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25098171

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhobi%20Ghat%20%28film%29

Dhobi Ghat (film)

Dhobi Ghat (), released internationally as Mumbai Diaries and Bombay Diaries, is a 2010 Indian drama film directed by Kiran Rao in her directorial debut. The film was produced by Rao and Aamir Khan, and stars Prateik Babbar, Monica Dogra, Kriti Malhotra and Khan in the lead roles. Gustavo Santaolalla was signed to compose the score and soundtrack of the film, which includes a song by Ryuichi Sakamoto. Dhobi Ghat had its world premiere in September 2010 at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released on 21 January 2011 in cinemas. The film being mainly tagged an Art and Parallel cinema was critically successful, as it well received and appreciated by critics, although it was an average performer at the box office. The film was longlisted for the 65th BAFTA Awards in the Best Film Not in the English Language category. Plot Arun (Aamir Khan), a reclusive artist, moves into a run-down flat in the older part of Mumbai. After attending an exhibition of his works, he meets Shai (Monica Dogra), an American banker who has come to Mumbai to devote time to her hobby, photography, and takes her back to his flat, where they have a one-night stand. The next morning, Arun expresses his disinterest in continuing the relationship, and Shai angrily storms out. Shortly after, Zohaib Shaikh aka Munna (Prateik Babbar), a dhobi (washerman) who dreams about getting a break in Bollywood, arrives to deliver Arun's laundry. Arun moves into a new apartment the next day. While unpacking, he finds a small container that had been left by the previous tenant, Yasmin, of the apartment. In it, he finds a silver chain, a ring, and three videotapes (Pehli chitti, Doosri chitti and Aakhri chitti) by Yasmin Noor. The tapes turn out to be video diaries through which Yasmin communicates with her brother. In the tape, she is generally happy and shows her apartment, which is the same one Arun is occupying now. The next morning, Arun is informed by his manager that art dealers, impressed with his art, have decided to open a gallery in Sydney featuring his works. Arun is pleased by this, as it would also give him a chance to visit his ex-wife and child, settled in Australia. He begins to work on a new painting. When Munna delivers laundry to Shai's house, they meet and soon become friends. Munna agrees to show Shai around Mumbai and help her gather photographs about the occupations of the poor. In return, Shai agrees to shoot a portfolio of Munna to help him get into the film industry. Arun continues watching Yasmin's tapes and learns more about her life, including that she has recently married a man who seems distant. Shai obtains Arun's new address from Munna. Shai's father's construction company is constructing a building opposite Arun's apartment. Shai starts shooting photos of Arun from the construction site without Arun being aware of it. Munna continues struggling to find work in films. To earn a living, he washes clothes by day and kills rats by night. He disapproves of his brother's criminal activity but they are close, and Munna's brother uses his underworld contacts to try to get Munna a break in the industry. In the meantime, Munna shows Shai the different facets of Mumbai, including the dhobi ghaat, where he works as a launderer. Munna develops feelings for Shai but is unable to express them, mostly because of his working-class status. One day, Arun spots Shai nearby and invites her to his house. He apologizes for their first meeting. Munna sees them together and feels betrayed but Shai is able to convince him to keep helping her. One night, while Munna is at his rat-killing job, Shai sees him and takes pictures. Dismayed, Munna flees from her. Arun watches the final video by Yasmin. Her tone has changed considerably since the previous tape, in which she revealed learning that her husband was in an extramarital affair. She strongly indicates that she intends to commit suicide. Shaken by the knowledge that Yasmin might have hanged herself in that very room, Arun flees the apartment and moves into a new one. Munna arrives home to find that his brother has been killed. He and his family relocate to a new flat and Munna visits his brother's contact in the film industry to show him his portfolio. Arun studies the painting he has been working on, which is now complete. Yasmin is prominently featured along with other things she had left behind. Shortly after, Shai finds Munna and Munna again tries to flee her, but she catches up with him. She insists upon their friendship and asks about Arun's whereabouts. Still hurt, Munna lies to her and they exchange an abrupt farewell before Shai leaves. Moments later, Munna changes his mind and runs after Shai's car, weaving through the traffic. The film ends when Munna catches up to the car and gives Shai Arun's new address. Cast Prateik Babbar as Zohaib "Munna" Shaikh Monica Dogra as Shai Edulji Kriti Malhotra as Yasmin Noor Aamir Khan as Arun Kitu Gidwani as Vatsala Danish Hussain as Salim Jehan Manekshaw as Pesi Ashok Varma as Yasmin's Husband Nafisa Amin Khan as Amma Sunny Charles as a taxi driver Music The soundtrack of the film was composed by Academy Award-winning Gustavo Santaolalla and includes a song by Ryuichi Sakamoto. All of the songs were only included in the film. No soundtrack of Dhobi Ghat was released in the market. Two other songs included in the movie are "Ab Ke Sawaan Ghar Aazaa" which is a thumri in Raga Tilak Kamod sung by Begum Akhtar and "Dil Tadap Tadap Ke Kah Raha Hai Aa Bhi Ja" which is from the film Madhumati and sung by Mukesh and Lata Mangeshkar. Production In an interview, Rao expressed that the film was meant to be a tribute to Mumbai and that she sought to reveal other sides of the city not often portrayed. The film was shot in Mumbai using "guerilla" techniques. Due to the 2008 Mumbai attacks, shooting was delayed when, citing safety concerns, the government denied Rao permission to shoot scenes at a railway station. According to the director, Mumbai is the "fifth character" in Dhobi Ghat. The movie was shot at skycrapers under construction, Mohammed Ali markets, sea facing bungalows at Worli, Dhobi Ghat at Mahalaxmi, Chowpatty and Marine Drive. No special sets were constructed to shoot the movie. The movie was released in 2 versions. The original version is around 40% English, while the second version has all dialogue dubbed in Hindi. Rapid Eye Movies, a German distributor bought the rights for the film's theatrical release in Germany. Dhobi Ghat was released without an intermission, becoming the first Indian film to do so. Release In spite of some expletives, the film was originally passed with a U/A certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification, but Khan did not want "parents to come with their eight year olds for it", and hence got it re-certified with an A certificate. He felt this was him "reducing his audience by half". On the other hand, the film received a 12A classification from the British Board of Film Classification for theatrical release, and a 12 rating for home video release. Critical reception Upon release, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Bhawana Somaaya, senior editor of Ticket Please gave the film a five out of five stars, stating that "Rao portrays the drudgery and the magnificence of the city in unforgettable imageries". She also says that "There is no doubting that Dhobi Ghat is amongst the most significant films in the history of Indian cinema" Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 70%, with an average score of 6.8/10. Blessy Chettiar, film critic of Daily News and Analysis wrote, "With Dhobi Ghat, Kiran Rao finally gives Mumbai a film that represents its true hues and tints." Mathures Paul of The Statesman gave the film four stars out of five noting that, "Dhobi Ghat is part atmospheric portrait, part video diary that has enough heart-breaking moments you don't want to watch. But neither can you look away". Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph compared Dhobi Ghat with Satyajit Ray's Charulata in the way that the five characters, including Mumbai, operate like a string quintet. Mayank Shekhar of the Hindustan Times gave the film three and a half stars stating, "Bombay, is the centre of this film's attention. It's probably the only city in the world where so many classes so closely merge into a common river of sorrows, beauty or hope: unaware of how each affects the other every day. This film is first-rate tribute; it's visceral, I realize -- both clichés for compliments. Nothing more appropriate comes to mind." Anupama Chopra of NDTV gave the film three stars, stating, "If you are willing to have patience, Dhobi Ghat comes together nicely. It has a poetry and melancholy that stays with you." "Dhobi Ghat is a Poetry on Canvas!" said Swati Deogire of The ILIKE Times giving it a 3.5/5" Gaurav Malani of India Times Movies gave the film two stars, stating "Dhobi Ghat is a pretentious attempt at producing an arthouse piece". Box office In spite of being an art film with dark theme, Dhobi Ghat grossed after its theatrical run in India. Besides, Dhobi Ghat did well in the overseas markets including USA, UK and Dubai collecting after the second weekend. The movie completed its overseas theatrical run with a collection of about $2.6 million. Aamir Khan commented on Dhobi Ghat's success saying, "I am very happy with Dhobi Ghat's collection. Films like 'Dhobi Ghat' are really breaking grounds. It's a very unusual film and the kind of business it has done is huge for this kind of film. The kind of budget the film was made at, it's a very successful film. It made double the money it had cost us to make the film.". Boxofficeindia.com declared the film as "Average". References External links 2010 films 2010s Hindi-language films Films set in Mumbai Films shot in Mumbai UTV Motion Pictures films Films scored by Gustavo Santaolalla Indian avant-garde and experimental films 2010s avant-garde and experimental films 2010 directorial debut films Films about poverty in India Films about artists Films about fictional painters

23544438

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morant%20River

Morant River

The Morant River is a river of Jamaica. See also List of rivers of Jamaica References GEOnet Names Server OMC Map CIA Map Ford, Jos C. and Finlay, A.A.C. (1908).The Handbook of Jamaica. Jamaica Government Printing Office Rivers of Jamaica

450997

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony%20Canyon

Pony Canyon

, also known by the shorthand form , is a Japanese company, established on October 1, 1966, which publishes music, DVD and VHS videos, movies, and video games. It is affiliated with the Japanese media group Fujisankei Communications Group. Pony Canyon is a major leader in the music industry in Japan, with its artists regularly at the top of the Japanese charts. Pony Canyon is also responsible for releasing taped concerts from its artists as well as many anime productions and several film productions. Pony Canyon is headquartered in Tokyo with offices in Taiwan, Malaysia and South Korea. It employs approximately 360 people. Pony Canyon also owns the recording label Flight Master. History On October 1, 1966, Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc. opened a new record label division, called as Nippon Broadcasting System Service, Inc., in order to produce and market music from Japanese artists. The division formally changed its name in 1970 to Pony Inc. in order to match the brand names it had been using previously. These were "PONYPak" for 8-track cassettes from 1967, and "PONY" for cassettes from 1968. On August 1, 1970, another Japanese record label, Canyon Records Inc. was founded. Like Pony Inc., Canyon Records was part of the Fujisankei Communications Group. Canyon Records was financially backed at 60% by Pony Inc. and at 40% by Pony's parent company Nippon Broadcasting System. In 1982, Pony ventured into interactive content by producing personal computer game software under the name "Ponyca". In 1984, the company entered license agreements with major overseas companies, MGM/UA Home Video, Vestron Video International, Walt Disney Home Video and BBC Video (the company also entered license agreements with major overseas companies, RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video in 1986), and in 1985, they established offices in New York and London. In 1986, Pony signed licensing agreements with A&M Records and in 1989 with Virgin Records to handle both companies' Japanese CD releases. On October 21, 1987, Pony Inc. and Canyon Records merged their operations to form Pony Canyon Inc. In 1990, Pony Canyon branched out, and opened five subsidiaries outside Japan, one of them is a subsidiary in Singapore called Skin which was managed by Jimmy Wee and signed local English language performers such as Gwailo, Art Fazil, Chris Vadham, The Lizards' Convention, Humpback Oak and Radio Active. In addition to Singapore, Pony Canyon has also had a subsidiary in Taiwan, and a joint venture in Hong Kong and South Korea, named as Golden Pony and SAMPONY, respectively. Four of five subsidiaries were closed in 1997 due to Asian financial crisis, leaving the Malaysian subsidiary as the only subsidiary to remain in operation. However, the Hong Kong and Korean operations were reestablished as a wholly owned subsidiary, although the Korean operation had a 16% stake of local partner. In 2003, the Hong Kong and Taiwan branch of Pony Canyon, both affected by the financial crisis, were acquired by Forward Music. In 2018, Pony Canyon reestablished its branch in Taiwan. As a video game producer, Pony Canyon brought the Ultima series from Origin Systems and the Advanced Dungeons and Dragons series from Strategic Simulations to Nintendo's Family Computer. Between 1986 and 1990, they produced remakes of the first four Ultima titles for the MSX2 and NES platforms. These remakes differed from the original versions, with rewritten game code and all-new graphics. Pony Canyon's video game library was generally released in North America by FCI. Pony Canyon has not released any video games since Virtual View: Nemoto Harumi for the PlayStation 2 in July 2003. The company has occasionally been involved in film production. For example, they were a co-production company for the 1996 Indian erotic film Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love. Following a merger with Nippon Broadcasting System, Fuji Television Network, Inc. became the major shareholder of Pony Canyon in 2006. The following year, Fuji Television made Pony Canyon its wholly owned subsidiary. Fuji Television was subsequently renamed Fuji Media Holdings in 2008. Despite associations with Fuji Television, not all of Pony Canyon's TV show and movie library has been broadcast on Fuji Television. Some of Pony Canyon's non-Fuji TV catalog includes Doraemon movies. In September 2014, Pony Canyon opened a North American anime distribution label, Ponycan USA, which aims to license their titles for streaming and home video in US and Canada. Their home video releases will be distributed exclusively by Right Stuf Inc. Music artists Below is a selected list of musical artists signed under the Pony Canyon label in the past and present. +Plus A.B.C-Z Aaron Yan Agnes Chan Ai Maeda aiko Akari Kitō THE ALFEE (1979–1997) Alyssa Milano (1988–1993) Ami Wajima Arashi (moved to J Storm in 2002) Asaka Seto Asriel (2014–2015) Λucifer (1999–2000) Aya Ueto Ayana Taketatsu B1A4 (Korean idol group) Beatcats (2020–) Babyraids Japan Bananarama Band-Maid (2021–) Berryz Koubou Billie Hughes Blood Stain Child Buono! (moved to Zetima in 2011) By-Sexual (1990–1995) CHAGE and ASKA (moved to Toshiba-EMI in 1997) Cherryblossom (2007–2010) Cinema Staff COMA-CHI Combattimento Consort Amsterdam Crayon Pop (Korean idol group) Cute (Korea only) D-51 Defspiral Dreamcatcher (Korean idol group) Ebisu Muscats Ensemble Planeta Fahrenheit (Japan release) Flame Funkist (band) GARNiDELiA (2021–) Glay HALO (Korean idol group) Hanako Oku Happatai (band) Hinano Yoshikawa Hiro Shimono Hiro Takahashi (1993–1995) Hiroko Hayashi Idoling!!! Jamil Jang Keun-suk John Hoon Jun Fukuyama Kaori Ishihara Kana Hanazawa (2021–) Kazuki Kato Kikuko Inoue Kim Samuel (Korean Soloist) Kitarō (1979–1981) Kokia (1998–1999) Kreva Kym Campbell (Japan) Kyoko Fukada (1998–2003) Le Couple (1994–2005) Lead Leaf Squad LM.C Maaya Uchida Mao Abe Masako Mori (1979–2008) Marc van Roon (Japan/South Korea) Masayoshi Oishi MC Sniper Miki Matsubara (1979–1986) Mikuni Shimokawa Milky Bunny Miyuki Nakajima (moved to Yamaha Music Communications in 1999) Naohito Fujiki Naoko Ken Nature (Korean idol group) Non Stop Rabbit Official Hige Dandism Onyanko Club OxT Original Love Paradise Lost Park Yong-ha (1998–2010) .Paul Mauriat. (After Philips) The Pillows (1991–1994) Ricki-Lee Coulter Roger Joseph Manning, Jr. Romeo (Korean idol group) Rumdarjun S/mileage Sam Roberts Segawa Ayaka Sexy Zone Smiley*2G she Shinji Tanimura Shizuka Kudo Show Lo Suzuko Mimori Sound Horizon SS501 (Korean idol group) SuG Suzuko Mimori Taegoon Team H TiA (2011–) Tsukiko Amano (retired) Van Ness Wu (Japanese albums only) Watari Roka Hashiritai Weather Girls w-inds. The Wild Magnolias (one release) World Order Yoko Hikasa Yoko Minamino Yoshino Kimura (1998–2001) Yu Yamada Yuki Saito Yukiko Okada (1983–1986) Yurika Kubo Zeebra Composers Yasuharu Takanashi (Fairy Tail, First series only) Masaya Oya/Camellia Video games Below is a selected list of video games either developed or published by the Pony Canyon label. Attack Animal Gakuen Bubble Ghost Dr. Chaos Final Justice Hydlide Jungle Wars 2 – Kodai Mahou Ateimos no Nazo Kabuki-chou Reach Mahjong: Toupuusen Lunar Pool Onita Atsushi FMW Onyanko Town Penguin Land Phantom Fighter Pit Fall Shiroi Ringu he Super Pitfall Tasmania Story Ultima I: The First Age of Darkness Ultima II: The Revenge of the Enchantress Ultima III: Exodus Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar Zanac Anime Below is a list of anime series licensed for streaming and home video release in North America by Pony Canyon's Ponycan USA label. Clean Freak! Aoyama kun Cute High Earth Defense Club Love! (Seasons 1 & 2) Days Denkigai no Honya-san Etotama Garakowa: Restore the World Kuromukuro (Netflix original) Lance N' Masques The Lost Village The Quintessential Quintuplets (Seasons 1 & 2) Rokka: Braves of the Six Flowers Sanrio Boys Sound! Euphonium (Seasons 1 & 2) Welcome to the Ballroom Yuki Yuna Is a Hero See also List of record labels Master of Entertainment References External links 1966 establishments in Japan Anime companies Mass media companies based in Tokyo Software companies based in Tokyo Fuji TV Fujisankei Communications Group Home video distributors Home video companies of the United States IFPI members Japanese record labels Jazz record labels Record labels established in 1966 Video game companies of Japan

50730345

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus-Tuolumne%20Experimental%20Forest

Stanislaus-Tuolumne Experimental Forest

The Stanislaus-Tuolumne Experimental Forest is an experimental forest under the management of the United States Forest Service. It was a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve established 1976 and withdrawn in 2017. Stanislaus-Tuolumne is located on the western slopes of the central Sierra Nevada mountains near Pinecrest, California about northwest of Yosemite National Park. History This experimental forest is significant for its long history of timber management research. The Stanislaus-Tuolumne was designated a United States Forest Service experimental forest in December 1943, though research in the area had been ongoing since the 1920s. The effort to create the Stanislaus-Tuolumne was driven by Duncan Dunning, who had been pushing for formal designation of an experimental forest on the Stanislaus National Forest since the early 1930s. The forest consists of two tracts: the Stanislaus Tract on the South Fork of the Stanislaus River and the Tuolumne Tract on the lower slopes of Dodge Ridge, just south of the North Fork of the Tuolumne River. Elevations range from . The site was designated as a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1976 and was one of 17 sites withdrawn from the programme in June 2017. Ecology Dominating trees in the area are ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and sugar pine (P. lambertiana). Early research included studies on reproduction, planting, pruning, slash disposal and lumber recovery. More recent studies have involved climate, insects, mistletoe, harvest cuttings, site preparation, herbicides and roots. Trees in one tract have been inventoried by stand-conditions classes within one hectare divisions, providing an excellent data base. Several plantations, areas of natural young-growth, and large blocks of diverse species and age classes which are virtually uncut, provide great potential for silvicultural and ecological research in a complex forest system. Sources References External links Stanislaus-Tuolumne Experimental Forest (U.S. Forest Service) Stanislaus National Forest Former biosphere reserves of the United States Research forests

2616819

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Frede

Eric Frede

Eric Frede is an American sportscaster who has worked for NESN since 2002. He was previously the play-by-play announcer for NESN College Football Saturday broadcasts until he left NESN and joined NBC Sports Boston and is currently an anchor for the SportsNet Central. Frede began his broadcasting career in New York, covering West Point sports, calling Marist College basketball games on the radio, and working as a production assistant at NBC Sports. From there, he worked at WVII-TV in Bangor, Maine and WMUR-TV in Manchester, New Hampshire. He arrived in Boston in 1998 and was a host on the Boston Celtics pre-game, post-game and magazine shows on Fox Sports New England. He also called games for the Boston Breakers, New England Revolution and America East basketball telecasts. Frede has also called sports nationally for Oxygen (WUSA and women's college basketball), SPEED and CSTV (college hockey). Frede joined NESN in December 2002 as a SportsDesk presenter. He has also provided play-by-play for the New England Revolution, as well as hosting Inside Hockey East, a half-hour show during college hockey on NESN. He was also the Celtics PA announcer during part of the 2002-03 NBA season. He was the field reporter for the Boston Red Sox from 2004-2005. Frede has filled in for Tom Caron on the pre-game and post-game reports. He has also presented NESN SportsDesk, hosted Red Sox Rewind and filled in for Bob Lobel on Boston Globe: SportsPlus. He was the Boston Bruins studio host, from 2005-2007. Frede is a 1988 graduate of Ithaca College in Ithaca, NY. In 2007, Frede did play-by-play for the Ice Hockey World Championships for the World Championship Sports Network. He currently calls minor league baseball games for NESN. On June 11, 2010, and again two days later, he pinch-hit in the Fenway Park broadcast booth for an ailing Don Orsillo, Red Sox play-by-play voice on NESN, for a game against the Philadelphia Phillies, he left NESN and joined CSN New England and is currently an Anchor for the SportsNet Central program on that network. Frede received the Edward R. Murrow Award for Sports Reporting. People he has worked with on Red Sox pre- and post-game coverage include Jim Rice, Dennis Eckersley, Tom Caron, Jerry Remy, Gary DiSarcina and Sam Horn. People he has worked with on Bruins pre- and post-game coverage include Cam Neely, Rick Middleton, Don Sweeney, Gord Kluzak, Barry Pederson, Paul Stewart. On February 21, Frede was reporting sports for Fox 25 news. Frede can be heard every Monday morning on the New Hampshire-based radio show Greg and the Morning Buzz. References External links NESN.com biography College basketball announcers in the United States College football announcers Association football commentators National Basketball Association broadcasters National Hockey League broadcasters Major League Baseball broadcasters Ithaca College alumni Living people American television reporters and correspondents Year of birth missing (living people) Sports in Boston National Basketball Association public address announcers Television anchors from Boston Boston Bruins announcers Women's college basketball announcers in the United States College hockey announcers in the United States Softball announcers Major League Lacrosse announcers

52731392

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizionia%20algoritergicola

Bizionia algoritergicola

Bizionia algoritergicola is a bacterium from the genus of Bizionia which has been isolated from a copepod salin pond. References External links Type strain of Bizionia algoritergicola at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Flavobacteria Bacteria described in 2005

32481440

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany%20%28surname%29

Tiffany (surname)

Tiffany is a surname of English origin. Persons Members of the Tiffany family of jewelers: Charles Lewis Tiffany (1812–1902), founder of Tiffany & Co. Charles Comfort Tiffany (1829–1907), American Episcopal clergyman, a Tiffany cousin Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany (1891–1979), psychoanalyst, daughter of Louis Comfort Tiffany Joseph Burr Tiffany, designer, nephew of Charles Lewis Tiffany Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933), stained glass artist and jewelry designer, son of Charles Lewis Tiffany Carrie Tiffany (born 1965), Australian novelist George Sylvester Tiffany (1805–1856), Canadian lawyer John Kerr Tiffany (1842–1897), of St. Louis, Missouri Lois H. Tiffany (1924–2009), American mycologist Robert Tiffany (1942–1993), British nurse Stanley Tiffany (1908–1971), English Labour Party politician, Member of Parliament (MP) for Peterborough (1945–1950) Tom Tiffany (born 1957), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wisconsin (2020–) See also Tiffany (given name) Tiphaine (disambiguation) English-language surnames

13691387

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Sharpe%20%28Jesuit%29

James Sharpe (Jesuit)

James Sharpe (alias Pollard) (1577–1630) was an English Jesuit and professor of scripture who had been a celebrated convert and prisoner in his own home. Born in York, he converted when young, and made his priestly studies at the English College, Valladolid. He was ordained in 1604, and returned to England in 1606, where a trial awaited him. Believing that he must convert his parents to Catholicism, he visited them in Everingham, but was kept a prisoner at home, and subjected to pressure, threats, violence, and constant surveillance to induce him to renounce Catholicism. While his mother begged him to yield, his father begged the authorities rather to keep him under house arrest in England, than to let him go into exile. But the "Annals" of his college state that Sharpe was a man "of great courage and learning". He was eventually taken to the archbishop's prison, then deported. Having entered the Society of Jesus (1608), he became professor of Scripture at the Catholic University of Leuven for three years, after which he returned, and worked on the English mission until his death. He wrote The Trial of Protestant Private Spirit. (s.l., 1630) References 17th-century English Jesuits 1577 births 1630 deaths English College, Valladolid alumni Converts to Roman Catholicism Clergy from York 16th-century English Jesuits

1178382

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20modal%20auxiliary%20verbs

English modal auxiliary verbs

The English modal auxiliary verbs are a subset of the English auxiliary verbs used mostly to express modality (properties such as possibility, obligation, etc.). They can be distinguished from other verbs by their defectiveness (they do not have participle or infinitive forms) and by their neutralization (that they do not take the ending -(e)s in the third-person singular). The principal English modal verbs are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, and must. Certain other verbs are sometimes classed as modals; these include ought, had better, and (in certain uses) dare and need. Verbs which share only some of the characteristics of the principal modals are sometimes called "quasi-modals", "semi-modals", or "pseudo-modals". Modal verbs and their features The verbs customarily classed as modals in English have the following properties: They do not inflect (in the modern language) except insofar as some of them come in present–past (present–preterite) pairs. They do not add the ending -(e)s in the third-person singular (the present-tense modals therefore follow the preterite-present paradigm). They are defective: they are not used as infinitives or participles (except occasionally in non-standard English; see below), nor as imperatives, nor (in the standard way) as subjunctives. They function as auxiliary verbs: they modify the modality of another verb, which they govern. This verb generally appears as a bare infinitive, although in some definitions, a modal verb can also govern the to-infinitive (as in the case of ought). They have the syntactic properties associated with auxiliary verbs in English, principally that they can undergo subject–auxiliary inversion (in questions, for example) and can be negated by the appending of not after the verb. The following verbs have all of the above properties, and can be classed as the principal modal verbs of English. They are listed here in present–preterite pairs where applicable: can and could may and might shall and should will and would must (no preterite; see etymology below) Note that the preterite forms are not necessarily used to refer to past time, and in some cases, they are near-synonyms to the present forms. Note that most of these so-called preterite forms are most often used in the subjunctive mood in the present tense. The auxiliary verbs may and let are also used often in the subjunctive mood. Famous examples of these are "May The Force be with you." and "Let God bless you with good." These are both sentences that express some uncertainty; hence they are subjunctive sentences. The verbs listed below mostly share the above features but with certain differences. They are sometimes, but not always, categorized as modal verbs. They may also be called "semi-modals". The verb ought differs from the principal modals only in that it governs a to-infinitive rather than a bare infinitive (compare he should go with he ought to go). The verbs dare and need can be used as modals, often in the negative (Dare he fight?; You dare not do that.; You need not go.), although they are more commonly found in constructions where they appear as ordinary inflected verbs (He dares to fight; You don't need to go). There is also a dialect verb, nearly obsolete but sometimes heard in Appalachia and the Deep South of the United States: darest, which means "dare not", as in "You darest do that." The verb had in the expression had better behaves like a modal verb, hence had better (considered as a compound verb) is sometimes classed as a modal or semi-modal. The verb used in the expression used to (do something) can behave as a modal, but is more often used with do-support than with auxiliary-verb syntax: Did she used to do it? (or Did she use to do it?) and She didn't used to do it (or She didn't use to do it) are more common than Used she to do it? and She used not (usedn't) to do it. Other English auxiliaries appear in a variety of different forms and are not regarded as modal verbs. These are: be, used as an auxiliary in passive voice and continuous aspect constructions; it follows auxiliary-verb syntax even when used as a copula, and in auxiliary-like formations such as be going to, is to and be about to; have, used as an auxiliary in perfect aspect constructions, including the idiom have got (to); it is also used in have to, which has modal meaning, but here (as when denoting possession) have only rarely follows auxiliary-verb syntax (see also below); do; see do-support. For more general information about English verb inflection and auxiliary usage, see English verbs and English clause syntax. For details of the uses of the particular modals, see below. Etymology The modals can and could are from Old English can(n) and cuþ, which were respectively present and preterite forms of the verb cunnan ("to be able"). The silent l in the spelling of could results from analogy with would and should. Similarly, may and might are from Old English mæg and meahte, respectively present and preterite forms of magan ("may, to be able"); shall and should are from sceal and sceolde, respectively present and preterite forms of sculan ("to owe, be obliged"); and will and would are from wille and wolde, respectively present and preterite forms of willan ("to wish, want"). The aforementioned Old English verbs cunnan, magan, sculan, and willan followed the preterite-present paradigm (or, in the case of willan, a similar but irregular paradigm), which explains the absence of the ending -s in the third person on the present forms can, may, shall, and will. (The original Old English forms given above were first and third person singular forms; their descendant forms became generalized to all persons and numbers.) The verb must comes from Old English moste, part of the verb motan ("to be able to, be obliged to"). This was another preterite-present verb, of which moste was in fact the preterite (the present form mot gave rise to mote, which was used as a modal verb in Early Modern English; but must has now lost its past connotations and has replaced mote). Similarly, ought was originally a past form—it derives from ahte, preterite of agan ("to own"), another Old English preterite-present verb, whose present tense form ah has also given the modern (regular) verb owe (and ought was formerly used as a past tense of owe). The verb dare also originates from a preterite-present verb, durran ("to dare"), specifically its present tense dear(r), although in its non-modal uses in Modern English it is conjugated regularly. However, need comes from the regular Old English verb neodian (meaning "to be necessary")—the alternative third person form need (in place of needs), which has become the norm in modal uses, became common in the 16th century. Syntax A modal verb serves as an auxiliary to another verb, which appears in the infinitive form (the bare infinitive, or the to-infinitive in the cases of ought and used as discussed above). Examples: You must escape; This may be difficult. The verb governed by the modal may be another auxiliary (necessarily one that can appear in infinitive form—this includes be and have, but not another modal, except in the non-standard cases described below under ). Hence a modal may introduce a chain (technically catena) of verb forms, in which the other auxiliaries express properties such as aspect and voice, as in He must have been given a new job. Modals can appear in tag questions and other elliptical sentences without the governed verb being expressed: ...can he?; I mustn't.; Would they? Like other auxiliaries, modal verbs are negated by the addition of the word not after them. (The modification of meaning may not always correspond to simple negation, as in the case of must not.) The modal word can combine with not forms the single word cannot. Most of the modals have contracted negated forms in n't which are commonly used in informal English: can't, mustn't, won't (from will), etc. Again like other auxiliaries, modal verbs undergo inversion with their subject, in forming questions and in the other cases described in the article on subject–auxiliary inversion: Could you do this?; On no account may you enter. When there is negation, the contraction with n't may undergo inversion as an auxiliary in its own right: Why can't I come in? (or: Why can I not come in?). More information on these topics can be found at English clause syntax. Past forms The preterite (past) forms given above (could, might, should, and would, corresponding to can, may, shall, and will, respectively) do not always simply modify the meaning of the modal to give it past time reference. The only one regularly used as an ordinary past tense is could, when referring to ability: I could swim may serve as a past form of I can swim. All the preterites are used as past equivalents for the corresponding present modals in indirect speech and similar clauses requiring the rules of sequence of tenses to be applied. For example, in 1960, it might have been said that People think that we will all be driving hovercars by the year 2000, whereas at a later date it might be reported that In 1960, people thought we would all be driving hovercars by the year 2000. This "future-in-the-past" (also known as the past prospective, see: prospective) usage of would can also occur in independent sentences: I moved to Green Gables in 1930; I would live there for the next ten years. In many cases, in order to give modals past reference, they are used together with a "perfect infinitive", namely the auxiliary have and a past participle, as in I should have asked her; You may have seen me. Sometimes these expressions are limited in meaning; for example, must have can refer only to certainty, whereas past obligation is expressed by an alternative phrase such as had to (see below). Conditional sentences The preterite forms of modals are used in counterfactual conditional sentences, in the apodosis (then-clause). The modal would (sometimes should as a first-person alternative) is used to produce the conditional construction which is typically used in clauses of this type: If you loved me, you would support me. It can be replaced by could (meaning "would be able to") and might (meaning "would possibly") as appropriate. When the clause has past time reference, the construction with the modal plus perfect infinitive (see above) is used: If they (had) wanted to do it, they would (could/might) have done it by now. (The would have done construction is called the conditional perfect.) The protasis (if-clause) of such a sentence typically contains the past tense of a verb (or the past perfect construction, in the case of past time reference), without any modal. The modal could may be used here in its role as the past tense of can (if I could speak French). However all the modal preterites can be used in such clauses with certain types of hypothetical future reference: if I should lose or should I lose (equivalent to if I lose); if you would/might/could stop doing that (usually used as a form of request). Sentences with the verb wish (and expressions of wish using if only...) follow similar patterns to the if-clauses referred to above, when they have counterfactual present or past reference. When they express a desired event in the near future, the modal would is used: I wish you would visit me; If only he would give me a sign. For more information see English conditional sentences and English subjunctive. Replacements for defective forms As noted above, English modal verbs are defective in that they do not have infinitive, participle, imperative, or (standard) subjunctive forms, and, in some cases, past forms. However in many cases there exist equivalent expressions that carry the same meaning as the modal, and can be used to supply the missing forms. In particular: The modals can and could, in their meanings expressing ability, can be replaced by am/is/are able to and was/were able to. Additional forms can thus be supplied: the infinitive (to) be able to, the subjunctive and (rarely) imperative be able to, and the participles being able to and been able to. The modals may and might, in their meanings expressing permission, can be replaced by am/is/are allowed to and was/were allowed to. The modal must in most meanings can be replaced by have/has to. This supplies the past and past participle form had to, and other forms (to) have to, having to. Will can be replaced by am/is/are going to. This can supply the past and other forms: was/were going to, (to) be going to, being/been going to. The modals should and ought to might be replaced by am/is/are supposed to, thus supplying the forms was/were supposed to, (to) be supposed to, being/been supposed to. Contractions and reduced pronunciation As already mentioned, most of the modals in combination with not form commonly used contractions: can't, won't, etc. Some of the modals also have contracted forms themselves: The verb will is often contracted to 'll; the same contraction may also represent shall. The verb would (or should, when used as a first-person equivalent of would) is often contracted to d. The had of had better is also often contracted to d. (The same contraction is also used for other cases of had as an auxiliary.) Certain of the modals generally have a weak pronunciation when they are not stressed or otherwise prominent; for example, can is usually pronounced . The same applies to certain words following modals, particularly auxiliary have: a combination like should have is normally reduced to or just "shoulda". Also ought to can become "oughta". See weak and strong forms in English. Usage of specific verbs Can and could The modal verb can expresses possibility in a dynamic, deontic, or epistemic sense, that is, in terms of innate ability, permissibility, or possible circumstance. For example: I can speak English means "I am able to speak English" or "I know how to speak English." You can smoke here means "you may (are permitted to) smoke here" (in formal English may or might is sometimes considered more correct than can or could in these senses). There can be strong rivalry between siblings means that such rivalry is possible. The preterite form could is used as the past tense or conditional form of can in the above meanings (see above). It is also used to express possible circumstance: We could be in trouble here. It is preferable to use could, may or might rather than can when expressing possible circumstance in a particular situation (as opposed to the general case, as in the "rivalry" example above, where can or may is used). Both can and could can be used to make requests: Can/could you pass me the cheese? means "Please pass me the cheese" (where could indicates greater politeness). It is common to use can with verbs of perception such as see, hear, etc., as in I can see a tree. Aspectual distinctions can be made, such as I could see it (ongoing state) vs. I saw it (event). See can see. The use of could with the perfect infinitive expresses past ability or possibility, either in some counterfactual circumstance (I could have told him if I had seen him), or in some real circumstance where the act in question was not in fact realized: I could have told him yesterday (but in fact I didn't). The use of can with the perfect infinitive, can have..., is a rarer alternative to may have... (for the negative see below). The negation of can is the single word cannot, only occasionally written separately as can not. Though cannot is preferred (as can not is potentially ambiguous), its irregularity (all other uncontracted verbal negations use at least two words) sometimes causes those unfamiliar with the nuances of English spelling to use the separated form. Its contracted form is can't (pronounced in RP and some other dialects). The negation of could is the regular could not, contracted to couldn't. The negative forms reverse the meaning of the modal (to express inability, impermissibility or impossibility). This differs from the case with may or might used to express possibility: it can't be true has a different meaning than it may not be true. Thus can't (or cannot) is often used to express disbelief in the possibility of something, as must expresses belief in the certainty of something. When the circumstance in question refers to the past, the form with the perfect infinitive is used: he can't (cannot) have done it means "I believe it impossible that he did it" (compare he must have done it). Occasionally not is applied to the infinitive rather than to the modal (stress would then be applied to make the meaning clear): I could not do that, but I'm going to do it anyway. May and might The verb may expresses possibility in either an epistemic or deontic sense, that is, in terms of possible circumstance or permissibility. For example: The mouse may be dead means that it is possible that the mouse is dead. You may leave the room means that the listener is permitted to leave the room. In expressing possible circumstance, may can have future as well as present reference (he may arrive means that it is possible that he will arrive; I may go to the mall means that I am considering going to the mall). The preterite form might is used as a synonym for may when expressing possible circumstance (as can could – see above). It is sometimes said that might and could express a greater degree of doubt than may. For uses of might in conditional sentences, and as a past equivalent to may in such contexts as indirect speech, see above. May (or might) can also express irrelevance in spite of certain or likely truth: He may be taller than I am, but he is certainly not stronger could mean "While it is (or may be) true that he is taller than I am, that does not make a difference, as he is certainly not stronger." May can indicate presently given permission for present or future actions: You may go now. Might used in this way is milder: You might go now if you feel like it. Similarly May I use your phone? is a request for permission (might would be more hesitant or polite). A less common use of may is to express wishes, as in May you live long and happy or May the Force be with you (see also English subjunctive). When used with the perfect infinitive, may have indicates uncertainty about a past circumstance, whereas might have can have that meaning, but it can also refer to possibilities that did not occur but could have in other circumstances (see also conditional sentences above). She may have eaten the cake (the speaker does not know whether she ate cake). She might have eaten cake (this means either the same as the above, or else means that she did not eat cake but that it was or would have been possible for her to eat cake). Note that the above perfect forms refer to possibility, not permission (although the second sense of might have might sometimes imply permission). The negated form of may is may not; this does not have a common contraction (mayn't is obsolete). The negation of might is might not; this is sometimes contracted to mightn't, mostly in tag questions and in other questions expressing doubt (Mightn't I come in if I took my boots off?). The meaning of the negated form depends on the usage of the modal. When possibility is indicated, the negation effectively applies to the main verb rather than the modal: That may/might not be means "That may/might not-be," i.e. "That may fail to be true." But when permission is being expressed, the negation applies to the modal or entire verb phrase: You may not go now means "You are not permitted to go now" (except in rare, spoken cases where not and the main verb are both stressed to indicate that they go together: You may go or not go, whichever you wish). Shall and should The verb shall is used in some varieties of English in place of will, indicating futurity when the subject is first person (I shall, we shall). With second- and third-person subjects, shall indicates an order, command or prophecy: Cinderella, you shall go to the ball! It is often used in writing laws and specifications: Those convicted of violating this law shall be imprisoned for a term of not less than three years; The electronics assembly shall be able to operate within a normal temperature range. Shall is sometimes used in questions (in the first person) to ask for advice or confirmation of a suggestion: Shall I read now?; What shall we wear? Should is sometimes used as a first-person equivalent for would (in its conditional and "future-in-the-past" uses), in the same way that shall can replace will. Should is also used to form a replacement for the present subjunctive in some varieties of English, and also in some conditional sentences with hypothetical future reference – see English subjunctive and English conditional sentences. Should is often used to describe an expected or recommended behavior or circumstance. It can be used to give advice or to describe normative behavior, though without such strong obligatory force as must or have to. Thus You should never lie describes a social or ethical norm. It can also express what will happen according to theory or expectations: This should work. In these uses it is equivalent to ought to. Both shall and should can be used with the perfect infinitive (shall/should have (done)) in their role as first-person equivalents of will and would (thus to form future perfect or conditional perfect structures). Also shall have may express an order with perfect aspect (you shall have finished your duties by nine o'clock). When should is used in this way it usually expresses something which would have been expected, or normatively required, at some time in the past, but which did not in fact happen (or is not known to have happened): I should have done that yesterday ("it would have been expedient, or expected of me, to do that yesterday"). The formal negations are shall not and should not, contracted to shan't and shouldn't. The negation effectively applies to the main verb rather than the auxiliary: you should not do this implies not merely that there is no need to do this, but that there is a need not to do this. The logical negation of I should is I ought not to or I am not supposed to. Will and would Will as a tense marker is often used to express futurity (The next meeting will be held on Thursday). Since this is an expression of time rather than modality, constructions with will (or sometimes shall; see above and at shall and will) are often referred to as the future tense of English, and forms like will do, will be doing, will have done and will have been doing are often called the simple future, future progressive (or future continuous), future perfect, and future perfect progressive (continuous). With first-person subjects (I, we), in varieties where shall is used for simple expression of futurity, the use of will indicates particular willingness or determination. (Future events are also sometimes referred to using the present tense (see Uses of English verb forms), or using the going to construction.) Will can express habitual aspect; for example, he will make mistakes may mean that he frequently makes mistakes (here the word will is usually stressed somewhat, and often expresses annoyance). Will also has these uses as a modal: It can express strong probability with present time reference, as in That will be John at the door. It can be used to give an indirect order, as in You will do it right now. Modal uses of the preterite form would include: Would is used in some conditional sentences. Expression of politeness, as in I would like to... (to politely state a preference) and Would you (be so kind as to) do this? (for "Please do this"). As a tense marker would is used as Future of the past, as in I knew I would graduate two years later. This is a past form of future will as described above under . (It is sometimes replaced by should in the first person in the same way that will is replaced by shall.) As an aspect marker, would is used for Expression of habitual aspect in past time, as in Back then, I would eat early and would walk to school. Both will and would can be used with the perfect infinitive (will have, would have), either to form the future perfect and conditional perfect forms already referred to, or to express perfect aspect in their other meanings (e.g. there will have been an arrest order, expressing strong probability). The negated forms are will not (often contracted to won't) and would not (often contracted to wouldn't). In the modal meanings of will the negation is effectively applied to the main verb phrase and not to the modality (e.g. when expressing an order, you will not do it expresses an order not to do it, rather than just the absence of an order to do it). For contracted forms of will and would themselves, see above. Must and have to The modal must expresses obligation or necessity: You must use this form; We must try to escape. It can also express a conclusion reached by indirect evidence (e.g. Sue must be at home). An alternative to must is the expression have to or has to depending on the pronoun (in the present tense sometimes have got to), which is often more idiomatic in informal English when referring to obligation. This also provides other forms in which must is defective (see above) and enables simple negation (see below). When used with the perfect infinitive (i.e. with have and the past participle), must has only an epistemic flavor: Sue must have left means that the speaker concludes that Sue has left. To express obligation or necessity in the past, had to or some other synonym must be used. The formal negation of must is must not (contracted to mustn't). However the negation effectively applies to the main verb, not the modality: You must not do this means that you are required not to do this, not just that you are not required to do this. To express the lack of requirement or obligation, the negative of have to or need (see below) can be used: You don't have to do this; You needn't do this. The above negative forms are not usually used in the sense of a factual conclusion; here it is common to use can't to express confidence that something is not the case (as in It can't be here or, with the perfect, Sue can't have left). Mustn't can nonetheless be used as a simple negative of must in tag questions and other questions expressing doubt: We must do it, mustn't we? Mustn't he be in the operating room by this stage? Ought to and had better Ought is used with meanings similar to those of should expressing expectation or requirement. The principal grammatical difference is that ought is used with the to-infinitive rather than the bare infinitive, hence we should go is equivalent to we ought to go. Because of this difference of syntax, ought is sometimes excluded from the class of modal verbs, or is classed as a semi-modal. The reduced pronunciation of ought to (see above) is sometimes given the eye dialect spelling oughtta. Ought can be used with perfect infinitives in the same way as should (but again with the insertion of to): you ought to have done that earlier. The grammatically negated form is ought not or oughtn't, equivalent in meaning to shouldn't (but again used with to). The expression had better has similar meaning to should and ought when expressing recommended or expedient behavior: I had better get down to work (it can also be used to give instructions with the implication of a threat: you had better give me the money or else). The had of this expression is similar to a modal: it governs the bare infinitive, it is defective in that it is not replaceable by any other form of the verb have, and it behaves syntactically as an auxiliary verb. For this reason the expression had better, considered as a kind of compound verb, is sometimes classed along with the modals or as a semi-modal. The had of had better can be contracted to 'd, or in some informal usage (especially American) can be omitted. The expression can be used with a perfect infinitive: you'd better have finished that report by tomorrow. There is a negative form hadn't better, used mainly in questions: Hadn't we better start now? It is more common for the infinitive to be negated by means of not after better: You'd better not do that (meaning that you are strongly advised not to do that). Dare and need The verbs dare and need can be used both as modals and as ordinary conjugated (non-modal) verbs. As non-modal verbs they can take a to-infinitive as their complement (I dared to answer her; He needs to clean that), although dare may also take a bare infinitive (He didn't dare go). In their uses as modals they govern a bare infinitive, and are usually restricted to questions and negative sentences. Examples of the modal use of dare, followed by equivalents using non-modal dare, where appropriate: Dare he do it? ("Does he dare to do it?") I daren't (or dare not) try. ("I don't dare to try") How dare you! (idiomatic expression of outrage) I dare say. (another idiomatic expression, here exceptionally without negation or question syntax) The modal use of need is close in meaning to must expressing necessity or obligation. The negated form need not (needn't) differs in meaning from must not, however; it expresses lack of necessity, whereas must not expresses prohibition. Examples: Need I continue? ("Do I need to continue? Must I continue?") You needn't water the grass ("You don't have to water the grass"; compare the different meaning of You mustn't water...) Modal need can also be used with the perfect infinitive: Need I have done that? It is most commonly used here in the negative, to denote that something that was done was (from the present perspective) not in fact necessary: You needn't have left that tip. Used to The past tense verbal expression used to expresses past states or past habitual actions, usually with the implication that they are no longer so. It is followed by the present tense (that is, the full expression consists of the verb used plus the to-infinitive). Thus the statement I used to go to college means that the speaker formerly habitually went to college, and normally implies that this is no longer the case. While used to does not express modality, it has some similarities with modal auxiliaries in that it is defective in form and can follow auxiliary-verb syntax: it is possible to form questions like Used he to come here? and negatives like He used not (rarely usedn't) to come here. More common, however, (though not the most formal style) is the syntax that treats used as a past tense of an ordinary verb, and forms questions and negatives using did: Did he use(d) to come here? He didn't use(d) to come here. Note the difference in pronunciation between the ordinary noun use and the verb forms described here: . The past tense verbal use of used to should not be confused with the present participial use of the same expression, meaning "familiar with", as in I am used to this, we must get used to the cold. When the present participial form is followed by a verb, the present participle is used: I am used to going to college in the mornings. Deduction In English, modal verbs as must, have, got and could/can are used to express deduction and contention. These modal verbs state how sure the speaker is about something. You're shivering—you must be cold. Someone must have taken the key: it is not here. I didn't order ten books. This has to be a mistake. These aren't mine—they've got to be yours. It can't be a burglar. All the doors and windows are locked. Double modals In formal standard English usage, since modals are followed by a present tense verb which a defective verb is not this verb, modal verbs usually cannot be used consecutively. That requirement then dictates they can be followed by only non-defective verbs. Might have is acceptable ("have" is not a defective verb), but *might must is not, even though must and have can normally be used interchangeably. Two rules from different grammatical models supposedly disallow the construction. Proponents of Phrase structure grammar usually see the surface clause as allowing only one modal verb, while main verb analysis would dictate that defective verbs occur in finite forms. A greater variety of double modals appears in some regional dialects. In English, for example, phrases such as would dare and should have are sometimes used in conversation and are grammatically correct. The double modal may sometimes be in the future tense, as in We must be able to work with must being the main auxiliary and be as the infinitive. Other examples include You may not dare to run or I would need to have help. To put double modals in past tense, only the first modal is changed as in I could ought to. Double modals are also referred to as multiple modals. To form questions, the subject and the first verb are swapped if the verb requires no did/do-support, such as Will you be able to write? If the main auxiliary requires did/do-support, the appropriate form of did/do is added to the beginning, as in Did he use to need to fight? If modals are put in the perfect tense, the past participle of the infinitive is used, as in He had been going to swim or You have not been able to skate. In questions, the main verb and subject are swapped, as in Has she had to come? "I might could do something," for instance, is an example of a double modal construction that can be found in varieties of Southern American and Midland American English. Comparison with other Germanic languages Many English modals have cognates in other Germanic languages, albeit with different meanings in some cases. Unlike the English modals, however, these verbs are not generally defective; they can inflect, and have forms such as infinitives, participles and future tenses (for example using the auxiliary in German). Examples of such cognates include: In German: ; cognates of may, must, can, shall, and will. Although German shares five modal verbs with English, their meanings are often quite different. does not mean "to be allowed" but "may" as epistemic modal and "to like" as a normal verb followed by a noun. It can be followed by an infinitive with the meaning of "to have a desire to". means "will" only in the sense of "to want to" and is not used to form the future tense, for which is used instead. , and are used similarly as English "must", "can", and "shall". Note, however, that the negation of is a literal one in German, not an inverse one as in English. This is to say that German ("I must") means "I need to", and (literally the same as "I must not") accordingly means "I don't need to." In English, "to have to" behaves the same way, whereas English "must" expresses an interdiction when negated. (need) is sometimes used like a modal verb, especially negated ( "He need not come."). In Dutch: ; cognates of may, must, can, shall, and will. In Danish: , cognates of may/must, can, will, shall. They generally have the same corresponding meanings in English, with the exception of , which usually means "to want to" (but which can also mean "will"). In Swedish: (past tense: ), , cognates of may/might, must, can, will, shall. They generally have the same corresponding meanings in English, with the exception of , which means "to want to". Since modal verbs in other Germanic languages are not defective, the problem of double modals (see above) does not arise: the second modal verb in such a construction simply takes the infinitive form, as would any non-modal verb in the same position. Compare the following translations of English "I want to be able to dance", all of which translate literally as "I want can dance" (except German, which translates as "I want dance can"): See also Notes References External links Verbs in English Grammar, wikibook modal auxiliaries Website/Project that collects phrases containing modal auxiliaries on the web (in German and English) modal auxiliaries Website/Project that collects phrases containing modal auxiliaries on the web (in German and English) Modal auxiliary verbs: special points English modal and auxiliary verbs Verbs by language

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20Church%20%28Dark%20Harbor%2C%20Maine%29

Christ Church (Dark Harbor, Maine)

Christ Church is a historic non-denominational church on Christ Church Road in the Dark Harbor district of Islesboro, Maine, U.S.A. Since its construction in 1901-02, it has been used for Episcopal services. The building, a well-kept example of Maine's coastal summer churches of the turn of the 20th century, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. Description and history Christ Church is located in southern Islesboro, an island community in Penobscot Bay in central Maine, U.S.A. It is set overlooking Pendleton Point Road, the major north-south route on the narrow island, which runs to the east of the building. It is a roughly cruciform structure, its long axis oriented north-south, and is finished in wooden shingles and stucco, with a rubblestone foundation. It is reached from Christ Church Road by a walkway lined by stone walls that passes over an arched stone bridge. The south-facing main facade has a gabled entrance porch supported by square posts with decorative brackets, with a half-timbered gable. The porch eaves have exposed rafter ends, and the porch is flanked by paired diamond-pane windows. Above the porch in the main gable is a grouping of four similar windows. The eastern facade, on the downhill side of the sloped site, has an exposed basement with stone buttresses and arched louvered openings. The Dark Harbor area of Islesboro was developed in the late 19th century as a summer resort area, which, like many of Maine's other coastal summer resort enclaves, soon had a call for Episcopal religious services. The first such services were held at the Islesboro Inn ballroom in 1891, and a small church was soon built on this site. Its capacity was rapidly exceeded, and the present building, designed by Boston architect Francis R. Allen, was built as a major expansion of that structure in 1901-02. The church is governed by an independent board of trustees, and is formally "open to all". See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Waldo County, Maine References External links Christ Church Dark Harbor web site Churches in Waldo County, Maine Episcopal church buildings in Maine Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine Churches completed in 1901 20th-century Episcopal church buildings Shingle Style church buildings National Register of Historic Places in Waldo County, Maine Shingle Style architecture in Maine

7141796

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihivska

Chernihivska

Chernihivska () is a Ukrainian name. It may refer to: Chernihivska (Kyiv Metro), a station on the Kyiv Metro Chernihivska Oblast of Ukraine

15917913

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Austreberthe%2C%20Seine-Maritime

Sainte-Austreberthe, Seine-Maritime

Sainte-Austreberthe is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. Geography A village of farming and forestry situated by the banks of the river Austreberthe, some northwest of Rouen at the junction of the D22, D53 and the D103 roads. Heraldry Population Places of interest The church of St. Austreberthe, dating from the eleventh century. The chateau of Langrume. The sixteenth-century stone cross in the cemetery. See also Communes of the Seine-Maritime department References Communes of Seine-Maritime

51169161

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoplanidae

Notoplanidae

Notoplanidae is family of free-living marine turbellarian flatworms in the order Polycladida. Genera The following genera are recognised in the family Notoplanidae: Anthoplana Bo & Betti, 2019 Notoplana Laidlaw, 1903 Plagiotata Plehn, 1896 References Turbellaria

67669732

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20from%20Austin%2C%20TX%20%28Asleep%20at%20the%20Wheel%20album%29

Live from Austin, TX (Asleep at the Wheel album)

Live from Austin, TX is a live album and video by American country band Asleep at the Wheel, featuring several former members of the Texas Playboys. Recorded at the group's appearance on Austin City Limits on October 14, 1992, it was produced by Cameron Strang, Jay Woods and Gary Briggs, and released on November 14, 2006 by New West Records. Texas Playboys members Leon Rausch, Eldon Shamblin, Herb Remington and Johnny Gimble are featured on the second half of the album. Reception In a review of the album for music website AllMusic, Thom Jurek described Live from Austin, TX as "special", writing that "The bandmembers are so relaxed, open, and in the groove here that this stands out among their live recordings." He praised the performances of "Roly Poly", "Corrine, Corrina", "Blues for Dixie" and "Sugar Moon" as highlights of the collection, which he dubbed "a smoking program of rocking, strolling Western swing tunes". Track listing Personnel Asleep at the Wheel Ray Benson – vocals, guitar Cindy Cashdollar – Hawaiian steel guitar David Earl Miller – bass, vocals Ricky Turpin – fiddle, mandolin, vocals Tim Alexander – piano, vocals Michael Francis – saxophone David Sanger – drums The Texas Playboys Leon Rausch – vocals Eldon Shamblin – guitar Herb Remington – pedal steel guitar Johnny Gimble – fiddle and mandolin Additional personnel Cameron Strang – production Jay Woods – production Gary Briggs – production, mixing Billy Lee Myers, Jr. – engineering David Hough – engineering Chet Himes – mixing Jerry Tubbs – mastering References External links Asleep at the Wheel albums 2006 live albums 2006 video albums New West Records live albums New West Records video albums

18030951

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20P.%20Glass

Henry P. Glass

Henry P. Glass (September 24, 1911 – August 27, 2003) was an Austrian-born American designer, architect, author, and inventor. Biography Born on 24 September 1911 in Vienna, Glass was trained as an architect at the Technical University of Vienna from 1929 to 1936. He married Eleanore Christine Knopp in March, 1937. Glass found early success designing interiors and furnishings for Vienna's bohemian elite until the Anschluss. He was denounced, sent to Dachau, then transferred to Buchenwald, where captors discovered his talents and forced him to design a cemetery for Nazi officers. He was finally released in 1939 through the intervention of his wife at the Gestapo in Berlin. Later during World War II, he assisted the US military by drawing a plan of the camp from memory. He immigrated to New York City in 1939, worked for Russel Wright and for Gilbert Rohde on the Anthracite Pavilion at the 1939 World's Fair. Glass moved to Chicago in 1942, where he worked as a designer of office furniture for the war effort and studied under László Moholy-Nagy and György Kepes at the IIT Institute of Design. He soon established a career as a furniture and product designer, and opened his own design firm, Henry P. Glass Associates at the Furniture Mart in 1946. A William J. Brenner sofa designed by Glass was used on the living room set of the I Love Lucy show during the 1952-53 season. Henry was a great admirer of R. Buckminster Fuller and he made a deposit on Fuller's Dymaxion House, a prefabricated structure that could be assembled at any site. When none but two prototypes of this house were built, Henry decided to become the architect of his own passive solar home which was one of the first of its kind in America. The Henry P. Glass House was built in 1948 and it still stands on its original site in Northfield, Illinois. In addition to running his own industrial design business, Glass convinced the School of the Art Institute of Chicago to create an industrial design department in 1946 where he served as a professor for more than twenty years. The Henry P. Glass collection in the Ryerson & Burnham Library Archives contains the original manuscript for Glass's book Design and the Consumer, his teaching lecture notes, product advertisements, brochures, and photographs. Several of his pieces are on permanent display in the American Art Collection at the Art Institute of Chicago. His drawings and furniture scale models are much in demand by collectors. Glass was awarded 52 US patents, of which 29 are referenced online. He was a Fellow of the Industrial Designers Society of America and received numerous other awards. He died on August 27, 2003, at the age of 91. Concepts, buildings and designs Concepts: Efficiency in materials use, minimize waste in manufacturing, reduce environmental impact. Optimize shipping, portability & storage of furnishings by use of folding and collapsing design elements. This earned him the name "Folding Glass" in the industrial design community. Major design projects: Kling Studios (1946) Chicago, Illinois Flamboyant Hotel, Virgin Islands Architectural Work: Warehouse Conversion to Apartment House (1934–37) Vienna, Austria Henry P. Glass House (1948) Northfield, Illinois Alcoa Forecast Accordium Camp Trailer (1964) for Aluminum Corporation of America Ski Chalet (1965) Northern Michigan Prefab High Rise (1968) for Mobile Homes Manufacturing Association The Henry P. Glass House (1948) is arguably the first passive solar house in America and has been continuously occupied for over 60 years. Previous passive solar houses were either experimental or did not possess all the essential features of a solar home. In the Chicago area, George Fred Keck had included some of these passive solar design features (roof overhang, N-S ventilation, masonry floor) in the Spence House in 1941. Innovative new designs incorporating passive solar elements were built by Frank Lloyd Wright, F.W. Hutchinson and others but they lacked one or more features incorporated in Henry's design. It is important to differentiate these passive solar designs from the Active Design work carried on at M.I.T. which required fans or pumps to transfer the heat from the collectors to storage areas. Passive solar features of the Henry P. Glass House include: South facing structure maximizes heat from winter sun Large glass solar collection windows on south side Thermopane glass used in windows reduces heat loss Blinds over thermopane windows further reduce nighttime heat loss in winter Angled roof provides maximum sunlight in winter North-South cross ventilation in summer Roof overhang shades interior of house in summer Deciduous trees on south side provide shade in summer, allow light through in winter Berm on south side blocks winter wind Small windows on north side reduce heat loss in winter Concrete slab floor acts as a heatsink to absorb thermal energy in day, release at night Black finish on concrete floor improves thermal transfer His industrial designs include: Inflatable Chairs (1941) Hairpin Leg Furniture (1942) Saran Weave Folding Lawn Recliner (1953) Swingline Children's Furniture (1954) Kenmar/Glass Omega Lounger (1957) Cylindra Furniture (1966) concept developed in 1942 Cricket Chair (1978) Works Seven Qualifications of Good Design Applied to Man-made Objects: Function Aesthetics Matter Process Ecology Economy Originality Bibliography Gorman, Carma R. "Henry P. Glass and World War II," Design Issues 22, no. 4 (Autumn 2006): 4-26 Head, Jeffrey. "How Things Work: The Inventions of Henry P. Glass." Modernism Magazine Spring (2004), pp. 80–86 Former students Charles "Chuck" Harrison References External links Portal:Biography 1911 births 2003 deaths Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United States American industrial designers Modernist architects Jewish architects Dachau concentration camp survivors Buchenwald concentration camp survivors Architects from Vienna TU Wien alumni People from Northfield, Illinois

43489243

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covercraft

Covercraft

"Covercraft" is the eighth episode in the twenty-sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 560th episode of the series overall. The episode was directed by Steven Dean Moore and written by Matt Selman. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 23, 2014. Plot Moe and the owner of King Toot's have a fight and are arrested, forcing their businesses to be closed down. Because of this, Homer and Lisa have to buy a saxophone reed from a retail music store. Whilst there, Homer buys a bass guitar and he plays it wherever he is. Annoyed, Marge meets up with other wives in town who also have been annoyed by their husbands' constant playing. They decide to have their husbands form a garage band so they will not always have to listen to their music. Homer gathers Reverend Lovejoy on guitars, Kirk Van Houten on keyboards, and Dr. Hibbert on drums. Apu later joins as the lead singer when they hear him sing "Hopin' for a Dream," a song by the (fictitious) 1980s glam metal band, Sungazer. They call their band Covercraft and start playing shows. At a gig at the Cabbage Festival, Apu admits to Homer that he has stage fright, but Homer suggests that he picture himself alone at the Kwik-E-Mart to cope. The gig is ultimately successful, the band gains recognition and Sungazer sees the video and asks Apu to replace their dead lead singer. When Homer first sees the success Apu has gotten, he is happy to announce that his friend is becoming rich and successful, until Kirk mentions his jealousy and Apu points out that Sungazer are playing in Las Vegas. When Lisa calls out his jealousy, Homer corrects her, stating he is envious, not jealous, because he wants what someone else has, whereas being jealous is being afraid someone will take what you already have. Lisa quickly looks it up in a dictionary and realizes he is right. Without their lead vocalist, Covercraft's rehearsal sessions grind to a halt when Kirk volunteers to replace Apu and Homer criticizes his vocal abilities. When the others tell Homer to calm down, he angrily breaks up the band. Marge reminds Homer that he did not start the band to become rich and famous, and encourages him to go to Sungazer's concert in Springfield Costington's arena to show his support for Apu. At the concert, Homer uses a backstage pass to sneak into Apu's dressing room and steal his special Apu shirt, but then overhears the band denying Apu vacation time to spend with his family and mentioning his contract instead. Apu sees Homer and admits that he feels lonely and homesick. Homer decides to take revenge on Sungazer by having Sanjay poison them with Kwik-E-Mart hot dogs. Apu brings out the reunited Covercraft to perform until Homer and Apu are arrested by Chief Wiggum for food poisoning. Sungazer's concert subsequently falters while Sanjay mingles with the groupies. Production In June 2014, writer and executive producer Matt Selman announced that Will Forte was cast as King Toot, whose business is next door to Moe's Tavern. It was later announced that Sammy Hagar would appear as himself. This episode was originally titled "Band of Dads". Musician Matthew Sweet contributed to this episode's score and wrote a new song. Selman stated that the band Genesis would not license their song "Invisible Touch" for the episode because they did not approve of the episode comparing singers Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins. Cultural references Homer describes to Lisa how the Quebec Nordiques became the Colorado Avalanche. Reception Viewing figures The episode received an audience of 3.45 million, making it the most watched show on Fox that night. Critical response Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B-. He stated that the episode compared poorly with past episodes where the characters were singers because previous stories used the music to enhance the characters. Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode 2.5 out of 5 stars. He highlighted the jokes but felt it was a missed opportunity to reference previous episodes where the characters were musicians. Awards and nominations Matt Selman was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation at the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards for his script to this episode. References External links "Covercraft" at theSimpsons.com 2014 American television episodes The Simpsons (season 26) episodes

6339212

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GART

GART

Gart or GART may refer to: People Joseph Gart (), Provençal Jewish poet Gart Westerhout (1927–2012), Dutch astronomer Other Graphics address remapping table, a memory structure part of the Accelerated Graphics Port specification Groupement des autorités responsables de transport, a French trade association for public transport providers The Great American Road Trip, a reality television series on NBC GAR transformylase, a symbol for the enzyme phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase GART (gene), an encoding of the enzyme trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3

63506046

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn%20Barton

Rosalyn Barton

Rosalyn Barton (born 12 December 1938) is a former Australian diver. She competed in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. Barton competed in the 1953 New South Wales state diving championships, winning the junior title and finishing second in the senior event. She was Australian women's junior champion diver in 1954 and 1955. Competing in the senior event in 1955, she finished third. At the 1956 Melbourne Olympics Barton finished 15th in both the 3m springboard and the 10m platform. Personal Barton's married name is Cooper. References 1938 births Living people Olympic divers for Australia Divers at the 1956 Summer Olympics Australian female divers 20th-century Australian women 21st-century Australian women Place of birth missing (living people)

21887356

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukinia

Kukinia

Kukinia () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ustronie Morskie, within Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately south of Ustronie Morskie, east of Kołobrzeg, and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. The village has a population of 240. References Kukinia

2058055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Guggenheim%20Fellowships%20awarded%20in%201971

List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1971

List of Guggenheim Fellowship winners for 1971. United States and Canada fellows Gar Alperovitz, Lionel R. Bauman Professor of Political Economy, University of Maryland. Lars V. Ahlfors, Mathematics Claudia Andujar, Photographer, Sao Paulo Rutherford Aris, Regents' Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota Samuel Gordon Armistead, Professor of Spanish and Comparative Literature, University of California, Davis James Richard Arnold, Harold C. Urey Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego Louis Auslander, Mathematics Vernon Duane Barger, Hilldale and J. H. Van Vleck Professor of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Robert A. Berner, Alan M. Bateman Professor of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University Gerald Duane Berreman, Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley Charles E. Bidwell, William Claude Peavis Professor of Sociology and Education, University of Chicago Patrick Paul Billingsley, Emeritus Professor of Statistics and of Mathematics, University of Chicago Norman Birnbaum, University Professor, Georgetown University Law Center. Julie Bovasso, Deceased. Drama. Leo Braudy, University Professor and Bing Professor of English, University of Southern California. Matthew Joseph Bruccoli, Jefferies Professor of English, University of South Carolina; President, Bruccoli Clark Layman Ed Bullins, Playwright, Berkeley, California. Mario A. Bunge, Frothingham Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, McGill University. Robbins Burling, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Michigan. Eugene Burnstein, Professor of Psychology, University of Michigan Rosemarie Castoro, Sculptor, New York City Noam Chomsky, Institute Professor, Department of Linguistics, M.I.T. John Desmond Clark, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. Tom Clark, Poet, Berkeley, California. Jerome Alan Cohen, Lawyer, New York City Mark Cohen, Photographer, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Paul A. Colinvaux, Adjunct Scientist, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA Lambros Comitas, Gardner Cowles Professor of Anthropology and Education, Columbia University, Teacher's College Henry Steele Commager, Deceased. Classics. Robert Coover, T. B. Stowell University Professor, Brown University. David Cort, General Non-Fiction Arlene Croce, Dance Critic, Brooklyn, New York. Lee J. Cronbach, Vida Jacks Professor Emeritus of Education, Stanford University Leon M. Dorfman, Professor of Chemistry, The Ohio State University. Robert Bingham Downs, Bibliography Stillman Drake, Deceased. History of Science. Troy Duster, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley. Hardy M. Edwards, Jr., Deceased. Professor of Poultry Science, University of Georgia. Alfred S. Eichner, Deceased. Economics. Melvin Aron Eisenberg, Koret Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley Dale Eldred, Sculptor, Kansas City Missouri. Thomas Ferbel, Associate Professor of Physics. University of Rochester. Willis H. Flygare, Chemistry Stephen Foster, Distinguished Research Professor of History, Northern Illinois University Steven Frautschi, Professor of Physics, California Institute of Technology Charles Fried, Beneficial Professor of Law, Harvard University. Murray Gell-Mann, Robert Andrews Millikan Professor Emeritus of Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology. Sam Gilliam, Artist, Washington, D.C. Grant Gilmore, Deceased. Law. Peter Golfinopoulos, Artist; Instructor, Art Students League, New York City Philip Gossett, Robert W. Remeker Distinguished Service Professor of Music and the Humanities and Dean, Humanities Division, University of Chicago Nathanael Greene, Professor of History, Wesleyan University. Vartan Gregorian, President, Carnegie Corporation. John J. Gumperz, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. Thom Gunn, Poet; Retired Senior Lecturer, University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco. Karsten Harries, Professor of Philosophy, Yale University Heisuke Hironaka, Professor of Mathematics, Harvard University. Nathan Irvin Huggins, Deceased. U.S. History. Sam Hunter, Professor of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University George Izenour, Deceased. Professor Emeritus of Theatre Design and Technology, Director Emeritus of the Electro-mechanical Laboratory, Yale University. Bruce Jackson, Samuel P. Capen Professor of English and Comparative Literature, State University of New York at Buffalo Kenneth Alan Johnson, Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Aravind Joshi, Henry Salvatori Professor of Computer and Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania. Gordon L. Kane, Professor of Physics, University of Michigan George Anthony Kateb, Professor of Politics, Princeton University Henry A. Kelly, Professor of English, University of California, Berkeley. Charles S. Klabunde, Creative Arts - Fine Arts. Barbara Kolb, Composer, New York City. Leonard Kriegel, Professor Emeritus of English, City College, City University of New York. Stanley I. Kutler, E. Gordon Fox Professor of American Institutions, University of Wisconsin-Madison Everett Carll Ladd, Political Science Angeliki Laiou, Former Director, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Professor of Byzantine History, Harvard University, Washington, D.C. Joseph LaPalombara, Arnold Wolfers Professor of Political Science, Yale University Alexander Leaf, James Jackson Professor of Clinical Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Stephen J. Lippard, Arthur Amos Noyes Professor of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Seymour Martin Lipset, Hazel Professor of Public Policy, George Mason University. Charles Ludlam, Deceased. Drama. George Mandler, Emeritus Professor of Psychology and Director, Center for Human Information Processing, University of California, San Diego Ralph Manheim, Deceased. German Literature and Translation. Fred Warren McLafferty, Professor of Chemistry, Cornell University William Hardy McNeill, Robert A. Millikan Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of History, University of Chicago. Ved Mehta, Writer, New York City. August Meier, University Professor Emeritus of History, Kent State University Michael Menaker, Commonwealth Professor of Biology, University of Virginia at Charlottesville Ilhan Mimaroglu, Composer, New York City. Charles Mingus, Music Composition. Robert A. Mundell, Professor of Economics, Columbia University. Mark Musa, Professor of Italian, Indiana University. Yoichiro Nambu, Harry Pratt Judson Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Physics, University of Chicago. Larry Neal, Deceased. American Literature. Stephen B. Oates, Professor of History, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Rochelle Owens, Playwright, Norman, Oklahoma Herbert Leslie Packer, Law Philip Pearlstein, Artist; Professor of Art, Brooklyn College, City University of New York. Hanna Pitkin, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley. Alvin Carl Plantinga, John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy, Calvin College. Leon B. Plantinga, Professor of the History of Music, Yale University John W. Pratt, Professor Emeritus of Business Administration, Harvard University Leo Rangell, Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Cervin Robinson, Photographer, New York City Irwin A. Rose, Senior Member, Institute for Cancer Research; Professor of Physical Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania Leon E. Rosenberg, President, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey Theodore Roszak, Professor of History, California State University, Hayward. Elliott Rudwick, U.S. History Edward Ruscha, Artist, Los Angeles. Loren Rush, Composer, Woodside, California. George Beals Schaller, Director for Science, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Park, New York. Richard Serra, Artist, New York City. Wilfrid Sheed, Writer, Sag Harbor, New York. Roger Newland Shepard, Ray Lyman Wilbur Professor Emeritus of Social Science (Psychology), Stanford University John A. Simpson, Astronomy-Astrophysics Nathan Sivin, Professor of Chinese Culture and of the History of Science, University of Pennsylvania. Elliott P. Skinner, Franz Boas Professor of Anthropology, Columbia University. William Stanton, Retired Professor of History, University of Pittsburgh Ruth Stone, Poet; Professor of English, SUNY Binghamton Ulrich P. Strauss, Professor of Chemistry, Rutgers University Walter A. Strauss, Mathematician, Brown University George Streisinger, Molecular Biology Patrick Suppes, Lucie Stern Professor of Philosophy, Stanford University Richard E. Taylor, Physicist, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University Twyla Tharp, Choreographer, New York City. Gareth Thomas, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Pravin Varaiya, Nortel Networks Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley Ezra F. Vogel, Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences, Harvard University Hanes Walton Jr., Professor of Political Science, Savannah State College John T. Wasson, Professor of Chemistry and Geophysics, University of California, Los Angeles Gerhard L. Weinberg, William Rand Kenan, Jr. Professor Emeritus of History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Henry Wessel, Jr., Photographer; Instructor in Photography, San Francisco Art Institute. Richard Winston, Biography Ralph K. Winter, Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Neal Wood, Emeritus Professor of Political Science and Political Thought, York University, Canada. Norman Zabusky, Deceased. Applied Mathematics. Latin American and Caribbean Fellows , Writer, Paris Carlos R. Alsina, Composer, Viroflay, France , Director, National Astronomical Observatory, National University of Colombia Edward Kamau Brathwaite, Writer; Professor of Social and Cultural History, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica Haroldo de Campos, Professor of Literature, Pontifical Catholic University of Sao P aulo , Professor of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City Miguel Chase-Sardi, Director, Center for Anthropological Studies, Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic University, Asunción Julio Cotler, Professor of Sociology, National University of San Marcos; Director of Research, Institute of Peruvian Studies, Lima Antonio Dias, Artist, Köln, Germany Juan Downey, Fine Arts , Philosophy Jorge Elliott, Fine Arts Emilia Ferreiro, Professor of Educational Psychology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City , Professor of Paleontology and Paleobotany, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes Roberto L. Lobo e Silva, Director, Brazilian Center for Physics Research, Rio de Janeiro Carlos Alberto Luengo, Professor of Physics, State University of Campinas , Artist, Nogent-sur-Marne, France Margaret U. Mee, Biology - Plant Science Armando Dias Mendes, Planner Alejo Mesa, Research Associate in Biology, University of the State of Sao Paulo, Rio Claro Campus , Writer, Madrid Alejandro Otero, Fine Arts-Sculpture Jorge R. Preloran, Film Maker; Professor Emeritus of Theater Arts, University of California, Los Angeles , Professor of Microbiology, Paulista School of Medicine, Sao Paulo Fernando von Reichenbach, Director of Applied Technology, Buenos Aires Cultural Center See also John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation External links Guggenheim Fellows for 1971 1971 1971 awards

46312929

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%20Chase

Re Chase

Re Chase [1989] 1 NZLR 325 is a cited case regarding civil claims being barred by ACC. Background Paul Chase was a patched member of the Petone Mongrel Mob, and he was with a fellow gang member who were accused of discharging a firearm inside a Lower Hutt tavern frequented by a rival gang. As the result of Chase being implicated in a gang related shooting, the police arranged a dawn entry into his apartment by armed police on 18 April 1983. Being startled, Chase thought a rival gang was trying to break into his house, and to defend himself, he approached the police with a weight bar, which the armed officers mistook for a gun barrel and shot him dead. Barred by ACC law in suing for damages, his estate sued for exemplary damages. Held The court refused to award damages References Court of Appeal of New Zealand cases New Zealand tort case law 1988 in New Zealand law

33456030

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Journey%20Through%20Time

A Journey Through Time

A Journey Through Time was a 2002 concert tour by Elton John. This is the eleventh tour of Australia by Elton John. The tour completely sold out. Tour dates Setlist Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding Bennie and the Jets Someone Saved My Life Tonight The Ballad of the Boy in the Red Shoes Philadelphia Freedom The Wasteland Rocket Man I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues Daniel I Want Love This Train Don't Stop There Anymore Take Me to the Pilot Sacrifice Blue Eyes Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word Oh My Sweet Carolina Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters Holiday Inn Tiny Dancer Levon Original Sin I'm Still Standing Crocodile Rock Pinball Wizard Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me Your Song Tour band Elton John – piano, vocals Nigel Olsson – drums, backing vocals John Mahon – percussion, backing vocals Davey Johnstone – guitars, mandolin, backing vocals Bob Birch – bass, backing vocals Guy Babylon – keyboards References External links Information Site with Tour Dates Elton John concert tours 2002 concert tours

20787474

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Mays%20%28disambiguation%29

Billy Mays (disambiguation)

Billy Mays (1958–2009) was an American salesperson and pitchman for various infomercials. Billy Mays or William Mays may also refer to: Billy Mays (footballer) (1902–1959), Welsh footballer Bill Mays (born 1944), American jazz pianist Willie Mays (born 1931), American baseball player William Mayes (disambiguation) William May (disambiguation)

24421276

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%20Uruguayan%20Primera%20Divisi%C3%B3n

1954 Uruguayan Primera División

The 1954 Primera División Uruguaya was contested by 10 teams, and Peñarol won the championship. League standings References Uruguay - List of final tables (RSSSF) Uruguayan Primera División seasons Uru 1954 in Uruguayan football

29416900

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurket%20Rock

Nurket Rock

Nurket Rock () is a rock face just east of Mount Hallgren in the Kirwan Escarpment, Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and additional air photos (1958–59), and named Nurket (the pygmy). Rock formations of Queen Maud Land Princess Martha Coast

8260179

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April%20Moon

April Moon

April Moon is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Sam Brown, released on 2 April 1990 by A&M Records. The album was produced by Sam Brown, and her brother Pete Brown. The album peaked at number 38 on the UK Albums Chart and number 30 on the Australian ARIA Charts. The album spawned three charting singles in the United Kingdom: "With a Little Love" peaked at number 44 on the UK Singles Chart; "Kissing Gate" at number 23; "Mindworks" at number 77. The album has sold over half a million copies worldwide. April Moon was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 17 October 1990. Then-Pink Floyd member David Gilmour sang backing vocals on the track "Troubled Soul" (he had also appeared on Brown's debut album, Stop!, in 1988). Track listing Personnel Adapted from the album's liner notes. Musicians Sam Brown – lead vocals (all tracks), piano (tracks 1, 3–5, 8–12, 15–16), Minimoog bass (tracks 3, 5), organ (tracks 3, 15), Hammond (tracks 4, 6, 12, 16), keyboards (track 2, 14), SH-101 (track 9), D-50 (track 10), tambourine (track 14), percussion (track 15) Pete Brown – guitars (tracks 1–4, 8, 10–15), bass (track 16), backing vocals (track 3, 5–6, 10, 14–16), SH-101 (track 3, 12), keyboards (track 6), percussion (track 6) Joe Brown – mandolin (track 2) Vicki Brown – backing vocals (tracks 2, 7, 13, 15) Jim Archer – violin (track 4) Paul Bangash – guitar (tracks 1–8, 10–16), backing vocals (tracks 2, 5–6, 10, 14) Guy Barker – piccolo trumpet (track 2) Mark Berrow – violin (track 4) Margo Buchanan – backing vocals (tracks 1, 5–6, 10, 13–15) Ben Cruft – violin (track 4) Danny Cummings – percussion (tracks 8, 10, 13) Martin Ditchman – percussion (tracks 2, 7) Mitt Gamon – harmonica (track 16) Will Gibson – violin (tracks 1, 5) David Gilmour – vocals (track 11) Tim Good – violin (track 4) Nick Ingman – MD strings (tracks 1, 4–5) Carol Isaacs – piano (track 15) Cameron Jenkins – saxophones (track 13) Sara Jones – backing vocals (tracks 7, 13) Simeon Jones – mouth organ (track 6), saxophone solo (track 13), baritone saxophone (track 13) Paul Kegg – cello (track 4) Ben Kennard – cello (track 4) David Levy – bass (track 4, 15) Helen Lichmann – cello (1, 5) Jon Lord – piano (track 6) Martin Loveday – cello (1, 5) Ian Maidman – bass (tracks 6, 10, 12, 14), vocals (track 10), Chapman Stick (track 8), piano (track 14), acoustic guitar (track 14) Chucho Merchán – double bass (track 11) Richard Newman – drums (tracks 1–4, 6–8, 10–16), percussion (track 5) Naomi Osborne – backing vocals (tracks 10, 15) Pete Oxer – violin (track 4) George Robertson – violin (1, 5) Phil Saatchi – backing vocals (track 1) Danny Schogger – piano (track 2), clarinet (track 6), keyboards (track 8) Matthew Seligman – bass (tracks 1–2, 7–8, 13), additional double bass (track 11) Paul Silverthorne – viola (track 4) Linda Taylor – backing vocals Tina Warrilow – backing vocals (tracks 7, 13) Chris Wellington – viola (track 4) John Williams – violin (track 4) Gavyn Wright – first violin (tracks 1, 5), violin (track 4) Technical Produced by Pete Brown and Sam Brown Additional engineering by Pete Brown Recording and mixing engineer: Robin Evans Assistant engineer: Jock Loveband Management: Lisa Denton Photography: Mike Owen, Robert Ogilvie; assisted by Clare Hanford Design and art direction: Jeremy Pearce; assisted by Simon Carrington and Les Watts Charts Certifications References External links 1990 albums A&M Records albums Sam Brown (singer) albums

35956026

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia%20Zero

Wikipedia Zero

Wikipedia Zero was a project by the Wikimedia Foundation to provide access to Wikipedia free of charge on mobile phones via zero-rating, particularly in developing markets. The objective of the program was to facilitate access to free knowledge for low-income pupils and students, by means of waiving the network traffic cost. With 97 operators in over 72 countries, it was estimated that access to Wikipedia was provided to more than 800 million people through the program. The program ended in 2018. The program was launched in 2012, and won the 2013 South by Southwest Interactive Award for activism. It received criticism over the years for violating the principle of net neutrality. In February 2018, the project announced the end of the initiative, stating that it would take a new strategy on partnerships. Despite providing service to 900 million persons, the project was seen as jeopardized by a lack of growth, and by the declining price of cell phone data. Facebook Zero has been cited as an inspiration for Wikipedia Zero. History The map alongside shows the broad scale of launches. In addition to that, Wikimedia Foundation: mobile network partners has a complete list of participating mobile networks and launch dates. Malaysia, on 12 May 2012 (Digi Telecommunications) Kenya, on 26 July 2012 (Orange S.A.) October 2012: Thailand, in October 2012 (dtac; Saudi Arabia with Saudi Telecom Company May 2013: Pakistan, with Mobilink June 2013: Sri Lanka, with Dialog Axiata October 2013: Jordan, with Umniah; Bangladesh, with Banglalink April 2014: Kosovo, on the IPKO network May 2014: Nepal, with Ncell and in Kyrgyzstan with Beeline May 2014: Nigeria, with Airtel Nigeria October 2014: Ukraine, with Kyivstar December 2014: Ghana, with MTN Ghana December 2014: Angola, with Unitel S.A. Algeria, in January 2015 ( Djezzy) Moldova, in July 2015 (Moldcell) March 2017: Iraq with Asiacell September 2017: Afghanistan with Roshan In February 2018, the Wikimedia Foundation announced that the Wikipedia Zero program would be completely phased out by the end of 2018. Reception and impact The Subsecretaria de Telecomunicaciones of Chile ruled that zero-rating services like Wikipedia Zero, Facebook Zero, and Google Free Zone, that subsidize mobile data usage, violate net neutrality laws and had to end the practice by 1 June 2014. The Electronic Frontier Foundation has said, "Whilst we appreciate the intent behind efforts such as Wikipedia Zero, ultimately zero rated services are a dangerous compromise." Accessnow.org has been more critical, saying, "Wikimedia has always been a champion for open access to information, but it's crucial to call out zero-rating programs for what they are: Myopic deals that do great damage to the future of the open internet". The Wikimedia Foundation's Gayle Karen Young defended the program to The Washington Post, saying, "We have a complicated relationship to net neutrality. We believe in net neutrality in America", while adding that Wikipedia Zero required a different perspective in other countries: "Partnering with telecom companies in the near term, it blurs the net neutrality line in those areas. It fulfills our overall mission, though, which is providing free knowledge". Journalist Hilary Heuler argued that "for many, zero-rated programs would limit online access to the 'walled gardens' offered by the web heavyweights. For millions of users, Facebook and Wikipedia would end up being synonymous with 'internet'." In 2015, researchers evaluating how the similar program Facebook Zero shapes information and communications technology use in the developing world found that 11% of Indonesians who said they used Facebook also said they did not use the Internet. 65% of Nigerians and 61% of Indonesians agree with the statement that "Facebook is the Internet" compared with only 5% in the United States. An article in Vice magazine notes that the free access via Wikipedia Zero made Wikimedia Commons a preferred way for its users in Bangladesh and elsewhere to share copyrighted material illicitly. This caused problems at Wikimedia Commons (where uploading media that is not free-licensed is forbidden). The Vice article is critical of the situation created by Wikipedia Zero and of the backlash among Wikimedia Commons editors, arguing: "Because they can't afford access to YouTube and the rest of the internet, Wikipedia has become the internet for lots of Bangladeshis. What's crazy, then, is that a bunch of more-or-less random editors who happen to want to be the piracy police are dictating the means of access for an entire population of people." See also Alliance for Affordable Internet Google Free Zone Internet.org Facebook for SIM Airtel Zero References External links Wikipedia Zero at the Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia blog posts about Wikipedia Zero Articles containing video clips Computer-related introductions in 2012 Internet access Net neutrality Projects disestablished in 2018 Projects established in 2012 Wikimedia Foundation Zero

22189668

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Stevenson%20%28disambiguation%29

Edward Stevenson (disambiguation)

Edward Stevenson (1820–1897) was an American Mormon missionary. Edward Stevenson may also refer to: Edward Stevenson (costume designer) (1906–1968), American costume designer Edward Stevenson (footballer) (1901–1977), Australian rules footballer Edward Stevenson (Orange Order), Grand Master of the Orange Order since 2011 Edward A. Stevenson (1831–1895), American politician from Idaho Edward A. Stevenson Sr. (1907–?), New York politician Edward Irenaeus Prime-Stevenson (1858–1942), American author and homosexual advocate, also used the pseudonym Xavier Mayne See also Edward Stephenson (disambiguation)

68632960

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20%28TV%20series%29

Stephen (TV series)

Stephen, also titled Conviction: The Case of Stephen Lawrence, is a 2021 British three-part limited crime drama TV series. It is the sequel to the 1999 TV film The Murder of Stephen Lawrence. It stars Steve Coogan, Sharlene Whyte and Hugh Quarshie. It was written by Frank Cottrell Boyce and Joe Cottrell Boyce and directed by Alrick Riley. The series was produced for ITV by HTM Television, a joint venture between Hat Trick Productions and the producer Jed Mercurio. Plot Based on the true story of the 1993 murder of Black British teenager Stephen Lawrence, the series adapts In Pursuit of the Truth by DCI Clive Driscoll. It follows Lawrence's family's fight for justice, and the police investigation which finally led to the convictions of two of his killers in 2012. Cast Steve Coogan as DCI Clive Driscoll Sharlene Whyte as Doreen Lawrence Hugh Quarshie as Neville Lawrence Episodes Release All episodes were made available on ITV Hub as a boxset on 30 August 2021. The series was released as Conviction: The Case Of Stephen Lawrence on Paramount +, Apple TV, and Prime Video, and later on free-to-air television on SBS Television and SBS on Demand on 18 April 2023. Awards The show was nominated under Limited Series, and Sharlene Whyte nominated in the Actor (Female) category, in the 2022 Royal Television Society Awards. References External links 2021 British television series debuts 2021 British television series endings 2020s British crime television series British crime drama television series English-language television shows ITV (TV network) original programming Television series by Hat Trick Productions

19016887

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodaki%2C%20Lesser%20Poland%20Voivodeship

Bodaki, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Bodaki (, Bodaky) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sękowa, within Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately east of Sękowa, south-east of Gorlice, and south-east of the regional capital Kraków. References Bodaki

32944060

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Pardo

Mario Pardo

Mario Esteban Pardo Acuña (born 13 May 1988) is a Chilean footballer that currently plays for Primera B de Chile club C.D. Cobresal as centre back. External links Mario Pardo at Football-Lineups 1988 births Living people Chilean men's footballers Deportes La Serena footballers Unión La Calera footballers A.C. Barnechea footballers Deportes Temuco footballers San Antonio Unido footballers Deportes Iberia footballers Coquimbo Unido footballers Deportes Melipilla footballers C.D. Cobresal footballers Chilean Primera División players Primera B de Chile players Men's association football defenders People from La Serena Footballers from Coquimbo Region

14096682

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielone

Zielone

Zielone may refer to the following places in Poland: Zielone, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland) Zielone, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) Zielone, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland) Zielone, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland) Zielone, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)

63079313

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber-OSCAR%2018

Weber-OSCAR 18

Weber-OSCAR 18 (also called WeberSAT, Microsat 3 and WO-18) is an American amateur radio satellite. The satellite was jointly developed, built by the Weber State College Center for Aerospace Technology and AMSAT, and on January 22, 1990, as a secondary payload, along with the SPOT 2 earth observation satellite with an Ariane 4 from the Guiana Space Centre, Kourou, French Guiana. The satellite had an AX.25 digipeater with uplink in the 2-meter band and downlink in the 70-centimeter band, as well as a CCD camera for color images and a piezoelectric detector for micrometeorites. It was in operation until 1998. See also JAWSAT External links References Satellites orbiting Earth Amateur radio satellites Spacecraft launched in 1990

67498782

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinna%20Vesi

Tallinna Vesi

Tallinna Vesi is an Estonian company which offers water supply, wastewater collection and treatment services. This company is the largest water utility company in Estonia. The company is serving over 460,000 people in Tallinn and Harju County. The company is established in 1967 as Tallinn Water Works & Sewerage Management. Since 1997, the company bears the name AS Tallinna Vesi. The privatization of Tallinn Water was finally approved (at the third discussion) by the Tallinn City Council on June 15, 2000, when Rein Voog was the chairman of the Tallinn City Council. International Water UU (owned by International Water and United Utilities International) became the owner of 50.4% of the shares, and the rest remained with the city of Tallinn. Since 2005, the company is listed in Nasdaq Tallinn. Since 2021, the company is majority-owned by the City of Tallinn with 55.06% of the shares. OÜ Utilitas owns 20.36%, while the rest (24.58%) is free float References External links Companies of Estonia

11185248

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Electric%20Industries

Pan-Electric Industries

Pan-Electric Industries was a Singapore-based company that specialised in marine salvage work, and had 71 subsidiary companies, including hotel and property interests, with a market capitalization of S$230 million. The company collapsed in December of 1985 due to massive unsettled forward contracts, forcing the Stock Exchange of Singapore (SES) and Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) to shut down for three days. At its demise, the company had a total debt of S$480 million, and all its shares held by 5,500 shareholders were found to be worthless overnight. As of 2000, it remains the largest corporate collapse in Singapore's history, and the only instance where the SES had to be unexpectedly closed. In the aftermath of the collapse, key people in the company such as Peter Tham, Tan Kok Liang, and Tan Koon Swan were prosecuted and given varying jail sentences. The collapse of the company shook public confidence in the SES, causing prices of stocks to plunge and resulted in the bankruptcy of some stockbroking firms. New securities laws were introduced in March 1986 to ensure that stockbroking firms could protect themselves against credit risks. References Defunct companies of Singapore Companies disestablished in 1985 1985 in Singapore

10968260

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20French%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles

1955 French Championships – Women's singles

Second-seeded Angela Mortimer defeated Dorothy Knode 2–6, 7–5, 10–8 in the final to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1955 French Championships. Seeds The seeded players are listed below. Angela Mortimer is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated. Beverley Fleitz (semifinals) Angela Mortimer (champion) Darlene Hard (second round) Dorothy Knode (finalist) Shirley Bloomer (quarterfinals) Patricia Ward (third round) Erika Vollmer (quarterfinals) Ginette Bucaille (quarterfinals) Zsuzsi Körmöczy (first round) Maud Galtier (first round) Beryl Penrose (quarterfinals) Hazel Redick-Smith (third round) Angela Buxton (third round) Toto Zehden (third round) Anne-Marie Seghers (second round) Lea Pericoli (third round) Draw Key Q = Qualifier WC = Wild card LL = Lucky loser r = Retired Finals Earlier rounds Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 References External links   on the French Open website 1955 in tennis 1955 1955 in French women's sport 1955 in French tennis

3971794

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Roselius

Ludwig Roselius

Ludwig Roselius (2 June 1874 – 15 May 1943) was a German coffee merchant and founder of the company Kaffee HAG. He was born in Bremen and is credited with the development of commercial decaffeination of coffee. As a patron, he supported artists like Paula Modersohn-Becker and Bernard Hoetger and turned the Böttcherstrasse street in Bremen into an artwork. Life Roselius was born in Bremen. In 1902, Ludwig Roselius purchased the centrally located No. 4 Böttcherstrasse. It soon became the head office of his business Roselius & Co. which in 1906 established Kaffee HAG (Kaffee Handels Aktien Gesellschaft). He was a supporter of Die Brücke institute and started publication of the famous heraldic Coffee Hag albums in the described formats of the Brücke. In his home town he built an entertaining house known as the Glockenspiel House. During the Third Reich, "Politically a conservative, Roselius had a positive attitude towards National Socialism and initially supported Hitler with whom he had a private meeting in Bremen in 1922." Roselius applied for Nazi Party membership twice and was rejected twice because he promoted 'degenerate art' in his Böttcherstrasse Apparently he had later a falling-out with Hitler – though not with the Nazi ideology – because Roselius believed in the existence of or lobbied for the creation of a purebred "Lower German race" ("Lower" as a geographical term – as in "Lower Saxony") and Hitler did not. 4 Million RM was raised by Heinz Puvogel shortly after Ludwig Roselius died but when questioned after World War II by IARA, investigators lied and turned a blind eye due to a coverup about U.S. multinational ITT Corporation owning 29% of Focke-Wulf and possible future class action payouts as the U.S. government failed to nationalize the ITT Corporation after Pearl Harbor. In 1928, Roselius expanded his house in the Böttcherstrasse to accommodate his art collection. Roselius took an early interest in the aircraft industry and in 1925 he became Chairman of Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau A.G.. In early 1933 he handed over to his brother Friedrich who died in 1941. In 1938 the Bremen-based company was reconstituted as Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH and Roselius' HAG group increased its holding to 46%. Lorenz A.G., a subsidiary of I.T.T., came in with 28% and supplied the latest technology. At this time a substantial capital injection was made. Ludwig Roselius joined the German Resistance in 1942 after Barbara Goette urged for better conditions regarding the forced workers and POWs at Focke-Wulf. In 1934, Roselius had his left leg amputated due to bone cancer. He also suffered from recurring fevers and other illnesses. In early 1935 his youngest daughter married tenor Ivo Götte. When Roselius met Ivo's sister Barbara Goette, who had just completed her state examinations in mathematics, physics and philosophy with distinction at Kiel University, he immediately offered her a position with the concern. Although she had intended to commence her Ph.D. in philosophy, she accepted the offer. Over time she became his carer, companion, and closest collaborator. He needed someone to look after him on his many worldwide voyages and help him with his books and publications. Barbara's academic credentials complemented his 'streetwise' business acumen. They became a formidable team. Roselius credited Barbara with having saved his life when Hitler denounced the art and architecture in his Böttcherstasse and Roselius's Nordic views at the September 1936 Nuremberg Nazi party rally. Later, his daughter recognized that Barbara had been responsible for Roselius finding his way back to a more moderate political outlook. As a debt of gratitude and to cement her place in aviation history, he had the new FW200c 4-engined passenger airliner fitted with 26 seats as Barbara's birthday was on the 26th. Barbara looked after Roselius for the final nine months of his life in the now demolished Hotel Kaiserhof in Berlin and she held his hand shortly before he died. They were very much in love but it was always a platonic relationship. Legacy Böttcherstrasse was declared to be degenerate art in the 1930s and was largely destroyed during the war. After the war the houses were rebuilt by Roselius's coffee company and it is now open to the public. The museums include Ludwig Roselius Museum which exhibits his collections. See also Böttcherstrasse Barbara Goette References External links Businesspeople in the drink industry German company founders 20th-century German businesspeople Businesspeople in coffee 1874 births 1943 deaths

12407197

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting%20Pot%20%28Booker%20T%20album%29

Melting Pot (Booker T album)

Melting Pot is a 1971 studio album recorded by Booker T. & the M.G.'s for Stax Records. It is the last album to feature the group's classic lineup of Jones, Cropper, Dunn, and Jackson and the first of their albums to contain longer, jam-oriented compositions. Background By 1970, bandleader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones had become estranged from Stax, as he protested the changing atmosphere under the leadership of executive Al Bell. Jones left Memphis, Tennessee, where Stax was headquartered, and moved to California while guitarist Steve Cropper, also dissatisfied with the new Stax atmosphere, opened his own studio in Memphis, spending less and less time at the Stax studio. Melting Pot was recorded in New York City, between M.G.'s gigs, as Jones refused to record in Memphis and wanted the band to create a different sound for the new album. The album's title track was edited for length and issued by Stax as a single in spring 1971. "Melting Pot" peaked at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and at number 21 on the Billboard R&B singles chart. Critical reception The review in Rolling Stone magazine was very positive, concluding in its final paragraph: "Altogether, as an album, it works really well, with the group's customary taste and precision balanced against a new looseness and a return to earlier, funky playing patterns. That's more than enough to make it the best Booker T. album in some time, the Memphis Gas of the Year, and a Major Rock Event for everyone." Village Voice critic Robert Christgau wrote: "Here the Memphis motorvators surpass the somewhat boxy rhythms that have limited all their albums as albums except for Uptight, which had vocals. Al Jackson's solidity, a linchpin of rock drumming as surely as Keith Moon's blastoffs and Charlie Watts's steady economy, is unshaken by the shifts the arrangements demand, and his deftness permits a more flexible concept in which Booker lays back some on organ and Steve Cropper gets more melodic input. A Vegas-jazz ('L.A. Jazz Song' is a title) boop-de-doo chorus upsets the balance of side two pretty badly, but for the first twenty minutes this is unbelievably smooth without ever turning slick." Track listing All songs written by Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, and Al Jackson Jr. except "Kinda Easy Like", by Jones, Cropper, Jackson, and Lewis Steinberg. Side One "Melting Pot" – 8:15 "Back Home" – 4:40 "Chicken Pox" – 3:26 "Fuquawi" – 3:40 Side Two "Kinda Easy Like" – 8:43 "Hi Ride" – 2:36 "L.A. Jazz Song" – 4:18 "Sunny Monday" – 4:35 Personnel Booker T. & the M.G.s Booker T. Jones – keyboards Steve Cropper – guitar Donald Dunn – bass guitar Al Jackson Jr. – drums Additional personnel The Pepper Singers – background vocals Production credits Recording engineers – Ron Capone, Gordon Rudd, Rik Pekkonen, Shelly Yakus, Jay Messina, Steve Cropper Remix engineer – Steve Cropper Cover photographer – George Rodriguez Art director – The Graffiteria/Stan Hochstadt Art supervisor – Herb Kole, Larry Shaw Charts Singles Samples "Melting Pot" "Another Victory" by Big Daddy Kane on his album It's a Big Daddy Thing "Chicken Pox" "Silence of the Lambs" by Showbiz and A.G. on their album Runaway Slave References External links Booker T. & the MGs-Melting Pot at Discogs Booker T. & the M.G.'s albums 1971 albums Stax Records albums Rhythm and blues albums by American artists Funk albums by American artists Albums produced by Al Jackson Jr. Albums produced by Donald "Duck" Dunn Albums produced by Steve Cropper Albums produced by Booker T. Jones

2634920

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden%20City%20Cop

Forbidden City Cop

Forbidden City Cop (; literal translation: "Imperial Secret Agent 008") is a 1996 Hong Kong wuxia comedy film directed by Vincent Kok and Stephen Chow and starring Chow, Carina Lau, and Carman Lee. Synopsis Ling Ling-Fat (Stephen Chow) is one of the Chinese Emperor's four elite personal bodyguards, the "Baolong clan" () - whose names form the Cantonese Chinese New Year's greeting: "Kung hei fat choi" (). Ling Ling-Fat's own name also doubles as a Cantonese wordplay on the code number "008", a reference to James Bond, whose number was 007 (see From Beijing with Love). Instead of studying martial arts like his fellow bodyguards, he devotes his time to making practical yet often mundane and/or cumbersome inventions, such as cannons fired from the mouth, helicopter blades, and magnets. He also practices gynaecology, and spends time with his loving wife (Carina Lau). In the beginning of the film, Ling Ling-Fat fails to apprehend four ugly swordsmen who are trespassing in the Forbidden City. He does, however, manage to acquire a kung fu manual, Flying Fairy (, Tin1 ngoi6 fei1 sin1, lit. 'Outer Heaven Flying Fairy'), from one of them. During an imperial audience, Ling-ling Fat's seemingly useless inventions and lack of any martial arts skills enrage the Emperor, who demotes him to various menial tasks around the palace. Meanwhile, King Faceless of the Kam Tribe plans to assassinate the Emperor and overtake China. The Kam Tribe creates a diversion by inviting all the doctors of China to a medical exposition in which a Grey alien - a 'flying fairy' - is to be dissected. Ling Ling-Fat and the Emperor separately depart for the event. While Ling-ling Fat and his wife feast at a string of restaurants, Kam's men kill the Emperor's three remaining bodyguards. The assassins put the unconscious Emperor in an alien costume to present him as the alien for dissection. Just as Ling Ling-Fat and the other doctors discover the Emperor's identity, Kam's assassins begin to slaughter everyone in attendance. Ling Ling-Fat uses his wits and inventions to defeat the assassins. The Emperor honors Ling Ling-Fat for his success and gives him an enormous pearl as a reward. For his next assignment, the Emperor charges him with investigating a prospective concubine, the beautiful prostitute Kam Cho (Carman Lee). Ling-ling Fat meets with Kam Cho without his wife's knowledge and has difficulty restraining himself from her seductive advances. He gives her the enormous pearl and lies about it to his wife. Later, Kam Cho surprises Ling Ling-Fat at his home, forcing a violent confrontation between Ling-ling Fat and his wife's family. Ling Ling-Fat forsakes his tearful wife and leaves with Kam Cho. When Ling Ling-Fat brings Kam Cho to the palace, he and the Emperor throw Kam Cho in chains and reveal that she is actually Faceless in disguise. Ling-ling Fat had deciphered Kam Cho's true identity during their meeting and enlisted his entire family in a ruse to fool Faceless. The Emperor begins handing out acting awards to Ling Ling-Fat's various family members, but Faceless manages to break free. Once again, Ling Ling-Fat uses his inventions and wits to combat Faceless, but Faceless fights back with powerful martial arts techniques. On the verge of defeat, Ling-ling Fat is accidentally struck by a lightning bolt meant for Faceless which awakes his potential and enables him to use the Flying Fairy technique, thus destroying Faceless. Cast Stephen Chow as Ling Ling-fat Carina Lau as Ling Ka-ting Carman Lee as Kam Cho / Faceless Cheung Tat-ming as Emperor Law Kar-ying as Fat Yan Tats Lau as Forbidden City cop Lee Lik-chi as Court official Wong Yat-fei as Yip Ku-sing Vincent Kok as Doctor Manfred Wong as Luk Siu-fung Yuen Cheung-yan as Evil mother Kingdom Yuen as Brothel procuress Mimi Chu as Fat's mother-in-law Elvina Kong as Fat's doctor patient Stephen Au as Presenter of Flying Fairy Wilson Yip as Brothel customer Box office The film grossed HK$36,051,899 in Hong Kong. External links Forbidden City Cop at Hong Kong Cinemagic 1996 films 1996 action comedy films 1990s police comedy films 1996 martial arts films Hong Kong action comedy films Hong Kong martial arts films Hong Kong martial arts comedy films Wuxia films 1990s parody films Hong Kong slapstick comedy films 1990s Cantonese-language films Films directed by Stephen Chow Films set in 12th-century Song dynasty Films directed by Vincent Kok 1990s police films Chinese New Year films 1990s Hong Kong films

73628751

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naia%20Black

Naia Black

Timothy Brian Black, better known as Naia Black or mononymously as Naia, is a Filipino drag performer. She is best known for winning the first season of Drag Den and was crowned as "Filipino's First Drag Supreme". Career While attending college at University of the Philippines Diliman, Brian Black first discovered drag from watching RuPaul's Drag Race. Originally she considered "Tanya Sativa", before choosing "Naia Black" as her drag name. On 17 November 2022, she was revealed as one of the contestants competing in the first season of Drag Den. Despite of never winning a challenge, she was in the finale with Shewarma and Maria Cristina. In the finale episode, she had to compete in three rounds and a lip-sync battle to Sarah Geronimo's "Kilometro" (2014). On the night of the finale, Naia was crowned by Manila Luzon at a viewing party in Taguig, as "Filipino's First Drag Supreme". She received a cash prize of ₱1,000,000, a one-year supply of Téviant Beauty cosmetics, and an "all-inclusive" trip to Palawan, Philippines. Discography As a featured artist Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations References Further reading Living people Drag Den Filipino drag queens People from Las Piñas

46239715

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon%20Prins

Vernon Prins

Vernon George Prins (14 April 1924 – 31 July 2003) was a Sri Lankan cricketer who captained the Ceylon team in first-class matches from 1955–56 to 1959–60. School and club career Prins attended S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, where he played for the First XI for several years, captaining the team in 1942–43. He captained Nondescripts Cricket Club in the P Saravanamuttu Trophy from 1952 to 1959, leading them to five premierships, and scoring 5611 runs at an average of 45.25 and taking 322 wickets at 15.60. In 1954-55 Nondescripts played The Rest (that is, Rest of Ceylon) in a three-day match at the Nondescripts ground. Prins took 5 for 11 and 6 for 41 and Nondescripts won by 320 runs. Career for Ceylon Prins played for Ceylon from 1944–45 to 1959–60, captaining the national team from 1955–56 to 1959–60. His best performances came in consecutive matches for the Gopalan Trophy. In 1957-58 he took 5 for 48 and 3 for 52, and in 1958-59 he took 6 for 85 and 2 for 44. He also made his highest first-class score in the Gopalan Trophy, 74 in 1953–54. He worked as a police inspector. He also represented Ceylon at hockey. References External links Vernon Prins at Cricinfo Vernon Prins at CricketArchive "Vernon Prins, Prince of Sri Lanka Cricket" "Ivers, Vernon and Artie right at the top" 1924 births 2003 deaths Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia All-Ceylon cricketers Sri Lankan field hockey players Place of birth missing

7794532

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Sabbath%3A%20The%20Dio%20Years

Black Sabbath: The Dio Years

Black Sabbath: The Dio Years is a 2007 compilation CD of material recorded by Black Sabbath during vocalist Ronnie James Dio's tenure in the band. The CD contains remastered tracks taken from the studio albums Heaven and Hell (1980), Mob Rules (1981), and Dehumanizer (1992), as well as a live version of the song "Children of the Sea" taken from the live album Live Evil (1982). It also contains three songs that were recorded in 2007: "The Devil Cried", "Shadow of the Wind", and "Ear in the Wall". It was reported that the collection was first conceived of as a box set including all albums from Heaven and Hell to The Eternal Idol. This idea was eventually scrapped, and instead a box set was planned to feature just the four albums recorded from the Dio era of the band. This second idea was put aside, though would eventually be revisited as The Rules of Hell, a box set released in the summer of 2008. In an interview conducted by Martin Popoff, Tony Iommi revealed that originally two new tracks were planned, but after recording three new songs the original plan was changed to accommodate all three tracks in the compilation. On 23 February 2007, both Eddie Trunk and Sirius Satellite Radio unveiled the song "The Devil Cried" from the upcoming album. Rhino Records subsequently made the track available (for preview only) on 26 February 2007. "The Devil Cried" was released as a single on 13 March 2007. After the recording was completed, the members decided to tour under the moniker Heaven & Hell. Dio and Iommi decided that the working partnership they had achieved in recording the three new songs would not be wasted, so they recorded The Devil You Know. UK Tour Edition Before the Heaven & Hell tour of the UK in November 2007, a special edition release of The Dio Years was released on 5 November, Black Sabbath: The Dio Years Tour Edition, to commemorate the tour. This CD, only to be in print for a limited time, features four songs from the Live at Hammersmith Odeon limited edition live album recently released by Black Sabbath. The four songs, recorded live in 1981 during Black Sabbath's "Mob Rules Tour" are "Neon Knights", "The Mob Rules", "Children of the Grave", and "Voodoo". Track listing All songs were written by Ronnie James Dio, Tony Iommi and Geezer Butler, except where noted. Personnel Ronnie James Dio – vocals Tony Iommi – guitar Geezer Butler – bass Bill Ward – drums (on tracks 1–5) Vinny Appice – drums (on tracks 6–16) Geoff Nicholls – keyboards (on tracks 1–13) Mike Exeter – engineering and mixing Charts Album Singles See also References Black Sabbath compilation albums 2007 compilation albums Warner Records compilation albums Rhino Records compilation albums

66329402

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20GT%20World%20Challenge%20Australia

2021 GT World Challenge Australia

The 2021 Fanatec GT World Challenge Australia Powered by AWS was an Australian motor sport competition for GT cars. The series incorporated the "Motorsport Australia GT Championship", the "Motorsport Australia Endurance Championship", the "GT3 Trophy Series" and the "GT4 Cup", however the Endurance Championship could not be contested due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Motorsport Australia GT Championship was the 25th running of an Australian GT Championship. This was the first season of the championship being jointly managed by Australian Racing Group (ARG) and SRO Motorsports Group. Calendar The provisional six-race calendar was released on 16 December 2020 with all rounds taking place in Australia. The first round at Phillip Island was postponed to 13–14 March from its original 20–21 February date, after a snap lockdown was enacted in response to an outbreak of COVID-19 cases in Melbourne. The round at Sandown and the two Endurance Championship races at Tailem Bend and Bathurst were cancelled and replaced by one round at Bathurst due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Entry list Race results Bold indicates overall winner Championship standings Scoring system See also 2021 GT World Challenge Europe 2021 GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup 2021 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup 2021 GT World Challenge Asia 2021 GT World Challenge America Notes References External links GT World Challenge Australia – Sporting Regulations 2021 –Version 2, motorsport.org.au, as archived at web.archive.org Australian GT Championship GT World Challenge Australia

18271098

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaghkunk%2C%20Armavir

Tsaghkunk, Armavir

Tsaghkunk (, also Romanized as Tsaghkunk’, Tsaghkunq, and Tsakhkunk; until 1946, Abdurahman; formerly, Verkhnyaya Aylanlu and Verin Aylanlu) is a town in the Armavir Province of Armenia. The town's church dates from the 19th century. See also Armavir Province References World Gazeteer: Armenia – World-Gazetteer.com Populated places in Armavir Province

50948857

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kucheman%20Building

Kucheman Building

The Kucheman Building is a historic commercial building located in Bellevue, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 20 are commercial buildings. The two-story structure was built in 1868 to house Kucheman & Son, a dry goods and clothing store. The second floor has housed an Opera Hall and City Hall. An addition was built onto the rear of the building sometime between 1902 and 1914. The building features four bays on its main facade, which is capped by a stone cornice with arched metal pediment. The stone blocks used in its construction vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. It also features dressed stone window sills and lintels. What differentiates this building from the others is its segmental arched windows. The second floor windows on the front have simple stone hoodmolds. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. References Commercial buildings completed in 1868 Vernacular architecture in Iowa Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Iowa Buildings and structures in Jackson County, Iowa Bellevue

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Romana%2C%20Alicante

La Romana, Alicante

La Romana () is a village of some 2,500 people, located in the foothills of the Serra del Reclot, in the comarca of Vinalopó Mitjà, a few kilometres from l’Alguenya and several kilometres from el Fondó de les Neus and Novelda, in the autonomous community of Valencia, southern Spain. The village is surrounded by countryside where vineyards and almond orchards are grown. The area is also noted for the number of quarries producing marble and limestone. There are a number of cave dwellings around La Romana which are still in use, many having been converted into modern homes. The main village is set out on a grid pattern of mostly one-way streets, with very few buildings higher than one storey, with clean, tree lined streets. The town's popular fiesta is held in the third week of August each year, with a humorous parade held on the Thursday and Moors and Christians parades on the Friday and Saturday. In the autumn a gastronomica is held in the park. There is a small weekly street market on Saturdays, around where the covered daily market is. Notable people Marquis of La Romana, title of nobility Álvaro García Cantó, footballer References Municipalities in the Province of Alicante Vinalopó Mitjà Cave dwellings

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eira%20Stenberg

Eira Stenberg

Eira Margot Helene Stenberg (born April 8, 1943, in Tampere) is a Finnish playwright and writer and the recipient of the J. H. Erkko Award in 1966 for her debut collection of poetry Kapina huoneessa, and the Eino Leino Prize in 2007. References Finnish writers Finnish women writers Recipients of the Eino Leino Prize 1943 births Living people

50716380

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20Parade

Last Parade

Last Parade may refer to: "Last Parade" (song), a 2009 song by Matthew Good Last Parade (album), an album by Call Me No One The Last Parade (film), 1931 American crime film

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg%20Route%20180

Winnipeg Route 180

Route 180 (locally known as McPhillips Street) is a major arterial road and city route in northwestern Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It runs from Route 57 (Notre Dame Avenue) to Emes Avenue (Winnipeg city limits) near the Perimeter Highway, where it becomes Highway 8. The route is the highest-numbered city route in Winnipeg. It serves as a connector to Highway 8 and Selkirk, Manitoba, from downtown Winnipeg via Notre Dame Ave. The speed limit is in the suburban area, except approaching the Perimeter where the speed limit becomes . Among other things, the route is home to the McPhillips Station Casino. History George McPhillips (1848–1913) is commemorated by McPhillips Street in Winnipeg. The street was formerly the two-mile limit of the Selkirk Settlers' lots, which started at the Red River and extended from it for four miles. The first two miles were reserved for buildings and residential pursuits. Beyond the limit was pasture land. George Jr. came from a family of land surveyors. His father, George Sr., was the first generation of the Irish-Canadian family to perform this work in Western Canada. George Sr. arrived in Manitoba in 1872 and set up a surveying business, joined by George Jr. until 1875 when he and his brothers Robert Charles McPhillips and Francis McPhillips opened an office of their own, McPhillips Brothers. The firm was active during the Winnipeg boom of 1881–82. Another brother, Albert Edward McPhillips, was a lawyer in British Columbia and Henry McPhillips was a journalist. In 1875, Winnipeg City Council authorized George Jr. to prepare an official map of the city, the first of its kind in the West. It was a difficult task because the few existing maps of subdivisions had to be revised and brought together. The first of these maps was done in January 1872 and comprised the homestead of James Ross, whose property extended from the Red River west to Princess Street. The width of the homestead was one city block, from James Avenue to Rupert Avenue. In the course of the project, McPhillips surveyed 625 streets, measuring 290 miles. The job gave him such publicity that, in 1883, Windsor, Ontario's council asked him to prepare a map of that city. He later returned to Winnipeg. He died at his home at 168 Kennedy Street on 20 November 1913, and was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery. Major intersections References 180 Seven Oaks, Winnipeg

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinn%20Billag

Tinn Billag

Tinn Billag AS is a bus company operating local services in Tinn, Norway, as well as coach services from Rjukan to Notodden, Skien and Porsgrunn as part of the NOR-WAY Bussekspress network. Since 2011, routes are operated on PSO contract with Vestviken Kollektivtrafikk. The company dates back to 1936, when it was founded as a merger between L/L Dølen (founded 1919), Gauset Billag (1924) and A/S Tinnbuss (1925). References Bus companies of Vestfold og Telemark Companies based in Vestfold og Telemark Transport companies established in 1936 Tinn Nor-Way Bussekspress operators 1936 establishments in Norway

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelle%20Mannaerts

Jelle Mannaerts

Jelle Mannaerts (born 14 October 1991 in Lommel) is a Belgian cyclist, who currently rides for Belgian amateur team Hubo–Titan Cargo. Major results 2014 7th Handzame Classic 2015 6th Nationale Sluitingsprijs 2016 9th Handzame Classic 2017 2nd De Kustpijl 6th Nationale Sluitingsprijs 9th Handzame Classic 9th Omloop van het Houtland 2018 3rd Tro-Bro Léon 2019 7th Overall Tour de Normandie References External links 1991 births Living people Belgian male cyclists People from Lommel Cyclists from Limburg (Belgium) 21st-century Belgian people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th%20Dalai%20Lama

14th Dalai Lama

The 14th Dalai Lama (spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, also known as Tenzin Gyatso; ; 6 July 1935), known to the Tibetan people as Gyalwa Rinpoche, is, as the incumbent Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibet. He is considered a living Bodhisattva; specifically, an emanation of Avalokiteśvara in Sanskrit, and Chenrezig in Tibetan. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet, the Ganden Phodrang, invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959. The 14th Dalai Lama was born to a farming family in Taktser (Hongya Village), in the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo (administratively Qinghai, Republic of China). He was selected as the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937, and formally recognised as the 14th Dalai Lama in a public declaration near the town of Bumchen in 1939. As with the recognition process for his predecessor, a Golden Urn selection process was exempted and approved. His enthronement ceremony was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940 and he eventually assumed full temporal (political) duties on 17 November 1950 (at fifteen years of age), after the People's Republic of China's occupation of Tibet. The Tibetan government administered the historic Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang, Kham and Amdo. Subsequent to the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, during the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama escaped to India, where he continues to live in exile while remaining the spiritual leader of Tibet. On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government in exile in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie, which then moved in May 1960 to Dharamshala, where he resides. He retired as political head in 2011 to make way for a democratic government, the Central Tibetan Administration. The Dalai Lama advocates for the welfare of Tibetans and since the early 1970s has called for the Middle Way Approach with China to peacefully resolve the issue of Tibet. The Dalai Lama travels worldwide to give Tibetan Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism teachings, and his Kalachakra teachings and initiations are international events. He also attends conferences on a wide range of subjects, including the relationship between religion and science, meets with other world leaders, religious leaders, philosophers, and scientists, online and in-person. His work includes focus on the environment, economics, women's rights, nonviolence, interfaith dialogue, physics, astronomy, Buddhism and science, cognitive neuroscience, reproductive health and sexuality. The Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. Time magazine named the Dalai Lama one of the "Children of Gandhi" and Gandhi's spiritual heir to nonviolence. Early life and background Lhamo Thondup was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser, or Chija Tagtser, at the edge of the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo in Qinghai Province. He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood and one of the three supposed reincarnated Rinpoches in the same family. His eldest sister Tsering Dolma, was sixteen years his senior and was midwife to his mother at his birth. She would accompany him into exile and found Tibetan Children's Villages. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at the age of three by the 13th Dalai Lama as the reincarnation of the high Lama, the 6th Taktser Rinpoche. His fifth brother, Tendzin Choegyal, had been recognised as the 16th Ngari Rinpoche. His sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language," a form of Central Plains Mandarin, and his family speak neither Amdo Tibetan nor Lhasa Tibetan. After the demise of the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management was published by the Central Government. In 1936, the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas was published by the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, including the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the commission, soul boys should be located and checked by the commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care of the sitting-in-the-bed ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from current lama families. This article echoes what the Qianlong Emperor described in The Discourse of Lama to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas. Based on custom and regulation, the regent was actively involved in the search for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new incarnation when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old. Sir Basil Gould, British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir Charles Alfred Bell, former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the thirteenth Dalai Lama, at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The Regent, Reting Rinpoche, shortly afterwards had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-tso which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from there to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang Rinpoche, went first to meet the Panchen Lama, who had been stuck in Jyekundo, in northern Kham. The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great Kumbum Monastery with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived. The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the time, the village of Taktser stood right on the "real border" between the region of Amdo and China. According to the search lore, when the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old mala that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others. From 1936 the Hui 'Ma Clique' Muslim warlord Ma Bufang ruled Qinghai as its governor under the nominal authority of the Republic of China central government. According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had seized this north-east corner of Amdo in the name of Chiang Kai-shek's weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of Qinghai. Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects. When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining. He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge. Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared amongst them, to let them go to Lhasa. Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: one hundred thousand each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; twenty thousand for the escort; and only ten thousand for Ma Bufang himself, he said. Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army. Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas. The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa. The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions. On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission that 3 candidates were found and ceremony of Golden Urn would be held in Tibet. In October 1938, the Method of Using Golden Urn for the 14th Dalai Lama was drafted by Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission. On 12 December 1938, regent Reting Rinpoche informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission that 3 candidates were found and ceremony of Golden Urn would be held. Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Dhondup, now 4 years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Kashag, and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939. The ordination (pabbajja) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were arranged by Reting Rinpoche and according to the Dalai Lama "I received my ordination from Kyabjé Ling Rinpoché in the Jokhang in Lhasa." There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time. The family of the 14th Dalai Lama was elevated to the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy and acquired land and serf holdings, as with the families of previous Dalai Lamas. In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam Prayer Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. The Dalai Lama, whose name means "Ocean of Wisdom," is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche, "The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master;" Kundun, "The Presence;" and Yizhin Norbu, "The Wish-Fulfilling Gem." His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the style employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including Reting Rinpoche, Tathag Rinpoche, Ling Rinpoche and lastly Trijang Rinpoche, who became junior tutor when he was nineteen. At the age of 11 he met the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer, who became his videographer and tutor about the world outside Lhasa. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006. Life as the Dalai Lama Historically the Dalai Lamas or their regents held political and religious leadership over Tibet from Lhasa with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the 5th Dalai Lama's rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705–1750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or Ganden Phodrang. Until 1912 however, when the 13th Dalai Lama declared the complete independence of Tibet, their rule was generally subject to patronage and protection of firstly Mongol kings (1642–1720) and then the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1720–1912). During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Goldstein writes: Afterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. The traditional ceremony enthroning the 14th Dalai Lama was attended by observing Chinese and foreign dignitaries after a traditional Tibetan recognition processes. Sir Basil Gould, the British representative of the Government of India, has left a highly detailed account of the ceremonies surrounding the enthronement of the 14th Dalai Lama in Chapter 16 of his memoir, The Jewel in the Lotus. Gould disputes the Chinese claim to have presided over it. He criticised the Chinese account as follows: Tibetan scholar Nyima Gyaincain wrote that based on Tibetan tradition, there was no such thing as presiding over an event, and wrote that the word "主持 (preside or organize)" was used in many places in communication documents. The meaning of the word was different from what we understand today. He added that Wu Zhongxin spent a lot of time and energy on the event, his effect of presiding over or organising the event was very obvious. After his enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, his summer residence, both of which are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942. Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet. Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941. He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery. In October 1950 the army of the People's Republic of China marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in warlord-controlled Kham. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet. Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China The Dalai Lama's formal rule as head of the government in Tibet was brief although he was enthroned as spiritual leader on 22 February 1940. When Chinese cadres entered Tibet in 1950, with a crisis looming, the Dalai Lama was asked to assume the role of head of state at the age of 15, which he did on 17 November 1950. Customarily the Dalai Lama would typically assume control at about the age of 20. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement without his authorisation in 1951. The Dalai Lama believes the draft agreement was written by China. Tibetan representatives were not allowed to suggest any alterations and China did not allow the Tibetan representatives to communicate with the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Tibetan delegation was not authorised by Lhasa to sign, but ultimately submitted to pressure from the Chinese to sign anyway, using seals specifically made for the purpose. The Seventeen Point Agreement recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, but China allowed the Dalai Lama to continue to rule Tibet internally, and it allowed the system of feudal peasantry to persist. "So even if it were agreed that serfdom and feudalism existed in Tibet, this would be little different other than in technicalities from conditions in any other "premodern" peasant society, including most of China at that time. The power of the Chinese argument therefore lies in its implication that serfdom, and with it feudalism, is inseparable from extreme abuse," "based on serfdom, it was not necessarily feudal, and [Goldstein] refutes any automatic link with extreme abuse." "Evidence to support this linkage has not been found by scholars other than those close to Chinese governmental circles." The nineteen year old Dalai Lama toured China for almost a year from 1954 to 1955, meeting many of the revolutionary leaders and the top echelon of the Chinese communist leadership who created modern China. He learned Chinese and socialist ideals, as explained by his Chinese hosts, on a tour of China showcasing the benefits of socialism and the effective governance provided to turn the large, impoverished nation into a modern and egalitarian society, which impressed him. In September 1954, he went to the Chinese capital to meet Chairman Mao Zedong with the 10th Panchen Lama and attend the first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution. On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a Vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a post he officially held until 1964. In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday, the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, if he would allow him political asylum should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China. Long called a "splitist" and "traitor" by China, the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China. In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China "encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences". The Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to "shun" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so. China sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet. Tibet Autonomous Region government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the Tibet Autonomous Region government's online education platform, "Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party's line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand". The Dalai Lama is a target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim "targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of official Chinese government involvement" since economic information is the primary goal of private Chinese hackers. In 2009 the personal office of the Dalai Lama asked researchers at the Munk Center for International Studies at the University of Toronto to check its computers for malicious software. This led to uncovering GhostNet, a large-scale cyber spying operation which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, foreign ministries, other government offices, and organisations affiliated with the Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, and believed to be focusing on the governments of South and Southeast Asia. A second cyberspy network, Shadow Network, was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included a years worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government material relating to India, West Africa, the Russian Federation, the Middle East, and NATO. "Sophisticated" hackers were linked to universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement. Chinese hackers posing as The New York Times, Amnesty International and other organisation's reporters targeted the private office of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Parliament members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organisations, among others, in 2019. Exile to India At the outset of the 1959 Tibetan uprising, fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's Special Activities Division, crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April. Some time later he set up the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamshala, India, which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the language, history, religion, and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life. The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, all before the People's Republic was allowed representation at the United Nations. The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of Tibetans. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, creating an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world. In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian citizen twice in its history. In 2021, it was revealed that the Dalai Lama's inner circle were listed in the Pegasus project data as having been targeted with spyware on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government. International advocacy At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C., the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without nuclear weapons, and with support for human rights. The plan would come to be known as the "Strasbourg proposal," because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with the People's Republic of China." This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return. In the 1970s, the Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he "must [come back] as a Chinese citizen ... that is, patriotism". The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to the traditionally Buddhist republic of Kalmykia. The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian, attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Tibetan violence that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had "lost faith" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was "up to the Tibetan people" to decide what to do. Thirty Taiwanese indigenous peoples protested against the Dalai Lama during his visit to Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot and denounced it as politically motivated. The Dalai Lama is an advocate for a world free of nuclear weapons, and serves on the Advisory Council of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. The Dalai Lama has voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system. Teaching activities, public talks Despite becoming 80 years old in 2015, he maintains a busy international lecture and teaching schedule. His public talks and teachings are usually webcast live in multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's website, or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his past teaching videos can be viewed there, as well as public talks, conferences, interviews, dialogues and panel discussions. The Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject is the Kalachakra tantra which, as of 2014, he had conferred a total of 33 times, most often in India's upper Himalayan regions but also in the Western world. The Kalachakra (Wheel of Time) is one of the most complex teachings of Buddhism, sometimes taking two weeks to confer, and he often confers it on very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time. The Dalai Lama is the author of numerous books on Buddhism, many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like Dzogchen, a Nyingma practice. In his essay "The Ethic of Compassion" (1999), the Dalai Lama expresses his belief that if we only reserve compassion for those that we love, we are ignoring the responsibility of sharing these characteristics of respect and empathy with those we do not have relationships with, which cannot allow us to "cultivate love." He elaborates upon this idea by writing that although it takes time to develop a higher level of compassion, eventually we will recognise that the quality of empathy will become a part of life and promote our quality as humans and inner strength. He frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries, and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the Nalanda tradition, such as Nagarjuna, Kamalashila, Shantideva, Atisha, Aryadeva and so on. The Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of these Nalanda masters, in fact he often asserts that 'Tibetan Buddhism' is based on the Buddhist tradition of Nalanda monastery in ancient India, since the texts written by those 17 Nalanda pandits or masters, to whom he has composed a poem of invocation, were brought to Tibet and translated into Tibetan when Buddhism was first established there and have remained central to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism ever since. As examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on Dzogchen, which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'. Again in London in 1996 he taught the Four Noble Truths, the basis and foundation of Buddhism accepted by all Buddhists, at the combined invitation of 27 different Buddhist organisations of all schools and traditions belonging to the Network of Buddhist Organisations UK. In India, the Dalai Lama gives religious teachings and talks in Dharamsala and numerous other locations including the monasteries in the Tibetan refugee settlements, in response to specific requests from Tibetan monastic institutions, Indian academic, religious and business associations, groups of students and individual/private/lay devotees. In India, no fees are charged to attend these teachings since costs are covered by requesting sponsors. When he travels abroad to give teachings there is usually a ticket fee calculated by the inviting organisation to cover the costs involved and any surplus is normally to be donated to recognised charities. He has frequently visited and lectured at colleges and universities, some of which have conferred honorary degrees upon him. Dozens of videos of recorded webcasts of the Dalai Lama's public talks on general subjects for non-Buddhists like peace, happiness and compassion, modern ethics, the environment, economic and social issues, gender, the empowerment of women and so forth can be viewed in his office's archive. Interfaith dialogue The Dalai Lama met Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. He met Pope John Paul II in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue. He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met Pope Benedict XVI privately. He has met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie, and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, Gordon B. Hinckley, who at the time was the president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as well as senior Eastern Orthodox Church, Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, and Sikh officials. The Dalai Lama is also a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of The Elijah Interfaith Institute and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in Amritsar, India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness. In 2009, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an interfaith "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference at Gujarat's Mahuva religions, according to Morari Bapu. In 2010, the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of scholars, launched the Common Ground Project, in Bloomington, Indiana (USA), which was planned by himself and Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad of Jordan during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism. In 2019, the Dalai Lama fully sponsored the first-ever 'Celebrating Diversity in the Muslim World' conference in New Delhi on behalf of the Muslims of Ladakh. Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute The Dalai Lama's lifelong interest in science and technology dates from his childhood in Lhasa, Tibet, when he was fascinated by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes, film projectors, clockwork soldiers and motor cars, and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them. Once, observing the Moon through a telescope as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan cosmologists had taught him. He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an engineer. On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit Cambridge University's astrophysics department in the UK and he sought out renowned scientists such as Sir Karl Popper, David Bohm and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, who taught him the basics of science. The Dalai Lama sees important common ground between science and Buddhism in having the same approach to challenge dogma on the basis of empirical evidence that comes from observation and analysis of phenomena. His growing wish to develop meaningful scientific dialogue to explore the Buddhism and science interface led to invitations for him to attend relevant conferences on his visits to the west, including the Alpbach Symposia on Consciousness in 1983 where he met and had discussions with the late Chilean neuroscientist Francisco J. Varela. Also in 1983, the American social entrepreneur and innovator R. Adam Engle, who had become aware of the Dalai Lama's deep interest in science, was already considering the idea of facilitating for him a serious dialogue with a selection of appropriate scientists. In 1984 Engle formally offered to the Dalai Lama's office to organise a week-long, formal dialogue for him with a suitable team of scientists, provided that the Dalai Lama would wish to fully participate in such a dialogue. Within 48 hours the Dalai Lama confirmed to Engle that he was "truly interested in participating in something substantial about science" so Engle proceeded with launching the project. Francisco Varela, having heard about Engle's proposal, then called him to tell him of his earlier discussions with the Dalai Lama and to offer his scientific collaboration to the project. Engle accepted, and Varela assisted him to assemble his team of six specialist scientists for the first 'Mind and Life' dialogue on the cognitive sciences, which was eventually held with the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala in 1987. This five-day event was so successful that at the end the Dalai Lama told Engle he would very much like to repeat it again in the future. Engle then started work on arranging a second dialogue, this time with neuroscientists in California, and the discussions from the first event were edited and published as Mind and Life's first book, "Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind". As Mind and Life Institute's remit expanded, Engle formalised the organisation as a non-profit foundation after the third dialogue, held in 1990, which initiated the undertaking of neurobiological research programmes in the United States under scientific conditions. Over the following decades, as of 2014 at least 28 dialogues between the Dalai Lama and panels of various world-renowned scientists have followed, held in various countries and covering diverse themes, from the nature of consciousness to cosmology and from quantum mechanics to the neuroplasticity of the brain. Sponsors and partners in these dialogues have included the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, the Mayo Clinic, and Zurich University. Apart from time spent teaching Buddhism and fulfilling responsibilities to his Tibetan followers, the Dalai Lama has probably spent, and continues to spend, more of his time and resources investigating the interface between Buddhism and science through the ongoing series of Mind and Life dialogues and its spin-offs than on any other single activity. As the institute's Cofounder and the Honorary chairman he has personally presided over and participated in all its dialogues, which continue to expand worldwide. These activities have given rise to dozens of DVD sets of the dialogues and books he has authored on them such as Ethics for the New Millennium and The Universe in a Single Atom, as well as scientific papers and university research programmes. On the Tibetan and Buddhist side, science subjects have been added to the curriculum for Tibetan monastic educational institutions and scholarship. On the Western side, university and research programmes initiated by these dialogues and funded with millions of dollars in grants from the Dalai Lama Trust include the Emory-Tibet Partnership, Stanford School of Medicine's Centre for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARES) and the Centre for Investigating Healthy Minds, amongst others. In 2019, Emory University's Center for Contemplative Sciences and Compassion-Based Ethics, in partnership with The Dalai Lama Trust and the Vana Foundation of India, launched an international SEE Learning (Social, Emotional and Ethical Learning) program in New Delhi, India, a school curriculum for all classes from kindergarten to Std XII that builds on psychologist Daniel Goleman's work on emotional intelligence in the early 1990s. SEE learning focuses on developing critical thinking, ethical reasoning and compassion and stresses on commonalities rather than on the differences. In particular, the Mind and Life Education Humanities & Social Sciences initiatives have been instrumental in developing the emerging field of Contemplative Science, by researching, for example, the effects of contemplative practice on the human brain, behaviour and biology. In his 2005 book The Universe in a Single Atom and elsewhere, and to mark his commitment to scientific truth and its ultimate ascendancy over religious belief, unusually for a major religious leader the Dalai Lama advises his Buddhist followers: "If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims." He has also cited examples of archaic Buddhist ideas he has abandoned himself on this basis. These activities have even had an impact in the Chinese capital. In 2013 an 'academic dialogue' with a Chinese scientist, a Tibetan 'living Buddha' and a professor of Religion took place in Beijing. Entitled "High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science" it addressed the same considerations that interest the Dalai Lama, described as 'discussing about the similarities between Buddhism and modern science'. Personal meditation practice The Dalai Lama uses various meditation techniques, including analytic meditation and emptiness meditation. He has said that the aim of meditation is Social stances Tibetan independence Despite initially advocating for Tibetan independence from 1961 to 1974, the Dalai Lama no longer supports it. Instead he advocates for more meaningful autonomy for Tibetans within the People's Republic of China. This approach is known as the "Middle Way". In a speech at Kolkata in 2017, the Dalai Lama stated that Tibetans wanted to stay with China and they did not desire independence. He said that he believed that China after opening up, had changed 40 to 50 per cent of what it was earlier, and that Tibetans wanted to get more development from China. In October 2020, the Dalai Lama stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said "I prefer the concept of a 'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, The Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony". The Tibetan people do not accept the present status of Tibet under the People's Republic of China. At the same time, they do not seek independence for Tibet, which is a historical fact. Treading a middle path in between these two lies the policy and means to achieve a genuine autonomy for all Tibetans living in the three traditional provinces of Tibet within the framework of the People's Republic of China. This is called the Middle-Way Approach, a non-partisan and moderate position that safeguards the vital interests of all concerned parties-for Tibetans: the protection and preservation of their culture, religion and national identity; for the Chinese: the security and territorial integrity of the motherland; and for neighbours and other third parties: peaceful borders and international relations. Abortion The Dalai Lama has said that, from the perspective of the Buddhist precepts, abortion is an act of killing. In 1993, he clarified a more nuanced position, stating, "... it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent, these are cases where there can be an exception. I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance." Death penalty The Dalai Lama has repeatedly expressed his opposition to the death penalty, saying that it contradicts the Buddhist philosophy of non-violence and that it expresses anger, not compassion. During a 2005 visit to Japan, a country which has the death penalty, the Dalai Lama called for the abolition of the death penalty and said in his address, "Criminals, people who commit crimes, usually society rejects these people. They are also part of society. Give them some form of punishment to say they were wrong, but show them they are part of society and can change. Show them compassion." The Dalai Lama has also praised U.S. states that have abolished the death penalty. Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of nonviolence and religious harmony throughout the world. "I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts the world over." He has said that democracy has deep roots in India. He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars went from India to Tibet to teach Buddhism. He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. "Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue." The Dalai Lama has also critiqued proselytisation and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice. He has stated that "It's very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don't think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it's not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others." In particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has "come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization." The Dalai Lama has labelled such practices counter to the "message of Christ" and has emphasised that such individuals "practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures." In a statement with Hindu religious leaders, he expressed that he opposes "conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement." In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the World Conference on Human Rights and made a speech titled "Human Rights and Universal Responsibility". In 2001, in response to a question from a Seattle schoolgirl, the Dalai Lama said that it is permissible to shoot someone in self-defense (if the person was "trying to kill you") and he emphasised that the shot should not be fatal. In 2013, the Dalai Lama criticised Buddhist monks' attacks on Muslims in Myanmar and rejected violence by Buddhists, saying: "Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. ... All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems." In May 2013, he said "Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad." In May 2015, the Dalai Lama called on Myanmar's Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi to do more to help the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, and said that he had urged Suu Kyi to address the Rohingyas' plight in two previous private meetings and had been rebuffed. In 2017, after Chinese dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo died of organ failure while in Chinese government custody, the Dalai Lama said he was "deeply saddened" and that he believed that Liu's "unceasing efforts in the cause of freedom will bear fruit before long." The Dalai Lama has consistently praised India. In December 2018, he said Muslim countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and Syria should learn about religion from India for peace in the world. When asked in 2019 about attacks on the minority community in India including a recent one against a Muslim family in Gurgaon, he said: "There are always a few mischievous people, but that does not mean it a symbol of that nation". He reiterated in December 2021 that India was a role model for religious harmony in the world. Diet and animal welfare The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try vegetarianism or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been omnivores, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available and vegetarianism is widespread. He spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting hepatitis in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors told him to return to eating meat which he now does twice a week. This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, "I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian". His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian. In 2009, the English singer Paul McCartney wrote a letter to the Dalai Lama inquiring why he was not a vegetarian. As McCartney later told The Guardian, "He wrote back very kindly, saying, 'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right. [...] I think now he's vegetarian most of the time. I think he's now being told, the more he meets doctors from the west, that he can get his protein somewhere else. [...] It just doesn't seem right – the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak. Economics and political stance The Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a Marxist and has articulated criticisms of capitalism. He reports hearing of communism when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of the Mongolian People's Republic. It was only when he went on his trip to Beijing that he learned about Marxist theory from his interpreter Baba Phuntsog Wangyal of the Tibetan Communist Party. At that time, he reports, "I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a Communist Party member," citing his favourite concepts of self-sufficiency and equal distribution of wealth. He does not believe that China implemented "true Marxist policy," and thinks the historical communist states such as the Soviet Union "were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the Workers' International". Moreover, he believes one flaw of historically "Marxist regimes" is that they place too much emphasis on destroying the ruling class, and not enough on compassion. He finds Marxism superior to capitalism, believing the latter is only concerned with "how to make profits," whereas the former has "moral ethics". Stating in 1993: On the relations between India and Pakistan, the Dalai Lama in October 2019 said: "There is a difference between Indian and Pakistani Prime Minister's speech at the UN. Indian prime prime minister talks about peace and you know what his Pakistan counterpart said. Getting China's political support is Pakistan's compulsion. But Pakistan also needs India. Pakistani leaders should calm down and think beyond emotions and should follow a realistic approach". Environment The Dalai Lama is outspoken in his concerns about environmental problems, frequently giving public talks on themes related to the environment. He has pointed out that many rivers in Asia originate in Tibet, and that the melting of Himalayan glaciers could affect the countries in which the rivers flow. He acknowledged official Chinese laws against deforestation in Tibet, but lamented they can be ignored due to possible corruption. He was quoted as saying "ecology should be part of our daily life"; personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room. Around 2005, he started campaigning for wildlife conservation, including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments. The Dalai Lama supports the anti-whaling position in the whaling controversy, but has criticised the activities of groups such as the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (which carries out acts of what it calls aggressive nonviolence against property). Before the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against climate change. Sexuality The Dalai Lama's stances on topics of sexuality have changed over time. A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and "more independence, more freedom". He has said that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to suicide or murder. He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery. In his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual behaviour, he explains the concept of "right organ in the right object at the right time," which historically has been interpreted as indicating that oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) are not appropriate in Buddhism or for Buddhists. However, he also says that in modern times all common, consensual sexual practices that do not cause harm to others are ethically acceptable and that society should accept and respect people who are gay or transgender from a secular point of view. In a 1994 interview with OUT Magazine, the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the matter by saying, "If someone comes to me and asks whether homosexuality is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?' If you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'" However, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor Evan Solomon on CBC News: Sunday about whether homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that "it is sexual misconduct". In his 1996 book Beyond Dogma, he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: "A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else ... Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact." He elaborated in 1997, conceding that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him. He also conveyed his own "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context". In 2006, the Dalai Lama has expressed concern at "reports of violence and discrimination against" LGBT people and urged "respect, tolerance and the full recognition of human rights for all". In a 2014 interview with Larry King, the Dalai Lama expressed that same-sex marriage is a personal issue, can be ethically socially accepted, and that he personally accepts it. However, he also stated that if same-sex marriage is in contradiction with one's chosen traditions, then they should not follow it. Women's rights In 2007, he said that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman: "If a woman reveals herself as more useful the lama could very well be reincarnated in this form." In 2009, on gender equality and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee: "I call myself a feminist. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for women's rights?" He also said that by nature, women are more compassionate "based on their biology and ability to nurture and birth children". He called on women to "lead and create a more compassionate world," citing the good works of nurses and mothers. At a 2014 appearance at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in Mumbai, the Dalai Lama said, "Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective." In 2015, he said in a BBC interview that if a female succeeded him, "that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use," and when asked if he was joking, replied, "No. True!" He followed with a joke about his success being due to his own appearance. His office later released a statement of apology citing the interaction as a translation error. Health In 2013, at the Culture of Compassion event in Derry, Northern Ireland, the Dalai Lama said that "Warm-heartedness is a key factor for healthy individuals, healthy families and healthy communities." Response to COVID-19 In a 2020 statement in Time magazine on the COVID-19 pandemic, the Dalai Lama said that the pandemic must be combated with compassion, empirical science, prayer, and the courage of healthcare workers. He emphasised "emotional disarmament" (seeing things with a clear and realistic perspective, without fear or rage) and wrote: "The outbreak of this terrible coronavirus has shown that what happens to one person can soon affect every other being. But it also reminds us that a compassionate or constructive act – whether working in hospitals or just observing social distancing – has the potential to help many." Immigration In September 2018, speaking at a conference in Malmö, Sweden, home to a large immigrant population, the Dalai Lama said "I think Europe belongs to the Europeans," but also that Europe was "morally responsible" for helping "a refugee really facing danger against their life". He stated that Europe has a responsibility to refugees to "receive them, help them, educate them," but that they should aim to return to their places of origin and that "they ultimately should rebuild their own country". Speaking to German reporters in 2016, the Dalai Lama said there are "too many" refugees in Europe, adding that "Europe, for example Germany, cannot become an Arab country." He also said that "Germany is Germany". Retirement and succession plans In May 2011, the Dalai Lama retired from the Central Tibetan Administration. In September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement concerning his succession and reincarnation: When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not. On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, responsibility for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers of the Dalai Lama's Gaden Phodrang Trust. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition. I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including those in the People's Republic of China. In October 2011, the Dalai Lama repeated his statement in an interview with Canadian CTV News. He added that Chinese laws banning the selection of successors based on reincarnation will not impact his decisions. "Naturally my next life is entirely up to me. No one else. And also this is not a political matter," he said in the interview. The Dalai Lama also added that he has not decided on whether he would reincarnate or be the last Dalai Lama. In an interview with the German newspaper Welt am Sonntag published on 7 September 2014 the Dalai Lama stated "the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose," and that "We had a Dalai Lama for almost five centuries. The 14th Dalai Lama now is very popular. Let us then finish with a popular Dalai Lama." Gyatso has also expressed fear that the Chinese government would manipulate any reincarnation selection in order to choose a successor that would go along with their political goals. In response the Chinese government implied that it would select another Dalai Lama regardless of his decision. CIA Tibetan program In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through a Central Intelligence Agency program. When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the CIA Tibetan program, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese." As part of the program the Dalai Lama received 180,000 dollars a year from 1959 till 1974 for his own personal use. His administration's reception of CIA funding has become one of the grounds for some state-run Chinese newspapers to discredit him along with the Tibetan independence movement. In his autobiography Freedom in Exile, the Dalai Lama criticised the CIA again for supporting the Tibetan independence movement "not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all communist governments". In 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the CIA Tibetan program had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and "once the American policy toward China changed, they stopped their help." Criticism Ties to India The Chinese Communist Party have criticised the 14th Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. In 2008, the Dalai Lama said that Arunachal Pradesh, partially claimed by China, is part of India, citing the disputed 1914 Simla Accord. In 2010 at the International Buddhist Conference in Gujarat, he described himself as a "son of India" and "Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality." The newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, People's Daily, questioned if the Dalai Lama, by considering himself Indian rather than Chinese, is still entitled to represent Tibetans, alluding to the links between Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism and the Dalai Lama siding with India on southern Tibet. Dhundup Gyalpo, the Dalai Lama's eventual secretary in New Delhi, argued that Tibetan and Chinese peoples have no connections apart from a few culinary dishes and that Chinese Buddhists could also be deemed "Indian in spirituality," because both Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism originated from India. Shugden controversy Dorje Shugden is an entity in Tibetan Buddhism that, since the 1930s, has become a point of contention over whether to include or exclude certain non-Gelug teachings. After the 1975 publication of the Yellow Book containing stories about Dorje Shugden acting wrathfully against Gelugpas who also practised Nyingma, the 14th Dalai Lama, himself a Gelugpa and advocate of an inclusive approach, publicly renounced the practice of Dorje Shugden. Several groups broke away as a result, notably the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT). According to Tibetologists, the Dalai Lama's disapproval has reduced the prevalence of Shugden sects among Tibetans in China and India. Shugden devotees have since complained about being ostracized when trying to get jobs or receive services. The Dalai Lama's supporters expressed that any discrimination is neither systematic nor encouraged by him. Some Shugden movements such as the NKT have organised demonstrations as a form of protest. One group, the International Shugden Community (ISC), came under scrutiny from Reuters in 2015. While the journalists found "no independent evidence of direct Chinese financing," they reported that Beijing had "thrown its weight behind Shugden devotees" and the ISC became China's instrument to discredit the Dalai Lama. The group disbanded in 2016. That same year, the Dalai Lama re-stated his position on Dorje Shugden, saying "I've encouraged people not to do the practice, but I haven't said that no one can do it. His office said that there was no ban or discrimination against Shugden worshippers. Comments on a potential female Dalai Lama In 2010, the Dalai Lama told a reporter that the first time someone asked him about the possibility of a female Dalai Lama, he said "if she is an ugly female, she won't be very effective, will she?" In 2015 he said at one occasion, "more than 50 years ago" in Paris, he said the line to a reporter of a women's magazine, that "if female Dalai Lama comes, the face should be very, very attractive." In 2019, when he was asked about the comment, he repeated it with a laugh, saying that although the real beauty is inner beauty, for human beings, the appearance is also very important. In response to the controversy sparked by the interview, his office released a statement to clarify his remarks and put them into context, expressing that the Dalai Lama "is deeply sorry that people have been hurt by what he said and offers his sincere apologies." The statement explains, the original context of the Dalai Lama's referring to the physical appearance of a female successor was a conversation with the then Paris editor of Vogue magazine, who had invited His Holiness in 1992 to guest-edit the next edition. She asked if a future Dalai Lama could be a woman. His Holiness replied, 'Certainly, if that would be more helpful,' adding, as a joke, that she should be attractive. The statement also noted, the Dalai Lama "consistently emphasizes the need for people to connect with each other on a deeper human level, rather than getting caught up in preconceptions based on superficial appearances." Gedhun Choekyi Nyima In April 2018, the Dalai Lama confirmed Chinese government claims about Gedhun Choekyi Nyima by saying that he knew from "reliable sources" that the Panchen Lama he had recognised was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the Chinese-recognised Panchen Lama (Gyaincain Norbu) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher, adding that there were instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, of a reincarnated lama taking more than one manifestation. Controversy over young boy and "suck my tongue" In a February 2023 video, the Dalai Lama was recorded kissing a young boy on the lips and asking the child to suck his tongue. The meeting took place at his temple in Dharamshala, India. Nearly 100 students were in attendance, as well as the boy's mother, a trustee of the event's organiser. Her son had asked for and received a hug from the Dalai Lama. He then pointed to his own cheek and lips, requesting and receiving two kisses at those locations from the boy, pulling the child's chin closer during the second one. He then gestured at and said "suck my tongue," stretching it out and moved closer. The boy had been pulling away, and the two ended up pressing their heads together. The video resurfaced in April 2023, and the Dalai Lama's conduct was condemned by many who called it "inappropriate," "scandalous" and "disgusting". His office issued a statement saying that the Dalai Lama often teases "in an innocent and playful way," adding that he wants to apologise to those involved "for the hurt his words may have caused" and "regrets the incident". Victim groups and media commentators have raised concerns of "child abuse". The HAQ Centre for Child Rights in New Delhi said the video was "certainly not about any cultural expression and even if it is, such cultural expressions are not acceptable." Indian journalist Nilanjana Bhowmick said that sticking out one's tongue is different from "asking a minor to suck it." Child rights activist Shola Mos-Shogbamimu said that child molestation should not be normalised under the guise of playful behavior. Tibetan activists argued that the interaction was an overblown joke, misinterpreted and unfairly attacked. They mentioned that sticking out one's tongue is a form of traditional Tibetan greeting to show respect or agreement, stemming from a tradition of performing the gesture to demonstrate that one is not reincarnated from the malevolent king Lang Dharma, who was said to have a black tongue. The practice is not known to involve "sucking," however. In an interview clip released by Voice of Tibet, the boy said it had been a "good experience" meeting the Dalai Lama, from whom he received a lot of "positive energy". Penpa Tsering, the political leader of the Central Tibetan Administration, called the gesture an "innocent grandfatherly affectionate demeanour" followed by a "jovial prank" with a tongue. He and other Tibetans accused "pro-Chinese sources" of being behind the video. Vice News reported that according to Tibetans, "eat my tongue," roughly translated, is a common expression for teasing children. Kaysang, a Tibetan feminist educator in India, said "suck my tongue" is also a game for elders to "deter kids from pestering them". An international group of Tibetan leaders and activists expressed anguish that attempts to understand Tibetan cultural context have been, in their view, insufficiently covered by the media. Pema Rigzin, president of the Tibetan Cultural Society of Vancouver, added that it is "very normal" in Tibetan culture for grandparents to kiss or chew food for their infants. Video of touching Lady Gaga Following the temple child incident in 2023, video footage from 2016 showing the Dalai Lama touching Lady Gaga's leg caused further controversy. The event occurred during a compassion conference in Indiana about individuals experiencing physical and psychological difficulties and how to support them. In the video, the religious leader is seen hardly paying any attention to the speaker. He looked down at Lady Gaga's leg, where the skin is exposed from her torn trousers, and touched it with his fingers. Lady Gaga looked back at the Dalai Lama, shook her head, and smiled awkwardly. When he attempted the same action on her other leg, she grabbed his hand and stopped him from following through. Public image The Dalai Lama places highly in global surveys of the world's most admired men, ranking with Pope Francis as among the world's religious leaders cited as the most admired. The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his universalist values, and international sympathy for the Tibetans. In the 1990s, many films were released by the American film industry about Tibet, including biopics of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the Fall of Communism. The most notable films, Kundun and Seven Years in Tibet (both released in 1997), portrayed "an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm – a Dalai Lama sworn to non-violence": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ahistorical. The Dalai Lama has his own pages on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. The Dalai Lama has tried to mobilise international support for Tibetan activities. The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western support for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries. Photos of the Dalai Lama were banned after March 1959 Lhasa protests until after the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. In 1996 the Chinese Communist Party once again reinstated the total prohibition of any photo of the 14th Dalai Lama. According to the Tibet Information Network, "authorities in Tibet have begun banning photographs of the exiled Dalai Lama in monasteries and public places, according to reports from a monitoring group and a Tibetan newspaper. Plainclothes police went to hotels and restaurants in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, on 22 and 23 April and ordered Tibetans to remove pictures of the Dalai Lama..." The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today. In the media The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: 10 Questions for the Dalai Lama (2006, documentary) Dalai Lama Renaissance (2007, documentary) The Sun Behind the Clouds (2010) Bringing Tibet Home (2013) Monk with a Camera (2014, documentary) Dalai Lama Awakening (2014) Compassion in Action (2014) He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including: Kundun, 1997 film directed by Martin Scorsese Seven Years in Tibet, 1997 film starring Brad Pitt and David Thewlis Klovn "Dalai Lama" Season 1, Episode 4 (2005) Red Dwarf episode "Meltdown" (1991) Song of Tibet, 2000 film directed by Xie Fei. The Great Escape "14th Dalai Lama" (2018) on Epic "Dalai Lama," episode of the Indian television series Mega Icons (2019–20) on National Geographic. The Dalai Lama was featured on 5 March 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show Last Week Tonight, in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama, focusing on the topics of Tibetan sovereignty, Tibetan self-immolations, and his succession plans. A biographical graphic novel, Man of Peace, also envisaging the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet, was published by Tibet House US. The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama: An Illuminated Journey, illustrations and text by artist Rima Fujita, narrated by the Dalai Lama, was published by Simon and Schuster in 2021. Awards and honours The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards and honours worldwide over his spiritual and political career. For a more complete list see Awards and honours presented to the 14th Dalai Lama. After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded him the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution" and "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi". He has also been awarded the: 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership; 1994 Freedom Medal from the Roosevelt Institute; 2005 Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom; 2007 Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by the American Congress and President. The Chinese government declared this would have "an extremely serious impact" on relations with the United States; 2006 Order of the White Lotus by the Republic of Kalmykia for outstanding services and significant contribution to the spiritual revival and prosperity of the republic. 2007 Ahimsa Award from the Institute of Jainology in recognition of individuals who embody and promote the principles of Ahimsa (Non-violence); and in 2012, Order of the Republic of Tuva by the Tuvan Republic in recognition of the contribution to the upbringing of high spiritual and cultural tolerance, strengthening interreligious and interethnic harmony. 2012, the Templeton Prize. He donated the prize money to the charity Save the Children. In 2006, he became one of only six people ever to be granted Honorary Citizenship of Canada. In 2007 he was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, the first time he accepted a university appointment. He is the chief Patron of the Maha Bodhi Society of India, conferred upon him at the 2008 Annual General Meeting of the Maha Bodhi Society of India. Publications My Land and My People: The Autobiography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Ed. David Howarth. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962. Deity Yoga: In Action and Performance Tantras. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987. Tantra in Tibet. Co-authored with Tsong-kha-pa, Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987. The Dalai Lama at Harvard. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1988. Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama, London: Little, Brown and Co., 1990, My Tibet, co-authored with photographer Galen Rowell, 1990, The Path to Enlightenment. Ed. and trans. Glenn H. Mullin. Snow Lion, 1994. Essential Teachings, North Atlantic Books, 1995, The World of Tibetan Buddhism, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, foreword by Richard Gere, Wisdom Publications, 1995, Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion, photographs by Phil Borges with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso, 1996, Healing Anger: The Power of Patience from a Buddhist Perspective. Trans. Thupten Jinpa. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1997, The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamudra, co-authored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997, The Art of Happiness, co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead Books, 1998, The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 1998, Kalachakra Tantra: Rite of Initiation, edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 1999, MindScience: An East–West Dialogue, with contributions by Herbert Benson, Daniel Goleman, Robert Thurman, and Howard Gardner, Wisdom Publications, 1999, The Power of Buddhism, co-authored with Jean-Claude Carrière, 1999, Opening the Eye of New Awareness, Translated by Donald S. Lopez Jr., Wisdom Publications, 1999, Ethics for the New Millennium, Riverhead Books, 1999, Consciousness at the Crossroads. Ed. Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston, B. Alan Wallace. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, B. Alan Wallace. Snow Lion, 1999. Ancient Wisdom, Modern World: Ethics for the New Millennium, Little, Brown/Abacus Press, 2000, Dzogchen: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect, Translated by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 2000, Answers: Discussions with Western Buddhists. Ed. and trans. Jose Cabezon. Snow Lion, 2001. The Compassionate Life, Wisdom Publications, 2001, Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today, with Jean-Claude Carriere, Doubleday, 2001, Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be, Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom Publications, 2001, An Open Heart, edited by Nicholas Vreeland; Little, Brown; 2001, The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, 2002, Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying, edited by Francisco Varela, Wisdom Publications, 2002, Essence of the Heart Sutra: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Wisdom Teachings, edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2002, The Pocket Dalai Lama. Ed. Mary Craig. Shambhala Pocket Classics, 2002. The Buddhism of Tibet. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins, Anne C. Klein. Snow Lion, 2002. The Art of Happiness at Work, co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead, 2003, Stages of Meditation (commentary on the Bhāvanākrama). Trans. Ven. Geshe Lobsang Jordhen, Losang Choephel Ganchenpa, Jeremy Russell. Snow Lion, 2003. Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions), co-authored with Eugen Drewermann, PhD, Patmos Verlag, 2003, The Path to Bliss. Ed. and trans. Thupten Jinpa, Christine Cox. Snow Lion, 2003. How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2003, The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys, coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverbed Books, 2004, The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama, edited by Arthur Zajonc, with contributions by David Finkelstein, George Greenstein, Piet Hut, Tu Wei-ming, Anton Zeilinger, B. Alan Wallace and Thupten Jinpa, Oxford University Press, 2004, Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection. Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, Richard Barron (Chokyi Nyima). Snow Lion, 2004. Practicing Wisdom: The Perfection of Shantideva's Bodhisattva Way, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2004, Lighting the Way. Snow Lion, 2005. The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality, Morgan Road Books, 2005, How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Atria Books, 2005, The Tibetan Book of the Dead, translated and edited by Gyurnme Dorje, Graham Coleman, and Thupten Jinpa, introductory commentary by the 14th Dalai Lama, Viking Press, 2005, Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama, with Don Farber, Sounds True, 2006, Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection. Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Matthieu Ricard, Richard Barron and Adam Pearcey. Wisdom Publications, 2007, How to See Yourself as You Really Are, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2007, The Leader's Way, co-authored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2008, My Spiritual Autobiography compiled by from speeches and interviews of the 14th Dalai Lama, 2009, Beyond Religion: Ethics for a Whole World, Mariner Books, 2012, The Wisdom of Compassion: Stories of Remarkable Encounters and Timeless Insights, coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverhead Books, 2012, My Appeal to the World, presented by Sofia Stril-Rever, translated from the French by Sebastian Houssiaux, Tibet House US, 2015, The Book of Joy: Lasting Happiness in a Changing World, coauthored by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, 2016, Behind the Smile: The Hidden Side of the Dalai Lama, by Maxime Vivas (author), translated from the French book Not So Zen, Long River Press 2013, Discography Studio albums Singles See also Golden Urn The Discourse of Lama Awards and honours presented to the 14th Dalai Lama List of organisations of Tibetans in exile Chinese intelligence activity abroad#Modes of operation Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama History of Tibet (1950–present) Human rights in Tibet Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 Sinicization of Tibet Chinese occupation of Tibet Period of de facto Tibetan independence List of overseas visits by Tenzin Gyatso the 14th Dalai Lama outside India List of peace activists List of Nobel laureates List of refugees Templeton Prize lauretes List of rulers of Tibet Religious persecution Freedom of religion in China Tibet Fund Tibet House Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama Tibetan art Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy Tibetan culture Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts Mind & Life Institute Notes References Citations Sources Craig, Mary. Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama (1997) Counterpoint. Calcutta. . Bell, Sir Charles (1946). Portrait of the Dalai Lama Wm. Collins, London, 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. . Iyer, Pico. The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama (2008) Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Knaus, Robert Kenneth. Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival (1999) PublicAffairs. . Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, pp. 452–515. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, New Mexico. . Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet & Its History. 1st edition 1962. 2nd edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications, Boston. (pbk). Shakya, Tsering. The Dragon in the Land of Snows (1999) Columbia University Press. . United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. The Dalai Lama: What He Means for Tibetans Today: Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, 13 July 2011. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 2012. External links Teachings by the Dalai Lama Photographs of the Dalai Lama's visit to UC Santa Cruz, October 1979 from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections |- |- |- |- 1935 births 20th-century lamas 20th-century philosophers 20th-century Tibetan people 21st-century philosophers 21st-century Tibetan people Buddhist and Christian interfaith dialogue Buddhist socialism Buddhist feminists Buddhist monks from Tibet Buddhist pacifists Scholars of Buddhism from Tibet Civil rights activists A4 Dorje Shugden controversy Living people Male feminists Tibetan Marxists Marxist feminists Congressional Gold Medal recipients Nautilus Book Award winners Nobel Peace Prize laureates Nobel laureates from the People's Republic of China Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress Nonviolence advocates People from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh People from Ping'an Ramon Magsaysay Award winners Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award Tibetan activists Tibetan dissidents Tibetan Buddhists from Tibet Tibet freedom activists Tibetan feminists Tibetan pacifists Templeton Prize laureates People associated with animal welfare and rights 21st-century Buddhist monks 21st-century lamas Tibetan refugees Tibetan emigrants to India World War II political leaders

46979559

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Zaugg

Ernst Zaugg

Ernst Zaugg (5 April 1934 – 10 December 2016) was a Swiss sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres. He was born in Bern. He finished sixth in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1960 Olympic Games with the team René Weber, Hansruedi Bruder and Christian Wägli. His personal best time was 46.6 seconds (1961). References 1934 births 2016 deaths Swiss male sprinters Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes for Switzerland Sportspeople from Bern

12723534

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Men%27s%20EuroHockey%20Nations%20Championship%20squads

2007 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship squads

This article listed the confirmed squads lists for 2007 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship between August 19 to August 26, 2007. Pool A Head coach: Markus Weise Head coach: Jason Lee Head coach: Adam Commens Head coach: Gino Schilders Pool B Head coach: Maurits Hendriks Head coach: Roelant Oltmans Head coach: Bertrand Reynaud Head coach: David Passmore References Men's EuroHockey Championship squads Squads

68842735

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%20Boston%20University%20Terriers%20football%20team

1940 Boston University Terriers football team

The 1940 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as an independent during the 1940 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Pat Hanley, the team compiled a 5–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 160 to 73. Boston University was ranked at No. 88 (out of 697 college football teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score system for 1940. Schedule References Boston University Boston University Terriers football seasons Boston University Terriers football

53476308

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusett%20writing%20systems

Massachusett writing systems

Massachusett is an indigenous Algonquian language of the Algic language family. It was the primary language of several peoples of New England, including the Massachusett in the area roughly corresponding to Boston, Massachusetts, including much of the Metrowest and South Shore areas just to the west and south of the city; the Wampanoag, who still inhabit Cape Cod and the Islands, most of Plymouth and Bristol counties and south-eastern Rhode Island, including some of the small islands in Narragansett Bay; the Nauset, who may have rather been an isolated Wampanoag sub-group, inhabited the extreme ends of Cape Cod; the Coweset of northern Rhode Island; and the Pawtucket which covered most of north-eastern Massachusetts and the lower tributaries of the Merrimack River and coast of New Hampshire, and the extreme southernmost point of Maine. Massachusett was also used as a common second language of peoples throughout New England and Long Island, particularly in a simplified pidgin form. The missionary John Eliot learned the language from bilingual translators and interpreters. In writing down the language, he used the Latin alphabet and English-style orthographical conventions. By the 1650s, Eliot had begun translating portions of the Bible, some published, that were distributed to the Indians, and the Indians that learned to read became active agents in the spread of literacy. Eliot used the dialect of the Massachusett, specifically the speech of Natick, in his Bible translation—the first Bible in any language printed in the Americas—and other printed works; dialect leveling ensued. Several other missionaries fluent in the language also offered their own missionary tracts and translations. By the 1670s, only twenty years after Eliot's first translations, one in three Indians were literate. The language faded as Indians faced increasing dispossession and assimilation pressures, with the last speakers dying off at the tail end of the nineteenth century. In 1993, Jessie Little Doe Baird (née Fermino), co-founded the Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project in an effort to bring the language back to her people. She studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with linguists Kenneth Hale and later Norvin Richards. In her master's thesis, completed in 2000, Baird introduced a modernized orthography, one that while still based in Latin and inspired by the colonial system, represented a one-to-one correlation between sound and spelling. Pre-writing Prior to the introduction of literacy by the missionary Eliot, the Massachusett-speaking peoples were mainly an orally transmitted culture, with social taboos, mores, customs, legends, history, knowledge and traditions passed from the elders to the next generation through song, stories and discussion. With peoples from further away, speakers switched to a pidgin variety of Massachusett used across New England, but when spoken language failed, sign language was used. Little is known about the Eastern Woodlands Algonquian sign language other than its usage. Lenape were often recruited in the wars with the Indians of the west because of their ability to effectively communicate in silence. Even American Sign Language was likely influenced by the sign language of the Wampanoag of Martha's Vineyard, who interacted with a large population of English colonists who were deaf and signed. Martha's Vineyard Sign Language went extinct at the beginning of the twentieth century, but many of its users were influential in the development of ASL. Little is known of it other than its existence, but it was likely similar in scope and usage such as extant Plains Indian Sign Language. The most important form of symbolic communication that the Indians employed were dendroglyphs. These symbols carved into trees and logs served as boundary markers between tribes, to thank local spirits in the wake of a successful hunt and to record one's whereabouts. Moravian missionaries in the mid-eighteenth century noted that the Lenape of Pennsylvania and New Jersey would carve animals and etchings onto trees when they camped, and were able to pinpoint the tribe, region or village of symbols that they encountered. Similarly, the Abenaki peoples of northern New England used etchings on trees to mark paths or drew beaver huts and ponds to mark their trapping areas. The Mi'kmaq pictographic tradition was later converted into a true writing system with adjustments by French missionaries. These symbols were also painted. In 1813, residents found a tree carved into the shape of a woman and a child around Lake Winnipesaukee. Evidence for dendroglyphic picture writing in southern New England is lacking, as most of the trees were felled by the Federal Period, with current forests consisting of secondary growth after farms were abandoned for land in the Great Plains in the end of the nineteenth century. The markings may have been similar to the wiigwaasabak of Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) culture in scope and usage, able to record mnemonically songs related to ritual traditions, meetings between clans, maps and tribal identity. Pictographs carved into the rocks date back to the middle Archaic Period, ca. 6000-4000 BC up until a century after colonization. Most notorious are the etchings on Dighton Rock in the Taunton River but also several sites around Assawompset Pond. The figures depicted on Dighton Rock are similar to those of Bellows Falls, Vermont and other sites across New England. Most depictions include carved hands, the sun, the moon in various phases, people or spirits, anthropomorphic beings, various native animals, markings similar to the letters 'E,' 'M,' 'X,' and 'I,' slashes and crosses, circles that may represent planetary figures, trees, river courses and figures from shamanic tradition like giants, thunderbirds and horned serpents. During and after colonization, some depict Europeans and ships. Many are carved near water, and probably because these were sacred sites, commemorated historic agreements or to mark the land. Early adopters of literacy are known to have signed their names with animal symbols related to their tribe, clan or stature. For a century after English arrival, the Indians continued to mark rocks and trees, and one site in Massachusetts features a large boulder, with depictions of wetus from as far back as 3000 years old, to depictions of ships shortly after the period of English settlement began, and a few drawings and the Latin letters of the owner's name, where a Wampanoag family was present until the early twentieth century. As late as the 1920s, Nipmuc women in central Massachusetts, a people closely connected culturally and linguistically with the Massachusett-speaking peoples, still made traditional baskets that were often decorated with woven or painted symbols representing the local landscape, such as the use of domed figures for homes (wetus), dots for people, parallel and diagonal lines to represent plots of land and other symbols whose meaning are lost. It is unknown whether or not the basketry traditions represent a continuation or have any connection to the earlier petro- and dendroglyph traditions. Alphabet References Notes Bibliography Baird, J. L. D. "Fun With Words". Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project, 2014. Costa, David J. "The dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian." In 38th Algonquian Conference, 81-127. 2007. Eliot, John. Indian Grammar Begun. Cambridge, MA: Marmaduke Robinson, 1666. Eliot, John, trans. Mamvsse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God (The Holy Bible containing the Old Testament and the New), rev. ed., 1685. Fermino, Jessie Little Doe. "An Introduction to Wampanoag Grammar." Master's Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. Goddard, Ives. "Eastern Algonquian as a genetic subgrouping." Algonquian Papers-Archive 11 (1980). Goddard, Ives. "Unhistorical features of Nassachusett." Edited by J. Fisiak, Historical Linguistics and Philology: Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs (TILSM), vol. 46, 228–233. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, 1990. Goddard, Ives. "Introduction." In Ives Goddard, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages, 1–16. 1996. Hewson, John. "Proto-Algonquian Roots." 2014. Compiled from data generated in the publication of Hewson's A Computer-Generated Dictionary of Proto-Algonquian. Canadian Ethnology Service: Mercury Series Paper 125. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1993. Hicks, Nitana. "A List of Initials and Finals in Wôpanâak." Master's thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. Hoffman, W. J. "The Mide'wiwin or "Grand Medicine Society" of the Ojibwa." In Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885-1886, 286–89. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1891. Lenik, E. J. Making Pictures in Stone: American Indian Rock Art of the Northeast. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009. Nash, J. C. P. "Martha's Vineyard Sign Language." In Julie Bakken Jepsen, Goedele De Clerck, Sam Lutalo-Kiingi, and William B. McGregor, eds., Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook. Boston, MA: Walter de Gruyter, 2005. Pritchard, E. T. Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York. Tulsa, OK: Council Oak Books, 2002. Prindle, T. (1994). 'Nipmuc Splint Basketry.', Nipmuc Indian Association of Connecticut. Adapted from Native splint basketry: A Key into the Language of Woodsplint Baskets, edited by Russell G. Handsman and Ann McMullen, published in 1987 by the American Archaeological Institute in Washington, CT. Trumbull, James Hammond. Natick Dictionary. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 25. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903. Orthographies by language Latin alphabets Algic languages Algonquian languages Eastern Algonquian languages Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands Massachusett language Languages of the United States Writing systems of the Americas

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau%20Marathon

Macau Marathon

The Macau International Marathon (; ) is an annual road running event held in the special administrative region of Macau adjacent to mainland China, since 1981. The marathon begins and ends at the Olympic Sports Centre Stadium. Since 1998, three races have been held at each edition: the full marathon, a half marathon, and a shorter mini-marathon of roughly in length. History The event was first held in 1981 under the organisation of the Panda Running Club and was the first international marathon to be held in the region. The Macau Athletic Association took over organisational duties in 1987 and the race was accepted as a member of the AIMS Racing Group in 1990. In 1997, the annual marathon race was suspended due to the opening of the Macau Olympic Stadium, but a half marathon was held for the first time in its place that year, maintaining the race continuity. In 2012, marathoners ran up to an additional due to a marshalling error, and many half marathoners also ran about more than intended due to a number of issues. Course The course begins and ends at the Olympic Sports Centre Stadium, and traverses the Taipa and Hengqin islands as well as the Cotai zone. Sponsorship The event is sponsored by Galaxy Entertainment Group, a casino and hotel investment company. Participation The marathon race attracts a majority of overseas runners, with average yearly totals of around 500 entrants and 400 finishers. The marathon's participation record was achieved in 1984, with 1121 runners starting the race and 932 of them finishing. The shorter distances are more popular with both Macau and foreign athletes. Since its introduction in 1997, the half marathon has gone from 348 finishers to a record high of 1279 finishers in 2006. The mini-marathon was inaugurated a year after the half marathon and instantly gained high participation (1111 runners took part in 1997 and a high of 1767 participants was reached in 2009). In addition to the large numbers of amateur runners who take part in the event, the marathon features elite level runners from East Asia, Africa and Europe. Winners Key: Course record (in bold) Held as half marathon Wins by country Notes References List of winners Gasparovic, Juraj (2011-12-05). Macau Marathon. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved on 2011-12-24. Former Winners. Macau Marathon (2011). Retrieved on 2011-12-24. External links Marathons in China Sport in Macau Recurring sporting events established in 1981 1981 establishments in Macau

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Milford

South Milford

South Milford is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. The civil parish includes the hamlet of Lumby, located south-west of the main village. The village was historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. Traditionally an agricultural village, the population has recently boomed due to housing development. South Milford is now generally considered a commuter village for nearby towns and cities because of the local motorway network, including the A1(M), M1 and M62. Still, South Milford maintains links with the local farming community. History Milford is first recorded in 963 as on niy senford, which means Mylenforda, or mill on the ford. The name derives from Anglo-Saxon, and though it predates the Domesday Book, it is not explicitly mentioned, though North Milford near Kirkby Wharfe is. The mill was located in the north of the parish on Mill Dike, the body of water which separates South Milford from Sherburn. The watercourse runs from Micklefield to Sherburn and eventually falls into the Ouse at Cawood. South Milford is served by South Milford railway station, part of the Leeds and Selby Railway - a line that runs west/east across the north of the village. It has been in operation since 1834 and provides a service between , and . South Milford lies at the convergence of several lines, and was an important staging post in coal traffic between the pits and the power stations in the Aire Valley. Another station, Milford Junction, was located on lines running north/south, but this closed in 1904, being replaced by , which closed in 1959. Steeton Hall Steeton Hall Gateway is a listed ancient monument and is protected by English Heritage. It is situated about west of South Milford. The gateway originally served a large hall, which was demolished and replaced by a house, which has since been converted into several dwellings. The gateway dates from the 15th century, and is one of four such structures which marked the corners of the estate. It has two arched passages, the large one in the centre to allow horsemen and carriages through and the smaller one to the left for footmen. There are a spiral staircase which leads into a large room above the arch and a number of shields and coats of arms surrounding the structure. Steeton Hall Gateway has been described as a "fair and stately structure in the brave days of old". Governance South Milford was historically in the wapentake of Barkston Ash in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The village was in the parish of Sherburn which lies to the north, but in 1859 was made its own ecclesiastical parish with lands from Sherburn-in-Elmet and Monk Fryston. In 1974 the area was moving from the West Riding into North Yorkshire, and until April 2023, it was part of the Selby District. The area is represented at Parliament as part of the Selby and Ainsty Constituency. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 2,368, and in 2015, North Yorkshire County Council estimated that it had increased to 2,700. Notable people Joseph Hirst, architect, born in the village. References Sources External links South Milford Parish Council website South Milford Cricket Club South Milford Women's Institute Page at English Heritage Civil parishes in North Yorkshire English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire Selby District Villages in North Yorkshire

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval%20aesthetics

Medieval aesthetics

Medieval aesthetics refers to the general philosophy of beauty during the Medieval period. Although Aesthetics did not exist as a field of study during the Middle Ages, influential thinkers active during the period did discuss the nature of beauty and thus an understanding of medieval aesthetics can be obtained from their writings. Medieval aesthetics is characterized by its synthesis of Classical and Christian conceptions of beauty. The thought of Aristotle and Plato, framed by that of the Neoplatonist Plotinus, placed an emphasis on concepts such as harmony, light, and symbolism. By contrast, readings of the Bible inspired an interrogation of the relationship between nature and the divine. The writings of St Augustine and Pseudo-Dionysius integrated Plato and Plotinus with early Church Doctrine, while St Thomas Aquinas incorporated Aristotelian philosophy into his discussion of beauty in nature. The theological concerns of these writers meant that their aesthetic theories were relatively neglected post-Enlightenment, but their influence had been extensive, especially during the Renaissance. In recent times, the works of Spanish director Luis Buñuel have been inspired by medieval theories of beauty. Historiography Aesthetics as a distinct philosophical branch did not exist during the Middle Ages. Medieval aesthetics as a subject comprises studies of key medieval thinkers by modern writers such as Umberto Eco and Edgar de Bruyne. That medieval philosophies of beauty are implicit rather than explicit is in part due to the fact that the broader philosophical mentality of the period was highly traditional and that 'innovation came without fanfare'. For Eco, his historical approach is evident in his belief that aesthetics must be viewed as 'the ways in which a given epoch solved for itself aesthetic problems as they presented themselves at the time to the sensibilities and culture of its people'. Origins Medieval aesthetics largely derive from the writings of Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus, when viewed through the lens of medieval Biblical exegesis. The Bible Aesthetic consideration of the material world comes mainly from the Old Testament. According to Tatarkiewicz, the importation of the Greek concept of kalos into Christian thought during the translation of the Hebrew into the Greek meant that the passage in Genesis, 'And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was very beautiful,' emphasised the aesthetic qualities of creation. This sentiment was similarly translated into the Book of Wisdom which advances the mathematical nature of aesthetics and aligns the work of both God and humanity through their common manipulation of these mathematical qualities in order to create beauty. Plato In the Symposium the notion of the beautiful soul is introduced as more valuable than material beauty. Beauty is therefore aligned with the Good and this definition makes it compatible with Christian spirituality. Plato's theory of the forms underlies much of the writings of St Augustine and Pseudo-Dionysius. The theory refers to the way in which material objects are merely the reflection or attempt at representation of a perfect, abstract reality. Within Plato's framework, these pure forms of reality are determined by a demiurge, but the Christian interpretation of Plato by Augustine and Dionysius holds that the forms mirror the perfection of God's own mind. This notion underlies the more significant notion of mimesis, whereby art and material beauty are considered the mere reflection of the beauty of that realm. Aristotle Aristotle followed Plato's approach in the Hippias Major and the Gorgias, positing the inferiority of smell, taste and touch by connecting aesthetic experience with the higher sensations of sight and sound. In Poetics he established some grounds for the medieval argument that the beautiful can be equated with the good as 'he believed a tragedy could cleanse negative emotions such as fear and pity'. Plotinus Plotinus is notable for his writings about beauty, which form a substantial part of what has come to be known as Neoplatonism. Plotinus particularly influenced medieval aesthetics by expanding the notion of beauty so that it was not exclusively conceived in terms of symmetry. Key thinkers St Augustine The aesthetics of St Augustine are less theological than that of subsequent thinkers due in part to his earlier life as a pagan. His conversion to Christianity allowed Augustine to implant Christianity with Classical ideals, whilst innovating Platonic and Ciceronian ideas with Christian belief. Augustine's notion of beauty's objective existence is one of his most fundamental ideas. He writes that beauty is objective and that this objectivity is external to humans, who can contemplate beauty without having created it. Augustine wrote that something 'pleases because it is beautiful'. He highlighted that beauty is, in and of itself, an indispensable aspect of creation; it is inherently harmonious and its existence aligns with humanity's deepest, but 'proper' desires because measure, form and order make something good. In his work, On Music, Augustine asserts that beauty is the unity of disparate parts, such as lines, colours and sounds. Augustine also expanded the Roman notion of number in rhythm to beauty more generally by regarding rhythm as the sole source of beauty. According to Augustine, every experience of beauty originates in and is determined by rhythm. Even though he placed heavy emphasis on the beauty of number and therefore equality or balance, he also realised the purpose of contrast or the inequality of parts. For example, he attributed the beauty of the world to the contrast between things and therefore he believed the correct and natural placement of things results in beauty. Pseudo-Dionysius Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite developed the Classical notion that the beautiful is aligned with the good by writing that beauty is the manifestation of goodness. He justified this assumption through his idea that God is the Cause of everything, meaning that beauty and the beautiful are the same because they have the same cause. He asserted that all things have beauty because everything originates in the Cause and that this means nothing can lose its beauty. For Pseudo-Dionysius there exists an Absolute Beauty from which all material beauty is derived through 'emanation'. This results in the earthly encounter with beauty that is divine, even though it may appear imperfect. Such a conception, according to Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, is important because medieval aesthetics were thereafter 'fundamentally based on [his] brief treatment of the Beautiful' in On the Divine Names. This treatment also involved the important step of using 'Beauty' as a divine name. According to Brendan Thomas Sammon, this approach influenced how St Thomas Aquinas came to treat beauty. St Thomas Aquinas St Thomas Aquinas gave two individualised definitions of beauty in the Summa Theologica. The first asserts that the beautiful is experienced through visual pleasure, while the second states that the beautiful is a pleasurable perception. These amount to a single definition of beauty that accounts for both subjective and objective experiences of beauty where the emphasis on sight and perception creates a holistic groundwork for understanding beauty. His most historically important idea regarding aesthetics was that the beautiful is pleasurable, while not all pleasures are beautiful. Unlike his predecessor Pseudo-Dionysius, who started his aesthetics from the assumption of an absolute and divine beauty, Aquinas took material beauty subject to empiricism as his starting point. In departing from the Platonic transcendent, Aquinas moved towards Aristotelianism which enabled the exploration of the beautiful and the good as independent of each other. This move thus enabled Aquinas to develop an implicit criteria for beauty: actuality, proportion, radiance and wholeness. Proportion Due to the enduring legacy of the Pythagoreans and Boethius' De Musica, musical principles of proportion were applied to the arts more generally, but with prominence in music and architecture. This gave rise to the re-appropriation of the Pythagorean notion musica mundana whereby the beauty of the world was viewed as a harmonious interaction of contrasts, namely that between macrocosm and microcosm. Proportion was considered an aspect of reality because it was 'not a product of the human mind, nor an invention of the musician'. The work of bishop and philosopher, Robert Grosseteste, embodied these assumptions as it used mathematics to explore harmony as a condition of beauty, such as in his belief that the numbers 1,2,3 and 4 were the source of musical principles. According to Umberto Eco, Medieval conceptions of beauty were based on the earlier Classical attempt to link mathematics with beauty: '[This conception of beauty's] many variations are reducible to the one fundamental principle of unity in variety.' These aesthetics also had a moral dimension borrowed from Pythagoras, for whom, for instance, certain musical proportions were believed to lead to sins. Musical principles were often enacted into architecture so that buildings would be built according to an 'order reminiscent of a musical melody'. For this reason, architects were frequently called 'composers' who created beautiful buildings according to a 'divine arrangement' whereby correct proportions of latitude, longitude and altitude harmonised. Cathedrals exemplify construction according to these principles, and theology also informed the sense of proportion so that 'from an aerial viewpoint [they] were in the shape of a cross,' which created a sense of 'balance when viewed from within the cathedral'. As pointed out by both Charles Rufus Morey and Charles S. Baldwin, cathedrals embody the elision of theology and aesthetics. Light A systematic aesthetics of light began to appear in the thirteenth century. Light was believed to endow physical objects with nobility and beauty because it 'constitut[ed] the essence of colour and at the same [was] the external condition of its visibility,' according to Edgar De Bruyne. The medieval concern with light was constant throughout aesthetics because it extended the Neoplatonist notion that light was emanation by placing it within an Aristotelian cosmology and asserting that it was the emanation of God. This idea is to be found particularly in the work of Pseudo-Dionysius where the sun symbolises the eternity of light and therefore the constancy of beauty. Robert Grosseteste's On Light is an example of the movement during the Middle Ages of trying to understand light in terms of beauty. One of the thirteenth century scholastics, Grosseteste helped to develop a 'metaphysics of light', whereby it was believed that the world was formed by the presence of light, with the straight rays of the sun impressing orderliness on its surface. Light was considered to be intrinsically connected to heat, which was reflected in the belief that male beauty comprised a 'fresh and rosy, halfway between pale and flushed' complexion, which was influenced by the soul's warming of the blood because the soul had properties of light. De Bruyne also points to the contemporary focus on rare stones and metals as evincing the aesthetics of light, because the Latin etymologies of the French for bronze, gold and silver reflect a belief that they were made of illuminated air and that this was the source of the beauty. Symbolism J. Huizinga points to the importance of symbolism during the Middle Ages as a way of comprehending the purpose of existence and therefore, it is key to understanding the medieval paradigm. Aesthetics were underlaid by theological and philosophical principles because the base assumption of the era was that God created everything in His likeness, meaning that aspects of His being could be perceived through a symbolic view of the world. For this reason, art did not explicitly depict the transcendentals of truth and beauty because symbolism was instead considered the closest way to apprehending 'traces' of the transcendentals in creation. Representational art was imbued with symbolism because this was a solution to balancing the notion that truth was grounded in natural observation against the attempt to depict the spiritual world, which was considered inherently different to reality and thus required idealisation without distorting truth. As outlined by Tatartkiewicz, architecture was heavily founded upon notions of symbolism based on numbers with 'five doors symboli[sing] the five wise virgins, and twelve columns the twelve apostles. Pulpits were supported by eleven columns, symbolising the eleven apostles who were present at the Descent of the Holy Ghost, and the ciborium on ten columns symbolises the apostles who were not present at the Crucifixion'. Churches evinced considerable symbolism, which is particularly noticeable in Eastern churches where the writing of Pseudo-Dionysius enjoyed considerable attention, with his notion of emanation allowing churches to be viewed as extension of God. Edessa Cathedral, for instance, was built so that light entered it through three windows with three facades in order to symbolise the Holy Trinity, whilst the roof represented the sky. References Further reading (Vol 1ː Ancient Aesthetics; Vol. 2ː Medieval Aesthetics; Vol. 3ː Modern Aesthetics). Medieval philosophy History of aesthetics

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20pilots%20awarded%20an%20Aviator%27s%20Certificate%20by%20the%20A%C3%A9ro-Club%20de%20France%20in%201910

List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Aéro-Club de France in 1910

The Aéro-Club de France issued Aviators Certificates from 1909. These were internationally recognised under the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. List Legend See also Early Birds of Aviation Lists for other years 1909 1911 1912 1913 1914 References Bibliography Aviation pioneers Lists of aviators 1910 in aviation Aviat Aéro-Club de France

53677782

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Awurum

Stanley Awurum

Stanley Ejike Awurum (born 24 June 1990) is a Nigerian footballer who plays as a forward for Portuguese club Varzim. Club career Born in Mbieri, Imo State, Awurum began his senior career in Mozambique, where he was the top scorer with 22 goals for promoted FC Chibuto in the 2013 second division. In January 2015, he joined Varzim S.C. of the Portuguese third tier on a six-month loan. At its conclusion, with the team from Póvoa de Varzim now promoted to the Segunda Liga, he signed a two-year contract. In his first professional season, Awurum scored 14 goals in 42 games, putting him third in the league's top scorers behind compatriot Simeon Nwankwo of Gil Vicente F.C. and Platiny of C.D. Feirense. Once it finished in May 2016, he joined Portimonense S.C. for a year with the option of three more, turning down an offer from Primeira Liga club S.C. Braga to stay in the second tier. Having played little part in Portimonense's LigaPro title in 2016–17 and only three top-flight appearances as a substitute, Awurum was loaned back to Varzim in late December 2017, alongside Brazilian strike partner Buba. This move was later made permanent, and in January 2019 he was loaned across the second tier to C.D. Cova da Piedade for six months. In February 2021, Awurum dropped down to the third-tier Campeonato de Portugal at the age of 30, to play for S.C. Salgueiros. References External links 1990 births Living people Nigerian men's footballers Nigerian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Mozambique Varzim S.C. players Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal Liga Portugal 2 players Segunda Divisão players Portimonense S.C. players C.D. Cova da Piedade players S.C. Salgueiros players Sportspeople from Imo State Men's association football forwards Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal

36201403

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien%20Canal

Julien Canal

Julien Antoine Jules Canal (born 15 July 1982 in Le Mans) is a French racing driver who currently competes in the European Le Mans Series with Panis Racing. In 2010 he made his debut at the 24 Hours of Le Mans and won his class in , and . Career Single-seaters After competing in karting, where he finished third in the French Championship Elite in 2000, Canal stepped up to single-seaters in 2003. He raced in French Formula Renault for four seasons, scoring his first podium in his final season in 2006 and finishing sixth overall. He also raced in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 series in each of those four seasons. GT racing Canal switched to GT racing in 2007 when he started racing in the Porsche Carrera Cup France. He finished ninth, tenth and eighth in the three seasons he contested, scoring one podium finish and two pole positions. In 2010 he took part in the FFSA GT Championship. He joined the Larbre Compétition team to race their Saleen S7-R in the opening round of the 2007 Le Mans Series season at Circuit Paul Ricard, where they were the only team entered in the GT1 class. He returned to the team for the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, where they won the GT1 class in 13th overall. In 2011 Larbre entered the new GTE-Am class in a Chevrolet Corvette C6.R, with Canal again winning the class at Le Mans with the team. They repeated the feat in 2012. Personal Canal operated a McDonald's restaurant in his hometown Le Mans. As of 2022, Canal has opened 3 McDonald's restaurants in cities outside Le Mans. Racing record Racing career summary † As Canal was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points. Complete European Le Mans Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results † There was no LMGTE Am drivers championship that year, the result indicates standings in overall standings.* Season still in progress. Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) * Season still in progress. References External links 1982 births Living people Sportspeople from Le Mans French racing drivers FIA GT Championship drivers European Le Mans Series drivers American Le Mans Series drivers 24 Hours of Le Mans drivers French Formula Renault 2.0 drivers Formula Renault Eurocup drivers German Formula Renault 2.0 drivers FIA World Endurance Championship drivers Rebellion Racing drivers Larbre Compétition drivers Greaves Motorsport drivers G-Drive Racing drivers OAK Racing drivers Manor Motorsport drivers Tech 1 Racing drivers Graff Racing drivers WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers AF Corse drivers Signature Team drivers Porsche Carrera Cup France drivers

71753156

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agargaon%20metro%20station

Agargaon metro station

Agargaon metro station (, romanised: Agargao metro steshen)is a metro station of the Dhaka Metro's MRT Line 6. It is located in Agargaon, and was opened on 29 December 2022. History The Agargaon Metro Station was constructed under "Package CP-03". The notification of application for construction of raised bridges for stations and railways was published on 30 June 2015 and the last date for submission of applications was 9 September 2015. Italian-Thai Development Public Company Limited gets work contract for "Package CP-03". The agreement document was sent to the ministry on 29 March 2016 for NBR investigation and law and parliamentary investigation. The signing ceremony for the agreement package was held on 3 May 2017 at the Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel in Dhaka. Construction work started on 2 August 2017. It was inaugurated on 29 December 2022 and opened on the next day. Station Station layout Connectivity Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation provides shuttle bus service from the station to Motijheel via Farmgate and Shahbag. References External links Dhaka Metro stations Railway stations opened in 2022 2022 establishments in Bangladesh

38464224

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedong%20Township%2C%20Heilongjiang

Hedong Township, Heilongjiang

Hedong Township (), formerly known as Hedong Korean Ethnic Township (; ), is a township under the administration and in the northeastern suburbs of Shangzhi in southern Heilongjiang province, China, located from downtown. , it has nine villages under its administration. References Township-level divisions of Heilongjiang Shangzhi Ethnic townships of the People's Republic of China Korean communities in China

53234921

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover%20Bid

Takeover Bid

Takeover Bid is a British game show that aired on BBC1 from 26 May 1990 until 15 July 1991. It was hosted by Bruce Forsyth and assisted by Claire Sutton. The basic premise of Takeover Bid was that of a "reverse game show", where the contestants were given prizes at the beginning of play, and the object of the game was to try and keep them. Format Three contestants competed to retain prizes they were given through two rounds. They kept whatever they won in the main game. Round 1: Forsyth's Fact or Fib? Contestants played this round individually. Each contestant was given four small prizes at the outset, all worth a different number of stars from 4 (most valuable) to 1 (a worthless joke prize). The host read a description of an unusual object or event, and the contestant chose one prize to put at risk before deciding if the story was true ("fact") or false ("fib"). If they were correct, they kept the prize and won a bonus to be applied at the end of Round 2; in the first series only, a miss took away the prize and the corresponding number of stars. Round 2: Crazy Cryptics Questions in this round were on the buzzer, and each contained clues to an answer with a double meaning. (E.g. "You can't hang out the washing without her" would lead to "peg," as in the girl's name Peg and a clothes peg.) The first question was open to all three contestants, and the first to respond correctly gained the right to challenge one opponent. The challenging contestant selected one category from a list of six, then chose one of the opponent's prizes and put up one or more of their own that totalled the same number of stars. (E.g. 3-star vs. 3-star, or 3-star vs. 1-star and 2-star.) A correct buzz-in claimed the other side's prize(s) and the appropriate number of stars, while a miss forfeited them to the other side. Categories were removed from the board as they were used, and the contestant who won a challenge issued the next one. If neither contestant buzzed-in on a challenge, the one who had not taken part took control. The round ended when either all six categories had been used or one contestant had claimed all the prizes. At this point, the contestant with the most stars won the game and advanced to the bonus round. All three contestants kept whatever prizes they still had, and any defeated contestant who had responded correctly in Round 1 was given a choice of bonus prizes at the same level as the one they had risked. The winner received 10 extra stars, and if they had answered correctly in Round 1, they were given further stars corresponding to the prize they had risked. The final star total was rounded up to the next multiple of five, if necessary. Bonus Round: Star Spin The contestant was shown a collection of bonus prizes ranging between 5 and 50 stars based on value. The top prize, usually an exotic trip or similar, was marked at 500 stars. The contestant chose one or more prizes that matched their star total at the outset, then spun a large five-pointed star mounted on a stationary wheel displaying 10 categories. When it stopped, they had to answer one question in each of the five categories indicated by the points, in any order. For each of the first four questions, the contestant wagered a portion of their total and chose prizes that added up to the wager. A correct answer added the wager to the total and awarded the prizes to the contestant. However, if they missed, the wager was deducted and the host took away prizes that added up to it. If the contestant had accumulated at least 100 stars after four questions, they could either end the game at that point or try for the top prize. In the latter case, they had 10 seconds to answer once the host asked the fifth question, and a miss cost them all the bonus prizes. If they had fewer than 100 stars after four questions, the fifth was played normally and they kept all prizes they still had after it was asked. Losing all stars ended the round immediately and forfeited all bonus prizes. Transmissions References External links 1990 British television series debuts 1991 British television series endings 1990s British game shows BBC television game shows English-language television shows

1979631

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily%20comic%20strip

Daily comic strip

A daily strip is a newspaper comic strip format, appearing on weekdays, Monday through Saturday, as contrasted with a Sunday strip, which typically only appears on Sundays. They typically are smaller, 3-4 grids compared to the full page Sunday strip and are black and white. Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff is commonly regarded as the first daily comic strip, launched November 15, 1907 (under its initial title, A. Mutt) on the sports pages of the San Francisco Chronicle. The featured character had previously appeared in sports cartoons by Fisher but was unnamed. Fisher had approached his editor, John P. Young, about doing a regular strip as early as 1905 but was turned down. According to Fisher, Young told him, "It would take up too much room, and readers are used to reading down the page, and not horizontally." Other cartoonists followed the trend set by Fisher, as noted by comic strip historian R. C. Harvey: The strip's regular appearance and its continued popularity inspired imitation, thus establishing the daily "strip" form for a certain kind of newspaper cartoon. Until Mutt and Jeff set the fashion, newspaper cartoons usually reached readers in one of two forms: on Sunday, in coloured pages of tiered panels in sequence (some like Winsor McCay's Little Nemo in Slumberland, intended chiefly for children to read): on weekdays, collections of comic drawings grouped almost haphazardly within the ruled border of a large single-frame panel (directed mostly to adult readers)... Then on that November in 1907, Fisher made history by spreading his comic drawings in sequence across the width of the sports page. And when his editor consented to this departure from the usual practice, the daily comic strip format was on its way to becoming a fixture in daily newspapers." In the early 1900s, William Randolph Hearst's weekday morning and afternoon papers around the country featured scattered black-and-white comic strips, and on January 31, 1912, Hearst introduced the nation's first full daily comics page in his Evening Journal. Formats and color The two conventional formats for daily newspaper comics are strips and single gag panels. The strips are usually displayed horizontally, wider than they are tall. Strips are usually, but not always, broken up into several smaller panels with continuity from panel to panel. Single panels are square, circular or taller than they are wide. One of the leading single gag panels for decades, Grin and Bear It, was created in 1932 by George Lichty and initially syndicated by United Feature Syndicate. Throughout the 20th century, daily newspaper strips were usually presented in black and white and Sunday strips in colour, but a few newspapers have published daily strips in colour, and some newspapers, such as Grit, have published Sunday strips in black and white. On the web, daily newspaper strips are usually in colour, and conversely, some Webcomics, such as Joyce and Walky, has been created in black and white. Traditionally, balloons and captions were hand-lettered with all upper case letters. However, there are exceptions such as a few strips which have typeset dialogue such as Barnaby. Upper and lower case lettering are used in Gasoline Alley. Gag-a-day A distinction is made between continuity strips which have continuous storylines and gag-a-days in which the same characters appear in different humorous situations with no ongoing plot. In some cases, a gag-a-day strip might depict different characters each day. Writer-artist Jim Scancarelli attempts an overlap by inserting daily gags into his Gasoline Alley continuity storylines. Layout Newspapers can display strips on separate pages randomly or thematically, such as placing a sports strip on the sports page. Initially, a newspaper page included only a single daily strip, usually either at the top or the bottom of the page. By the 1920s, many newspapers gathered the strips together on a single page, along with news articles, columns, puzzles and/or other illustrated features. In many newspapers, the width of the strips made possible an arrangement of the strips into two stacks displayed from the top to the bottom of the page. Some newspapers would alter a horizontal strip to fit their page layout by placing the first two panels of a strip atop panels three and four. This then had a shape roughly similar to a gag panel and could be grouped with the gag panels. The title of a strip was sometimes typeset and pasted into the first panel, enabling the strips to be closely stacked. This had the advantage of making space for additional strips but often resulted in a crowded, unattractive page design. More often during the 1930s and 1940s, the title was typeset (in all upper case letters) and positioned to the right in the white space area above that strip, with the byline on the right. An episode subtitle (in upper and lower case) was centred between the title and the byline. In later years, the subtitles vanished as continuity strips gave way to humour strips. In a nod toward the classic daily strips of yesteryear, the cartoonist Bill Griffith continues the tradition by always centring a hand-lettered episode subtitle above each of his Zippy strips. In rare cases, some newspapers assembled pages of stacked strips minus titles, leaving more than a few confused readers. Shrinkage Early daily strips were large, often running the entire width of the newspaper, and were sometimes three or more inches in height. In the 1920s, an eight-column newspaper usually ran a daily strip over six columns. Over decades, the size of daily strips became smaller and smaller, until by the year 2000, four standard daily strips could fit in an area once occupied by a single daily strip. Larger sizes have returned with today's digital distribution by DailyINK and other services. During the 1930s, the original art for a daily strip could be drawn as large as 25 inches wide by six inches high. As strips have become smaller, the number of panels has been reduced. In some cases today, the daily strip and Sunday strip dimensions are almost the same. For instance, a daily strip in The Arizona Republic measures 4 3/4" wide by 1 1/2" deep, while the three-tiered Hägar the Horrible Sunday strip in the same paper is 5" wide by 3 3/8" deep. Archival clippings The popularity and accessibility of strips meant they were often clipped and saved or posted on bulletin boards or refrigerators. Authors John Updike and Ray Bradbury have written about their childhood collections of clipped strips. Many readers related to J. R. Williams' homespun humour and clipped his long-run daily panel, Out Our Way. As noted by Coulton Waugh in his 1947 book, The Comics, anecdotal evidence indicated that more of Williams' daily cartoons were clipped and saved than any other newspaper comic strip. Strips had an ancillary form of distribution when they were clipped and mailed, as noted by The Baltimore Sun'''s Linda White: "I followed the adventures of Winnie Winkle, Moon Mullins and Dondi, and waited each fall to see how Lucy would manage to trick Charlie Brown into trying to kick that football. (After I left for college, my father would clip out that strip each year and send it to me just to make sure I didn't miss it.)" Collections of such clipped daily strips can now be found in various archives, including Steve Cottle's online I Love Comix Archive. Comics historian Bill Blackbeard had tens of thousands of daily strips clipped and organized chronologically. Blackbeard's San Francisco Academy of Comic Art Collection, consisting of 2.5 million clippings, tearsheets and comic sections, spanning the years 1894 to 1996, has provided source material for books and articles by Blackbeard and other researchers. During the 1990s, this collection was acquired by the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, providing the Ohio State museum with the world's most extensive collection of daily newspaper comic strip tear sheets and clippings. In 1998, six 18-wheelers transported the Blackbeard collection from California to Ohio. Commentary A Fortune poll in 1937 ranked the ten leading strips in popularity (with number one as the most popular): Little Orphan Annie Popeye Dick Tracy Bringing Up Father The Gumps Blondie Moon Mullins Joe Palooka Li'l Abner Tillie the ToilerThe Comics Curmudgeon is a blog which provides an ongoing humorous and critical commentary of daily comic strips. See also Allan Holtz Graphic novel Fred Waring Cartoon Collection List of British comic strips List of comic strip syndicates List of newspaper comic strips A-F Michigan State University Comic Art Collection Sunday comics Slylock Fox & Comics for Kids References Further reading Becker, Stephen. Comic Art in America. Simon & Schuster, 1959. Blackbeard, Bill and Dale Crain, The Comic Strip Century, Kitchen Sink Press, 1995. Blackbeard, Bill and Martin Williams, The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics, Smithsonian Institution Press and Harry N. Abrams, 1977. Koenigsberg, Moses. King News'', Moses Koenigsberg External links Comics timeline Don Markstein's Toonopedia History of Comics Newspaper Toons Online Stripper's Guide Comics formats Comic strips Newspaper content 1907 introductions

3098457

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADR

CADR

CADR may refer to: CAR and CDR, a programming language construct used in Common Lisp or Scheme CADR, the name of a computing system developed at M.I.T.; see Lisp machine Clean Air Delivery Rate, a rating system developed for portable room air cleaners Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetisation Refrigeration, a multi-stage magnetic refrigeration system Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution, an institution that provides training and accreditation

3824358

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve%20Been%20Everywhere

I've Been Everywhere

"I've Been Everywhere" is a song written by Australian country singer Geoff Mack in 1959, and popularised by Lucky Starr. A version of the song with different lyrics was popularised by Hank Snow in 1962. The song's lyrics as originally written comprise mainly the place names (toponyms) of various Australian towns visited by the singer. It was later adapted by Australian singer Rolf Harris with British place names (1963), and by John Hore (later known as John Grenell) with New Zealand place names (1966). In 1962, the song was a number-one US country hit for Hank Snow, and number 68 on the Hot 100. The song was also recorded by Lynn Anderson (US 1970), Asleep at the Wheel (US 1973), Stompin’ Tom Connors (Canada 1971), Johnny Cash (US 1996), Ted Egan, the "Farrelly Brothers" from the television series The Aunty Jack Show (Australia 1974, a parody version, on the album Aunty Jack Sings Wollongong), John Grenell (NZ 1966), Mike Ford (Canada, 2005), The Sunny Cowgirls and the Statler Brothers. Harvey Reid also included the song in his Dreamer or Believer album. In 2021, supergroup L.A. Rats, which consists of Rob Zombie, Nikki Sixx, John 5, and Tommy Clufetos, covered the song for Netflix film, The Ice Road. Original singer Lucky Starr released an EP called Lucky's Been Everywhere, which contained four different versions, relating to the United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, and Australia. Australian version The Australian version starts: "Well, I was humpin' my bluey on the dusty Oodnadatta road, When along came a semi with a high and canvas-covered load, 'If you're goin' to Oodnadatta, mate, um, with me you can ride,' so I climbed in the cabin, and I settled down inside, He asked me if I'd seen a road with so much dust and sand, I said, 'Listen, mate, I've travelled every road in this here land.' Cause..." The towns listed are: Verse 1 Tullamore, Seymour, Lismore, Mooloolaba, Nambour, Maroochydore, Kilmore, Murwillumbah, Birdsville, Emmaville, Wallaville, Cunnamulla, Condamine, Strathpine, Proserpine, Ulladulla, Darwin, Gin Gin, Deniliquin, Muckadilla, Wallumbilla, Boggabilla, Kumbarilla. Verse 2 Moree, Taree, Jerilderie, Bambaroo, Toowoomba, Gunnedah, Caringbah, Woolloomooloo, Dalveen, Tamborine, Engadine, Jindabyne, Lithgow, Casino, Brigalow, Narromine, Megalong, Wyong, Tuggerawong, Wanganella, Morella, Augathella, Brindabella Verse 3 Wollongong, Geelong, Kurrajong, Mullumbimby, Mittagong, Molong, Grong Grong, Goondiwindi, Yarra Yarra, Boroondara, Wallangarra, Turramurra, Boggabri, Gundagai, Narrabri, Tibooburra, Gulgong, Adelong, Billabong, Cabramatta, Parramatta, Wangaratta, Coolangatta Verse 4 Ettalong, Dandenong, Woodenbong, Ballarat, Canberra, Milperra, Unanderra, Captains Flat, Cloncurry, River Murray, Kurri Kurri, Girraween, Terrigal, Fingal, Stockinbingal, Collaroy, Narrabeen, Bendigo, Dorrigo, Bangalow, Indooroopilly, Kirribilli, Yeerongpilly, Wollondilly For some of the above, more than one place in Australia has the same name (e.g., Coolangatta, Gin Gin, and Fingal). The links given above are the most famous locations with those names. Western Australian version In 2005, Athol Wightman wrote the Western Australian version, keeping Geoff Mack's original tune but using places throughout the state of Western Australia. It was produced at the EMI Belinda Music Australia Pty Ltd studios. Wightman included towns such as Gingin, which was also included in the Australian version, Kellerberrin, Meekatharra, Collie and Busselton. Comedian Kevin Bloody Wilson did a parody of the song which limited his destinations to Meekatharra, hospital and jail. North American version Geoff Mack's music publisher offered the song to Canadian-born country musician Hank Snow in 1962. Snow thought the song had the potential for the Canadian and American markets, but only if the toponyms were adapted to North America. At his publisher's urging, Geoff Mack consequently rewrote the song using a North American atlas supplied to him by the publisher. The North American version starts: "I was totin' my pack along the dusty Winnemucca road". Below are the places mentioned in this version of the song, most of which are in the continent of North America, while six are in South America: Salvador, Barranquilla, Tocopilla, Argentina, Padilla, and Diamantina: First verseReno, Chicago, Fargo, Minnesota, Buffalo, Toronto, Winslow, Sarasota, Wichita, Tulsa, Ottawa, Oklahoma, Tampa, Panama, Mattawa, La Paloma, Bangor, Baltimore, Salvador, Amarillo, Tocopilla, Barranquilla and Padilla. Second verse Boston, Charleston, Dayton, Louisiana, Washington, Houston, Kingston, Texarkana, Monterey, Ferriday, Santa Fe, Tallapoosa, Glen Rock, Black Rock, Little Rock, Oskaloosa, Tennessee, Hennessey, Chicopee, Spirit Lake, Grand Lake, Devil's Lake and Crater Lake. Third verseLouisville, Nashville, Knoxville, Ombabika, Schefferville, Jacksonville, Waterville, Costa Rica, Pittsfield, Springfield, Bakersfield, Shreveport, Hackensack, Cadillac, Fond du Lac, Davenport, Idaho, Jellico, Argentina, Diamantina, Pasadena and Catalina. Fourth verse Pittsburgh, Parkersburg, Gravelbourg, Colorado, Ellensburg, Rexburg, Vicksburg, Eldorado, Larimore, Atmore, Haverstraw, Chatanika, Chaska, Nebraska, Alaska, Opelika, Baraboo, Waterloo, Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Sioux City, Cedar City and Dodge City. { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.82194444, 39.52722222 ] }, "properties": { "Name": "Reno, Nevada" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.62777778, 41.88194444 ] }, "properties": { "Name": "Chicago" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.78944444, 46.87722222 ] }, "properties": { "Name": "Fargo, North Dakota" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94, 46 ] }, "properties": { "Name": "Minnesota" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.84944444, 42.90472222 ] }, "properties": { "Name": "Buffalo, 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} }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.57833333, 39.09972222 ] }, "properties": { "Name": "Kansas City, Missouri" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.39555556, 42.49805556 ] }, "properties": { "Name": "Sioux City, Iowa" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -113.06194444, 37.6775 ] }, "properties": { "Name": "Cedar City, Utah" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -100.01833333, 37.75972222 ] }, "properties": { "Name": "Dodge City, Kansas" } } ] } New Zealand version The New Zealand version starts: Well I was hitching a ride on a winding Hokitika road, when along came a lorry.... First verse Kaparoa, Whangaroa, Akaroa, Motueka, Taramoa, Benmore, Pongaroa, Horoeka, Riwaka, Rimutaka, Te Karaka, Whangarei, Nuhaka, Waimahaka, Motuhora, Waikaka, Motunui, Hokonui, Papanui, Wainui, Matawai, Rongotai, Pikowai Second verse Woodville, Dargaville, Lumsden, Katikati, Naseby, Cambridge, Porirua, Mangaroa, Hastings, Tikitiki, Tauranga, Auckland, Naenae, Waitaha, Hamilton, Poroporo, Taupo, Timaru, Oamaru, Tihoi, Awanui, Wanganui, Pauanui Third verse Featherston, Palmerston, Woolston, Te Awamutu, Riverton, Queenstown, Picton, Ohinemutu, Morere, Korere, Rotorua, Kaikoura, Matamata, Ruakura, Ikamatua, Papakura, Waitaki, Pukaki, Taranaki, Te Kauwhata, Ropata, Ikowai, Waitemata Fourth verse Ruatoki, Mataura, Taupiri, Maketu, Kyeburn, Sowburn, Wedderburn, Mossburn, Washdyke, Arawhata, Paparoa, Kaponga, Te Aroha, Thames, Kerikeri, Kokoma, Tapanui, Porinui, Tawanui, Otahuhu, Ruatapu, Mosgiel, Whareroa Fifth verse Kāpiti, Ngawaka, Onepu, Reporoa, Tongariro, Tomoana, Renwick, Papamoa, Karitane, Oxford, Parihaka, Karetu, Coalgate, Whitecliffs, Urenui, Mamaku, Waimea, Waharoa, Dannevirke, Ngahere, Gordonton, Kingston, Oban Great Britain and Ireland version Lucky Starr's Great Britain and Ireland version starts: "I was peddlin' me bike on a narrow road near Brightlingsea, When along came a lorry and pulled up alongside o' me, 'Ere chuck your bike up on the back cop and with me you can ride, So I climbed up in the cabin and I settled down inside, He told me of the towns he'd seen and bashed me ear for several miles, I said 'ere, mug it cop, I've been to every town in these 'ere isles." First verse Bradford, Guildford, Oxford, Littlehampton, Bedford, Chingford, Hereford, Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury, Canterbury, Aylesbury, Liverpool, Scunthorpe, Sandthorpe, Mablethorpe, Hartlepool, Whitehall, Blackpool, Mildenhall, Davenport, Newport, Southport, Stockport Second verse Farnborough, Edinburgh, Peterborough, Felixstowe, Middlesbrough, Loughborough, Scarborough, Walthamstow, Blackburn, Lisburn, Bannockburn, Derry, Wicklow, Glasgow, Hounslow, Tipperary, Hempstead, Wanstead, Banstead, Woodstock, Bass Rock, Bell Rock, Tilbury Dock Third verse Weymouth, Yarmouth, Bournemouth, Huddersfield, Lewisham, Faversham, Petersham, Chesterfield, Southend, Mile End, Land's End, Birkenhead, Birmingham, Nottingham, Gillingham, Holyhead, Cambridge, Tonbridge, Knightsbridge, Broadstairs, Edgware, Ross Wear, Carstairs Fourth verse Westminster, Southminster, Kidderminster, Accrington, Eastbourne, Southbourne, Sittingbourne, Paddington, Bolton, Paignton, Stockton, Inverness, Renwick, Brunswick, Chiswick, Dungeness, Mansfield, Sheffield, Enfield, King's Cross, New Cross, Charing Cross, Banbury Cross Covers of this version were also recorded by the British group The Mudlarks and by Australian singer Rolf Harris, who added a few tongue-twisting Welsh placenames but (humorously) referred to them as Scottish, found them so hard to pronounce he said, "Better get back to the English version," and concluded with the final verse above. Texas version Texas country singer Brian Burns released his version of the song in 2002, featuring numerous locations throughout Texas. This version was also featured in the movie Grand Champion. The Texas version starts: "I was totin' my pack along the dusty Amarillo road when along came a semi with a high and canvas-covered load." First verse Waco, Hico, Hondo, Navasota, Winnsboro, Jacksboro, Hillsboro, Santa Rosa, Austin, Houston, Galveston, Texarkana, Frisco, Buffalo, Conroe, Corsicana, Goliad, Groesbeck, Glen Rose, Red Oak, Post Oak, Live Oak, Lone Oak Second verse Krugerville, Pflugerville, Van Horn, Val Verde, Brackettville, Bartonville, Beeville, Bulverde, Bear Creek, Cedar Creek, Mill Creek, Mineola, Maypearl, Monahans, Telephone, Tuscola, Redwater, Round Rock, Round Top, Round Lake, Sour Lake, Southlake, Springlake Third verse Greenville, Gatesville, Gainesville, Alameda, Kerrville, Kellyville, Bastrop, Benavides, Somerville, Smithville, Stephenville, Prairie View, Luckenbach, Longview, Plainview, Idalou, Justin, Junction, Panorama, Pasadena, Angelina, Lorena Fourth verse Valley Mills, Pine Mills, Dime Box, Duncanville, New Home, New Hope, New Deal, Liberty Hill, Rockport, Rock Creek, Bridgeport, Brownwood, Cleburne, Comanche, Cut & Shoot, Cottonwood, Bayview, Bayside, Baytown, Bay City, Falls City, Center City, Bridge City Other notable versions Aunty Jack "I've been to Wollongong (x 22), Dapto, Wollongong." (Dapto is a suburb of Wollongong.) Canada Stompin' Tom Connors adds an extra spoken segment of locations in Ontario and a verse for locations in the Maritimes. He also substitutes Canadian cities, including Halifax and Montreal, at various points in the other verses. Mike Ford, formerly a member of Moxy Früvous, did an all-Canadian version for his album, Canada Needs You, in 2005. Ford's version includes the fictional town of Melonville, home of SCTV. Canadian comedian Rick Moranis has a version called "I Ain't Goin' Nowhere" where he sings about why he will not leave his easy chair. Canadian comedy duo MacLean & MacLean wrote a parody entitled "I've Seen Pubic Hair." It first appeared on their 1976 album Bitter Reality as part of the live piece "Bland Ole Opry (Slim Chance, Stretch Marks)", and then a studio version with an added verse was featured on their 1980 album Suck Their Way to the Top/Take the "O" Out of Country. The song lists various types of pubic hairs that the singer has seen, including "...great ones, straight ones, on my dinner plate ones, long ones, strong ones, little curly blonde ones, red ones, dead ones, layin' on the head ones". George Fox released his version in 1988. Czechoslovakia (adapted by Ladislav Vodička) "Já tu zemi znám" Eugene Chadbourne The US entertainer recorded a version on his 1988 album, also entitled I've Been Everywhere. He starts with Hank Snow's opening verse and then rattles off city names from all over the world (including Bogota, Khartoum, and Nairobi), throws in a gentle poke at Neil Young and Farm Aid, and ends with Eugene declaring only one place he has not been to - Alcatraz. Finland (adapted by Turo's Hevi Gee) "Oon käyny kaikkialla". The singer chats with a train conductor and gives a list of Finnish places. Germany (adapted by Jackie Leven) "I was walking down the Ku'damm in the City of Berlin." Complete with an entire verse of Baden-Baden. Published on the 2007 album Oh What A Blow That Phantom Dealt Me! Springfield's state (adapted by Tim Long) The Simpsons episode "Mobile Homer" includes a version of the song listing the following various fictional towns in the series: Springfield, Shelbyville, Ogdenville, Cap City, Ogdenburg, Shelbytown, Spring City, Cap Field, West Springfield, Paris, Rome, and Shelbyville Adjacent. Houston (adapted by Hayes Carll) "I been to Houston, Houston, Houston, Houston...". World (adapted By Medeski Martin and Wood) "This jazz group made a children-oriented version titled "Let's Go Everywhere", using city names from all over the world." MacLean & MacLean The Canadian comedy duo released a parody version called "I've Seen Pubic Hair" on their 1976 part live / part studio album titled Bitter Reality. Catalonia (adapted by vàlius) The Catalan band vàlius adapted the song as an homage to writer Josep Maria Espinàs, author of several travel books through Catalonia. Lockdown 2020 Chuck Mead recorded a version as '"The Official Song of Quarantine" during the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020, titled "I Ain't Been Nowhere". Thailand In 2023, The Queensland Tiger did an English version with over 100 place names in Thai, covering five different regions of Thailand. It was published on YouTube. Other uses Kris Kristofferson did an abbreviated version in the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid during his escape scene. In 1996, country singer Johnny Cash recorded and released his version on his second American Recordings album, Unchained. Cash's version of "I've Been Everywhere" was featured in Citgo commercials in 1999, featuring the tagline "You know me". The song was also featured in season 2 of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and in Choice Hotels commercials from 2003 to 2009. In 2004, the Chicago Transit Authority used a version of the song, listing neighbourhoods and stops along the transit lines in two 30-second spots. In 2010, The Sports Network used a version of the song, listing cities and regions in the National Hockey League, to promote its coverage of trade deadline day. In October 2003, the publisher Rightsong Music BMI granted permission to Frank Loconto to write new lyrics and title for the 2004 presidential campaign of Bob Graham. Titled "I've Done Every Job, Man", it commemorated the more than 300 'workdays' performed by Graham during his 30 plus years of public service to the people of Florida. The song, recorded by Loconto for FXL Records, was included on a promotional CD, Bob Graham Charisma Album 2004. Comic actor Rick Moranis wrote and recorded a parody version of the song, titled "I Never Go Nowhere" on his 2005 album, The Agoraphobic Cowboy. Australian Peter Harris visited all the locations in the Australian version of "I've Been Everywhere" between December 2009 and July 2011. A record of his trip is online. Nebraska native Brett Anderson rode his motorcycle, Annie, to all the locations in the North American version of "I've Been Everywhere" between 6 June 2017 and 31 October 2019. During this time, he visited all 92 song places, including 16 countries and 49 states. The record of his 73,000 mile trip can be found online. In 2010, the Swedish band Movits! used the track for one of the episodes of their US tour movie, First We Take Manhattan. Bruce Springsteen used the song as a snippet for "Light of Day" during his 1999-2000 Reunion tour. John Finnemore did a version listing places in Dorset for an episode of I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue recorded in Poole. Johnny Cash's 1996 version was used in the Family Guy episode "The Most Interesting Man in the World", the seventeenth episode of the twelfth season, episode 227 overall, which originally aired on 13 April 2014. Rihanna interpolated the main verse from the song to her 2011 song "Where Have You Been". In early 2022, the United States Postal Service began using the Johnny Cash (US) version in advertisements. Notes References Australian songs Number-one singles in Australia Hank Snow songs Johnny Cash songs Lynn Anderson songs List songs 1959 songs RCA Victor singles Patter songs The Road Hammers songs Songs about cities Songs about transport

8647064

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%20Orchestra%20of%20Dushanbe

Opera Orchestra of Dushanbe

The Opera Orchestra of Dushanbe is an orchestra from Tajikistan. In November 2011 the Iranian Arash Amini was guest conductor of the orchestra at an event, following which he was presented with an award by Tajikistan's Ministry of Culture. References Music organizations based in Tajikistan

36698436

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Girl%20from%20Nowhere%20%282012%20film%29

The Girl from Nowhere (2012 film)

The Girl from Nowhere () is a 2012 French fantasy drama film written and directed by Jean-Claude Brisseau. The film had its world premiere on 8 August 2012 at the 65th Locarno Festival, where it won the Golden Leopard. It was released theatrically in France on 6 February 2013 by Les Acacias. Cast as Dora Claude Morel as Denis, the doctor friend Jean-Claude Brisseau as Michel Deviliers as Lise Villers, the former student as the fool Anne Berry as death as performer References External links 2012 films 2012 drama films 2012 fantasy films 2010s fantasy drama films 2010s French-language films Films directed by Jean-Claude Brisseau Films shot in Paris French fantasy drama films 2010s French films

12053415

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind%20%28computer%20scientist%29

Arvind (computer scientist)

Arvind is the Johnson Professor of Computer Science and Engineering in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). He was also elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2008 for contributions to dataflow and multithread computing and the development of tools for the high-level synthesis of digital electronics hardware. Career Arvind's research interests include formal verification of large-scale digital systems using guarded atomic actions, memory models, and cache coherence protocols for parallel computing architectures and programming languages. Past work was instrumental in the development of dynamic dataflow architectures, two parallel languages, Id and pH, and the compiling of such languages on parallel machines. At IIT Kanpur, he earned a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in technology (with an emphasis in electrical engineering) in 1969. In that process, he discovered that he was keenly interested in computers. Then, at the University of Minnesota, he earned a Master of Science (M.Sc.) in computer science in 1972, and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in computer science in 1973. Arvind conducted his thesis research in operating systems on mathematical models of program behavior. At the University of California, Irvine, where he taught from 1974 to 1978, he became interested in computer architecture and programming languages. Arvind then taught at IIT's Kanpur campus in 1977 and 1978. Arvind joined the MIT faculty in 1978. He served as the Chief Technical Advisor to the United-Nations-sponsored Knowledge Based Computer Systems project in India from 1986 to 1992. During 1992–93, he was the Fujitsu Visiting Professor at the University of Tokyo. In 1992, Arvind and his CSAIL team collaborated with Motorola in completing the Monsoon dataflow machine and associated software. A dozen Monsoons were installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory and other universities before Monsoon was retired to the Computer History Museum in California. In 2000, Arvind took two years off from teaching at MIT to build Sandburst, Inc, a fabless manufacturing semiconductor company. He served as its president until his return to MIT in 2002. In 2003, he cofounded Bluespec, Inc., headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts. They produce proven electronic design automation (EDA) synthesis toolsets. With Lennart Augustsson, Arvind codeveloped the programming language Bluespec SystemVerilog (BSV), a high-level functional programming hardware description language, which is a Haskell variant extended to handle chip design and electronic design automation in general. , he serves on the boards of both firms. In 2006, Sandburst, headquartered in Andover, Massachusetts and providing semiconductor designs for scalable packet switching and routing systems, was acquired by Broadcom Corporation. He served as the General Chair for the International Conference on Supercomputing held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in June 2005. He has also served as the Engineering and Computer Science Jury Chair for the Infosys Prize from 2019 onwards. Arvind was the first to occupy the N. Rama Rao Chair in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT. He served as chair from 1998 to 1999. Also during this time he taught a few weeks each semester at the CSE department of IIT, Kanpur. Arvind's current research uses term-rewriting systems (TRSs) for high-level specification and description of architectures and protocols. The Computation Structures Group at MIT, which he heads, uses TRSs to design faster hardware and allow for more exploration of designs. Published works Along with R. S. Nikhil, Arvind published the book Implicit parallel programming in pH in 2001. "pH" is a programming language based on Haskell with special support for parallel processing. Among the most significant and/or recent articles he authored or co-authored that have been published: James Hoe and Arvind, "Operation-Centric Hardware Descriptions and Synthesis", IEEE TCAD, September 2004 Hari Balakrishnan, Srinivas Devadas, Doug Ehlert, and Arvind, "Rate Guarantees and Overload Protection in Input-Queued Switches", IEEE Infocom, March 2004. Dan Rosenband and Arvind, "Modular Scheduling of Guarded Atomic Actions", DAC41, June 2004 Arvind, R.S. Nikhil, Daniel Rosenband and Nirav Dave, "High-level synthesis: An Essential Ingredient for Designing Complex ASICs", ICCAD'04, November 2004 Arvind has also served on the editorial board of several journals including the Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, and the Journal of Functional Programming. Awards Arvind has received the following awards: the IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award (1994), Distinguished Alumnus Award, I.I.T. Kanpur (1999), Distinguished Alumnus Award, University of Minnesota (2001), and the Outstanding Achievement Award from the University of Minnesota (2008). He was selected as an IEEE Fellow in 1994 and an ACM Fellow in 2006. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2008 and is currently a member of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at MIT. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American computer scientists MIT School of Engineering faculty IIT Kanpur alumni University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni Fellow Members of the IEEE Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery American people of Indian descent Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Indian emigrants to the United States

27241467

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Castillos%2C%20Catamarca

Los Castillos, Catamarca

Los Castillos is a village and municipality in Catamarca Province in northwestern Argentina. References Populated places in Catamarca Province

49941114

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta%20Guinness%20Street%20Dance

Malta Guinness Street Dance

Malta Guinness Street Dance is a street dance contest held in Africa with shows having been launched in 2009 in Ghana, and subsequently was hosted in Nigeria, Kenya and Mauritius. In 2016, Mauritius hosted its second Malta Guinness Street Dance qualifications. References Street dance competitions Guinness advertising

12946726

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Lykken

Joseph Lykken

Joseph David Lykken ( ; born June 17, 1957) is an American theoretical physicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and, from July 1, 2014 to Sept 6, 2022, he was the Deputy Director of Fermilab. He is currently leading the Fermilab Quantum Institute. Background and education Lykken received his Ph.D. in 1982 from M.I.T. He arrived at Fermilab in 1989, where he worked in the Fermilab Theory Division, and as a collaborator of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. He is the son of David T. Lykken, noted psychologist, behavioral geneticist, and twin researcher. Research In 1996 Lykken proposed "weak scale superstrings," which posited extra dimensions of space within the reach of particle colliders, such as the Fermilab Tevatron, and the CERN Large Hadron Collider. This, and related ideas will be subject to direct and indirect experimental tests in the coming years. Professional activities Lykken is a former member and subpanel chair of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel, which advises the United States Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. He was a Trustee of the Aspen Center for Physics in Aspen, Colorado. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and is former chair of the APS Division of Particles and Fields. Selected publications Lykken's publications are available on the INSPIRE-HEP Literature Database . References External links Dr. Lykken's website at Fermilab Physics of the Universe Summit "...Joe Lykken is a very smart guy..." Washington Post article 2008-04-11 Nobel Honors Glimpse Into Universe's Design "We'd been talking about it for years" says Lykken Scientific publications of Joseph Lykken on INSPIRE-HEP 1957 births Living people American string theorists 21st-century American physicists American people of Norwegian descent Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Fellows of the American Physical Society Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science People associated with CERN People associated with Fermilab

67028804

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Hepler

Jennifer Hepler

Jennifer Brandes Hepler is a video game developer, author, and scriptwriter. She first came to attention for her time at game developer BioWare, in Edmonton, Alberta, where she worked as a senior writer for eight years, with much of her work centered on the Dragon Age fantasy role-playing video game franchise. Hepler's notable works after she left BioWare in 2013 include the mobile strategy video game Game of Thrones Ascent, and the 2018 point-and-click adventure game Unavowed. Career Hepler spent a large portion of her time in high school writing and selling short stories. During her college years, she met Chris Hepler and developed an interest in doing professional writing for role-playing games after being introduced to Vampire: The Masquerade and Shadowrun. Together they co-wrote sourcebooks for Shadowrun, Earthdawn and Paranoia, and later worked as scriptwriters in Hollywood for six years. A notable project Hepler contributed to was CBS Television’s The Agency. Hepler eventually met BioWare representatives at the Game Developers Conference one year, and commenced employment at BioWare from 2005 onwards. Hepler worked with the first three mainline titles in the Dragon Age franchise, starting with 2009's Dragon Age: Origins. Hepler was responsible for developing dwarven civilization and culture in the Dragon Age setting, Thedas, and wrote the origin stories of dwarven player characters as well as the narrative for the Deep Roads region. Hepler said she wanted the setting's dwarven culture to reflect the dichotomies between extreme wealth and power, to extreme poverty and disenfranchisement. Origins was a critical and commercial success, with particular praise for its story and characters. In subsequent sequels to Origins, Hepler's writing contributions for notable Dragon Age characters include Anders and Cassandra Pentaghast. Hepler was also involved with writing work for multiple questlines in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) Star Wars: The Old Republic. Following Hepler's departure from BioWare, she became the lead writer of Game of Thrones Ascent. Hepler was at one point attached to write for Ambrov X, an episodic RPG set in the Sime~Gen Universe, provided a funding stretch goal on Kickstarter was met. She was one of the contributors for the 2015 book The Game Narrative Toolbox, which discuss the role of a narrative designer on a video game development team. She later joined Kognito, a health simulation company which develops apps that utilizes interactive conversations for the purposes of educating, motivating and helping clients. In 2016, she is credited as the editor for Women in Game Development: Breaking the Glass Level-Cap, a book which discuss the experiences of female videogame developers about their work as well as the harassment and hostility they sometimes receive from end users of the products they contributed to. Hepler is credited as story co-designer for 2018 video game Unavowed. As of December 2020, Hepler works at Pixelberry Studios as a senior writer. Writing style Hepler described writing as a "generally a solitary profession", and that she used to spend much of her youth at home in front of a computer writing scripts with little to no social interaction. In a 2006 interview, Hepler noted that some combat-oriented games allow players to skip cutscenes and story moments to reach fighting sequences sooner. She discussed the possibility of a role-playing game which allows players the option to bypass combat in favor of story moments, and reasoned that building up relationships among her companion characters and the world around them is more interesting than trading blows with enemy units. Her comments inspired Wadjet Eye Games founder Dave Gilbert to develop a role-playing game without combat mechanics, which eventually became Unavowed. Harassment Following the release of Dragon Age II, which received a divisive reaction from players, Hepler was targeted for harassment due to her work on the game. In particular, her comments about gameplay and narrative design from the 2006 interview were used out of its original context by some harassers to justify their behavior. According to Hepler, she had received death threats not only to herself, but also to her family and children. In response to the harassment, Bioware publicly condemned the harassers and supported Hepler. On one occasion, the company donated a thousand dollars to a Canadian anti-bullying charity set up in Hepler's name. By August 2013 it was announced that Hepler was leaving BioWare, with widespread coverage initially linking her departure to the harassment she had faced. Hepler promptly clarified that she left due to family reasons, and also to work on a book and to pursue work as a freelance game writer and consultant. During a 2016 interview conducted by Polygon staff, Hepler explained that she was no longer interested in writing work for video game projects which she believed psychologically rewarded players who were attacking her with gameplay that allowed them to do the same things they did to her in real life. Personal life Hepler is married to video game developer and longtime collaborator Chris Hepler, who is also a former BioWare employee. Works Television The Agency (2001–2003), CBS. Video games Dragon Age: Origins (2009), Electronic Arts, Inc. Dragon Age: Origins – Awakening (2010), Electronic Arts, Inc. Dragon Age II (2011), Electronic Arts, Inc. Star Wars: The Old Republic (2011), Electronic Arts, Inc. Game of Thrones Ascent (2013), Disruptor Beam Dragon Age: Inquisition (2014), Electronic Arts, Inc. Unavowed (2018), Wadjet Eye Games Books Shadowrun Companion: Beyond the Shadows (1996), FASA. Ork Nation Of Cara Fahd (Earthdawn RPG) (1998), FASA. A Complex of Dimness Adventure For Paranoia, Creatures of the Nightcycle Paperback (1998), West End Games. Cyberpirates: A Shadowrun Sourcebook (1998), FASA. M.I.T.H.: Operation Smoking Jaguar (2005), Image Comics. Nations of Barsaive 3: Cara Fahd (2011), RedBrick (Mongoose Publishing). The Game Narrative Toolbox (2015), CRC Press. Women in Game Development: Breaking the Glass Level-Cap (2016), CRC Press. See also Gamergate controversy, an online harassment campaign which targeted female video game developers References External links BioWare people Living people Role-playing game designers Year of birth missing (living people) Victims of cyberbullying Women video game developers

1558436

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20identification%20number%20%28Denmark%29

Personal identification number (Denmark)

The Danish Personal Identification number ( or informally , or ) is a national identification number, which is part of the personal information stored in the Civil Registration System (, ). The register was established in 1968 by combining information from all the municipal civil registers of Denmark into one. The register came into force by royal assent in Greenland with the effect from 1 July 1972. It is a ten-digit number with the format DDMMYY-SSSS, where DDMMYY is the date of birth and SSSS is a sequence number. The first digit of the sequence number encodes the century of birth (so that centenarians are distinguished from infants), and the last digit of the sequence number is odd for males and even for females. Requisition Any person registered as of 2 April 1968 (1 May 1972 in Greenland) or later in a Danish civil register, receives a personal identification number. Any person who is a member of ATP or is required to pay tax in Denmark according to the Tax-control Law of Denmark, but is not registered in a civil register, also receives a personal identification number. Since the 2010s the civil register lists persons who: Are born in Denmark including Greenland, or Have their birth, baptism, wedding or ecclesiastical blessing of civil marriage registered in ’Dansk Elektronisk Kirkebog (DNK)’ (Danish electronic church-book), or Are mother to a child born in Denmark, but not prior registered with an address in Denmark, or Are an unmarried father to a child born in Denmark, who recognizes the paternity for the child, or Reside legally in Denmark or Greenland for 3 months or more (non-Nordic citizens must also have a residence permit), or Is required to pay tax in Denmark, or Die in Denmark without previously having obtained a personal identification number. Danish citizens, including newborn babies, who are entitled to Danish citizenship, but are living abroad, do not receive a personal ID number, unless they move to Denmark or Greenland or are baptised in the Church of Denmark in Denmark. New development in 2007 The sequence numbers used to be chosen (and still are, preferentially) so that the last digit of the sequence number functions as a check digit for the entire personal identification number. In this case, the number satisfies the equation 4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + 7x4 + 6x5 + 5x6 + 4x7 + 3x8 + 2x9 + x10 ≡ 0 (mod 11) where the xi are the ten digits of the complete ID number, and the coefficients (4, 3, 2, 7, …) are all nonzero in the finite field of order 11. However, in 2007 the available sequence numbers under this system for males born on 1 January 1965 ran out, and since October 2007 personal identification numbers do not always validate using the check digit. This had been predicted and announced several years in advance. Thus, most IT systems are presumed updated to accept numbers that fail the check-digit validation. 1 January was the first birth date to run out of sequence numbers. This was because for several years immigrants who did not know their exact date of birth were administratively registered with the fictitious birth date of 1 January. This made the date unusually frequent in the register. That practice stopped at a time before 2023. Personal ID Number Certificate Personnummerbevis is the Danish term for the personal identification number certificate. Today this certificate is of little use in Danish society, as it has been largely replaced by the much more versatile Sundhedskort ("Health Card"), which contains the same information and more. Both certificates retrieve their information from the Civil Registration System. However, personnummerbevis is still issued today and has been since September 1968. It is received upon registration with the Civil Registration System, either by birth or by moving to the country. It may only be issued once and change of address does not entail issuing a new one. One can however request a new one from the Ministry of Welfare or in some cases the municipality one lives in. See also National identification number External links Danish Act on the Civil Registration System, Det Centrale Personregister References Government of Denmark National identification numbers Society of Denmark

10076592

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Joe%20Green

Bobby Joe Green

Bobby Joe Green (May 7, 1936 – May 28, 1993) was an American football professional punter who played in the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Chicago Bears. He played college football for the Florida Gators. Early life Green was born in Vernon, Texas in 1936. He attended College High School in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, and he played high school football for the College High Wildcats. College career Green accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he was a punter and halfback for coach Bob Woodruff's Gators teams from 1958 and 1959. As a senior in 1959, he kicked fifty-four punts for an average distance of 44.9 yards—still the Gators' single-season record. Woodruff ranked him and Don Chandler as the Gators' best kickers of the 1950s. His 82-yard punt against the Georgia Bulldogs in 1958 remains the longest punt by a Gator in the modern era. Green was also a sprinter and high jumper on the Florida Gators track and field team. He was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great." Green also appeared on Oklahoma's 1956 National Championship roster. Professional career Green was selected in the ninth round (102nd pick overall) of the 1959 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, and played fourteen seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Chicago Bears. He played for the Steelers in and , and then was traded to the Bears, for whom he played from to . Green was a member of the Bears' 1963 NFL Championship team, and was selected to the Pro Bowl after the season. Green was one of the last NFL players to play without a face mask and can be seen doing so in the late 1960s. During his fourteen-season NFL career, Green appeared in 187 games, kicking 970 punts for 41,317 yards (an average of 42.6 yards per kick). He also completed six of ten passing attempts for 103 yards. Life after the NFL Green returned to Gainesville, Florida after his professional football career ended, and started a specialty advertising business. Green also served as a volunteer kicking coach for the Florida Gators under head football coaches Charley Pell and Galen Hall from 1979 to 1989. In May of 2019 Green was rated #97 on the Chicago Bears top 100 list. Green died as a result of a heart attack in his Gainesville home on the morning of May 28, 1993; he was 57 years old. He was survived by his wife Martha Jane and their son and daughter. See also Florida Gators football, 1950–59 List of Chicago Bears players List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft List of Pittsburgh Steelers players List of University of Florida alumni List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members References Bibliography Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007). . Golenbock, Peter, Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002). . Hairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002). . McCarthy, Kevin M., Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000). . McEwen, Tom, The Gators: A Story of Florida Football, The Strode Publishers, Huntsville, Alabama (1974). . 1936 births 1993 deaths American football punters Oklahoma Sooners football players Chicago Bears players Florida Gators football coaches Florida Gators football players Florida Gators men's track and field athletes National Conference Pro Bowl players People from Vernon, Texas Pittsburgh Steelers players Players of American football from Oklahoma Track and field athletes from Oklahoma

51014145

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Gamble

Linda Gamble

Linda Gamble may refer to: Linda Gamble (model) (born 1939), American model Linda Gamble (basketball) (born 1949), American basketball player

45516888

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllepte%20adductalis

Syllepte adductalis

Syllepte adductalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in Sri Lanka and India. The larvae feed spun up in the leaves of balsam. References Moths described in 1859 adductalis Moths of Sri Lanka Moths of Asia

20135113

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosporia%20heterophylla

Gymnosporia heterophylla

Gymnosporia heterophylla, the common spike-thorn, is a small, hardy, deciduous African tree up to 5m tall, occurring in rocky places with a wide distribution from Ethiopia, the Sudan and the Congo, south to the Cape Province and west to Angola and Namibia, as well as the neighbouring islands of Madagascar and Saint Helena, with a closely related species from Mauritius. It has a straggly, but rigid habit and is armed with sharp straight thorns up to 100mm long, which are modified branches. Bark on the mature trunk is grey-brown and deeply fissured. The tree is dioecious, and clusters of white flowers are produced in profusion in spring and are borne on thicker twigs and branches. The flowers have a fetid, faecal smell and attract large numbers of pollinating insects, particularly carrion-loving flies such as members of the family Calliphoridae. The tree has a close relationship with a number of cicada species, such as Platypleura divisa, P. mijburghi and P. maytenophila. The specific name "heterophylla" means "variable leaves" and if the list of past synonyms is examined, it affords an interesting insight into the minds of botanists since 1753 when Linnaeus decided that the leaves reminded him of boxwood and named it Celastrus buxifolius. Since then it has been named ellipticus, heterophyllus, spathephyllus, empleurifolius, rhombifolius, parvifolius and buxifolioides - it would seem that the epithet heterophylla is appropriate. It makes a very effective, fast-growing security hedge. The wood is hard and durable, suitable for carving, though large pieces are not often available. Pictures References ''Reinstatement of "Gymnosporia" https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/maytenus.heterophylla Sources Trees and Shrubs of the Witwatersrand - Tree Society (Witwatersrand University Press, 1969) Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park - Schmidt et al. (Jacana Press, 2002) heterophylla Trees of Africa Trees of South Africa

10046785

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotopagnosia

Autotopagnosia

Autotopagnosia from the Greek a and gnosis, meaning "without knowledge", topos meaning "place", and auto meaning "oneself", autotopagnosia virtually translates to the "lack of knowledge about one's own space," and is clinically described as such. Autotopagnosia is a form of agnosia, characterized by an inability to localize and orient different parts of the body. The psychoneurological disorder has also been referred to as "body-image agnosia" or "somatotopagnosia." Somatotopagnosia has been argued to be a better suited term to describe the condition. While autotopagnosia emphasizes the deficiencies in localizing only one's own body parts and orientation, somatotopagnosia also considers the inability to orient and recognize the body parts of others or representations of the body (e.g., manikins, diagrams). Typically, the cause of autotopagnosia is a lesion found in the parietal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain. However, it as also been noted that patients with generalized brain damage present with similar symptoms of autotopagnosia. As a concept, autotopagnosia has been criticized as nonspecific; some claim that this is a manifestation of a greater symptomatic complex of anomia, marked by an inability to name things in general—not just parts of the human body. Symptoms and signs Patients with autotopagnosia exhibit an inability to locate parts of their own body, the body of an examiner's, or the parts of a representation of a human body. Deficiencies can be in localizing parts of a certain area of the body, or the entire body. Contiguity errors, the most common errors made by patients with autotopagnosia, refer to errors made when the patient is asked to locate a certain body part and points to the surrounding body parts, but not the part they've been asked to locate. Semantic errors refer to errors made when patients point to body parts in the same category as that which they've been asked to locate, but cannot locate the correct body part. An example of a semantic error would be a patient pointing to an elbow when asked to locate a knee. Semantic errors are much less common than contiguity errors. Some patients demonstrating the symptoms of autotopagnosia have a decreased ability to locate parts of other multipart object. Patients are considered to have "pure" autotopagnosia, however, if their deficiency is specific to body part localization. Patients with "pure" autotopagnosia often have no problems carrying out tasks involved in everyday life that require body part awareness. Patients have difficulty locating body parts when directly asked, but can carry out activities such as putting on pants without difficulty. Patients can describe the function and appearance of body parts, yet they are still unable to locate them. Damage to the left parietal lobe can result in what is called Gerstmann syndrome. It can include right-left confusion, a difficulty with writing Agraphia and a difficulty with mathematics Acalculia. In addition, it can also produce language deficiencies Aphasia and an inability to recognize objects normally Agnosia. Other related disorders include: Apraxia: an inability to perform skilled movements despite understanding of the movements and intact sensory and motor systems. Finger agnosia: An inability to name the fingers, move a specific finger upon being asked, and/or recognize which finger has been touched when an examiner touches one. Causes Due to the subjective nature of autotopagnosia, there are many hypotheses presented as to the underlying causation. Since the condition by definition is an inability to recognize the human body and its parts, the disorder could stem from a language deficit specific to body parts. On the other hand, the patient could have a disrupted body image or a variation of the inability to separate parts from whole. It is also believed that autotopagnosia has multiple underlying causes that cannot be categorized as either language-specific or body-image-specific. The rarity of autotopagnosia, frequently combined with the manifestation of other psychoneurological disorders, makes the prime cause extremely difficult to study. In many cases, one of these accompanying conditions—often aphasia—could be masking the patient's autotopagnosia altogether. Brain Lesions Although it is still unclear what precise deficits in brain function cause the symptoms of autotopagnosia, the location of brain damage is not as ambiguous. Autotopagnosia is most often attributed to lesions in the parietal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain. However, it is also believed that the disorder can be caused by general brain damage as well. Many different types of brain lesions can cause autotopagnosia; however, neoplastic lesions seem to be the most common. "Pure" autotopagnosia is often seen with smaller lesions, as larger lesions tend to create other unseen deficits that can confuse or mask the appearance of the symptoms of autotopagnosia—such as aphasia, as discussed above. The parietal lobe is involved in the integration of sensory information and visuospatial processing. The left parietal lobe, specifically, is important to the understanding of language and mathematics, and has a more prominent role for right handed people. Mental Representations of Body Schema Lesions in the left parietal lobe are thought to disrupt one or more of four putative mental representations of body schema. The deficiencies associated with the disease seem to arise from a dysfunction in the mental representation of the body; however, the human psyche interprets its body schema and orientation in space through various sources of representation systems. According to Felician et al. (2003), the notion of body schema can be categorized into four tiers of mental representation: Diagnosis The nature of the alleged mental representations that underlie the act of pointing to target body parts have been a controversial issue. Originally, it was diagnosed as the effects of general mental deterioration or of aphasia on the task of pointing to body parts on verbal command. However, contemporary neuropsychological therapy seeks to establish the independence of autotopagnosia from other disorders. With such a general definition, a patient that presents with a dysfunction of or failure in accessing one of four mental representation systems has autotopagnosia. Through observational testing, the type of mental misrepresentation of the body can be deduced: whether semantic, visuospatial, somatosensory, or motor misrepresentations. Neuropsychological tests can provide a proper diagnosis in regards to the specificity of patient's agnosic condition. 1) Test 1: Body Part Localization: Free vision and no vision conditions This exploratory approach assesses the patient's ability to localize one's body parts and those of the examiner in several different conditions. The examiner and subjects are seated facing one another at a one-meter distance. At the start of each trial, the examiner ensures that the subject's hands are at rest on the arms of the chair and legs uncrossed. In addition, errors are categorized as (1) left-right reversal: response to correct part on incorrect side; (2) spatial: response to area contiguous with target; (3) functional/semantic: response to area non-contiguous with target, but sharing function or a part of a larger unit; (4) unrelated to examiner's request. 2) Test 2: On-line positioning of body vis-à-vis objects If deficits in body part localization are due to impairments in body schema, then patients should be deficient in reaching and grasping objects. This test evaluates the specificity of the patient's insufficiency, in regards to the specific positioning of body parts with respect to objects. 3) Test 3: Localization of objects on the body surface Patients were asked to point to small objects mounted on the body, acting as a body reference system (body schema). The investigation is to determine whether localization of the same points on the body surfaces assessed in Test 1 might be improved when these points correspond to external objects. 4) Test 4: Body part semantic knowledge Patient is shown photographs of 10 items of clothing and 7 grooming tools, 1 per trial, and asked to point to the part of his own body associated with each item. 5) Test 5: Matching body parts: Effect of viewing angle Assessment of whether the patient's deficit in body part representation extends to individual body parts, and whether visual attributes of the body and its parts, such as viewing angle, affect their recognition. Treatment As autotopagnosia arises from neurological and irreversible damage, options regarding symptom reversal or control are limited. As of April 2010, there are no known specific treatments for autotopagnosia. No medications or pharmaceutical remedies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat or cure autotopagnosia. There have been cases in which extensive rehabilitation has been beneficial following restitution, repetitive training to correct the impaired function, and compensation of other skills to make up for the deficit. Rehabilitation is not a definitive treatment and only shows signs of slight improvement in a small percentage of autotopagnosia patients. The condition of the disease can be monitored with continued neurological examination and using a CT scan to note the progression of the parietal lesion. Case studies As autotopagnosia is not a life-threatening condition it is not on the forefront of medical research. Rather, more research is conducted regarding treatments and therapies to alleviate the lesions and traumas that can cause autotopagnosia. Of all the agnosias, visual agnosia is the most common subject of investigation because it is easiest to assess and has the most promise for potential treatments. Most autotopagnosia studies are centered on a few test subjects as part of a group of unaffected or "controlled" participants, or a simple case study. Case studies surrounding a single patient are most common due to the vague nature of the disease. Autotopagnosia studies frequently investigate several areas of patient examination: indication, verification, construction and drawing, structural and functional information and spatial and functional vicinity. The studies most often probe a patient to correctly verbally identify certain body parts on themselves, others, and an artificial model. Indication seeks to employ both verbal and non-verbal stimuli, and to differentiate the patient from themselves and others. Most patients fail the indication section however pass the verification exam, which confirms the patients knowledge of what a certain body part or object truly is. Most patients were able to draw the object or body part, yet are unable to construct its location on a working model. The structural and functional information verifies the patient's competency in deterring the specific body parts function and spatial relation to other body parts. Spatial and functional vicinity tests probe a patient to physically locate the various body parts in relation to others and by function; however these tests are usually failed. Ennio De Renzi Ennio De Renzi worked extensively with a variety of agnosias in 1963 and 1970. He explored, on two patients with autotopagnosia in particular, the difficulties of mentally recognizing the physical division of a whole object into sections. For example, he found his patients could not describe the position or parts of a bike, and were unable to focus on a part of the whole. De Renzi's studies gave way to countless others to give insight as to the complicated and varied mechanisms behind autotopagnosia. G. Denes et al. G. Denes et al. (2000) conducted a series of tests on two patients with autotopagnosia in order to verify how the body schema uses body representation to determine one's spatial arrangement. The two subjects, each had a condition which affected their parietal lobe, presented with similar degrees of agnosia according to neurological testing, yet did not have any language, behavior or memory limitations. G. Denes performed a series of tests to challenge the subjects, consisting of body related tasks, non-body localizing tasks and reaction to stimuli. The subjects were asked to name body parts and identify objects singled out by the examiner on themselves and in a picture. In addition, the objects and body parts were presented from different perspectives. The subjects were asked both on paper and via verbal command, to locate body parts on themselves, others, and mannequins. On paper there was no difference between the test and control patients however neither autotopagnosia subject was able to locate the correct body parts on command on either themselves or a mannequin, although could partially identify the objects. Most of the errors in this experiment were considered functional errors, that is, the patient touched body parts similar in function to the ones being prompted. These deficits could not be attributed to mental deterioration or visual deficiencies. J. Schwoebel et al. J. Schwoebel et al. (2001) studied an elderly woman with autotopagnosia following a car accident which damaged her lateral occipital, left posterior temporal and posterior parietal lobe. They performed a similar series of tests, examining her ability to identify and locate body parts on a drawn figure and herself, upon verbal command. They expanded the study, repeating the verbal command tests in areas of unfamiliarity and with a series of objects rather than body parts. Schwoebel found that the subject was able to identify objects with more ease than body parts and that location familiarity was not relevant. Schwoebel stressed the difference between function and spatial vicinity tests however the subject failed both tests. Overall, the subject was unable to locate the correct parts of her body or that of another, thereby presented the classic signs of autotopagnosia. Carlo Semenza Carlo Semenza (1988) analyzed the deficits associated with patients presenting with autotopagnosia compared with the test results of non-affected patients. He found the majority of testing errors for patients with autotopagnosia were either spatial (contiguity) or functional (conceptual), and there were few examples of random error. Similar to other studies, Semenza used both verbal and non-verbal commands and applied tests of verification, construction and description to his patients, at a complex and body specific representational system, stored in the left parietal lobe, is responsible for mediating simple body location tasks. He theorized that the spatial and functional errors were due to the concept that one's knowledge of one's body is stored apart from other knowledge. This knowledge is then organized into a set of ideas, which represent a single body part, and parts of similar functionality are closely related despite actual spatial distances on the body. Semenza (2003) investigated Pick's original work surrounding the discovery of autotopagnosia. Cecilia Guariglia Guariglia and coll. (2002) described a case (EC) of pure autotopagnosia following a left subcortical vascular accident. EC did not have any other neuropsychological deficit, including language disorder or general mental deterioration. An in-depth analysis of the deficit in localizing body parts and parts of objects or animals revealed a clear-cut dissociation between defective performances in body representation tests and normal performances on tests involving other types of stimuli. EC's performances were particularly defective on tests relying on visuo-spatial body representation, but her semantic and linguistic knowledge about body and body parts were spared. Being the first observation of a subject not affected by any cognitive impairment other than autotopagnosia, EC represents a demonstration of the existence of a system specifically devoted to body representation. History German Physiologist Hermann Munk (1839–1912) was the first to investigate the representation of our body's orientation. He discussed how multisensory imagery of our sensations allows for a vivid representation of the body in space, and how small legions on the sensorimotor cortex would lead to a loss of images for a specific part of the body. Accredited with finding Wernicke's Area, German neuro-pathologist Carl Wernicke (1848–1905) challenged Munk's theories, arguing that signals sent from different body parts are different from each other. The cortex was then thought to create a stable image of each body part in space by combining all of the varying incoming signals. The "master" signal integration was said to create an image of the overall body, known as "body consciousness". Gaston Bonnier (1853–1922) was the first to recognize disorders of the bodies spatial schema as physiological rather than psychiatric. However his work has been consistently criticized due to several experimental discrepancies regarding his patients association of their body parts to their actual position. Colleagues Sir Gordon Holmes (1876–1965) and Henry Head (1861–1940) considered the image of the body as a specific representation, and noted this body schema as a model which postural changes were measured against. The two neurobiologists integrated the sensations from different sensors into a dynamic model of our actual posture, and studied patients lacking this postural schema. Head and Holme's studies (1911) were developed alongside those of Arnold Pick (1851–1924), who was the first to describe autotopagnosia (1908) as the inability to locate body parts on command on a whole body structure. Pick noted those with autotopagnosia as having a dissociation between the capacity to recognize and name their own body part (as commanded by an examiner) and the inability to find the same body part on command. In a series of studies, Pick focused on patients who were unable to point to their own body parts and those of the examiner. His patients could however comprehend the body part terminology as well as locate them on a painted visual; however none had a clear demonstration of body specificity. Pick concluded a disturbance of "visual" body image and body awareness. Pick's studies introduced autotopagnosia and other category specific agnosias, such as visual and tactile agnosia. Josef Gerstmann (1887–1969) first developed the term somatotopagnosia, meaning the lack of knowledge about the body space. Gerstmann studied patients whose deficits were in the body schema and thus lacked the ability to recognize, identify or name the fingers on either hand, a phenomenon known as finger agnosia. This particular ailment, known as Gerstmann syndrome, is often seen in patients with a lesion on their left angular gyrus, which is known to be frequently anatomically correlated with autotopagnosia. Until the 1980s, there had been no scientifically accredited cases of autotopagnosia, rather agnosias that have been secondary to other neurological deficits such as dementia. In fact the term autotopagnosia does not appear until Pick's studies in 1908 and 1922. More recently, Carlos Semenza (2003) has expanded on Pick's theories. As of April, 2010, the active areas of research surrounding autotopagnosia are focused on more individual case studies, and are aimed at developing possible treatment options as well as eradicating any concerns regarding the disease's legitimacy. See also Allochiria References Agnosia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Faust%20%28athlete%29

Joe Faust (athlete)

Joseph Patrick Faust (born September 21, 1942 in Los Angeles, California, United States) is an American track and field athlete known for the high jump. He extended his personal jumping flight interests into mathematics and aviation. Track & Field Athletics: Running High Jumper He represented the United States in the 1960 Summer Olympics. He graduated in June 1959 from Culver City High School, at age 16; then he attended UCLA for a month; in the following semester he attended Occidental College and was there coached by Charles "Chuck" Coker (founder of Universal Gym Equipment); then at age 17 year 284 days, he became the youngest American to qualify for the Olympic high jump, just one day younger than Reynaldo Brown who qualified for the 1968 Olympics also from a Southern California high school. In the Olympics, he qualified for the final by jumping 2 meters. In the final, he cleared opening height 1.90 m; at the next height he missed three times and thus was first out for 17th place in the finals. Faust was inducted in the Occidental College Hall of Fame. Faust had cleared 7 feet (2.134m) for the first time in the Olympic Trials, which was the World Junior Record; his record only lasted about a month before it was surpassed by silver medalist Valery Brumel; Dumas was third in the Olympic Trials; Faust was second; Thomas was first while then breaking the world record. In the interim between the trials and the Olympics, Faust had injured a couple of discs in his back and jumped in pain to prove his fitness to retain his spot in the Olympics. Faust jumped for the Southern California Striders. Class valedictorian in high school, he received the Clarence Addison Dykstra Award scholarship to UCLA, but quit after a month, instead ending up across town at Occidental College with a full academic scholarship. Faust would improve his best to over 7'2.5" a couple of years later and continued to jump into the Masters division. Bill Peck and others observed Faust's unofficial jump of 7' 4.75" in a third competition within a 24 hr period on the field of the Mt. San Antonio Relays; he jumped in the first two events officially; the third was an unofficial jumping session; the bar was wood and square cross-sectioned; the bar stayed up for about 8 seconds; at the moment the official world record by Brumel was less; Bill Peck (Joe's fellow track teammate at Occidental College; Bill was also a contestant at the Olympic Trials in 1960 at Stanford University) had been at the same Olympic Trials in 1960 when Faust broke the world junior record; Bill was one of the many witnesses in 1962 of Joe's life-best high jump; in background public address system, one could hear the Relays' officials crowning his future wife as Mt. SAC Relays Queen; she was on the same track team as Joe. Faust graduated that year from Mt. San Antonio College; he was coached by Hilmer Lodge; the stadium of Faust's best-ever jump was named after Mr. Lodge: Hilmer Lodge Stadium Faust broke Charles Dumas' national junior college record with a clearance of 7' 1 1/4". Faust's jumping ability was discovered while jumping in junior high school in 1953 by William O'Rourke; Faust was coached by O'Rourke in all six years, seventh through 12th grade. At that time he set out with a goal of making the Olympics. Faust was noted in the Helms Athletic Foundation's Helm's Hall of Fame in Culver City for his age 15 leap of 6' 8 1/4" in an open Southern Pacific A.A.U. meet while he was a junior in high school; the jump was at a college he would later attend: Occidental College. En route, he finished second at the 1959 CIF California State Meet and fourth the year before. Faust is the son of western actor Louis Robert "Bob" Faust, who separated from his family leaving Joe to grow up with a variety of homes each year; one home with his struggling mother in poverty with his six siblings, but also in a foster home in Culver City, California; his dad and mother together gathered their six children some years later; a seventh child was born from the same parents. Joe's foster home (Culver City with Milton Clifford Davis—former superintendent of Douglas Aircraft Company in Santa Monica, California, and wife) and family home were both open to him during his high jumping high school years. His natural father came on the field when Joe just cleared his first 7 ft jump at the Olympic Trials at Stanford University in 1960. The author David Maraniss of the book Rome 1960 publicly acknowledged that some Faust family history errors published are to be corrected in further editions. Mathematics Joe Faust graduated in 1988 from California State University, Los Angeles with a B.A. in pure mathematics. For four years he instructed mathematics at CSULA. He taught mathematics in the Los Angeles Unified School District in a middle school. He was published in 2002 for authoring a specific integer sequence A066526. Aviation Joe Faust founded Kite Information and Technology Exchange Society of America (K.I.T.E.S.A.), Self-Soar Association (S-SA), United States Hang Glider Association (co-founder with Bob Luthardt), EnergyKiteSystems, co-founded Airborne Wind Energy Industry Association (AWEIA). He was publisher of Low & Slow magazine, Hang Glider Weekly, Hang Glider Business Weekly, Hang Glider Magazine, and Lift e-zine. Faust's foster father, Milton Clifford Davis, who introduced him to higher mathematics and aircraft manufacturing, was in management at the Douglas Aircraft Company; Faust twice worked at the company's Santa Monica, California plant- briefly in 1963, and then after the company became McDonnell Douglas. Joe was lead actor and hang glider pilot for a Dial Soap TV commercial. Mike Wallace interviewed Faust as hang glider pilot for a 60 Minutes segment titled, 'Ever Since Icarus', initially aired on August 31, 1975. A photo of Faust hang gliding was on the first edition back cover of the book Hang Gliding by Dan Poynter. He co-founded Friends of Dockweiler Gliding Society on May 23, 2015. He founded United States Hang Gliding Rating System (USHGRS) to cover recreational hang gliding pilots who have used US airspace. See also Hang Gliding Joe Faust References Living people 1942 births American male high jumpers Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics Olympic track and field athletes for the United States Track and field athletes from California Sportspeople from Culver City, California

34278896

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20de%20Beaurain

Jean de Beaurain

Jean de Beaurain (17 January 1696 – 12 February 1771) was a French geographer. Jean de Beaurain was a French geographer — geographer of Louis XV — born on 7 January 1696 in Aix-en-Issart in Artois and died on 12 February 1771 in Paris. Life and work Beaurain was said to be a descendant of the former castellans of Beaurain. At the age of nineteen, he went to Paris, and studied geography under the direction of Pierre Moulart-Samson, geographer to the king, a title that Beaurain himself obtained at the age of twenty-five. An ecclesiastical and civil perpetual calendar that he published in 1724 made him known to Louis XV, for whom he made many maps and plans. The Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, employed him several times for delicate negotiations. He contributed to the education of the Dauphin, for which he received an annual pension of 800 pounds as a reward for his Théâtre de la dernière guerre qu'il a eu l'honneur de présenter à Sa Majesté (Theatre of the Last War which he had the honour of presenting to His Majesty). 1696 births 1771 deaths French geographers

6116161

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20National%20Invitation%20Tournament

1967 National Invitation Tournament

The 1967 National Invitation Tournament was a single-elimination postseason college basketball tournament. Fourteen National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Division I teams participated in the tournament. Southern Illinois, in its first season of Division I basketball, defeated Marquette 71–56 in the championship game. SIU's Walt Frazier was the tournament MOP. Selected teams Below is a list of the 14 teams selected for the tournament. Duke Marquette Marshall Memphis Nebraska New Mexico Providence Rutgers Saint Peter's Southern Illinois Syracuse Tulsa Utah State Villanova Bracket Below is the tournament bracket. See also 1967 NCAA University Division basketball tournament 1967 NCAA College Division basketball tournament 1967 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament References National Invitation National Invitation Tournament 1960s in Manhattan Basketball in New York City College sports in New York City Madison Square Garden National Invitation Tournament National Invitation Tournament Sports competitions in New York City Sports in Manhattan

44318332

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millington%20Jr./Sr.%20High%20School

Millington Jr./Sr. High School

Millington Jr./Sr. High School is a combined public junior/senior high school located in Millington, Michigan, United States in south western Tuscola County. It is part of the Millington Community Schools system and is a member of the Tri-Valley West Athletic Conference. Academics Millington High School is accredited by the North Central Association. Advanced Placement courses are offered in biology, statistics, U.S. and world history and English literature. Additional AP courses are available online through Michigan Virtual High School. College credit can be obtained through Cardinal College in association with Mott Community College. Athletics Millington is a member of the Tri-Valley West Athletic Conference, which is a member of the Michigan High School Athletic Association. Millington participates in the following sports: American football Baseball Basketball Cheerleading Cross country Golf Powerlifting Soccer Softball Track and field Volleyball Wrestling Notable alumni Danny Schell, former Major League Baseball player for Philadelphia Phillies References External links Millington Community Schools Official Website Millington Football Stats Public high schools in Michigan Schools in Tuscola County, Michigan

16262036

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenoandala

Fenoandala

Fenoandala is a town and commune () in southwest Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Betioky Sud, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 4,000 in 2001 commune census. Only primary schooling is available. The majority 50% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 40% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are peanuts, maize and cassava. Services provide employment for 10% of the population. References and notes Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana

21037545

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Alfaro

Luis Alfaro

Luis Alfaro (born 1963 in Los Angeles, California) is a Chicano performance artist, writer, theater director, and social activist. He grew up in the Pico Union district near Downtown Los Angeles, and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in East Los Angeles. His plays and fiction are set in Los Angeles's Chicano barrios, including the Pico Union district, and often feature gay and lesbian and working-class themes. Many of Alfaro's plays also deal with the AIDS pandemic in Latino communities. Noted plays include "Bitter Homes and Gardens," "Pico Union," "Downtown," "Cuerpo Politizado," "Straight as a Line," "Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner," "No Holds Barrio," and "Black Butterfly." Many of these plays have also been published as stories or poetry. He is an associate professor in the School of Dramatic Arts at the University of Southern California. and from 2013-19, he was the playwright-in-residence at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. His writing, both sole-authored and collaborative, is collected in numerous anthologies. In 1994 his spoken-word CD, Downtown was released. His short film Chicanismo was produced by the Public broadcasting Service and released in 1999. He also contributed to the 1995 film Pochonovela, a collaboration between the Cuban American performer Coco Fusco and the LA-based Chicano performance ensemble, Chicano Secret Service. This mock telenovela explores and sends up Chicano activism and assimilation in a sardonic exploration of working class barrio life. In 2010, his play Oedipus El Rey, a Chicano retelling of Oedipus Rex, had its world premiere at the Magic Theatre in San Francisco. Oedipus El Rey had its Texas regional premiere at Dallas Theater Center from January 16-March 2, 2014 under the direction of Kevin Moriarty. The play received a production at San Diego Repertory Theatre from March 10–29, 2015 under the direction of Sam Woodhouse. Oedipus El Rey received its New York premiere at The Public Theater in collaboration with The Sol Project and Jacob Padrón in 2017. The play was produced at The Public Theater's Shiva Theater from October 3-November 19 under the direction of Chay Yew and was scheduled to run in 2018. The New York cast featured Juan Castano, Sandra Delgado, Julio Monge, Joel Perez, Brian Quijada, Reza Salazar, and Juan Francisco Villa. Luis Alfaro's solo show St. Jude is the playwright's tribute to his father. St. Jude is an autobiographical play that details the complicated relationship between Alfaro and his father. The show begins with Alfaro describing going back home to rural California after learning his father has suffered a stroke. The play moves back and forth between Alfaro growing up and the events that follow his father's stroke. There are many stories within the larger narrative and they all relate to the overall theme of finding identity. Scenes from his childhood include working in the fields during summers, family celebrations, and some rocky teenage years, including once running away. The small stories and anecdotes from Alfaro's childhood all relate back to his father or his personal journey. St. Jude was produced at the Kirk Douglas Theatre in Culver City, CA from September 19-October 6, 2013 under the direction of Robert Egan. The play ran from February 13–16, 2014 at South Coast Repertory in Costa Mesa, CA. St. Jude was produced as part of Victory Gardens Theater's Up Close and Personal Series in 2017. Luis Alfaro's Mojada: A Medea in Los Angeles is a contemporary retelling of Medea. Mojada was first produced at the Magic Theatre in San Francisco in 2012 under the title Bruja. Mojada: A Medea in Los Angeles was then produced at the Getty Villa in 2015. The premiere was produced by artistic director, Chay Yew, and managing director, Chris Mannelli. Mojada received a production at Oregon Shakespeare Festival from February 19-July 5, 2017 under the direction of Juliette Carrillo. The cast featured Sabina Zúñiga Varela, Lakin Valdez, VIVIS, Nancy Rodriguez, Vilma Silva, Jahnangel Jimenez, and Connor Chaney. Mojada played Off-Broadway at the Public Theatre July 2-August 11, 2019 under the direction of Chay Yew with Sabina Zúñiga Varela reprising her starring role, but with the play itself set in Queens instead of L.A. Rosa Andújar edited The Greek Trilogy of Luis Alfaro which brought together for the first time Alfaro's three 'Greek' plays. These plays are based on Sophocles' Electra and Oedipus, and Euripides' Medea. Alfaro's Electricidad, Oedipus El Rey, and Mojada platform the concerns of the Chicano and wider Latino communities in Los Angeles and New York through ancient drama. Grants and awards Alfaro has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the MacArthur "Genius" Foundation Fellowship in 1997, and the 1998 National Hispanic Playwriting Competition Prize. In 2013, he began a three-year term as the Playwright in Residence at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival through the National Playwright Residency Program, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and administered by HowlRound. In 2016, the grant was renewed for an additional three years. During this six-year tenure, "OSF hosted the first and then subsequent Latinx Playwrights’ Projects" to develop new work by Latinx playwrights. Plays The Gardens of Aztlan Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner Black Butterfly, Jaguar Girl, Piñata Woman and Other Superhero Girls, Like Me Lady Bird Bitter Homes and Gardens Straight as a Line Body of Faith No Holds Barrio (2004) Downtown Electricidad (2003) Oedipus El Rey (2010) Bruja (2012) St. Jude (2013) Alleluia, The Road (2013) This Golden State Part One: Delano (2015) Mojada: A Medea in Los Angeles (2015) Screenplays Chicanismo (1997 short) From Prada to Nada (2011) Performances The Pikme-Up (2006) Bibliography Alfaro, Luis. "Pico-Union," in Men on Men 4, edited by George Stambolian, Plume, New York, 1992, pp. 268–283. Alfaro, Luis. Down Town, (CD), New Alliance Records, Lawndale, 1993. Alfaro, Luis. "Cuerpo Politizado," in Uncontrollable Bodies: Testimonies of Art and Culture, edited by Rodney Sappington and Tyler Stallings, Bay Press, Seattle, 1994, pp. 216–241. Alfaro, Luis. "Bitter Homes and Gardens," in His, edited by Robert Drake and Terry Wolverton, Faber and Faber, Boston, 1995, pp. 100–107. Alfaro, Luis. "Straight as a Line," in Out of the Fringe: Contemporary Latina/Latino Theatre and Performance, edited by Caridad Svich and Maria Teresa Marrero, Theatre Communication Group, New York, 2000, pp. 1–42. Andújar, Rosa (ed.). The Greek Trilogy of Luis Alfaro: Electricidad, Oedipus El Rey, Mojada, Methuen Drama [Bloomsbury], London and New York, 2020. Critical studies Allatson, Paul. "Siempre feliz en mi falda: Luis Alfaro's Simulative Challenge," in GLQ (A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies), vol. 5, no. 2, 1999, pp. 199–230. Allatson, Paul. "Luis Alfaro," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latina/o Literature, Oxford University Press, New York, 2019. Andújar, Rosa. "Luis Alfaro's Griego Drama: An Introduction," in The Greek Trilogy of Luis Alfaro: Electricidad, Oedipus El Rey, Mojada, edited by Rosa Andújar, Methuen Drama [Bloomsbury], London and New York, 2020, pp. 1–19. Andújar, Rosa. "Electricidad: A Chicanx Tragedy of Family, Feminism, and Fury," in The Greek Trilogy of Luis Alfaro: Electricidad, Oedipus El Rey, Mojada, edited by Rosa Andújar, Methuen Drama [Bloomsbury], London and New York, 2020, pp. 20–26. Andújar, Rosa. "Oedipus El Rey: Blind Love and the Chains of Destiny," in The Greek Trilogy of Luis Alfaro: Electricidad, Oedipus El Rey, Mojada, edited by Rosa Andújar, Methuen Drama [Bloomsbury], London and New York, 2020, pp. 110–114. Andújar, Rosa. "Mojada: Dramatizing Latinx Migrations," in The Greek Trilogy of Luis Alfaro: Electricidad, Oedipus El Rey, Mojada, edited by Rosa Andújar, Methuen Drama [Bloomsbury], London and New York, 2020, pp. 180–186. Arrizón, Alicia. Queering Mestizaje: Transculturation and Performance, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2006. Foster, David William. "El cuerpo de Luís Alfaro: identidades sexuales y performance," in Literatura e autoritarismo: estudos culturais, no. 1 (Janeiro 2003). Foster, David William. "The Representation of the Queer Body in Latin American Theater," in Latin American Theatre Review, vol. 38, no. 1 (Fall 2004), pp. 23–38. Foster, David William. El ambiente nuestro: Chicano/Latino Homoerotic Writing, Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingüe, Tempe, AZ, 2006. Muñoz, José Esteban. "Luis Alfaro's Memory Theatre," in Corpus Delecti, edited by Coco Fusco, Routledge, New York and London, 1999. Rodriguez y Gibson, Eliza. "Luis Alfaro," in The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Multiethnic American Literature, edited by Emmanuel S. Nelson. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 2005. Vol. 1, pp. 131–132. Román, David. "'Teatro Viva!' Latino Performance and the Politics of AIDS in Los Angeles," in ¿Entiendes? Queer Readings, Hispanic Writings, edited by Emilie L. Bergman and Paul Julian Smith (eds.), Duke University Press, Durham, 1995, pp. 346–369. Román, David. "Luis Alfaro," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States, edited by Suzanne Oboler and Deena J. González, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005. Vol. 1, pp. 57–59. Ybarra, Patricia. "Luis Alfaro," in 50 Key Figures in Queer US Theatre, edited by Jimmy A. Noriega and Jordan Schildcrout. Routledge, 2022, pp. 21-25. References External links USC School of Dramatic Arts, Luis Alfaro faculty page Ford Foundation Art of Change Fellows 20th-century American dramatists and playwrights 21st-century American dramatists and playwrights Hispanic and Latino American dramatists and playwrights American LGBT dramatists and playwrights LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people American writers of Mexican descent University of Southern California faculty MacArthur Fellows Activists for Hispanic and Latino American civil rights Activists from Los Angeles Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles) alumni 1963 births Living people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lake%20%28Banana%20Yoshimoto%20novel%29

The Lake (Banana Yoshimoto novel)

The Lake (みずうみ Mizūmi) is a 2015 novel by Banana Yoshimoto, translated into English by Michael Emmerich, and inspired by the infamous, real-life Aum Shinrikyo cult. Plot After her mother's death, Chihiro moves to Tokyo, where she sees a mysterious man, Nakajima, standing in the window of his home opposite hers, and watching her. Nakajima seems to have been a victim of a childhood trauma. Chihiro begins to fall in love with him but his dark past threatens to tear them apart. Characters Chihiro : Born to unmarried parents. Her father is a businessman and her mother is the owner of a bar. She is a graphic artist. Nakajima : A mysterious man with a dark troubled past involved with the Lake. Mino : Nakajima's friend, brother to bed-ridden seer Chii. He acts as Chii's mouthpiece. Chii: a bed-ridden seer who is barely conscious; sister of Mino with whom she communicates telepathically. References External links The Lake at Goodreads 2005 Japanese novels Novels by Banana Yoshimoto

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling%20at%20the%202015%20Pan%20American%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20omnium

Cycling at the 2015 Pan American Games – Men's omnium

The men's omnium competition of the cycling events at the 2015 Pan American Games was held on July 16 and 17 at the Milton Velodrome in Milton, Ontario. Schedule All times are Eastern Daylight Time (UTC−4). Results Scratch Individual Pursuit Elimination 1 km Time Trial Flying Lap Points Race Final Standings References Track cycling at the 2015 Pan American Games Men's omnium

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing%20at%20the%202002%20Asian%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20individual%20sabre

Fencing at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's individual sabre

The men's individual sabre competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan was held on 1 October at the Gangseo Gymnasium. Schedule All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00) Results Preliminary pool Knockout round Final standing References 2002 Asian Games Report, Page 404 External links Official website Men Sabre

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritillaria%20macedonica

Fritillaria macedonica

Fritillaria macedonica is a European species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae, native to Albania, North Macedonia, Greece and Serbia. References External links Universal Postal Union, Flora of Macedonia - Endemic Species - Fritillaria macedonica Bornm photo of Macedonian postage stamp featuring color depiction of Fritillaria macedonica Balkan Photos, Fritillaria macedonica, Mavrovo Macedonia Smugmug, North American Rock Garden Society Photographic competition 2012, photo by Kees Jan van Zwienen macedonica Flora of Southeastern Europe Plants described in 1923 Taxa named by Joseph Friedrich Nicolaus Bornmüller

23088292

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radnitz

Radnitz

Radnitz may refer to: Robert B. Radnitz (1924–2010), German film producer German name of the Czech city Radnice

14373243

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens%20Gerchman

Rubens Gerchman

Rubens Gerchman (January 10, 1942 in Rio de Janeiro – January 29, 2008) was a Brazilian painter and sculptor. He was heavily influenced by concrete and neoconcrete art. Many of Gerchman's works are paintings based on populist themes and his political beliefs, which followed those of neoconcrete artists. His sculptures with letters, stem from concrete poetry. Career Gerchman studied at the Rio de Janeiro School of Fine Arts. In the 1960s, his work focused on mass culture. He used faces clipped from news photos, but unlike Andy Warhol, who used infamous celebrity, he used images of anonymous individuals. These faces would be reproduced as multiple painted images in a comic-strip style. In the late 1960s, Gerchman devoted his interest to urban isolation and alienation. He produced boxes and containers destined to be opened by spectators, and made a series of mixed media collages on wood, broadly titled Caixa de morar (Box to Live In), which reflects this theme. One work in this series, O rei do mau gosto (The King of Bad Taste), was a satire on the bourgeoisie and industrial tycoons set in a monstrous tropical paradise. From the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, Gerchman incorporated letters and words in his paintings, photographs, and sculptures. In 1967, he completed sculptural works which included Terra (Earth), Lute ("Struggle") and Sós ("Alone"). Terra integrated Gerchman's box with hollowed out letters, while Sós played on his Boxes to Live In series with its reference to isolation and alienation. Lastly, Lute expresses political importance. During his stay in New York City from 1968 to 1973, Gerchman adapted to his new audience by producing works with English words. His new works still reflected Gerchman's populist nature, and are rooted in concrete poetry. Some of his work with letters also addresses issues of Latin America's relative geographic location in the Southern Hemisphere. Influences on Art Gerchman's work in the 1960s influenced the spread of kitsch in Brazilian paintings. His comic-strip inspired a form of pop art in Brazil that was based on people and events. Works 1. Caixa de Morar (Box to Live In) (1966-1968) 2. O rei do mau gosto (The King of Bad Taste) (1966) 3. Terra (Earth) (1967) 4. Lute (Struggle) (1967) 5. Sos (Alone) (1967) 6. Skyeyeyellow (1970) 7. Spelling Book Project: House (1972) 8. Sinuous Snake (1969) Museum Exhibitations/Shows 1. Museum of Modern Art in São Paulo 2. Museum of Modern Art and the Museu da Republica in Rio de Janeiro 3. Blanton Museum of Art in Austin, Texas 4. Bronx Museum and El Museo del Barrio in New York 5. São Paulo Biennials (1966, 1982, 1998) 6. "Viva Brasil" show at Galerie 1900–2000 in Paris (1999) 7. "Re-aligning Vision: Alternative Currents in South American Drawing" at the Miami Art Museum (1999) 8. "L'Esthètique du Football" at Galerie Jérôme de Noirmont in Paris (1998) References 1942 births 2008 deaths Brazilian Jews Brazilian contemporary artists Deaths from lung cancer Artists from Rio de Janeiro (city) 20th-century Brazilian sculptors 20th-century Brazilian painters 20th-century Brazilian male artists

20674852

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponmala

Ponmala

Ponmala is a village and suburb of Malappuram. Demographics India census, Ponmala had a population of 28,795 with 13,929 males and 14866 females. References Suburbs of Malappuram

396498

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20E.%20K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n

Rudolf E. Kálmán

Rudolf Emil Kálmán (May 19, 1930 – July 2, 2016) was a Hungarian-American electrical engineer, mathematician, and inventor. He is most noted for his co-invention and development of the Kalman filter, a mathematical algorithm that is widely used in signal processing, control systems, and guidance, navigation and control. For this work, U.S. President Barack Obama awarded Kálmán the National Medal of Science on October 7, 2009. Life and career Rudolf Kálmán was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1930 to Otto and Ursula Kálmán (née Grundmann). After emigrating to the United States in 1943, he earned his bachelor's degree in 1953 and his master's degree in 1954, both from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in electrical engineering. Kálmán completed his doctorate in 1957 at Columbia University in New York City. Kálmán worked as a Research Mathematician at the Research Institute for Advanced Studies in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1958 until 1964. He was a professor at Stanford University from 1964 until 1971, and then a Graduate Research Professor and the Director of the Center for Mathematical System Theory, at the University of Florida from 1971 until 1992. He periodically returned to Fontainebleau from 1969 to 1972 at MINES ParisTech where he served as scientific advisor for Centre de recherches en automatique. Starting in 1973, he also held the chair of Mathematical System Theory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland. Kálmán died on the morning of July 2, 2016, at his home in Gainesville, Florida. Work Kálmán was an electrical engineer by his undergraduate and graduate education at M.I.T. and Columbia University, and he was noted for his co-invention of the Kalman filter (or Kalman-Bucy Filter), which is a mathematical technique widely used in the digital computers of control systems, navigation systems, avionics, and outer-space vehicles to extract a signal from a long sequence of noisy or incomplete measurements, usually those done by electronic and gyroscopic systems. Kálmán's ideas on filtering were initially met with vast skepticism, so much so that he was forced to do the first publication of his results in mechanical engineering, rather than in electrical engineering or systems engineering. Kálmán had more success in presenting his ideas, however, while visiting Stanley F. Schmidt at the NASA Ames Research Center in 1960. This led to the use of Kálmán filters during the Apollo program, and furthermore, in the NASA Space Shuttle, in Navy submarines, and in unmanned aerospace vehicles and weapons, such as cruise missiles. Kálmán published several seminal papers during the sixties, which rigorously established what is now known as the state-space representation of dynamical systems. He introduced the formal definition of a system, the notions of controllability and observability, eventually leading to the Kalman decomposition. Kálmán also gave groundbreaking contributions to the theory of optimal control and provided, in his joint work with J. E. Bertram, a comprehensive and insightful exposure of stability theory for dynamical systems. He also worked with B. L. Ho on the minimal realization problem, providing the well known Ho-Kalman algorithm. Awards and honors Kálmán was a foreign member of the French, Hungarian and Russian Academies of Sciences, as well as a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been awarded many honorary doctorates from other universities. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Kálmán received the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1974, the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, the Inamori foundation's Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology in 1985, the Steele Prize of the American Mathematical Society in 1987, the Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award in 1997, and the National Academy of Engineering's Charles Stark Draper Prize in 2008. Kálmán also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1990. and an Honorary doctorate from the Politecnico di Milano in 2012. Kalman died a few weeks before the conferment of the latter doctorate, so that his wife Dina attended the ceremony on his behalf, held in the Conference room of the Departement of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering of the Politecnico di Milano on 12 September 2016. See also List of members of the National Academy of Engineering (Electronics) Selected publications See also Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation References External links The Kalman Filter website Kyoto Prize For Kálmán's PhD students see Rudolf Emil Kálmán on the Mathematics Genealogy Project page. A biography by Kalman's Ph.D. advisor, J R Ragazzini is given in "Dynamical Systems, Measurement, and Control", June 1977 pp. 73–75. This also has a list of Kalman's major publications. Biography of Kalman from the IEEE 1930 births 2016 deaths 20th-century American mathematicians 21st-century American mathematicians American electrical engineers American inventors American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Control theorists Electrical engineering academics Academic staff of ETH Zurich Fellows of the American Mathematical Society Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences Hungarian emigrants to the United States IEEE Centennial Medal laureates IEEE Medal of Honor recipients Draper Prize winners Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology MIT School of Engineering alumni Members of the French Academy of Sciences Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award recipients Stanford University faculty Systems engineers University of Florida faculty

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sason%20maculatum

Sason maculatum

Sason maculatum is a species of spider in the family Barychelidae, found in the Mariana Islands and the Caroline Islands. References Barychelidae Spiders of Asia Spiders described in 1963

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%20Devi%20Elangbam

Bi Devi Elangbam

Bi Devi Elangbam (born 2 March 1999) is an Indian sepak takraw player. She won a bronze medal in the women's regu event at the 2022 Asian Games. The Indian team consisting of Maipak Devi Ayekpam, Chaoba Devi Oinam, Khushbu, Priya Devi Elangbam and Bi Devi Elangbam lost Thailand 10-21, 13-21 in the semifinals. In Sepak Takraw both losing semifinalists get the bronze medals. References External links Bi Devi Elangbam at Asian Games Living people Indian sepak takraw players Sportswomen from Manipur Sepak takraw players at the 2022 Asian Games Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games Asian Games bronze medalists for India Asian Games medalists in sepak takraw

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Team%20Speedway%20Championship

European Team Speedway Championship

The European Team Speedway Championship is an annual motorcycle speedway team event to determine the team champions of Europe. History The event was inaugurated in 2022. It was added to the speedway racing calendar as an early season event, in addition to the existing European individual and pairs events. Winners References Team Recurring sporting events established in 2022

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noddy%20and%20the%20Birthday%20Party

Noddy and the Birthday Party

Noddy and the Birthday Party is a children's video game released only in Europe for the Game Boy Color in 2000. It was developed by Tiertex Design Studios and published by BBC Multimedia. The game is based on the character Noddy by Enid Blyton, as well as the fictional universe in which he resides. The focus of the plot and gameplay is the preparation of the character Big-Ears' upcoming birthday party. The game received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Gameplay and plot Big-Ears has an upcoming birthday party. Levels are selected on an overworld map, and Noddy drives his car to various locations in Toyland, the setting of the Noddy universe. In each level, Noddy must find seven items (varying between levels) needed for the party. After each level, the player gains sixpences, which add up to 36 pence by the end of the game, to contribute to the cost of a birthday cake. There are ten levels in all: eight platform levels and two auto-scrolling minigames. Reception Noddy and the Birthday Party has received mixed to negative reviews from critics. GameFAQs gave the game a rating of 3.14 out of 5. Several YouTube video game critics have greatly criticized the game for its music, physics, level design, and graphics. References 2000 video games BBC Multimedia games Children's educational video games Europe-exclusive video games Game Boy Color games Game Boy Color-only games Platformers Single-player video games Tiertex Design Studios games Video games about birthdays Video games developed in the United Kingdom

64414207

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrahim%20Jerry

Ephrahim Jerry

Ephrahim Jerry (born 27 May 1996) is a Dutch handball player for Sporting NeLo and the Dutch national team. He represented the Netherlands at the 2020 European Men's Handball Championship. References External links 1996 births Living people Dutch male handball players People from Geldrop Sportspeople from North Brabant Expatriate handball players Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Belgium 21st-century Dutch people