges and universities which have innovation and entrepreneurship programs. Students who are enrolled in these schools and have founded companies are eligible to participate in the programs. In 2014, there are 24 partner schools in the United States and Europe including Carnegie Mellon University, CDTM – Center for Digital Technology Management, Drexel University, École Polytechnique, École Centrale Paris, EDHEC, ESCP Europe, Harvard Business School, Imperial College London, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Purdue University, Stanford University, Technische Universität Berlin, Technische Universität München, The University of Edinburgh, University College London, University of California at Berkeley, University of California, San Diego, University of California San Francisco, University of Cambridge, University of Pennsylvania and University of Texas at Austin. History Founder.org was founded in 2012 by the CEO & founder of Splunk, Michael Baum. It opened applications for the Class of 2014 in January 2013, and accepted its first ten companies in June 2013. The second Class of 2015 was increased in size to 50 companies and was accepted in June 2014. Investments Alongside seed grants, Founder.org invests additional capital into some of the startups in the program. As of September, 2014, the program had made 8 follow on investments. For example, the company participated in the round of energy intelligence startup, Verdigris Technologies. In some cases, the program will act as the lead investor in a round. Founder.org led the seed round of a Stanford-based influencer marketing startup, NeoReach and medical stethoscope, Eko. See also Y Combinator (company) Business incubator References External links Business incubators of the United States Companies based in Mountain View, California

17215913

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR%204900%20Class%204979%20Wootton%20Hall

GWR 4900 Class 4979 Wootton Hall

GWR 4900 Class 4-6-0 No. 4979 Wootton Hall is a steam locomotive. It was built at Swindon, February 1930, and was one of 258 Hall class steam locomotives constructed. Its first shed allocation was Plymouth Laira and after 32 years of service it ended up at Oxford. During this time it was allocated to sheds in Penzance, Tyseley, Severn Tunnel Junction, Cardiff Canton, and ended its days in the London Division of the Western Region of British Railways, based at Southall, Reading, Didcot and finally Oxford in July 1958. It was used for a variety of duties including fast passenger service and freight. It was withdrawn from service in December 1963 and acquired by Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales, in June 1964. Allocations & History The locations of 4979 on particular dates. (UNFINISHED) Preservation 4979 is one of several Halls salvaged from Woodhams' Scrapyard. It was sold to Fleetwood Locomotive Centre in Lancashire, and left as the 179th departure from Barry in October 1986. In 1994 it was purchased by the Furness Railway Trust and moved to storage at the Lytham Motive Power Museum. In March 2007 it was again moved to a new storage site at Appleby where, during its time at the Heritage Centre there, preventative maintenance was carried out to prevent further decay on the locomotive but the years of being by the sea air at Barry and Fleetwood has taken its toll. Once the FRT's new accommodation in Preston was completed, 4979 was moved from Appleby in October 2014, to the Ribble Steam Railway at Preston where restoration has since begun. The tender tank was almost immediately removed and is now sat in the yard awaiting eventual disposal (but remains as a template for the new tender tank). As many re-usable parts as possible have also been recovered from the remains of the tender frames for eventual re-use on the locomotives restored tender. The remains of the locos drag box have been cut away for replacement and a number of small parts from the loco are also being worked on. The long-term goal for the FRT is to restore the locomotives tender first and then when the tender is completed and funding has been raised, restore Wootton Hall to her former glory. References External links 4979 Railway locomotives introduced in 1930 4979 Locomotives saved from Woodham Brothers scrapyard Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain 4-6-0 locomotives individual locomotives of Great Britain

11288133

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Imp%20%28zine%29

The Imp (zine)

The Imp is a zine about comics that was written and published by Daniel Raeburn during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Each issue of the zine examined a single cartoonist or type of comic in depth, often incorporating interviews done by Raeburn with or about the subject. Raeburn frequently took an idiosyncratic view of his subject matter in The Imp; in the introduction to the first issue he wrote that "the fact that I don't know anything about comics can only help me to take them seriously." He frequently described his personal experiences with his subject matter in irreverent terms and gave detailed accounts of the people and places he encountered while doing his research, in the manner of gonzo journalism. The Imp is also notable for the unique design of each issue. The Imp #1 was published in 1997 and was devoted to the works of Daniel Clowes. The second issue appeared a year later and examined the religious comics of Jack T. Chick; it was designed in a format that mimicked Chick's own tracts and included a concordance of terms and concepts that appear in his work. The third issue, designed in imitation of a broadsheet newspaper, contained a series of essays and article about Chris Ware. It included a single-page insert of original comic strips about Ware drawn by other cartoonists. The fourth issue of The Imp, released after a long delay, examined extremely lurid Mexican historietas and their cultural and commercial context. It featured extensive full-color illustrations and an original painted cover commissioned from a Mexican comic artist. The expense of printing the issue, which raised its cover price to $20, resulted in a significant financial loss for its creator and brought publication of the series to an end. A fifth issue of The Imp devoted to the work of Ivan Brunetti was advertised in the back of issue #4 but was never released. In 2010 Raeburn made all four issues of The Imp freely available on his website. Issues #1 - The Fallen World of Daniel Clowes (1997) #2 - The Imp? (1998) #3 - The Smartest Cartoonist on Earth. (1999) #4 - ¡Historietas Perversas! Mexico's Addictive Comics (2002) External links Downloadable PDFs of The Imp on danielraeburn.com Review of The Imp #4 in City Pages Books about comics Magazines about comics Comics zines

5997974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Maceratese%201922

SS Maceratese 1922

{{Infobox football club | clubname = Maceratese | image = AC Maceratese logo.png | image_size = 150px | fullname = Associazione Calcio Dilettantistica S.S. Maceratese 1922 | nickname = Rata Pistacoppi | founded = 19222009 (refounded)2018 (revived as SS Maceratese) | ground = Stadio Helvia Recina,Macerata | capacity = 5,846 | chairman = | manager = | league = Eccellenza | season = 2022-23 | position = Eccellenza Marche, 10th | website = http://www.ssmaceratese1922.it/| pattern_la1=_red_stripes|pattern_b1=_red_stripes|pattern_ra1=_red_stripes| leftarm1=FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=FF0000|socks1=FFFFFF| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=| leftarm2=0000c0|body2=0000c0|rightarm2=0000c0|shorts2=0000c0|socks2=0000c0| }} Società Sportiva Maceratese S.r.l. (formerly Associazione Calcio Maceratese S.r.l. and Fulgor Maceratese S.r.l.) was an Italian football club located in Macerata in the Marche region. The club folded in 2017. Since 2018, another club, S.S. Maceratese 1922 (incorporated as Associazione Calcio Dilettantistica S.S. Maceratese 1922), became a successor, which use the same logo and color. History From U.C. Maceratese to A.C. Maceratese The club was founded in 1922 as U.C. Maceratese after the merger of the four main teams in the city: Helvia Recina, Macerata, Robur Macerata and Virtus Macerata. In the summer 2001 it has changed its name to A.C. Maceratese. In 2009 the club went bankrupt. From Fulgor Maceratese to S.S. Maceratese Thanks to Article 52 of N.O.I.F., in the summer 2009 the club was refounded as Fulgor Maceratese S.r.l. in Eccellenza Marche. In the summer 2010 it has changed its name with the current denomination: Società Sportiva Maceratese. In the season 2011–12 the club was promoted to Serie D after have won Eccellenza Marche. The club promoted to Lega Pro in 2015. However, during 2015–16 season Commissione di Vigilanza sulle Società di Calcio'' (Co.Vi.So.C.) found the club had a capital shortfall of €245,667 and other financial overdue. Initially could not renew the license to the professional league, the club won the appeal on 19 July 2016. The club did not enter 2017–18 Serie C and folded. Phoenix club It was reported that another club, Associazione Calcio Dilettantistica Helvia Recina Maceratese (or known as H.R. Maceratese), claimed as a successor since 2018. The club, likes the Stadio Helvia Recina, both named after Helvia Recina. In 2019 that club was renamed to Associazione Calcio Dilettantistica S.S. Maceratese 1922. The club also acquired the rights to use the colour and logo of the original club in the same year. Colors and badge Its colors are white and red. References External links Football clubs in Italy Football clubs in the Marche Macerata Association football clubs established in 1922 Association football clubs disestablished in 2017 Association football clubs established in 2018 Italian football First Division clubs Serie B clubs Serie C clubs Serie D clubs 1922 establishments in Italy 2017 disestablishments in Italy Phoenix clubs (association football)

1868162

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boog%20Powell

Boog Powell

John Wesley "Boog" Powell (born August 17, 1941) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a first baseman and left fielder from through , most prominently as a member of the Baltimore Orioles dynasty that won four American League pennants and two World Series championships between 1966 and 1971. The four-time All-Star led the American League in 1964 with a .606 slugging percentage and won the American League Most Valuable Player Award in 1970. He also played for the Cleveland Indians and the Los Angeles Dodgers. In 1979, Powell was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame. In a 17-season career, Powell posted a .266 batting average with 339 home runs, 1187 RBI, .462 slugging percentage and a .361 on-base percentage in 2042 games. Powell hit three home runs in a game three times, and was third only behind Eddie Murray and Cal Ripken Jr. on the all-time home run list. In 1983, Powell received five votes for the Hall of Fame (1.3% of all BBWAA voters) in his only appearance on the ballot. Powell currently owns Boog's Barbecue, which sells barbecue sandwiches, pit beef, and ribs in two locations: on Eutaw Street at Oriole Park at Camden Yards, and at Ed Smith Stadium, Sarasota, Florida, during the spring training season. Early life Powell was born in Lakeland, Florida; he played for that city's team in the 1954 Little League World Series. After his family moved to Key West when he was 15, Powell played at Key West High School and graduated in 1959. Powell received the nickname "Boog" from his father. As Powell explained, "In the South they call little kids who are often getting into mischief buggers (pronounced 'boogers'), and my dad shortened it to Boog." Career Baltimore Orioles Powell signed with the Baltimore Orioles; Jim Russo (the scout who signed him) was also the scout who would sign Jim Palmer and Dave McNally. Powell joined the Orioles after leading the International League in home runs at Rochester in . Powell spent his first three seasons in Baltimore as a slow-footed left fielder before switching to first base in . At the plate he was an immediate success, hitting 25 home runs in ; in he led the American League in slugging percentage (.606) while blasting a career-high 39 home runs, despite missing several weeks because of a broken wrist. Powell slumped to .248 with 17 home runs in 1965, then won the American League Comeback player of the Year honors in (.287, 34 home runs, 109 runs batted in) while being hampered by a broken finger. In 1966, Powell, along with Frank Robinson and Brooks Robinson, led the Orioles to the World Series, where they surprised the baseball world by sweeping the Los Angeles Dodgers in four games to become baseball's world champions. Before the 1968 season, Powell lamented, "once, just once, I'd like to go through a whole season without an injury", and he did just that, playing over 150 games each of the next three seasons. In 1969 he hit a career-high .304 with 37 home runs and 121 runs batted in, and in he was the American League Most Valuable Player, hitting 35 home runs with 114 runs batted in and narrowly missed a .300 average during the last week of the season. In the 1970 World Series, Powell homered in the first two games as the Orioles defeated the Cincinnati Reds in five games. Prior to the 1971 season, Powell appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated for the 1971 baseball preview issue. Powell helped Baltimore reach a third straight World Series that year, blasting a pair of home runs in game two of the 1971 ALCS against the up-and-coming Oakland Athletics, but he hit only .111 in the Series as Baltimore lost to the Pittsburgh Pirates in seven games. Later career Powell had been an American League all-star for four straight years (1968–1971). However, Oriole manager Earl Weaver believed in making liberal use of the platoon system; in 1973 and 1974, Powell fell victim to it, limiting his at-bats. He and Don Hood were traded to the Cleveland Indians for Dave Duncan and minor league outfielder Alvin McGrew on February 25 1975. Powell, again a regular with the Indians, batted .297 (with 129 hits) and 27 home runs (his best season since 1970), and a .997 fielding percentage. However, he hit only nine home runs in . He was waived by the Indians during spring training on March 30, 1977. His final season was 1977, as a pinch-hitter for the Los Angeles Dodgers. He hit .244 with no home runs and 5 RBI's. He was released on August 31, 1977. In popular culture In the 1970s and 1980s Powell appeared in more than ten different television commercials for Miller Lite beer, including a memorable one with umpire Jim Honochick. Playing on the theme of mocking umpires who make bad calls, the ad featured Honochick trying unsuccessfully to read the label on a beer bottle as Powell did the voice over. Borrowing Powell's glasses to bring the label into focus, and suddenly able to see who is standing next to him at the bar and providing the narration, Honochick exclaims, "Hey, you're Boog Powell!" Powell is mentioned in an episode of Cheers entitled Sam at Eleven. The fictional star of Cheers, ex-Red Sox reliever Sam Malone, relates his greatest moment in the Major Leagues: retiring Boog Powell in both games of a doubleheader. Powell is also mentioned in an episode of Bill Burr's Netflix original show F Is for Family. While searching for his wife after having an argument, Frank Murphy drives past a batting cage and hears the crack of the bat hitting a pitch. He then quips to his daughter Maureen, "That's either your mother or Boog Powell." Powell was very often referenced in episodes of "Mystery Science Theater 3000". Example: when a giant hand bursts through a window, Servo exclaims, "Hey, it's Boog Powell!" Current MLB announcer Jon Sciambi is nicknamed after him. See also List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders References External links Boog Powell - Baseballbiography.com American League All-Stars Baltimore Orioles players Cleveland Indians players Los Angeles Dodgers players Major League Baseball first basemen Sportspeople from Lakeland, Florida Baseball players from Polk County, Florida People from Key West, Florida 1941 births Living people Bluefield Orioles players Fox Cities Foxes players Rochester Red Wings players American League Most Valuable Player Award winners Key West High School alumni

51743480

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahad%20Ali%20Sarker

Ahad Ali Sarker

Ahad Ali Sarker (born 3 January 1952) is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and a former State Minister of Youth and Sports during 2009–2013. Early life Ahad was born on 3 January 1952. He has a B.A. degree. Career Ahad was elected to parliament in 2008 from Natore-2 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate. He is the vice-president of the Natore Awami League unit. In February 2016, his home in Natore was attacked by activists of Jubo League. On 9 July 2019, his rally was attacked by Jubo League activists. References Living people 1952 births Awami League politicians State Ministers of Youth and Sports (Bangladesh) 9th Jatiya Sangsad members Place of birth missing (living people)

15144458

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hpapun%20Township

Hpapun Township

Hpapun Township (, MLCTS: hpa.pwan.mrui.nay; ; ; also known by the Karen people as Mutraw or Bu Tho Township) is a township of Hpapun District in the Karen State of Myanmar. It lies on the border of Thailand across the Salween River. The central part of the township is bounded on the west by the Yunzalin River. Hpapun Township's administrative center is Papun. References "Forced Relocation Sites in Papun (Mu Traw) District, Karen State, Map by CIDKP Dec. 2000" in "13. Internally Displaced People and Forced Relocation" Facts on Human Rights Violation in Burma: 2002-2003, Online Burma/Myanmar Library Townships of Kayin State

4128597

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim%20Ali%20National%20Park

Salim Ali National Park

Salim Ali National Park or City Forest National Park is a national park located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It covered an area of 9.07 km2. Notified in 1986, the name of the park commemorated the Indian ornithologist Salim Ali. The park was converted into the Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar between 1998 and 2001 by Farooq Abdullah, the then Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir. His interest in Golf is very well known and encouraged him for the Golf course project next to Ecologically fragile Dal Lake. The park featured a wildlife species such as the hangul, musk deer, Himalayan black bear, leopard, Himalayan serow and 70 species of birds, including the paradise flycatcher, Himalayan monal, and Himalayan snowcock. References National parks in Jammu and Kashmir Memorials to Salim Ali Protected areas established in 1986 1986 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir

57323964

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield%20Downtown%20Commercial%20District

Mayfield Downtown Commercial District

The Mayfield Downtown Commercial District is a historic district in Mayfield, Kentucky which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The listing was increased in 1996. The original area included 77 contributing buildings; the increase added 21 more. It includes the Graves County Courthouse, built in 1888 at cost of $40,000, the fourth courthouse at the location. Many of the buildings in the district, including the courthouse, suffered major to catastrophic damage on December 10–11, 2021, as a long-track EF4 tornado directly hit the city. Of the 98 buildings listed in the district, only four remain standing. References National Register of Historic Places in Graves County, Kentucky Victorian architecture in Kentucky Neoclassical architecture in Kentucky Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky Prairie School architecture Early Commercial architecture in the United States Courthouses in Kentucky

47258517

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20French%20animated%20television%20series

List of French animated television series

This is a list of animated television programs that have been produced by France. It includes series made by France alone, as well as those produced in collaboration with various other countries. For live action French series, see: List of French television series. Adult Adventure Comedy Comedy-drama Fantasy Mystery/detective Pre-School Shortcom Spy Superheroes Supernatural/Sci-fi Western See also List of French television series Culture of France References Lists of animated television series Animated

1039180

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Sportage

Kia Sportage

The Kia Sportage is a lineup of sport utility vehicles manufactured by the South Korean manufacturer Kia since 1993 through five generations. Initially a compact SUV built on a body-on-frame chassis, the second-generation Sportage transitioned to a car-based platform which placed it into the compact crossover SUV class, and has been developed alongside the Hyundai Tucson. Since the fifth-generation model launched in 2021, Kia developed the Sportage in two sizes with different wheelbase lengths for different markets. The Sportage has been the best-selling Kia model globally since 2016 after surpassing the Rio. In 2018, the model reached the 5 million production milestone. , the Sportage is positioned between the Seltos or Niro and the three-row Sorento in Kia's SUV global lineup. First generation (NB; 1993) The first-generation Kia Sportage was developed with a Mazda Bongo engineering base platform. It shares many mechanical components such as the engine, transmissions (early versions), and differentials with the Mazda line of vehicles. This was during Kia's alliance with Ford and Mazda, which involved Ford/Mazda providing technology and Kia providing inexpensive manufacturing facilities for Ford Company. From 1995 to 1998, the Sportage was built by Karmann in Germany; European buyers received German-built versions in that period, while the rest of the world received South Korean-built versions. It was launched in Asia in July 1993 and European sales started two years later. The Sportage was sold in either a five-door SUV or a three-door soft-top convertible. Kia initially developed the wagon in standard length form, but in circa 1996, the company released an extended length version. This stretched model—mainly sold in Asian markets under the name "Sportage Grand", but also as the "Grand Wagon"—featured a longer body utilizing the same wheelbase, an increase in luggage capacity from , and the relocation of the spare wheel from the tailgate to underneath the floor. Kia offered three Mazda-sourced engines in the Sportage, beginning with the 2.0-liter FE DOHC inline-four gasoline unit producing and the 2.0-liter RF inline-four diesel rated at . Diesel-engined models were mostly restricted to European markets, as was the more basic single overhead camshaft (SOHC) version of the 2.0-liter FE gasoline inline-four. Delivering , this gasoline engine was available from 2000 onwards. In North America, the 2.0-liter FE DOHC engine produced and had optional four-wheel drive. The 1997 model year Kia Sportage was the world's first production vehicle to be equipped with a knee airbag. This first-generation model (1993–2002) sold in low numbers, even domestically in South Korea, and models after Hyundai's 1998 partial takeover of Kia (1997–2002) were recalled twice for rear wheels dismounting while driving. The first-generation Sportage was discontinued in South Korea in 2002, and in North America after the 2002 model year. By 2003, most international markets had discontinued the Sportage range, although it remained on sale in some developing countries until its second-generation replacement arrived in 2005. The Kia Sportage scored the lowest possible result in the Australian ANCAP crash tests – one star out of five. As well as a failure of the seat belts, the vehicle structure collapsed. Facelift Second generation (JE/KM; 2004) After a two-year hiatus, the Sportage returned in model-year 2005, sharing a Hyundai Elantra-based platform with the first-generation Hyundai Tucson. A 2.0 L straight-4 diesel engine was available in the United Kingdom. Fans of the original pre-Hyundai Sportage and critics complained that it was considerably larger than the original Sportage and had none of its off-road capability, the two keys to its success. However, buyers of the second-generation model were likely to favor the available V6, with 178 lb·ft of torque (241 N·m). Overall fit/finish and quality was noticeably improved over the first-generation model. A facelift model of the second generation was introduced in May 2008. From 2006, it was manufactured at the Žilina Plant in Slovakia. A second facelift was introduced in the UK in early 2009, only a few months after its first facelift. The Sportage was named as one of the most reliable vehicles from the 2009 Consumer Reports reliability survey. The Kia Sportage ranked second in the "20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure" list by Insure.com. According to research, the Sportage is one of the least expensive vehicles to insure. First facelift Second facelift Safety The second-generation Sportage earned a top rating of five stars in crash tests by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. However, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rated it only “acceptable” for frontal and side impact crash protection and “poor” for roof strength. Third generation (SL; 2010) The SL series Sportage was released to Asian and European markets in April 2010, the North and Central American markets in August 2010, and the Australian market in October 2010, for the 2011 model year. Two engines were available, a 2.0-liter Hyundai R diesel engine with , and a 2.0-liter Theta T-GDI gasoline engine. In China, it was released by Dongfeng Yueda Kia in October 2010 and called the Sportage R, and was to be built and marketed alongside the previous generation rather than as a replacement for it. The Sportage won the 2011 Car of the Year (originally "Auto roku 2011 na Slovensku") in Slovakia and "Truck of the Year" nomination of International Car of the Year. It was top of the JD Power Survey for 2012, the only car in the survey to score five stars across all categories, from mechanical reliability to ownership costs and the dealer experience. In South Africa, it took the 2013 Standard Bank People's Wheels Award for "SUVs and Crossovers – City & Suburban". Facelift The third generation received a facelift for the 2014 model year that included a new grille with a redesigned Kia logo, LED tail lights and redesigned alloy wheels. Safety Euro NCAP The Sportage in its standard European configuration received 5 stars from Euro NCAP in 2010. IIHS The third-generation Sportage received a "Top Safety Pick" rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety in the United States. Earning the award became tougher in 2010 when IIHS added the rollover crash test, which measures roof strength and is twice as stringent as the federal requirement. To pass this test, a vehicle's roof must be able to withstand the force of three times the vehicle's weight (acceptable rating). The federal standard requires a roof to hold 1.5 times the vehicle's weight. Fourth generation (QL; 2015) Kia unveiled its newly redesigned Sportage at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2015, and brought it to market in 2016 (as a 2017 model in North America). The company said the contrasting sharp edges and smooth surfaces were inspired by modern fighter jets. There are three gasoline engines, as well as one diesel engine in the line-up. The gasoline options are a 1.6-liter, 2.0-liter or 2.4-liter, offering around 97 kW/161 N⋅m, 120 kW/200 N⋅m and 138 kW/241 N⋅m respectively, while the diesel is a 2.0-liter turbo that will produce around 135 kW/400 N⋅m. A 130 kW/265 N⋅m 1.6 T-GDi turbo-gasoline with an optional seven-speed dual-clutch automatic, and a 136 kW/400Nm 2.0 R-Series diesel. Front- (FWD) and all-wheel drive (AWD) configurations are available. In North America, the new Sportage is offered with three trim levels (LX, EX, and SX). Much like the previous model, it is available with two inline-four engine choices, a naturally aspirated 2.4-liter and a turbocharged 2.0-liter. The 2.4-liter produces and , while the turbocharged engine makes and , with small differences in performance dependent on whether FWD or AWD is configured. Both engines are mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. Facelift Safety The Latin American Sportage has ventilated front disc brakes and solid ones in the rear. Latin NCAP The Korean-made Sportage in its most basic Latin American configuration with 2 airbags and no ESC received 0 stars from Latin NCAP in 2021 (similar to Euro NCAP 2014). Euro NCAP The Sportage in its standard European configuration received 5 stars from Euro NCAP in 2015. IIHS 2017 The 2017 Sportage received a "Top Safety Pick" rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 2022 The 2022 Sportage was tested by the IIHS and its top trim received a Top Safety Pick award: Awards The Sportage won the 2016 Red Dot Award for Car Design. Kia KX5 (Chinese version) In China, the fourth generation Sportage was sold as the Kia KX5, the third generation model was sold alongside as the Sportage R, while the Kia Sportage name was used on a separate model developed from the second generation Hyundai ix35 chassis and also sold alongside. The Kia KX5 received a facelift in 2019 conducted by Dongfeng Yueda Kia that would exclusively be sold in China only. Available from March 2019, the front fascia was completely restyled with headlamps integrated with the grille and the rear end of the KX5 was also slightly redesigned for the Chinese market. Despite the exclusively restyled exterior, the wheels of the Chinese version are the same as the ones on the international Kia Sportage facelift. Fifth generation (NQ5; 2021) The fifth-generation Sportage was unveiled on 8 June 2021, with specifications revealed in July 2021. Based on the brand’s latest N3 platform, Kia developed two versions of the Sportage with different body length and wheelbase depending on the market. The model is equipped with a Terrain Mode that automatically adjusts various settings depending on conditions, including snow, mud, and sand. It also features electric control suspension (ECS) on some models that provides continuous damping control in real-time. Hybrid and plug-in hybrid models will also feature an E-Handling system. lt is also equipped with a more compact shift-by-wire transmission dial for the automatic model. The vehicle has also been equipped with updated safety systems such as autonomous emergency braking (AEB), navigation-augmented adaptive cruise control, lane centring assist and advanced blind-spot collision-avoidance assistance system. For the long-wheelbase model, Kia claims the fifth-generation Sportage received an increased of legroom and of headroom, with overall dimensions at and respectively. Markets Europe The short-wheelbase, European-spec fifth-generation Sportage was announced in September 2021. It is shorter in length by , and shorter in wheelbase by compared to the international model. Other differences include the deletion of a window on the rear quarter panel, and a modified front fascia. For the European market, Kia offers several range of drivetrains that includes plug-in hybrid, hybrid, mild hybrid, and diesel engine. The PHEV version features a 1.6-liter four-cylinder T-GDi engine and a 66.9 kW permanent magnet traction electric motor with a 13.8 kWh lithium-ion battery. The whole system produces . The hybrid model with same T-GDi engine and a 44.2 kW electric motor paired with a 1.49 kWh battery and produces . The mild-hybrid model also uses the 1.6-liter T-GDI engine, which produces either or . The 1.6-liter four-cylinder diesel engine is available with an option of or of power output. A 7-speed dual-clutch transmission is available for the 1.6-liter while a 6-speed manual transmission is standard for all variants. All European models are equipped with Stop-and-Go technology. North America The long-wheelbase, fifth-generation Sportage for United States and Canada was revealed in October 2021 as a 2023 model year. It is locally produced in West Point, Georgia instead of imported from South Korea. The hybrid version is equipped with the T-GDi engine and a 44.2 kW electric motor combined with a 1.49 kWh battery that also delivers . It has an estimated range of and can be optioned with front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive with central differential lock. Australia The Australian market fifth-generation Sportage was released in November 2021. Imported from South Korea, it is available as a long-wheelbase model. Four variants are offered from launch, which are S, SX, SX+ and GT-Line. Available powertrain choices included a 2.0-litre petrol producing , 1.6-litre turbocharged petrol rated at and 2.0-litre turbo-diesel rated at . The base 2.0-litre petrol is front-wheel drive only with a choice of 6-speed manual or 6-speed automatic transmissions, while both the 1.6-litre turbo-petrol and 2.0-litre turbo-diesel engines are all-wheel drive models with 7-speed dual-clutch and 8-speed automatic transmissions for the petrol and diesel respectively. Powertrain Safety Euro NCAP The Sportage in its standard European configuration received 5 stars from Euro NCAP in 2022. IIHS The 2023 Sportage was tested by the IIHS and its top trim received a Top Safety Pick award: Sales The Sportage was Kia's best selling model worldwide in 2016, overtaking the Rio. References External links 2000s cars 2010s cars All-wheel-drive vehicles Cars introduced in 1993 Compact sport utility vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Front-wheel-drive vehicles Sportage Rear-wheel-drive vehicles ANCAP small off-road Euro NCAP small off-road Latin NCAP small off-road

14461914

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumston%20Hall

Cumston Hall

Cumston Hall is a historic community building at 796 Main Street in downtown Monmouth, Maine. Built in 1900, it is one of the most flamboyant examples of wooden Romanesque Revival architecture to be found in a small-town setting in the entire state. It was a gift to the town of Dr. Charles M. Cumston, and presently houses the local public library and local theatrical companies. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Description Cumston Hall stands prominently in the village of Monmouth, on the east side of Main Street (Maine State Route 132), opposite its junction with Blue Road. It is a large two-story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. A square tower, about in height, projects from the front right corner, rising to a pyramidal roof with small corner turrets. The exterior is festooned with applied woodwork, with grouped round columns supporting an arcaded ground floor. Upper floor windows consists of paired round-arch windows, with a Palladian-style three part window in a gabled projecting section above the main entrance. History Cumston Hall was completed in 1900 and is named in honor of Dr. Charles M. Cumston, a former headmaster at the English High School in Boston, who gave the Romanesque Revival and Queen Anne style building to Monmouth equipped with a library and auditorium. Cumston chose Harry Hayman Cochrane (1860–1946), a muralist who went to school in Monmouth, to design and decorate it. Cochrane's work is most noted in the cherubic portraits that adorn the ceiling and the intricate hand-molded plaster work that frames the walls, boxes, and proscenium arch of the stage. Today, Cumston Hall is the home of the Cumston Public library, the Theater at Monmouth, Monmouth Community Players, and many local activities. The theatrical productions staged here are a draw for people living outside of Monmouth to come and see this landmark. See also Monmouth Academy (Maine) National Register of Historic Places listings in Kennebec County, Maine References External links About Cumston Hall History of Cumston Hall Theater at Monmouth Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine Libraries in Kennebec County, Maine Public libraries in Maine Theatres in Maine Library buildings completed in 1900 National Register of Historic Places in Kennebec County, Maine

44757238

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20final%20del%20arco%20iris

Al final del arco iris

Al final del arco iris (English: At the end of the rainbow) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Ernesto Alonso for Canal de las Estrellas in 1982. It starred by Olga Breeskin, Martín Cortés, Magda Guzmán, Miguel Palmer and Úrsula Prats. Cast Olga Breeskin as Elsa Rivera Martín Cortés as Juan José Magda Guzmán† as Elvira Balmori Miguel Palmer† as Pablo Úrsula Prats as Alejandra Víctor Junco† as Federico Antonio Valencia as Esteban Angélica Chain as Myriam Ramón Pons as Mauricio Alba Nydia Díaz as Adriana Vicky de la Piedra as Guillermina Carmen del Valle as Estela Roberto Antúnez† as Asunción Susana Cabrera as Lucha Javier Ruán† as Leopoldo Rivera "El Pollo" Yolanda Liévana as Zuilma Ana Patricia Rojo as Caramelo Carlos Espejel as El Chicles José Chávez as Gregorio Pineda Carmen Cortés as Piedad Miguel Manzano† as Marcelo Eduardo Liñán as Luis Ernesto Samper Sergio Zuani as Filemón Awards References External links 1982 telenovelas Televisa telenovelas 1982 Mexican television series debuts 1982 Mexican television series endings Spanish-language telenovelas

46065580

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20S.%20Hyde

James S. Hyde

James S. Hyde (May 20, 1932 - August 13, 2022) was an American biophysicist. He held the James S. Hyde chair in Biophysics at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) where he specialized in magnetic resonance instrumentation and methodology development in two distinct areas: electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He is senior author of the widely cited 1995 paper by B.B. Biswal et al. reporting the discovery of resting state functional connectivity (fcMRI) in the human brain. He also served as Director of the National Biomedical EPR Center, a Research Resource supported by the National Institutes of Health. He was author of more than 400 peer-reviewed papers and review articles and held 35 U.S. Patents. He was recognized by Festschrifts in both EPR and fcMRI. Education and career Dr. Hyde was born in 1932 in Mitchell, South Dakota. He received his BS degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in physics in 1954. He continued his studies at MIT and received his PhD degree in solid-state physics in the laboratory of Professor Arthur R. von Hippel in 1959. He was employed that year by the Analytical Instrument Division of Varian Associates in Palo Alto, California. In this capacity, he has been credited with leading the evolution of EPR spectroscopy from applications in physics to applications in chemistry and biology. His colleagues at Varian were well known in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): M.E. Packard, Richard R. Ernst, W. A. Anderson, R. Freeman, which may have influenced his later research in MRI. In 1975 he was recruited by H. M. Swartz to join the faculty of the Medical College of Wisconsin. The partnership of Hyde and Swartz led to successful NIH funding of a Research Resource in EPR. Dr. Hyde later became involved in early TR&D research in the field of MRI through long-standing interactions between MCW and General Electric Medical Systems based in Milwaukee, WI. Dr. Hyde has mentored a number of PhD students who have successful academic careers in both MRI and EPR. Research in EPR While at Varian, Dr. Hyde and his colleagues extended the technique of electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), which had been introduced by G. Feher for the study of donors in silicon, to the liquid phase, to unordered solids, to flavoproteins and to copper proteins. He introduced the technique of electron-electron double resonance (ELDOR) for the study of spectral connectivity in fluids. He discovered a way to measure very slow rotational diffusion of proteins, and also introduced the EPR pulse technique known as saturation recovery for the measurement of electron spin lattice relaxation times of free radicals and spin labels in the fluid phase. At MCW, a key advance was a novel sample-containing structure which became known as the loop-gap resonator (LGR). It was an enabling structure for the extension of EPR spectroscopy to a range of microwave frequencies from 500 MHz to 140 GHz. In addition, the technique of saturation recovery was further developed across most of this range of microwave frequencies, which led to an extensive body of work on transport and cellular consumption of oxygen. Pulse experiments on oxygen transport at 90 GHz are particularly notable because of the small sample volume, about 20 nL. Research in MRI, fMRI and fcMRI In MRI, Dr. Hyde recognized that the LGR technology of EPR could be extended to radio frequency (RF) surface coils for improved diagnostic radiology. The principle was established that the best images were obtained by designing special RF coils with dimensions that corresponded to the anatomy that was of interest. He also introduced to MRI the first report on parallel acquisition of MRI data from multiple non-interacting surface coils. Gradient coils are required in order to make an image, and it was natural to consider use of a local gradient coil that was tailored to the anatomy of interest. A local RF coil inside of a local gradient coil was developed for the human wrist. The configuration was then extended to the human head, which led to one of the first papers on human functional MRI (fMRI). This paper was followed by several early fMRI neuroscience papers from MCW. Strong neuroscience at MCW based on reference Bandettini et al. led to the funding of a Program Project at MCW by the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Hyde served for 10 years as Program Director. The same equipment also was used in the discovery of MRI resting state human functional connectivity (fcMRI), a very heavily cited paper that led to the founding of a new journal: Brain Connectivity, and the funding of the Human Connectome Project. In current work, the basic coil design is being used by Dr. Hyde for fMRI and fcMRI studies of connectivity in rat brain at a field strength of 9.4 Tesla and a resolution of 200 microns in each dimension. Awards and recognition Fellow of the American Physical Society, 1975 Co-Chairman, XIII International Conference on Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, 1988 Doctoris Honoris Causa, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland, 1989 MERIT Award, National institute of General Medical Sciences, 1989 Bruker Prize of the Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom, 1989 Gold Medal Award, International EPR Society, 1993 Zavoisky Award, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 1995 Fellow of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1996 Gold Medal Award, International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1999 2002 Fellow of the International EPR Society Distinguished Service Awards, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2008 Fellow, ISMAR (International Society of Magnetic Resonance), 2008 MIT Club of Wisconsin Technology Achievement Award, 2009 Chair awarded: The James S. Hyde Professor of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2009 T. Michael Bolger Award, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2012 Personal Interests Dr. Hyde and his wife Karen are significant contributors to the building of Wisconsin art's reputation and were instrumental in the development of a new building for the Museum of Wisconsin Art, based in West Bend, Wisconsin.http://www.wisconsinart.org/ An award based in their honor was established in 2015 to recognize their contributions in this area. http://www.wisconsinart.org/exhibitions/gifts-of-the-hydes.aspx References External links James S. Hyde, Google Scholar Page Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin National Biomedical Electron Paramagnetic Resonsnce Center 1932 births Living people American biophysicists People from Mitchell, South Dakota Medical College of Wisconsin faculty Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni Fellows of the American Physical Society

40184970

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxyacetophenone

3-Hydroxyacetophenone

3-Hydroxyacetophenone is a chemical compound. It is a component of castoreum, the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature beaver. Related compounds Humans excrete small amounts of conjugated 2-amino-3-hydroxyacetophenone, a product of tryptophan metabolism, in the urine. The plant Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Asteraceae) contains an m-hydroxyacetophenone named viscidone. See also 4-Hydroxyacetophenone References Phenols Aromatic ketones

6169624

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Ludwig%20Doleschall

Carl Ludwig Doleschall

Carl Ludwig Doleschall (; ; born 15 July 1827 – died 26 February 1859) was born in Vág-Újhely, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (now Nové Mesto nad Váhom, Slovakia), as the son of the theologian Michael Doleschall, and died in Ambon Island, Moluccas, Dutch East Indies (today in Indonesia) only 31 years old. His name is sometimes also written as "Doleschal". He studied medicine at the University of Vienna and became a military surgeon for the Dutch army, stationed in Java in 1853. He studied invertebrates and plants extensively, and described many arachnids and insects, notably diptera. In 1852, he published the work Systematisches Verzeichniß der im Kaiserthum Österreich vorkommenden Spinnen. He spent the last half of his life mostly in the island of Ambon. He was visited by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in 1857. Shortly after Wallace left, he died of consumption on 26 February 1859. After his death his large collection of beetles went to the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest. References External links Nationaal Herbarium Nederland 1827 births 1859 deaths Hungarian entomologists Arachnologists 19th-century Hungarian physicians Hungarian expatriates in the Netherlands People from Nové Mesto nad Váhom Hungarian lepidopterists

11111619

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ambassadors%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20to%20Indonesia

List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Indonesia

The ambassador of the United Kingdom to Indonesia is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the Republic of Indonesia, and in charge of the UK's diplomatic mission. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia. The British Ambassador to Indonesia is also accredited to the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Ambassadors to Indonesia 1950–1953: Sir Derwent Kermode 1953–1956: Sir Oscar Morland 1956–1959: Dermot MacDermot 1959–1963: Sir Leslie Fry 1963–1966: Andrew Gilchrist 1966–1968: Horace Phillips 1968–1970: Henry Hainworth 1970–1975: Sir Willis Combs 1975–1978: Sir John Ford 1978–1981: Terence O'Brien 1982–1984: Robert Brash 1984–1988: Sir Alan Donald 1988–1990: William White 1990–1994: Roger Carrick 1994–1997: Graham Burton 1997–2000: Robin Christopher 2000–2004: Richard Gozney 2004–2008: Charles Humfrey 2008–2011: Martin Hatfull 2011–2014: Mark Canning 2014: Rebecca Razavi (acting) 2014–2019: Moazzam Malik 2019-2023: Owen Jenkins 2023: Matthew Charles Downing (acting) 2023–: Dominic Jermey References External links UK and Indonesia, gov.uk Indonesia United Kingdom

22044609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langsee

Langsee

Langsee or Längsee may refer to: Längsee (Kärnten), a lake of Carinthia, Austria Längsee (Tyrol), a lake of Tyrol, Austria Langsee (Schleswig), a lake in Angeln, Kreis Schleswig-Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany Langsee (Mecklenburg), a lake in the Rostock district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany

590319

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C4%B1p%20Sabanc%C4%B1

Sakıp Sabancı

Sakıp Sabancı (7 April 1933 – 10 April 2004) was a Turkish business tycoon and philanthropist. Biography He was the second son of a cotton trader and worked in his father's business without completing high school. He was the head of Turkey's largest business conglomerate and 147th richest man on the Forbes list of billionaires in 2004. He took over the family business with assistance from his brothers starting in the 1980s. The Sabanci Group of Companies operates in eighteen different countries and markets its products internationally. Currently, Sabancı Holding controls more than 60 companies, in textiles, tourism, automotives, chemicals, tobacco, cement, insurance and banking. The group also has partnerships with the Hilton Group, Bridgestone, Du Pont, Philip Morris, Bekaert, Heidelberg Cement, IBM, BNP Paribas, Dresdner Bank, Carrefour and International Paper. Sabancı Holding and ten other companies within the group are listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. In 2011, the consolidated revenue of the company was $13.4 billion. The Sabanci family holds a 60.6% share of the firm. Sakip Sabanci founded the Sabancı University in 1999. His collections of more than 320 Ottoman and Turkish paintings, statues and more than 400 examples of Ottoman calligraphy are exhibited at Atlı Köşk (The Equestrian Villa) at Bosporus in Emirgan, Istanbul, where he and his family lived for years, and which was converted into the Sakıp Sabancı Museum in 2002. He died of kidney cancer at the age of 71 and received a state funeral. Honorary doctorates Sabancı received honorary doctorates from following Turkish and American universities: 1984 Anadolu University, Eskişehir 1986 University of New Hampshire, New Hampshire, United States 1992 Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul 1993 Erciyes University, Kayseri 1997 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul Girne American University, Kyrenia, Cyprus Trakya University, Edirne Istanbul University, Istanbul 1998 Southeastern University, Washington D.C., United States 1999 Çukurova University, Adana 2002 Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale Awards He was awarded by various national and international institutions as listed below: 1979 "Golden Mercury Award" given to successful businessmen. 1987 Belgian "Ordre de Léopold II, Commander Class" by Belgian Prince Albert (now King Albert II of Belgium). 1992 Japanese "Order of the Sacred Treasure, Golden and Silver Star" from the Japanese Government. 1997 Turkish "State Medal of Distinguished Service" by the Turkish President Süleyman Demirel. 1997 "European Chrystal World Award" from the European Institute for Economy in Zurich, Switzerland. 1999 "Businessman of the Year Award" by the FABSIT (Friends of American Board Schools in Turkey) Foundation in New York City, USA. 1999 Turkish "Grand Prize of Culture and Arts" from the Ministry of Culture of the Turkish Republic. 2001 Turkish "Industry Technology and Quality Award" by the GYTE (Gebze Institute for High Technology). 2001 French "Légion d'honneur" from President Jacques Chirac for his contributions to the Franco-Turkish relationships in culture and business. Books He wrote books mostly on his experience in business life. Some of them are translated into English and Japanese language. The royalties from his books are being donated to Darülaceze (Almshouse) and Türkiye Spastik Çocuklar Vakfı (Turkey Foundation for Spastic Children). İşte Hayatım (This is my life), 1985 Para Başarının Mükafatıdır (Money is the reward of success), 1985 This is my life (English) 1988 Gönül Galerimden (From the galleria of my heart), 1988 Rusya'dan Amerika'ya (From Russia to America), 1989 Ücret Pazarlığı mı ? - Koyun Pazarlığı mı ? (Is it wage bargain or sheep bargain ?), 1990 Değişen ve Gelişen Türkiye (Turkey, Changing and Developing), 1991 Daha Fazla İş Daha Fazla Aş (More work, more food), 1993 Doğu Anadolu Raporu (Eastern Anatolian report), 1995 Başarı Şimdi Aslanın Ağzında (Success is now in the lion's mouth), 1998 İşte Hayatım (Japanese), 2000 Hayat Bazen Tatlıdır (Life is sometimes sweet), 2001 Sakıpname (Dedicated to Sakıp), 2002 ...bıraktığım yerden Hayatım; (My life from where I left off), 445 pp, . Her Şeyin Başı Sağlık; (Health first) 176 pp, . See also List of billionaires Adile Sultan Palace Sakip Sabanci, This is my life, 1985 The Sabanci Group In Brief Official website (English) Encyclopædia Britannica, Sakip Sabanci References External links Personal Website Sakıp Sabancı International Research Awards Sabancı Group of Companies Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 1933 births 2004 deaths People from Talas, Turkey Sabancı family Deaths from kidney cancer Recipients of the Legion of Honour Turkish art collectors 20th-century Turkish businesspeople Turkish philanthropists Burials at Zincirlikuyu Cemetery Turkish billionaires Deaths from cancer in Turkey Museum founders Recipients of the State Medal of Distinguished Service

10021497

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20State%20Route%20531

Washington State Route 531

State Route 531 (SR 531) is a short state highway in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It runs from west to east along 172nd Street between Wenberg County Park on Lake Goodwin to a junction with SR 9 in southern Arlington, with an intermediate interchange with Interstate 5 (I-5) in Smokey Point. The highway is the primary access point for the Arlington Municipal Airport and the Smokey Point retail corridor. SR 531 was created by the state legislature in 1991, using existing roads that were built in the early 20th century. Retail and housing development in the Smokey Point area triggered several expansion projects in the 1990s and 2000s to accommodate growing traffic volumes. The I-5 interchange was rebuilt and expanded between 2004 and 2010, including the addition of a loop ramp and a wider overpass. Its eastern terminus at SR 9 was converted into a roundabout in 2012. Route description SR 531 begins at the entrance to Wenberg County Park, a former state park located on Lake Goodwin. The highway travels north on a section of East Lake Goodwin Road, which continues around the south and west sides of the lake. At the north end of the lake, SR 531 turns east onto Lakewood Road, a rural two-lane highway that passes several suburban subdivisions. The highway wraps around the north end of Lake Ki and Cougar Creek and turns due east onto 172nd Street Northeast at an intersection with Forty Five Road. It continues across the rural community of North Lakewood, passing the Lakewood High School campus. The highway travels east over a set of railroad tracks into the city of Marysville, where it expands into a multi-lane road with sidewalks, bus pullouts, landscaping, a roundabout, and marked bicycle lanes. SR 531 passes several big-box retailers and apartment complexes before reaching a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-5, which marks the boundary between Marysville and Arlington. The overpass carrying SR 531 over I-5 is named the Oliver "Punks" Smith Bridge after a retired Arlington city councilmember who led calls for its reconstruction. The highway continues east into Arlington's Smokey Point neighborhood, passing several strip malls, a bus station, and government offices. In eastern Smokey Point, SR 531 travels through a roundabout and returns to its two-lane configuration as it passes an Amazon distribution center. It then passes through a light industrial area that surrounds the Arlington Municipal Airport, which lies immediately to the north. The airport's main runway lies directly north of the highway, with low-flying planes making their final approach over SR 531, and the complex is ringed by a gravel multiuse trail. The highway crosses another set of railroad tracks and the Centennial Trail at 67th Avenue, which continues into downtown Arlington. From the crossing, SR 531 begins its ascent up a hill, curving to the north along the edge of the Gleneagle housing development and golf course. The highway terminates at a roundabout with SR 9 near a gun range south of downtown Arlington. SR 531 is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), which conducts an annual survey on the state's highways to measure traffic volume in terms of average annual daily traffic. In 2016, WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of the highway is located in Smokey Point and carried an average of 24,000 vehicles per day. The least traveled section was near Wenberg County Park and carried only 1,900 vehicles. A short section of SR 531 between I-5 and Smokey Point Boulevard is designated as a minor route of the National Highway System. History Lakewood and its adjoining community of English were established in 1908 along an unpaved road to Arlington, which later became part of SR 531. The road once extended east from Portage Creek to the banks of the South Fork Stillaguamish River, but this section was removed from maps by 1940. As retailers moved into the Smokey Point area, sections of the road were widened and improved in the 1980s with contributions from private developers. SR 531 was designated as a state highway during the 1991 legislative session, but it was not transferred to state control until April 1992. WSDOT identified the highway's two-lane overpass over I-5 as a candidate for replacement using state funding, but the project was pushed back several times in the 1990s. After it was removed from the preliminary list of projects under the Nickel Program in January 2003, a citizens group was formed to lobby elected officials for the interchange replacement. By the end of the year, the group had successfully negotiated for $6.5 million in funds (equivalent to $ in dollars) to replace the overpass and plan for a future interchange replacement, sourced from various state and local jurisdictions. The project's budget was later increased to $9.2 million (equivalent to $ in dollars) using federal funds obtained by the state's congressional delegation. Construction of the new I-5 overpass began in August 2004 and was completed in December 2005, expanding the highway to six lanes and adding bicycle lanes and sidewalks. The old overpass, which had been built in 1968, was demolished in May 2005 after the completion of the new bridge's northern side. The new bridge opened in time to serve a new shopping center on the southwest side of the interchange, which contributed to an increase in traffic and collisions. The second phase of the project, a loop ramp channeling westbound traffic onto southbound I-5, began construction in March 2009 and was opened on August 28, 2009, six months ahead of schedule. The rest of the interchange project, including ramp meters and improved intersections, was completed in July 2010. The project's total budget was $33 million (equivalent to $ in dollars), but only cost $23.5 million to construct (equivalent to $ in dollars) due to cost savings in engineering and project bidding. The Nickel Program also funded several other projects on the SR 531 that were completed in the late 2000s and early 2010s. In 2007, a set of sidewalks were added to the highway near Lakewood High School and its adjacent elementary school in Lakewood. A roundabout at SR 9 was opened to traffic in November 2012, replacing a signalized intersection that had been the site of frequent collisions. A second roundabout was added at 23rd Avenue west of the I-5 interchange, using funds from a private developer to support their new shopping center and apartment complex. In the late 2000s, WSDOT also studied $57 million in traffic and safety improvements for the SR 531 corridor near the Arlington Municipal Airport, recommending that the highway be widened to four lanes and include bicycle lanes, sidewalks, and roundabouts at several intersections. Funding for the project was part of the Roads and Transit ballot measure in 2007, but the program was rejected by voters. In 2015, the state legislature allocated $39.3 million from the statewide transportation package to fund a widening project that is scheduled to be completed by 2026. Due to the anticipated increase in traffic caused by new industrial development in the area, a set of parallel reliever roads are also planned to be constructed in Smokey Point. A roundabout at 43rd Avenue Northeast and hard median in Smokey Point were completed by October 2022. Major intersections References External links 531 Transportation in Snohomish County, Washington

58736254

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Svedelius

Nils Svedelius

Prof Nils Eberhard Svedelius ForMemRS HFRSE (1873–1960) was a Swedish botanist. He was an expert on marine algae. Biography He was born in Stockholm on 5 August 1873 the second son of Carl Svedelius LLD (1861-1951), a senior judge in the Supreme Court of Justice, and his wife, Ebba Katarina Skytte, from the family of Skytte of Satra. In 1914 he married Lisa Thegerstrom (d.1955). He died on 2 August 1960. Career He studied Botany at Uppsala University under Prof Frans Reinhold Kjellman, gaining his first degree in 1895 and second in 1900. He began lecturing at the university after defending his doctoral thesis, Studies in the marine algae of the Baltic Sea, in 1901. He won a travelling scholarship and spent the academic year 1902/3 in Ceylon, studying marine algae mainly in the Galle region. He also visited Singapore and Java. He remained at Uppsala for his entire career, becoming professor in 1914 and retiring in 1938. Honours In 1944 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society. In 1955 he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Publications Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1928) (1943) References 1873 births 1960 deaths 20th-century Swedish botanists Scientists from Stockholm Fellows of the Royal Society Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

67572617

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20forktail%20snapper

African forktail snapper

The African forktail snapper (Apsilus fuscus), is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a snapper belonging to the family Lutjanidae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Description The African forktail snapper has a moderately elongated fusiform body with a mouth which reaches level with the anterior part of the eye. All of the teeth are bristle-like and the vomerine teeth form a v shaped patch. The space between the eyes is wide and convex in profile. The caudal fin is forked. The dorsal fin contains 10 spines and 10 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays. The upper body and flanks are dark brown, lighter on abdomen and cin and throat. This species attains a maximum total length of , although is more typical. Distribution The African forktail snapper is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean where it is found along the western coast of Africa from Mauritania to Namibia, including the Cape Verde Islands. It is rare in the northern part of its range and is very uncommonly caught off Senegal. There are claims of this species from the Indian Ocean but these are considered to be misidentifications. Habitat and biology The African forktail snapper is found at depths between , although it is typically encountered at depths in excess of . It is found over substrates consisting of rock or coral, frequently on reefs. It is found with either singly or in small aggregations. It is a predator with a diet made up of small fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods. It has been reported from estuaries in Nigeria and gatherings in relatively shallow waters, less than , off Ghana may be associated with seasonal upwellings. Systematics and etymology The African forktail snapper was first formally described in 1830 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes with the type locality given as Porto Praya in the Cape Verde Islands. When Valenciennes described this species, it was the only one in the genus Apsilus, meaning that it was the type species of that genus by monotypy. The specific name fuscus means "dark", “dusky” or “swarthy” and refers to the brown colouration of this fish. Utilisation The African forktail is regarded as being of potential interest to fisheries as it has good quality flesh. It is caught using handlines, set nets and bottom trawls and the catch is sold fresh. It is caught as a bycatch by commercial octopus fisheries. References African forktail snapper Fish of West Africa Fish of the East Atlantic Marine fish of Africa African forktail snapper

44410632

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20G.%20Hodge

Philip G. Hodge

Philip Gibson Hodge Jr. (November 9, 1920 – November 11, 2014) was an American engineer who specialized in mechanics of elastic and plastic behavior of materials. His work resulted in significant advancements in plasticity theory including developments in the method of characteristics, limit-analysis, piecewise linear isotropic plasticity, and nonlinear programming applications. Hodge was the technical editor of American Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Applied Mechanics from 1971-1976. From 1984 to 2000 he was the secretary of the U. S. National Committee on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, its longest serving Secretary. In 1949 he became assistant professor of Mathematics at UCLA, then moved on to become associate professor of applied mechanics at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1953, Professor of Mechanics at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1957, and professor of mechanics at the University of Minnesota in 1971, where he remained until he retired in 1991. After retirement he was professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota and visiting professor emeritus at Stanford University. Education Philip Hodge received a BA in mathematics from Antioch College in 1943. During World War II, he joined the US Merchant Marine, where he served throughout the war. Upon his return he earned a PhD from Brown University in Applied Mathematics in 1949, where he was a student of William Prager. Awards 2000 - ASME Daniel C. Drucker Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1987 - ASME Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1985 - Theodore von Karman Medal by the American Society of Civil Engineers 1984 - Distinguished Service Award by the American Academy of Mechanics 1983 - Euler Medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences 1975 - Worcester Reed Warner Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Memberships and fellowships Member of the United States National Academy of Engineering elected in 1977 Books Personal life Married Thea D. Hodge (née Theresa E. Drell) in 1943 and they have three children: Susan Edith Hodge, Philip Tully Hodge, and Elizabeth Muriel Hodge Kelly. Other Achievements 1982 Twin Cities Marathon, Winner Master's Division Men 60-69 References External links Personal Website: Philip Hodge's Personal Webpage: The Opera Nut Archive: University of Minnesota: Philip G Hodge Archive 1920 births 2014 deaths American mechanical engineers University of California, Los Angeles faculty New York University faculty Illinois Institute of Technology faculty Stanford University faculty University of Minnesota faculty Brown University alumni Antioch College alumni United States Merchant Mariners United States Merchant Mariners of World War II Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering ASME Medal recipients

8761450

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Blake%20%28scientist%29

Andrew Blake (scientist)

Andrew Blake (born 12 March 1956) FREng, FRS, is a British scientist, former laboratory director of Microsoft Research Cambridge and Microsoft Distinguished Scientist, former director of the Alan Turing Institute, Chair of the Samsung AI Centre in Cambridge, honorary professor at the University of Cambridge, Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge, and a leading researcher in computer vision. Education Blake was educated at Rugby School and graduated in 1977 from Trinity College, Cambridge with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics and Electrical Sciences. After a year as a Kennedy Scholar at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and two years in the defence electronics industry, he studied at the University of Edinburgh for a PhD, which was awarded in 1983 and supervised by Donald Michie. Career and research Until 1987 he was on the faculty of the department of Computer Science at the University of Edinburgh, as a Royal Society University Research Fellow. From 1987 to 1999, he was on the academic staff of the Department of Engineering Science in the University of Oxford, where he became a professor in 1996, and was a Royal Society Senior Research Fellow for 1998-9. In 1999 he moved to Microsoft Research Cambridge as senior research scientist, where he founded the Computer Vision Group. In 2008 he became a deputy managing director at the lab, before becoming laboratory director in 2010. From 2015-2018 he was director at the Alan Turing Institute. Since 2018 he has been the inaugural chair of the Samsung AI Centre in Cambridge. Honours and awards Blake was elected Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1998, Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2005 and an IEEE Fellow in 2008. In 2006 the Royal Academy of Engineering awarded Andrew its Silver Medal. He has twice won the prize of the European Conference on Computer Vision, with Roberto Cipolla in 1992 and with M. Isard in 1996, and was awarded the IEEE David Marr Prize (jointly with Kentaro Toyama for their paper on Probabilistic Tracking with Exemplars in a Metric Space) in 2001. In 2007 he was awarded the Mountbatten Medal by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). In 2009 he was awarded the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Vision Distinguished Researcher Award. In 2010 Blake was elected to the council of the Royal Society. In 2011, he and colleagues at Microsoft Research received the Royal Academy of Engineering MacRobert gold medal for their machine learning contribution to Microsoft Kinect human motion-capture. In 2012 he was elected to the board of the EPSRC and also received an honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the University of Edinburgh. In 2013 he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from the University of Sheffield. In 2014, Blake gave the Josiah Willard Gibbs lecture at the Joint Mathematics Meetings. Publications Markov Random Fields for Vision and Image Processing. 2011. MIT Press. (Ed.) Active Vision. 1992. MIT Press. Visual Reconstruction. 1987. MIT Press. References Computer vision researchers Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Academics of the University of Edinburgh Academics of the University of Oxford Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge Living people 1956 births British mathematicians British electrical engineers British computer scientists Fellow Members of the IEEE

64692735

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Scottish%20Conservative%20Party%20leadership%20election

2020 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election

2020 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election may refer to: *February 2020 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election August 2020 Scottish Conservative Party leadership election

21859158

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Blaszczak

Simon Blaszczak

Simon Blaszczak (born August 20, 1983) is a former professional Canadian football wide receiver. He went undrafted in the 2009 CFL Draft. He played CIS football for the Manitoba Bisons. Blaszczak was also a member of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers but was cut following training camp and returned to college. External links Manitoba Bisons bio 1983 births Living people Canadian football slotbacks Manitoba Bisons football players Players of Canadian football from Manitoba Canadian football people from Winnipeg Winnipeg Blue Bombers players

38570862

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas9

Cas9

Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9, formerly called Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) is a 160 kilodalton protein which plays a vital role in the immunological defense of certain bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids, and is heavily utilized in genetic engineering applications. Its main function is to cut DNA and thereby alter a cell's genome. The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was a significant contributor to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 being awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna. More technically, Cas9 is a dual RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme associated with the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) adaptive immune system in Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes utilizes CRISPR to memorize and Cas9 to later interrogate and cleave foreign DNA, such as invading bacteriophage DNA or plasmid DNA. Cas9 performs this interrogation by unwinding foreign DNA and checking for sites complementary to the 20 nucleotide spacer region of the guide RNA (gRNA). If the DNA substrate is complementary to the guide RNA, Cas9 cleaves the invading DNA. In this sense, the CRISPR-Cas9 mechanism has a number of parallels with the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism in eukaryotes. Apart from its original function in bacterial immunity, the Cas9 protein has been heavily utilized as a genome engineering tool to induce site-directed double-strand breaks in DNA. These breaks can lead to gene inactivation or the introduction of heterologous genes through non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination respectively in many laboratory model organisms. Research on the development of various cas9 variants has been a promising way of overcoming the limitation of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Some examples include Cas9 nickase (Cas9n), a variant that induces single-stranded breaks (SSBs) or variants recognizing different PAM sequences. Alongside zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) proteins, Cas9 is becoming a prominent tool in the field of genome editing. Cas9 has gained traction in recent years because it can cleave nearly any sequence complementary to the guide RNA. Because the target specificity of Cas9 stems from the guide RNA:DNA complementarity and not modifications to the protein itself (like TALENs and zinc fingers), engineering Cas9 to target new DNA is straightforward. Versions of Cas9 that bind but do not cleave cognate DNA can be used to locate transcriptional activator or repressors to specific DNA sequences in order to control transcriptional activation and repression. Native Cas9 requires a guide RNA composed of two disparate RNAs that associate – the CRISPR RNA (crRNA), and the trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA). Cas9 targeting has been simplified through the engineering of a chimeric single guide RNA (chiRNA). Scientists have suggested that Cas9-based gene drives may be capable of editing the genomes of entire populations of organisms. In 2015, Cas9 was used to modify the genome of human embryos for the first time. CRISPR-mediated immunity To survive in a variety of challenging, inhospitable habitats that are filled with bacteriophages, bacteria and archaea have evolved methods to evade and fend off predatory viruses. This includes the CRISPR system of adaptive immunity. In practice, CRISPR/Cas systems act as self-programmable restriction enzymes. CRISPR loci are composed of short, palindromic repeats that occur at regular intervals composed of alternate CRISPR repeats and variable CRISPR spacers between 24 and 48 nucleotides long. These CRISPR loci are usually accompanied by adjacent CRISPR-associated (cas) genes. In 2005, it was discovered by three separate groups that the spacer regions were homologous to foreign DNA elements, including plasmids and viruses. These reports provided the first biological evidence that CRISPRs might function as an immune system. Cas9 has been used often as a genome-editing tool. Cas9 has been used in recent developments in preventing viruses from manipulating hosts' DNA. Since the CRISPR-Cas9 was developed from bacterial genome systems, it can be used to target the genetic material in viruses. The use of the enzyme Cas9 can be a solution to many viral infections. Cas9 possesses the ability to target specific viruses by the targeting of specific strands of the viral genetic information. More specifically the Cas9 enzyme targets certain sections of the viral genome that prevents the virus from carrying out its normal function. Cas9 has also been used to disrupt the detrimental strand of DNA and RNA that cause diseases and mutated strands of DNA. Cas9 has already showed promise in disrupting the effects of HIV-1. Cas9 has been shown to suppress the expression of the long terminal repeats in HIV-1. When introduced into the HIV-1 genome Cas9 has shown the ability to mutate strands of HIV-1. Cas9 has also been used in the treatment of Hepatitis B through targeting of the ends of certain of long terminal repeats in the Hepatitis B viral genome. Cas9 has been used to repair the mutations causing cataracts in mice. CRISPR-Cas systems are divided into three major types (type I, type II, and type III) and twelve subtypes, which are based on their genetic content and structural differences. However, the core defining features of all CRISPR-Cas systems are the cas genes and their proteins: cas1 and cas2 are universal across types and subtypes, while cas3, cas9, and cas10 are signature genes for type I, type II, and type III, respectively. CRISPR-Cas defense stages Adaptation Adaptation involves recognition and integration of spacers between two adjacent repeats in the CRISPR locus. The "Protospacer" refers to the sequence on the viral genome that corresponds to the spacer. A short stretch of conserved nucleotides exists proximal to the protospacer, which is called the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). The PAM is a recognition motif that is used to acquire the DNA fragment. In type II, Cas9 recognizes the PAM during adaptation in order to ensure the acquisition of functional spacers. Loss of spacers and even groups of several have also been observed by Aranaz et al. 2004 and Pourcel et al. 2007. This probably occurs through homologous recombination of the between-repeat material. CRISPR processing/biogenesis CRISPR expression includes the transcription of a primary transcript called a CRISPR RNA (pre-crRNA), which is transcribed from the CRISPR locus by RNA polymerase. Specific endoribonucleases then cleave the pre-crRNAs into small CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). Interference/immunity Interference involves the crRNAs within a multi-protein complex called CASCADE, which can recognize and specifically base-pair with regions of inserting complementary foreign DNA. The crRNA-foreign nucleic acid complex is then cleaved, however if there are mismatches between the spacer and the target DNA, or if there are mutations in the PAM, then cleavage will not be initiated. In the latter scenario, the foreign DNA is not targeted for attack by the cell, thus the replication of the virus proceeds and the host is not immune to viral infection. The interference stage can be mechanistically and temporally distinct from CRISPR acquisition and expression, yet for complete function as a defense system, all three phases must be functional. Stage 1: CRISPR spacer integration. Protospacers and protospacer-associated motifs (shown in red) are acquired at the "leader" end of a CRISPR array in the host DNA. The CRISPR array is composed of spacer sequences (shown in colored boxes) flanked by repeats (black diamonds). This process requires Cas1 and Cas2 (and Cas9 in type II), which are encoded in the cas locus, which are usually located near the CRISPR array. Stage 2: CRISPR expression. Pre-crRNA is transcribed starting at the leader region by the host RNA polymerase and then cleaved by Cas proteins into smaller crRNAs containing a single spacer and a partial repeat (shown as hairpin structure with colored spacers). Stage 3: CRISPR interference. crRNA with a spacer that has strong complementarity to the incoming foreign DNA begins a cleavage event (depicted with scissors), which requires Cas proteins. DNA cleavage interferes with viral replication and provides immunity to the host. The interference stage can be functionally and temporarily distinct from CRISPR acquisition and expression (depicted by white line dividing the cell). Transcription deactivation using dCas9 dCas9, also referred to as endonuclease deficient Cas9 can be utilized to edit gene expression when applied to the transcription binding site of the desired section of a gene. The optimal function of dCas9 is attributed to its mode of action. Gene expression is inhibited when nucleotides are no longer added to the RNA chain and therefore terminating elongation of that chain, and as a result affects the transcription process. This process occurs when dCas9 is mass-produced so it is able to affect the most genes at any given time via a sequence specific guide RNA molecule. Since dCas9 appears to down regulate gene expression, this action is amplified even more when it is used in conjunction with repressive chromatin modifier domains. The dCas9 protein has other functions outside of the regulation of gene expression. A promoter can be added to the dCas9 protein which allows them to work with each other to become efficient at beginning or stopping transcription at different sequences along a strand of DNA. These two proteins are specific in where they act on a gene. This is prevalent in certain types of prokaryotes when a promoter and dCas9 align themselves together to impede the ability of elongation of polymer of nucleotides coming together to form a transcribed piece of DNA. Without the promoter, the dCas9 protein does not have the same effect by itself or with a gene body. When examining the effects of repression of transcription further, H3K27, an amino acid component of a histone, becomes methylated through the interaction of dCas9 and a peptide called FOG1. Essentially, this interaction causes gene repression on the C + N terminal section of the amino acid complex at the specific junction of the gene, and as a result, terminates transcription. dCas9 also proves to be efficient when it comes to altering certain proteins that can create diseases. When the dCas9 attaches to a form of RNA called guide-RNA, it prevents the proliferation of repeating codons and DNA sequences that might be harmful to an organism's genome. Essentially, when multiple repeat codons are produced, it elicits a response, or recruits an abundance of dCas9 to combat the overproduction of those codons and results in the shut-down of transcription. dCas9 works synergistically with gRNA and directly affects the DNA polymerase II from continuing transcription. Further explanation of how the dCas9 protein works can be found in their utilization of plant genomes by the regulation of gene production in plants to either increase or decrease certain characteristics. The CRISPR-CAS9 system has the ability to either upregulate or downregulate genes. The dCas9 proteins are a component of the CRISPR-CAS9 system and these proteins can repress certain areas of a plant gene. This happens when dCAS9 binds to repressor domains, and in the case of the plants, deactivation of a regulatory gene such as AtCSTF64, does occur. Bacteria are another focus of the usage of dCas9 proteins as well. Since eukaryotes have a larger DNA makeup and genome; the much smaller bacteria are easy to manipulate. As a result, eukaryotes use dCas9 to inhibit RNA polymerase from continuing the process of transcription of genetic material. Structural and biochemical studies Crystal structure Cas9 features a bi-lobed architecture with the guide RNA nestled between the alpha-helical lobe (blue) and the nuclease lobe (cyan, orange, and gray). These two lobes are connected through a single bridge helix. There are two nuclease domains located in the multi-domain nuclease lobe, the RuvC (gray) which cleaves the non-target DNA strand, and the HNH nuclease domain (cyan) that cleaves the target strand of DNA. The RuvC domain is encoded by sequentially disparate sites that interact in the tertiary structure to form the RuvC cleavage domain (See right figure). A key feature of the target DNA is that it must contain a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) consisting of the three-nucleotide sequence- NGG. This PAM is recognized by the PAM-interacting domain (PI domain, orange) located near the C-terminal end of Cas9. Cas9 undergoes distinct conformational changes between the apo, guide RNA bound, and guide RNA:DNA bound states. Cas9 recognizes the stem-loop architecture inherent in the CRISPR locus, which mediates the maturation of crRNA-tracrRNA ribonucleoprotein complex. Cas9 in complex with CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) further recognizes and degrades the target dsDNA. In the co-crystal structure shown here, the crRNA-tracrRNA complex is replaced by a chimeric single-guide RNA (sgRNA, in red) which has been proved to have the same function as the natural RNA complex. The sgRNA base paired with target ssDNA is anchored by Cas9 as a T-shaped architecture. This crystal structure of the DNA-bound Cas9 enzyme reveals distinct conformational changes in the alpha-helical lobe with respect to the nuclease lobe, as well as the location of the HNH domain. The protein consists of a recognition lobe (REC) and a nuclease lobe (NUC). All regions except the HNH form tight interactions with each other and sgRNA-ssDNA complex, while the HNH domain forms few contacts with the rest of the protein. In another conformation of Cas9 complex observed in the crystal, the HNH domain is not visible. These structures suggest the conformational flexibility of HNH domain. To date, at least three crystal structures have been studied and published. One representing a conformation of Cas9 in the apo state, and two representing Cas9 in the DNA bound state. Interactions with sgRNA In sgRNA-Cas9 complex, based on the crystal structure, REC1, BH and PI domains have important contacts with backbone or bases in both repeat and spacer region. Several Cas9 mutants including REC1 or REC2 domains deletion and residues mutations in BH have been tested. REC1 and BH related mutants show lower or none activity compared with wild type, which indicate these two domains are crucial for the sgRNA recognition at repeat sequence and stabilization of the whole complex. Although the interactions between spacer sequence and Cas9 as well as PI domain and repeat region need further studies, the co-crystal demonstrates clear interface between Cas9 and sgRNA. DNA cleavage Previous sequence analysis and biochemical studies have posited that Cas9 contains two nuclease domains: an McrA-like HNH nuclease domain and a RuvC-like nuclease domain. These HNH and RuvC-like nuclease domains are responsible for cleavage of the complementary/target and non-complementary/non-target DNA strands, respectively. Despite low sequence similarity, the sequence similar to RNase H has a RuvC fold (one member of RNase H family) and the HNH region folds as T4 Endo VII (one member of HNH endonuclease family). Wild-type S. pyogenes Cas9 requires magnesium (Mg2+) cofactors for the RNA-mediated DNA cleavage; however, Cas9 has been shown to exhibit varying levels of activity in the presence of other divalent metal ions. For instance, Cas9 in the presence of manganese (Mn2+) has been shown to be capable of RNA-independent DNA cleavage. The kinetics of DNA cleavage by Cas9 have been of great interest to the scientific community, as this data provides insight into the intricacies of the reaction. While the cleavage of DNA by RNA-bound Cas9 has been shown to be relatively rapid (k ≥ 700 s−1), the release of the cleavage products is very slow (t1/2 = ln(2)/k ≈ 43–91 h), essentially rendering Cas9 a single-turnover enzyme. Additional studies regarding the kinetics of Cas9 have shown engineered Cas9 to be effective in reducing off-target effects by modifying the rate of the reaction. The cleavage efficiency of Cas9 depends on numerous factors. A key requirement is the presence of a valid PAM at the non-target strand 3 nucleotides downstream from the cleavage site. The canonical PAM sequence for S. Pyogenes Cas9 is NGG, but alternative motifs are tolerated with lower cleavage activity. The most efficient alternative PAM motifs for the wild-type S. Pyogenes Cas9 are NAG and NGA. The sequence composition at the target DNA site complementary to the 20 nucletode spacer region of the gRNA also affects cleavage efficiency. The most relevant nucleotide composition properties that impact efficiency are those in the PAM-proximal region. Free energy changes of nucleic acids are also highly relevant in defining cleavage activity. Guide RNAs that bind to the DNA forming a duplex that falls into a restricted range of binding free energy changes that excludes extremely weak or stable bindings generally perform efficiently. Stable guide RNA folding conformations can also impair cleavage. Problems bacteria pose to Cas9 editing Most archaea and bacteria stubbornly refuse to allow a Cas9 to edit their genome. This is because they can attach foreign DNA, that does not affect them, into their genome. Another way that these cells defy Cas9 is by process of restriction modification (RM) system. When a bacteriophage enters a bacteria or archaea cell it is targeted by the RM system. The RM system then cuts the bacteriophages DNA into separate pieces by restriction enzymes and uses endonucleases to further destroy the strands of DNA. This poses a problem to Cas9 editing because the RM system also targets the foreign genes added by the Cas9 process. Applications of Cas9 to transcription tuning Interference of transcription by dCas9 Due to the unique ability of Cas9 to bind to essentially any complement sequence in any genome, researchers wanted to use this enzyme to repress transcription of various genomic loci. To accomplish this, the two crucial catalytic residues of the RuvC and HNH domain can be mutated to alanine abolishing all endonuclease activity of Cas9. The resulting protein coined 'dead' Cas9 or 'dCas9' for short, can still tightly bind to dsDNA. This catalytically inactive Cas9 variant has been used for both mechanistic studies into Cas9 DNA interrogative binding and as a general programmable DNA binding RNA-Protein complex. The interaction of dCas9 with target dsDNA is so tight that high molarity urea protein denaturant can not fully dissociate the dCas9 RNA-protein complex from dsDNA target. dCas9 has been targeted with engineered single guide RNAs to transcription initiation sites of any loci where dCas9 can compete with RNA polymerase at promoters to halt transcription. Also, dCas9 can be targeted to the coding region of loci such that inhibition of RNA Polymerase occurs during the elongation phase of transcription. In Eukaryotes, silencing of gene expression can be extended by targeting dCas9 to enhancer sequences, where dCas9 can block assembly of transcription factors leading to silencing of specific gene expression. Moreover, the guide RNAs provided to dCas9 can be designed to include specific mismatches to its complementary cognate sequence that will quantitatively weaken the interaction of dCas9 for its programmed cognate sequence allowing a researcher to tune the extent of gene silencing applied to a gene of interest. This technology is similar in principle to RNAi such that gene expression is being modulated at the RNA level. However, the dCas9 approach has gained much traction as there exist less off-target effects and in general larger and more reproducible silencing effects through the use of dCas9 compared to RNAi screens. Furthermore, because the dCas9 approach to gene silencing can be quantitatively controlled, a researcher can now precisely control the extent to which a gene of interest is repressed allowing more questions about gene regulation and gene stoichiometry to be answered. Beyond direct binding of dCas9 to transcriptionally sensitive positions of loci, dCas9 can be fused to a variety of modulatory protein domains to carry out a myriad of functions. Recently, dCas9 has been fused to chromatin remodeling proteins (HDACs/HATs) to reorganize the chromatin structure around various loci. This is important in targeting various eukaryotic genes of interest as heterochromatin structures hinder Cas9 binding. Furthermore, because Cas9 can react to heterochromatin, it is theorized that this enzyme can be further applied to studying the chromatin structure of various loci. Additionally, dCas9 has been employed in genome wide screens of gene repression. By employing large libraries of guide RNAs capable of targeting thousands of genes, genome wide genetic screens using dCas9 have been conducted. Another method for silencing transcription with Cas9 is to directly cleave mRNA products with the catalytically active Cas9 enzyme. This approach is made possible by hybridizing ssDNA with a PAM complement sequence to ssRNA allowing for a dsDNA-RNA PAM site for Cas9 binding. This technology makes available the ability to isolate endogenous RNA transcripts in cells without the need to induce chemical modifications to RNA or RNA tagging methods. Transcription activation by dCas9 fusion proteins In contrast to silencing genes, dCas9 can also be used to activate genes when fused to transcription activating factors. These factors include subunits of bacterial RNA Polymerase II and traditional transcription factors in eukaryotes. Recently, genome-wide screens of transcription activation have also been accomplished using dCas9 fusions named 'CRISPRa' for activation. See also DCas9 activation system CRISPR CRISPR gene editing Genome editing Zinc finger nuclease Transcription activator-like effector nuclease References Further reading External links Enzymes Genetic engineering Repetitive DNA sequences Immune system Bacterial proteins Genome editing

44940675

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickard%20S%C3%B6derberg

Rickard Söderberg

John Rickard Söderberg (born 10 April 1975) in Snöstorp, Halland, is a Swedish tenor, singer and debater. Early life and education Söderberg started as a pianist and had studied playing at the Music College of Gothenburg University. He started his singing career after he began studying opera at Operacademy at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark. Even before he had finished his studies he had made opera debuts on stages in Denmark, Sweden and Germany. After this he has continued his opera career at both smaller and bigger operahouses and today sings in Europe, US and Africa. Career Söderberg is known for his interpretations of baroque music, Mozart and Wagner, in roles such as Idomeneo, don Ottavio, Lurcanio, Oronte and Loge. Earlier he has also sung major roles such as Count Almaviva, Lensky, Rodolfo and don José. In 2005 he had the lead role in a modern interpretation of the opera Temistocle by Johann Christian Bach. During the summer of the same year Söderberg made his writing debut at the Drottningholm Palace Theatre as Oronte in the opera Alcina along with Anne Sofie von Otter and Christine Schäffer. In 2007 he had the lead role in L'Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi and in 2012 the lead role in Orlando paladino by Joseph Haydn. During 2011 he was part of Värmlandsoperan's interpretation of Wagner's Ring in the role as Loge. At Malmö Opera, Söderberg has played the role of Idomeneo along with Malena Ernman. He has also had roles in The Rake's Progress, Dialogues of the Carmelites, Madama Butterfly, The Tales of Hoffmann, The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni, Elijah and Let's make an Opera by Benjamin Britten. In 2013 he participated in the TV4 show Körslaget, being the leader of the choir from Halmstad. He finished third in the show. Söderberg in a duet with Elize Ryd has participated in Melodifestivalen 2015 in hopes of representing Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 in Vienna, Austria, but their song did not qualify. Söderberg participated in Let's Dance 2016 which was broadcast on TV4. LGBT activist Söderberg is known for his work on LGBT issues. In the summer of 2013 Söderberg wrote an article where he demanded that the Swedish Embassy in Moscow would raise a rainbow flag during the Stockholm Pride festival. After some pressure on social media Söderberg was invited by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs to come to them to discuss the matter. Music Singles "Although It's Been Said Many Times, Many Ways" (2010) Albums The Perfect Man (2008) Castrato Arias – Uncut Edition (2009) Make the Yuletide Gay (2016) References External links 1975 births Living people Swedish tenors Musicians from Halmstad Singers from Halmstad Swedish LGBT rights activists Swedish LGBT singers Swedish gay musicians Gay singers 21st-century Swedish male singers 20th-century Swedish LGBT people 21st-century Swedish LGBT people Melodifestivalen contestants of 2015

46385908

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Jannon

Jean Jannon

Jean Jannon (died 20 December 1658) was a French Protestant printer, type designer, punchcutter and typefounder active in Sedan in the seventeenth century. He was a reasonably prolific printer by contemporary standards, printing several hundred books. Career Jannon began his career as a printer, first attested in Paris, where he apparently worked for the Estienne family in his early career, and then in Sedan. He mentions in one preface of hearing of the early history of printing in Mainz, so possibly he served an apprenticeship in Germany. Jannon may have left Paris due to lack of work there or personal conflicts: his friend at the time, diarist Pierre de L'Estoile recorded in his diary that he met with disapproval with Huguenot authorities for taking on the job of printing a piece of Catholic propaganda. According to d'Estoile the response of formal approbation from local Huguenot authorities "upset him badly", and he commented that they would be worse than Jesuits if given the chance. Jannon married first Anne de Quingé, who died in 1618. Two years later he married Marie Demangin, who had had left her husband. A report from the Council of the Reformed Church of Mainz confirming that the remarriage was acceptable described as her former husband's conduct as a proven series of "adulteries, polygamies and debaucheries". After working in Paris Jannon established a career as printer for the Protestant Academy of Sedan in what is now north-eastern France. Sedan at the time enjoyed an unstable independence as a principality at a time when the French government had conceded through the Edict of Nantes to allowing a complicated system of restricted liberties for Protestants. He also established a second career as a punchcutter, in his thirties by his report. In 1640 he left Sedan and returned to Paris. Despite his religious views, the royal printing office of France bought matrices, moulds used to cast metal type, from him in 1641 for three large size of type. These matrices survive and remain in the government collection. He was otherwise particularly respected for his engraving of an extremely small size of type, known as Sédanoise, which was popular. In 1640, Jannon left Sedan for Paris to take over the press of his son, who had recently died. Four years later, his printing office in Caen was raided by authorities concerned that he may have been publishing banned material. While not imprisoned, Jannon ultimately returned to Sedan and spent the rest of his life there. Following his death, the printing-office at Sedan continued in operation; his family gave up his type foundry in 1664. It was reported to been taken over by Langlois in Paris, although Abraham van Dijck in the 1670s said he intended to buy matrices from Sedan so (if his information was not out of date) some materials might have remained there. Types Jannon engraved decorative material, signed with an II monogram. He took up engraving metal type-quite late in life by the standards of the period, in his thirties by his report. Jannon wrote in his 1621 specimen that: Seeing that for some time many persons have had to do with the art [of printing] who have greatly lowered it…the desire came upon me to try if I might imitate, after some fashion, some one among those who honourably busied themselves with the art, [men whose deaths] I hear regretted every day [Jannon mentions some eminent printers of the previous century]…and inasmuch as I could not accomplish this design for lack of types which I needed…[some typefounders] would not, and others could not furnish me with what I lacked [so] I resolved, about six years ago, to turn my hand in good earnest to the making of punches, matrices and moulds for all sorts of characters, for the accommodation both of the public and of myself. Jannon was one of the few punchcutters active in early seventeenth century France. This is perhaps owing to an economic decline over the previous century and due to pre-existing typefaces made during the mid-sixteenth century saturating the market. Jannon's typefaces are based on the style of the previous century, especially the roman. Some differences in the roman are his characteristic 'a' with a curved bowl and the top left serifs of letters such as 'm' and 'p', with a distinctive scooped-out form. His italics are more distinctive and eccentric, being steeply slanted and with very obviously variable angle of slant on the capitals. Opinions on the aesthetic quality of his type has varied: Warde thought it "so technically brilliant as to be decadent...of slight value as a book face", H. D. L. Vervliet described it as "famous not so much for the quality of the design but as for the long-term confusion it created" and Hugh Williamson considered his type to lack the "perfection of clarity and grace" of the sixteenth century, although many reproductions of his work were certainly popular in printing in the twentieth century. Garamond misattribution Despite a distinguished career as a printer, Jannon is perhaps most famous for a long-lasting historical misattribution. In 1641, the Imprimerie royale, or royal printing office, purchased matrices, the moulds used to cast metal type, from him. By the mid-nineteenth century, Jannon's matrices formed the only substantial collection of printing materials in the Latin alphabet left in Paris from before the eighteenth century. The matrices came to be attributed to Claude Garamond (d. 1561), a revered punchcutter of the sixteenth century who was known to have made punches for the government in the Greek alphabet, albeit a century before the Imprimerie was established. The attribution came to be considered certain by the Imprimerie's director Arthur Christian. Doubt began to be raised by historian Jean Paillard in 1914, but he died in the First World War soon after publishing his conclusions and his work remained little-read. Several early revivals of Jannon's type were made under the name of 'Garamond'. 'Garamond' fonts actually based on Jannon's work include American Type Founders' Garamond, later reissued by Linotype as Garamond No. 3, Monotype Garamond, the version included with Microsoft Office, and Frederic Goudy's Garamont (following the most common spelling of Garamond's name in his lifetime). The mistake was finally disproved in 1926 by Beatrice Warde (writing under the pseudonym of "Paul Beaujon"), based on the work of Paillard and her discovery of material printed by Jannon himself in London and Paris libraries. A former librarian at American Type Founders, she had been privately told by the company's archivist Henry Lewis Bullen (perhaps aware of Paillard's work) that he doubted his company's "Garamond" was really from the sixteenth century, noting that he could not find it used in a book from the period. František Štorm's 2010 revival, Jannon Pro, is one of the few modern revivals of Jannon's work released under his name. Caractères de l'Université By the nineteenth century, Jannon's matrices had come to be known as the Caractères de l'Université (Characters of the University). The origin of this name is uncertain. It has sometimes been claimed that this term was an official name designated for the Jannon type by Cardinal Richelieu, while Warde in 1926 more plausibly suggested it might be a garbled recollection of Jannon's work with the Sedan Academy, which operated much like a university despite not using the name. Carter in the 1970s followed this conclusion. Mosley, however, concludes that no report of the term (or much use of Jannon's type at all) exists before the nineteenth century, and it may originate from a generic term of the previous century simply meaning older or more conservative typeface designs, perhaps those preferred in academic publishing. Jannon's specimen survives in a single copy at the Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris. Warde, again under the pseudonym of Beaujon, published a facsimile reprint in 1927. Notes References 1658 deaths French typographers and type designers French designers

30054497

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly%20Grigsby

Beverly Grigsby

Beverly Grigsby née Pinsky (born 11 January 1928) is an American composer, musicologist and electronic/computer music pioneer. Early life Beverly Pinsky was born in Chicago, Illinois, and studied music as a child. She moved to California with her family at the age of 13 and graduated from Fairfax High School. Education She entered the University of Southern California to study pre-med, and also studied composition with Ernst Krenek at the Southern California School of Music and the Arts. She graduated with Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in composition from California State University, Northridge, and a Doctorate of Musical Arts in composition from the University of Southern California. She later studied computer music generation at Stanford University’s Center for Artificial Intelligence and at M.I.T. in 1975-1976. Career After completing her studies, Grigsby took a position teaching music at California State University, Northridge, and also established and directed the Computer Music Studio there. In 1984 Grigsby composed the first computerized score for an opera. Along with Jeannie G. Pool, she founded the International Institute for the Study of Women in Music in 1985. She retired from her teaching position in 1993, but continued to teach privately and work as a composer. Her music has been performed internationally. Honors and awards The National Endowment for the Arts award The Arts International (Rockefeller) Grant CSUN Distinguished Professor Award CSU Chancellor’s Maxi Grant IAWM Outstanding Music Contribution Award Annual ASCAP awards Carnegie Mellon Fellow in Technology (1987) Getty Museum Research Scholar (1997–98) Works Grigsby has composed choral and chamber music, and also for film soundtracks and stage. She is noted for electroacoustic compositions. Selected works include: The Mask of Eleanor (1984) chamber opera with computer score Vision of St. Joan for soprano and computer (1987) Shakti II (1985) for soprano Trio for Violin, B-flat Clarinet and Piano (1994) Movements for Guitar (1982) Five Studies for Two Untransposed Hexachords for piano (1971) Spheres (1998) for Fairlight III Computer Music Instrument References External links Interview with Beverly Grigsby - NAMM Oral History Library (2010) 1928 births Living people 20th-century classical composers American music educators American women music educators American women classical composers American classical composers Musicians from Chicago University of Southern California alumni California State University, Northridge alumni Stanford University alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni California State University, Northridge faculty American women in electronic music 20th-century American women musicians 20th-century American composers Classical musicians from Illinois 20th-century women composers 21st-century American women

65716483

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%20Chuanzhong

Wei Chuanzhong

Wei Chuanzhong (; born April 1954) is a retired Chinese politician. He was investigated by China's top anti-graft agency in March 2019. He has retired for almost five years. Previously he served as deputy director of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. He was director of the Chinese Society of Inspection and Quarantine. Biography Wei was born in Yanggu County, Shandong, in April 1954. In September 1975, he entered Shandong Agricultural University, where he majored in forestry. After graduating in August 1977, he joined the Liaocheng Municipal Forestry Bureau as a technician. And he served in several posts in Liaocheng, including government office secretary (1984-1987), deputy party chief of tuberculosis control hospital (1987-1988), deputy director of commodity inspection bureau (1988-1988), and director of commodity inspection bureau (1988-1995). In February 1995, he was transferred to Beijing and appointed director of the Office of State Commodity Inspection Bureau, which was reshuffled as State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine in October 1998. In April 2000 he became the deputy director of Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, rising to director in September of that same year. In April 2007, he was elevated to deputy director of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, a position he held for more than seven years until his retirement in July 2014. Investigation On March 15, 2019, he has been placed under investigation for "serious violations of laws and regulations" by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), the party's internal disciplinary body, and the National Supervisory Commission, the highest anti-corruption agency of China. He was expelled from the Communist Party of China and was abolished retirement benefits on 7 September. He was detained on 23 September. On June 19, 2020, Chenzhou Intermediate People's Court held a court session to try his case, the court identified the defendant made use of his work position to seek benefits of more than 120 million yuan ($17 million) from 2001 to 2019. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for consorting with some private enterprise owners and using his power and influence to seek benefits for them, trading power for money unscrupulously, seeking benefits for others in getting industrial production licenses and project biddings and accepting a huge amount of money and gifts. References 1954 births Living people People from Yanggu County, Shandong Shandong Agricultural University alumni People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shandong

9031857

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD/CAM%20dentistry

CAD/CAM dentistry

CAD/CAM dentistry is a field of dentistry and prosthodontics using CAD/CAM (computer-aided-design and computer-aided-manufacturing) to improve the design and creation of dental restorations, especially dental prostheses, including crowns, crown lays, veneers, inlays and onlays, fixed dental prostheses (bridges), dental implant supported restorations, dentures (removable or fixed), and orthodontic appliances. CAD/CAM technology allows the delivery of a well-fitting, aesthetic, and a durable prostheses for the patient. CAD/CAM complements earlier technologies used for these purposes by any combination of increasing the speed of design and creation; increasing the convenience or simplicity of the design, creation, and insertion processes; and making possible restorations and appliances that otherwise would have been infeasible. Other goals include reducing unit cost and making affordable restorations and appliances that otherwise would have been prohibitively expensive. However, to date, chairside CAD/CAM often involves extra time on the part of the dentist, and the fee is often at least two times higher than for conventional restorative treatments using lab services. Like other CAD/CAM fields, CAD/CAM dentistry uses subtractive processes (such as CNC milling) and additive processes (such as 3D printing) to produce physical instances from 3D models. Some mentions of "CAD/CAM" and "milling technology" in dental technology have loosely treated those two terms as if they were interchangeable, largely because before the 2010s, most CAD/CAM-directed manufacturing was CNC cutting, not additive manufacturing, so CAD/CAM and CNC were usually coinstantiated; but whereas this loose/imprecise usage was once somewhat close to accurate, it no longer is, as the term "CAD/CAM" does not specify the method of production except that whatever method is used takes input from CAD/CAM, and today additive and subtractive methods are both widely used. Application of CAD/CAM in dentistry Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM) is a process where non-digital data is captured, converted into a digital format, edited as necessary, and subsequently converted back into a physical form with the exact dimensions and materials specified during the digital design process, usually by either 3D printing or milling. This set of stages is known as a “digital workflow”. CAD/CAM may be used to provide a machine-led means of fabricating dental prostheses that are used to restore or replace teeth. This is an alternative to the traditional process of prosthesis fabrication using physical techniques, in which the dentist makes an impression of the site that is to be restored. This is then transported to the laboratory where a study model is made. On that model, an imitation of the final design is made using wax – known as a wax up – which represents the size and shape of the finished dental prosthesis. The wax is then encased in an investment mold, burned out and replaced with the desired material as part of lost wax casting. CAD/CAM makes such procedures unnecessary for the impression is recorded digitally and the manufacture of the appliance is accompanied by additive (3D printing) or subtractive (milling) means. Examples of dental prostheses that can be manufactured using this system include: Study models Orthodontic devices Cuspal coverage restorations Fixed dental prostheses Veneers Removable denture frameworks Implant planning and fabrication History Although CAD/CAM dentistry was used in the mid-1980s, early efforts were considered a cumbersome novelty, requiring an inordinate amount of time to produce a viable product. This inefficiency prevented its use within dental offices and limited it to labside use (that is, used within dental laboratories). As adjunctive techniques, software, and materials improved, the chairside use of CAD/CAM (use within dental offices/surgeries) increased. For example, the commercialization of Cerec by Sirona made CAD/CAM available to dentists who formerly would not have had avenues for using it. The first CAD/CAM system used in dentistry was produced in the 1970s by Duret and colleagues. The process contains a number of steps. Firstly, an optical impression of the intraoral abutment is obtained by scanning with an intra-oral digitizer. The digitized information is transferred to the monitor where a 3D graphic design is produced. The restoration can then be designed on the computer. The final restoration is then milled from a block. Duret and colleagues subsequently developed the ‘sopha system’ however this was not widely used, perhaps lacking the accuracy, materials and computer capabilities required in dentistry. The second generation of CADCAM attempted to develop this system further, but struggled to obtain occlusal morphology using an intra oral scanner, so prepared a stone model first before digitising the model. Development of a various digitizers followed: a laser beam with a position sensitive detector sensor, a contact probe and a laser with a charged coupled device camera. Due to development of more sophisticated CAD/CAM systems both metal and ceramic restorations could be produced. Mormann and colleagues later developed a CADCAM system named CEREC, which they used to produce a type of dental restoration called an inlay. The inlay preparation is scanned using an intra-oral camera. A compact machine used chairside allowed design of the restoration from a ceramic block. The major advantage of this system was the chair side approach allowing same-day restorations. However, this technique was limited in that it couldn’t be used for contouring or occlusal patterns. The CEREC system is used widely across the world, and studies have shown long term clinical success. The Procera system was developed by Anderson and colleagues. They used CADCAM to develop composite veneers. The Procera system later developed as a processing centre connected to satellite digitisers worldwide to produce all ceramic frameworks. This system is used around the world today. Difference from conventional restoration Chairside CAD/CAM restoration typically creates and lutes(bonds) the prosthesis the same day. Conventional prostheses, such as crowns, have temporaries placed for one to several weeks while a dental laboratory or in-house dental lab produces the restoration. The patient returns later to have the temporaries removed and the laboratory-made crown cemented or bonded in place. An in-house CAD/CAM system enables the dentist to create a finished inlay in as little as one hour. CAD/CAM systems use an optical camera to take a virtual impression by creating a 3D image which is imported into a software program and results in a computer-generated cast on which the restoration is designed. Bonded veneer CAD/CAM restorations are more conservative in their preparation of the tooth. As bonding is more effective on tooth enamel than the underlying dentin, care is taken not to remove the enamel layer. Though one-day service is a benefit that is typically claimed by dentists offering chairside CAD/CAM services, the dentist's time is commonly doubled and the fee is therefore doubled. Process All CAD/CAM systems consist of a computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacture (CAM) stage and the key stages can broadly be summarised as the following: Optical/contat scanning that captures the intraoral or extraoral condition of the patient. Use of software that can turn the captured images into a digital model to upon which a dental prosthesis can be designed and prepared for fabrication. Instruction to devices that can facilitate the conversion of the design into a product by way of 3D printing of milling depending on the CAD/CAM system used. For a single unit prosthesis, after decayed or broken areas of the tooth are corrected by the dentist, an optical impression is made of the prepared tooth and the surrounding teeth. These images are then turned into a digital model by proprietary software within which the prosthesis is created virtually. The software sends this data to a milling machine where the prosthesis is milled. Stains and glazes can be added to the surfaces of the milled ceramic crown or bridge to correct the otherwise monochromatic appearance of the restoration. The restoration is then adjusted in the patient’s mouth and luted or bonded in place. Integrating optical scan data with cone beam computed tomography datasets within implantology software also enables surgical teams to digitally plan implant placement and fabricate a surgical guide for precise implementation of that plan. Combining CAD/CAM software with 3D images from a 3D imaging system means greater safety and security from any kind of intraoperative mistakes. Computer-aided design (CAD) To design and manufacture a dental prosthesis, the physical space which it will replace within the mouth has to be converted into a digital format. To do this, a digital impression must be taken. This will convert the space into a digital image which must then be converted into a file extension that can be read by the CAD software system being used.     Once in a digital form, the structures within the mouth will be displayed as a 3D image. Using CAD software, the size and shape of the restoration can be virtually altered, thus replacing the wax up stage present in the traditional approach. Digital impressions Digital impressions are a means of recording the shape of a patient’s dental structures by using scanners. In CAD/CAM's infancy, desktop scanners were used which digitised study models or Dental impressions - indirect representations of the patient's dentition. These devices are also known as extra oral scanners and can be contact or non-contact. Contact scanners use stylus profilometers that are placed against and run along the contours of an object. The contact of the stylus against the object is represented digitally as a set of co-ordinates (point cloud), which is analyzed by an onboard mathematical algorithm to build up a 3D image of the object (mesh).   Non-contact scanners capture the shape of dental structures by using optics, such as light-emitting diodes. Light is emitted from the scanner which hits the object and then reflects into an onboard sensor, usually a charge couple device (CCD) or a position sensing detector (PSD). These reflections allow the scanner to build up a 3D image of the object as with contact scanners   Extraoral non-contact scanners can obtain this information by different means, namely: structured light, laser light and confocal microscopy.  Contact scanners are more accurate than non-contact scanners but are rarely used anymore because they are slow and their imaging is unnecessarily detailed, ten times what is required for the success of a dental prosthesis. Intra-oral scanners are a form of non-contact scanners that have grown in popularity due to their ability to digitize a patient’s dentition directly in the mouth, avoiding the need for either a physical impression or a plaster study model, as is the case with extraoral scanners. This allows the fabrication of dental prostheses to be a completely digital process from the very first stage. Older scanners require a contrast powder to be placed on all the structures which were to be scanned whereas newer products do not require such a step.   Intra-oral scanners interpret reflected light to produce a 3D image representing the patient's teeth, using systems including: Confocal laser scanner microscopy Triangulation Optical coherent tomography   Accordion fringe interferometry Active wavefront sampling  The file extension most recognised by CAD software is an STL file. This file type records and describes an object’s geometry as a series of connected triangles, the density of which, depends upon the “resolution and the mathematical algorithm that was used to create the data”. Most available scanners will produce STL files however some produce proprietary file types that can only be interpreted by select CAD software. CAD Software CAD software visualises the digital impression captured by extra or intra oral scanners and provides numerous design tools. Popular software packages include Dental System, DentalCAD and CEREC. Some of the most common ways in which the virtual dental prosthesis can be edited are as follows:   The size and shape of restorations can be adjusted. The shape of teeth is often adjusted using dental burs prior to scanning to accommodate a dental prosthesis such as a crown. This is called a preparation and the edge of this is known as the margin. Margins need to be demarcated so that the dental prosthesis finishes flush with the rest of the tooth to reduce the chances of plaque build-up under the prosthesis. Margins can be detected automatically which would normally have to be delineated by a technician visually. They can also be adjusted manually. The path of insertion axis can be determined automatically which dictates the direction the dental prosthesis must move to fit into the tooth/mouth.   Measurements can be made between points on the digital model which can help inform the technician if any modifications to the tooth are needed to accommodate the dental prosthesis. The material must be thick enough to provide adequate strength but also not so thick as to cause the restored tooth to contact the opposing tooth before all other teeth in the arch – this would prop the patient’s mouth open and prevent them from being able to bite normally. Materials used in computer-aided manufacture CAD/CAM is a rapidly evolving field, hence the materials in use are always changing. Materials that can be manufactured using CADCAM software currently include metals, porcelain, lithium disilicate, zirconia and resin materials.  CAD/CAM restorations are milled from solid blocks of ceramic or composite-resin. If pre-sintered ceramic ingots are used, subsequent sintering to reduce porosity is required and the CAD-CAM technology needs to account for any casting shrinkage during this process. Glass-based restorations can also be manufactured using CAD-CAM. Similar to ceramics, milling of glass ingots occurs and molten glass infiltration is used to reduce porosity. The advantage of materials manufactured by CADCAM is the consistency in quality of restoration when mass produced. Metals Metals such as CoCr and titanium can be manufactured using CADCAM software. Precious metals cannot be machined for a variety of reasons, including expense. Pre-sintered CoCr blocks are available, and requires sintering after to achieve the desired mechanical properties. This method replaces the more traditional lost-wax technique. Ceramics Feldspathic and leucite-reinforced ceramics The microstructure of feldspathic and leucite reinforced ceramics is a glassy matrix with crystalline loads. It has low flexural strength, very good optical properties and an advantageous bonding abilities. A major advantage is its good aesthetics, with a variety of shades available and high translucency. However, it is a fragile material and is susceptible to damage by occlusal forces. Lithium disilicate, zirconium oxide and lithium silicate ceramics Lithium disilicate, zirconium oxide and lithium silicate ceramics also have a biphasic structure with crystalline particles dispersed in a glass matrix. They have a high flexural strength, good optical properties and ability to bond. It produces highly aesthetic restorations in a variety of shades is useful as well as its high mechanical strength. Zirconia Zirconia has a polycrystalline structure. It has a high flexural strength. However, both its optical properties and ability to bond are weak. Its main advantage is its mechanical strength. CAD-CAM processing means that polycrystalline zirconia can be utilised for copings and frameworks. Its superior mechanical properties means it can be used for long-span bridgework, cores can be produced in thinner layers and can be utilised in posterior fixed partial dentures. However, the aesthetics of zirconia restorations are not as good as other types of ceramic. Resin materials Three resin materials are available: resin composite, PMMA, and Nano-ceramics. PMMA is made of polymethylmethacrylate polymers with no filler. However, resin composite is composed of inorganic filler in a resin matrix. Similarly, nano-ceramic is nanoparticles embedded in a resin matrix. All three materials have a weak flexural strength and disadvantageous optical properties. However, the ability to bond is very effective. An advantage of these materials is the ability to manufacture them quickly through fast milling, so are great to sued for direct composite repairs. However, the aesthetic quality of these materials limit their utility. Advantages and drawbacks CAD/CAM has improved the quality of prostheses in dentistry and standardised the production process. It has increased productivity and the opportunity to work with new materials with a high level of accuracy. Though CAD/CAM is a major technological advancement, it is important that dentists' technique is suited to CAD/CAM milling. This includes: correct tooth preparation with a continuous preparation margin (which is recognisable to the scanner e.g. in the form of a chamfer); avoiding the use of shoulderless preparations and parallel walls and the use of rounded incisor and occlusal edges to prevent the concentration of tension. Crowns and bridges require a precise fit on tooth abutments or stumps. Fit accuracy varies according to the CAD/CAD system utilized and from user to user. Some systems are designed to attain higher standards of accuracy than others and some users are more skilled than others. , 20 new systems were expected to become available by 2020. Further research is needed to evaluate CAD/CAM technology compared to the other attachment systems (such as ball, magnetic and telescopic systems), as an option for attaching overdentures to implants. Advantages of CAD/CAM The advantages CAD/CAM provides when compared with the traditional laboratory and chairside led techniques are that it 1) allows for use of materials otherwise unavailable in the laboratory; 2) provides cheaper alternatives when compared with conventional materials; 3) decreases labour cost and time for dental technicians and 4) standardises the quality of restorations. Ceramic materials in particular, can be highly time-consuming to work with. To make a ceramic dental prosthesis by hand, the technician has to meticulously build up porcelain powder and sinter it onto the surface of a coping. With CAD/CAM, labour times are significantly reduced, with CAD systems with some reviews reporting that only 5–6 minutes of technician input is required to produce a dental prosthesis. In this way, the cost of production is reduced because labour costs are lower. Furthermore, CAD/CAM systems mill prosthesis from blocks of material which are mass manufactured, again reducing costs for the dental offices and laboratories when compared with traditional techniques. These blocks are made so that any internal porosities have been removed which are difficult to eliminate during conventional fabrication. CAD/CAM has also found great merit with regards to reducing the shrinkage which occurs when ceramics are heated during sintering – a process required to give the ceramic restoration adequate strength so it can be used successfully within the mouth. It is difficult to account for this phenomenon in a dental laboratory using traditional techniques. CAM can reduce shrinkage by two different methods. The first is to produce a prosthesis just greater than the desired size. This means that on firing, the prosthesis will shrink to the original intended size. The second is by milling the prosthesis from a block that has already been fully sintered, which eliminates shrinkage but causes increased wear on cutting tools because the block is stronger than when partially sintered. Benefits of intraoral scanning The advent of intraoral scanners affords additional advantages when compared with the traditional physical workflow, particularly for dentists. In the traditional method, dental impressions must be taken, and the materials used to facilitate this are vulnerable to distortion over time which can decrease the accuracy of the eventual dental prosthesis. These inaccuracies are compounded by subsequent steps such as the fabrication of study models based on the impressions. Intra-oral scanners rapidly digitise what they scan which removes the risk of distortion/damage to the date. Furthermore, dental impressions are often discomforting for patients, particularly those who have a strong gag reflex due to the bulk of material needed to capture a patient’s entire dentition. Intra-oral scanners reduce this element. Intraoral scanning saves considerable time in post processing when compared with conventional dental impressions because the 3D model can be instantly emailed to a dental laboratory, whereas with the conventional technique, the impression must be disinfected and physically transported to the laboratory which is a longer process. Disadvantages of CAD/CAM Learning curve: With any new technology there is a steep learning curve. With time and experience operators will need to understand how to work the equipment and software used for CAD/CAM technology. Initially it can be difficult to adopt a new digital workflow when operators were comfortable with using their long-standing process in dentistry. This would also mean staff would need to be trained to feel comfortable using CAD/CAM systems.  Cost: digital dentistry requires a large financial investment, including buying and maintaining equipment as well as software updates. However, in the long run the investment will pay off as it can save money on expenses such as laboratory fees and single use impression equipment.   Errors in occlusion assessment: Compared to the conventional technique of making complete dentures, CAD/CAM has a few disadvantages. The systems do not accurately assess element of balanced occlusion. As the denture teeth are not set on the denture base with the assistance of an articulator, there is difficulty in achieving a balanced occlusion. Hence, human assessment is still required, and the teeth will have to be clinically remounted to achieve balanced occlusion. Environmental impact: resin particles are produced during the milling process, which adds to plastic pollution. Future prospects Digital dentistry is growing at an accelerating rate, and CAD/CAM systems will continue to evolve and improve. References Computer-aided design Computer-aided manufacturing Dentistry branches

7128657

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Brothers%20Solomon

The Brothers Solomon

The Brothers Solomon is a 2007 American surrealist comedy film directed by Bob Odenkirk and written by Will Forte. It features Will Arnett and Forte as the titular brothers, who set out to find romantic partners so they can give their comatose father (Lee Majors) a grandchild. Chi McBride, Kristen Wiig, and Malin Åkerman also star in supporting roles. The film was released in the United States on September 7, 2007, distributed by TriStar Pictures. It received negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing $1 million worldwide with a $10 million budget. Plot Brothers John Solomon and Dean Solomon have bad luck with women, due largely to their sheltered upbringing. They were raised by their single father, Ed, at an isolated research facility in the Arctic, and did not move to civilization until they were grown men. Despite their social limitations, the brothers are generally good-natured, if naïve, and consider their father the most important person in their life, as they even followed in his footsteps with their geology career. However, their lives are thrown into turmoil when Ed falls into a coma. The brothers decide that they may be able to get him to wake up by giving him a grandson, the one thing he has always wanted. To make this a reality, the brothers immediately set out to find a woman who can give them a baby. The brothers have disastrous results in their initial attempts. John proposes marriage to a woman on the first date and when Dean finds a woman who is willing to have a child for them, she is hit by a bus and killed. To keep a better eye on their father, they move him into their home. John is able to use this as an opportunity to talk to his neighbor, Tara, who agrees to watch over their father when they leave the apartment. The brothers decide to expand their search to include adoption. However, due to the bizarre circumstances, the adoption agency denies the request. They try Craigslist next, and are able to find a surrogate mother named Janine. Janine is a suitable fit, but she has a clingy ex-boyfriend named James, and demands $12,000 for her role. Over the course of the next nine months, the brothers learn how to be responsible parents, and Janine begins to warm up to the bizarre duo. John continues to flirt with Tara, and convinces himself that she is interested. After a birthing class, Janine realizes that she wants to keep the baby. She tells the brothers the bad news, which culminates in Dean revealing to John that he heard Tara insult John behind his back, thus forcing John to realize that Tara is not interested in him. The two have a major fight, but after a day, the brothers reconcile. The brothers attempt to get Janine to let them raise the child with her by paying for an exorbitantly long sky banner. Janine decides to raise the baby with the two brothers and John tells Tara that he is no longer interested in her. Soon, the child is born, however it is obvious that the baby is James's, not Dean's. A year passes, and the brothers have gone into business with Janine and James, starting up a store called "Solomon Family Baby-Proofing", which sells safety equipment for new parents. In the corner of the store, their father is kept, still in his coma. After hearing the baby say "grandpa", Ed finally wakes up from his coma and sees his "grandson" for the first time. The brothers are convinced that their adventures led to their father waking up from his coma. Everybody celebrates as one big, happy family. Cast Will Arnett as John Solomon Will Forte as Dean Solomon Chi McBride as James Coolwell Kristen Wiig as Janine Rice Malin Åkerman as Tara Anderson Lee Majors as Ed Solomon Bob Odenkirk as Jim Treacher Sam Lloyd as Dr. Spencer Charles Chun as Dr. Wong Jenna Fischer as Michelle Stephanie Courtney as Sara Bill Hader as Recumbent Biker Derek Waters as Video Store Guy Casey Wilson as Fertility Clinic Worker Nicole Randall Johnson as Birthing Instructor Ashley Johnson as Patricia Brian Scolaro as Medical Delivery Man Reception The film was a box office bomb, grossing only $1,035,056 out of a $10 million budget. Reviews were negative. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 16% approval rating, based on 74 reviews, with a weighted average of 3.8/10. The site's consensus reads, "Squandering its impressive cast with poorly-directed gags, The Brothers Solomon is a one-joke film stretched well beyond its limits." On Metacritic, the film received a score of 32 out of 100, based on 17 reviews. However, the film has received a favorable User Submitted Reviews score, which stands at 7.8 out of 10 as of May 2021, based on ratings from 43 users. On At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper claimed he walked out of the film - something he had never done before. See also Second weekend in box office performance – Biggest second-weekend drops, for other films with similar second-weekend drops References External links 2007 films American comedy films 2007 comedy films 2000s pregnancy films American pregnancy films Films about brothers Films directed by Bob Odenkirk Films scored by John Swihart TriStar Pictures films Revolution Studios films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films

5202512

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stobie%20pole

Stobie pole

A Stobie pole is a power line pole made of two steel I-beams, joined by tie-bolts, and held apart by a slab of concrete. It was invented by Adelaide Electric Supply Company engineer James Cyril Stobie, who suggested the use of readily available materials due to the shortage of suitably long, strong, straight and termite-resistant timber in South Australia. They have continued to be used in the state capital, Adelaide, and around South Australia ever since, and there are some in other places in Australia as well. Since the 1980s, many Stobie poles have been decorated with artworks or surrounded with plants to beautify them. History In July 1924 engineer James Cyril Stobie (1895–1953) submitted the patent application for his pole design in both English and French. It was accepted in November 1925. Stobie described his invention as...an improved pole adopted to be used for very many purposes, but particularly for carrying electric cables, telegraph wires... [it] consists of two flanged beams of iron or steel, preferably rolled steel joist of 'H' or of channel sections, placed one beside the other with their flanges inward and preferably at a very slight angle one with the other and held together by means of tie bolts, the space between them being filled with cement concrete. A second patent was granted to Stobie and Frederick William Herbert Weadon in 1946. With John Ragless Brookman they formed The Stobie Pole Syndicate for the purpose of patenting the design and then selling the patent or manufacturing rights. The Hume Pipe Company became their first agents and, while there were numerous international enquiries, as of the mid-1990s South Australia remained the only place where they are widely used. Installations The first poles were erected in South Terrace, Adelaide city centre, in 1924, and were then used extensively in building the electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure throughout the state. The Stobie pole was central to the speedy expansion of Adelaide Electricity Supply Company's supply. It was cheap and simple to produce, had a uniform appearance, saved an enormous amount of timber from being harvested, had a long life expectancy and, at the time, was seen as more environmentally sensitive. Stobie poles are also common in Broken Hill, as well as the Darwin CBD, and there are a few thousand installed across Tasmania. A few also exist in Canberra and isolated settlements in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia such as Eucla and Rawlinna. SA Power Networks review alternative pole designs available on the market from time to time and has yet to find one with the benefits offered by the Stobie pole, which include long life, low cost and ease of maintenance, and resilience in bushfire and flooding events. One disadvantage is greater susceptibility to lightning strikes. Design and construction Each year SA Power Networks manufactures around 4,500 Stobie poles at a plant in Angle Park, South Australia. The poles carry supply voltages from 240 to 275,000 volts and come in various sizes from in length, though studies indicate heights to are feasible. The service life of a Stobie pole is predicted to be in excess of 80 years. It is now commonly regarded as a South Australian icon. Its modern construction is a composite of two steel I-beams connected intermittently by bolts to manage compressive buckling, with the gap between the beams filled with concrete. The bolts transfer the shear, with an equal number of bolts above and below ground. The poles are tapered from ground level to the top and the toe. This construction uses the tensile properties of the steel, giving the poles excellent properties in bending. Stobie pole strength in the strong direction may be up to 4.5 times the weak direction strength. Small holes through the concrete enable attachment of modular cross-arms, insulators and other hardware. The poles are fireproof, rotproof, and termiteproof. Stobie poles are widely regarded in Australia to be dangerous to vehicles, with collisions sometimes "almost cutting the vehicle in half". Stobie pole designs are calculated to ensure the installation uses a suitably sized pole. Factors such as physical mass (static load) of transformers, cross beams, voltage regulators, protection devices, conductors (including tension), etc. are considered, and the wind loading (dynamic load) of this equipment must also be calculated. In some cases the wind loading factors far exceed the static load values. Artistic use Stobie poles were first used for art in the 1980s by pioneering artist Ann Newmarch, who lived and worked in Prospect. Artist Clifton Pugh painted Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden on a Stobie pole in 1984, but was subsequently asked to "cover up" the genitals on his painting. Since then, various attempts have been made to beautify their appearance through Stobie pole gardens and Stobie pole art projects. SA Power Networks has an application process for submitting designs for Stobie pole art, used by community groups, artists, and primary and high schools, which have painted murals or installed mosaics on Stobie poles located outside their premises. Gallery See also Oppenheimer pole, a galvanised steel pole made in three telescopic sections for easy transport during the construction of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line in 1872. Footnotes References External links Buildings and structures in South Australia Street furniture Pylons Electric power infrastructure in South Australia Australian inventions

68009751

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis%20dolichocephalus

Anolis dolichocephalus

Anolis dolichocephalus, the La Hotte long-snouted anole or Place Negre anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Haiti. References Anoles Endemic fauna of Haiti Reptiles of Haiti Reptiles described in 1963 Taxa named by Ernest Edward Williams

41925774

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran%20Josipovic

Zoran Josipovic

Zoran Josipovic (; born 25 August 1995) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Istra 1961 in the SuperSport HNL as a forward. Career A youth product of the Swiss clubs Lugano and FC Chiasso, Josipovic moved to the youth academy of Juventus in 2011. He spent his early career on loan with Novara, Lugano and Aarau. In 2016, he signed permanently with Aarau, moving to Chiasso the next season. He followed that up with stints at Beroe and Celta B. In January 2022, he returned to Lugano in the Swiss Super League. In 2022, he signed a contract with NK Istra until Jun 30, 2025. Career statistics Club References External links 1995 births Living people People from Mendrisio Footballers from Ticino Swiss men's footballers Men's association football forwards Switzerland men's youth international footballers Swiss people of Croatian descent Swiss expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Italy Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Italy Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Spain Serie B players Swiss Challenge League players First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players Segunda División B players Juventus FC players Novara FC players FC Lugano players FC Aarau players FC Chiasso players PFC Beroe Stara Zagora players RC Celta Fortuna players FC Dinamo Minsk players NK Istra 1961 players

32944638

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirano%20Gold%20Mine

Chirano Gold Mine

Chirano Gold Mine is an underground and open pit gold mine in the Western Region of Ghana, within the Bibiani gold belt. It is 90% owned by Toronto-based Kinross Gold Corporation. The Government of Ghana has a 10% carried interest. Description The Chirano Gold Mine is located in southwestern Ghana, approximately 100 kilometres southwest of Kumasi, Ghana's second largest city. Chirano was explored and developed from 1996 by Red Back Mining NL, an Australian company that moved to a Canadian listing in April 2004. Chirano began production in October 2005. Kinross Gold acquired the mine on 17 September 2010 through a US$7.1 billion takeover of Red Back Mining, through which it also acquired the Tasiast Gold Mine in Mauritania. The mine comprises the Akwaaba, Suraw, Akoti South, Akoti North, Akoti Extended, Paboase, Tano, Obra South, Obra, Sariehu and Mamnao open pits and the Akwaaba and Paboase underground mines. Open pit and underground ore are processed at the Chirano plant. The capacity of the mill is approximately 3.5 million tonnes per annum. Processing involves crushing, ball mill grinding, cyanide leaching and carbon-in-leach (CIL) extraction. At 31 December 2012, Chirano's Proven and Probable Reserves were 20.271 million tonnes at 2.65 g/t gold for 1.722 million ounces, with an additional 0.44 million ounces of Measured and Indicated Resource. 2012 gold equivalent production was 263,911 ounces at a cost of sale of US$721/oz. 2012 recoveries averaged 93%. See also Geology of Ghana Birimian References Gold mines in Ghana Kinross Gold Surface mines in Ghana Underground mines in Ghana Western Region (Ghana)

1375451

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Lavender

Ian Lavender

Arthur Ian Lavender (born 16 February 1946) is an English stage, film and television actor. He is best known for his role as Private Pike in the BBC sitcom Dad's Army, and is the last surviving cast member of the series following the death of Frank Williams in 2022. Early life Lavender was born in Birmingham, England. He attended Bournville Boys Technical School (later Bournville Grammar-Technical School for Boys) where he appeared in many school dramatic productions. From there he went to the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, with the assistance of a grant from the City of Birmingham. Following his graduation in 1967 he appeared on stage in Canterbury. Career His first television appearance was as the lead in a Rediffusion play entitled Half Hour Story: Flowers at my Feet in 1968. Dad's Army In 1968, aged 22, Lavender was cast as Private Frank Pike, the youngest member and “stupid boy” of the platoon in the BBC sitcom Dad's Army. This made him a household name and gave him the great advantage of working alongside a number of experienced actors during his formative years, helping him to hone his acting skills. He appeared in the entire run of the series, and in the spinoff film released in 1971. He appeared in 1974 in one episode of Man About the House (While The Cat's Away) as Mark, an aspiring actor consumed by his own vanity. He reprised the part of Pike in the BBC Radio sitcom It Sticks Out Half a Mile. The sitcom was a radio sequel to Dad's Army, but ran for only one series. Lavender has continued to be associated with Dad's Army, and still takes part in occasional fan conventions and cast reunions. He made a variety of appearances during 2008 in connection with the 40th anniversary of the series. These included a reunion with surviving cast members in July, 2008, and an appearance on BBC1's Jonathan Ross Salutes Dad's Army in August. Lavender also recorded a special introduction for the 'lost' colour episode of Dad's Army entitled "Room at the Bottom" which was broadcast on 13 December 2008. In 2014 Lavender appeared at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in a show with Steven Mcnicoll entitled Don't tell him, Pike!, where Lavender talked about his time on Dad's Army and the subsequent effect it had on his career. He made a cameo appearance as Brigadier Pritchard in the 2016 Dad's Army film, providing a link with the original series. After Dad's Army After Dad's Army, Lavender returned to the theatre, including a role in a production of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice starring Dustin Hoffman. Between 1971 and 1973 Lavender joined Dad's Army colleague Arthur Lowe on the BBC radio comedy Parsley Sidings. From 1982 to 1983, he was in the BBC radio comedy series, a spin-off from Dad's Army called It Sticks Out Half a Mile. Lavender also appeared in films and television series, one of which (Mr Big, 1977) featured him starring alongside Peter Jones and Prunella Scales. During the 1970s he appeared as a supporting actor in a number of British 'low farce' films, including one Carry On film – Carry On Behind (1975). He was reunited with producer David Croft for the television series Come Back Mrs. Noah (1977–78, co-written by Croft with Jeremy Lloyd), though it was unsuccessful. A revival of The Glums (1978–79), at first as part of a Bruce Forsyth variety series, proved rather more satisfactory, being adapted from scripts for the 1950s radio series Take It From Here that were written by Frank Muir and Denis Norden. Lavender then appeared in several other TV comedy shows during the 1980s, including two episodes of Yes Minister, as Richard Cartwright, and a lead role in the short-lived The Hello Goodbye Man (1984), as the inept salesman Denis Ailing. He also appeared on ITV's television game show Cluedo (1990), based on the board game. During the 1990s Lavender continued to appear occasionally in television comedy roles including a bit-part as a burglar alarm salesman in the BBC sitcom Keeping Up Appearances. He made an appearance in Goodnight Sweetheart as two different parallel universe versions of the time-travelling lead character's son Michael. He also provided the lead voice of BBC children's animation PC Pinkerton in 1988. In 2001 Lavender joined the BBC soap opera EastEnders, playing the role of Derek Harkinson, a gay friend of Pauline Fowler. He continued in EastEnders for four years, with storylines mainly involving the Fowler family, before leaving the serial in 2005. On 4 November 2016, it was announced that Lavender would make a brief return to the show. Lavender then toured with The Rocky Horror Show musical, playing the Narrator. He also played the part of a patient in the 5 May 2007 episode of Casualty on BBC. In late 2007, he toured in the comedy play Donkey's Years. In May 2008, Lavender appeared in the BBC documentary series Comedy Map of Britain. He also appeared on BBC One's The One Show on Thursday 31 July 2008. Over Christmas 2008, Lavender appeared in Celebrity Mastermind on BBC One. As presenter John Humphrys asked his name, fellow contestant Rick Wakeman shouted 'Don't tell him, Pike!', a reference to Captain Mainwaring's most famous line from Dad's Army. At the start of 2009, Lavender appeared as a guest character in an episode of the CBBC sitcom, The Legend of Dick and Dom. Lavender starred in the film, 31 North 62 East (released September 2009), an independent psychological thriller starring John Rhys-Davies, Marina Sirtis, Heather Peace and Craig Fairbrass. Lavender appeared as Monsignor Howard in the West End theatre production of Sister Act the Musical. The musical opened at the London Palladium on 2 June 2009, and ran through to October 2010. In January 2011, Lavender appeared at the Slapstick Silent Comedy Festival in Bristol. Lavender introduced Sherlock Jr., a 1924 silent film directed by and starring Buster Keaton. In early 2013, Lavender appeared as The Mikado in three concert performances of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera, taking place in The Royal Festival Hall, London, the Symphony Hall, Birmingham and the Bridgewater Hall, Manchester. In August 2013 he made his Edinburgh Fringe debut in a stage version of The Shawshank Redemption. In November 2014, Lavender made a cameo appearance in the film remake Dad's Army directed by Oliver Parker, released in February 2016. In February 2015 he was a recipient of one of The Oldie magazine's "Oldie of the Year Awards" – specifically the "Stupid Oldie Boy of the Year". On 9 May 2015 Lavender gave a reading at VE Day 70: A Party to Remember in Horse Guards Parade, London that was broadcast live on BBC1. In 2017, Lavender appeared alongside Rula Lenska, Johnny Ball, Judith Chalmers and Diana Moran in the reality show A Celebrity Taste Of Italy for Channel 5. During filming he fell ill with sepsis and spent some time in an Italian hospital before returning to the UK to recuperate. In 2019, Lavender appeared alongside Maureen Beattie, Jonathan Harden, Helen Vine and Rosin Rae in the mental health radio monologue series Talking Taboos, produced by Vine. Lavender's piece, "Portrait", was written by Anthony Cule, directed by Fiona McAlpine, and explored the memories of a man who had experienced a number of relationships with different alcoholics throughout his lifetime. Personal life Lavender was first married to actress Suzanne Kerchiss. He married his second wife, American-born Miki Hardy, three years his senior, six days after being diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1993. Lavender said "We had been living together for 16 years and it was something I should have done a long time before, these things change you, they help you to see what is important in life." The bladder tumour was operated on successfully, and though Lavender has regular check-ups, doctors are confident the cancer will not return. Lavender also survived a heart attack in the summer of 2004. Lavender grew up supporting Aston Villa. When filming began on Dad's Army, he was allowed to choose Pike's scarf from an array in the BBC wardrobe. He chose a claret and blue scarf (the colours of Aston Villa) to remind him of his home city. He is a big cricket fan. On 22 June 2015, Lavender was awarded a star on the Birmingham Walk of Stars. Filmography Film Television Radio "Rookery Nook (play)", BBC Radio 4, Saturday Night Theatre, Saturday 24 August 1985 - Gerald Popkiss References External links 1946 births Living people Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School British male comedy actors English male soap opera actors English male stage actors Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands

40135038

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Eyles%20%28Devizes%20MP%29

John Eyles (Devizes MP)

John Eyles (died 1703), of Great St. Helens, London and Southbroom, near Devizes, Wiltshire, was an English politician. Biography He was the son of John Eyles, a woolstapler of Devizes and the older brother of Sir Francis Eyles, 1st Baronet (died 1716), with whom he went into business as "Eyles & Co". He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Devizes in October 1679, and briefly Lord Mayor of London for September–October 1688. He was knighted on 15 August 1687. He died in 1703 and was buried at St Helen's Church, Bishopsgate on 5 July. He had married Sarah Cowper of London and had 2 sons and 5 daughters. His daughter, Sarah Eyles, married Joseph Haskin Stiles and their daughter, Mary Haskin Styles, was married to Sir John Eyles, 2nd Baronet. References People from Devizes 17th-century births 1703 deaths Year of birth unknown English MPs 1679 17th-century lord mayors of London

9245912

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-faced%20parrotfinch

Blue-faced parrotfinch

The blue-faced parrotfinch (Erythrura trichroa) is a locally common species of estrildid finch found in north-eastern Australia, Japan, Indonesia, Federated States of Micronesia, France (introduced), New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2. It is found in subtropical and tropical zones in both montane and lowland moist forest areas, where it is most often associated with forest edges and disturbed habitat. It feeds largely on seeds of grasses, including in Australia several exotic genera especially Brachiaria. The IUCN has classified the species as being of least concern. Origin and history Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats). In the past, due to less developed observation techniques, very few blue-faced parrotfinches were spotted. As a result, they were overlooked in historical surveys and categorized as rare. The first blue-faced parrotfinch was recorded in North Queensland, Australia in 1890. This specimen had a length of 121 mm (4.8 in). Its wings were 62 mm (2.4 in), its tail was 50 mm (2.0 in), and its culmen was 11 mm (0.4 in). It is now kept in the Melbourne Museum. There were other important discoveries of the blue-faced parrotfinch in 1899, 1913, 1914, and 1944, all of which were spotted in north or north-eastern Queensland. Among the blue-faced parrotfinches in Queensland, one subspecies is Erythrura trichroa macgillivrayi but its conservation status is unknown. Description Blue-faced parrotfinch males are multi-shaded with colors ranging from light yellow-green to dark blue-green. On their forehead and face, there are deep blue feathers, and their tails are generally red to rusty red-brown. In terms of length, they are typically 13 cm (5.1 in) long. On the other hand, the females are covered with a less vibrant blue and are slightly smaller and have more rounded heads. Among the birds found in Queensland, there was no significant difference in plumage, bill shapes, or genetic composition. This is hypothesized to be caused by nomadic behaviors and the continued gene flow. Distribution and habitat The blue-faced parrotfinches prefer rainforest edges and dense grasslands that have woody plants, and they prefer to roost in rainforests. They are widely distributed and found at various altitudes, ranging from sea-level on hot tropical islands to 800-3000 m in New Guinea. It is reported that the blue-faced parrotfinches engage in seasonal and nomadic movements, partly due to their cold-sensitiveness. In the winter, they migrate to the lowlands where there is excessive rainforest clearance. Behaviour The blue-faced parrotfinches are inconspicuous and timid, retreating to grasslands for cover. Feeding Blue-faced parrotfinches feed on grass and bamboo seeds, small insects, and figs. They primarily consume seeds of Brachiaria decumbens (Signal Grass), then the seeds of Lantana camara (West Indian Lantana), Panicum maximum (Guinea Grass), and A. patrei. They are adaptive enough to eat introduced food sources when they appear. They forage primarily by perching (at an average height of 0.96 m) and less frequently by climbing and pecking. Due to this, there is not much strong competition between blue-faced parrotfinches and their sympatric species, who tend to forage primarily by climbing. Another reason for this lack of competition is that blue-faced parrotfinches partition food resources with other species by foraging at different preferred microhabitats. Blue-faced parrotfinches are generally seen in patches, occasionally with 30 or more birds. The number of finches seen together increases in response to sufficient food resources. Breeding The females usually lay an average of four eggs, with a maximum of eight. The average incubation time is 15 days, during which the female does most of the incubation and brooding. Meanwhile, the male is responsible for feeding the nestlings. The nestlings fledge around 21 days and continue to be fed by their parents for 10 to 20 days. References External links Species factsheet - BirdLife International blue-faced parrotfinch Birds of Sulawesi Birds of the Maluku Islands Birds of New Guinea Birds of Micronesia Birds of Melanesia Birds of Cape York Peninsula blue-faced parrotfinch Taxa named by Heinrich von Kittlitz

3158342

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Confusions%20of%20Young%20T%C3%B6rless

The Confusions of Young Törless

The Confusions of Young Törless (), or Young Törless, is the literary debut of the Austrian philosophical novelist and essayist Robert Musil, first published in 1906. Plot introduction Musil's novel is ostensibly a Bildungsroman, a story of a young disoriented man searching for moral values in society and their meaning for him. The expressionistic novel, based on Musil's personal experiences at a boarding school in Hranice (in Austria-Hungary, now in the Czech Republic) was written according to Musil "because of boredom". In later life, however, Musil denied that the novel was about youthful experiences of his own. Due to its explicit sexual content, the novel at first caused a scandal among the reading public and the authorities of Austria-Hungary. Later, various prefigurings of Fascism were identified in the text, including the characters of Beineberg and Reiting, who seem to be orderly pupils by day but shamelessly abuse their classmate psychologically, physically and sexually by night. In 1966, the German director Volker Schlöndorff made the film Der junge Törless based on the novel. Synopsis Three students of an Austrian boarding school, Reiting, Beineberg and Törless, catch their classmate Basini stealing money from one of the three and decide to punish him themselves instead of turning him in to the school authorities. They start with bullying and abusing him, first physically and then psychologically and sexually, while also blackmailing him by threatening to denounce him. Their abusive treatment of Basini becomes openly sexual and increasingly sadistic; nevertheless, he endures all the torture even when, after being deprived of any dignity, he is discredited by the entire class. Törless' moral and sexual confusion leads him to join Beineberg and Reiting's degradation of Basini; he is both sexually attracted to Basini and Beineberg and repelled by them. He observes and takes part in the torture and rape of Basini while telling himself that he is trying to understand the gap between his rational self and his obscure irrational self; he is a disturbed and despairing observer of his own states of consciousness. Basini professes love for Törless and Törless comes to reciprocate somewhat, but is ultimately repelled by Basini's unwillingness to stand up for himself. This disgust with Basini's passivity ultimately leads him almost off-handedly to stand up to Beineberg and Reiting. When the torment becomes unbearable, Törless covertly advises Basini to turn himself in to the headmaster as a way out of the situation. An investigation is commenced, but the only party to be found guilty is Basini. Törless makes a strange existential speech to the school authorities about the gap between the rational and irrational ("...after all, things just happen"), which puzzles the authorities more than anything else. They decide he is of too refined an intellect for the institute, and suggest to his parents that he be privately educated, a conclusion that he comes to on his own. Other subplots include Törless' experience with the local prostitute Božena, his encounter with his mathematics teacher, and his analysis of his parents' attitudes toward the world. Editions and translations Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törleß. Wien/Leipzig: Wiener Verlag, 1906. Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törleß. München/Leipzig: Georg Müller, 1911. Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törleß. 11th.-15th. thousand. Berlin: Ernst Rowohlt, 1931 [Revised edition; published Dec. 1930]. Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törleß. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, 1998. (rororo 10300.) Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törleß. Based on the revised edition 1930; with detailed commentary. Ed. by Werner Bellmann. Epilog: Filippo Smerilli. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2013. Young Törless. Translated by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. Pantheon Books, 1955. The Confusions of Young Törless. Translated by Shaun Whiteside, with an introduction by J. M. Coetzee. Penguin Classics, 2001. The Confusions of Young Master Törless. Translated by Christopher Moncrieff. Alma Classics, 2013. The Confusions of Young Törless. Translated by Mike Mitchell, with an introduction and notes by Ritchie Robertson. Oxford University Press, 2014. Bibliography Bernhard Grossmann: Robert Musil, Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törless. Interpretation. 3. Auflage. Oldenbourg, München 1997. Klaus Johann: Grenze und Halt: Der Einzelne im „Haus der Regeln“. Zur deutschsprachigen Internatsliteratur. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2003, (= Beiträge zur neueren Literaturgeschichte. 201.). content (pdf-Datei), Rezension pp. 206–422. (The most extensive interpretation of „Törleß“.) Roland Kroemer: Ein endloser Knoten? Robert Musils „Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törleß“ im Spiegel soziologischer, psychoanalytischer und philosophischer Diskurse. Fink, München 2004. (Dissertation) Oliver Pfohlmann: Robert Musil. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2012 (= rowohlts monographien), pp. 19–22 (ch. "Als Zögling in Eisenstadt und Mährisch-Weißkirchen") and pp. 43–49 (ch. "Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törleß"), Andrea Rota: I grovigli del racconto: metafore tessili e disarticolazione narrativa ne «Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törless» di Robert Musil. In: Studia Austriaca. 15/2007, pp. 175–192. Renate Schröder-Werle: Robert Musil. "Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törleß". Erläuterungen und Dokumente. Reclam, Stuttgart 2001. Filippo Smerilli: Moderne – Sprache – Körper. Analysen zum Verhältnis von Körpererfahrung und Sprachkritik in erzählenden Texten Robert Musils''. V & R Unipress, Göttingen 2009. External links 1906 Austrian novels Austrian novels adapted into films Novels by Robert Musil Novels with gay themes 1900s LGBT novels Novels set in boarding schools 1906 debut novels German LGBT novels

43262342

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiringuito

Chiringuito

In Spain, a chiringuito () is a small beach bar, selling mainly drinks and snacks, and sometimes meals or tapas, in a more or less provisional building, since a more permanent structure in the beach may be inviable. They are mainly found on beaches or at tourist attractions, which enjoy only brief but intense seasonal activity. These can be solid structures but are more often no-frills shelters or simply stalls capable of commanding a price premium compared to regular suppliers, as well as high turnover, yielding reasonable profits over a short span of time. Since many chiringuito bars tend (or tended) to operate in the informal sector of the economy, the term is sometimes extended to any dodgy business activity or company that operates in loosely regulated grey markets or the unlawful black market sector. In Mexico, an equivalent could be a palapa. See also Food booth Kiosk Farmers' market Flea market References Spanish cuisine Types of drinking establishment Restaurants by type

38392189

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halodule%20wrightii

Halodule wrightii

Halodule wrightii is an aquatic plant in the Cymodoceaceae family. It is referred to by the common names shoal grass or shoalweed, and is a plant species native to seacoasts of some of the warmer oceans of the world. H. wrightii is an herb growing in salt-water marshes in intertidal regions, often submerged at high tide but emergent at low tide. Taxonomy This plant was named after Charles Wright, who was an American botanist and collector. In 1853 and 1856 Wright participated in a surveying expedition and discovered Halodule wrightii. Some publications cite US specimens by the synonym, Halodule beaudettei, but the two names represent the same species. Description Seagrass is a marine angiosperm that possesses conductive tissue, shoot systems, rhizomes and flowers. It has flat leaves up to 20 cm long, dark reddish-brown, with a few teeth on the margins. The fruits are spherical to egg-shaped, about 2 mm across. Distribution This plant is mainly found in muddy coastal marsh waters and off the coast of many Caribbean islands. It has been reported from Texas, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, North Carolina, Maryland, Yucatán, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Costa Rica, Belize, Panamá, Cuba, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Brazil and Cape Verde. In California, it was intentionally introduced into the Salton Sea from Texas almost a century ago, but died out a long time ago. Ecology These aquatic plants form sea beds and increase habitat stabilization through constant shoot and rhizome production. The string-like structure of the seagrass decrease water turbidity and movement of substrate whether it is sand or mud. Seagrass beds function as an incubator for young juvenile fishes. They provide shelter from predators and reduce competition with other species. Halodule wrightii also supplies food resources to several species of fish, invertebrate marine life and manatees. This species of plant has the ability to adapt to various levels of salinity and temperatures. H. wrightii is able to reproduce sexually and asexually, however, flowering in this species is rare. Conservation Recreational activities, like jet skiing and boating, damage and uproot seagrass beds with ease in shallow coastal waters. Studies such as the one performed in Brazil's Abrolhos Marine National Park tested the direct effects of anchor damage caused by intense boating activity, and found that H. wrightii abundance was deeply impacted. Restoration Restoration of seagrass beds has been experimentally tested many times. One such experiment in Florida attempted to use H. wrightii as a pioneer species to stimulate natural succession to the eventual climax vegetation dominated by Thalassia testudinum. The experiment found that the application of fertilizer to transplants greatly increased their growth rate. References Cymodoceaceae Flora of Northern America Flora of Central America Flora of Southern America Flora of the Caribbean Flora of Madagascar Flora of Australia Plants described in 1868 Taxa named by Paul Friedrich August Ascherson

68819330

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamen%20Chai%20railway%20station

Thamen Chai railway station

Thamen Chai railway station is a railway station located in Thamen Chai Subdistrict, Lam Plai Mat District, Buriram Province. It is a class 2 railway station located from Bangkok railway station. References Railway stations in Thailand Buriram province

5809325

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangbajing%20Tunnel

Yangbajing Tunnel

The Yangbajing Tunnel is a railway tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from Goldmod to Lhasa, and part of one of the highest railways in the world, The highest rail tunnel in the world is the 1,338 m Fenghuoshan tunnel which is situated at 4,905 m above sea level, and called "the nearest door to the heaven." This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. References Further reading External links Yangbajing Tunnel (WikiMapia) Railway tunnels in Tibet

34164092

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholapandiyapuram

Cholapandiyapuram

Cholapandiyapuram or Cholavandipuram or Cholapandipuram is a 1 sq. kilometre village in Tirukkoyilur taluk in Kallakurichi district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Agriculture is the primary occupation of the people who live in this area. In 2011, the village had a population of 1,000 people. Location Cholapandiyapuram is located southwest of Tirukkoyilur, northwest of Ulundurpettai. Transportation Town buses depart from Tirukkoyilur bus stand (bus no: 5, 20) to Rishivandiyam go through Cholapandiyapuram. Otherwise, one can alight at Ariyur Koot road bus stop (all buses going from Tirukkoyilur to Ulundurpettai and Kallakurichi ) and can take shared auto. About the village Cholapandiyapuram village has more than 1000 years old heritage. This village was a Jain centre during the 10th century C.E. Andimalai The attractive feature of this village is the presence of hillock called Andimalai with Jain caves, stone beds, inscriptions and sculptures. There are 25 stone beds and some of the stone pillows of the beds were carved semicircular. The 23rd Thirthankarar of Jainism, Parshwanathar or Parshva, Bahubali or Gomateshwara and Mahavira were nicely carved on the rock. An inscription said these carvings were made at the behest of Sriveli Konkaraiyar Puddhadigal. Another inscription was in the form of a poem: it mentions that a local chieftain, Siddhavadavan alias Sethirayan, donated Panaipadi village for the worship of these Jaina tirthankaras during the second regnal year (952 A.D.) of Chola king Gandaraditya. Statues of Dharmadevi and Iyakki was placed separately in the hill. Also two statues of Adinathar or Rishabha taken from nearby villages are kept in the hill. Inside a cave, a stone seat was found which possibly for a Jain monk where he sat and taught the students. Padiyendhal Padiyendhal is a rock art site in a small cave located backside of Andimalai. Actually the name "Padiyendhal" refers to the nearby village. Local people call this cave as "Irulan Kal". On the roof of the cave, ancient paintings of horse, bow and arrow structures are found. The symbols found in the roof and the side walls of the cave are similar to that of found in Indus valley civilization Pictures See also Jainism in Tamil Nadu Ennayiram Bhimbetka rock shelters References Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu Villages in Kallakurichi district Jain temples in Tamil Nadu 10th-century Jain temples Jain rock-cut architecture Tamil architecture Tamil art

67684826

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarada%20darwini

Sarada darwini

Sarada darwini, Darwin's large fan-throated lizard, is a species of agamid lizard. It is endemic to India. References Sarada Reptiles of India Reptiles described in 2016 Taxa named by Veerappan Deepak

1698429

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare%20in%20Romania

Healthcare in Romania

Romania offers benefits of a universal healthcare system. The state finances primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare. Public health campaigns are independently financed by the Government of Romania. The Ministry of Health of Romania is required to manage and supervise the public healthcare sector. For 2013, the budget allocated for the healthcare sector is US$2.6 billion (8.675.192.000 lei), or roughly 1.7% of the GDP. The access to healthcare is guaranteed by Article 34 in the Constitution of Romania, which specifies that the state is obliged "to guarantee the sheltering of healthcare". Every citizen of Romania is entitled to cost-free, unrestricted medical procedures, as established by a physician only if they present themselves with a health card as of 9 September 2015, proving to have paid insurance. Citizens of the European Union, along with Romanian citizens without paid insurance have the right to free emergency medical assistance. Universal healthcare in Romania The concept of universal healthcare has been implemented in name only in Romania. However, the patients were still required to pay some medical costs, and in some cases, the fees were too high. In consequence, healthcare was virtually only available to the middle class and upwards. The working class were in the position of having to use free clinics or hospitals run by charities. History of the Romanian health system The first concept of public healthcare appeared in 1700. At the time, it was a common practice for foreign doctors to be brought in to provide healthcare for the upper class. Philanthropists ran their own charity hospitals, and provided free healthcare for the peasants. The National Red Cross Society was founded on 4 July 1876. The first president of the Romanian Red Cross was Dimitrie Ghica, between 1876 and 1897. The Romanian Red Cross is the only humanitarian organization with a functional network across the country. It has 47 subsidiaries, 1,996 under subsidiaries and 1,307 commissions. Hospitals in Romania The hospitals listed below are the most historically relevant hospitals in Romania. Colțea Hospital, in Bucharest, was built by Mihai Cantacuzino between 1701 and 1703; composed of many buildings, each with 12 to 30 beds, a church, three chapels, a school, and doctors' and teachers' houses. Colţea Hospital has been re-equipped after a €90 million investment in 2011 and is now one of the most modern hospitals in Bucharest and Romania. Pantelimon Hospital was raised in 1733 by Grigore II Ghica. The area of the Pantelimon Hospital land property was 400,000 m2. The hospital had in its inventory a house for infectious diseases and a house for persons with disabilities. The hospital is still operational today. St. Spiridon Hospital, in Iași, opened in 1755 and described in a document from 1757 as the largest in Moldavia and Wallachia, is nowadays the second largest in Romania. Filantropia Hospital had a capacity of 70 beds and was built in 1806–1812, during the Russian occupation. The hospital is still operational today. The Brâncovenesc Hospital was inaugurated in October 1838. The hospital worked on the same principle as a free clinic, offering various vaccines and medical tests free of charge. However, the urban development led to the hospital building being demolished (and therefore its activity ceased) in 1984. Vaccination Vaccination has been done in Romania ever since the 17th century, when people used rudimentary methods of vaccination, such as dipping newborns into cow milk coming from cows with smallpox. However, due to the increasing number of doctors, more modern methods of vaccination have been introduced. As of 1800, the children were being administered a regular smallpox shot. From the 19th century up until today, it has been compulsory that all children get vaccinated against hepatitis B, tuberculosis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, rubella and diphtheria. The vaccines are free of charge and can be done at any authorized pediatrics medic. Additional optional vaccines, such as the one against the flu, are also provided free of charge on a bi-yearly basis. Organ transplantation Romania is nowadays one of the nations with the highest success rate of organ transplantation surgeries. The first transplant in Romania was done in 1958. Doctor Agripa Ionescu performed a skin transplantation. The first experimental liver transplant was performed in the Floreasca Hospital in Bucharest. But it was only an attempt. Only in the 1980, at the Fundeni Clinic Institute also in Bucharest, professor Eugeniu Proca succeeded in transplanting a kidney from mother to son. Every year, Romania has made progress both from a technical perspective but also by increasing the donors number. In 2013, the country joined the list of countries with the highest number of organ transplants performed. Romania was the top leader with the highest number of transplants achieved at European level, with a record of 60 donors in the first 4 months of 2013, when 120 kidney transplants and 53 liver transplants have been performed. According to Irinel Popescu MD, 2013 will probably be the best year in the Romanian transplants history and according to Mediafax, another 32 hospitals have joined the Transplant Program, being involved in the identification of potential donors and maintaining suitable brain-dead candidates in a stable condition. Late 2000s private hospitals boom Ever since 2007, when Romania joined the EU, the number of private hospitals has risen. At the moment, there are 130 private hospitals/clinics in Romania. The private hospitals have increased in popularity, especially since the 2011 proposal of privatization (see above) came into discussion. More and more Romanians are choosing to opt for a private insurance plan, which includes access to a private hospital. A reason for this sudden shift is the fact that private hospitals offer premium services. They tend to be more patient-friendly than the public hospitals, and they also have modern equipment. However, criticism has been directed against private hospitals, because although most of them are equipped with state-of-art medical devices, if any serious medical emergency occurs (e.g. massive internal bleeding), the patient is transferred to a public hospital. This is usually done because public hospitals have more specialists who might be more competent than the ones in the private hospitals. Private provision In November 2011, the Government proposed a completely new healthcare system. The main changes are: the privatization of all hospitals and public clinics, the replacement of the public NHCIS with private insurers and the mandatory contribution to a private healthcare contractor. As president Băsescu declared, "Hospitals must become Plcs or charity institutions, the management must be privatized." Furthermore, the changes also mention the fact that diseases should be treated with local, generic medicine rather than expensive treatments and that doctors will be able to negotiate their salary. The people who are not required to co-pay are teens under the age of 18, people with a monthly income of less than €150 or people without an income at all. The proposal was withdrawn in January 2012. It caused great controversy and received extensive media coverage. As a result of the proposal, Raed Arafat quit his job as a state secretary. This caused protests in Bucharest and other major cities in Romania. The protests ceased on 6 February, when the Government headed by Emil Boc resigned. On 26 March 2012, the Health minister of Romania announced a similar proposal. The project is similar to the one proposed in November, although the project brings up a new initiative, namely the dissolution of the National Health Insurance Fund (). Furthermore, the hospitals will remain public, unlike the previous proposition that suggested the hospitals would become private institutions. Until 2019 copayments were not permitted. From April 2019 people with health insurance are allowed to pay a "personal contribution to cover the difference between the tariffs for medical services charged by private providers and the fees charged from the budget of the National Social Health Insurance Fund settled by the health insurance houses." This is expected to boost the private health insurance market. Romanian doctors During the early 18th century, the aristocracy would send their children away to Vienna or Paris to attend a medicine faculty there. Later, they would return to Romania to practice medicine. Eventually, this practice became so common that most Romanian doctors were schooled externally, and began sharing their knowledge with future medics. The practice of sending future doctors abroad has ceased when the first medical school in Romania became operational. In the early 1800s, Romania became heavily affected by an epidemic of cholera and so the demand of doctors has increased. However, many doctors have died while treating others of cholera. With the raise of Alexandru I.C., doctors were employed by the newly created state. Doctors used to receive little pay from the state, but in most cases, they charged patients with a fee. In the dawn of the First World War, Romania did not have enough medics to power the Army. The situation has gotten so desperate, that the Queen of Romania, had become a nurse herself, and started working on the front lines, attending to injured people. After World War I ended, the situation stabilized. There were enough doctors to cover the population of the cities and provide limited support to the peasants. Being a doctor became a noble, well-rewarded profession. In 1947, after the overthrow of the monarchy and the raise of the communists to power, the demand for doctors has once again increased. Young adults were encouraged by their parents to join the medicine school. Being a doctor used to give the person a higher rank in the state. Doctors were given priority housing and had easier access to benefits such as extra fuel, which from 1980 became rationalized. Furthermore, doctors used to receive a lot of "tips" consisting of chocolate, cigarettes and fine drinks, which were also rationalized goods. According to the survey conducted by the Euro health consumer index in 2015 Romania was still among the European countries in which unofficial payments to doctors were reported most commonly. Facilities and equipment As of 2013, there are 425 hospitals in Romania (one hospital per 43,000 people). Theoretically, each of the 425 hospitals should be equipped with a basic trauma room and an operating theatre. For each 1,000 people, there are 6.2 hospital beds available. A classification of 461 hospitals in Romania conducted by the Health Ministry in 2011 shows that 58% of them fall into the weakest categories: four and five. The partition of the health institutions was made considering five categories of competence, of which the first category represents the maximum of competence. Among the hospitals in Bucharest, only 19 were classified in the highest class of performance. These comprise 34 sections, with all specializations covered, emergency lines and outpatient cabinets for all sections, medical specialists for each section in part and top performance medical equipment. According to the same classification, the top performance hospitals outside the capital are in Cluj-Napoca (four), Iaşi and Timișoara (two each), Constanța and Târgu Mureș (one each). Romania makes use of about 2,600 ambulances, and by 2015, the government is planning on purchasing an additional 1,250 ambulances. Romania also has a professional emergency response unit, SMURD, which operates at major emergencies. SMURD operates independently from the regular emergency response services, but it can be dialed and asked for by calling 112. Altogether (including the fleet of the Internal Affairs and SMURD), Romania has a fleet of 32 aircraft equipped for medical emergencies. The country is currently investing in three new regional hospitals in Iasi, Cluj-Napoca and Craiova that offer centralized medical services. This is a four-year project with an estimated cost of €1.6 billion. The government has received funding from the European Investment Bank equalling to €930 million and also offering technical support. Quality of healthcare In the major urban areas, medical facilities are generally well-equipped, with world-class private healthcare also available. In rural areas and small towns, healthcare is sub-standard, with patients often asked to buy basic supplies such as gloves and syringes. Drugs and prescription medicines All citizens are entitled to receive financial aid for prescriptions, regardless of their financial status. The only required condition is that they are contributing to CNAS. Virtually any medicine (except from generic medicine) can be obtained with a discount. The discount is obtained by getting a prescription form from a doctor. The deduction is made right at the paying point, and pharmacies further obtain their money back from the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, there are drugs that are being given out for free. Medicine for diseases included in the National Health Programs are free for anyone, regardless of their financial status. The diseases that are usually covered are chronic diseases. Contraceptives are also handed out for free, for teenagers or people with a modest monthly income. From July 2012 and on, it will become mandatory for all prescriptions to be issued in a digital format only. Issues and challenges Per capita, Romania has the lowest medical expenses inside the European Union (€358 per inhabitant in 2012). As of 2010, it was the European country with the lowest rate of low income households provided of water supply and a private toilet for sanitation. The medical system has been affected by a lack of medical staff. This is due to the low wages and the attractive working conditions in Western Europe. Many medics and nurses have decided to go and work in the medical system in Germany, UK, Belgium, France, Spain, Ireland and Italy. It has the lowest proportion of nurses and midwives per head in Europe – 73 per 100,000 in 2015. Another issue is the high level of out-of-pocket spending. As a consequence of the bribery that has been "traditionally" practiced ever since the communist era, a sizable number of patients have reported that they have had to bribe the doctors and nurses in order to receive good treatment. Furthermore, another issue is that, in some cases, the hospitals lacked basic supplies, such as tampons and therefore, although the equipment and medicine is there, certain procedures cannot be done until the patient provides the supplies by themselves. Poor infrastructure of hospitals in Romania has led to several deadly hospital fires in the country during the COVID-19 pandemic. These include the Piatra Neamț hospital fire on 14 November 2020, the Matei Balș hospital fire on 29 January 2021 and the Constanța hospital fire on 1 October 2021. Medical universities and faculties This is a list of accredited medicine (and pharmacy) universities. The universities in italics are exclusively private. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest (1857) Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași (1879) Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca (1919) University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș (1945) Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timișoara (1944) University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova (1970) Ovidius University of Constanța – Faculty of Medicine (1990) Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu – Faculty of Medicine (1990) Vasile Goldiș West University of Arad – Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy (1991) University of Oradea – Faculty of Medicine (1991) Transilvania University of Brașov – Faculty of Medicine (1995) "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galați, Galați – Faculty of Medicine (1990) Telemedicine Romania is the first country in Europe in terms of telemedicine. The national telemedicine network includes two command centres, at Floreasca Hospital in Bucharest and Clinical Emergency Hospital of Târgu Mureș and 56 hospitals in 19 counties. Thus, doctors at the two command centres provide medical support in real time to any of the hospitals in the country and pursue the patient's vital signs. See also Abortion in Romania Disability in Romania Health in Romania Pharmaceutical industry in Romania SMURD References External links Romania: health profile from the DFID Health Resource Centre. Healthcare Systems in Transition: A Profile on Romania from the World Health Organization Bribes for basic care in Romania from The Guardian Weekly

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecelia%20Gonz%C3%A1lez

Cecelia González

Cecelia González is an American politician serving as a member of the Nevada Assembly from the 16th district. González was elected to the Nevada Assembly in 2020. She attended the University of Nevada, and was a member of Delta Tau Lambda. References 1991 births Living people Democratic Party members of the Nevada Assembly Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in Nevada Hispanic and Latino American women in politics University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians

36380953

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%20National%20Maritime%20Museum

Korea National Maritime Museum

The Korea National Maritime Museum (called 국립해양박물관 in Korean) is a Korean maritime museum and the third largest museum in the Republic of Korea. The museum was inaugurated on July 9, 2012, and is located in Dongsam-dong, Yeongdo-gu, Busan. The museum exhibits more than 12,000 maritime relics, including the ‘Joseon Missional Ship’ which is the largest replica in South Korea - half the size of the actual ship. Collections Ship of Joseon Envoy Globe and celestial globe Secret of Sea Johaengilrok Hamgyeong-do Coastal Map Juk-do Jechal See also Busan Busan Marine Natural History Museum References External links The Korea National Maritime Museum Museums established in 2012 Museums in Busan Maritime museums in South Korea National museums of South Korea 2012 establishments in South Korea

69974141

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Big%2012%20Conference%20baseball%20tournament

2022 Big 12 Conference baseball tournament

The 2022 Big 12 Conference baseball tournament will be held from May 25 through 29 at Globe Life Field in Arlington, Texas. The annual tournament determines the conference champion of the Division I Big 12 Conference for college baseball. The winner of the tournament will earn the league's automatic bid to the 2022 NCAA Division I baseball tournament. The tournament has been held since 1997, the inaugural year of the Big 12 Conference. Among current league members, Texas has won the most championships with five. Among original members, Kansas State has never won the event. Oklahoma State won their third championship in 2019. Iowa State discontinued their program after the 2001 season without having won a title. Having joined in 2013, TCU won titles in 2014, 2016, and 2021, while West Virginia has yet to win the Tournament. Format and seeding The top eight finishers from the regular season will be seeded one through eight, and will then play a two-bracket double-elimination tournament leading to a winner-take-all championship game. At the beginning of the season, the conference coaches voted to make the higher seeded team the designated home team for all games in the tournament. Bracket Schedule Conference Championship Game References Big 12 Conference baseball tournament Tournament Big 12 Conference baseball tournament Baseball competitions in Arlington, Texas College sports tournaments in Texas

31632699

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakar%20District

Kakar District

Kakar District (Pashto: کاکړ), (Persian: کاکر), also Khak-e Afghan (خاک افغان) is a district of Zabul province in southern Afghanistan. It has a population of about 23,400 as of 2013. The majority of the population belong from Kakar tribes and the other tribes of the district are Khowazak, Kharoti and Hatwal. The district is very famous by their Agriculture especially dry fruits and hospitality. This is the second educated district of Zabul province. The most influential persons of Zabul province like member of Parliament Sardar Khodai dad Khan, Sardar Karim dad Khan, the writer and poet Sardar Izatullah Kakar, Ishaq Akhondzada, the president of Zabul University Rahmatullah Kakar are belong to this district. See also Districts of Afghanistan References External links Districts of Zabul Province

41813667

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraperchloratoaluminate

Tetraperchloratoaluminate

Tetraperchloratoaluminates are salts of the tetraperchloratoaluminate anion, [Al(ClO4)4]−. The anion contains aluminium tetrahedrally surrounded by four perchlorate groups. The perchlorate is covalently bonded to the aluminium, but perchlorate is much more well known as an ion. The covalent bond to aluminium distorts the perchlorate and renders it unstable. Related chemicals are the haloperchloroatoaluminates, where there is one perchloro group attached to aluminium, and three halogens such as chlorine (chloroperchloroatoaluminates) or bromine (bromoperchloroatoaluminates). Formation Nitronium tetraperchloratoaluminate is made from exact amounts of nitronium perchlorate and anhydrous aluminium chloride combined in liquid sulfur dioxide. Ammonium tetraperchloratoaluminate can be formed by three moles of nitronium perchlorate, one mole of anhydrous aluminium chloride, and one mole of ammonium perchlorate combined in liquid sulfur dioxide. Properties The tetraperchloratoaluminates are yellowish crystalline solids. They are stable up to 50 °C. Above this temperature they decompose to hexaperchloratoaluminates which are more temperature stable. References Aluminium complexes Perchlorates Anions

28519525

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ak%C4%B1r

Çakır

Çakır is a Turkish surname, that derives from colour blue. It was often associated with people who had blue eyes, which are uncommon in Turkey. Notable people with the surname include: Aslı Çakır Alptekin (born 1985), Turkish female middle distance runner Cüneyt Çakır (born 1976), Turkish UEFA Elite association football referee Hamza Çakır (born 1985), German football player of Turkish descent Mehmet Çakır (born 1984), Turkish footballer Mihail Ciachir (1861 – 1938), Moldovan and Gagauz Protoiereus Mustafa Çakır (born 1986), Turkish yacht racer Olcay Çakır (born 1993), Turkish female basketball player Sabri Çakır (born 1955), German poet of Turkish origin Seher Çakır (born 1971), Turkish woman poet Places Çakır, Acıpayam, in Turkey Çakır, Çorum, a town in Turkey Çakır, Yenice, in Turkey Other uses Çakır (missile), Turkish cruise missile See also Çakırağa Mansion, mansion in Turkey Turkish-language surnames

29849848

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20RNA%20biologists

List of RNA biologists

For related information, see the articles on History of RNA Biology, History of Molecular Biology, and History of Genetics. RNA b RNA RNA

31185829

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Huston%20Macbride

Thomas Huston Macbride

Thomas Huston Macbride (July 31, 1848 – March 27, 1934) was the tenth president of the University of Iowa, serving from 1914 to 1916. Macbride was a naturalist and botanist, Macbride Hall at the University of Iowa is named for him. He often collaborated with Samuel Calvin. He was the 75th member of the Acacia chapter at the University of Iowa. In 1909, botanist Fred Jay Seaver published Macbridella a genus of (in fungi family of Melanommataceae), and named in his honour. Then in 1934, botanist Henry Clark Gilbert in the journal of Univ. Iowa Stud. Nat. Hist. circumscribed the genus of Amoebozoa (from the family Stemonitidaceae), Macbrideola. He noted 'This new genus is named in honor of Dr. Thomas H. Macbride, late President Emeritus of the University of Iowa. For more than forty years Dr. Macbride collected and studied the Myxomycetes. His contributions to our knowledge of the North American forms of this group are the greatest ever made by any one person. This new genus is particularly appropriate to commemorate Dr. Macbride's work because the type species, M. scintillans, finds its ideal habitat in the beautiful woodlands of the Iowa country in which Dr. Macbride labored. It is hoped that this beautiful though minute Myxomycete may bear this name and ever remind us of the work of a great and good scholar.' References External links Presidents of the University of Iowa 1848 births 1934 deaths Lenox College alumni

60318150

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanne%20Bergius

Hanne Bergius

Hanne Bergius (born in 1947 in Herzberg am Harz) is a German art historian and Professor for Art History with emphases on art, photography, modern design and architecture. Life Bergius studied art history, classical archaeology, and psychology at the Freie Universität Berlin. Her doctoral dissertation on the history and concept of Berlin Dadaism at the FU Berlin was accepted in 1984. In 1990, she received a German Research Foundation grant to investigate the relationship between tradition and modernism in the example of the New Objectivity movement. Then, in 1992, she presented her habilitation project on the concept of montage to the History Department at the FU Berlin and received the Venia legendi for Modern Art History. She first applied her research results on Classical Modernism in her work as co-curator at the international exhibitions and the catalogs Tendenzen der zwanziger Jahre. Dada in Europa – Dokumente und Werke (15th European Art Exhibition, Berlin 1977) (Tendencies of the 1920s. Dada in Europe) and Paris-Berlin. Übereinstimmungen und Gegensätze Frankreich – Deutschland 1900–1933 (Centre Pompidou, Paris 1978) (Concordances and contrasts France – Germany 1900–1933). After these exhibitions, she advanced her research and, at the same time, continued bringing up her daughters (born in 1969 and 1973). Bergius gained teaching experience in 1980 with a 9-year teaching appointment in the Architecture Department at the Technical University Dortmund; from 1987 to 1989 at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf; and in 1990 through her participation in the Radio College Modern Art. After her habilitation, she taught from 1992 to 1994 as a Professor for Art History at the University of Applied Sciences Münster. From 1994 to 2007, she held a Professorship for the History of Art, Design, and Architecture at the Burg Giebichenstein University of Art and Design Her teaching concentrated on the interdependencies among the arts and on aesthetic transfer processes – for example, between Europe and Asia – to make students aware of the scope for interpretations between forms, functions, and levels of meaning in their international cultural and social-historical contexts. The point was both gaining theoretical knowledge and a path to designing and acting. Research Bergius' research emphases lie in 19th- and 20th-century Modern art. In numerous scholarly publications since 1975, she has investigated how innovative processes of design and reception develop in their socio-cultural contexts and how they become prevalent against traditional certainties. The international Dada movement, especially Berlin's Dadaism, is one of her primary research areas. Bergius' monograph Das Lachen Dadas (Dada's laughter), published in 1989, is about the experimental concepts of the grotesque in the Berlin Club Dada and the various projects and performances of the new type of artist, the Da-Dandy, who, in the intersection of current events, calls simultaneously for a radical revision of the arts and for bitingly satirical social criticism. In Montage und Metamechanik (2000) Bergius analyzes Dada's products – the avant-garde process of collages, assemblages, and above all photomontages and their polar field of tension with the works of the metamechanical-abstract phase, which she interprets in terms of Friedrich Nietzsche's complex influence on the Dada concept. With the expanded American publication Dada triumphs. Dada Berlin 1917–1923 (2003), as well as with essays and documentations in Dada: The Coordinates of cultural Politics (1996) and Dada and the Press (2004) she took part in Crisis and the Arts. The History of Dada, edited by Stephen C. Forster (University of Iowa). Beyond that, in 1997, Bergius participated in the international symposium Nietzsche and An Architecture of Our Minds with a paper on the deconstructive architectures of Johannes Baader and Kurt Schwitters and headed a section titled Nietzsche as prophet of Modernism, organized by The Getty Research Institute for The History of Arts and the Humanities. She also devoted studies to such artists as Jefim Golyscheff, George Grosz, Raoul Hausmann, John Heartfield, Wieland Herzfelde, Hannah Höch, Richard Huelsenbeck, Walter Mehring, Rudolf Schlichter, Erwin Blumenfeld, Paul Citroen, Otto Dix, and Max Ernst, comprehensively reconstructing their contributions to the First International Dada Fair (1920). In 1976, feminist art historiography drew her attention to Gender Studies work on Hannah Höch and other Dadaists. She has been credited with producing the first feminist reading of the work of Hannah Höch and producing "the most exhaustive identification" of Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada. In particular, in 2011, Bergius investigated the early Paris work phase of the filmmaker and artist Ulrike Ottinger and, in 2013 at the exhibition Weltbilder (World images), she demonstrated the proximity of Ottinger's ethno- and mythopoetic pictorial concept to Aby Warburg's cultural-scientific research on the transformations of pictorial memory. Bergius' interest concentrated also on investigations of concepts of montage that developed in the reception of Dada and Surrealism since the 1960s in the areas of Fluxus, Lettrism, the Situationist International, Pop Art, and today's pictorial production. Select publications Monographs Das Lachen Dadas. Die Berliner Dadaisten und ihre Aktionen (= Werkbund-Archiv, Vol. 19), Gießen: Anabas-Verlag, 1989, Montage und Metamechanik. Dada Berlin – Artistik von Polaritäten (= Publication series of Burg Giebichenstein, Kunsthochschule Halle, Vol. 4), Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 2000, Dada Triumphs! Dada Berlin, 1917–1923. Artistry of Polarities. Montages – Metamechanics – Manifestations (translated by Brigitte Pichon), Vol. V. of the ten editions of Crisis and the Arts. The History of Dada, ed. by Stephen Foster, New Haven, Conn. u. a., Thomson/ Gale 2003, Editorship with Eberhard Roters: Tendenzen der zwanziger Jahre. Dada in Europa – Dokumente und Werke, 15. Europäische Kunstausstellung, Vol. 3, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1977, . with Karl Riha, Norbert Miller: Johannes Baader: Oberdada. Schriften, Manifeste, Flugblätter, Billets, Werke und Taten, Giessen: Anabas-Verlag, 1977, with Karl Riha: Dada Berlin. Texte, Manifeste, Aktionen (Reclams Universal-Bibliothek No. 9857), Stuttgart 1977 ff., with Françoise Lartillot: Dada Berlin. Une révolution culturelle? (Series Histoire des idées), Nantes: Ed. du Temps, 2004, . with Timothy Benson, Ina Blom: Raoul Hausmann et les Avantgardes, Dijon: Les presses du réel, 2015, Essays Hannah Höch – Künstlerin im Berliner Dadaismus/ Hannah Höch – Femme artiste du Dadaisme Berlinois, in: Musée d´Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris/ Nationalgalerie Berlin (ed.): Hannah Höch. Collagen, Gemälde, Aquarelle, Gouachen, Zeichnungen (Cat.), Paris, Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1976, p. 33–38, Dada à Berlin/ Dada in Berlin. De l`esthétique du laid à la beauté révolutionaire/ Von der Ästhetik des Häßlichen zur revolutionären Schönheit, in: Centre National d'Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou (ed.): Paris-Berlin. Rapports et contrastes France-Allemagne 1900–1933 (Cat.), Paris 1978, p. 126–141, 164–172, 560–575, . The Ambiguous Aesthetic of Dada: Towards a Definition of its Categories, in: Journal of European Studies. Literature and Ideas from the Renaissance to the Present. Jg. IX, 1979, p. 26–38, in: Richard Sheppard (ed.): Dada. Studies of a Movement, Norwich: Alpha Academic, 1980, p. 28–40, . Kurt Schwitters: Aspects of Dada and Merz, in: Christos M. Joachimides, Norman Rosenthal, Wieland Schmied (eds.): German Art in the 20th Century 1905 – 1985 (Cat.), Berlin – Gezeichnete Metropole. Vom Liniennetz zur Kontur/ Berlin – A City Drawn. From the Linear Network to the Contour, in: Peter Nisbet, Carol O. Selle (ed.): German Realist Drawings of the 1920s/ Deutsche Realistische Zeichnungen der Zwanziger Jahre (Cat.), Harvard University Art Museum, Busch Reisinger Museum 1986, p. 15–41, Berlin, the Dada Metropolis, in: Jean Clair (ed.): The 1920s. Age of the Metropolis (Cat.), The Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal 1991, p. 253–269, Kurt Schwitters 'Créer du nouveau à partir de débris, in: Serge Lemoine (ed.): Kurt Schwitters, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou, 1994, p. 38–45, Architecture as the Dionysian-Apollonian Process of Dada, in: Alexis Kosta, Irving Wolfarth (eds.): Nietzsche and 'An Architecture of our Minds'', The Getty Research Institute for The History of Arts and the Humanities, Los Angeles 1999, p. 115–139, Die große Erzählung und ihre Wandlungen oder die Parabel vom Frosch. Zum Konzept der Burg Giebichenstein, Burg Giebichenstein – eine Hochschule im Umbruch/A long and changeful story – or The Parable of the Frog, in: Rudolf Schäfer (ed.): Burg Giebichenstein. Hochschule für Kunst und Design Halle, Schriftenreihe No. 10 (Cat.), Halle 2002, p. 28–90, Dada Grotesque, in: Pamela Kort (ed.): Comic Grotesque. Wit and Mockery in German Art, 1870–1940, München, New York u. a.: Prestel, 2005, p. 155–171, . Dada as 'Buffoonery and Requiem at the Same Time''', in: Debbie Lewer (ed.): Post-Impressionism to World War II (Blackwell Anthologies in Art History), Blackwell Publishing 2006, p. 366–381, . Dada Berlin and its Aesthetic of Effects: Playing the Press, in: Harriet Watts (ed.): Dada and the Press, Vol. IX, Crisis and the Arts. The History of Dada. New Haven, Conn., Thomson, Gale u. a. 2004, p. 67–92. Dada-Berlin and the Press, in: ibid., p. 92–134; Articles about Dada Berlin in Daily Newspapers. Selected Bibliography, in: ibid., p. 134–152, Ulrike Ottingers Peinture Nouvelle. Entzifferung von Alltagsmythen/Ulrike Ottinger's Peinture Nouvelle. Decoding the Myths of Everyday Life, in: Marius Babias (ed.): Ulrike Ottinger, NBK Ausstellungen, Bd. 11, Köln: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2011, p. 14–99, Unterwegs – Der Kontinent Ulrike Ottinger/En Route – The Continent Ulrike Ottinger, in: Kestnergesellschaft (ed.): Ulrike Ottinger – Weltbilder/ World Images (Cat.), Hannover 2013, p. 103–114, Dada Raoul dans les années cinquante – Reconsidérer Dada, in: Timothy Benson, Hanne Bergius, Ina Blom (eds.): Raoul Hausmann et les avant-gardes, Dijon: Les Presses du Réel, 2014, p. 34–69, " Navigating the Up-To-Date Sea. Dada and Bauhaus Portrait Photomontages, in: Cat. Original bauhaus, Nina Wiedemeyer (ed.), Bauhaus-Archiv/ Museum für Gestaltung, München/ London/ New York 2019, p. 153–163, DADA-Ausstellungen 1958 und 1977 im Kontext der Wirkungsgeschichten von Dada, in: Agathe Mareuge, Sandro Zanetti (eds.): The Return of DADA/ Die Wiederkehr von DADA/ Le Retour de DADA'', Bd. 2, Les Presses du Réel, Dijon 2022, p. 35–62, References External links Complete list of publications of Hanne Bergius Literature by and about Hanne Bergius in the catalog of the German National Library Hanne Bergius: "JOIN DADA!" ASPECTS OF DADA`S RECEPTION SINCE THE LATE 1950s 1947 births Living people Free University of Berlin alumni Academic staff of the Technical University of Dortmund German women historians 21st-century German women writers 20th-century German women writers 20th-century German historians 21st-century German historians People from Herzberg am Harz German art historians

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%20American%20Football%20Association

Japan American Football Association

The Japan American Football Association oversees junior high school, high school, collegiate, club, and corporate American football teams throughout Japan. Since 1984, the JAFA has organized and sponsored the Rice Bowl, a championship game played between the college national champion and the X-League champion. It also organizes the Japan national American football teams. History Established in 1934, the JAFA consists of approximately 390 teams. JAFA has three different football leagues made up of 64 corporate-sponsored professional teams, 220 university teams, and 106 high school teams. See also International Federation of American Football (IFAF) IFAF Asia External links Japan American Football Association Asian Federation of American Football American football in Japan American football governing bodies Sports organizations established in 1934 1934 establishments in Japan

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n%20Ng%E1%BB%8Dc%20Ch%C3%A2u

Trần Ngọc Châu

Tran Ngoc Châu (1 January 1924 – 17 June 2020) was a Vietnamese soldier (Lieutenant Colonel), civil administrator (city mayor, province chief), politician (leader of the Lower House of the National Assembly), and later political prisoner, in the Republic of Vietnam until its demise with the Fall of Saigon in 1975. There are published photographs of Châu taken c.1952 and 1969, and others in his memoirs, Vietnam Labyrinth. Much earlier in 1944, he had joined the Việt Minh to fight for independence from the French. Yet as a Vietnamese Buddhist by 1949 he had decisively turned against Communism in Vietnam. He then joined new nationalist forces led by the French. When Vietnam was divided in 1954, he became an officer in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). For many years he worked on assignments directly under President Ngô Đình Diệm (1954–1963). He became the mayor of Da Nang, and was later a province chief in the Mekong Delta. In particular, Châu became known for his innovative approaches to the theory and practice of counter-insurgency: the provision of security ("pacification") to civilian populations during the Vietnam War. The ultimate government goal of winning the hearts and minds of the people eventually led him to enter politics. In 1967, after resigning from the ARVN Châu was elected to the newly formed National Assembly in Saigon. He became a legislative leader. Along with others, however, he failed to persuade his old friend Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, the former general who had become President (1967–1975), to turn toward a negotiated peace. Hence Châu associated with Assembly groups in opposition to the prevailing war policies and the ubiquitous corruption. Under the pretext that he spoke to his communist brother, Châu was accused of treason in 1970, during a major government crackdown on dissidents. Among others, Daniel Ellsberg spoke on his behalf before the United States Congress. Amid sharp controversy in South Vietnam, widely reported in the international press, Châu was tried and sent to prison for several years. Detention under house arrest followed. Soon after Saigon fell in 1975, he was arrested and held by the new communist regime, in a re-education camp. Released in 1978, he and his family made their escape by boat, eventually arriving in America in 1979. Early life and career Family, education Tran Ngoc Châu was born in 1923 or 1924 into a Confucian–Buddhist family of government officials (historically called mandarins, quan in Vietnamese), who lived in the ancient city of Huế, then the imperial capital, on the coast of central Vietnam. Since birth records at that time were not common, his family designated January 1, 1924, as his birthday "just for convenience". His grandfather Tran Tram was a well-known scholar and a minister in the imperial cabinet, and his father Tran Dao Te was a chief judge. As traditional members of the government, his family had "never resigned themselves to French rule." Châu spent seven youthful years as a student monk at a Buddhist school and seminary. In addition he received a French education at a lycée. Yet along with his brothers and sister, and following respected leaders, Châu became filled with "the Vietnamese nationalist spirit" and determined to fight for his country's independence. In the Việt Minh resistance In 1944, Châu joined the anti-French and anti-Japanese "resistance" (khang chien), that is, the Việt Minh. He followed two older brothers and a sister. Then considered a popular patriotic organization, the Việt Minh emphasized Vietnamese nationalism. Châu was picked to attend a 3-month "Political Military Course". Afterwards he was made a platoon leader. Here Châu mixed with peasants and workers for the first time, experiencing "the great gap between the privileged... and the underprivileged" and the "vital role" played by the rural villagers in Vietnam's destiny. He participated in the rigors of Việt Minh indoctrination, the "critiquing sessions" and party discipline, and admired the dedication of Vietnamese patriots. Exemplary was his young immediate superior Ho Ba, also from a mandarin family. Châu lived the rough life as a guerrilla soldier, entering combat many times. Yet he saw what he thought a senseless execution of a young woman justified as "revolutionary brutality". He also saw evidence of similar harsh behavior by French colonial forces. Châu was selected to head a company (over a hundred soldiers) and led his compatriots into battle. Promoted then to "battalion political commissar", Ho Ba had asked him to join the Communist Party of Vietnam. A year after Châu had entered the rural Việt Minh, Japan surrendered ending World War II. Up north Việt Minh armed forces seized control of Hanoi in the August Revolution. Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) proclaimed Vietnamese independence, and became the first President. The French, however, soon returned and war commenced anew. Several writers comment that in 1945 Ho Chi Minh had become indelibly identified with Vietnamese independence, conferring on him the Mandate of Heaven in the eyes of many Vietnamese, and that his ultimate victory against France and later America predictably followed. Châu's promotion to battalion political officer caused him to reflect on his path "from the contemplative life of a Buddhist monastery to the brutal reality of war". The Việt Minh depended on popular support, which the political commissar facilitated and propagated. In that position, Châu was called upon to show his "personal conviction" in the war and in the "social revolution", and to inspire the goodwill of the people. "It was equally vital that the political commissar be able to impart that conviction", to set "a high standard for others to emulate". To do so, Châu says, was like "converting to a new religion". About Việt Minh ideology and practices, his Buddhist convictions were divided: he favored "social justice, compassion, and liberation of the individual" but he opposed the "cultivated brutality" and "obsessive hatred" of the enemy, and the condemnation of "an entire social class". Châu found himself thinking that communist leaders from the mandarin class were using their peasant recruits to attack mandarin political rivals. "President Ho and General Giáp ... came from the very classes" that communist indoctrination was teaching the cadres to hate. Yet Châu's duties, e.g., in "critiques and self-criticism sessions" and fighting the guerrilla war, left him little time for "personal philosophizing". When asked to join the party, Châu realized that, like most Vietnamese people in the Việt Minh, "I really knew little about communism." After four years spent mostly in the countryside and forest; the soldier Châu, eventually came to a state of disagreement with the resistance leadership when he learned of its half-hidden politics, and what he took to be the communist vision for Vietnam's future. Although the Việt Minh was then widely considered to represent a popular nationalism, Châu objected to its core communist ideology which rejected many Vietnamese customs, traditional family ties, and the Buddhist religion. He quit the Việt Minh in 1949. Although remaining a nationalist in favor of step-by-step independence, he severed his ties, and began his outright opposition to communism. "I realized my devotion to Buddhism distanced me from Communist ideology", Châu wrote decades later in his memoirs. In the army of Bảo Đại Yet his new situation "between the lines of war" was precarious; it could prove to be fatal if he was captured by either the French or the Việt Minh. Soon Châu, unarmed, wearing khakis and a Việt Minh fatigue cap, carefully approached Hội An provincial headquarters in French-controlled Vietnam and cried, "I'm a Việt Minh officer and I want to talk". He was interrogated by civil administrators, Sûreté, and the military, both French nationals and Vietnamese. Later Châu shared his traditional nationalism with an elder Vietnamese leader, Governor Phan Van Giao, whose strategy was to outlast the French and then reconcile with the Việt Minh. At a café he recognized the young waitress as a former, or current, Việt Minh. Châu's Buddhist father, Tran Dao Te, suggested he seek religious guidance through prayer and meditation to aid him in his decision making. Two brothers, and a sister with her husband remained Việt Minh; yet Châu came to confirm his traditional nationalism, and his career as a soldier. In 1950, Châu entered a military academy at Dalat (north of Saigon) established by the French to train officers for the Vietnamese National Army, nominally under the emperor Bảo Đại. By then the US, Britain, and Thailand recognized Vietnam's 'independence'. Graduating as a lieutenant he was assigned to teach at the academy. Châu then married Bich Nhan whom he had met in Huế. The couple shared a villa and became friends with another young army couple, Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and his wife. Thiệu also had served in the Việt Minh, during 1945–46, before crossing over to the other side. In 1953 Châu traveled to Hanoi (Vietnam being not yet divided) for advanced military study. On his next assignment near Hội An his battalion was surprised by a Việt Minh ambush. His unit's survival was in doubt. For his conduct in battle Châu was awarded the highest medal. He was also promoted to captain. Following French defeat in 1954, full independence, and partition of Vietnam into north and south, Châu served in the military of the southern government, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). Division of the country resulted in massive population shifts, with most Việt Minh soldiers and cadre (90,000) heading north, and some Buddhists (300,000) and many Catholics (800,000) heading south. The Việt Minh remnant and 'stay behinds' in the south used "armed propanganda" to recruit new followers. Eventually they formed the National Liberation Front (NLF), which soon came to be "known as the Viet Cong by its enemies" (and by the press corps and politicians of America). It fought against the Republic of Vietnam (capital: Saigon), in a continuation of its national struggle for communist revolution and control. By 1960 use of armed violence became the practical policy of the communist party that dominated the NLF, both supported by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi. Service in the Diệm regime During the transition from French rule to full independence Ngô Đình Diệm, the President of the Republic, although making costly mistakes managed to lead the southern state through a precarious stage in the establishment of its sovereignty. Meanwhile, Châu in 1955 became commandant of cadets, director of instruction, at his alma mater the Vietnamese military academy at Dalat. He recommended curriculum changes, e.g., inclusion of Vietnamese history and guerrilla warfare, yet the American advisor resisted. For a time he also ran afoul of the secretive Cần Lao political party, a major support of the Diệm regime. The American military sponsored special training at Fort Benning, Georgia, for a group of Vietnamese Army officers including Châu. Later, after transferring from the Fourth Infantry Division, he became chief of staff at Quang Trung Training Center, a large Vietnamese Army facility. There Châu discovered corruption among suppliers. In 1959, at the request of his commanding officer, Châu prepared a report for the president's eyes. Unexpectedly, President Diệm then scheduled a meeting with Châu ostensibly to discuss his well-prepared report. Instead Diệm spoke at length of his high regard for Châu's mandarin grandfather the state minister Tran Tram, for his father and his accomplished family in Huế, the former Vietnamese capital. The President, himself of a mandarin family, cultivated a formal Confucian style. Au contraire, Ho Chi Minh, also from a mandarin family, preferred instead a villager identity, being popularly known as "Uncle Ho" [Bac Ho in Vietnamese]. The time-honored Confucian philosophy behind the traditional mandarin ethic, remains in Vietnamese culture and elsewhere. Yet it had been challenged in East Asia, methodically and decisively, since the arrival of western culture. The revolutionary Chinese Communist Party had vilified it. Modified teachings of the ancient sage continue, however, and across East Asia Confucian influence has increased markedly during the 21st century. For Diệm and Châu, its values served as a major reference held in common. Investigating the Civil Guard Soon after Diệm assigned Châu to the Civil Guard and Self-Defense Corps as inspector for 'psychological and social conditions'. Following Diệm's instructions Châu investigated the Guard's interaction with the people and its military effectiveness. Diệm had told Châu that his job was extremely important as the popular reputation of the Civil Guard in the countryside largely influenced how most people thought about the entire military. The Civil Guard (Bao An) was ineffective, poorly paid and poorly trained. Moreover, they preyed on the peasants whom they were supposed to protect. The Guard's political superiors, the provincial and local officials, were "holdovers from the French". To them, anyone who had participated in the independence struggle against France was suspected of being 'Viet Cong'. Châu recommended general reforms: elimination of bribery and corruption, land reform, education, and the cultivation of a nationalist spirit among the people. Châu noted that the Americans aided only the military, ignoring the Civil Guard despite its daily contact with rural people and the Viet Cong. President Diệm instructed Châu to develop a "refresher course" for the Guard. In doing so Châu addressed such content as: increased motivation, efforts to "earn the trust" of the people, better intelligence gathering, "interactive self-critical sessions", and the protection of civilians. Thereafter, Diệm appointed Châu as a regional commander of the Civil Guard for seven provinces of the Mekong Delta. American officials, military and CIA, began to show interest in Châu's work. Journalist Grant writes that in the Mekong "Châu's job was to set an example that could be followed throughout the country." Yet despite the efforts made, Châu sensed that a "great opportunity" was being missed: to build a national élan among the country people of South Vietnam that would supplant the vapid air of the French holdovers, and to reach out to former Việt Minh in order to rally them to the government's side. Following up on Châu's Civil Guard experience, Diệm sent him to troubled Malaysia to study the pacification programs there. Among other things, Châu found that, in contrast to Vietnam, in Malaysia (a) civilian officials controlled pacification rather than the military, (b) when arresting quasi-guerrillas certain legal procedures were followed, and (c) government broadcasts were more often true than not. When he returned to Saigon during 1962, his personal meeting with the president lasted a whole day. Yet a subsequent meeting with the president's brother Ngô Đình Nhu disappointed Châu's hopes. Then President Diệm appointed Châu the provincial governor of Kiến Hòa in the Mekong Delta. Châu objected that as a military officer he was not suited to be a civil administrator, but Diệm insisted. Đà Nẵng: Buddhist crisis In the meantime, the Diệm regime in early 1963 issued an order banning display of all non-state flags throughout South Vietnam. By its timing the order would first apply to the Buddhist flag during the celebration of Buddha's Birthday (Le Phát Dan) in May. Châu and many Buddhists were "outraged" and he called the President's office. Diệm's family was Catholic. Châu held not Diệm himself, but his influential brothers, responsible for the regime's "oppressive policies toward Buddhists". The next morning a small plane arrived in Kiến Hòa Province to take Châu to Saigon to meet with Diệm. After discussion, Diệm in effect gave Châu complete discretion as province chief in Kiến Hòa. But soon in Huế, violence erupted: nine Buddhists were killed. Then "fiery suicides" by Buddhist monks made headlines and stirred the Vietnamese. Diệm then quite abruptly appointed Châu mayor of the large city of Đà Nẵng near Huế. At the time Da Nang had also entered a severe civil crisis involving an intense, local conflict between Buddhists and Catholics. These emergencies were a seminal part of what became the nationwide Buddhist crisis. From Diệm's instructions, Châu understood that as mayor he would have "complete authority to do what [he] thought was right". During the troubles in Da Nang, Châu met with Diệm in Saigon nearly every week. Arriving in Da Nang, Châu consulted separately first with the Buddhist monks, and then later with units of the army stationed in Da Nang (most of whose soldiers Châu describes as Catholics originally from northern Vietnam and anti-Buddhist). A Buddhist elder who arrived from Huế (Châu's hometown, about 100 km. north of Da Nang) endorsed Châu to his co-religionists as a loyal Buddhist. As Da Nang mayor he ordered the release of Buddhists held in detention by the army. When an army colonel refused to obey Châu, he called President Diệm who quickly replaced the rebellious colonel. "The city returned to near-normal." Yet that August, instigated by Diệm's brother Nhu, armed forces of the Saigon regime conducted the infamous pagoda raids throughout Vietnam, which left many Buddhist monks in jail. In Da Nang, Châu rescued an elderly monk from police custody. Then Châu met with hostile Buddhists in a "stormy session". The Buddhist wanted to stage a large demonstration in Da Nang, to which Châu agreed, but he got a fixed route, security, and assurances. During the parade, however, the Catholic Cathedral in Da Nang was stoned. Châu met with protesting Vietnamese Catholics, especially with Father An. He reminded them that "Diệm, a devout Catholic" had appointed him mayor of Da Nang. Accordingly, it was his duty to "be fair to everyone" and to favor no one. "Passions subsided gradually on all sides, and relative calm returned to the city" of Da Nang by late October. A few days later Châu heard fresh rumors of a military plot against Diệm. Senior elements in the military, encouraged by the American embassy (yet American support vacillated), had been meeting. They began to plan the 1963 coup d'état, which occurred on November 1. Diệm's fall, aftermath When Châu arrived at the Saigon airport from Da Nang for another routine meeting with President Ngô Đình Diệm, gunfire could be heard. Speculation about the military coup was rife, causing widespread disorder and urban panic. As the military-controlled radio carried news about the ongoing coup, Châu telephoned the president's office (the "line suddenly went dead"), and then officer colleagues—in the process Châu declined an invitation to join the coup. At a friend's home he waited, apprehensive of the outcome. Diệm and his brother Nhu were both killed early the next morning, November 2, 1963. It was Châu's frank appraisal of the conspiring generals, e.g., Dương Văn Minh, that these prospective new rulers were Diệm's inferiors, in moral character, education, patriotic standing, and leadership ability. The coup remains controversial. Châu arranged to fly immediately back to Da Nang, which remained calm. Yet his sense of honor caused him to persist in his loyalty to the murdered president. His attitude was not welcome among some top generals who led the coup. Under political pressure Châu resigned as mayor of Da Nang. Nonetheless, Châu for a while held positions under the new interior minister (and a coup leader), Tôn Thất Đính, and under the new mayor of Saigon, Duong Ngoc Lam. Meanwhile, a second coup of January 29, 1964, staged by General Nguyễn Khánh, succeeded in forcing a further regime change. Regarding the war, the American advisors were then "more concerned with security in the provinces" and in 1964 Châu was sent back to Kiến Hòa as province chief. Returning to a familiar setting, his 'homecoming' went well. Châu was comforted to leave Saigon, capital of the "new 'coup-driven' army, with all its intrigues and politics." Vietnamese generals then took little notice of him, but the American CIA remained interested in Châu's work. Subsequently, the Minister of Rural Development in Saigon, Nguyen Đức Thang, appointed Châu as national director of the Pacification Cadre Program in 1965. Innovative counterinsurgency In the Vietnam War pacification, a technical term of art, became a nagging source of policy disagreement in the American government between its military establishment and civilian leadership. Initially avoided by the military, later, as merely a low-level professional issue, the Army debated its practical value, i.e., the comparative results obtained by (a) employing counterinsurgency techniques to directly pacify a populated territory, versus (b) the much more familiar techniques of conventional warfare used successfully in Europe, then in Korea. The later strategy sought simply to eliminate the enemy's regular army as a fighting force, after which civic security in the villages and towns was expected to be the normal result. Not considered apparently was the sudden disappearance of guerrilla fighters, who then survived in the countryside with local support. later launching an ambush. From the mid-1950s the American strategy of choice in Vietnam was conventional warfare, a contested decision, considered in hindsight a fatal mistake. The Army rebuffed President Kennedy's efforts to develop a strong American counterinsurgency capability in general. The Army also declined regarding Vietnam in particular. Marine Lt. Gen. Victor Krulak, however, in Vietnam early favored pacification and opposed conventional attrition strategy. Yet Krulak had failed to convince first Gen. Westmoreland, then McNamara at Defense, and ultimately President Johnson. Châu, too, spoke with Westmoreland, unsuccessfully. The Viet Cong generally avoided fielding regular army units until late in the war. The Viet Cong (supported by the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the North Vietnamese regime), continued through the 1960s to chiefly employ guerrilla warfare in their insurgency to gain political control of South Vietnam. Viet Cong tactics included deadly assaults against civilian officials of the Government of South Vietnam (GSV). The early pacification efforts of Diệm were later overtaken by the American war of attrition strategy, as hundreds of thousands of American soldiers with advanced weaponry arrived in 1965 and dominated the battlefield. Yet after several years the "other war" (pacification) was revived with the initiation of CORDS. By 1967 the military value, as auxiliaries, of American-led pacification teams, became accommodated by the MACV. Some critics view the initial inability of the U.S. Army command to properly evaluate pacification strategy as symptomatic of its global stature and general overconfidence. In the meantime, first under Diệm, the GSV with participation by the CIA had contrived to improvise and field various responses to the assaults by the Viet Cong. Châu's contributions to counterinsurgency then were original and significant. Later, heated political controversy would arise over the social ethics and legality of the eventual means developed to "pacify" the countryside. In Kiến Hòa Province Châu served as the province chief (governor) of Kiến Hòa Province in the Mekong Delta south of Saigon, 1962–1963 and 1964–1965. Châu had focused "his efforts to devise programs to beat the communists at their own game", in the description of journalist Zalin Grant. At the time Kiến Hòa Province was considered "one of the most communist-dominated" in South Vietnam. In the event, his efforts netted surprising results. Châu's innovative methods and practices proved able to win over the hearts and minds of the people, eventually turning the tide against Viet Cong activity in Kiến Hòa. "Give me a budget that equals the cost of only one American helicopter", Châu would say, "and I'll give you a pacified province. With that much money I can raise the standard of living of the rice farmers, and government officials in the province can be paid enough so that they won't think it necessary to steal."Cf., O'Donnell (2001) pp. 219–223 in Kiến Hòa: Châu's personal involvement in the selection and training of small teams (221), interviewing villagers, complaint-and-action techniques to weed out abusive officials, social-economic projects to improve farming, schools, and health (221–222, 223). From his own experiences with guerrilla tactics and strategy, and drawing on his recent investigations of the Civil Guard, Châu developed a novel blend of procedures for counterinsurgency warfare. President Diệm encouraged and supported his experimental approaches to pacification teams and his efforts to implement them in the field. In Kiến Hòa Province, Châu began to personally train several different kinds of civil-military teams in the skills needed to put the procedures into practice. The purpose of the teams was to first identify and then combat those communist party cadres in the villages who provided civil support for the armed guerrillas in the countryside. The party apparatus of civilian cadres thus facilitated 'the water' in which the "Viet Cong fish" could swim. Châu's teams were instructed how to learn from villagers about the details and identities of their security concerns, and then to work to turn the allegiance or to neutralize the communist party apparatus, which harbored the VC fighters. These quasi-civilian networks, which could be urban as well as rural, were called by counterinsurgency analysts the Viet Cong Infrastructure (VCI), which formed a "shadow government" in South Vietnam. When working as an instructor of the Civil Guard, Châu's innovations had already drawn the interest of several high-level American military officers. Among the first to visit him here in Kiến Hòa was the counterinsurgency expert, Colonel Edward Lansdale." Later General Westmoreland, commander of MACV, came to listen to Châu's views, but without positive result. Eventually, CIA officer Stewart Methven began working directly with Châu. Pacification methods were adopted by CIA Saigon station chief Peer De Silva, and supported by his superior William Colby who then led CIA's Far East Division. Census Grievance program Châu first began to experiment with counterinsurgency tactics while commander of the Civil Guard and Self-Defense Forces in the eastern Mekong delta. President Diệm here backed his work. A major spur to his development of a new approach was the sorry state of South Vietnamese intelligence about the Viet Cong. Apparently the communists cadres already knew most GSV agents who were attempting to spy on them. The VC either fed them misinformation, converted them into double agents, or compromised or killed those few GSV agents who were effective. Châu had to start again, by trial-and-error practice, to construct better village intelligence. Not only, but also better use of information to deliver effective security for the peasant villagers. In doing so Châu combined his idea of village census takers (better intelligence and better use of it) with that of "people's action teams" (PAT) to form a complete pacification program. "Châu apparently had what the Americans with their splintered programs lacked: an overall plan." In Kiến Hòa Province, Châu begin to train five types of specialized teams: census grievance (interviews), social development, open arms (Viet Cong recruitment), security, and counterterror. First, the "census grievance" teams gathered from villagers local information, political and social; such intelligence operations were "critical to the success of the program" and included social justice issues. To compose the 'census grievance' teams, he carefully selected from the Civil Guard individuals for small squads of three to five. "They interviewed every member of the village or hamlet in which they were operating every day without exception." Second, in follow-up responses that used this information, the "social development" teams set priorities and worked to achieve village improvements: bridges, wells, schools, clinics. Third, were the "open arms" teams [Vietnamese: Chieu Hoi], which used village intelligence to counter Viet Cong indoctrination, persuading those supporting the Viet Cong, such as family members and part-time soldiers, that "it was in their interest to join the government side." Fourth, a "security" team composed of "six to twelve armed men" might work with ten villages at a time, in order to provide protection for the other pacification teams and their efforts. Fifth, the "counterterror" teams were a "weapon of last resort." From the intelligence that was obtained from the entire Census Grievance program, "we were able to build a rather clear picture of Viet Cong influence in a given area." Identified were people or whole families supporting the Viet Cong out of fear or coercion, as well as at the other end "hard-core VC who participated and directed the most virulent activities." Evidence about hard-core VC was thoroughly screened and "confirmed at the province level." Only in the presence of active "terrorists" would the 'counterterror' team arrive to "arrest" the suspect for interrogation, and where "not feasible... the ultimate sanction [was] invoked: assassination." Châu emphasized the care and skill which must be given to each step in order to succeed in such a delicate political task. He notes his negative opinion about the somewhat similar Phoenix Program that was later established, inferring that mistakes, and worse, eventually corrupted its operation, which became notorious to its critics. The country people were naturally very suspicious at first, and reluctant to respond to any questions asked by the "census grievance" teams. Each interview was set to last five minutes. Gradually, however, the people "began to see that we were serious about stopping abuses not only by the Viet Cong but by the government officials and the military as well." Villagers made complaints about issues such as sexual abuse and theft. Charges were investigated, and if proven true, the official or tribal chief was punished by loss of job or by prison. Once in a village the Civil Guard was found to have faked Viet Cong raids in order to steal fish from a family pond. The family was reimbursed. People slowly became convinced of the sincerity of the pacification teams and then "rallied to the government side." Such success carried risk, as "the census grievance teams became prime targets for assassination by the Viet Cong." Information was key. "As our intelligence grew in volume and accuracy, Viet Cong members no longer found it easy to blend into the general populace during the day and commit terrorist acts by night." The 'open arms' teams had started to win back Viet Cong supporters, who might then "convince family members to leave the VC ranks." Other Viet Cong fighters began to fear being captured or killed by the 'counterterror' teams. During Châu's first year a thousand "active Viet Cong guerrillas fled" Kiến Hòa Province. Some disputed the comparative success of Châu and his methods, but his reputation spread as an innovator who could get results. As national director Châu's operational program for counterinsurgency, the 'Census Grievance', was observed and studied by interested South Vietnamese and American officials. Many of his tactical elements were adopted by the CIA and later used by CORDS in the creation of the controversial Phoenix Program. Formerly of the CIA and then as head of CORDS which supervised Phoenix, William Colby "knew that Châu had probably contributed more to pacification than any other single Vietnamese." Châu did not want to kill the Viet Cong guerrillas. He wanted to win them over to the government side. After all most of them were young men, often teenagers, poorly educated, and not really communists....Cf., [Thich] Nhat Hanh (1967), "The war has consistently seen more civilians killed than Viet Cong." Cited by Buttinger (1977), p. 84. Châu developed ideas, e.g., about subverting the semi-civilian networks that supported the Viet Cong, that were little understood by many American military. However, a small group of dissident officers, often led by Colonel Lansdale, appreciated Châu's work in pacification. These officers, and also CIA agents, opposed the Pentagon's conventional Vietnam strategy of attrition warfare and instead persisted in advocating counterinsurgency methods. The dissidents understood the worth of Châu's appeal to the rural people of Vietnam. As a consequence, over time "a number of the programs Châu had developed in his province were started countrywide." A major motivation for Châu's approach to counterinsurgency was his nationalism. He favored Vietnamese values, that could inspire the government's pacification efforts and gain the allegiance of the farmers and villagers. Accordingly, Châu voiced some criticism of the 1965 'take-over' of the Vietnam War by the enormously powerful American military. He remembered approvingly that the former President Ngô Đình Diệm (1901–63) had warned him that it was the Vietnamese themselves who had to enlist their people and manage their war to victory. Châu's insistence that Vietnamese officers and agents take leadership positions in the field, and that Americans stay in the background, agreed with Lansdale's view of Vietnamese participation. In 1966 in Saigon the new interior minister in charge of pacification, General Nguyen Đức Thang, whose American advisor was Lansdale, appointed Châu as national director of the Pacification Cadre Program in Saigon. Châu cautiously welcomed the challenging assignment. He realized that Lansdale, Lt. Colonel Vann, and others (dissidents at CIA) had pushed his selection and wanted him to succeed in the job. Unfortunately Châu was ultimately not given the discretion and scope of authority he sought in order to properly lead the national pacification efforts in the direction he advocated. He met opposition from the Americans, i.e., the CIA Saigon leadership, and from his own government. His apparent agreement with the CIA station chief on "technical facets" fell short. Châu later wrote: We never got to the cardinal point I considered so essential: devotion to the nationalist image and resulting motivation of the cadres. ... Such nationalistic motivation could only be successful if the program appeared to be run by Vietnamese; the CIA would have to operate remotely, covertly, and sensitively, so that the project would be seen and felt to be a totally Vietnamese program, without foreign influence. At the CIA compound in Saigon its leadership, joined there by other American officials from various government agencies, were apparently already satisfied with their approach to running pacification operations in Vietnam. Châu then appeared to lack bureaucratic support to implement his innovations. Châu relocated to Vũng Tàu (a peninsula south of Saigon) in order to take charge of its National Training Center. A large institution (5,000 trainees for various pacification programs), until 1966 it had been run by Captain Le Xuan Mai. Mai also worked for the CIA and was a Đại Việt proponent. Châu wanted to change the curriculum, but his difficulties with Mai led to a long and bitter struggle before the deceptive Mai left. The dispute came to involve Lt. Colonel Vann, Ambassador William J. Porter, the CIA station chief Gordon Jorgenson, pacification minister Thang, and Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ. During the personality and political dispute, which grew in complexity, Châu sensed that he had "lost CIA support." Ultimately, Châu resigned from the army to enter politics, which had been refashioned under the terms of the new constitution. The CIA had brought in "another talented Vietnamese officer, Nguyen Be" who, after working alongside Châu, "took over the Vũng Tàu center" after Châu left. According to journalist Zalin Grant, Be was later given credit by CIA officials (e.g., by Colby) in written accounts as "the imaginative force" instead of Châu, who was "conveniently forgotten". Colby's 1986 book did spotlight "an imaginative provincial chief" in the Delta, but failed to name him. CIA & CORDS: redesign Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS), an American agency, was conceived in 1967 by Robert Komer, who was selected by President Johnson to supervise the pacification efforts in Vietnam. Komer had concluded that the bureaucratic position of CORDS should be within the American "chain of command" of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), which would provide for U.S Army support, access to funding, and the attention of policy makers. As the "umbrella organization for U.S. pacification efforts in the Republic of Vietnam" CORDS came to dominate the structure and administration of counterinsurgency. It supported the continuation of prior Vietnamese and American pacification efforts and, among other actions, started a new program called Phoenix, Phung Hoáng in Vietnamese. Controversy surrounded the Phoenix Program on different issues, e.g., its legality (when taking direct action against ununiformed communist cadres doing social-economic support work), its corruption by such exterior motives of profit or revenge (which led to the unwarranted use of violence including the killing of bystanders), and the extent of its political effectiveness against the Viet Cong infrastructure. William Colby, then head of CORDS, testified before the Senate in defense of Phoenix and about correcting acknowledged abuses. Châu, because of its notorious violence, became disillusioned and so eventually often hostile to the Phoenix Program. From Châu's perspective, what had happened was America's take-over of the war, followed by their taking charge of the pacification effort. Essentially misguided, it abused Vietnamese customs, sentiments, and pride. It did not understand the force of Vietnamese nationalism. The overwhelming presence in the country of the awesome American military cast a long shadow. The war intensified. Massive bombing campaigns and continual search and destroy missions devastated the Vietnamese people, their communities, and the countryside. The presence of hundreds of thousands of young American soldiers led to social corruption. The American civilian agencies with their seemingly vast wealth, furthered the villagers' impression that their government's war was controlled by foreigners. Regarding Phoenix, its prominent American leadership put Vietnamese officials in subordinate positions. Accordingly, it was more difficult for the Phoenix Program to summons in villagers the Vietnamese national spirit to motivate their pacification efforts, more difficult to foster the native social cohesion needed to forestall corruption in the ranks. Further, Châu considered that pacification worked best as a predominantly civic program, with only secondary, last resort use of paramilitary tactics. Châu had crafted his 'Census Grievance' procedures to function as a unified whole. In constructing Phoenix, the CIA then CORDS had collected components from the various pacification efforts ongoing in Vietnam, then re-assembled them into a variegated program that never achieved the critical, interlocking coherence required to rally the Vietnamese people. Hence much of the corruption and lawless violence that plagued the program and marred its reputation and utility. Commentary & opinion The literature on the Vietnam War is vast and complex, particularly regarding pacification and counterinsurgency. Its contemporary relevance to the "War on Terror" following 9/11/2001 is often asserted. Of those commentators discussing Châu and his methods, many but not all share or parallel Châu's later views on the subsequent Phoenix Program: that his subtle, holistic counterinsurgency tactics and strategy in the hands of others acquired, or came to manifest, repugnant, self-defeating elements. Châu wrote in his memoirs that the Phoenix Program, which arguably emerged from his Census Grievance procedures, became an "infamous perversion" of it. The issues were convoluted, however; Châu himself could appear ambiguous. Indeed, general praise for American contributions to pacification was offered by an ARVN senior officer. In the media, the Phoenix Program under Robert Komer and William Colby became notorious for its alleged criminal conduct, including putative arbitrary killing. Critics of the war often named Phoenix as an example of America's malfeasance. Journalist Zalin Grant writes: From the start Phoenix was controversial and a magnet for attracting antiwar protests in the States. Some of the suspicion about the program grew from its very name. ... [¶] [Another cause was] Colby's and Komer's insistence on describing Phoenix in bureaucratic terms that were clear only to themselves. ... [This] contributed to a widespread belief that they were out to assassinate the largely innocent opponents of the Saigon government and trying to cover up their immoral acts with bewildering obfuscations. Frances FitzGerald called it an instrument of terror, which in the context of the war "eliminated the cumbersome category of 'civilian'." Phoenix became the nota bene of critics, and the bête noire of apologists. Commentary when focused on the Phoenix Program often turned negative, and could become caustic and harsh. Others saw it differently, in whole or in part, evaluating the redesigned pacification effort in its entirety as the use of legitimate tactics in war, and focused on what they considered its positive results. [under construction] Yet subtleties of grey appear to permeate both the black and the white of it, precluding one-dimensional conclusions. As civilian politician After the impasse over implementation of his pacification program, and friction with CIA, Châu considered alternatives. Traveling to Huế, he spoke with his father. With his wife he discussed career choices. The political situation in South Vietnam was changing. As a result of demands made during the second Buddhist crisis of early 1966, national elections were scheduled. During his career as an army officer, Châu had served in several major civilian posts: as governor of Kiến Hòa Province (twice), and as mayor of Da Nang the second largest city. Châu decided in 1966 to leave the ARVN. He ran successfully for office the following year. Châu then emerged as a well-known politician in the capital Saigon. Nonetheless, he later ran afoul of the political establishment, was accused of serious crimes in 1970, and then imprisoned for four years. Vietnam was not familiar with the conduct of fair and free democratic elections. The Diệm regime (1954–63) had staged elections before in South Vietnam, but saw their utility from a traditional point of view. As practiced in similarly situated countries, elections were viewed as a "national holiday" event for the ruling party to muster its popular support and mobilize the population. In order to show its competence, the government worked to manage the election results and overawe its opponents. Then in the spring of 1966, the Buddhist struggle movement led by Thích Trí Quang obligated the military government to agree to democratic national elections, American style, in 1966 and 1967. The Buddhists had staged massive civil demonstrations (Phật giáo nổi dậy) in Huế and Da Nang, which resonated in Saigon and across the country. Eventually put down by the military, the Buddhists had demanded a return to civilian government through elections. The American embassy privately expressed fear of such a development. In the event, the election campaigns were more fairly contested than before in Vietnam, but were not comparable to elections held in mature democracies. Lack of civil order and security, due to the ongoing war, prevented voting in about half the districts. The procedure of casting ballots and counting them was generally controlled by officials of the Saigon government who might manipulate the results, depending. Candidates were screened beforehand to eliminate politicians with disapproved views. Forbidden to run were pro-communists, and also "neutralists" (pointedly, "neutralists" included Buddhist activists who favored prompt negotiations with the NLF to end to the war). A majority of Vietnamese were probably neutralists. Campaigning itself was placed under restrictions. A favorable view held that the election was an "accomplishment on the road toward building a democratic political system in wartime." Châu himself was optimistic about the people casting their votes. Elected to Assembly Châu was elected to the House of Deputies of the National Assembly from the predominantly rural Kiến Hòa Province. The campaigns leading to the October 1967 vote were unfamiliar phenomena in Vietnam, and called on Châu to make difficult decisions on strategy and regarding innovation in the field. He had wanted to advance the cause of a new Vietnam, a modern nation that would evolve from its own culture and traditions. With the lessons he'd learned from his experiences in counterinsurgency warfare, he was also determined to refashion pacification efforts, to improve life in the villages, and to rally the countryside to the government's side. To spell out such a program Châu wrote a book in Vietnamese, published in 1967, whose title in translation was From War to Peace: Restoration of the Village. During the six-week campaign Châu crisscrossed the province, where he had twice served as governor, contacting residents to rally support. He competed with nineteen candidates for two openings in the House of Deputies. Châu claimed to enjoy "total support, either tacit or openly, from all Kiến Hòa 's religious leaders", including Buddhist and Catholic. To them he summarized his campaign: first, to listen, to hear their voices and investigate their complaints; second, "to work toward an ending of the war that would satisfy the honor and dignity of both sides." After Châu had resigned from the army, while he was preparing his run for office, his communist brother Trần Ngọc Hiền unexpectedly visited him in Saigon. Hien did not then reveal his ulterior motives, but later Châu discovered that Hien had been sent by his NLF superiors in order to try to turn Châu. Châu as usual kept his brother at arm's length, although he also entertained a brotherly concern for his safety. Both brothers, Châu and Hien, once again decidedly rejected the crafted political arguments of the other. Hien mocked Châu's run for office; Châu curtly told his brother to stay out of the election. Several years earlier in 1964 or 1965 Hien had visited Châu in Kien Hoa Province. They had not met for 16 years. Hien requested that Châu arrange a meeting with the American ambassador Lodge. Promptly Châu had informed the CIA of his brother's visit. The Embassy through the CIA sought to make use of the "back channel" contact, regarding potential negotiations with Hanoi. But later Hien broke off further communication. During the campaigning Châu's evident virtues and decorated military career attracted some attention from the international press. His youth in the Việt Minh fighting the French, followed by his decision to break with the communists, also added interest. About him journalist Neil Sheehan later wrote that to his American friends, "Châu was the epitome of a 'good' Vietnamese." Sheehan states: [Châu] could be astonishingly candid when he was not trying to manipulate. He was honest by Saigon standards, because though advancement and fame interested him, money did not. He was sincere in his desire to improve the lives of the peasantry, even if the system he served did not permit him to follow through in deed, and his four years in the Việt Minh and his highly intelligent and complicated mind enabled him to discuss guerrilla warfare, pacification, the attitude of the rural population, and the flaws in Saigon society with insight and wit. Apparently to some foreigners Châu seemed to conjure up a mercurial stereotype. Michael Dunn, chief of staff at the American Embassy under Lodge, was puzzled by Châu. He claimed to not be able to tell "which Châu was the real Châu. He was a least a triple personality." Dunn explained and continued: There were so many Americans interested in Vietnam and so few interesting Vietnamese. But Châu was an extraordinary fellow. ... Many people thought Châu was a very dangerous man, as indeed he was. In the first place, anybody with ideas is dangerous. And the connections he had were remarkable. Three days before the vote Châu learned of a secret order by provincial governor Huynh Van Du to rig the vote in Kiến Hòa. Châu quickly went to Saigon to see his long-time friend Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, the newly elected president. Thiệu said he could not interfere as the V.P. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ had control over it. On his way out Châu told General Huỳnh Văn Cao that he would "not accept a rigged election." Cao had prominently campaigned for Thiệu–Kỳ, and himself had led a Senate ticket to victory. Somehow, the governor did rescind his secret order. "He [Châu] won a seat in the National Assembly election in 1967 in one of the few unrigged contests in the history of the country", stated The New York Times. Châu got 42% among 17 candidates, most of whom were locals. "It was a tremendous tribute to his service as province chief", wrote Rufus Phillips, an American officer in counterinsurgency. The victory meant a four-year term as a representative in the reconstituted national legislature, where he would speak for the 700,000 constituents of Kiến Hòa province. In the legislature Along with like-minded members of the Assembly, Châu had initially favored a legislative group that, while remaining independent of President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, would generally back him as the national leader. Based on his long-time military association, Châu had spoken with his friend Thiệu soon after the Assembly elections. He encouraged the new civilian president to "broaden his base with popular support from the grassroots level". He suggested that Thiệu reach an understanding with the nascent legislative group. Châu hoped Thiệu would consider how to end the widespread pain and violence of the debilitating war. Eventually, the Thiệu regime might establish a permanent peace by direct negotiations with the NLF and the north. With his own strategies in view, Thiệu bypassed such plans. Châu, too, stayed out of the pro-Thiệu bloc, thereby not jeopardizing his support from "southern Catholics and Buddhists". In the meantime, in a secret ballot Châu was chosen by his legislative peers as their formal leader, i.e., as the Secretary General in the House of Deputies. Such office is comparable perhaps to the American Speaker of the House. An American academic, who then closely followed South Vietnamese politics, described the politician Châu: Tran Ngoc Chau was the Secretary-General of the House. He was universally respected as a fair individual and one who, during his tenure as an officer of the House, had maintained a balance between criticism and support of [Thiệu's] government based on his perception of the national interest. Meeting in Saigon, the Assembly's agenda in late 1967 included establishing institutions and functions of the state, as mandated by the 1966 constitution. The new government structures encompassed: an independent judiciary, an Inspectorate, an Armed Forces Council, and provisions for supervision of local government, and for civil rights. The House soon turned to consider its proper response to the strong power of the President. Such "executive dominance" was expressly made part of the new constitution. In managing its business and confronting the issues, the Assembly's initial cliques, factions, and blocs (chiefly stemming from electoral politics) were challenged. They realigned. Châu carefully steered a political course, navigating by his moderate Buddhist values. He maintained his southern Catholic support, part of his rural constituency; he also appealed to urban nationalists. The street power of the Buddhist struggle movement, whose leaders had successfully organized radical activists in the major demonstrations of 1963 and 1966, had collapsed. Yet many other Buddhists were elected in 1967, and prominent Buddhists supported Châu's legislative role. Among the various groups of deputies, Châu eventually became a member of the Thống Nhất ("Unification bloc"). Professor Goodman described it as "left of center" yet nationalist, associated with Buddhist issues, and "ideologically moderate". The legislative blocs, however, were fluid; "the efficiency of blocs, as measured by their cohesion, appeared linked not to their rigidity but to the level of cooperation achieved among them." The violent Tet Offensive of January 1968 suddenly interrupted the politics of South Vietnam. President Thiệu requested the legislature to grant him emergency powers, but Châu speaking for many deputies "declared that the executive already had sufficient powers to cope... and suggested that the present burden be shared between both branches". The Assembly voted 85 to 10 against the grant. Tet also sparked new calls for a national draft. In the back and forth with legislators, the pro-Army government of former generals criticized its civilian political opponents for their alleged avoidance of military service. These liberals then countered by charging that the sons of senior Army officers were currently themselves dodging service; names were named. Châu listened, at first sharply resenting such urban liberals as Ngô Cong Đức. Yet, as he heard the critics charge the highly politicized, coup-prone Army with malfeasance, it resonated with his own experience. In part the military was "corrupt and incompetent". It often based "promotions on favoritism rather than merit" which weakened the Army and "made it easy for the Communists to spread their message". Gradually Châu realized that these civilian politicians "formed the most active group of Southerners opposed to the government's abuse of power" and that he shared their "fight for reform". Corruption had become ubiquitous; it damaged South Vietnam's prospects. The ragged war economy, amid destruction and death, and inflation, created stress in the population, yet presented novel business opportunities, not all legitimate. Incoming American war assistance multiplied many fold, as did American aid to millions of Vietnamese refugees caused by the war's escalation. Accordingly, a major source of wealth was the import of vast quantities of American goods: to support military operations, to supply hundreds of thousands of troops, and to mitigate 'collateral damage'. Misappropriation of these imports for commercial resale became a widespread illegal activity. Its higher-end participants were often Vietnamese officials, military officers and their wives. Other forms of corruption were common. In the government, the hidden selling of their votes by some elected deputies disgraced the process. A pharmacist, Nguyen Cao Thang, was President Thiệu's liaison with the legislature. Part of his duties apparently included delivery of cash payments to deputies. Châu started a political campaign against corruption in general and against the "bag man" Thang in particular. In the National Assembly Châu "had attracted a bloc of followers whose votes could not be bought. He had also aroused Thiệu's ire by attacking government corruption." As his legislative experience accumulated, Châu thought of starting "a political party with a nationwide grassroots infrastructure". He had reasoned that many fellow deputies were unfortunately not connected to the people who voted, but more to artificial, inbred political networks. Such politicians, hopefully, would be denied reelection. In 1968 Châu spoke with two CIA agents; one offered secret financing to set up and organize a new political party, but it had to be supportive of President Thiệu and the war. The new party project appealed to Chau, but the CIA's secret deal did not. Instead Châu suggested the need for a center nationalist party, independent of the military, and "a new national agenda and policies that could win the support of most of the people." The CIA, however, required that their recipients favor Thiệu, and conform to U.S. policy on the war. During this period Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker was being cooperative regarding President Thiệu's authoritarian rule. Châu sensed his exposure to powerful elements of the Saigon establishment. Peace negotiations Following the aftermath of his election to the National Assembly in October 1967, Châu traveled to America. He saw the early stages of their 1968 elections and the surge in anti-war sentiment about Vietnam. In America, direct entry into negotiations to end the war were contemplated. In Washington Châu gave lectures on the conflict, and conversed with experts and officials (many he'd met in Vietnam), and with members of Congress. Yet the Tet Offensive began the day of Châu's chance to talk with President Johnson, and the meeting was cancelled. Several months after Châu's journey, negotiations between the North Vietnamese and the Americans began in Paris (10 May 1968). Châu and others sharply criticized the peace negotiations: in place of the Republic of Vietnam stood the Americans. Vietnamese dignity was impugned. It seemed to confirm the Republic's status as a mere client of American power. Instead, Châu insisted, Saigon should open negotiations with the communists, both the NLF (Viet Cong) and the North Vietnamese regime. Meanwhile, the Americans should remain off-stage as an observer, who'd support to Saigon. In this way a ceasefire might be arranged and the hot war (which then continued to devastate the South and kill an enormous number of its citizens) halted, allowing for the pacification of the combatants. Accordingly, the conflict could be politicized and thus returned to Vietnamese civilian control. A peace could return to the countryside, the villages, the urban areas. Thereafter South Vietnamese nationalist politicians, perhaps even in a coalition government, could nonetheless wage a democratic struggle against the NLF. The nationalists might attract popular support by pitting Vietnamese values against communist ideology. Yet the Thiệu regime's policy then condemned outright any negotiations with the NLF, as either communist or communist inspired. The Thiệu regime in Saigon had legally prohibited public advocacy of peace negotiations or similar deal-making with the communists. "Châu wanted reasonable negotiations and a settlement while Saigon still retained bargaining power. Of course, Nguyễn Văn Thiệu's policy aimed to prevent any such settlement." [Under construction] Political trial, prison In 1970, Châu was arrested for treason against the Republic due to his meeting with his brother Hien, who had since the 1940s remained in the Việt Minh and subsequent communist organizations as a party official. Articles about Châu's confinement appeared in the international media. The charges were considered to be largely politically motivated, rather than for questions of loyalty to country. Yet in February 1970 Châu was sentenced to twenty years in prison. That May the Vietnamese Supreme Court held Châu's arrest and conviction unconstitutional, but Thiệu refused him a retrial. [Under construction] Although released from a prison cell by the Thiệu regime in 1974, Châu continued to be confined, being kept under house arrest in Saigon. In April 1975, during the confusion surrounding the unexpectedly swift Fall of Saigon, and America's ill-planned withdrawal from Vietnam, Châu and his family were left behind. Three Americans, a reporter and an embassy officer, and a retired general with MAAG, each tried to get Châu and his family evacuated during the final few days. Yet blocking their efforts were the sudden turmoil, the mobs, and the general confusion and danger in Saigon. The congestion and the chaotic traffic further obstructed all the exit routes. He and his wife were anxious about their fraught and pregnant daughter, which caused Châu's family "to resign ourselves to whatever we, as losers of the war, must face in the future." Under the Communist regime The war ended April 30, 1975, with the occupation of South Vietnam by the conventional military of the north, the People's Army of Vietnam. The timing of the Communist victory was as unexpected as the sudden collapse of the southern ARVN. The party cadres of the National Liberation Front (NLF) were naturally joyous, as these southerners had struggled since the 1950s for communist victory and national unification. A "grand victory celebration" was scheduled in Saigon for May 15, featuring Tôn Đức Thắng the president of the northern Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). He spoke of victory to the crowd from a reviewing stand filled with top communist politicians from north and south. Then down the main streets of the former capital Saigon came army divisions of the victorious north, marching in formation, looking smart in new helmets. Military bands played, and overhead the northern air force flew. Next came tank squadrons, anti-aircraft batteries, and artillery, followed by Soviet missiles, all under the flag of the DRV. Not until the very end came NLF forces (Viet Cong), but not in their own divisions. There were only a small fraction, "several straggling companies, looking unkempt and ragtag after the display that had proceed them." They, too, appeared under the DRV flag. Trương Như Tảng, then the NLF's Minister of Justice, called the days following victory "a period of rapid disenchantment". In southern Vietnam, a major issue of reunification became how to incorporate former enemies from the long civil war. In May, members of the defeated Thiệu regime were instructed to report for a period of re-education to last 3 days, 10 days, or 30 days depending on their rank. Such a seemingly magnanimous plan won popular approval. Hundreds of thousands reported. Several months passed, however, without explanation; few were released. Tảng reluctantlly realized that the period of confinement initially announced had been a ruse to smooth the state's task of arrest and incarceration. He confronted the NLF President Huỳnh Tấn Phát about this cynical breach of trust with the people. Tảng was brushed off. Next came a wave of arbitrary arrests that "scythed through the cities and villages". Tảng worked to remedy these human rights abuses by drafting new laws, but remained uncertain about their enforcement. "In the first year after liberation, some three hundred thousand people were arrested", many held without trial for years. Tảng's post would soon be eliminated in the reunification process, and his former duties performed by a northerner appointed by the ruling Party in Hanoi. Re-education camp By April 30, 1975, control of Saigon had been taken by the northern army. About two months later, while Châu was home with his wife and children, neighborhood dogs began to bark in the middle of the night. Three armed soldiers came to the home, then handcuffed Châu and took him away for interrogation. Afterwards sent "temporarily" to a re-education camp, he was indoctrinated about the victorious revolution. Not allowed visitors nor told an expected duration, Châu would remain confined by the Communist regime at various locations for about three years. At what Châu came to call the "brainwashing campus" he studied Communist ideology. He found himself in company with many former civilian officials of the defunct Saigon government. Among the several thousands in this prison he found "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Trần Minh Tiết and hundreds of other senior judges, cabinet members, senators, congressmen, provincial governors, district chiefs, heads of various administrative and technical departments, and political party leaders". Châu later estimated the country-wide total of such prisoners in the hundreds of thousands. Also included were military officers, police officers, minor officials, and school teachers. Isolated, in rough conditions, the inmates were occupied from 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. daily. The first three months the prisoners worked constructing and fixing up the camp itself: "sheet-iron roofs, corrugated metal walls, and cement floors", all surrounded by concertina wire and security forces. At this campus lectures were given, usually by senior army officers from the north, presenting the Communist version of Vietnamese history. They spoke of crimes committed by the Americans and their puppets, the bright communist future ahead, and the opportunity now for prisoners to remedy their own "mischief and crimes". Ideological literature was available. Group discussion sessions were mandatory; to participants they seemed to last forever. Their 'education' was viewed by many inmates as a form of punishment. Châu thought the northern army officers "believed firmly in their teachings even when they didn't know what they were talking about." Prisoners might fall ill, become chronically weak, or otherwise lose their health and deteriorate. "Some prisoners went crazy. There were frequent suicides and deaths." Each inmate was forced to write an autobiography that focused on their political views and that confessed their errors. Afterwards, each was separately interviewed regarding personal details and requested to rewrite sections. Châu was questioned in particular about his CIA connections, and made to rewrite his autobiography five times. After 14 months, outside visitors were allowed into the camp, with families often shocked at the weakened appearance of their kin. Châu's wife and children "did not recognize me at first because I had lost forty pounds." It also became clear to the prisoners that close family members 'outside' were being punished for the political 'crimes' of those held inside. Châu's wife arranged for 25 members of his family living in the north to sign a petition requesting clemency. After two and a half years, 150 inmates including Châu were moved to Thủ Đức prison near Saigon. Their new status and location was subject to transfer to northern Vietnam, where long terms at hard labor were the norm. They joined here others held in the re-education grind, those deemed the "worst criminals". Among them were Buddhist monks and Catholic clergy. After his identity was confirmed, Châu feared his imminent execution. Instead, moved to the old police headquarters in Saigon, he was put in solitary confinement. In his dark cell, Châu knew, communists in prior years had been cruelly held. He practiced yoga and meditation. After three weeks in solitary he was suddenly taken to two elder Communists and interrogated. One told Châu his crimes had resulted in "the killing of tens of thousands of people throughout the country" and demanded a response. Châu replied that "I am defeated, I admit. Ascribe to me whatever crimes you want." He must rewrite his autobiography. In the next two months, given better food, and a table and chair, Châu wrote 800 pages, covering "the crimes I had committed against the people and the revolution". Châu noticed that the four other inmates receiving the same treatment as him were "notables of the Hòa Hảo, a Buddhist-oriented religion rooted in the Mekong Delta [and] known as staunchly anti-Communist." The Communists were not worried about careerist opponents, whose "brand of anti-Communism ceased to exist the day Americans stopped providing subsidies." But principled anti-Communist might mask their convictions and remain a "potential threat". A senior Communist official uncharacteristically acted friendly toward inmate Châu. Yet this official told Châu he "was the victim of a false illusion" that caused him to be "an anti-Communist by conviction" and hence "a greater threat to the revolution than people who opposed Communism only out of self-interest". Three questions were then thrown at Châu: his personal reasons for opposing the communist revolution; his motivation to help the Americans; and, the story behind his peace proposal of 1968. The senior officials wanted more precise information in order to understand better the "enemy of the people" types like Châu. Châu felt specially targeted for his personal convictions as a Buddhist and nationalist, which motivated him to serve the people. This was key to his three answers. The process became an issue, Châu mused, not really of courage but of his sense of "personal honor". The senior interrogator told him his political nationalism was mistaken, but that Châu was being given "an opportunity to revive your devotion to serve the people." Then he surprised Châu by informing him of his release. Châu "still suspicious" wrote a letter "promising to do my best to serve the country". A few days later, his wife and eldest daughter arrived to take him home. Release, escape by boat After his unexpected release from prison in 1978, Châu went to live with his wife and children. He received family visitors, including his communist brother Trần Ngọc Hiền. Eight years earlier Hien's arrest in Saigon by the Thiệu regime had led to Chau's first imprisonment. Once a highly placed Communist intelligence officer, Hien had become disillusioned by the harsh rule imposed by victorious Hanoi. Subsequently, Hien's advocacy of Buddhist causes had gotten him disciplined then jailed by the Communist Party of Vietnam. Châu's sister and her husband, a civil engineer, also visited Châu. They had come down from northern Vietnam, where they had been living for twenty-five years. In the late 1970s top Communist leaders in the north seemed to understand victory in the exhausting war as the fruit of their efforts, their suffering, which entitled northern party members to privileges as permanent officials in the south. Châu viewed Communism negatively, but not in absolutist terms. While serving in the Việt Minh during the late 1940s, Chau had admired his companions' dedication and sacrifice, and the Communist self-criticism process; his break with them was due to his disagreement with their Marxist–Leninist ideology. Yet now, released from re-education camp and back in 'occupied' Saigon, Châu became convinced that in general the ruling Communists had lost their political virtue and were "corrupted" by power. When the country was divided in 1954, hundreds of thousands left the northern region assigned to Communist rule, journeying south. After the 1975 Communist military victory had reunited Vietnam, hundreds of thousands would flee by boat. Trương Như Tảng was present at the founding of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) in 1960. A leftist member of Vietnam's urban intelligentsia and a government official, Tang had served the NLF throughout the war, often secretly, supporting the Viet Cong in various capacities. At the war's end he was the NLF's Minister of Justice. Yet he soon totally soured on Communist rule. About the events in Saigon following the north's victory, Tang wrote in his memoir: Since shortly after the first days of liberation, escape by boat had been the single great topic of conversation throughout the South. Everyone talked about it but actually making the arrangements was a dangerous business. ... A host of unsavory elements discovered they could profit from what rapidly turned into a mass movement. ... The seas were infested with pirates, and beyond the pirates lay a string of squalid refugee camps... . ¶ Escape was truly a decision that could only be made out of desperation. The new Communist regime began to question Buddhist monks and laity about their loyalty to its official ideology. The state's religious repression methodically advanced. Most of the leading Buddhist monks were arrested, went underground, or fled the country; by 1985 their ranks had been cut down to one-third. Châu heard that his friend Thich Thien Minh, who had been called a Communist and jailed by Thiệu, "was beaten to death in a Communist prison in 1979." Catholics also endured state oppression. In 1977 the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) had encountered sharp opposition from the People's Republic of China (PRC) when the SRV challenged the murderous Communist tyranny in Cambodia. In late 1978 the People's Army of Vietnam moved to overthrow the Khmer Rouge regime. In response the PRC's People's Liberation Army attacked Vietnam across their mutual border in early 1979; this armed conflict was brief but intense. The long-standing Chinese minority in Vietnam, also called the Hoa, was centered in the Cholon district of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). By 1977 these Sino-Vietnamese began to feel the at-first subtle hostility of their new Communist government. Soon the SRV seized the 'opportunity' of the war with China to manifest its dominance over the Hoa. The SRV's tactics of oppression increased, step by step; at the end of 1977 it had become severe, with arbitrary arrests and deportations of its Chinese minority. Following Châu's release, the friendly senior official from the prison visited him. He told Châu he'd been freed so that he could inform on his friends and acquaintances. Châu was given a position at the Social Studies Center in Saigon, an elite institution linked to a sister organization in Moscow. Chau was assigned the file on the former leaders of the defunct South Vietnamese government. From indications at work he understood his role would also include writing reports on his miscellaneous contacts with fellow Vietnamese, which he silently resolved to avoid. In 1979, Châu and his family (wife and five of his children) secretly managed to emigrate from Vietnam illegally by boat. They arranged to join with a Chinese group from Cholon also intent on fleeing the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. An unofficial policy then let Chinese leave if they paid the police $2500 in gold per person. On the open seas, a Soviet Russian ship sighted by chance provided them with supplies. The journey was perilous, the boat over-crowded. When they landed in Malaysia the boat sank in the surf. Malaysia sent them to an isolated island in Indonesia. From there Châu with a bribe got a telegram to Keyes Beech, a Los Angeles Times journalist in Bangkok. Finally, with help from Beech, they made their way to Singapore and a flight to Los Angeles. Their arrival in America followed by several years the initial wave of Vietnamese boat people. Later years in America In 1980, shortly after his arrival in California, Châu had been interviewed by antiwar journalist Neil Sheehan, who then wrote an article on Communist re-education camps in Vietnam. It appeared in The New York Times. Châu's friend Daniel Ellsberg had given Sheehan his contact information. Of Châu in the article Ellsberg said, "He was critical of the communists but in a judicious manner." Sheehan, however, did not realize at the time the actual extent of the Communist repression in Vietnam. "There was no blood bath", Sheehan quoted Châu as saying. For Châu the immediate impact of the article was the manifest scorn and threats from some fellow Vietnamese refugees, who were his neighbors. Ellsberg complained to Sheehan that although factually correct he had mischaracterized Châu's opinions. "You got him into trouble", Ellsberg told him. Châu, his wife and his children, weathered the angry storm, according to Zalin Grant. Châu and his family settled in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, rather than in the larger Vietnamese neighborhoods in nearby Orange County. Becoming acculturated, and improving their English, his children became achievers and entered various professional careers. Châu himself learned computer programming and later purchased a home. After five years Châu applied for American citizenship and recited the oath. A reconciliation eventually occurred between Châu and the former Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, his friend since 1950, yet in the 1970s a punishing political antagonist. From time to time Châu granted interviews, including for Sheehan's 1988 book A Bright Shining Lie which won a Pulitzer. In April, 1995, he gave an interview over three days to Thomas Ahern, who had been commissioned by the CIA to write the official history of its involvement in Vietnam during the war. Châu returned to Vietnam for a visit in 2006. In 1991 Châu had accepted an invitation to visit Robert Thompson in England, where he talked shop with the counterinsurgency expert of 1950s Malaysia. In 2013 Tran Ngoc Châu published his book of memoirs which recount experiences and politics during the Vietnam War. He tells of his early formation as a soldier with the Việt Minh, transition to the nationalist cause, service in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam under Diệm, and his innovative pacification program with comments on war and counterinsurgency. He discusses his entry into politics, time in the legislature, his imprisonment, his years in re-education camp, and escape to America. Châu provides mature reflections on the circumstances and episodes. Writer Ken Fermoyle worked with Châu on the book, a product of many years. Châu appears before the camera several times, talking about his experiences and the situations during the conflict, in the 2017 PBS 10-part documentary series The Vietnam War produced by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick. Châu died on June 17, 2020, at a hospital in West Hills, Los Angeles. He was 96, and had contracted COVID-19. See also Edward Lansdale John Paul Vann William Colby Phoenix Program Counter-insurgency Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Daniel Ellsberg Bibliography Primary Tran Ngoc Châu with Ken Fermoyle, Vietnam Labyrinth. Allies, enemies, & why the United States lost the war (Lubbock: Texas Tech University 2012). Tran Ngoc Châu, "The curriculum was designed to 'detoxicate' us" pp. 475–480 in Appy (2003). Tran Ngoc Châu with Tom Sturdevant, "My War Story. From Ho Chi Minh to Ngô Đình Diệm" at pp. 180–209 in Neese & O'Donnell (2001). Tran Ngoc Châu, "Statement of Tran Ngoc Chau" in The Antioch Review (Fall/Winter 1970–1971), pp. 299–310, translated, annotated, and with an introduction by Trần Văn Dĩnh and Daniel Grady. Tran Ngoc Châu, two papers (via Daniel Ellsberg) and open letter, pp. 365–381, 357–360, in United States Senate (1970). Tran Ngoc Châu, a 1968 book on the peace talks [in Vietnamese]. Tran Ngoc Châu, From War to Peace: Restoration of the Village (Saigon 1967) [In Vietnamese]. Tran Ngoc Châu, Pacification Plan, 2 volumes (1965 ) [unpublished]. Ken Fermoyle, "Hawks, Doves and the Dragon" in Pond (2009), pp. 415–492. Mark Moyar, "Could South Vietnam Have Been Saved? New scholarship raises questions about antiwar consensus of Vietnam historians", in Wall Street Journal of June 28, 2013. John O'Donnell, "The Strategic Hamlet Program in Kien Hoa Province, South Vietnam: A case study of counter-insurgency" pp. 703–744 in Kunstadter (1967). Neil Sheehan, "Ex-Saigon Official Tells of 'Re-education' by Hanoi" in The New York Times, January 14, 1980, pp. A1, A8. Zalin Grant, Facing the Phoenix. The CIA and the political defeat of the United States in Vietnam (New York: Norton 1991). Elizabeth Pond, The Châu Trial in Vietnamese translation as Vụ Án Trần Ngọc Châu (Westminster: Vietbook USA 2009). Vietnam War Counterinsurgency Thomas L. Ahern Jr., Vietnam Declassified. The CIA and counterinsurgency (University of Kentucky 2010). Dale Andradé, Ashes to Ashes. The Phoenix Program and the Vietnam War (Lexington: D.C. Heath 1990). William Colby with James McCargar, Lost Victory. A firsthand account of America's sixteen-year involvement in Vietnam (Chicago: Contemporary Books 1989). Stuart A. Herrington, Silence was a weapon. The Vietnam War in the villages (Novato: Presidio Press 1982); revised edition after security restrictions lifted to allow discussion of the CIA's role, re-titled Stalking the Vietcong. Inside operation Phoenix. A personal account (Presidio 1997). Richard A. Hunt, Pacification. The American struggle for Vietnam's hearts and minds (Boulder: Westview 1995). Edward Geary Lansdale, In the Midst of Wars (NY: Harper & Row 1972; reprint: Fordham University 1991). Mark Moyar, Phoenix and the Birds of Prey. The CIA's secret campaign to destroy the Viet Cong (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press 1997). Nguyen Cong Luan, Nationalist in the Viet Nam Wars. Memoirs of a victim turned soldier (Indiana University 2012). Rufus Phillips, Why Vietnam Matters. A eyewitness account of lessons not learned (Annapolis: Naval Institute 2008). Douglas Pike, Viet Cong. The organization and techniques of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (M.I.T. 1966). Ken Post, Revolution, Socialism & Nationalism in Viet Nam. Vol. IV, The failure of counter-insurgency in the South (Aldershot: Dartmount 1990). Thomas W. Scoville, Reorganizing for Pacification Support (Washington: Center of Military History, US Army 1991). Tran Dinh Tho, Pacification (Washington: Center of Military History 1980), Indochina monograph series. Douglas Valentine, The Phoenix Program (New York: William Morrow 1990). Samuel B. Griffith, "Introduction" 1–34, to his translation of Mao Tse-tung, On Guerrilla Warfare (1940; reprint: NY: Praeger 1961). Robert W. Komer, "Impact of Pacification on Insurgency in South Vietnam" in Journal of International Affairs vol. XXV/1 (1971), reprinted in U.S. House of Reps. (1971) at pp. 290–311, introduced at 289. Robert W. Komer, "Was There Another Way?" at pp. 211–223, in Thompson and Frizzell (1977). Bruce Lawlor, "The Phoenix" at pp. 199–202, in Santoli (1981, 1982). John O'Donnell, "Life and Times of a USOM Prov Rep" at pp. 210–236, in Neese and O'Donnell (2001). Lorenzo Zambernardi, "Counterinsurgency's Impossible Trilemma", in The Washington Quarterly, v. 33/3, pp. 21–34 (July 2010). United States Dept. of the Army, The U.S. Army * Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manuel (2006; reprint: University of Chicago 2007). United States House of Representatives, Govt. Ops. Comm., U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam, First Session (Washington: U.S. Govt. Printing Ofc. 1971). United States Senate, Foreign Rels. Comm., Vietnam: Policy and Prospects 1970, Second Session (Washington: U.S. Govt. Printing Office 1970). Views on the war Bùi Tín, From Enemy to Friend. A North Vietnamese perspective on the war (Annapolis: Naval Institute 2002). Daniel Ellsberg, Papers on the War (New York: Simon & Schuster 1972; reprint: Touchstone 1972). J. William Fulbright, The Arrogance of Power (New York: Random House 1966). Ernest Gruening and H.W. Beaser, Vietnam Folly (Washington, DC: National Press 1968). David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House 1972; reprint Penguin 1983). Max Hastings, Vietnam. An epic tragedy, 1945-1975 (HarperCollins 2018). David Harris, Our War. What we did in Vietnam and what it did to us (New York: Times Books 1996). George McT. Kahin, Intervention. How America became involved in Vietnam (New York: Knopf 1986, reprint Anchor 1987) Stanley Karnow, Vietnam. A history. The first complete account of Vietnam at war (New York: Viking 1983). Henry Kissinger, Ending the Vietnam War (New York: Simon and Schuster 2003). Robert W. Komer, Bureaucracy at War. U.S. performance in the Vietnam conflict (Boulder: Westview 1986), introduced by Wm. E. Colby. Andrew C. Krepinevich Jr., The Army and Vietnam (Johns Hopkins University 1986). John Prados, Vietnam. The history of an unwinnable war, 1945–1975 (University of Kansas 2009). Harry G. Summers Jr., On Strategy: The Vietnam War in Context (Carlisle Barracks: US Army War College [1981]). Trần Văn Đôn, Our Endless War. Inside Vietnam (Novato: Presidio 1978, 1987). Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The Vietnam War. An intimate history (New York: Vintage 2017). Christian G. Appy, editor, Patriots. The Vietnam War remembered from all sides (New York: Viking 2003). Harvey Neese and John O'Donnell, editors, Prelude to Tragedy. Vietnam 1960–1965 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press 2001). Al Santoli, editor, Everything We Had. An oral history of the Vietnam War by thirty-three American soldiers who fought it (New York: Random House 1981; reprint Ballantine 1982). W. Scott Thompson and Donaldson D. Frizzell, editors, The Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Crane, Russak 1977). Spencer C. Tucker, editor, The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. A political, social, & military history (Oxford University 2000). Military History Institute of Vietnam, Victory in Vietnam. The official history of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975 (Hanoi 1988, revised ed. 1994), translated by William J. Duiker (University of Kansas 2002). U.S. Dept. of Defense, United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: Study proposed by the Department of Defense, 12 volumes, (Washington: U.S. Govt. Printing Ofc. 1971); the narrative history with analyses, supported by contemporary documents, was published in a condensed and annotated form as The Pentagon Papers (The New York Times 1971, reprint: Quadrangle 1971). Civilian society Larry Berman, The Perfect Spy. The incredible double life of Pham Xuan An Time Magazine reporter and Vietnamese Communist agent (New York: HarperCollins/Smithsonian 2007). Bùi Diễm with David Chanoff, In the Jaws of History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1987). Joseph Buttinger, Vietnam. The unforgettable tragedy (New York: Horizon 1977). Dennis J. Duncanson, Government and Revolution in Vietnam (Oxford University 1968). Daniel Ellsberg, Secrets: A memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers (New York: Viking Penguin 2002, reprint 2003). Bernard B. Fall, Viet-Nam Witness 1953–1966 (New York: Praeger 1966, 1967). Frances FitzGerald, Fire in the Lake. The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam (New York: Atlantic Monthly-Little, Brown 1972). Piero Gheddo, Cattolici e Buddisti nel Vietnam (Firenze: Vallecchi Editore 1968), transl. as The Cross and the Bo-Tree. Catholics and Buddhists in Vietnam (New York: Sheed & Ward 1970). Allan E. Goodman, Politics in War. The Bases of Political Community in South Vietnam (Harvard University 1973). David Halberstam, Ho (New York: McGraw-Hill 1971, 1987). Hồ Chí Minh, Selected Writings 1920–1969 (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Pub. Hs. 1973). Hồ Chí Minh, Selected Articles and Speeches (New York: International Publishers 1970). Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution (Harvard University 1992). Charles A. Joiner, The Politics of Massacre. Political processes in South Vietnam (Temple University 1974). Le Ly Hayslip with Jay Wurts, When Heaven and Earth changed Places. A Vietnamese woman's journey from war to peace (New York: Doubleday 1989; reprint: Plume/Penguin 1990). John T. McAlister Jr. and Paul Mus, The Vietnamese and their revolution (New York: Harper Torchbook 1970). Nguyen Duy Hinh & Tran Dinh Tho, The South Vietnamese Society (Washington: Center of Military History 1980), Indochina monograph series. Thích Nhất Hạnh, Vietnam: Lotus in a Sea of Fire (New York: Hill and Wang 1967). Howard R. Penniman, Elections in South Vietnam (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute & Stanford: Hoover Institution 1972). Pham Van Minh, Vietnamese Engaged Buddhism. The struggle movement of 1963–1966 (Westminster: Van Nghe 2002). Phan Thi Dac, Situation de la Personne au Viet-Nam (Paris: Center d'Études Sociologiques 1966). Robert Shaplen, The Road from War. Vietnam 1965–1971 (New York: Harper & Row 1971; revised edition: Harper Colophon 1971). Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie. John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam (New York: Random House 1988). Robert J. Topmiller, The Lotus Unleashed. The Buddhist peace movement in South Vietnam, 1964–1966 (University of Kentucky 2002). Trương Như Tảng with David Chanoff and Doan Van Toai, A Viet Cong Memoir. An inside account of the Vietnam War and its aftermath (New York: Random House 1985; reprint: Vintage 1986). Denis Warner, The Last Confucian. Vietnam, Southeast Asia, and the West (New York: Macmillan 1963; reprint Penguin 1964). Alexander B. Woodside, Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam (Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1976). David Chanoff and Đoàn Văn Toại, editors, Portrait of the Enemy (New York: Random House 1986). John C. Donnell and Charles A. Joiner, editors, Electoral Politics in South Vietnam (Lexington: D. C. Heath 1974). Keesing's Research Report, editor, South Vietnam. A political history 1954–1970 (New York: Scribner's Sons 1970). Edward P. Metzner, Huynh Van Chinh, Tran Van Phuc, Le Nguyen Binh, Reeducation in Postwar Vietnam. Personal postscripts to peace (College Station: Texan A & M University 2001). United States Senate, Foreign Rels. Comm., The U. S. Government and the Vietnam War. Executive and legislative roles and relationships, Part IV (U.S. Govt. Printing Ofc. 1994). Tertiary The Vietnamese Joseph Buttinger, The Smaller Dragon. A political history of Vietnam (New York: Praeger 1958). William J. Duiker, Historical Dictionary of Vietnam (Metuchen: Scarecrow 1989). Hien V. Ho & Chat V. Dang, Vietnamese History (Scotts Valley: CreateSpace 2011). Thích Nhất Hạnh, Love in Action. Writings on nonviolent social change (Berkeley: Parallax Press 1993). K.W. Taylor, A History of the Vietnamese (Cambridge University 2013). Peter Kunstadter, editor, Southeast Asian Tribes, Minorities, and Nations (Princeton University 1967), volume two. Harvey H. Smith, et al., editors, Area Handbook for South Vietnam (Washington: American University 1967). Andrew X. Pham, Catfish and Mandala. A two-wheeled voyage through the landscape and memory of Vietnam (NY: Picador 1999). Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a different Shore. A history of Asian Americans (Boston: Little, Brown 1989). Intelligence and warfare William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men. My Life in the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster 1978). Peer de Silva, Sub Rosa. The CIA and the uses of Intelligence (NY: The New York Times 1978). Richard Helms with William Hood, With a Look Over my Shoulder. A life in the Central Intelligence Agency (NY: Random House 2003). Ralph McGehee, Deadly Deceits. My 25 years in the CIA (New York: Sheridan Square 1983). John Prados, William Colby and the CIA. The secret wars of a controversial spymaster (University of Kansas 2003, 2009). Robert M. Cassidy, Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror. Military culture and irregular war (Westport: Praeger 2006). John W. Dower, Cultures of War (New York: W. W. Norton 2010, 2011). Thomas E. Ricks, The Generals. American military command from World War II to today (New York: Penguin 2012). Historical context Robert Aldrich, Greater France. A history of French overseas expansion (London: Palgrave Macmillan 1996). Daniel A. Bell, China's New Confucianism (Princeton University 2008, 2010). William Theodore de Bary, The Trouble with Confucianism (Harvard University 1991). Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (Yale University 1968, 1970). Pankaj Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire. The intellectuals who remade Asia (London: Allen Lane 2012; reprint Picador 2013). Lucian W. Pye, The Mandarin and the Cadre. China's political cultures (University of Michigan 1988). Merle Goldman and Leo Ou-fan Lee, editors, An Intellectual History of Modern China (Cambridge University 2002): Arnold Kotler, editor, Engaged Buddhist Reader (Berkeley: Parallax 1996). Reference notes External links Ken Fermoyle, Exploring 'Vietnam Labyrinth' "Tran Ngoc Chau" at Goodreads'': photo. 1923 births 2020 deaths South Vietnamese military personnel South Vietnamese politicians Members of the National Assembly (South Vietnam) People from Thừa Thiên-Huế province Articles containing video clips Vietnamese emigrants to the United States People with acquired American citizenship Computer programmers Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in California

6621467

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Mokawloon%20Al%20Arab%20SC

Al Mokawloon Al Arab SC

Al Mokawloon Al Arab Sporting Club (), shortly known as El Mokawloon (The contractors) locally, is an Egyptian professional sports club based in Nasr City, Cairo, and owned by the prominent constructional engineer Osman Ahmed Osman. The club was founded in 1973 by the Egyptian engineer, contractor, entrepreneur, and politician Osman Ahmed Osman as the official sporting club for his prominent, regional construction company, the Arab Contractors, arguably the biggest one in the entire Middle East at that time. The club is best known for their football team, which currently plays in the Egyptian Premier League, the highest league in the Egyptian football league system. The club over the years have produced some of the most famous and talented players in Egypt, including Abdel Sattar Sabry, Mohamed Salah, and Mohamed Elneny. History The 1983 championship club included Joseph-Antoine Bell (Cameroon), Karim Abdul Razak (Ghana) and Ishmael Dyfan (Sierra Leone). Honours and achievements Domestic Egyptian Premier League: 1983 Egyptian Cup: 1990, 1995, 2004 Egyptian Super Cup: 2004 Continental African Cup Winners' Cup: 1982, 1983, 1996; runner-up: 1991 CAF Super Cup runner-up: 1997 Performance in CAF competitions FR = First round SR = Second round PO = Play-off round QF = Quarter-final SF = Semi-final Performance in domestic competitions Current squad Out on loan Managers Michael Krüger (Jan 1, 1996 – July 1, 1997) Josef Hickersberger (July 1, 1997 – June 30, 1999) Hassan Shehata (2004–05) Ghanem Sultan (2005) Mohamed Radwan (2005–06) Taha Basry (July 1, 2006 – June 30, 2007) Alaa Nabiel (2007–08) Mohamed Radwan (May 1, 2008 – May 23, 2009) Mohamed Amer (May 23, 2009 – Aug 13, 2010) Hamza El Gamal (Aug 13, 2010 – Nov 8, 2010) Ivica Todorov (Nov 9, 2010 – April 15, 2011) Mohamed Radwan (April 18, 2011 – Jan 20, 2012) Talaat Youssef (Jan 2012–1?) Mohamed Abdel-Samiea (201?–March 8, 2013) Hamdi Nouh (March 8, 2013 – March 17, 2013) Mohamed Radwan (March 17, 2013–?) Hassan Shehata (2014–15) Tarek El-Ashry (2015–16) Emad El Nahhas (2018–) Notes References External links Official website Team profile – kooora.com Team profile – footballogue.com Football clubs in Cairo Association football clubs established in 1973 1973 establishments in Egypt Multi-sport clubs in Egypt Works association football clubs in Egypt African Cup Winners Cup winning clubs Egyptian Football League clubs

1969698

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoalkaloid

Glycoalkaloid

Glycoalkaloids are a family of chemical compounds derived from alkaloids to which sugar groups are appended. Several are potentially toxic, most notably the poisons commonly found in the plant species Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet nightshade) and other plants in the genus Solanum, including potato. A prototypical glycoalkaloid is solanine (composed of the sugar solanose and the alkaloid solanidine), which is found in the potato. The alkaloidal portion of the glycoalkaloid is also generically referred to as an aglycone. The intact glycoalkaloid is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, therefore causing gastrointestinal irritation. The aglycone is absorbed and is believed to be responsible for observed nervous system signs. Taste Glycoalkaloids are typically bitter tasting, and produce a burning irritation in the back of the mouth and side of the tongue. The Aymara people of Bolivia use taste to detect the levels of glycoalkaloids in potatoes to determine the safety of various cultigens. Detection Although not routinely available, detection of alkaloids in tissues or urine is possible for laboratory diagnosis of exposure. Treatment Sale of a glycoalkaloid-based treatment marketed by Lane Labs USA Inc. for prevention of skin cancer was banned by the FDA in 2004 as an unapproved drug. References External links Alkaloids found in Solanaceae

17616575

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moribund%20Records

Moribund Records

Moribund Records, also known as Moribund Cult or just Moribund, is an extreme metal record label based out of Port Orchard, Washington. It was founded in 1993 by Odin "The Old Goat" Thompson, the label owner and manager. Other staff include Ray Miller, Chris Polk, Anthony Lopez, and Kaitlin Cudaback. The following bands and artists have albums released by Moribund Records: Abhor, Adversvm, Apostolum, Avsky, Ayat, Azaghal, Azrael, Bahimiron, Behexen, Bitter Peace, Bleeding Fist, Blood Cult, Blood Ritual, Blood Stained Dusk, Canis Dirus, Chasma, Crebain, Darkcell, Dodsferd, Draugar, Drawn and Quartered, Empire Auriga, Ferrett, Godless Rising, Grimbane, Hacavitz, Haeresiarchs of Dis, Hiems, Horna, Hrizg, Infernal Legion, Infernus, I Shalt Become, Live Suffer Die, Luciferian Rites, Moon, Mortualia, Morbus666, Nadiwrath, Nazxul, Necro Drunks, Necronoclast, Nocturnal Fear, Oltretomba, Pact, Profezia, Provocator, Psycho, Sargeist, Satan's Host, Toby Knapp, Thrall, Vardan, Wende, Where Evil Follows, Whore, Wind of the Black Mountains and Winter of Apokalypse. References External links Death metal record labels Heavy metal record labels Black metal record labels

2775195

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Gardens%2C%20New%20South%20Wales

Cambridge Gardens, New South Wales

Cambridge Gardens is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Cambridge Gardens is located 54 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. History Cambridge Gardens is a relatively new suburb, having only been gazetted in 1981. It was formerly part of the suburb of Cambridge Park. Aboriginal culture Prior to European settlement, what is now Cambridge Gardens was home to the Mulgoa people who spoke the Darug language. They lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle governed by traditional laws, which had their origins in the Dreamtime. Their homes were bark huts called 'gunyahs'. They hunted kangaroos and emus for meat, and gathered yams, berries and other native plants. Shortly after the arrival of the First Fleet in Australia in 1788, an outbreak of smallpox decimated the local indigenous communities and made it easier for settlers to dispossess them of their land. European settlement The first land grant in the area was made in 1831 to Phillip Parker King, son of the Governor Phillip Gidley King. It became part of the Werrington estate belonging to his sister Mary Lethbridge and was run as a farm until the 1880s when the estate was subdivided into smaller farms. This area was renamed Cambridge Park. In 1978, a second primary school was established in Cambridge Park and given the name Cambridge Gardens Public School. Three years later, the name was adopted for the surrounding area and the suburb of Cambridge Gardens was born. Demographics According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 2,014 residents in Cambridge Gardens. 82.0% of people were born in Australia and 89.7% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 33.0%, No Religion 25.5% and Anglican 22.5%. Notable residents Governance At a local government level, Cambridge Park is part of the north ward of Penrith City Council, represented by Lexie Cettolin, Kevin Crameri, Ross Fowler, Pat Sheehy (currently mayor of Penrith) and John Thain. At the state level, it is part of the Electoral district of Londonderry, represented by Liberals' Bart Bassett. Federally, it is part of the Division of Lindsay, represented by Liberal Party member Fiona Scott. References External links Penrith Local Suburb Profiles Suburbs of Sydney City of Penrith

114035

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton%2C%20Iowa

Leighton, Iowa

Leighton is a city in Mahaska County, Iowa, United States. The population was 158 in the 2020 census, an increase from 153 in the 2000 census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Demographics 2010 census At the 2010 census there were 162 people, 65 households, and 48 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 65 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 99.4% White and 0.6% from two or more races. Of the 65 households, 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.3% were married couples living together, 1.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.2% were non-families. 24.6% of households were one person, and 12.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.98. The median age was 42 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.2% were from 25 to 44; 18.5% were from 45 to 64; and 22.8% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.7% male and 46.3% female. 2000 census At the 2000 census there were 153 people, 56 households, and 43 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 59 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 56 households; 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.0% were married couples living together, 0.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.2% were non-families. 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.21. The age distribution was 31.4% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.9 males. The median household income was $46,667 and the median family income was $46,667. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $25,833 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,294. 0.0% of the population and 0.0% of families were below the poverty line. Notable people Jim Van Engelenhoven, Iowa State Representative References External links City-Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Leighton Cities in Iowa Cities in Mahaska County, Iowa

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Richardson%20%28Lord%20Treasurer%29

Robert Richardson (Lord Treasurer)

Robert Richardson (died 1578) was a Scottish Prior of St Mary's Isle and royal administrator. Biography He was the son of Robert Richardson, burgess of Jedburgh (died ca. 1556). His great grandfather arrived in Scotland in 1424 in the reign of James I. The historian George Crawfurd asserts that he was descended of a stock of ancient and opulent burgesses of Edinburgh, but there is little to connect him with the city before 1553, when he was made a burgess at the request of the fourth earl of Huntly. He matriculated at St Salvator's College, St Andrews, in 1531, and graduated MA in 1532. Nothing is known of his early career except that in April 1544 he was involved with the Earl of Lennox in armed opposition to the Regent Arran at the battle of Glasgow, for which he later received remission. He was presented to the vicarage of Dunsyre in 1549 and held the vicarage of Eckford by 1552. In that year he was provided by the Pope to the archdeaconry of Teviotdale, which he held until 1565 along with the appropriated parsonage of Morebattle. In 1558 he obtained crown presentation to the priory of St Mary's Isle, near Kirkcudbright, which he also resigned in 1565, retaining the usufruct. Richardson's career as a royal official began around 1549 when he was comptroller clerk. In November 1552 he was an auditor of the treasurer's account. Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis, appointed lord treasurer in April 1554, delegated the entire conduct of business to Richardson as treasurer clerk. After Cassillis's death in November 1558 Richardson continued as treasurer clerk and acting treasurer. Scottish Reformation As acting treasurer, it was probably in this capacity, rather than as "Maister of the Cunze-house", that he held the coining irons of the mint at Holyroodhouse. In July 1559 the Protestant Lords of the Congregation who occupied Edinburgh seized these, along with great sums of money, claiming that they had done so to stop corruption of the coinage. The irons were returned to him according to the terms of the Articles of Leith between the lords and Mary of Guise. After the siege of Leith, Richardson sat as a prelate at the Reformation Parliament of 1560 and was listed by Knox among those "that had renunceit Papistrie and oppinlie profest Jesus Chryst with us.". Finally appointed Lord Treasurer on 5 March 1561, he was a member of the privy council from 1561 to 1576. In 1562 he was named as one of the commissioners for receiving rentals of benefices and in October of that year was granted a pension of £1000 Scots from the thirds of benefices pending provision to a benefice of equal or greater value. The Reformation gave him further opportunities to add to the landed estate he had been acquiring since 1552, mainly in East Lothian and Midlothian. Three charters by the commendator and convent of Dunfermline on 28 July 1563 conveyed to him extensive lands, mainly in Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, and Fife, amounting to no fewer than seventy-seven farms and scattered holdings. From September 1565 onwards he disposed of a large part of this property to the tenants, no doubt profitably. He retained lands and coal mines around Musselburgh, including Smeaton, where either he or his son built what in 1577 was described as a new house. He also acquired some small properties belonging to Jedburgh Abbey. Crawfurd wrote of Richardson: He appears to have been a very wise moderate man; for so far as I can observe from the history of these times, he kept himself more in a neutrality, and was less a party-man than any other that held any great office about the court. He was never violent against the Queen, tho' he complied with the Government under the young King. King's man and Lord High Treasurer Richardson supported the overthrow of Mary, Queen of Scots. He attended the coronation of the infant James VI in 1567, and was present at Mary's defeat at the battle of Langside in May 1568 on the side of her half-brother and opponent, James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray. In 1569 he voted to refuse Mary, Queen of Scots' divorce from Bothwell. His support for the new regime is also evidenced by a loan of £5,000 Scots to the Earl of Moray, now the Regent of Scotland, on 17 September 1567, secured on a pledge of a selection of the queen's jewels. He raised money for Regent Moray by pawning more of the personal jewellery of Mary, Queen of Scots, including a gold chain belt of pearl knots and a hair garnishing with 57 diamonds which his son James Richardson returned to Holyrood Palace on 18 March 1580. In 1570, as he was "greitlie superexpendit as treasurer and unable to pay his creditors" Regent Moray gave him the revenue arising from wards and marriages and vacant benefices. In January 1571 the lease of the mint, which he had held since 1566, was renewed for three years, with half the profits to pay off his superexpenses as treasurer. According to a contemporary source, John Cunningham of Drumquhassle had been made "half thesaurer, with Mr Robert Ritchartsone that wes thesaurer of befoir" in July 1570, but Richardson remained in sole charge until 24 June 1571, when he was replaced by William, Lord Ruthven. He retained control of the mint until March 1573, his share of the profits amounting to more than £5400 Scots. Thereafter he continued to receive money from the mint to redeem the royal jewels that had been pledged to him, further payments being made to his sons after his death, which probably took place between May and November 1578. Family Richardson was unmarried but his four children, James, Robert, Stephen, and Janet were legitimated in 1552; another child (Katherine) may have been born in December 1563, when Randolph reported to Cecil that Richardson was to do public penance in St Giles for getting a woman with child and Knox was to "mayke the sermonde.". James Richardson of Smeaton, the eldest of Richardson's children, received most of his father's lands; he married Elizabeth Douglas, and their second son, Sir Robert Richardson of Pencaitland, was created a baronet in 1630. Notes Attribution External links Letter from Mary, Queen of Scots, to the Laird of Smeaton, 25 June 1568, with audio: NMS 16th-century births 1578 deaths Alumni of the University of St Andrews Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland Members of the Privy Council of Scotland Scottish priors Privy Council of Mary, Queen of Scots 16th-century Protestant religious leaders Lord High Treasurers of Scotland

28485933

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Jasmine%20Sovani

Aliya Jasmine Sovani

Aliya-Jasmine "AJ" Sovani (born November 18, 1981) is a Canadian television broadcaster and producer, initially known for her work on MTV. She is currently working as a host for NBC. Career Before working at MTV, Sovani was a producer at MuchMusic, and has worked in front of and behind the camera at BPM:TV, Star!, and FashionTelevision as well as a freelance writer and professional speaker. She also worked as the Whistler Reporter for CTV's Olympic Morning show during the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Over the past decade, Sovani has been a reporter at the Vancouver Winter Olympics for CTV's Olympic Morning Show, was on the ground in Haiti after the devastating earthquake alongside actor Jared Leto for the Discovery channel, was an NHL playoffs reporter for the Stanley Cup countdown, and hosted the ESPYS red carpet with Cabbie on TSN. She was on one seven on-air personalities that launched MTV Canada in 2006 and appeared regularly on the flagship show MTV Live. She soon expanded her role and was involved with several other programs on the network. She is best known for having produced & hosted her on Sports/PopCulture series on MTV called "PLAY with AJ". She also anchored MTV News, was a regularly contributor to MTV Movie Night and hosted the talk show 1 Girl 5 Gays (a.k.a. "1g5g") on MTV (Canada) and Logo (TV channel) in the USA. Sovani was the 2012 face of the NFL's women's apparel campaign launched by Vogue and photographed by French photographer Patrick Demarchelier in New York City's meat packing district. She recently collaborated with the CFL to design a women's sweatshirt for the 2014 Grey Cup. In 2022, she was cohost with Teddy Wilson of the documentary series The Mightiest for Discovery Channel Canada. Personal life Sovani was born on November 18, 1981, in Ottawa, Ontario. Her parents are African-Indians originally from Uganda. She received international attention from various media outlets including The View, The Huffington Post, and Good Morning America for a breast cancer awareness video she wrote, and directed that went viral called "Save the Boobs". In 2010, she was selected as one of HELLO! Magazine's 50 most beautiful Canadians and the National Post newspaper's "Worthy-30 to watch" lists. She has her Social Media & Digital Marketing certificate from Harvard University, and her BA degree in Broadcast Communications from the University of Ottawa. In 2020, Sovani married Mike Bradwell, former wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, at the Sasaab resort in Kenya. References External links Aliya Jasmine Sovani Cast biographies of 1 Girl 5 Gays on mtv.ca Aliya's Facebook site Living people Canadian television producers Canadian women television producers Mass media people from Ottawa Canadian people of Iranian descent Canadian people of Indian descent 1982 births

11387507

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlewood

Bridlewood

Bridlewood can refer to: Places Bridlewood, Ottawa, a neighbourhood in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Bridlewood, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta, Canada Bridlewood, a neighbourhood in the Tam O'Shanter-Sullivan and L'Amoreaux neighbourhoods in Toronto(Scarborough), Canada Bridlewood, a neighborhood in Bristow, Virginia (Prince William County), United States Bridlewood, Nebraska, a neighborhood in Omaha, Nebraska, United States Other Bridlewood Community Elementary School, an elementary and middle school in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Somerset-Bridlewood (C-Train), a C-Train station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada Bridlewood Mall, a shopping center in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

4478205

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longchen%20Nyingthig

Longchen Nyingthig

Longchen Nyingthig () is a terma, revealed scripture, of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism, which gives a systematic explanation of Dzogchen. It was revealed by Jigme Lingpa (1730–1798). Etymology Longchen Nyingthig may be translated as 'seminal heart of Longchenpa', or 'vast expanse heart essence', a reference to the central figure of Jigme Lingpa's 'pure visions' () in which the texts were revealed. 'Nyingthig' (which connotes 'seminal essence' or 'heart focus'). 'Thig' is an etymon of 'thig-le' which is the Tibetan translation of the Sanskrit 'bindu', the central point of the 'mandala' (Tibetan: khorlo). Alternate orthographies: Longchen Nyingtik. History and background Dzogchen teachings have been classified in three sections namely: Semde (mind class/cycle); Longdé (space class/cycle); and Mengagde (direct/oral instruction class/cycle). Shri Singha divided the Mengagde into a further four cycles: the outer, inner, esoteric, and innermost esoteric cycle. They are teachings on the "primordially pure nature" (or kadag; ). The recognition of this "primordially pure nature" is called trekchö (), "cutting through" all the grasping, clinging and apprehending which obscures the "primordially pure nature." The 'innermost esoteric cycle' of the Mengagde is focused upon the 'spontaneous perfection of appearances' (lhündrub tögal; ) which is known as tögal, the 'direct approach.' There are two principal historical redactions and elucidations given the nomenclature 'Nyingthig', namely the Vima Nyingthig brought to Tibet by Vimalamitra and the Khandro Nyingthig brought to Tibet by Padmasambhava. Into the mindstream of Jigme Lingpa merged the mindstream tributaries of Vimalamitra and King Trisong Detsen of whom he, Jigme Lingpa, was a joint 'emanation' (Tibetan: tulku) or 'embodiment' (Sanskrit: nirmanakaya). Now as was previously stated Vimalamitra brought the Vima Nyingthig to Tibet. Padmasambhava, who brought the Khandro Nyingthig to Tibet, transmitted this to King Trisong Detsen. So both the Khandro Nyingthig and the Vima Nyingthig were within the mindstream of Jigme Lingpa and were realised by him as 'mind treasure' or 'mind terma' (). Thondup & Talbott state: Jigme Lingpa was a reincarnation of both Vimalamitra himself and King Trisong Detsen, who was a recipient of Nyingthig teachings from Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) and Vimalamitra. So the Nyingthig teachings of two major lineages flowed together in Jigme Lingpa. Longchen Nyingthig is the essence or embodiment of the two Nyingthig traditions, Vima Nyingthig and Khandro Nyingthig. Revelation Thondup and Talbott state that: While transmitting esoteric teachings to his realized disciples in Tibet, Guru Padmasambhava concealed many teachings with the blessings of his enlightened mind stream in the nature of the intrinsic awareness of the minds of his disciples through the power of “mind-mandated transmission” (); thereby the master and disciple became united as one in the teachings and realization. Here, the master has concealed the teachings and blessings, the esoteric attainments, as ter in the pure nature of the minds of his disciples through his enlightened power, and he has made aspirations that the ter may be discovered for the sake of beings when the appropriate time comes. Thondup and Talbott state that when Jigme Lingpa was 28 years old: In the evening of the twenty-fifth day of the tenth month of the Fire Ox year of the thirteenth Rabjung cycle (1757), he went to bed with an unbearable devotion to Guru Rinpoche in his heart; a stream of tears of sadness continuously wet his face because he was not in Guru Rinpoche’s presence, and unceasing words of prayers kept singing in his breath. He remained in the depths of that meditation experience of clear luminosity ({{bo|w='od gsal gyi snang ba) for a long time. While being absorbed in that luminous clarity, he experienced flying a long distance through the sky while riding a white lion. He finally reached a circular path, which he thought to be the circumambulation path of Charung Khashor, now known as Bodhnath Stūpa, and important Buddhist monument of giant structure in Nepal. Content According to Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, the Longchen Nyingtik "includes the preliminary and main practices, the development and completion stages, and, most important, the practice of Ati Yoga, or Dzogchen. It thus constitutes a complete path to enlightenment." Sam van Schaik lists the contents of the major thematic sections of the Longchen Nyingthig as follows: Revelation accounts and prophecy (3 texts) Root tantra and root initiation (3 texts) Outer guru sadhana (2 texts) Inner guru sadhana (4 texts) Longlife practices (4 texts) Dechen gyalmo, a peaceful dakini, (28 texts) Palchen Dupa, a yidam, (20 texts) Secret guru sadhana (4 texts) Very secret guru sadhana (1 texts) Wrathful lama practice (3 texts) Miscellaneous aspirational prayers (4 texts) Peaceful and wrathful deities (8 texts) Protectors (16 texts) Transference of consciousness (phowa, 2 texts) Practices on the channels and winds (tsa-lung, 6 texts) Practice of cutting attachment (Chöd, 2 texts) Great perfection (Dzogchen) treasure texts (4 texts) Preliminary practices (ngondro, 3 texts) Great perfection practice instructions (1 text) Supporting instructions for the above (6 texts) Additional miscellaneous texts (11 texts) Sam van Schaik has translated some of the Dzogchen texts from the Longchen Nyingthig in "Approaching the Great Perfection" (2004). Tony Duff has also translated key texts such as "The Excellent Path to Omniscience" and "Sound of Dakini Laughter." According to Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche, the Vidyadhara Jigme Lingpa founded the great Longchen Nyingtik lineage based on a series of mind treasures he discovered in visions. The teachings and practices of the Longchen Nyingtik are the swiftest path to enlightenment. One of its main sadhanas, The Gathering of Vidyadharas (Rigdzen Dupa), holds for this supreme accomplishment to happen. Lineage Tradition holds that the first human master of the Longchen Nyingthig lineage was Prahevajra. The teaching was originally discovered as a terma, a revealed teaching given to the 18th century Nyingma teacher Kunkhyen Jigme Lingpa. The teaching is allegedly descended from the Dharmakaya Buddha Kuntu Zangpo (Skt. Samantabhadra), passed to the Samboghakaya Buddha Dorje Sempa (Skt. Vajrasattva), and then through a series of other teachers until it reached Guru Padmasambhava, who arrived in the mid-8th century to Tibet and converted much of the populace to Buddhism. See also Five Pure Lights Ganachakra Tantra Quotes References Citations Works cited Further reading Gyatso, Janet (1998). Apparitions of the Self: The Secret Autobiographies of a Tibetan Visionary; a Translation and Study of Jigme Lingpa's 'Dancing Moon in the Water' and 'Ḍākki's Grand Secret-Talk'. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. (cloth: alk. paper) Klein, Anne Carolyn (2009). "Heart Essence of the Vast Expanse: A Story of Transmission." Ithaca, Snow Lion, USA. External links Longchen Nyingtik lineage Longchen Nyingtik at RangjungYesheWiki Longchen Nyingtik Series at Lotsawa House www.zangthal.co.uk The Longchen Nyingtik Project Dzogchen texts Dzogchen practices Dzogchen lineages Nyingma tantras History of Tibetan Buddhism Buddhist texts

69461906

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipentylone

Dipentylone

N,N-Dimethylpentylone (also known as Dipentylone or simply Dimethylpentylone) is a substituted cathinone derivative with stimulant effects, which has been sold as a designer drug, first detected in Sweden in 2014. Metabolism and pharmacology Pentylone is a known metabolite of Dimethylpentylone. Society and Culture Dimethylpentylone was first identified in toxicology samples in the US in late 2021 and has been tracked by the Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE) through its NPS Discovery program as an increasingly common drug mismarketed as MDMA where Eutylone was previously commonly mismarketed as MDMA. On June 26, 2023, the United States Customs and Border Protection seized 32.2 kilograms of dimethylpentylone, sent from China labeled as "beauty products" mailed to an address in Washington, D.C. On July 10, 2023, Jacksonville DEA Assistant Special Agent in Charge Mike Dubet gave an interview to WJXT (news4jax) reporting that dimethylpentylone has been found in possession by people attending nightclubs and bars in the Jacksonville, Florida area. Legality Dimethylpentylone is not specifically listed in the United States Controlled Substance Act but would be considered Schedule I as a positional isomer of the Schedule I substance N-Ethylpentylone in the United States, defined as "all isomers" within that definition. See also Dibutylone Diethylpropion Dimethylone Ephylone Isohexylone MDPV N-Ethylhexedrone N-Ethylhexylone Pentylone References Cathinones Designer drugs Stimulants Dimethylamino compounds

13680207

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky%20Newman

Vicky Newman

Vicky Newman (born 29 October 1982) is a British illustrator. Born in Pembury, Kent, Newman graduated with honours from Falmouth College of Arts in 2005 with a BA in Communication Design | Illustration She is an advertising and publishing illustrator, best known for advertisements and poster design. Her style is an eclectic mix of hand rendered line and digital color and has similarities to the Art Nouveau artists such as Aubrey Beardsley and Alfons Mucha as well as modern movements in contemporary illustration design. Newman has worked on campaigns for Camel Cigarettes, Dolce & Gabbana, and The Independent. She has also worked for advertising companies such as Gyro Worldwide in Philadelphia and Brand New World in New York City and for charities including American breast cancer charity Keep A Breast and British environmental and health charity Surfers Against Sewage. She a member of the illustration collective House of Aces. Press coverage Newman has been profiled on Charles Saatchi's Student artist's website. She has been interviewed by The Independent in the UK, , The Financial Times in the UK, Folha de S.Paulo in Brazil and ABC News in America Exhibitions Autumn 2009, Inkygoodness 3 'Wonderland' a showcase of 30 international illustrators, artists and image-makers, Vaad Gallery, The Custard Factory, Birmingham Summer 2009, Decked, an exhibition of hand painted/crafter skate decks, Stolenspace Gallery, Shoreditch, London Winter 2008, Inkygoodness 2 'Hopes & Fears' group show of 16 illustrators based in the U.K, Centrespace Gallery, Bristol, U.K Spring 2008, Unexpected Illustration! a showcase of work produced by illustration collective House of Aces at the George House Gallery, Folkestone Summer 2007, Solo exhibition of current work in TBWA at their central London headquarters, Included as part of Noise Festival 2006-2007 held throughout the UK, aiming to exhibit the best new talent in design, fashion, film, music, architecture and written word. Summer 2006 'First Class Post' Newman's work was included in an exhibition of artists living and working in Kent. Exhibited in four galleries across South East England. Summer 2005, New Designers, Islington exhibited as part of a showcase of emerging British design students. Spring 2005, 'A Guide to Doodling' Falmouth an exhibition of seven contemporary British illustrators. External links Portfolio site of illustrator Vicky Newman Illustration collective House of Aces The 'Decked' project Inkygoodness – Showcasing new & emerging talent References "Saatchi artist profile" Jury, Louise. "BritArt: The next generation", The Independent, 30 November 2006. Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew. "FT WEEKEND MAGAZINE – FEATURE: Smart art ", The Financial Times, 28 July 2007 Cozer, Raquel. "Sites servem mais para bater papo do que fazer negócios", Folha de S.Paulo, 10 January 2007. Bain, Julia E. ABC News, 10 February 2007. Living people 1982 births British illustrators People from Pembury

13826087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penwithick

Penwithick

Penwithick () or Penwithick Stents is a village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated north of St Austell, in the civil parish of Treverbyn in the 'clay country' area of china clay quarrying. Whilst falling in a different civil parish Penwithick does have an electoral ward in its own name. The population of the ward at the census 2011 was 4,479 Penwithick has a small local shop which also has a sub post office, a social club as well as a premises selling fish & chips. There are plans to build a new settlement Baal & West Carclaze south of the village as part of the St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town. This would include 1,800 to 2,500 homes. The plan was given outline approval in July 2009. References Villages in Cornwall

28244439

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembrassa

Lembrassa

Lembrassa was a British lingerie and swimwear retailer founded in 2008 by Laura Cohen specifically to cater to women with larger breasts (D – J cup size). The debate over the "size zero" image and catwalk models has heated up recently with the announcement by Lynne Featherstone, the equalities minister, that she will convene a series of discussions in Autumn 2010 with the fashion industry, to discuss how to promote body confidence among young people. This has received much press coverage (e.g. Fashion industry faces airbrushing clampdown) and re-opened the debate about the treatment of "real women" and the hero worship of "size zero" catwalk models. Lembrassa founder, Laura Cohen, encountered the "real women" versus "size zero" issues before they became a popular movement and determined to do something about it. She started the company because in her own words "I was fed up with the treatment I was getting when trying to buy larger cup size lingerie in store or even online. I felt frustrated with the high street retailers who were continually being 'out of stock' of my size." As well as founding Lembrassa, Laura has written a number of published articles on the issues facing larger-busted women including guidance on getting the right size bra when 80% of women have got it wrong. Lembrassa also follows its founder's belief in open marketplaces by having a single worldwide website and a single set of pricing. Customers from all over the world can purchase at the same sterling price. This approach is underlined by another of the founder's articles "The world is you local shop". Lembrassa has attracted media interest for the difficulties small businesses face in getting start-up support "Lembrassa aims for perfect fit" and for its attention to customer service "Frustration at Shop Ranges". References Clothing retailers of the United Kingdom Lingerie brands Clothing companies established in 2008 Retail companies established in 2008

4044009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Beauchamp%2C%20Countess%20of%20Shrewsbury

Margaret Beauchamp, Countess of Shrewsbury

Margaret Beauchamp (1404 – 14 June 1467) was the eldest daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and his first wife, Elizabeth de Berkeley. As the eldest child of a family without male issue, Margaret was expected to inherit from her father until her stepmother, Isabel le Despenser, gave him a son. Ancestry She was the granddaughter and heir-general of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley; however, the Barony and castle of Berkeley had passed to his nephew James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley on his death in 1417. These lands were also claimed by her mother, to whom she and her two sisters were coheirs. Her paternal grandfather was Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, who fought for John of Gaunt in Spain and imprisoned in the Tower of London by Richard II and pardoned by Henry IV. However he died 3 years before Margaret was born. Marriage On 6 September 1425 she had married John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury; he and her two brothers-in-law, the Duke of Somerset and the Baron Latimer, vigorously maintained the claim to the Berkeley lands. However, Latimer's claim was possessed by his brother, the Earl of Salisbury, as Latimer had been declared insane. By Talbot, she had five children: John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle (1426 – 17 July 1453) Sir Louis Talbot (c. 1429) Sir Humphrey Talbot (before 1434 – c. 1492) Lady Eleanor Talbot (c. February/March 1436 – 30 June 1468), married to Sir Thomas Butler and alleged wife to King Edward IV. Lady Elizabeth Talbot (1443 — 1507), married to John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk. Lord and Lady Talbot were distantly related to each other, having a shared ancestor in King Edward I and both being descendants of the houses of Clare and Despenser. She received the title of Countess of Clermont through the bravery of her husband during the wars with France. Wars of the Roses During the troubled years of the Wars of the Roses, the dispute frequently passed from litigation to actual violence. Lord Berkeley sacked Margaret's manor at Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, in return for which her son, the Viscount Lisle, stormed Berkeley Castle (1452) and took him prisoner. Margaret also succeeded in having Lord Berkeley's wife, Lady Isabel Mowbray, committed to prison, where she died that year. Litigation from her deathbed Lord Berkeley married Lady Joan Talbot, Margaret's stepdaughter, in 1457, temporarily quelling the feud. It broke out again in 1463, when William Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley, acceded. Litigation continued, and on her death in 1467, she left her claims to her grandson Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle. She was buried in St Faith under St Paul's at London. Ancestry Notes References Camden, William. "Of the Antiquity of Epitaphs in England." A Collection of Curious Discourses. Vol. 1, Ed. Thomas Hearne, Benjamin White, at Horace's Head, London, 1775. 1404 births 1467 deaths 15th-century English women 15th-century English nobility Shrewsbury Daughters of British earls Wives of knights Margaret

15248466

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20TKO

Operation TKO

Operation TKO was a 2003 probe conducted by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). As a result of Operation TKO, U.S. and Mexican authorities shut down, which was the biggest producer of ketamine in Mexico producing almost 80–90% of the Ketamine found in the United States. This was also the most successful crackdown ever on performance-enhancing drugs. The original goal of the operation was to cut off the supply of ketamine but it led to stopping the production of illegal steroids., Subsequently, Ernesto Chevreuil Bravo, 43, a Tijuana veterinary pharmacy owner According to the DEA, over 80% of Ketamine seized in the U.S. is of Mexican origin. The World Health Organization Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, in its thirty third report, recommended research into its recreational use/misuse due to growing concerns about its rising popularity in Europe, Asia and North America. This due in part to its prevention of depression. References Drug Enforcement Administration operations

32172190

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZIP%20Maf

BZIP Maf

bZIP Maf is a domain found in Maf transcription factor proteins. It contains a leucine zipper (bZIP) domain, which mediates the transcription factor's dimerization and DNA binding properties. The Maf extended homology region (EHR) is present at the N-terminus of the protein. This region (shown in yellow in the adjacent image) exists only within the Maf family and allows the family to recognize longer DNA motifs than other leucine zippers. These motifs are termed the Maf recognition element (MARE) and is 13 or 14 base pairs long. In particular, the two residues at the beginning of helix H2 are positioned to recognise the flanking region of the DNA. Small Maf proteins heterodimerize with Fos and may act as competitive repressors of the NF2-E2 transcription factor. In mouse, Maf1 may play an early role in axial patterning. Defects in these proteins are a cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Neural retina-specific leucine zipper proteins belong to this family. References Protein families

1579633

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled%20ecological%20life-support%20system

Controlled ecological life-support system

Controlled (or closed) ecological life-support systems (acronym CELSS) are a self-supporting life support system for space stations and colonies typically through controlled closed ecological systems, such as the BioHome, BIOS-3, Biosphere 2, Mars Desert Research Station, and Yuegong-1. Original concept CELSS was first pioneered by the Soviet Union during the famed "Space Race" in the 1950s–60s. Originated by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and furthered by V.I. Vernadsky, the first forays into this science were the use of closed, unmanned ecosystems, expanding into the research facility known as the BIOS-3. Then in 1965, manned experiments began in the BIOS-3. Rationale Human presence in space, thus far, has been limited to our own Earth–Moon system. Also, everything that astronauts would need in the way of life support (air, water, and food) has been brought with them. This may be economical for short missions of spacecraft, but it is not the most viable solution when dealing with the life support systems of a long-term craft (such as a generation ship) or a settlement. The aim of CELSS is to create a regenerative environment that can support and maintain human life via agricultural means. Components of CELSS Air revitalization In non-CELSS environments, air replenishment and processing typically consists of stored air tanks and scrubbers. The drawback to this method lies in the fact that upon depletion the tanks would have to be refilled; the scrubbers would also require replacement after they become ineffective. There is also the issue of processing toxic fumes, which come from the synthetic materials used in the construction of habitats. Therefore, the issue of how air quality is maintained requires attention; in experiments, it was found that the plants also removed volatile organic compounds offgassed by synthetic materials used thus far to build and maintain all man-made habitats. In CELSS, air is initially supplied by external supply, but is maintained by the use of foliage plants, which create oxygen in photosynthesis (aided by the waste-byproduct of human respiration, ). Eventually, the main goal of a CELSS environment is to have foliage plants take over the complete and total production of oxygen needs; this would make the system a closed, instead of controlled, system. Food / consumables production As with all present forays into space, crews have had to store all consumables they require prior to launch. Typically, hard-food consumables were freeze dried so that the craft's weight could be reduced. Of course, in a self-sustaining ecosystem, a place for crops to grow would be set aside, allowing foods to be grown and cultivated. The larger the group of people, the more crops would have to be grown. As for water, experiments have shown that it would be derived from condensate in the air (a byproduct of air conditioning and vapors), as well as excess moisture from plants. It would then have to be filtered by some means, either by nature or by machine. Waste-water treatment Early space-flight had travelers either ejecting their wastes into space or storing it for a return trip. CELSS studied means of breaking down human wastes and, if possible, integrating the processed products back into the ecology. For instance, urine was processed into water, which was safe for use in toilets and watering plants. Wastewater treatment makes use of plants, particularly aquatic, to process the wastewater. It has been shown that the more waste is treated by the aquatic plants (or, more specifically, their root systems), the larger the aquatic plants grow. In tests, such as those done in the BioHome, the plants also made viable compost as a growth medium for crops. Closed versus controlled Closed systems are totally self-reliant, recycling everything indefinitely with no external interaction. The life of such a system is limited, as the entropy of a closed system can only increase with time. But if the otherwise closed system is allowed to accept high-temperature radiant energy from an external source (e.g., sunlight) and to reject low-temperature waste heat to deep space, it can continue indefinitely. An example of such a system is the Earth itself. Controlled systems, by contrast, depend on certain external interactions such as periodic maintenance. An example of such a system is the ISS. Notable CELSS projects BioHome Biosphere 2 BIOS-3 Biosphere J Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility Biotron (disambiguation) Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Facility ALS-NSCORT - Advanced Life Support - NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training Other types of regenerative ecological systems Bioregenerative life support system (acronym: BLSS) Environmental Control and Life Support System (acronym ECLSS) Engineered Closed/Controlled EcoSystem (acronym ECCES) Spome See also Life support system Closed ecological system Arcology References Ecological experiments Systems ecology Spacecraft life support systems

68196002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROKS%20Cheonan

ROKS Cheonan

ROKS Cheonan is the name of two South Korean Navy warships: , a from 1989 to 2010. , a which has been ordered. Republic of Korea Navy ship names

58396060

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batken%20conflict

Batken conflict

The Batken conflict (, ) was a period of armed clashes between militants of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan, with support to the latter being provided by the Uzbek Ground Forces. It was caused by incursions of IMU militants into Uzbek and Kyrgyz territory from Tajikistan and was in part, centered on the unilateral demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border by Uzbekistan. Background In February 1999, the Uzbek capital of Tashkent experienced a series of explosions in an attempt on President Islam Karimov's life, who then blamed it on radical Wahhabi Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan militants. According to the militants, their goal was to facilitate an overthrow of the Uzbek government and President Karimov, after which the establishment of a fully Islamic state in Uzbekistan would follow. Events In the summer of that year, IMU guerrilla rebels invaded the Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan (a region with an ethnically Uzbek majority). It was the IMU's first verifiable operation since it was established just a year before. Specifically, the city of Barak, Kyrgyzstan was occupied by militant forces, with the surrounding area being controlled and blockaded by Uzbek forces. During the intrusion, the rebels took several people hostage, including a Japanese geologist, who was eventually returned after the Japanese government paid a ransom. The rebels demanded that Kyrgyzstan provide safe passage for them to cross into Uzbekistan. On the eighth day of the conflict, Mayor Abdrakhman Mamataliev of Osh along with 3 security officers were captured by militants in order to send a message to the Bishkek authorities. They were in captivity for over a week until they were released on 13 August as a result of extensive negotiations and the extortion of a ransom, which included an Afghanistan-bound helicopter. On 24 August, defense minister Myrzakan Subanov was dismissed from his post after Akayev and his government observed what his spokesman called a failure to "stabilize the situation." Just four days later, Akayev appointed Major General Esen Topoev, a native of the Batken, as minister of defense. On 1 September, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and Kyrgyz Deputy Prime Minister Boris Silaev met to discuss Russia formally providing technical assistance to the Kyrgyz Army in eliminating the militants. The government spent the next month concentrating their operations on the IMU militants throughout the mountains, utilizing air strikes and artillery shelling to help aide their advance. By 25 September, the Batken region was completely stripped of militants, with some retreating to Tajikistan. The government then arrested over 70 civilians in Bishkek who were suspected of having links with the IMU terrorists. The Kyrgyz and Uzbek governments agreed to confine the rebels in the mountains during the winter, in an attempt to ensure the disablement of the invading forces. Aftermath Following the conclusion of the conflict, the Uzbek government began the process of sealing its border with Kyrgyzstan, enacting measures such as constructing a barbed wire fence and creating a 2-meter (6.67-foot) fence throughout 1999 and 2000. The Uzbek government also hinted at a military intervention in the country, with defense minister Hikmatulla Tursunov declaring that the Uzbek Armed Forces stand ready to launch attacks on rebel sanctuaries in both “nearby” and “other places”. The conflict was a key factor in political debates between the government of Amangeldy Muraliyev and opposition, eventually incorporating itself into that year's parliamentary and presidential elections. The Batken Region was created as a response to IMU activities. Kyrgyzstan accused Uzbekistan of using the conflict to seize large areas of agricultural land that was loaned to Uzbekistan during the Soviet period for temporary usage. The conflict also had a major impact on the international community, who collectively put pressure on Tajikistan to expel the IMU from the country, specifically the Tavildara Valley where it is based. The IMU eventually abandoned the valley in late 1999 after persuasion from the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRPT). See also Post-Soviet conflicts References 1999 in Uzbekistan 1999 in Kyrgyzstan Wars involving Uzbekistan Wars involving Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan relations Conflicts in 1999 Batken Region Riots and civil disorder in Kyrgyzstan

69075731

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy%20D.%20Dalton

Sammy D. Dalton

Sammy Dale Dalton (born August 29, 1951) is an American educator and politician who served in both houses of the West Virginia Legislature. First elected to the House of Delegates as a 23-year old graduate student at Marshall University, he was elevated to the state senate in 1990. In 1994, his predecessor, Lloyd G. Jackson II, ran again and defeated him in the Democratic primary, after which Dalton returned to the House for two more terms. He attempted to win back a seat in the Senate in 2002 and 2012 but lost the primary races to Tracy Dempsey and Art Kirkendoll, respectively. In 2021, Dalton was arrested on prostitution-related charges in a sting conducted by the Charleston Police Department. References 1951 births Living people Democratic Party members of the West Virginia House of Delegates Democratic Party West Virginia state senators Marshall University alumni

19681414

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20at%20Sweet%20Basil%20Volume%202

Live at Sweet Basil Volume 2

Live at Sweet Basil Volume 2 is an album by David Murray released on the Italian Black Saint label in 1984 and the second to feature his Big Band. It features performances by Murray, Olu Dara, Baikida Carroll, Craig Harris, Bob Stewart, Vincent Chancey, Steve Coleman, John Purcell, Rod Williams, Fred Hopkins and Billy Higgins conducted by Lawrence "Butch" Morris. The album was preceded by Live at Sweet Basil Volume 1. Reception The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars, stating, "There are some strong moments, plenty of dense ensembles, and a strong group spirit that makes one wish that the group had recorded a little more coherently in the studios during this period". Track listing All compositions by David Murray "Dewey's Circle" – 13:42 "Roses" – 11:04 "David Tune" – 12:22 "Great Peace" – 9:43 "Four Minute Marvin (For Marvin Gaye)" – 2:34 Recorded live in concert at Sweet Basil, NYC, August 24–26, 1984 Personnel David Murray: tenor saxophone, bass clarinet Olu Dara: cornet Baikida Carroll: trumpet Craig Harris: trombone Bob Stewart: tuba Vincent Chancey: flugelhorn Steve Coleman: soprano saxophone, alto saxophone John Purcell: alto saxophone, clarinet Rod Williams: piano Fred Hopkins: bass Billy Higgins: percussion Lawrence "Butch" Morris: conductor References 1984 live albums David Murray (saxophonist) live albums Black Saint/Soul Note live albums

72044192

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Terrace%20at%20S%C3%A8vres

On the Terrace at Sèvres

On the Terrace at Sèvres () is the title of at least two 1880 oil-on-canvas paintings with the same subject by French artist Marie Bracquemond. A larger version (88 × 115) is held by the Musée du Petit Palais in Geneva, Switzerland, while a smaller version (56.8 × 64.5) is held by the Artizon Museum, Ishibashi Foundation, in Tokyo, Japan. Description Both paintings depict three people on a terrace with Sèvres seen in the background. Stylistically, there are small differences between the two paintings, but it is unknown if the smaller version was a study for the larger work. As in the other works she produced in 1880, Bracquemond explores the nature of the changing color of white in the light of the outdoors. Provenance Oscar Ghez, a Swiss businessman and art collector, bought the larger painting in 1970 and it was shown at the Musée du Petit Palais in Geneva where it popularized Bracquemond's work to the world. The smaller painting was acquired in 1919 by private collectors and passed through several different owners. The Diane B. Wilsey collection bought it in 2008. The Ishibashi Foundation acquired it in 2019. Study References Further reading Rubin, James H. (2013). How to Read an Impressionist Painting. Thames & Hudson. . Paintings by Marie Bracquemond 1880 paintings