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19552237

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20in%20the%20Philippines

Dance in the Philippines

The Philippines is home to several folk dances such as Tinikling, Pandanggo, Cariñosa, and Subli. Dance has integrated itself in Philippine society over the course of many years and is imbedded in Philippine culture. Types of dances by ethnic group The following are various indigenous dances of the major ethnic groupings of the Philippines Igorot There are six Igorot ethnolinguistic tribes living in Luzon's mountain terrains: the Bontoc, Ifugao, Benguet, Apayo, and the Kalinga tribes, which retained much of their anito religions. Their lives have been centered on appeasing their gods and maintaining a harmonious relationship between spirits and man. Dances are usually linked to rituals for a good harvest, health, prayers for peace, and safety in war. Moro The Moro people are the various usually unrelated Muslim Filipino ethnic groups. Most of their dances are marked by intricate hand and arm movements, accompanied by instruments such as the agong and kulintang. Lumad The non-Islamized natives of Mindanao are collectively known as the Lumad people. Like the Igorot, they still retain much of their animistic anito religions. Christianized Filipinos The majority of Filipinos are the Christianized lowlanders of the islands. Their dances are heavily influenced by Spanish culture, though still retaining native aspects. The dances range from courtship dances, to fiesta (festival) dances, to performance dances. The traditional attire in these dances include the balintawak and patadyong skirts for the women, and camisa de chino and colored trousers for the men. Impact of societal functions to choreography Other less common presentations of Philippine dances have been categorized by intention, or societal functions. Philippine dances not only convey the artistry of movement, but are often associated with life-functions such as weddings, the mimicry of birds, or even rituals like the warding of evil spirits. This outlook on dance can be separated into the following categories: Ritualistic dances Filipino rituals are based on the belief that there exists a delicate balance between man and nature, and the spirit world; and that it is through rituals that we can restore, enhance or maintain this balance. It clarifies our place in the universe; each gesture and move in the dance are symbolically articulating the role of man and human in the world. The dances contain narratives which illustrate the contractual obligations governing relationships between mankind, nature and the spirits. Because there are innumerable reasons for why and how humans can cause shifts in the balance or forget their place in the grander scheme, there are also innumerable rituals that can correct or address the concerns. Thus, it is in looking at their intentions that it can be better understood, interpreted and classified. Some of the rituals attempt to define the future, appease spirits, ask for good harvests, invoke protection, heal the sick, asking for good luck, guidance and counsel. Almost every facet of Filipino life is linked to a ritual practice and is an indication of the value and pervasiveness of rituals in folk culture. Filipino rituals are often shown in dance, because for Filipinos, dance is the highest symbolic form. It transcends language and is able to convey emotions, collective memory, and articulate their purpose. Dance in this case, is the fundamental expression of their complex message and intention. Aside from ritualistic dance as a way to convey their request to the gods or spirits, it also reaffirms social roles in village hierarchies. The leaders of the dances are the masters of the village's collective memory and knowledge and subsequently, commands the highest respect and status. Forms Rituals have been greatly influenced by rich colonial history, as well as archipelagic geography. As a result of this, each major geographic area such preserved distinct traditions, some preserving pre-colonial influences, while others were integrated or completely changed. Islam was deeply rooted in Mindanaoan culture long before Spanish colonist arrived and were mostly left untouched from the presence of Colonial Authorities, thus they continued to keep their mythic Islamic practices. Unlike the Filipinos of the lowlands, who integrated Christian and Catholic practices to form a uniquely Filipino folk Christianity which is still practiced today. Structure As rituals are mostly in the form of dances, it uses gestures, incantations and symbolic implements to invoke spirits, to restore balance or to ask for intercession for harvests, good marriages, safety in journey or counsel. Rituals then, have 2 intended audiences, the spirits who are summoned to placate their anger or to call for their participation to restore balance and to care and provide for mankind. The second audience are the practitioners. In carrying out the rituals, they are reflecting and passing on the collective knowledge and memory of the village, which have been accumulated and refined across many generations. It is through the use of dramatic gestures and dance that symbolic narratives, their values and beliefs are recorded and safeguarded from forgetting. The performance of ritual dances is ultimately an act of recollection. It is a reminder for men and spirit their duties and responsibility in restoring the world's balance. And within the dance itself, practitioners are reminded of the significance of the past, and are being prepared to accommodate the uncertainties that the present and future may bring. Functions Dancing for Filipinos have always imitated nature and life, and is seen as a form of spiritual and social expression. Birds, mountains, seas and straits have become inspiration for local dances. The tinikling mimic the rice-preying birds, the itik-itik is reminiscent of its namesake the duck, the courtship dances of the Cordillera are inspired by hawk-like movements. Geographic location also influence what movements are incorporated into the dances. People from Maranao, Maguindanaon, Bagobo, Manobo, T’boli of Mindanao and Tausug and Badjao of Sulu. Draw influences from aquatic life as they are near bodies of water and have lived their lives mostly off-shore. Their dances accompanies by chants, songs and instruments like the kulintang, gong, gabbang and haglong, as well as a variety of drums show their zest for life.   Some rituals are used as religious expressions to honor the spirits and ask for blessings in each facet of life, such as birth, illness, planting, harvest or even death. They believe in diwatas, or spirits dwelling in nature, which can be appeased through offerings and dance as a means to commune with the spirit. Dance over the years To better understand these dances, the time period of these dances must be considered. Depending on each period, they have had their own ways of influencing and inspiring the dances which then evolve and change depending on these elements. Pre-colonial Pre-colonial dances are distinctly meant to appease the Gods and to ask favors from spirits, as a means to celebrate their harvest or hunt. Their dance mimicked life forms and the stories of their community. Moreover, theses dances were also ritualistic in nature, dances articulated rites of passages, the community's collective legends and history. Across the 7,641 islands in the Philippines, there are various tribes scattered all over, each with their own unique traditions and dances. The Igorots from the mountains of Luzon, resisted Spanish colonization and influences have kept most of their dances untouched across generations. Their dances express their love of nature and gratitude to the gods. Their choreography imitates nature and their life experiences. Dancers would often swoop their arms like birds and stomp their feet as a representation of the rumbling earth. Spanish era Spanish colonist have moderated and even led the politics and economics of the country, which was mainly due to the Spanish colonialism starting from the 16th century. Despite the pre-colonial people having their of type of government, writing, myths, and traditions, several features of Hispanic culture have influenced different aspects of today's Filipino culture, from clothing, such as the barong Tagalog and the terno, to their religion even up to the dances and music. Pre-colonial Filipinos already had their own set of music and dances before Spanish colonist came; dances were performed for different reasons, from weddings up to religious feasts, even to prepare for or celebrate war. As the Spanish colonist realized the relevance of these dances for the Natives, dancing was utilized as a relevant social activity. Some of the first dances they presented were the rigodon, Virginia, and lanceros; these were dances done for the higher class and special fiestas. Filipino dance styles like the kumintang, type of song and dance, and dances like the Pampangois, a dance distinguished for its lion-like actions and hand clapping, were pushed aside when Spanish colonist had come. However, they were later remade with influences from new Spanish dances such as the fandango, lanceros, curacha, and rigodon. Other features that were done when adopting these Hispanic dances was the addition of local elements like using bamboo, paypays (local fans), and coconut or shell castanets. Filipinos, mainly aristocrats, have also created their own renditions of Hispanic and other European dances such as the jotas, fandangos, mazurkas, and waltzes that were done during this time. The fandango after it was introduced was recreated as the pandaggo; the same happened to the jota that was then recreated in several regions; Cariñosa and Sayaw Santa Isabel had steps that were taken from a popular dance, the waltz. Other examples would be how the rhythm and tempo of the jota and the polka influenced traditional dances like the Tinikling and the Itik-itik, which were also inspired from Southeast Asian dances. Dances that were not accompanied by Western music were also given their own accompaniments, such as the case of Pandanggo sa Ilaw. As Hispanic and other European dances had more sharp and fast steps, Filipinos softened these movements when they were recreated. Other dances that were created during the time of hispanization would be the Danza, Jota Cagayan, Jota Isabela, Pantomina, Abaruray, Jota Manileña, Habanera Jovencita, Paypay de Manila, Jota Paragua, and the Paseo de Iloilo. American era Just like in the Spanish colonization, the Americans, in 1898, had brought in their own commercial and global culture which had also influenced the Filipinos. Those with interest in dance were the ones mainly appealed to by the more Black-influenced customs of dance and music. With these Filipino dancers who already know the zarzuela (sarswela), a Spanish form of stage performance with singing and dancing and musical comedy, they became more interested in the American vaudeville (bodabil) or “stage show”, which is filled with both theatrical and circus acts, and more reminiscent of Broadway musicals. More dynamic dances were incorporated in these zarzuelas during the 1950s to the 1970s, such as the cakewalk, buck-and-wing, skirt dance, clog, tap, and soft-shoe that were more upbeat and had an American rhythm to them, as well as social dances like the Charleston, foxtrot, big apple, one-step, slow-drag, rumba, mambo, samba, cha-cha, and the Latin-influenced tango. This growth of American-influenced dances also spawned the increase of cabarets, such as the Santa Ana Cabaret which is a huge ballroom dedicated for these performances. The disco scene also grew more in the 1980s. Known as the “Dean of Philippine vaudeville,” John Cowper had brought with him other artists when he had come. As with the growth of American influence over dance in the country, Filipinos had started creating their own dance troupes; some of these would be the Salvadors, the Roques, Sammy Rodrigues, Lamberto Avellana, and Jose Generoso to name a few. European classical ballet also gained more popularity following the American dances. Aside from creating their own groups, with the new and more advanced transportation system in the country, the Philippines was now able to be included in the international circuit, which had led to performances by international acts such as the Lilliputians with their “ballet girls” and the Baroufski Imperial Russian Circus showcasing their ballerinas. Aside from having international acts come, other talents also came to perform, with the notable one being Anna Pavlova in 1922 and performed at the Manila Grand Opera House. More international acts came to perform in the Philippines after, while some also trained Filipino dancers, one of which is Madame Luboc “Luva” Adameit who trained some of the first notable ballet dancers who had also become choreographers: Leonor Orosa Goquingo, known for her folk-inspired ballet performances (such as Filipinescas), Remedios “Totoy” de Oteyza, and Rosalia Merino Santos, a child prodigy known for doing the first fouettes in the country. Aside from the rise of American dances and European style ballet, modern dance had also started taking form during this period in the vaudeville circuit. Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn, two founders of modern dance visited the Manila in 1926. Other modern dancers also performed in the country which led to some Filipinos training under this dance style. With the growing popularity of this dance style, Filipino dancers continued to mix in elements of folklore and native themes. Anita Kane produced Mariang Makiling in 1939 and it was the first full-length Filipino ballet performance. She also has other works such as Reconstruction Ballet, Mutya ng Dagat (Muse of the Sea), Inulan sa Pista (Rained-out Feast), and Aswang (Vampire), which all had Filipino motifs. Leonor Orosa-Goquingco also had native elements in her dances like Noli Dance Suite and Filipinescas: Philippine Life, Legend and Lore in Dance, which had mixed ballet and folk dances into one performance. Due to this trend, many other writers and dancers continued to connect this Western dance style with native influences, motifs, and even history. Modern era The Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company has been lauded for preserving many of the various traditional folk dances found throughout the Philippines. They are famed for their iconic performances of Philippine dances such as the tinikling and singkil that both feature clashing bamboo poles. See also Francisca Reyes-Aquino Lucrecia Reyes Urtula Ramon Obusan Alice Reyes References Dance in the Philippines

4582099

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentyne%20Suite

Valentyne Suite

Valentyne Suite is the second album released by the band Colosseum. It was Vertigo Records' first album release, and reached number 15 in the UK Albums Chart in 1969. The album peaked at number 18 in Australia in 1970. Though the song "The Kettle" is officially listed as having been written by Dick Heckstall-Smith and Jon Hiseman, a credit which is confirmed by Hiseman's liner notes for the album, bassist and producer Tony Reeves later claimed that it was written by guitarist and vocalist James Litherland. The song's riff was later interpolated in three songs, notably "Ya Mama" by Fatboy Slim. Reception AllMusic derided the first three tracks, referring to "The Kettle" and "Butty's Blues" as, "tarted-up 12-bar blues", and claiming that "Elegy" was beyond James Litherland's abilities as a vocalist. They were more approving of the rest of the album, and described Dave Greenslade's solo on "The Valentyne Suite" as, "something to offer a challenge to vintage Keith Emerson, but with swing." They were critical of Litherland and Reeves's playing on the song, however, and concluded, "In retrospect this might not quite the classic it seemed at the time, but it remains listenable..." Track listing Valentyne Suite was originally written with "Beware the Ides of March" as the final movement, but since "Beware the Ides of March" had already been released in the UK on Those Who Are About to Die Salute You, "The Grass is Always Greener" was substituted for the final movement in the UK release. Compact Disc issues of the suite follow the track listing of the UK release. Personnel Colosseum Dave Greenslade – Hammond organ, vibraphone, piano, backing vocal on "The Machine Demands a Sacrifice" Dick Heckstall-Smith – saxophones, flute on "The Machine Demands a Sacrifice" Jon Hiseman – drums, machine on "The Machine Demands a Sacrifice" James Litherland – guitars, lead vocals Tony Reeves – bass guitars Guest musicians Neil Ardley – conductor on "Butty's Blues", string arrangement on "Elegy" References 1969 albums Colosseum (band) albums Vertigo Records albums Bronze Records albums Albums produced by Gerry Bron Albums arranged by Neil Ardley Albums conducted by Neil Ardley

75003145

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20J.%20Bateman

Charles J. Bateman

Charles J. Bateman (March 4, 1851 – May 3, 1940) was an American architect in practice in Boston from 1876 until his retirement in 1932. He served two terms as city architect of Boston, in 1883–84 and 1888–89. Life and career Charles John Bateman was born March 4, 1851, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was educated in the Cambridge public schools and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he took courses in 1868–69 with the class of 1872. He then worked for Boston architects Faulkner & Clarke, spending part of that time in their second office in Chicago, and then worked for architect George Ropes in Boston. In 1876 Bateman left Ropes to open his own office. Bateman was an Irish Catholic and a Democrat, and both of these attributes would impact his architectural career. As a well-connected member of the local Irish Catholic community Bateman was chosen to design Catholic churches and institutions throughout the Boston area, and by 1877 was being considered as the Democratic candidate for the office of Boston city architect, the holder of which had charge of all architectural work required by the city. He was first elected to that office in 1883, replacing Republican George A. Clough. He served only one term before being replaced by Arthur H. Vinal. In 1885 the city charter was amended such that the city architect was appointed directly by the mayor. By 1887 Vinal was frequently the object of criticism by Democrats, and in 1888 mayor Hugh O'Brien, a Democrat who had been chair of the board of aldermen when Bateman was first elected, reappointed him. The board of aldermen rejected this appointment in a meeting on April 2, 1888. Five months later this was reconsidered, and he was confirmed on September 24, 1888. Bateman again only served one term before being replaced by Harrison H. Atwood. When the office of city architect was abolished in 1895 private architects were hired for city work, and Bateman was assigned several of these projects. He designed two additional public schools, a library branch and altered a number of existing city buildings. He also designed several schools in towns outside of the city. Bateman returned to city government in 1902 when he was appointed consulting architect to the department of public buildings by superintendent Hugh Montague, himself an appointee of Democratic mayor Patrick Collins. He remained in this role until Republican mayor George A. Hibbard reorganized city government in 1908. Bateman practiced architecture until 1932, when he retired. All of Bateman's known works are in Massachusetts with few exceptions. Most prominently, in 1880 he was hired by the Hokkaidō Development Commission to prepare plans for a natural history museum at Sapporo on Hokkaidō in Japan. Why Bateman was chosen is unknown, but he was likely recommended by one of the many New Englanders who were advising the commission. He produced a stick style design for this building, which was completed in 1882. The museum and its collections were transferred to the Sapporo Agricultural College in 1884, is now administered as part of the Hokkaido University Botanical Gardens and has been designated an Important Cultural Property. Personal life Bateman was married to Mary A. Bonner. One son, Charles J. Bateman Jr., was a long-time president of the Somerville Savings Bank. During his career Bateman lived in several places around Boston, and died May 3, 1940, at his home in Newtonville at the age of 89. Bateman was a long-time member of the Boston Society of Architects and at the time of his death was noted as one of its oldest members. Architectural works 1878 – Home for Aged Poor, 424 Dudley St, Roxbury, Boston 1878 – St. Raphael's Catholic Church, Thomas St, Dedham, Massachusetts 1881 – St. Francis de Sales Catholic Church rectory, 303 Bunker Hill St, Charlestown, Boston 1882 – Natural History Museum, Hokkaido University Botanical Gardens, Sapporo, Japan 1883 – Engine House No. 32, 442 Bunker Hill St, Charlestown, Boston 1883 – Harbor View Street School, Harbor View St and Dorchester Ave, Dorchester, Boston 1883 – Benjamin Pope School (former), 110 O St, South Boston, Boston 1884 – St. Mary's Catholic School, Stillman and N Margin Sts, Boston 1885 – Most Precious Blood Catholic Church, 25 Maple St, Hyde Park, Boston 1887 – St. Catherine's Catholic Church, 49 Vine St, Charlestown, Boston 1889 – Charles H. Burke house, 1 Prospect St, Nashua, New Hampshire 1889 – Engine House No. 34, 444 Western Ave, Brighton, Boston 1889 – Memorial Tablets, Winthrop Square, Charlestown, Boston 1889 – Home for the Aged, 186 Highland Ave, Somerville, Massachusetts 1890 – Tomb, Mount Benedict Cemetery, West Roxbury, Boston 1891 – Carney Hospital expansion, 40 Old Harbor St, South Boston, Boston 1891 – St. Francis de Sales Catholic School (former), 343 Bunker Hill St, Charlestown, Boston 1894 – St. Cecilia Catholic Church, 18 Belvidere St, Boston 1900 – Corcoran School, 40 Walnut St, Clinton, Massachusetts 1901 – St. Francis de Sales Catholic Church convent, 325 Bunker Hill St, Charlestown, Boston 1903 – Bigelow School, 350 W 4th St, South Boston, Boston 1904 – Boston Public Library, Codman Square branch (former), 6 Norfolk St, Dorchester, Boston 1913 – John D. Philbrick School, 40 Philbrick St, Roslindale, Boston 1923 – John Lothrop Motley School addition, 141 Savin Hill Ave, Dorchester, Boston Notes References 1851 births 1940 deaths Architects from Boston 19th-century American architects 20th-century American architects Architects of Roman Catholic churches

16187373

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanaero-Chile%20Chincol

Fanaero-Chile Chincol

The Fanaero-Chile Chincol (named for a South American sparrow) was a prototype trainer aircraft developed in Chile in 1955 for air force use. It was a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane of mixed construction, with fabric covered wooden wings and tail surfaces (making extensive use of Mañío, an indigenous wood). It was fitted with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage and was powered by a single Continental O-470 air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, and were enclosed under a long canopy. The prototype Chincol made its maiden flight on 14 December 1955. The Chilean Air Force responded positively to the design, and placed an order for 50 machines. However, technical problems significantly delayed manufacture, and the order was cancelled before the aircraft were produced. Specifications References External links Уголок неба 1950s Chilean military trainer aircraft Chincol Low-wing aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft

10413806

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20John%27s%20Wood%20Clique

St John's Wood Clique

The St John's Wood Clique was a group of Victorian artists who mostly lived in the St John's Wood area of London. Their ideas were broadly similar to an earlier group also called The Clique. The principal members of the group were Philip Hermogenes Calderon, George Dunlop Leslie, Henry Stacy Marks, George Adolphus Storey, David Wilkie Wynfield, John Evan Hodgson and William Frederick Yeames. According to Graham Reynolds the group was notable for its love of practical jokes. Wynfield took photographs of all the members in fancy dress, along with other notable associates such as John Everett Millais and Manet. Most of the members also belonged to the Artists Rifles. Notes 19th-century art groups British art St John's Wood 19th century in London Victorian era

15829299

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmartin-sur-Mer

Montmartin-sur-Mer

Montmartin-sur-Mer is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. See also History of this charming small Normandy seaside town and local artist Felix Planquette Communes of the Manche department References Montmartinsurmer Populated coastal places in France

61571610

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20monuments%20in%20Rabat%2C%20Morocco

List of monuments in Rabat, Morocco

This is a list of monuments that are classified by the Moroccan ministry of culture around Rabat. Monuments and sites in Rabat |} References Rabat Rabat

15153097

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TG-4

TG-4

TG-4 may refer to: Schweizer SGS 2-33, a glider used by the United States Air Force Academy, by 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation Laister-Kauffman TG-4, a glider used by the United States Army Air Force in World War II Naval Aircraft Factory TG-4, a United States Navy seaplane prototype Olympus Tough TG-4, a weatherised digital compact camera by Olympus Corporation See also TG4, a public service broadcaster for Irish language speakers in Ireland and Northern Ireland

56964746

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Maldivian%20films%20of%202018

List of Maldivian films of 2018

This is a list of Maldivian films scheduled to release during the year 2018. Releases Theatre Releases Television References External links Maldivian 2018

50731256

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiratpur%20Raja%20Ram

Kiratpur Raja Ram

Kiratpur Raja Ram is a village in Vaishali district of Bihar, India. It is located in the Bhagwanpur block. According to the 2011 Census of India, the village has 2020 households with a total population of 10,891. This includes 5717 males and 5174 females. The effective literacy rate (literacy rate excluding children aged 6 years and below) is 58.41%. The Vishun Roy College is located in this village. Owned by a political leader Rajdeo Ray and his two sons Jitendra Kumar and Amit Kumar,the college was once known for producing state-level exam toppers. However, in 2016, it was de-recognized by the Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB) for irregularities. References Villages in Vaishali district

45101335

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Frankel%20%28disambiguation%29

David Frankel (disambiguation)

David Frankel (born 1959) is an American film director, screenwriter and producer. David Frankel may also refer to: David Frankel (entrepreneur) (born 1970), South African internet entrepreneur David Frankel (archaeologist), Australian archaeologist David S. Frankel (born 1950), American information technology expert

7065515

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavelanet

Lavelanet

Lavelanet (; L'Avelhanet in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France. Population Its inhabitants are called Lavelanetiens. Tour de France In 2002 the 13th stage of the Tour de France started in Lavelanet. In 2008 the 12th stage of the Tour de France started in Lavelanet. Etymology The name of Lavelanet comes from the Latin meaning "hazel nut" (). The city is commonly called by the locals. Personalities Alix André (1909-2000), romance novelist Fabien Barthez, footballer Benoît Baby, rugby player Jean-Paul Banos and Jean-Marie Banos, fencers Perrine Laffont, mogul skier Daniel Lassalle, baroque trombonist See also Communes of the Ariège department References Communes of Ariège (department) Languedoc Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

14851406

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Ross%20%28speaker%29

William Ross (speaker)

William Ross (died September 5, 1830) was an American lawyer and politician. Life He was the son of Robert Ross, a Scottish tanner who settled at Rossville, a hamlet in Newburgh, New York. William Ross studied law and gained admission to the bar in 1801, and practiced at Newburgh, New York. He married first Mary S. McLean (1787–1812), and then Caroline Middlebrook of Connecticut. He was a member from Orange County of the New York State Assembly in 1808, 1809, and from 1811 to 1814. In February 1811, he was elected Speaker after the previously elected Speaker Nathan Sanford could not attend the session because of ill health. From 1815 to 1822, he was a member of the New York State Senate from the Middle District, and was a member of the Council of Appointment in 1816 and 1819. Sources Political Graveyard Google Books The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 101, 145, 184 and 301; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858) Pioneer Families of Orange County, New York by Bill Reamy (Heritage Books, 2007, , ; page 135f) "BIG" LITTLE BRITAIN - The James Burnets by Margaret V. S. Wallace, from the Orange County Post on July 2, 1970, page 10 Members of the New York State Assembly Speakers of the New York State Assembly New York (state) state senators Politicians from Newburgh, New York 19th-century American people Year of birth unknown 1830 deaths

5807207

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunathpur%20%28PS-Magra%29

Raghunathpur (PS-Magra)

Raghunathpur is a village in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block in Chinsurah subdivision of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration. Geography Location Raghunathpur is located at The area is composed of flat alluvial plains that form a part of the Gangetic Delta. The high west bank of the tidal Hooghly River is highly industrialised. Urbanisation There are 13 statutory towns and 64 census towns in Hooghly district. The right bank of the Hooghly River has been industrialised over a long period. With the leading European powers dominating the area’s industry, trade and commerce for over two centuries, it is amongst the leading industrialised areas in the state. At the same time the land is fertile and agricultural production is significant. In Chinsurah subdivision 68.63% of the population is rural and the urban population is 31.37%. It has 2 statutory and 23 census towns. In Chinsurah Mogra CD Block 64.87% of the population is urban and 35.13% is rural. Amongst the four remaining CD Blocks in the subdivision two were overwhelmingly rural and two were wholly rural. The map alongside shows a portion of Chinsurah subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Demographics As per 2011 Census of India Raghunathpur had a total population of 14,919 of which 7,733 (52%) were males and 7,186 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,304. The total number of literates in Raghunathpur was 12,141 (89.17% of the population over 6 years). India census, Raghunathpur (PS-Magra) had a population of 14,109. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Raghunathpur (PS-Magra) has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 67%. In Raghunathpur (PS-Magra), 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. References Cities and towns in Hooghly district

15303580

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handy%2C%20Monroe%20County%2C%20Indiana

Handy, Monroe County, Indiana

Handy is an unincorporated community in Perry Township, Monroe County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. History According to Ronald L. Baker, the community was probably named after Joseph D. Handy, a county commissioner. Geography Handy is located at . References Unincorporated communities in Monroe County, Indiana Unincorporated communities in Indiana

605709

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josie%20and%20the%20Pussycats

Josie and the Pussycats

Josie and the Pussycats (sometimes simply known as The Pussycats) are a fictional girl group rock band created by Dan DeCarlo. Appearances They have been featured in a number of different media since the 1960s: Josie and the Pussycats (comics), also titled She's Josie or Josie, a comic book produced by Archie Comics from 1963 to 1982 and 2016 to present Josie and the Pussycats (TV series) (1970–1972), a Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions; modified and retitled Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space (1972–1974) Josie and the Pussycats (1970s band), bubblegum pop music group that recorded songs for the TV show, and their self-titled 1970 Capitol Records LP Josie and the Pussycats (film), a live-action motion picture released in 2001 Fictional musical groups

25551973

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members%20of%20the%20Queensland%20Legislative%20Assembly%2C%201888%E2%80%931893

Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1888–1893

This is a list of members of the 10th Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1888 to 1893, as elected at the 1888 colonial election held between 28 April 1888 and 26 May 1888 (due to problems of distance and communications, it was not possible to hold the elections on a single day). The election was a decisive defeat for Samuel Griffith's Liberals, with Thomas McIlwraith's Conservatives becoming ascendant. During the term, a number of Liberals and Independents joined the Ministry, and by the end of the term, the terms "Ministerial" and "Opposition" were being used to describe members. See also Premier: Thomas McIlwraith (Conservative) (1888) Boyd Dunlop Morehead (Conservative) (1888–1890) Samuel Griffith (Ministerial) (1890–1893) Thomas McIlwraith (Ministerial) (1893) Notes On 17 July 1889, Robert Lyons, the member for Fitzroy, resigned. Albert Callan won the resulting by-election on 3 August 1889. On 24 June 1890, Ernest Hunter, the member for Burke, resigned following his being adjudicated as insolvent. Labour candidate John Hoolan won the resulting by-election on 9 August 1890. On 30 June 1890, Henry Jordan, one of the two members for South Brisbane, died. Arthur Morry won the resulting by-election on 17 July 1890. On 30 March 1891, John Murtagh Macrossan, one of the two members for Townsville, died. William Villiers Brown won the resulting by-election on 2 May 1891. On 12 June 1891, George Hall Jones, the member for Burnett, resigned. James Cadell won the resulting by-election on 11 July 1891. On 24 January 1892, Frank Reid Murphy, the member for Barcoo, died. Labour candidate Tommy Ryan won the resulting by-election on 5 March 1892. On 29 March 1892, John Buckland, the member for Bulimba, resigned following his being adjudicated as insolvent. James Dickson won the resulting by-election on 16 April 1892. On 15 May 1892, Walter Adams, the member for Bundaberg, died. Labour candidate George Hall won the resulting by-election on 16 June 1892. On 15 October 1892, Jean-Baptiste Isambert, the member for Rosewood, resigned following his being adjudicated as insolvent. James Foote won the resulting by-election on 15 November 1892. References Waterson, Duncan Bruce: Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament 1860-1929 (second edition), Sydney 2001. The General Election. List of Candidates Brisbane Courier, 26 April 1888, p. 6. Members of Queensland parliaments by term 19th-century Australian politicians

55912644

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Mestre%20Hevia

Laura Mestre Hevia

Laura Mestre Hevia (6 April 1867 – 11 January 1944) was a Cuban translator, humanist and writer. Some of her work was published, and at her death she left unpublished translations into Spanish of the works of Homer. Life Laura Mestre Hevia was born in Havana on 6 April 1867. She was the daughter of Dr. Antonio Mestre y Domínguez (1834–87), who founded several scientific societies in Cuba and introduced the ideas of Charles Darwin. Her family was cultured. Unusually for the time, it was accepted that women were equal, entitled to higher education and need not marry. At the age of 18 she and her sister Fidelia published a translation of a French novel, La sombra by M. A. Gennevraye. She visited Paris and Italy, and was in Florence in 1893, although she later claimed to hate travel. Although she did not have a formal academic career, she studied the programs given by the Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, and she learned Latin, Greek, French, English and Italian, and the literature of these languages. After being unjustly denied the position of director of the Colegio Heredia she gave up any attempt to play a role in public life, and dedicated herself to her studies. In her view the art, literature and philosophy of the Greeks included values and qualities that should be included in the education of young people, and should be based on Homer's works. Laura Mestre Hevia died in Havana on 11 January 1944. Work Laura Mestre translated Homer's poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, into Spanish, the first woman to do so, but only fragments were published. She also translated the epinikia of Pindar, poems by Sappho and Anacreon, and popular songs of modern Greece in her 1929 Estudios griegos. In 1939 she published Literatura Moderna. Estudios y narraciones. When she died she left manuscripts and drafts for four books: Naturaleza, Elementos de Dibujo y Pintura (Nature, Elements of Drawing and Painting), Las Disertaciones, also called Morbidezza, Florencia and her translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey, with a translation of Cicero's dialogue on friendship, since lost. Publications References Sources Further reading Includes a selection of text by Laura Mestre. 1860s births 1944 deaths Cuban writers

55620339

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drahom%C3%ADra%20Miklo%C5%A1ov%C3%A1

Drahomíra Miklošová

Drahomíra Miklošová (born 3 March 1953) is a Czech politician and a member of the Civic Democratic Party. She is a Mayor of Obrnice. She became widely known for successful integration of local Roma People. She was voted vice-chairwoman of the Civic Demcocratic Party in 2016. She remained in the position until January 2018. References 1953 births Living people Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic) mayors 21st-century Czech women politicians

71455415

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20de%20Soham

Richard de Soham

Richard de Soham (died after 1305) was an English-born Crown official and judge who held high office in Ireland in the reign of King Edward I of England. He was a Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland) and briefly Deputy Lord Treasurer of Ireland. He was a native of Soham in Cambridgeshire, and took his name from the town. He is first heard of as a Crown official in 1286, as a tax collector in Yorkshire, charged with levying "the tenth": he was assistant to William de Beverley, a future Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He was sent to Ireland for the first time in 1288 to survey the province of Leinster, and evidently settled in Ireland. After a brief return home in 1294, he came back to Ireland as a Baron of the recently founded Court of Exchequer in 1295. He was only the second judge appointed to the Court, joining Sir David de Offington (died 1312), another English-born official who had long been resident in Ireland. He served as Deputy Treasurer of Ireland in 1304, and retired from the Bench in 1305. Like most judges of the time, he was in holy orders. He was appointed parish priest of Waddington, Lincolnshire in 1303, and presumably spent his last years there. Sources Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921. London: John Murray, 1926 Barons of the Irish Exchequer People from Cambridgeshire

21930706

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20Delaware

Outline of Delaware

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of Delaware: Delaware – U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, a British nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom (what is now called) Cape Henlopen was originally named. Delaware is the second smallest state (after Rhode Island). The history of the state's economic and industrial development is closely tied to the impact of the Du Pont family, founder of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world's largest chemical companies. Delaware was one of the 13 original states participating in the American Revolution and on December 7, 1787, became the first to ratify the Constitution of the United States. General reference Names Common name: Delaware Pronunciation: Official name: State of Delaware Abbreviations and name codes Postal symbol: DE ISO 3166-2 code: US-DE Internet second-level domain: .de.us Nicknames Chemical Capital Corporate Capital (due to the state's business-friendly laws) Diamond State (allusion to the state flag) Blue Hen State or Blue Hen Chicken State The First State (Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution; currently used on license plates) Home of Tax Free Shopping New Sweden Peach State Small Wonder Uncle Sam's Pocket Handkerchief Adjectival: Delaware Demonym: Delawarean Geography of Delaware Geography of Delaware Delaware is: a U.S. state, a federal state of the United States of America Location: Northern hemisphere Western hemisphere Americas North America Anglo America Northern America United States of America Contiguous United States Eastern United States East Coast of the United States Northeast megalopolis Mid-Atlantic states South Atlantic States Population of Delaware: 897,934 (2010 U.S. Census) Area of Delaware: Atlas of Delaware Places in Delaware Places in Delaware Historic places in Delaware National Historic Landmarks in Delaware National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware National Natural Landmarks in Delaware National parks in Delaware: First State National Historical Park. See List of areas in the United States National Park System. State parks in Delaware Environment of Delaware Climate of Delaware Delaware State Wildlife Areas Fishing in Delaware Geology of Delaware Protected areas in Delaware State forests of Delaware Superfund sites in Delaware Natural geographic features of Delaware Rivers of Delaware Regions of Delaware Administrative divisions of Delaware The three counties of the state of Delaware Municipalities in Delaware Cities in Delaware (comingled with other municipalities) State capital of Delaware: City nicknames in Delaware Sister cities in Delaware Towns in Delaware (comingled with other municipalities) Demography of Delaware Demographics of Delaware Government and politics of Delaware Politics of Delaware Form of government: U.S. state government United States congressional delegations from Delaware Delaware State Capitol Elections in Delaware Political party strength in Delaware Branches of the government of Delaware Government of Delaware Executive branch of the government of Delaware Governor of Delaware Lieutenant Governor of Delaware Secretary of State of Delaware State departments Delaware Department of Transportation Legislative branch of the government of Delaware List of United States senators from Delaware List of United States representatives from Delaware Delaware General Assembly 1st Delaware General Assembly 2nd Delaware General Assembly 3rd Delaware General Assembly 4th Delaware General Assembly 5th Delaware General Assembly 6th Delaware General Assembly 7th Delaware General Assembly 8th Delaware General Assembly 9th Delaware General Assembly 10th Delaware General Assembly 11th Delaware General Assembly 12th Delaware General Assembly 13th Delaware General Assembly 14th Delaware General Assembly 15th Delaware General Assembly 16th Delaware General Assembly 17th Delaware General Assembly 18th Delaware General Assembly 19th Delaware General Assembly 20th Delaware General Assembly 21st Delaware General Assembly 22nd Delaware General Assembly 23rd Delaware General Assembly 24th Delaware General Assembly 25th Delaware General Assembly 26th Delaware General Assembly 27th Delaware General Assembly 28th Delaware General Assembly 29th Delaware General Assembly 30th Delaware General Assembly 31st Delaware General Assembly 32nd Delaware General Assembly 33rd Delaware General Assembly 34th Delaware General Assembly 35th Delaware General Assembly 36th Delaware General Assembly 37th Delaware General Assembly 38th Delaware General Assembly 39th Delaware General Assembly 40th Delaware General Assembly 41st Delaware General Assembly 42nd Delaware General Assembly 43rd Delaware General Assembly 44th Delaware General Assembly 45th Delaware General Assembly 46th Delaware General Assembly 47th Delaware General Assembly 48th Delaware General Assembly 49th Delaware General Assembly 50th Delaware General Assembly 51st Delaware General Assembly 52nd Delaware General Assembly 53rd Delaware General Assembly 54th Delaware General Assembly 55th Delaware General Assembly 56th Delaware General Assembly 57th Delaware General Assembly 58th Delaware General Assembly 59th Delaware General Assembly 60th Delaware General Assembly 61st Delaware General Assembly 62nd Delaware General Assembly 63rd Delaware General Assembly 64th Delaware General Assembly 65th Delaware General Assembly 66th Delaware General Assembly 67th Delaware General Assembly 68th Delaware General Assembly 69th Delaware General Assembly 70th Delaware General Assembly Delaware Senate Delaware House of Representatives List of Delaware General Assembly sessions Judicial branch of the government of Delaware Courts of Delaware Supreme Court of Delaware Law and order in Delaware Cannabis in Delaware Capital punishment in Delaware: yes. See Capital punishment in the United States. Individuals executed in Delaware Constitution of Delaware Crime in Delaware Gun laws in Delaware Law enforcement in Delaware Law enforcement agencies in Delaware Delaware State Police Same-sex marriage in Delaware Delaware General Corporation Law Military in Delaware Delaware National Guard Delaware Air National Guard Delaware Army National Guard History of Delaware History of Delaware History of Delaware, by period Indigenous peoples Netherlands colony of Nieuw-Nederland, 1624–1652 Swedish colony of Nya Sverige, 1638–1655 Netherlands province of Nieuw-Nederland, 1652–1664 English Province of New-York, (1664–1681)-1688 English Colony of Pennsylvania, 1681–1707 Lower Counties on the Delaware, 1704–1776 British Colony of Pennsylvania, 1707–1776 Lower Counties on the Delaware, 1704–1776 French and Indian War, 1754–1763 Treaty of Paris of 1763 American Revolutionary War, April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783 United States Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 Treaty of Paris, September 3, 1783 State of Delaware since 1776 Twelfth state to ratify the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, signed February 22, 1779 First State to ratify the Constitution of the United States of America on December 7, 1787 American Civil War, April 12, 1861 – May 13, 1865 Delaware in the American Civil War Border state, 1861–1865 Effects of Hurricane Isabel in Delaware History of Delaware, by region Cities History of Dover Counties History of Kent County History of New Castle County History of Sussex County Culture of Delaware Culture of Delaware Festivals in Delaware Museums in Delaware Religion in Delaware The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Delaware Episcopal Diocese of Delaware Scouting in Delaware State symbols of Delaware Flag of the State of Delaware Great Seal of the State of Delaware The Arts in Delaware Music of Delaware Sports in Delaware Sports in Delaware Professional sports teams in Delaware Economy and infrastructure of Delaware Economy of Delaware Fishing in Delaware Communications in Delaware Newspapers in Delaware Radio stations in Delaware Television stations in Delaware Health care in Delaware Hospitals in Delaware Transportation in Delaware Airports in Delaware Delaware State Route System Numbered routes in Delaware Delaware Byways Vehicle registration plates of Delaware Education in Delaware Education in Delaware Schools in Delaware School districts in Delaware High schools in Delaware Colleges and universities in Delaware University of Delaware Delaware State University See also Topic overview: Delaware Index of Delaware-related articles References External links Delaware Tourism homepage Delaware Map Data Energy & Environmental Data for Delaware USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Delaware U.S. Census Bureau Delaware State Facts 2000 Census of Population and Housing for Delaware, U.S. Census Bureau Delaware State Databases - Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Delaware state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association. Delaware Delaware

63677357

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chris%20and%20Paul%20Show

The Chris and Paul Show

The Chris and Paul Show is an American sketch comedy duo composed of Christopher John O'Neill and Paul Valenti. They are known for their vaudeville-inspired physical comedy, which consists of largely pantomimed scenes with minimal or no dialogue. The duo began performing 1999, and are based in New York City. They have toured across the United States and in Europe. They gained wide exposure in 2019 as contestants on the NBC comedy competition television series Bring the Funny, in which they placed as finalists. Early lives Chris O'Neill is from Stamford, Connecticut. He graduated from Stamford High School, where he performed in school productions, and briefly attended Norwalk Community College before leaving college to pursue comedy full time. He performed at the Curtain Call community theater. Paul Valenti attended Greenwich High School in Greenwich, Connecticut. Career O'Neill and Valenti met in 1999 at the theater company Curtain Call in Stamford, where they both attended a class taught by community theater veteran Suzi Lynch, who was quickly impressed with the duo. She taught them comedy by masters such as Jack Benny, Sid Caesar, Carol Burnett, Tim Conway, Laurel and Hardy. She also imparted to them the principle that "To be funny, you don’t have to be dirty," teaching instead that "You just have to be silly. Don’t be afraid to be silly." O'Neill and Valenti refer to Lynch as their "Yoda" for the mentor role that she took on for them, providing feedback on their material and suggestions for improvement. The two men began performing together professionally in 2000. In 2003 O'Neill and Valenti moved to New York City, renting an apartment on the Upper West Side. They headlined in multiple New York comedy clubs, including The People's Improv Theater (The PIT), Upright Citizen's Brigade, Carolines on Broadway, Comedy Cellar, Stand Up NY, Comic Strip, Comix, The Gotham Comedy Club and Joe's Pub. In 2019, the duo gained wide exposure in 2019 as contestants on the NBC comedy competition television series Bring the Funny, in which they placed as finalists. Comedy style The Chris and Paul Show's sketches involve an emphasis on physical comedy and minimal or no dialogue, a style influenced by comedians like Laurel and Hardy, which the Stamford Advocate described as "modern day vaudeville with an edgy, unexpected twist." In one of their sketches, for example, O'Neill and Valenti act out getting into a car as cheerful music plays over what appears to be a pleasant ride. The skit takes a turn when it is revealed that the smiling and cheerful characters are actually on their way to commit a bank robbery, which then leads to a violent police chase. O'Neill said of his comedy, "We like to set it up where the audience likes to think where the sketch is going and then we turn the switch on them." Reception The Washington Posts Jessica Goldstein, commenting on the duo's practice of setting up an idea, only for it to be subverted in the payoff, stated, "'The Chris and Paul Show' is their sensibility distilled to its simplest form: a joke heads in one direction but veers to the left at the last minute, and the sketch snaps shut before the shock fully registers. Barrie Morgan, reviewing The Chris and Paul Show's performance at the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival for The Skinny, lauded the act, saying that it offers "a unique show of interesting and surprising skits that are both intelligent and hilarious. The show starts slowly but the audience instantly warm to the two Americans. Their comedic dynamic is spot on, and it shows." Morgan called the duo "one of the greatest sketch shows I've ever seen." Steve Bennett, reviewing the same entry at that festival for Chortle called O'Neill and Valenti "slick, talented and with undoubted funny", comparing them to The Pajama Men. Bennett noted the manner in which their skits gradually establish their premise in judiciously quiet moments, before implementing more manic payoffs that subvert expectations. While Bennett did not believe that the setups were always paced properly, he noted the ones that were, saying, "To call them sketches would seem to demean their unquestionable artistry – builds up the tension so beautifully, then punctures it so hilariously with just two short words, it's one of the best single moments of the Fringe." Jon Stapley, reviewing a 2012 Edinburgh performance of The Chris and Paul Show for Broadway Baby, lauded the pair, noting that despite the audience tension on account of the performance beginning ten minutes late, "the result was a very different, very funny hour of comedy that quickly won the audience’s affections and left everyone with big grins on their faces." Stapley called The Chris and Paul Show's approach to sketch comedy "novel", praising their "impressive physical comedy chops", and the way in which they incorporate impromptu participation by audience members into their sketches. Although Stapley also criticized the duo for the length of their "long, awkward pauses," and with their ability to end a scene, "the physical talent and originality on display...more than made up for it. Chris and Paul put on a relentlessly unique sketch show and did it very well indeed. A highly entertaining and highly recommended hour of comedy." Awards 2011 Best Newcomer Nominee – Edinburgh Fringe Festival 2011 Best Actor in a Comedy (O'Neill and Valenti tied) - New York Television Festival Personal lives Both O'Neill and Valenti live in Stamford Connecticut as of July 2019. O'Neill married his longtime girlfriend, Jennifer, in April 2013. He has two daughters, Harper and Hailey. References External links Bring the Funny. NBC. "Sketch Act The Chris and Paul Show - Open Mic". Bring the Funny. NBC. July 30, 2019 "Sketch Group The Chris and Paul Show - Comedy Clash". Bring the Funny. NBC. August 13, 2019 "The Chris and Paul Show - Showcase Round 1 Exclusive". Bring the Funny. NBC. August 27, 2013. 21st-century American male actors American comedy duos American comedians Participants in American reality television series Male actors from Connecticut Male actors from New York City People from Stamford, Connecticut Year of birth missing (living people)

38230986

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20Lance

Alain Lance

Alain Lance (born in Bonsecours, 18 December 1939) is a French writer and translator. He has been acknowledged for his translations of German authors into French: Volker Braun, Franz Fühmann, Ingo Schulze and Christa Wolf. He lives in Paris. Awards Prix Guillaume Apollinaire (2001) Eugen-Helmlé-Übersetzerpreis (2012) References External links Radiointerview von Günter Liehr mit Lance auf der Seite des französischen Auslandssenders RFI, 2003 1939 births People from Seine-Maritime French translators Translators from German Translators to French Living people French male non-fiction writers

16118119

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Rouleau

Michel Rouleau

Michel Rouleau (born September 28, 1944) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward. He played 115 games in the World Hockey Association with the Quebec Nordiques, Philadelphia Blazers, San Diego Mariners, Michigan Stags and Baltimore Blades. External links 1944 births Baltimore Blades players Canadian ice hockey forwards Charlotte Checkers (EHL) players Charlotte Checkers (SHL) players French Quebecers Ice hockey people from Gatineau Living people Michigan Stags players Philadelphia Blazers players Quebec Nordiques (WHA) players Roanoke Valley Rebels (SHL) players San Diego Mariners players

30597701

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalus%20lepidus

Rhopalus lepidus

Rhopalus lepidus is a species of scentless plant bugs belonging to the family Rhopalidae, subfamily Rhopalinae. It is found in Bulgaria, France, Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal and Jugoslavia. References External links Biolib Hemiptera of Europe Insects described in 1861 Rhopalini Endemic fauna of France

13872629

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification%20%28U.S.%20Constitution%29

Nullification (U.S. Constitution)

Nullification, in United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal laws which they deem unconstitutional with respect to the United States Constitution (as opposed to the state's own constitution). There are similar theories that any officer, jury, or individual may do the same. The theory of state nullification has never been legally upheld by federal courts, although jury nullification has. The theory of nullification is based on a view that the states formed the Union by an agreement (or "compact") among the states, and that as creators of the federal government, the states have the final authority to determine the limits of the power of that government. Under this, the compact theory, the states and not the federal courts are the ultimate interpreters of the extent of the federal government's power. Under this theory, the states therefore may reject, or nullify, federal laws that the states believe are beyond the federal government's constitutional powers. The related idea of interposition is a theory that a state has the right and the duty to "interpose" itself when the federal government enacts laws that the state believes to be unconstitutional. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison set forth the theories of nullification and interposition in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798. Courts at the state and federal level, including the U.S. Supreme Court, repeatedly have rejected the theory of nullification. The courts have decided that under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, federal law is superior to state law, and that under Article III of the Constitution, the federal judiciary has the final power to interpret the Constitution. Therefore, the power to make final decisions about the constitutionality of federal laws lies with the federal courts, not the states, and the states do not have the power to nullify federal laws. Between 1798 and the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, several states threatened or attempted nullification of various federal laws. None of these efforts were legally upheld. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were rejected by the other states. The Supreme Court rejected nullification attempts in a series of decisions in the 19th century, including Ableman v. Booth, which rejected Wisconsin's attempt to nullify the Fugitive Slave Act. The Civil War ended most nullification efforts. In the 1950s, southern states attempted to use nullification and interposition to prevent integration of their schools. These attempts failed when the Supreme Court again rejected nullification in Cooper v. Aaron, explicitly holding that the states may not nullify federal law. The Constitution and the theory of nullification Provisions of the Constitution The Constitution does not contain any clause expressly providing that the states have the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional. Supporters of nullification have argued that the states' power of nullification is inherent in the nature of the federal system. They have argued that before the Constitution was ratified, the states essentially were separate nations. Under this theory, the Constitution is a contract, or "compact", among the states by which the states delegated certain powers to the federal government while reserving all other powers to themselves. The states, as parties to the compact, retained the inherent right to judge compliance with the compact. According to supporters of nullification, if the states determine that the federal government has exceeded its delegated powers, the states may declare federal laws unconstitutional. Nullification supporters argue that the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional not only is inherent in the concept of state sovereignty but also is one of the powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment. This view of the Constitution has been rejected by the federal courts, which consistently have held that under the Constitution, the states do not have the power to nullify federal laws. The courts have rejected the compact theory, finding that the Constitution was not a contract among the states. Rather, the Constitution was established directly by the people, as stated in the preamble: "We the people of the United States ..." The people made the federal government superior to the states in certain ways. Under the Supremacy Clause of Article VI, the Constitution and federal laws made in pursuance thereof are "the supreme law of the land ... anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding." The courts have held that federal laws are therefore superior to state laws and cannot be negated by the states. Federal laws are valid and are controlling, so long as those laws were adopted in pursuance of—that is, consistent with—the Constitution. Determining whether a federal law is consistent with the Constitution requires interpretation of the law, which is inherently a judicial function. The federal judicial power granted by Article III of the Constitution gives the federal courts authority over all cases "arising under this Constitution [or] the laws of the United States". The federal courts, therefore, have been given the power to determine whether federal laws are consistent with the Constitution, with the Supreme Court having final authority. Thus, the federal courts have held that under the Constitution, federal law is controlling over state law, and the final power to determine whether federal laws are unconstitutional has been delegated to the federal courts. The courts therefore have held that the states do not have the power to nullify federal law. The Constitutional Convention and state ratifying conventions The concept of nullification of federal law by the states was not discussed at the Constitutional Convention. The records of the Constitutional Convention therefore do not provide support for the theory of nullification. On the other hand, the records of the Convention support the idea that the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional lies in the federal courts. At least fifteen Constitutional Convention delegates from nine states spoke about the power of the federal courts to declare federal laws unconstitutional. For example, George Mason said that under the Constitution, federal judges "could declare an unconstitutional law void". James Madison said: "A law violating a constitution established by the people themselves, would be considered by the Judges as null & void." Elbridge Gerry said that the power of federal judges to interpret federal laws includes "a power of deciding on their constitutionality". Several of the Convention delegates said that the federal courts would have the power to determine disputes between the federal government and the states. Charles Pinckney referred to federal judges as "Umpires between the U. States and the individual States". John Rutledge indicated that the Supreme Court would "judge between the U.S. and particular states". These statements indicated that the Supreme Court would have final authority in constitutional disputes between the federal government and the states. The records of the state ratifying conventions do not include any assertions that the states would have the power to nullify federal laws. It has been argued that certain statements in the Virginia ratifying convention, although not asserting a right of nullification, articulated a basis for the compact theory. Edmund Randolph and George Nicholas stated that Virginia's ratification of the Constitution would constitute its agreement to a contract, and that if Virginia were to state its understanding at the time of ratification that the federal government could exercise only its delegated powers, this understanding would become part of the contract and would be binding on the federal government. These statements implied a belief that Virginia, as a party to the contract, would have a right to judge the constitutional limits of federal power. The records of the state ratifying conventions include over three dozen statements in more than half the states asserting that the federal courts would have the power to declare laws unconstitutional. For example, Luther Martin's letter to the Maryland ratifying convention asserted that the power to declare laws unconstitutional could be exercised solely by the federal courts, and that the states would be bound by federal court decisions: "Whether, therefore, any laws or regulations of the Congress, any acts of its President or other officers, are contrary to, or not warranted by, the Constitution, rests only with the judges, who are appointed by Congress, to determine; by whose determinations every state must be bound." John Marshall said in the Virginia convention that protection against infringement of the Constitution would be provided by the federal courts: "If [Congress] were to make a law not warranted by any of the powers enumerated, it would be considered by the [federal] judges as an infringement of the Constitution which they are to guard. ... They would declare it void. ... To what quarter will you look for protection from an infringement on the Constitution, if you will not give the power to the judiciary? There is no other body that can afford such a protection." In short, there were no statements in the Constitutional Convention or the state ratifying conventions asserting that the states would have the power to nullify federal laws. On the other hand, the records of these conventions support the idea that the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional lies in the federal courts. The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers do not say that the states have the power to nullify federal law. On the contrary, they say that the power to declare laws unconstitutional is delegated to federal courts, not the states. Federalist No. 33 states that federal laws are supreme over the states, so long as those laws are within the federal government's delegated powers. Federalist No. 39 directly addresses the question of who is to decide whether the federal government has exceeded its delegated powers and has infringed on the states' reserved powers. It explains that under the Constitution, this issue is to be decided by the Supreme Court, not the states: "[The federal government's] jurisdiction extends to certain enumerated objects only, and leaves to the several States a residuary and inviolable sovereignty over all other objects. It is true that in controversies relating to the boundary between the two jurisdictions, the tribunal which is ultimately to decide, is to be established under the general [i.e. federal] government. ... Some such tribunal is clearly essential to prevent an appeal to the sword and a dissolution of the compact; and that it ought to be established under the general rather than under the local governments, or, to speak more properly, that it could be safely established under the first alone, is a position not likely to be combated." Federalist No. 44 discusses the role of the states in checking actions of Congress that exceed its delegated powers. According to Federalist No. 44, the role of the states is to "sound the alarm" regarding any unconstitutional exercise of power by Congress, and to assist in electing new representatives to Congress. Federalist No. 44 does not imply that the states have the power to legally nullify federal law, although this would have been an appropriate context in which to mention it if such a power were thought to exist. Federalist No. 78 says that the federal courts have the power "to pronounce legislative acts void, because contrary to the Constitution". Federalist No. 80 asserts that the final authority to interpret the Constitution and federal law lies in the federal courts, not the states, because of the need for uniformity. Likewise, Federalist No. 22 says that the federal courts should interpret federal law due to the need for uniformity. Federalist No. 82 says that because of the need for uniformity and the federal government's need to effectively enforce its laws, the Constitution gives the Supreme Court the power to review decisions of state courts in cases arising under the Constitution or federal law. The Federalist Papers therefore indicate that the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional lies in the federal courts, not in the states. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions The earliest assertion of the theories of nullification and interposition is found in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, which were a protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. In these resolutions, authors Thomas Jefferson and James Madison argued that "the states" have the right to interpret the Constitution and can declare federal laws unconstitutional when the federal government exceeds its delegated powers. These resolutions are considered the foundational documents of the theories of nullification and interposition. The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, written by Jefferson, asserted that the states formed the Constitution as a compact, delegating certain specified powers to the federal government and reserving all other powers to themselves. Each state, as a party to the compact, has a "right to judge for itself" the extent of the federal government's powers. When the federal government acts beyond the scope of its delegated powers, a state may determine that the federal government's "acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force". The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 called on the other states to join Kentucky "in declaring these acts void and of no force" and "in requesting their repeal at the next session of Congress". The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 added the assertion that when a federal law is unconstitutional, the remedy is "nullification" of the law by "the several states". The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 did not assert that Kentucky would unilaterally refuse to enforce, or prevent enforcement of, the Alien and Sedition Acts. Rather, these resolutions declared that Kentucky "will bow to the laws of the Union" but would continue "to oppose in a constitutional manner" the Alien and Sedition Acts. The resolutions stated that Kentucky was entering its "solemn protest" against those Acts. The author of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 is not known with certainty. The Virginia Resolutions of 1798, written by Madison, did not mention nullification. Rather, they introduced the idea of "interposition". The Virginia Resolutions asserted that when the federal government engages in "a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise" of powers not granted by the Constitution, "the states, who are parties thereto, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose, for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining, within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties, appertaining to them". The Virginia Resolutions did not explain what form this "interposition" might take. The Virginia Resolutions appealed to the other states for agreement and cooperation in opposing the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions did not attempt to prohibit enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Acts within the borders of those states. Rather, these resolutions declared that the legislatures of these states viewed the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional, called for the repeal of these Acts, and requested the support and cooperation of the other states. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were not accepted by any of the other states. Rather, ten states rejected the Resolutions, with seven states formally transmitting their rejections to Kentucky and Virginia and three other states passing resolutions expressing disapproval. At least six states responded to the Resolutions by taking the position that the constitutionality of acts of Congress is a question for the federal courts, not the state legislatures. For example, Vermont's resolution stated: "That the General Assembly of the state of Vermont do highly disapprove of the resolutions of the General Assembly of Virginia, as being unconstitutional in their nature, and dangerous in their tendency. It belongs not to state legislatures to decide on the constitutionality of laws made by the general government; this power being exclusively vested in the judiciary courts of the Union." Virginia responded to the criticism of the other states by issuing the Report of 1800, written by Madison. The Report of 1800 affirmed and defended the Virginia Resolutions. The Report of 1800 also said that a declaration of unconstitutionality by the states would be only an expression of opinion designed to spur debate, rather than having the authoritative effect of a federal court decision. During the Nullification Crisis of the 1830s, Madison denounced as unconstitutional the concept of nullification of federal law by a state. Madison wrote, "But it follows, from no view of the subject, that a nullification of a law of the U.S. can as is now contended, belong rightfully to a single State, as one of the parties to the Constitution; the State not ceasing to avow its adherence to the Constitution. A plainer contradiction in terms, or a more fatal inlet to anarchy, cannot be imagined." Nullification attempts in the 19th century The Peters case The Supreme Court first dealt with nullification in 1809 in the case of United States v. Peters, 9 U.S. (5 Cranch) 115 (1809). The Court rejected the idea of nullification. The Pennsylvania legislature had passed an act purporting to nullify a federal court's decision. The Pennsylvania statute stated that the federal court had acted unconstitutionally because it did not have jurisdiction, and that the federal court's judgment "was null and void". The Supreme Court held that the Pennsylvania legislature did not have the power to nullify the federal court's judgment, stating: "If the legislatures of the several States may, at will, annul the judgments of the courts of the United States, and destroy the rights acquired under those judgments, the Constitution itself becomes a solemn mockery, and the nation is deprived of the means of enforcing its laws by the instrumentality of its own tribunals." In response, the Governor of Pennsylvania called out the state militia to prevent enforcement of the Supreme Court's judgment. However, the U.S. Marshal summoned a posse, carried out the Supreme Court's order, and arrested the leaders of the state militia. The Pennsylvania legislature passed a resolution declaring the action of the Supreme Court unconstitutional, invoking states' rights, and appealing to the other states for support. Eleven states responded by disapproving Pennsylvania's attempted nullification. No state supported Pennsylvania. The Governor of Pennsylvania made a plea to President James Madison to intervene, but Madison affirmed the authority of the Supreme Court. The Pennsylvania legislature backed down and withdrew the militia. Thus, Pennsylvania's attempt to nullify the federal court judgment failed. New England's protests against federal authority Several New England states objected to the Embargo Act of 1807, which restricted foreign trade. The Massachusetts legislature passed a resolution stating that the embargo "is, in the opinion of the legislature, in many respects, unjust, oppressive and unconstitutional, and not legally binding on the citizens of this state". The Massachusetts resolution did not purport to nullify the Embargo Act, but instead stated that "the judicial courts are competent to decide this question, and to them every citizen, when aggrieved, ought to apply for redress". Massachusetts called on Congress to repeal the act, and proposed several constitutional amendments. Connecticut passed a resolution declaring that the act was unconstitutional and declaring that state officials would not "assist, or concur in giving effect to the aforesaid unconstitutional act". Connecticut joined in the call for constitutional amendments. Neither Massachusetts nor Connecticut attempted to ban enforcement of the act within the state. A federal district court ruled in 1808 that the Embargo Act was constitutional. Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809 because it had been ineffective in achieving its goal of bringing economic pressure on England and France. Neither state attempted to block enforcement of the Embargo Act, so nullification did not come to a legal test. The War of 1812 was harmful to New England's commercial interests and was unpopular in New England. The New England states objected to putting their state militias under federal control, arguing that the Constitution did not give the federal government authority over state militias in those circumstances. There was some discussion in New England about making a separate peace with Britain or even seceding from the Union. At the Hartford Convention of 1814, delegates from several New England states met to discuss their disagreements with the federal government's policies. The final report and resolutions from the Hartford Convention asserted that "acts of Congress in violation of the Constitution are absolutely void" and asserted the right of a state "to interpose its authority" to protect against unconstitutional government action. The final resolutions did not attempt to ban enforcement of any act of Congress. Rather, the resolutions recommended to state legislatures that they protect their citizens from unconstitutional federal action, called on the federal government to fund the defense of New England, and proposed a series of amendments to the Constitution. No state legislature followed up by attempting to nullify a federal act. The end of the war made the issue moot. Virginia's opposition to Supreme Court review In 1813, the Supreme Court reversed a decision of the Virginia Court of Appeals, basing its decision on the terms of a federal treaty. The Virginia Court of Appeals refused to accept the Supreme Court's decision, stating that under the Constitution, the Supreme Court did not have authority over state courts. The Virginia court held that as a matter of state sovereignty, its decisions were final and could not be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Virginia court found unconstitutional the federal statute providing for Supreme Court review of state court judgments. This decision would have allowed each state's courts to decide for themselves whether federal actions were unconstitutional, effectively giving state courts the right to nullify federal law. In Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 304 (1816), the Supreme Court rejected this view. The Supreme Court held that Article III of the Constitution gives the federal courts jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution or federal law, and gives the Supreme Court final authority in such cases. The Supreme Court stated that the people, by providing in the Constitution that the Supreme Court has final authority in such cases, had chosen to limit the sovereignty of the states. The Supreme Court therefore found that the federal courts, not the states, have the final power to interpret the Constitution. Virginia again challenged the Supreme Court's authority in Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264 (1821). The question was whether the Supreme Court had authority to hear an appeal in a criminal case decided by a state court based on violation of a state law, where the defense was based on federal law. The Virginia legislature passed resolutions declaring that the Supreme Court had no authority over it due to principles of state sovereignty. The Supreme Court held that under Article III of the Constitution, the federal courts have jurisdiction over all cases involving the Constitution or federal law, including state cases in which a federal defense arises. Because the defendants in the case claimed that their actions were authorized by a federal statute, there was a disputed issue of federal law and the Supreme Court had authority to review the state court's judgment. Thus, the Supreme Court again found that the final power to interpret federal law lies in the federal courts, not the states. These two cases established the principle that the federal courts, not the states, have the final power to interpret the Constitution and to determine the Constitutional limits of federal power. These cases rejected the state's attempt to determine the limits of federal power. Ohio and the Bank of the United States In 1819, Ohio imposed a tax on the federally chartered Bank of the United States. The Supreme Court already had ruled that such taxes were unconstitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819). Despite the Supreme Court's ruling, Ohio seized $100,000 from the Bank to satisfy the tax. Ohio passed resolutions declaring that it did not accept the result of the McCulloch case and denying that the Supreme Court had the final authority to interpret the Constitution. The Ohio legislature's resolutions, relying on the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, asserted that the states "have an equal right to interpret that Constitution for themselves". The resolutions declared that Ohio had the legal power to tax the Bank. The controversy eventually reached the Supreme Court in Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738 (1824). The Supreme Court held that Ohio's tax on the Bank was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court stated: "[T]he act of the State of Ohio ... is repugnant to a law of the United States, made in pursuance of the Constitution, and therefore void." The Supreme Court thus rejected Ohio's attempt to nullify federal law. Georgia and the Cherokees In the 1820s, Georgia passed an act making Georgia state law applicable on all Cherokee lands and declaring all laws of the Cherokee nation void. This contradicted federal treaties with the Cherokees, effectively nullifying those federal treaties. Georgia's actions were reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515 (1832). While the case was pending in the Supreme Court, the Georgia legislature passed a resolution asserting that under the Tenth Amendment, the federal government had no jurisdiction over Georgia criminal law and the Supreme Court's review of the case was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court rejected Georgia's attempt to nullify the federal treaties with the Cherokees. The Court held that "according to the settled principles of our Constitution", authority over Indian affairs is "committed exclusively to the government of the Union". The Court held that under the federal treaties with the Cherokees, "the laws of Georgia can have no force" on Cherokee land. The Court held that Georgia's laws regulating Cherokee land were "void, as being repugnant to the constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States". The Supreme Court thus asserted final authority to interpret the Constitution and federal treaties, rejecting Georgia's nullification attempt. Georgia refused to accept the Supreme Court's decision. President Andrew Jackson did not believe Georgia had the right to nullify federal law, but was sympathetic to Georgia's goal of forcing the Cherokees to relocate to the west. He took no immediate action against Georgia. Before the Supreme Court could hear a request for an order enforcing its judgment, the Nullification Crisis arose in South Carolina. Jackson wanted to avoid a confrontation with Georgia over states' rights. A compromise was brokered under which Georgia repealed the law at issue in Worcester. Despite the Court's decision finding Georgia's actions unconstitutional, Georgia continued to enforce other laws regulating the Cherokees. Ultimately the Cherokees were forced to agree to a treaty of relocation, leading to the Trail of Tears. The nullification crisis The idea of nullification increasingly became associated with matters pertaining to the sectional conflict and slavery. The best known statement of the theory of nullification during this period, authored by John C. Calhoun, was the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828. Calhoun asserted that the Tariff of 1828, which favored the northern manufacturing states and harmed the southern agricultural states, was unconstitutional. Calhoun argued that each state, as "an essential attribute of sovereignty", has the right to judge the extent of its own powers and the allocation of power between the state and the federal government. Calhoun argued that each state therefore necessarily has a "veto", or a "right of interposition", with respect to acts of the federal government that the state believes encroach on its rights. In the Webster–Hayne debate in the Senate in 1830, Daniel Webster responded to this nullification theory by arguing that the Constitution itself provides for the resolution of disputes between the federal government and the states regarding allocation of powers. Webster argued that the Supremacy Clause provides that the Constitution and federal laws enacted pursuant thereto are superior to state law, and that Article III gives to the federal judiciary the power to resolve all issues relating to interpretation of the Constitution. Under the Constitution, the federal courts therefore have the last word, said Webster. Webster said that the Constitution does not give the states a power of constitutional interpretation, and that any such power would result in as many conflicting interpretations of the Constitution as there are states. Therefore, said Webster, under the Constitution, the states do not have the power to nullify federal laws. In 1832, South Carolina undertook to nullify the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832, as well as a subsequent federal act authorizing the use of force to enforce the tariffs. South Carolina purported to prohibit enforcement of these tariff acts within the state, asserting that these acts "are unauthorized by the constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens". President Andrew Jackson denied that South Carolina had the power to nullify federal statutes, and prepared to enforce federal law forcibly if necessary. In his Proclamation to the People of South Carolina, Jackson said: "I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which It was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed." No other state supported South Carolina. James Madison, author of the Virginia Resolution, also weighed in at this time, stating that the Virginia Resolution should not be interpreted to mean that each state has the right to nullify federal law. The issue was made moot by an enactment of a compromise tariff bill. While the nullification crisis arose over a tariff law, it was recognized that the issues at stake had application to the slavery question as well. Nullification attempts and the Fugitive Slave Laws Northern states in the mid-19th century attempted to block enforcement of the pro-slavery federal Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850. Several northern states passed personal liberty laws that had the practical effect of undermining the effectiveness of the federal fugitive slave statutes and preventing slave owners from recovering runaways. For example, a Pennsylvania law enacted in 1826 made it a crime for any person to forcibly remove a black person from the state with the intention of keeping or selling him as a slave. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the validity of the federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 in the case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. 539 (1842). The Court rejected Pennsylvania's argument that Congress had no constitutional authority to enact the Fugitive Slave Act, finding that the Act was authorized by the Constitution's fugitive slave clause (Article IV, Section 2). The Court found that Pennsylvania's personal liberty law was unconstitutional because it conflicted with the Constitution's fugitive slave clause. The Court thus rejected Pennsylvania's attempt to nullify the Fugitive Slave Act. However, the Supreme Court implied that states might be able to pass laws denying the assistance of state officials in enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act, leaving enforcement to federal officials. The Supreme Court again dealt with a northern challenge to the federal fugitive slave statutes in the case of Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. 506 (1859). The courts of Wisconsin held the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 unconstitutional and ordered the release of a prisoner who was prosecuted in federal district court for violation of the Act. The Wisconsin court declared that the Supreme Court had no authority to review its decision. The Wisconsin legislature passed a resolution declaring that the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction over the Wisconsin court's decision. In language borrowed from the Kentucky Resolution of 1798, the Wisconsin resolution asserted that the Supreme Court's review of the case was void. The Supreme Court held that Wisconsin did not have the power to nullify federal law or to prevent federal officials from enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act. The Court held that in adopting the Supremacy Clause, the people of the United States had made federal law superior to state law and had provided that in the event of a conflict, federal law would control. Further, the Court found that the people had delegated the judicial power, including final appellate authority, to the federal courts with respect to cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States. Therefore, the people gave the federal courts final authority to determine the constitutionality of federal statutes and to determine the boundary between federal power and state power. Accordingly, the Court held that the Wisconsin court did not have the power to nullify a federal statute that had been upheld by the federal courts or to interfere with federal enforcement of that statute. Ableman v. Booth was the Supreme Court's most thorough examination yet of the theory of nullification. Like the decisions that preceded it, Ableman found that federal law was superior to state law, and that under the Constitution, the final power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws lies in the federal courts, not the states. Ableman found that the Constitution gave the Supreme Court final authority to determine the extent and limits of federal power and that the states therefore do not have the power to nullify federal law. The Civil War put an end to most nullification attempts. Nullification relied on principles of states' rights that were viewed as no longer viable after the Civil War. Nullification attempts and school desegregation in the 1950s Nullification and interposition resurfaced in the 1950s as southern states attempted to preserve racial segregation in their schools. In Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), the Supreme Court decided that segregated schools were unconstitutional. At least ten southern states passed nullification or interposition measures attempting to preserve segregated schools and refusing to follow the Brown decision. The advocates of these nullification and interposition measures argued that the Brown decision was an unconstitutional infringement on states' rights, and that the states had the power to prevent that decision from being enforced within their borders. The Supreme Court explicitly rejected nullification in the case of Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958). The state of Arkansas had passed several laws in an effort to prevent the integration of its schools. The Supreme Court, in its only opinion to be signed by all nine justices, held that state governments had no power to nullify the Brown decision. The Supreme Court held that the Brown decision and its implementation "can neither be nullified openly and directly by state legislators or state executive or judicial officers nor nullified indirectly by them through evasive schemes for segregation whether attempted 'ingeniously or ingenuously'." Thus, Cooper v. Aaron directly held that states may not nullify federal law. The Supreme Court rejected interposition in a similar context. The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of a federal district court that rejected Louisiana's attempt to use interposition to protect its segregated schools. The district court found that interposition by the states is inconsistent with the Constitution, which gives the power to decide constitutional issues to the Supreme Court, not the states. The court held: "The conclusion is clear that interposition is not a constitutional doctrine. If taken seriously, it is illegal defiance of constitutional authority. Otherwise, 'it amounted to no more than a protest, an escape valve through which the legislators blew off steam to relieve their tensions.' ... However solemn or spirited, interposition resolutions have no legal efficacy." Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board, 188 F. Supp. 916 (E.D. La. 1960), aff'd 364 U.S. 500 (1960). The Supreme Court affirmed this decision, thus holding that interposition cannot be used to negate federal law. Nullification vs. interposition In theory, nullification differs from interposition in several respects. Nullification is usually considered to be an act by a state finding a federal law unconstitutional, and declaring it void and unenforceable in that state. A nullification act often makes it illegal to enforce the federal law in question. Nullification arguably may be undertaken by a single state. Interposition also involves a declaration that a federal law is unconstitutional. There are various actions that a state might take to "interpose" once it has determined that a federal law is unconstitutional. In the Virginia Resolutions of 1798, Madison did not describe the form or effect of interposition. But two years later in the Report of 1800, Madison described a variety of actions that states might take to "interpose": communicating with other states about the unconstitutional federal law, attempting to enlist the support of other states, petitioning Congress to repeal the law, introducing Constitutional amendments in Congress, or calling a constitutional convention. Madison did not argue that a state could "interpose" by legally nullifying a federal law and declaring it unenforceable. Madison contemplated that interposition would be a joint action by a number of states, not an action by a single state. Interposition is considered to be less extreme than nullification because it does not involve a state's unilateral decision to prevent enforcement of federal law. In practice, nullification and interposition often have been confused, and sometimes have been used indistinguishably. John C. Calhoun indicated that these terms were interchangeable, stating: "This right of interposition, thus solemnly asserted by the State of Virginia, be it called what it may – State-right, veto, nullification, or by any other name – I conceive to be the fundamental principle of our system." During the fight over integration of the schools in the south in the 1950s, a number of southern states passed so-called "Acts of Interposition" that actually would have had the effect of nullification. As noted above, the courts have rejected both nullification and interposition. Nullification compared to other actions by the states States sometimes have taken various actions short of nullification in an effort to prevent enforcement of federal law. While nullification is an attempt to declare federal law unconstitutional and to forbid its enforcement within the state, some other actions by the states do not attempt to declare federal law invalid, but instead use other means in an effort to prevent or hinder enforcement of federal law. State lawsuits challenging federal law Nullification should be distinguished from the situation in which a state brings a lawsuit to challenge the constitutionality of a federal law. A state may challenge the constitutionality of a federal statute by filing a lawsuit in court seeking to declare the federal law unconstitutional. Such a lawsuit is decided by the courts, with the Supreme Court having final jurisdiction. This is the accepted method of challenging the constitutionality of a federal statute. This is not nullification, even if the courts uphold the state's position and declare the federal statute unconstitutional. The theory of nullification is that the states have the unilateral power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws, and that a state's determination of unconstitutionality cannot be reviewed or reversed by the courts. Thus, nullification involves a declaration by a state that a federal statute is unconstitutional and cannot be enforced within the state. Under the theory of nullification, such a declaration by a state is final and binding, and cannot be overruled by the courts. On the other hand, when a state files a lawsuit in court challenging the constitutionality of a federal statute, the decision on constitutionality is made by the courts and ultimately can be decided by the Supreme Court, not by the state legislature or state courts. Because such a lawsuit recognizes the authority of the Supreme Court to make the ultimate decision on constitutionality, it is not a use of nullification. State refusals to assist in enforcement of federal law As noted above, the Supreme Court indicated in Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. 539 (1842), that the states cannot be compelled to use state law enforcement resources to enforce federal law. The Supreme Court reaffirmed this principle in cases such as Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997) and New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992), which held that the federal government may not enact a regulatory program that "commandeers" the state's legislative and administrative mechanisms to enforce federal law. States therefore may refuse to use their legislative or administrative resources to enforce federal law. This should be distinguished from nullification. States that withhold their enforcement assistance, but do not declare the federal law unconstitutional or forbid its enforcement by the federal government, are not declaring federal law invalid and therefore are not engaging in nullification. As Prigg held, the federal law still is valid and federal authorities may enforce it within the state. The states in this situation, rather than attempting to legally nullify federal law, are attempting to make enforcement of federal law more difficult by refusing to make available their legislative and administrative resources. State legalization of acts prohibited by federal law Some states have legalized acts that are prohibited by federal law. For example, several states have legalized recreational marijuana use under state law. An act's legality under state law does not affect its legality under federal law. An act may be legal under state law and, at the same time, illegal under federal law. The states that have legalized marijuana use have not attempted to declare that federal marijuana laws are invalid or unenforceable. However, the validity of federal marijuana laws remain in question with the absence of a constitutional amendment to justify federal marijuana prohibition. Even so, these states have not explicitly attempted to nullify federal law. However, for practical purposes, the federal government lacks the resources to enforce its marijuana laws on a large scale and so the legalization of marijuana under state law significantly reduces the ability of the federal government to enforce the marijuana laws. Both that and the US Attorney General's statement that the federal government will not intervene if following certain guidelines laid down by the attorney general make marijuana de facto and de jure legal at the state level and de facto legal but de jure illegal on the federal level. See also McCulloch v. Maryland Montana Firearms Freedom Act States' rights Tenth Amendment Tenther movement Notes Bibliography Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. 506 (1859) Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board, 188 F. Supp. 916 (E.D. La. 1960) Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958) Madison, James. "Notes, On Nullification", Library of Congress, December 1834. Virginia Report of 1800 External links 2010 State-by-State Nullification Efforts South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, November 24, 1832 Nullification Revisited, An article examining the constitutionality of nullification (from a favorable aspect, and with regard to both recent and historical events) Nullification Overview, A research paper examining nullification bluntly (from a student perspective, and keeping other events in mind.) Know Your States' Rights, Review of historian Thomas Woods' book on the subject in the American Conservative United States constitutional law Legal history of the United States Anti-Federalism

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirrmal

Yirrmal

Yirrmal Marika (born 1993), known mononymously as Yirrmal, is an Indigenous Australian vocalist. A Yolngu man, his music features traditional sounds and elements of Yolŋu music. Early life Yirrmal Marika was born in 1993 in Yirrkala in the Rirratjingu clan and began learning music at age 11. Personal life Yirrmal's father, Witiyana Marika, was a singer and dancer in Yothu Yindi and is related to Dr Gurrumul Yunupingu on his mother's side. Yirrmal cites his grandfather and former lead singer of Yothu Yindi, Dr Yunupingu as his biggest influence saying "He was my inspiration since I was a kid. He did great things for all Australians. There are a lot of other Indigenous people that I look up to also – people such as Archie Roach, Gurrumul, Saltwater Band, Dan Sultan, Jessica Mauboy and Rrawun Maymuru. I see what they have done for their people." Yirrmal moved to Geelong, Victoria in 2011. Career In 2013, Yirrmal released his debut single "Deep Blue Sea". He performed the song at numerous events including Australasian Worldwide Music Expo as a solo artist and as Yirrmal & The Yolngu Boys. In November 2016, Yirrmal released his debut EP Youngblood, telling the ABC Radio "We're living in two worlds, learning in two worlds, carrying a message, a sharing of culture". Melissa Davis from Forte Magazine gave the EP 5 out of 5 saying "His rich voice combined with his lyrics tells the stories of dreams, the issues in society and his culture – a unique insight." ABC Radio called it "deeply affecting and joyously celebrating his upbringing and place in the world." In 2017, Yirrmal featured on Baker Boy's "Marryuna". The song ranked at number 17 in Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2017. At the Music Victoria Awards of 2018 "Marryuna" won Best Song. and at the National Indigenous Music Awards 2018, the video won Film Clip of the Year. In August 2022, Yirrmal released "Promised Land", featuring Dami Im. The song was produced by Andrew Farriss, and is expected to be taken off Yirrmal's self-titled debut album, scheduled to be released later in the year. In March 2023, Yirrmal released "Love Sweet Love" co-written with Shane Howard of Goanna. Discography Extended plays Singles As lead artist As featured artist Guest appearances Awards and nominations AIR Awards The Australian Independent Record Awards (known informally as the AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector. ! |- | 2018 | "Marryuna" (with Baker Boy) | Best Independent Single or EP | | |} APRA Awards The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. ! |- | scope="row"| 2019 | "Marryuna" (with Baker Boy) | Urban Work of the Year | | |} National Indigenous Music Awards The National Indigenous Music Awards (NIMAs) recognise excellence, dedication, innovation and outstanding contribution to the Northern Territory music industry. ! |- | rowspan="2"| 2017 | Yirrmal | New Talent of the Year | |rowspan="2"| |- | "The Bridge" | Song of the Year | |- | rowspan="2"| 2019 |rowspan="2"| "For Everyone" | Film Clip of the Year | |rowspan="2"| |- | Song of the Year | |- | 2021 | "Ride" (Baker Boy featuring Yirrmal) | Film Clip of the Year | | |- |rowspan="2"| 2023 | "Promised Land" (featuring Dami Im) | Song of the Year | |rowspan="2"| |- | "Indigenous" (Indigenous Outreach Project w/ Gunyangara, Yirrkala & Dhalinbuy featuring Yirrmal) | Community Clip of the Year | |} References 21st-century Australian singers 21st-century Australian male singers Indigenous Australian musicians Living people 1993 births

10331017

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulton%20Windmill

Moulton Windmill

Moulton Windmill in the Lincolnshire village of Moulton, between Spalding and Holbeach is a restored windmill claimed to be the tallest tower mill in the United Kingdom. The nine-storeyed mill is 80 ft (24.4 metres) to the curb and 100 ft (29.6 metres) to top of the ogee cap. In full working order again with its (or her) four patent sails on, Moulton mill is the tallest working windmill in Great Britain and one of the tallest worldwide. (The 9-storey tower windmill at Sutton, near Stalham, Norfolk has about 67 ft 6 in to the curb, 79 ft 6 in to the top of the Norfolk boat-shaped cap). The mill, built in c. 1822 by Robert King, was a fully functioning windmill, grinding wheat and other products. However, on 20 December 1894, the sails were damaged in a harsh gale and were removed in 1895. Soon afterwards, a steam system was installed to power the mill. A. W. Tindall leased it from the King family from 1890 until 1921. The Biggadike family, who took over tenancy of the mill in 1924 continued to mill, albeit small quantities of animal feed, until 1995. A local campaign was established to restore the Grade I listed mill to full working condition. In 2003, the mill featured on the first series of BBC2's Restoration with Tim Wonnacott as its Celebrity Advocate. The project won a large Heritage Lottery Fund grant, which, along with many fundraising events has meant that the "Friends of Moulton Mill" campaign has succeeded in raising enough money to restore and refurbish the mill's structure and add a new cap. The new white ogee cap, (which weighs 14 ton) is visible for miles across the flat Fenland landscape. A café and shop has also been built, and the mill has disabled access, allowing disabled visitors to see some of the mill's inner workings. The Friends of Moulton Mill have encouraged local people to "sponsor" a sail shutter. In March 2007, the mill ground flour again. The reefing gallery, an external balcony which is 40 ft from the ground, was restored in June 2008. New sails were fitted on 21 November 2011 to complete the restoration of the mill. The community restoration took 14 years to complete at a cost of nearly £2m. On 28 April 2013 the first bag of flour in over 100 years was ground with wind power. References External links Moulton Windmill website Visit Moulton Windmill BBC2 Restoration Images of the windmill old 1895 image with sails Details of machinery Grinds flour again Windmills completed in 1822 Grade I listed buildings in Lincolnshire Grade I listed windmills Windmills in Lincolnshire Tower mills in the United Kingdom Grinding mills in the United Kingdom Museums in Lincolnshire Mill museums in England 1822 establishments in England

11835968

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphrysus

Amphrysus

The Amphrysus ( - Amphrysos or - Amphryssos) was a river in ancient Thessaly, flowing from Mount Othrys to the Pagasetic Gulf. According to Strabo, it flowed close to the walls of the town Halos. In Callimachus' "Hymn to Apollo" (48) Apollo tends Admetus' herds by the Amphryssos during his punishment for killing the Cyclopes. In the Argonautica (I.53) of Apollonius of Rhodes Eupolemeia bore the Argonaut Aethalides to Hermes near the Amphryssos. In Virgil's Aeneid, 6.398, Virgil refers to the Sibyl (the aged prophetess who accompanies Aeneas to the Underworld) as Amphrysia vates ("Amphrysian seer"), to indicate that she is a priestess of the god Apollo. R. D. Williams comments: "Servius is justified in his comment longe petitum epitheton ["a far-fetched epithet"]." References Rivers of Greece Potamoi Geography of ancient Thessaly

66337004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautaro%20Giaccone

Lautaro Giaccone

Lautaro Darío Giaccone (born 1 February 2001) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Rosario Central. Club career Giaccone started his career with 9 de Julio at the age of three, before having stints in San Francisco with Los Andes, aged six, and Sportivo Belgrano. In January 2017, Giaccone joined the academy of Rosario Central at the age of fifteen; having had a trial in the preceding December. In August 2020, the attacking midfielder signed his first professional contract. He made the first-team's substitute's bench on 2 January 2021 for a win over Defensa y Justicia, though wasn't selected to come on in the Copa de la Liga Profesional. Giaccone's senior debut arrived on 9 January in the same competition against Lanús. On 10 March 2022, Giaccone joined Primera Nacional club Ferro Carril Oeste on loan for the rest of 2022 with a purchase option. International career Giaccone represented Argentina at U18 level. He was selected for Esteban Solari's preliminary squad ahead of the 2019 COTIF Tournament in Spain; though didn't make the final cut. He also received a call-up from the U20s at around that time, though Rosario didn't let him join up with the squad. Personal life Giaccone is the son of football manager Ariel Giaccone, who managed Sportivo Belgrano whilst his son was on their academy books. Career statistics . Notes References External links 2001 births Living people People from San Francisco, Córdoba Argentine men's footballers Argentina men's youth international footballers Men's association football midfielders Argentine Primera División players Primera Nacional players Rosario Central footballers Ferro Carril Oeste footballers Footballers from Córdoba Province, Argentina

577673

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Borton

Hugh Borton

Hugh Borton (May 14, 1903 – August 6, 1995) was an American historian who specialized in the history of Japan, later serving as president of Haverford College. Biography Borton was born on May 14, 1903, to a devout Quaker household in Moorestown Township, New Jersey. His parents sent him to Quaker schools and after graduating from Haverford College in 1927, he and his wife Elizabeth Wilbur, proceeded to find a way of making a living that was in line with their Quaker beliefs. They looked to the American Friends Service Committee, which set up teaching posts for them at a small school in the foothills of the Tennessee’s Great Smoky Mountains. In 1928 Borton and his wife were asked to travel to Tokyo, Japan, to help the Committee's work there. Borton's three years living among the Japanese affected his outlook to the extent that he thereafter devoted himself to studying Japan. Initially, Borton sought guidance from Sir George Sansom, a British scholar who was then serving in the British Consulate. In 1931, Borton returned to America to further his education. He completed a master's degree in history at Columbia University and studied briefly at Harvard University. He then traveled across the Atlantic to pursue further study under the supervision of Professors J. J. L. Duyvendak and Johannes Rahder at Leiden University in the Netherlands. He was awarded his PhD by Leiden after several years of work at Tokyo Imperial University. He returned to the United States to take a position on the faculty at Columbia, lecturing on modern Japanese history and language. He also played a key role in structuring the first undergraduate program in Japanese studies in the newly expanded Department of Chinese and Japanese. His research publications prior to the Second World War included Peasant Uprisings in Japan of the Tokugawa Period and Japan Since 1931: Its Political and Social Development. Borton’s academic career was interrupted by America’s entry into the Second World War following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, diverting him into public service. Borton cited his Quaker principles in conscientiously objecting to serving in the armed forces, but he was interested in doing what he could to prepare for the peace after the war. In June 1942 he sought leave from Columbia to spend the summer serving on the faculty of the School of Military Government at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville. In the fall he moved to the US State Department. It marked the beginning of six years during which he was in the midst of a corps of officials who focused not on the military advancement of the war, but in preparing peacetime measures not focused on punishing Japan, but on reforming it so that a similar war would be less likely to occur. Borton drafted many of the State Department proposals and was a proponent of many of its positions, including those that resulted in key decisions such as the decision not to prosecute Emperor Hirohito as a war criminal and the decision to not replace the Japanese government but to disband the Japanese military and replace the wartime leadership. His group also sought to implement fundamental reform of the Japanese constitution. In 1948 Borton returned to academic life at Columbia, where he was a prominent organizer of the East Asian Institute as the University's centre of modern and contemporary East Asian studies. He replaced the inaugural director, Sir George Sansom, and later helped to establish the Association for Asian Studies, serving as its first treasurer and later as its president. Among his works were Japan Under Allied Occupation, 1945–1947 and Japan's Modern Century, which went on to become one of the most widely used history texts of his period. In 1957, Borton resigned his post at Columbia to accept an appointment to Haverford College as its president, before retiring in 1967. In 1972 he retired to his farm in the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts to enjoy the farm life which he loved and to practice his Quaker faith. Borton died on August 6, 1995, at the age of 92 at his home in Conway, Massachusetts. Honors Japan Foundation: Japan Foundation Award, 1980. Books Peasant Uprising in Japan (1938) Japan Since 1931: Its Political and Social Developments (1940) Japan's Modern Century From Perry to 1970 (1956) References Further reading 1903 births 1995 deaths American Quakers Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni Columbia University faculty Harvard University alumni Haverford College alumni American Japanologists People from Conway, Massachusetts People from Moorestown, New Jersey 20th-century American historians American male non-fiction writers Presidents of the Association for Asian Studies Presidents of Haverford College 20th-century American male writers 20th-century Quakers 20th-century American academics

255718

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waals

Van der Waals

Van der Waals or Van der Waal may refer to: People Fransje van der Waals (born 1950), Dutch medical physician Grace VanderWaal (born 2004), American singer-songwriter Henk van der Waal (born 1960), Dutch poet Joan van der Waals (1920–2022), Dutch physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923), Dutch physicist (1912–1950), Dutch spy, in German service during World War II (see Dutch resistance) Physics There are a series of subjects named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals: Van der Waals force Van der Waals equation Van der Waals molecule Van der Waals radius Van der Waals surface Other uses Van der Waals (crater), named after the physicist Mona Vanderwaal, Pretty Little Liars character See also Van der Wal, surname

70413452

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing%20foiling

Wing foiling

Wing foiling or wing surfing or winging is a wind propelled water sport that developed from kitesurfing, windsurfing and surfing. The sailor, standing on a board, holds directly onto a wing. It generates both upward force and sideways propulsion and thus moves the board across the water. The recent development of foilboards, which plane very early on a hydrofoil fin and thereby lift off the water producing low friction, represent the ideal complementary hydrodynamic platform for wings. History Precursors The history of wing foiling, or simply "winging" begins with the invention of pre-hydrofoil technology wing surfing dating back to 1981, when aeronautical engineer Jim Drake, the same individual who also invented windsurfing, and Uli Stanciu, European windsurfing pioneer, together invented and patented the world's first wing. Their patented concept was used on a large, non-foiling windsurf board of that era. Drake's wing was theoretically based on the symmetrical shape of a flying fish. 15 years after Drake originally invented windsurfing in 1967, his updated, newer wing concept was different because it was not fixed to the board via a mast and universal joint. Soon after, a frenchman named Roland Le Bail designed a similar wing design. In the years that followed, new technology was adapted and wings repeatedly came onto the market in different variants. In 1986 a mast borne winged concept called Wind Weapon allowed for high jumps in locations with strong wind and but like Drake's first wing, it was pre-hydrofoil technology and never gained popular support. The use of the wings is not exclusively tied to water sports, but are also used for sports on the snow, on the beach or on land. The designations "Skate Sails", "Wind Skates" or "Kite Wings" should be mentioned as milestones in further development. What most of these variants have in common is that they use a stiff frame to stretch the wing, which also acts as handlebars or handles. The reason for the moderate success of all these developments is a physical one: friction. Wings that are big enough to move a sluggish traditional board (including the rider) have to be big, unwieldy and heavy. Newer lightweight, efficient, inflatable wings offers enough propulsion when combined with foilboards to allow excellent performance characteristics. Modern form Tony Logosz, Slingshot Kiteboarding co-founder & designer, made the first "Slingwing" prototypes in 2011, and used it on a wind foil board with a large, high-lift foil in the Columbia Gorge. In March and April 2018, Hawaiian Flash Austin tested 3.5 m² and 4 m² handheld wings on a SUPfoil in Maui. Inspired by Flash’s success, Ken Winner began working on inflatable wings again and the sport as we know it was born. Duotone started marketing their Ken Winner-designed inflatable wing in the spring of 2019. From the summer 2019, Robby Naish and other kitesurf manufacturers were offering inflatable wings. Construction The young sport is still developing. While older wing models were often stretched and held by means of rods, the influence of kite development is currently becoming increasingly important: The wing is made of light kite fabric, which is stretched by inflatable air tubes. To grip the wing, some brands use struts with hand straps, others use aluminium or carbon fibre poles. Deployment variants In contrast to other sports, the wing is not board-bound: it can be used while riding a surfboard, kiteboard or standup paddle board, but also in combination with a skateboard, snowboard, or even on inline skates. Wingsurfing on boards equipped with a foil is particularly popular, as it is possible to plane with small wings at around 8 knots. Wings come in different sizes; typically the smallest are around 2.2 m2, and the largest around 9 m2. Organization Wing surfing companies have founded an organization for the sport called the Global Wingsports Association (GWA). They have organized a world tour starting in 2021. There are two disciplines: surf-race and surf-freestyle. Classification in the existing surfing sports Technically, but also in terms of application, wingsurfing has numerous similarities to both windsurfing and kitesurfing. For example, the wing is controlled directly instead of using lines, but it still has a similar construction and functionality to a kite. The question of whether wingsurfing is a variation of kitesurfing, windsurfing or a completely independent sport is not just of a theoretical nature: it also concerns, for example, the extent to which kite bans at the spots also apply to wingsurfers. References Individual sports Boardsports Water sports Hydrofoils

1011052

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetcast

Eumetcast

EUMETCast is a method of disseminating various (mainly satellite based) meteorological data operated by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). The main purpose is the dissemination of EUMETSAT's own data, but various data from other providers are broadcast as well. EUMETCast is a contribution to GEONETCast and IGDDS (WMO's Integrated Global Data Dissemination Service) and provides data for GEOSS and GMES. Services EUMETCast satellite includes data and derived products from the geostationary Meteosat satellites, Meteosat-7 (over the Indian Ocean), 8, 9 and 10 and the Metop-A, B & C and NOAA polar orbiting satellites, plus data from other meteorological programmes, such as Jason-2 (the Ocean Surface Topography Mission). Examples of data and products on EUMETCast satellite: Space-based observations from the Meteosat, Metop, Jason-2 satellites. At their most frequent, these data are delivered to users within five minutes of processing. Land application products covering Europe, Africa and South America. Global and regional marine meteorological and ocean surface products. Atmospheric chemistry products A range of third-party meteorological and environmental products are also available. The range includes: Level 1 satellite data and derived products from a range of atmospheric, marine and land monitoring satellites (e.g. GOES-E & GOES-W, S-NPP, Himawari, FY2, Saral, Mega-Tropiques Aqua/Terra MODIS, Sentinel) European Commission Copernicus and FP7 funded data and products In-situ observational data Numerical weather forecasts In 2016 EUMETSAT started a demonstration EUMETCast Terrestrial service, which sends multicast satellite data in Europe via the National Research and Education Network (NRENs) and the GÉANT infrastructure. Only organisations eligible for access to a NRENs can access the service, if the NREN supports multicasting. The terrestrial service will re-use components familiar to users of the EUMETCast satellite service and then, as for EUMETCast satellite, subscribes to the related multicast channels to receive the data. Transmission technology EUMETCast uses the DVB-S MPEG2 stream for encapsulating IP frames (IP over DVB). At this IP layer, IP Multicast techniques are used for distributing the file based content. For this purpose, TelliCast (an IP multicast software from Newtec (formerly Tellitec)) is used. In 2014 EUMETCast was migrated to a DVB-S2 transponder, which allows for higher bandwidth rates, and in 2017 a second DVB-S2 transponder was added for the European service providing Sentinel satellite data. Transmission is via Eutelsat's 10A satellite (in Ku band), Eutelsat's 5 WEST A satellite (C band) and SES-6 (C band). Eutelsat 10A supplies coverage across Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Eutelsat 5 supplies European African and western Asia coverage. SES-6 is located at 319.5º East, its tailored, high-powered hemispheric beam provides simultaneous coverage of both Europe and the Americas. The technology used makes it possible for end users to receive the data with regular off-the-shelf satellite TV equipment and a PC. Licensing The data policy distinguishes between essential and licensed data. Generally data may be used free of charge for scientific, educational or personal purposes, however for receiving licensed data registration is necessary and a hardware key (€ 40) has to be bought in order to decrypt the content. A License for the TelliCast client software must be obtained for € 60. From February 2019, for all country, these items are available from EUMETSAT at no charge . References External links EUMETCast homepage Video on how to set up a EUMETCast station (YouTube) European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites Information technology organizations based in Europe Satellite meteorology

2915439

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20DeSisto

Michael DeSisto

A. (Albert) Michael DeSisto (May 29, 1939 – November 1, 2003) was an American educator best known for founding and directing the DeSisto Schools. Early life and education Born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 29, 1939, Michael DeSisto attended parochial schools in West Roxbury, and graduated from Cathedral High School in Boston in 1957. DeSisto made average marks in elementary and secondary school. At one time being expelled from Cardinal O'Connell, a Boston seminary school. He was a theology student at St. John's Seminary in Brighton for two years. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Stonehill College in North Easton in 1962. Career DeSisto was a teacher, unlicensed therapist, and director for eleven years at The Lake Grove School on Long Island, New York. DeSisto disagreed with administrators of Lake Grove regarding their educational approach and was fired. In 1978 he secured funding mostly in the form of advance tuition payments, and direct donations, from the parents of former students of The Lake Grove School, and founded school. He founded the DeSisto at Stockbridge School in Stockbridge, Massachusetts for at risk teens in 1978. DeSisto stated that the Stockbridge campus would be his "flagship". In 1980 DeSisto opened a second campus in Howey-in-the-Hills, Florida. In the early 1980s, DeSisto and the DeSisto School were featured in articles in Life, Time and People magazines. DeSisto made a number of appearances on national television with his students, including The Today Show. He appeared several times as a guest on the Joey Reynolds radio show. The DeSisto at Howey School closed in 1988. DeSisto stated that the reason was declining enrollment, and legal problems with the local government. The DeSisto at Stockbridge School closed permanently in June 2004, amid commonwealth allegations that it did not create a safe environment for its students. In 1988 The Orlando Sentinel reported that the DeSisto School's claim of accreditation by the National Association of Independent Schools was false. Michael DeSisto responded that, "low-level staff members were responsible". Mike DeSisto's résumé also stated he had been a faculty member at Elmira College and Adelphi University, when he had not ever been a faculty member at either institution. DeSisto also claimed he had worked as a consultant for the Free University of New York at Stony Brook. According to Jeremy Weis, an official with the New York Bureau of Academic Information and Reports, the state agency with which all universities must register "I've never heard of this university". Elmira payroll supervisor Mary Fetyko said, "DeSisto never worked there." At Adelphi, administrator Margaret Elaine Wittman said, "there are no records of DeSisto having been a faculty member, the man is completely foreign to us, the fact that he would say this on his vita is incredible." In November 1988, The Orlando Sentinel ran a three-part exposé about Michael DeSisto, titled Desisto(sic) Went Far On Fake Credentials, "Who is Michael DeSisto? For years, Howey's most controversial resident has claimed a lot of impressive academic and professional credentials, many of which are false. The real story is one of firings from teaching posts and inflated representations of his professional stature.Yet those credentials are a significant aspect of the almost overwhelmingly positive publicity he has received—on the Today show, in Life, Time and People magazines, and in numerous newspaper articles—and the subsequent financial success he has achieved with his private preparatory schools." In response to complaints made by Michael DeSisto that the articles "presented an unfair picture of him and his schools". On October 7, 1990, the Orlando Sentinel published a follow-up article titled, New Information On The Desisto(sic) Schools. It is the Sentinel's policy to review all such complaints "in a spirit of fairness". The Sentinel found that, "the presentation of one story in the three-day series may have led to the unintentionally misleading conclusion that his entire career was built on false credentials." In 1991, DeSisto authored his only book: Decoding Your Teenager (How to understand each other during the turbulent years) After its publication, some journalists published articles calling into question whether DeSisto actually held a master's degree in psychology from the University of Massachusetts, as he claimed, or did not. In fact the University of Massachusetts doesn't even offer a master's degree in psychology, and only has a doctorate program. DeSisto later admitted to not possessing the Master's degree, and said the error was due to a "low-level assistant", who had mistakenly placed it on his résumé. It 1991 Michael DeSisto was selected to receive the Outstanding Alumnus Award from his alma mater, Stonehill College. The reasons given were,"in recognition of his dedication to helping troubled youth and their families. He was an outstanding educator, a compassionate counselor, a popular author, a skilled communicator and founder of the DeSisto School, a therapeutic-educational community for troubled teenagers." In 1999, DeSisto produced an off-off-Broadway musical Inappropriate with Lonnie McNeil and Michael Sottile based on the journals and life experiences of the student performers. On December 6, 2004 the composer of "Inappropriate", Michael Sottile filed a lawsuit in Berkshire Superior Court against the DeSisto School seeking the recovery of almost $350,000 in damages that an arbitrator ordered the school to pay him after a default judgment six months previously found he had not been paid for his services. Personal life DeSisto's father was a building contractor who died when DeSisto was 11 years old. DeSisto has a brother Joseph, and a sister Jacqueline who is deceased. In 1987 DeSisto married Margie Charles Bullock in a ceremony on the Stockbridge campus lasting three days that included two live elephants, three hot air balloons, and fireworks. The noise disrupted a concert going on at the nearby Tanglewood. Death DeSisto died on November 1, 2003, from cerebral hemorrhage, several days after receiving a kidney transplant. References Further reading Roger Kahn (2006), Into My Own: The Remarkable People and Events That Shaped a Life. Macmillan. , External links Struggling Teens obituary "Homes Away From Home" The Spokesman-Review – May 26, 1981 21st-century American educators 20th-century American educators American school administrators People from Boston 1939 births 2003 deaths Stonehill College alumni American people of Italian descent American LGBT writers People who fabricated academic degrees Kidney transplant recipients 20th-century American writers 20th-century American LGBT people

32238835

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Chamberlayne

Edward Chamberlayne

Edward Chamberlayne (13 December 1616 – May 1703) was an English writer, known as the author of The Present State of England. Life The grandson of Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, knight, at one time English ambassador in the Low Countries, and son of Thomas Chamberlayne, Edward Chamberlayne was born at Oddington, Gloucestershire, England, on 13 December 1616. He was first educated at Gloucester, then entered St Edmund Hall, Oxford, at Michaelmas 1634. He subsequently proceeded with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) on 20 April 1638, and a Master of Arts (M.A.) on 6 March 1641. During a part of 1641 he held the office of rhetoric reader at Oxford. When the First English Civil War broke out he began a long continental tour, visiting France, Spain, Italy, Hungary, Bohemia, Sweden, and the Low Countries. At the Restoration he returned to England. In 1669 he became secretary to Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle, and went to Stockholm to invest Charles XI of Sweden with the Order of the Garter. He was granted the degrees of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) at Cambridge (January 1670 – 1671) and of Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) at Oxford (22 June 1672). About 1679 he became tutor to Charles II's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and he was subsequently English tutor to Prince George of Denmark. He was one of the original Fellows of the Royal Society. In later life he lived at Chelsea, and he died there in May 1703. He was buried on 27 May in a vault in Chelsea churchyard. His friend Walter Harris wrote a long Latin epitaph. Works His best-known work is a handbook to the social and political condition of England, with lists of public officers and statistics, entitled Angliæ Notitia, or The Present State of England; the publication was an adaptation of L'Estat Nouveau de la France (Paris, 1661). The first edition appeared anonymously in 1669, and was dedicated to the Earl of Carlisle. Two other editions, with the author's name, were issued later in the same year. With the fifth edition of 1671 is bound up the first edition of a second part, containing additional information; in the seventh edition of 1673 a portrait of Charles II, by William Faithorne, makes its first appearance; in the ninth edition of 1676 is a new dedication to the Earl of Danby; with the eighteenth edition of 1694 is bound up a new third part, first issued separately in 1683. Thomas Hearne states that Andrew Allam made major contributions, to the sixteenth edition (1689), and that his information was inserted by Chamberlayne without acknowledgment. Chamberlayne issued the twentieth edition in 1702, and after his death his son John continued to edit the publication. The twenty-first edition (1708) bears the new title Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia, or the Present State of Great Britain. John Chamberlayne died after the issue of the twenty-second edition in 1723, but fourteen editions were subsequently issued by the booksellers, the last being the thirty-sixth and bearing the date 1755. Charles Henry Hull in his scholarly article 'Petty's Place in the History of Economic Theory' (1900) complained that Present State of England "seldom receives nowadays the attention that it deserves". Hull explains that Chamberlayne's book was the direct impulse to the writing of The Political Anatomy of Ireland and Political Arithmetick by William Petty. The Present State of England was plagiarised by , who brought out The New State of England in 1691. Although both Chamberlaynes called attention to Miege's theft, Miege continued his handbook till 1748. A French translation of Chamberlayne's second edition appeared in 1669. Chamberlayne's other books were: The Present War Parallel'd, or a Brief Relation of the Five Years' Civil Wars of Henry III, King of England (London, 1647). England's Wants (London, 1667). The Converted Presbyterian, or the Church of England Justified in Some Practices (London, 1668). An Academy or College wherein Young Ladies and Gentlemen may at a Very Moderate be Educated in the True Protestant Religion and in All Virtuous Qualities (London, 1671). A Dialogue between an Englishman and a Dutchman concerning the Late Dutch War (London, 1672). In 1653 Chamberlayne published a volume of translations from Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, containing Rise and Fall of Count Olivarez, The Unparallel'd Imposture of Mich. di Molina, an. 1641, and The Right of the Present King of Portugal, Don John the Fourth. Family In 1658 Chamberlayne married Susannah, daughter of Richard Clifford, by whom he had nine children. John Chamberlayne (1666–1723) was a younger son. Chamberlayne's wife died on 17 December 1703, and was buried beside her husband. References Attribution 1616 births 1703 deaths 17th-century English writers 17th-century English male writers Fellows of the Royal Society

49648955

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20City%20of%20Madrid

University City of Madrid

The University City of Madrid (), also called the Campus de Moncloa, is a complex in the Moncloa-Aravaca district of Madrid, Spain, that holds buildings of two universities and several related organizations. The campus was built between 1929 and 1936, when the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) broke out. It was the scene of much fighting during the Civil War and was badly damaged. The original buildings were repaired or rebuilt after the Civil War and new buildings were added. Planning The project to build the Ciudad Universitaria in the northwest of Madrid had its origins in 1911, when a commission was formed to consider building a clinical hospital for Madrid. By the 1920s there were many problems with university education in Madrid. Faculties were scattered throughout the city in outdated buildings. With few exceptions these could not accommodate the needs of disciplines such as Science, Medicine and Architecture for laboratories, studios and so on. King Alfonso XIII of Spain developed the concept of the University City in the summer of 1924. On 17 May 1927 he signed a royal decree that established the Construction Board of the University City of Madrid. The king would preside over the board. A planning committee was established under the technical supervision of architect Modesto López Otero. He formed a diverse team of young architects to design the various buildings, including Manuel Sánchez Arcas. José Casares Gil, Modesto López Oteri, Julio Palacios and Antonia Simonena were tasked with research of the most respected universities of Europe and North America. After studying several famous universities in Europe, they travelled to North America in November 1927 where they visited Yale, Harvard, M.I.T. and universities in Montreal, Toronto, Michigan, Rochester, Washington, Baltimore, Princeton, and New York City. The University City was planned in 1927–28. A final ideal perspective was created in December 1928. The plan was completed in 1929. Land owned by the crown in La Moncloa was granted for the site and funding was obtained from the lottery, grants by the king and private donations. The campus covered on a site in the western margin of Madrid, on a plan that drew much from American models. The building designs were influenced by European avant-garde architecture of the period, and the overall layout kept the campus closely integrated with the city of Madrid. The concept was a self-contained urban area including buildings to house the academic faculties, administrative buildings, staff and student residences and sport and leisure facilities. In 1928 design began on the Science and Medical Group complexes. Initial development Construction of the University City began in 1929. A committee was formed to oversee the work, the Junta de Construcción de la Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid. The engineer Eduardo Torroja joined the group in 1929. He worked with Sánchez Arcas, sharing his interest in new architectural forms that rejected preconceived formulas. In 1930 the architects Agustín Aguirre and Mariano Garrigues were commissioned to build the Faculty of Pharmacy and Miguel Santos was chosen for the Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry. The first collaborative work of Torroja and Sanchez Arcas was the pavilion of the Construction Commission of the university city, completed in June 1931. They also worked on the heating plant (Central Térmica) and the clinical hospital for the university city. José María Aguirre Gonzalo and Alejandro San Román had founded the Agromán construction company in 1927. In its early years Agromán obtained major contracts in public works and buildings, and was involved in some important projects in the 1930s including the University City of Madrid. The majority of the buildings were erected during the Second Spanish Republic, which was founded in 1931. In 1932 the Clinical Hospital was built to the design of Sánchez Arcas and Torroja, and work started on Agustín Aguirre's Faculty of Philosophy and Liberal Arts. In 1933 construction began on the Science Complex and on the School of Architecture under Pascual Bravo. Student Residences designed by Luis Lacasa were built in 1935, after which the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) brought work to a halt. Civil War During the Civil War the University City was the scene of intense fighting during the Battle of Ciudad Universitaria between 15 and 23 November 1936. The Republican militias managed to halt the columns at the command of General Varela and avoid the fall of Madrid into rebel hands. Until then the Francoist troops had been advancing relatively unopposed across Spain, conquering large swathes of territory in a few months. At the Ciudad Universitaria for the first time they encountered fierce opposition. The famous anarchist Buenaventura Durruti died during the fighting on 20 November 1936. Members of the International Brigades recall building barricades of books. According to the young volunteer John Sommerfield, volumes of Hindu metaphysics and German philosophy of the early nineteenth century in the Philosophy building were "totally bulletproof." Another volunteer recalled that the main weapons were not guns but hand grenades and dynamite. At times the Fascists held one part of a building while the Republicans held another part. After the fascist advance was halted the University City remained divided between the opposing sides for the remainder of the war. The building-by-building, room by room fighting in the Siege of Leningrad has been compared to the struggle for the University City. Most of the buildings were entirely or partially destroyed by bombs. Post-war construction A 1940 law formed a new University City Committee, with López Otero and Pedro Muguruza as directing architects. A scale model was made showing the buildings that had been designed and others that were planned for future construction. Work began on the Forestry and Naval Engineering faculties in 1942, and additional buildings were designed an built in the following years. At the start of the 1960s there was a change in philosophy, and rather than attempt unity among the buildings each new structure was designed to be distinctive and unrelated to the others. More land was assigned to the University City, some of it used for research facilities and student dormitories. Some of the notable architects in the post-war period included Miguel Fisac, José Maria Garcia de Paredes, Rafael de la Hoz, Alfonso D’Escragnolle, Javier Carvajal, García de Paredes, Asís Cabrero, Luis Laorga, José López Zanón, Antonio Fernández-Alba, José Luis Fernández del Amo, Horacio Baliero, Carmen Córdova, Fernando Moreno Barberá, Fernando Higueras, Antonio Miró, Alejandro de la Sota, José Antonio López Candeira, Juan de Haro, Jaime López Asiaín and Ángel Días. The University City as of 2014 had buildings that were built between 1927 and 2003, including most of the schools and faculties of the Complutense University of Madrid and the Technical University of Madrid. It includes more than thirty student residences, and facilities of the Spanish Open University (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia). There are sports centers and a botanical garden. It is also home to research institutions such as the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA). Notes Sources Universities in Madrid Moncloa-Aravaca Planned communities in Spain

22376535

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%20Giancanelli

Hal Giancanelli

Harold Arthur Giancanelli (born May 21, 1929) is a former professional American football player who played Halfback for four seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Philadelphia Eagles. Prior to his NFL career, Giancanelli served in the Korean War. After his NFL career, and a brief stop in the Canadian Football League (CFL) where he won the 1958 Grey Cup with the Hamilton Tiger Cats, Giancanelli returned to his alma mater and served as the head football coach at Lincoln High School. From there he became the head football coach at El Camino Real High School just prior to that school's opening in 1969. References 1929 births American football halfbacks Living people Loyola Lions football players Philadelphia Eagles players Players of American football from Los Angeles

33064656

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Spratt

Harry Spratt

Henry Lee Spratt (July 10, 1888 – July 3, 1969) was a Major League Baseball player. He played two seasons with the Boston Rustlers / Braves from 1911 to 1912. He played as a utility infielder for the team. Prior to playing professional baseball, he attended the University of Virginia, where he was a member of The Delta Chi Fraternity. References External links Boston Braves players Boston Rustlers players Major League Baseball center fielders Major League Baseball outfielders Major League Baseball shortstops Major League Baseball second basemen 1888 births 1969 deaths Baseball players from Virginia Roanoke Tigers players Bridgeport Orators players Nashville Vols players Montgomery Rebels players Newport News Shipbuilders players People from Smyth County, Virginia

68014521

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/136th%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29

136th Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)

The 136th Division () was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 25th Division, 9th Column of the Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 13th Brigade of Jidong Military District formed in November 1945. In the composition of 46th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, and Hengbao Campaign. The division was composed of 406th, 407th, and 408th Infantry Regiments. From August 1952 to October 1955 the division was deployed to North Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army. In June 1953, 517th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division. In October 1955, the division left North Korea along with the corps HQ and was relocated in Jiaohe, Jilin Province. In May 1957, the 407th Regiment was reconstituted into reduced status. In February 1960, the 407th Regiment was reestablished to full strength. In April 1960 the division was redesignated as the 136th Army Division (). The division was then composed of: Divisional Headquarters 406th Regiment 407th Regiment 408th Regiment 517th Artillery Regiment In June 1962, the 136th Army Division was reconstituted as a division category B. In August 1969, 517th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as the Artillery Regiment, 136th Army Division. From June to July 1975, the division was relocated to Xuzhou, Jiangsu. In September 1978, the division was relocated to Linyi, Shandong. In October 1985, the division was reconstituted as the 136th Infantry Division() and maintained as a northern infantry division, category B; The 406th Regiment was disbanded. The 409th Regiment attached to the division from the disbanding 137th Army Division. The division was transferred to the 67th Army following 46th Army Corps' disbandment. From then the division was composed of: Divisional Headquarters 407th Regiment 408th Regiment 409th Regiment Artillery Regiment In 1999, the division merged with the Reserve Infantry Division of Kaifeng in Kaifeng, Henan and reconstituted as the 136th Reserve Infantry Division of Henan Provincial Military District(). The division now maintains as a reserve infantry formation, locating in Kaifeng, Henan. The division now composed of: Divisional Headquarters - Kaifeng, Henan 407th Regiment 408th Regiment - Zhoukou, Henan 409th Regiment - Qingyun, Henan Artillery Regiment - Pingdingshan, Henan Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment - Shangqiu, Henan References 中国人民解放军各步兵师沿革，http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_a3f74a990101cp1q.html 136 Military units and formations established in 1948 Reserve divisions of the People's Liberation Army

63116957

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20blue%20%28disambiguation%29

Imperial blue (disambiguation)

Imperial blue is a bright shade and a dark shade of azure blue. It may also refer to: Imperial Blue (whisky), an India Whiskey Imperial Blue (film), a 2019 British film directed by Dan Moss

3998793

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2022%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29

February 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

February 21 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 23 All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 7 (March 6 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For February 22nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 9. Saints Saint Abilius (Avilius), Bishop of Alexandria (98) Saint Telesphorus, Pope of Rome (136) Saint Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis (2nd century) Martyr Synesius (Synetus), by the sword. Martyrs Maurice, his son Photinus, Theodore, Philip, and 70 soldiers, at Apamea in Syria (286-305) (see also: December 27) Martyrs Anthusa and her 12 servants, by the sword. Saint Titus of Bostra, Bishop of Bostra in Arabia (378) Saint Ariston the Wonderworker, Bishop of Arsinoe, Cyprus (Famagusta) (c. late 4th - early 5th centuries) Venerable Baradates, hermit near Antioch (469) Venerable Saints Thalassius and Limneus hermits near Cyrrhus (5th century) Holy Nine Children of Kola, Georgia (6th century): Guram, Adarnasе, Baqar, Vache, Bardzim, Dachi, Dzhuansher, Ramaz, and Parsman. Saint Leontius of Lycia (6th century) Saints Babylus and his wife Comnita, of Nicosa (7th century) Venerable Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople (821) Saint Peter the Stylite of Mount Athos. Saint Blaise, Bishop. Pre-Schism Western saints Saint Paschasius, eleventh Bishop of Vienne in France (c. 312) Saint Maximianus of Ravenna, Bishop of Ravenna (c. 556) (see also: February 21) Saint Elwin (Elwen), missionary, a holy man who accompanied St Breaca from Ireland to Cornwall (6th century) Saint John the Saxon, born in Saxony in Germany, he restored monasticism in England after the Danish attacks, Abbot of Athelney (895) Saint Raynerius (Raynier), a Benedictine monk at Beaulieu near Limoges, France (c. 967) Post-Schism Orthodox saints Saint Herman, founder of Stolobny Monastery, Novgorod (1614) New martyrs and confessors New Hieromartyr Michael Lisitsyn, priest, of Ust-Labinskaya (1918) New Hieromartyrs Joseph Smirnov, Protopresbyter, and Vladimir Ilinsky, Priest (1918) New Hieromartyrs John Kastorsky, Deacon, and John Perebaskin, of Kostroma-Galich (1918) New Martyr Blessed Theoktista Mikhailovna, Fool-for-Christ, of Voronezh (1936) New Hieromartyrs Michael Gorbunov, John Orlov, Victor Morigerovsky, John Parushnikov, Sergius Belokurov, Andrew Yasenev, and Paul Smirnov, Priests (1938) New Hieromartyrs Sergius Bukashkin and Antipas Kirillov, Hieromonks (1938) Virgin-martyrs Elizabeth Timokhin, Irene Smirnov, and Barbara Losev (1938) Virgin-martyr Parasceva Makarov (1938) Martyrs Stephen Frantov and Nicholas Nekrasov (1938) Martyrs Leonid Salkov and Peter Antonov, of Alma-Ata (1938) Martyr Andrew Gnevishev of Tver (1941) New Hieromartyr Philaret (Pryakhin), Abbot, of Trubino, Tver (1942) Other commemorations Uncovering of the relics (607-610) of the Holy Apostles Andronicus and Junia (1st century) and the Holy Martyrs, at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople. Repose of Righteous Gregory (“Golden Grits”) Miroshnikov of Sednev (1855) Repose of Schemanun Avramia of Kashin (1855) Repose of Blessed Theoktista Mikhailovna, Fool-for-Christ, of Voronezh (1936) Icon gallery Notes References Sources February 22 / March 7. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru). March 7 / February 22. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow). February 22. OCA - The Lives of the Saints. The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 17. The Twenty-Second Day of the Month of February. Orthodoxy in China. February 22. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome. The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. p. 55. Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. p. 81. Greek Sources Great Synaxaristes: 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. Συναξαριστής. 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια τησ Ελλαδοσ). Russian Sources 7 марта (22 февраля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru). 22 февраля (ст.ст.) 7 марта 2014 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR). February in the Eastern Orthodox calendar

38172329

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra%20Satz

Debra Satz

Debra Satz is an American philosopher and the Vernon R. & Lysbeth Warren Anderson Dean of the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University. She is the Marta Sutton Weeks Professor of Ethics in Society, Professor of Philosophy and, by courtesy, Political Science. She teaches courses in ethics, social and political philosophy, and philosophy of social science. Education Satz earned a BA in philosophy from the City College of New York, then a PhD in philosophy from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Career Her research has focused on the ethical limits of markets, the place of equality in political philosophy, theories of rational choice, democratic theory, feminist philosophy, and issues of international justice. She has published in Philosophy and Public Affairs, Ethics, and The Journal of Philosophy, among other journals. Satz was named to the 2018 Class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Satz received the Walter J. Gores Award for Excellence in Teaching, Stanford's highest teaching award, in 2004. The award cited her "extraordinary teaching that combines rigorous thought with serious engagement in the moral dilemmas facing humanity." She also co-founded and teaches in the Hope House Scholars Program, through which incarcerated women and volunteer faculty examine personal experience in the context of ethics, moral philosophy and social justice. Publications Ideas That Matter: Democracy, Justice, Rights. With Annabelle Lever. Oxford University Press, 2019. Economic Analysis, Moral Philosophy, and Public Policy. With Dan Hausman and Michael McPherson. Cambridge University Press, 2017. Why Some Things Should Not Be for Sale: The Moral Limits of Markets. Oxford University Press, 2010. Equality in Education and Weighted Student Funding, Education, Finance and Policy, 2008. Equality, Adequacy and Education for Citizenship, Ethics, July 2007. Countering the Wrongs of the Past: the Role of Compensation, ed. Jon Miller and Rahul Kumar, Reparations: Interdisciplinary Inquiries. Oxford University Press, 2007. Liberalism, Economic Freedom and the Limits of Markets, Social Philosophy and Policy, 2006. World Poverty and Human Wrongs, Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 19, no. 1, Spring 2005. Feminist Perspectives on Reproduction and the Family, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2004. Child Labor: A Normative Perspective, World Bank Economic Review, 17 (2), 2003. References External links Works by Debra Satz at PhilPapers 20th-century American philosophers 21st-century American philosophers American ethicists American political philosophers Feminist philosophers Philosophers of education Social philosophers City College of New York alumni Stanford University Department of Philosophy faculty Living people American women philosophers Year of birth missing (living people) 20th-century American women 21st-century American women

47234792

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20video%20game%20museums

List of video game museums

This list of video game museums shows video game museums in the world. Video game museums Online video game museums See also List of museums Video game List of computer museums References External links Internet Arcade – web-based library of arcade (coin-operated) video games from the 1970s through to the 1990s Software Library: MS-DOS Games Lists of museums by subject Virtual museums

15451824

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A1ucio%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201975%29

Gláucio (footballer, born 1975)

Gláucio de Jesus Carvalho (born 11 November 1975 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian former footballer. Football career Netherlands and Brazil Gláucio started his career at Portuguesa. He moved to Feyenoord in December 1994. He moved back to Flamengo for 1996 season. He moved back to Netherlands for Excelsior Rotterdam in November 1996. He played his last game in Netherlands for Feyenoord in September 1997. He then returned to Brazil again for Guarani and América (RJ). Spain and Brazil Glaucio played for Rayo Vallecano in La Liga for 2000–01 and 2001–02 season. He then played for Corinthians Alagoano. Brazil and Asia Glaucio moved to Qatari league in September 2003. After a short spell at Internacional and Paulista, he moved to Japan for Avispa Fukuoka in March 2005. He then went back to Paulista, and signed a one-year contract with São Caetano in July 2007. In January 2008, he moved to Al-Salmiya and back to Brazil in July. Glaucio moved to Oeste from Vitória in 2010 and retired as a professional player in May the same year. International career Gláucio played in 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship. Club statistics Qadsia Stats References External links Profile at VI CBF 1975 births Living people Brazilian men's footballers Brazil men's under-20 international footballers Brazilian expatriate men's footballers Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players Eredivisie players Eerste Divisie players La Liga players Feyenoord players Excelsior Rotterdam players Rayo Vallecano players Avispa Fukuoka players Guarani FC players CR Flamengo footballers Paulista Futebol Clube players Paraná Clube players Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players Sport Club Internacional players Associação Desportiva São Caetano players America Football Club (Rio de Janeiro) players Esporte Clube Vitória players J1 League players J2 League players Men's association football midfielders Footballers from São Paulo Al-Salmiya SC players Expatriate men's footballers in Kuwait Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands Expatriate men's footballers in Japan Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait Kuwait Premier League players

51661608

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastro-don%20Gesualdo

Mastro-don Gesualdo

Mastro-don Gesualdo is an Italian novel written by Giovanni Verga, published in 1889. The first English edition, Master Don Gesualdo (1893), was translated by Mary A. Craig and was published in London by J. P. Osgood, McIlvaine publishers. Giovanni Cecchetti, in the introduction to his translation of the 1979 edition, writes that it "is generally regarded as a masterpiece". This work belongs to the Ciclo dei vinti, together with I Malavoglia, La Duchessa di Leyra, L'Onorevole Scipioni and L'uomo di lusso, works which deal with the problem of social and economical advancement. La Duchessa de Leyra remained only a draft, while the last two novels planned for the Ciclo, L'Onorevole Scipioni and L'Uomo di Lusso, were not even started. The novel is divided into four parts, each of which is made up of several chapters. Mastro-don Gesualdo deals with Gesualdo Motta, a man who focuses his life on his economic assets instead of personal relationships, ending up crushed by the empty life he has created. Gesualdo lives in Vizzini (Sicily) during the Italian unification. Mastro-don Gesualdo was subsequently translated into English by D.H. Lawrence in 1925-28. Lawrence's translation was published by Dedalus European Classics, first in 1984, then with a new edition in 2000. D. H. Lawrence also wrote an introduction to Mastro-don Gesualdo, published in Phoenix II. Lawrence also wrote an essay on Mastro-don Gesualdo, published in Phoenix and in Selected Literary Criticism. References External links Original book 19th-century Italian novels 1889 novels Novels set in Sicily

41370302

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202013%20SEA%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%2020%20kilometres%20walk

Athletics at the 2013 SEA Games – Men's 20 kilometres walk

The men's 20 kilometres walk at the 2013 SEA Games, the athletics was held in Naypyidaw, Myanmar. The track and field events is taking place at the Wunna Theikdi Stadiumon December 15. Schedule All times are Myanmar Standard Time (UTC+06:30) Records Results Legend DSQ — Disqualified References Athletics at the 2013 SEA Games

57549850

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcinus%20morgani

Calcinus morgani

Calcinus morgani, commonly known as Morgan's hermit crab, is a species of hermit crab in the family Diogenidae found in the Indo-West Pacific region, the type locality being Indonesia. Description This hermit crab has a shield 1.15 to 1.4 times as long as it is broad. The rostral lobe is triangular and the lateral projections very small and blunt. The eye-stalks have inflated bases and are nearly as long as the shield. The left cheliped (claw) has four to six robust calcified teeth on its cutting edge and the dactyl has two to four teeth on its cutting edge. The right cheliped is somewhat smaller with fewer teeth. The surfaces of both are dotted with small tubercles and low protuberances. The third pair of pereopods (walking limbs) have a brush of setae (bristles) near the claw while the other pereopods have scattered setae. The shield is whitish with dark brown margins, the eye-stalks are bright blue with brown bases, the antennal appendages are dark brown and orange, the chelipeds are dark brown with white tips and white tubercles, and the pereopods are dark brown with white bands near the claws. This hermit crab was at one time thought to be synonymous with Calcinus gaimardii but that species has the front half of the shield dark brown and lacks the bright blue on the eye stalks which are entirely orange, apart from a little blue on the corneas. Distribution and habitat Calcinus morgani is found in the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific region, its range extending from Madagascar to western, northern and eastern Australia, the Philippines, Indonesia and other western Pacific island groups. It is typically found in the intertidal zone of coral reefs and on rocky shores exposed to strong wave action. This is in contrast to C. gaimardii which prefers sheltered inlets and is found subtidally. References Hermit crabs Crustaceans described in 1999

276215

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20He

Zhang He

Zhang He () (died July or August 231), courtesy name Junyi, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei under its first two rulers, Cao Pi and Cao Rui, during the Three Kingdoms period until his death. Zhang He began his career under Han Fu, the governor of Ji Province, in the 180s when he joined the Han imperial forces in suppressing the Yellow Turban Rebellion. He became a subordinate of the warlord Yuan Shao in 191 after Yuan Shao seized the governorship of Ji Province from Han Fu. Throughout the 190s, Zhang He fought in the battles against Yuan Shao's northern rival, Gongsun Zan. In 200, Zhang He initially fought on Yuan Shao's side at the Battle of Guandu against Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government. However, he defected to Cao Cao after Yuan Shao's defeat at Guandu in the same year. Since then, he had fought in several wars under Cao Cao's banner, including the campaigns against Yuan Shao's heirs and allies (201–207), the expeditions in northwestern China (211–214), and the battles around Hanzhong (215–219). After Cao Cao's death in 220, Zhang He served in Wei and fought in battles against Wei's rival states, Shu Han and Eastern Wu. His best known victory was at the Battle of Jieting in 228, in which he defeated the Shu general Ma Su by cutting off the enemy's access to water supplies and then attacking them. In 231, he was killed in an ambush laid by Shu forces during the Battle of Mount Qi while he was reluctantly pursuing a retreating enemy force. Chen Shou, who wrote the third-century historical text Sanguozhi, named Zhang He as one of the Five Elite Generals of his time, alongside Yu Jin, Yue Jin, Zhang Liao and Xu Huang. Service under Han Fu and Yuan Shao Zhang He was from Mao County (), Hejian State (), which is in present-day Maozhou, Hebei. Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, when the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out, he responded to the Han government's call for volunteers to serve in the army and help to suppress the revolt. He was commissioned as a Major () and placed under the command of Han Fu, the Inspector of Ji Province (present-day southern Hebei). In 191, after Han Fu relinquished his control of Ji Province to the warlord Yuan Shao, Zhang He came to serve Yuan Shao and was promoted to the rank of Colonel (). Between 191 and 199, Zhang He fought on Yuan Shao's side in the war between Yuan Shao and his rival Gongsun Zan. In 199, after Yuan Shao had eliminated Gongsun Zan at the Battle of Yijing, Zhang He was further promoted to General of the Household Who Brings Peace to the State () for his achievements in battle. Battle of Guandu In the year 200, Yuan Shao fought the Battle of Guandu with Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian. When Yuan Shao having a few advantages like a far larger army in the initial stages of the campaign, Zhang He suggested that he avoid direct confrontation with Cao Cao and instead send a light cavalry force south to attack the rear of Cao Cao's camp. Yuan Shao did not heed Zhang He's suggestion and attacked his foe's main force instead. In the first few battles of the campaign, Cao Cao's forces won several victories in which two of Yuan Shao's generals, Yan Liang and Wen Chou, were killed and no progress was made in overrunning Cao Cao's defenses. Raid on Wuchao Yuan Shao had sent his general Chunyu Qiong to guard his army's supply depot at Wuchao (烏巢; southeast of present-day Yanjin County, Henan). One night, Cao Cao led a raid on Wuchao to destroy Yuan Shao's supplies. When news of the attack on Wuchao reached Yuan Shao's camp, Zhang He advised Yuan Shao: "Cao Cao's forces are well-trained so they will definitely defeat Chunyu Qiong. If Chunyu Qiong is defeated, all is lost for you, General. You should immediately dispatch forces to reinforce Wuchao." Yuan Shao's adviser Guo Tu disagreed with Zhang He: "Zhang He's idea isn't right. Why don't we attack Cao Cao's main camp instead? He will definitely head back to defend his camp. In this way, we can stop the attack on Wuchao without having to send reinforcements there." Zhang He replied: "Cao Cao's camp is well-defended and can't be conquered easily. If Chunyu Qiong is taken captive, we will all become prisoners-of-war." Yuan Shao dispatched a detachment of light cavalry to reinforce Wuchao and sent heavily armed forces to attack Cao Cao's main camp. Cao Cao succeeded in destroying Yuan Shao's supplies at Wuchao, while his main camp successfully resisted Yuan Shao's attacks. Cao Cao scored an overall decisive victory over Yuan Shao in the battle. Defecting to Cao Cao's side Guo Tu felt embarrassed after seeing that his suggestion had resulted in Yuan Shao's defeat, so he attempted to divert attention away from himself by accusing Zhang He of displaying schadenfreude upon learning of their defeat. Zhang He became afraid when he heard about this, so he defected to Cao Cao's side. Cao Cao was very pleased when Zhang He came to join him and he told Zhang He: "In the past, Wu Zixu failed to understand the situation and met his downfall. What if he had abandoned Yin like Weizi and defected to Han like Han Xin?" The fifth-century historian Pei Songzhi pointed out a discrepancy between Zhang He's biography and the biographies of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao about the time when Zhang He defected to Cao Cao's side. According to Cao Cao and Yuan Shao's biographies, Yuan Shao sent Zhang He and Gao Lan () to attack Cao Cao's main camp per Guo Tu's suggestion. They defected to Cao Cao when they learnt that Wuchao was lost, and their defection resulted in Yuan Shao's defeat. Based on these two accounts, Zhang He defected to Cao Cao before Yuan Shao's defeat at the Battle of Guandu. On the other hand, Zhang He's biography mentioned that Zhang He defected to Cao Cao after Yuan Shao's defeat at Guandu and after Guo Tu slandered him. Service under Cao Cao After his defection, Zhang He was appointed by the Han imperial court (under Cao Cao's control) as a Lieutenant-General () and enfeoffed as a Marquis of a Chief Village (). Between 200 and 207, he fought on Cao Cao's side against Yuan Shao's heirs and allies at the battles of Ye (204), Bohai (205) and Liucheng (207). He was promoted to General Who Pacifies the Di () for his contributions. In 206, Zhang He participated in the campaign against pirate forces led by Guan Cheng () in Donglai Commandery (東萊郡; around present-day Yantai and Weihai, Shandong). In 209, after the Battle of Red Cliffs, Chen Lan () and Mei Cheng () started a rebellion in Lu County (六縣; in present-day Lu'an, Anhui). Cao Cao ordered Zhang Liao to lead a force to suppress the revolt. Zhang He and Niu Gai () served as Zhang Liao's deputies and succeeded in eliminating the rebels. Campaigns in northwestern China In 211, Zhang He participated in the Battle of Weinan against a coalition of warlords from the Guanzhong region led by Ma Chao and Han Sui. The coalition broke up after Cao Cao defeated the warlords in the battle. Cao Cao sent Zhang He to lead a force to attack one of the warlords, Yang Qiu, at Anding Commandery (安定郡; covering parts of present-day Ningxia and Gansu), and Zhang succeeded in forcing Yang Qiu to surrender. In 212, Zhang He accompanied Xiahou Yuan on a campaign against another of the warlords, Liang Xing (), and the Di tribes in Wudu Commandery (武都郡; in present-day Longnan, Gansu). In 214, Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He defeated Ma Chao, who had borrowed troops from the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery after being driven out of Guanzhong. They also eliminated rebel forces led by Song Jian (). Battles in Hanzhong In 215, when Cao Cao launched a campaign against Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery, he first sent Zhang He to lead an army ahead to attack Liang Xing () and the Di tribal king, Dou Mao (). He ordered Zhang He to lead 5,000 infantry to clear the path after entering Hanzhong via San Pass (散關; southwest of present-day Baoji, Shaanxi). After receiving Zhang Lu's surrender, Cao Cao headed back and left behind Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and other generals to defend Hanzhong from his rival Liu Bei, who controlled Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) directly south of Hanzhong. Later that year, Zhang He tried to relocate the residents of Ba to Hanzhong. He was defeated by Liu Bei's general Zhang Fei at Dangqu (宕渠; in present-day Qu County, Sichuan) and abandoned his horse and escaped on foot via a shortcut with only a few of his men. He retreated back to Nanzheng County with his remaining troops. He was promoted to General Who Defeats Bandits () later. In 218, Liu Bei launched a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong from Cao Cao's forces. He garrisoned his forces at Yangping Pass (陽平關; in present-day Ningqiang County, Shaanxi) while Zhang He stationed his troops at Guangshi (). Liu Bei divided his thousands of elite soldiers into ten groups and ordered them to attack Zhang He's position at night. Zhang He personally led his men to resist Liu Bei's forces and succeeded in holding off the enemy. In the meantime, Liu Bei set fire to the fences at Zhang He's camp in Zouma Valley (). Xiahou Yuan led some soldiers to put out the fire and encountered Liu Bei's force along the way and engaged the enemy. Xiahou Yuan was killed in action while Zhang He retreated. According to the Weilüe, Liu Bei was fearful that Xiahou Yuan would be replaced by Zhang He as the commander of Cao Cao's forces in Hanzhong. He also expressed disappointment after learning that it was Xiahou Yuan, and not Zhang He, who was killed in battle. Cao Cao's forces in Hanzhong were shocked when they learnt of their commander's death and became worried that Liu Bei might take advantage of the situation to press on the attack. Guo Huai, a Major who served under Xiahou Yuan, expressed support for Zhang He to be the new commander. He said: "General Zhang (He) is a famous general in the Empire. Even Liu Bei is afraid of him. He is the only person capable of restoring stability in this hour of peril." Zhang He assumed the role and reorganised his forces. The other officers were all willing to submit to his command. Stability was restored. Cao Cao, who was then in Chang'an, sent a messenger to Hanzhong to approve Zhang He's command. In the following year, he personally led an army to Hanzhong to reinforce Zhang He. Liu Bei ordered his forces to remain in their positions in the mountainous regions and refused to engage Cao Cao in battle. Cao Cao eventually gave up on Hanzhong and led his forces out. Zhang He was relocated to a garrison at Chencang (陳倉; present-day Chencang District, Baoji, Shaanxi). Service under Cao Pi Cao Cao died in March 220 and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi as the King of Wei (). Cao Pi promoted Zhang He to General of the Left () and increased his marquis rank to Marquis of a Chief District (). Later that year, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the new emperor. After his coronation, he promoted Zhang He from a district marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Mao" (). In 221, Cao Pi ordered Zhang He and Cao Zhen to lead forces to attack the Lushui and Eastern Qiang tribes in Anding Commandery (安定郡; covering parts of present-day Ningxia and Gansu). Battle of Jiangling In 222, Cao Pi summoned Zhang He and Cao Zhen for an audience with him in the Wei capital Luoyang, and then ordered them, Xiahou Shang and other generals to lead armies to attack Jiangling County, which was controlled by Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu. During the battle, Zhang He supervised the Wei forces as they captured an island on the Yangtze River and started constructing a small castle on it. The battle had an inconclusive overall result because the Wei forces withdrew on their own without making any significant gains. Service under Cao Rui Cao Pi died in 226 and was succeeded by his son Cao Rui as the emperor of Wei. Cao Rui ordered Zhang He to garrison in Jing Province to defend Wei's southern border from Eastern Wu. Later on, Zhang He and Sima Yi led troops to attack Wu forces commanded by Liu E () and defeated them at Qikou (). Repelling the first Shu invasion In 228, Zhuge Liang, the regent of Wei's rival state Shu Han, led the Shu forces on the first of a series of campaigns to attack Wei. Zhang He was recalled back from Jing Province to defend Wei's western borders in the Guanzhong region (covering areas in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi) from the Shu armies. Later that year, he defeated the Shu general Ma Su at the Battle of Jieting by first cutting off the enemy's access to water supplies and then attacking them. Earlier that year, three Wei-controlled commanderies – Nan'an (南安; in present-day Dingxi, Gansu), Tianshui and Anding (安定; covering parts of present-day Ningxia and Gansu) – had responded to Zhuge Liang's call and defected to Shu. Zhang He attacked the three commanderies and took them back for Wei. Cao Rui issued an imperial decree to praise Zhang He for his success in repelling the Shu invasion and reward him by adding 1,000 taxable households to his marquisate. Zhang He had 4,300 households in his marquisate after the increment. Aborted campaign against Wu Around the time, the Wei general Sima Yi, who was training naval forces in Jing Province, planned for an invasion of Wu via the Han River, which links to the Yangtze River. Cao Rui ordered Zhang He to lead forces from the Guanzhong region to Jing Province to support Sima Yi. However, when they arrived in Jing Province, it was already in winter and the waters were unsuitable for the larger ships to sail on, hence the campaign was aborted. Zhang He then returned to his garrison at Fangcheng County (方城縣; present-day Gu'an County, Hubei). Predicting the outcome of the Siege of Chencang In late 228, Zhuge Liang launched a second campaign against Wei and besieged the Wei fortress at Chencang (陳倉; present-day Chencang District, Baoji, Shaanxi), which was defended by Hao Zhao. Cao Rui summoned Zhang He back to the capital Luoyang to discuss plans to counter the Shu invasion but they met in Henan instead. Cao Rui placed Zhang He in command of 30,000 troops and reassigned some of the Imperial Guards to serve as Zhang's bodyguards. He asked Zhang He: "General, if you're late, will Zhuge Liang have already captured Chencang?" Zhang He predicted that Zhuge Liang's forces could not maintain the siege on Chencang for long because they lacked supplies. He replied: "Zhuge Liang will have already left before I even reach Chencang. I estimate he has less than 10 days worth of supplies." He then led his troops towards Nanzheng County, travelling day and night. The Shu forces retreated. Cao Rui summoned Zhang He back to Luoyang and commissioned him as General of Chariots and Cavalry Who Attacks the West (). Death In 231, when Zhuge Liang launched his fourth invasion of Wei, Cao Rui ordered Sima Yi and Zhang He to lead Wei forces west to counter the invasion. When Zhang He's army arrived in Lueyang County, Zhuge Liang retreated to Mount Qi (the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu) to defend his position. When Sima Yi ordered Zhang He to pursue the enemy, Zhang He refused and said that according to classical military doctrine, they should not pursue an enemy force returning to its base. Sima Yi insisted, so Zhang He had no choice but to pursue the retreating Shu forces. He fell into an ambush at Mumen Trail (木門道; near present-day Mumen Village, Mudan Town, Qinzhou District, Tianshui, Gansu) and died after a stray arrow hit him in the thigh. Cao Rui granted him the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuang" (), which literally means "robust marquis". Family Zhang He had four sons, who were all enfeoffed as marquises by Cao Rui in recognition of their father's contributions to Wei. The eldest, Zhang Xiong (), inherited his father's title and became the next Marquis of Mao (). The youngest son, whose name is unknown, received the peerage of a Secondary Marquis (). Appraisal Zhang He was described to be a resourceful and proficient military leader who was well versed in geography and capable of making accurate predictions about war situations, to the point where even Zhuge Liang was wary of him. Even though he served in the military, he highly respected Confucian scholars. He once recommended Bei Zhan (), a learned scholar who was known for his good moral conduct and who was from the same hometown as him, to serve in the Wei government. Cao Rui accepted Zhang He's suggestion and appointed Bei Zhan as an Academician (). He also issued an imperial decree to praise Zhang He for not only defending Wei's borders, but also showing concern for the internal preservation of Wei. In popular culture Zhang He is a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms strategy game series. In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering there is a card named "Zhang He, Wei General" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set. See also Five Elite Generals Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms Notes References Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Year of birth unknown 231 deaths Generals under Yuan Shao Generals under Cao Cao Cao Wei generals People from Cangzhou Deaths by arrow wounds Three Kingdoms people killed in battle

36861043

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corby%20Business%20Academy

Corby Business Academy

Corby Business Academy is a non-selective, co-educational state-funded secondary school in Corby, Northamptonshire, for the ages of 11–18 years. It is one of a group of Academy schools run by Brooke Weston Trust. The Corby-based school also operates a sixth form for students 16–19. References External links OFSTED Inspection Report Academies in North Northamptonshire Secondary schools in North Northamptonshire Educational institutions established in 2008 2008 establishments in England

30848095

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo%20quiero%20bailar

Yo quiero bailar

Yo quiero bailar (Spanish, 'I want to dance') may refer to: Yo quiero bailar (album), by Sonia & Selena, 2001 "Yo quiero bailar" (song), 2001 Yo Queiro Bailar, a 2004 album by Tadros Yo queiro bailar, a 2006 album by Los Sultanes See also "Yo También Quiero Bailar", a 1982 single by Gloria Estefan Quiero Bailar, a Spanish TV dance talent show "Quiero Bailar" (song), by Ivy Queen, 2003

44838163

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Cachel

Susan Cachel

Susan Cachel (born 1949) is an American anthropologist, paleontologist, and researcher who specializes in primate evolution. In 2009, she was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for her work in the field of primate evolution. Education Cachel has a B.A. (1970), M.A. (1971), and a Ph.D. (1976) from the University of Chicago. Her Ph.D. thesis advisor was R.H. Tuttle. She has been at Rutgers University since 1977. Selected publications References External links Rutgers faculty page Primate and Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press Living people 21st-century American anthropologists American paleontologists Women paleontologists Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Rutgers University faculty University of Chicago alumni 1949 births

25968774

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis%20Ryan

Travis Ryan

Travis Ryan may refer to: Travis Ryan (musician) (born 1983), Christian songwriter and singer Travis Ryan, lead vocalist of deathgrind band Cattle Decapitation See also Ryan Travis (born 1989), American football fullback

43568093

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883%20Princeton%20Tigers%20football%20team

1883 Princeton Tigers football team

The 1883 Princeton Tigers football team represented the College of New Jersey, then more commonly known as Princeton College, in the 1883 college football season. The team finished with a 7–1 record and outscored opponents 238 to 26, using the new scoring rules introduced by Walter Camp. The Tigers won their first seven games before losing the final game of the season to Yale in New York. Alex Moffat was the team's captain and star player. Moffat played at the halfback position and developed a reputation as "probably the greatest kicker ever seen on a football field." Football historian David M. Nelson credits Moffat with revolutionizing the kicking game in 1883 by developing the "spiral punt," described by Nelson as "a dramatic change from the traditional end-over-end kicks." Moffat has also been credited with inventing the drop kick, and kicked equally well with either foot. In 1883, Moffat kicked 32 goals in 15 games. Schedule Game summaries On Wednesday, October 17, Princeton defeated Rutgers at New Brunswick, New Jersey. Princeton totaled two goals and three touchdowns, all scored in the second half. Rutgers was held to three safe touchdowns. On Monday, October 22, Princeton defeated Lafayette by a 53–6 score in a game played in Princeton. Princeton totaled five goals from field, four goals from touchdowns, and one touchdown. On Wednesday, October 24, Princeton defeated Stevens Institute by a 14–0 score at the St. George's Cricket Club in New York. Princeton scored two goals and two touchdowns. On October 27, Princeton defeated Rutgers by a 61–0 score in a game played in Princeton. Princeton totaled eight goals and three touchdowns to nine safeties. On November 3, Princeton defeated Pennsylvania in a game played in Princeton by a score of 41–6. Princeton scored on four goals from touchdowns, two goals from field, and two touchdowns. Penn scored on one goal and three safeties. On November 6, Princeton defeated Wesleyan by a 24–0 score at the Polo Grounds in New York. The game was played "under the new American college rules", while Yale played a game against Rutgers on the same day under the "old Rugby rules". On November 17, Princeton defeated Harvard by a 26–7 score at the Princeton football grounds. Princeton scored five goals and one touchdown and held Harvard to one goal and one touchdown. Moffat made all five goals, two drop kicks with his right foot, two drop kicks with his left foot, and one from placement. On November 24, Princeton lost the final game of the season to Yale. The game was played at the Polo Grounds in New York. Yale scored one goal (worth six points) and held Princeton scoreless. References Princeton Princeton Tigers football seasons Princeton Tigers football

29372645

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20%28Conway%20Twitty%20song%29

Julia (Conway Twitty song)

"Julia" is a song written by John Barlow Jarvis and Don Cook, and it was recorded by American country music artist Conway Twitty. It was released in March 1987 as the first single from his album Borderline. The song reached #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References \ 1987 singles 1987 songs Conway Twitty songs Songs written by Don Cook Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen MCA Records singles Songs written by John Barlow Jarvis

1050286

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20Mira

Atlas Mira

The World Atlas () is the Soviet and later Russian atlas of the world. Predecessors Initially Russian cartography did not produce original work: the Atlas Marksa (1905), for example, was merely a translation of German Neuer Handatlas by Debes. The large Atlas Mira (1st Russian edition, 1954), with some 200,000 names was therefore a significant milestone. An English edition later followed (The World Atlas, 2nd ed., 1967). A similar Soviet project Bolshoi Sovietskii Atlas Mira, which was intended to be the most comprehensive atlas of modern times, remained, however, incomplete due to WWII; only two out of three planned volumes (1937/39) were published. Editions First Edition The first edition was published in 1954, in two volumes. The first contains 283 pages of maps; the second is a geographical index with 205,000 entries, covering all the maps. On the first page of the atlas is a vignette with a world map inside a five-pointed star, prominently depicting the Soviet Union. Thereafter is the title page, on the reverse side the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR to publish the atlas, a page with the names of the editorial board, a page with the other editors, a preface of two pages and the table of contents in two pages. First in the map section are two pages with a key to map symbols – also given as a separate sheet. Thereafter are the 283 pages with maps and finally a page with more names of collaborators, technical information and at the end the number of copies printed (25,000). Many maps are on a double page, with a total width of 63 cm. The reverse side of the left-hand page which comes first in leafing through atlas – the 'title side' – usually has a scheme with the current map and the adjacent sheets. A map is printed on the reverse side of almost all right-hand pages. Some maps are even wider than 63 cm and therefore have a foldout; see the table of contents. The index, a separate volume, has a title page, a preface of two pages, a page on how to use the index, and a page with the abbreviations used. Thereafter is the actual index of 545 pages. In the end are 14 pages with translations of non-Russian geographical terms and words that occur in place names. After the key to map symbols the map section has 5 pages of world maps, 3 pages with historical maps, 76 pages with maps of the Soviet Union in 53 pages with maps of Western Europe – meaning in this case the part of Europe that is outside the Soviet Union. The non-Soviet part of Asia – here also named 'foreign Asia' – covers 53 pages, Africa 18, the Americas 57 and Australia-Oceania 12. In the end are 6 pages with maps of the Atlantic Ocean, the mediterranean Sea and the Polar regions. See also the list of map names in transliteration and translation. Most sections start with a physical map – with contour lines and hypsometric coloring – a political map and a map of the communications in the region in question. The rest of each section consists of physical maps at a larger scale; see the list of maps, inset maps and scale. On the reverse sides of many right-hand pages are enlargements of regions on the 'main map'. Contrary to the main maps, on these maps the relief is often indicated with shading, which gives a more spatial effect. In the section on the Soviet Union each Union Republic has a map of its administrative subdivision in political coloring. A political map is sometimes also given for other regions. On some maps the forests are indicated; details can be found in the list of types of maps. The size of the atlas is considerable and so is the number of maps. Many regions are therefore depicted in detail, often at a scale of 1:5,000,000, 1:2,500,000 or 1:1,250,000. This has been done in particular for the Soviet Union itself and the 'friendly' states in the world – Eastern Europe, China – but also for Western Europe and the United States. These detailed maps are missing for Yugoslavia and the Netherlands. The environs of metropoles are sometimes given in (inset) maps at a scale of 1:250,000. Curiously, for the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China these city maps are absent. In the preface (see also the English translation) account is given of the composition of the atlas. There is also an overview and account of the map projections used in the atlas. Second Edition The second edition was published in Moscow in 1967 by the Chief Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (GUGK; ). It was published simultaneously in Russian and English in 25,000 copies and was priced at 42 Rbls. Special cartographic paper and special cartographic offset ink were used. The Atlas was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. The Atlas has a full 250 pages of colour maps, majority of them physical, the index being a separate book, comprising some 200,000 entries. The size of the Atlas is . The maps in the Atlas are arranged in groups starting with general world maps, maps of the Soviet Union and maps of the continents. The world maps are in the 1:50,000,000 scale. The Soviet Union is treated basically as a separate continent with its own physical, political, transportation and time zone maps. It is mentioned in the preface that the number of the maps of the Soviet Union is decreased compared to the previous edition, because of the interim publishing of a separate atlas specifically dedicated to the Soviet Union. For each continent there is a general physical map as an introduction (1:10,000,000 to 1:25,000,000), followed by political and communications maps. This is followed by a number of general regional maps (1:1,500,000 to 1:750,000) and supplemented for important areas by large scale maps (1:250,000 to 1:750,000). 18 different colours are used from deep blue for the ocean deeps to dark brown and white for the highest mountains and glaciers. Relief shading is used for delineating relief along with contour lines. All scales are metric. Tint for elevation is predominately used in larger scale maps: 1:1,500,000 and higher. The shadows and colours combined give an almost stereo impression, the relief popping up out of the pages. Many major cities in the world are shown on separate maps or insets, typically in 1:250,000 scale as well as important areas like the Panama Canal or Palestine, along with detailed maps of small islands in the world oceans. Third edition The third edition was made in 1999 by the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. As a revised and updated world atlas since it first published in 1954, this atlas which combined maps and index into one volume. This atlas in third edition bringing each featured landscape to life with detailed terrain models and color schemes and offering maps of unsurpassed quality, this atlas features the main atlas, and an easy-to-reference index of all 240,000 place names. All maps feature a full double-page spread, with continents broken down into 286 pages of carefully selected maps. See also World Map 1:2,500,000 International Map of the World External links Scan of the second English edition (1967) on David Rumsey Map Collection Low-quality photos of the second English edition (1967) Further reading Novikova, T.G. (exec. editor). The World Atlas. 3rd ed. Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. Moscow, 1999. . Theodore Shabad, "Atlas Mira", Geographical Review, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Apr., 1956), pp. 289–291. Terence Armstrong, Fiziko-Geograficheskiy Atlas", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 132, No. 1 (Mar., 1966), p. 157. Atlases 1954 non-fiction books 1967 non-fiction books

15809087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACAM%20R-2

TACAM R-2

The TACAM R-2 (Tun Anticar pe Afet Mobil R-2 – "Anti-tank gun on R-2 mobile gun carriage") was a Romanian tank destroyer used during World War II. It was built by removing the turret of the R-2 light tank (Panzer 35(t)) and building a pedestal to mount a Soviet ZiS-3 field gun in its place. A three-sided fighting compartment was built to protect the gun and its crew. Twenty were built in 1944, but only one is known to exist today. It participated in the Budapest Offensive and the Prague Offensive. Development By December 1942 it was blatantly obvious that Romania's R-2 light tanks (Panzer 35(t)) were no longer capable of standing up to Soviet medium tanks, but something had to be done to extend their service. It was decided to convert them to tank destroyers on the model of the German Marder II and Romania's own TACAM T-60, still in development. The turret was removed from one R-2 to serve as the prototype over the summer of 1943 to test the concept. A captured Soviet M-1936 F-22 field gun was removed from its carriage and a new mount was fabricated to fit the gun to the turretless R-2. A fighting compartment was built using armor salvaged from captured Soviet tanks. New Romanian and German gun sights were fitted to suit the new Romanian ammunition. Testing in late 1943 proved that the gun didn't overpower the chassis, but the gun was only effective against T-34s up to ranges of . Forty were planned to be converted by Leonida in Bucharest, but the process couldn't begin immediately because Germany hadn't yet delivered the tanks that were to replace the R-2 which allowed the F-22 gun to be exchanged for the more powerful ZiS-3 gun on the production models. Proposals were made to rearm them to better counter the new heavily armored Soviet Iosif Stalin tanks. Proposals were made to up-gun the vehicle with either the Romanian-built Reşiţa Model 1943 anti-tank gun or the German gun, but nothing was done before Romania changed sides in August 1944. Description The TACAM R-2 had a ZiS-3 gun mounted on an R-2 light tank (Panzer 35(t)) chassis from which the turret had been removed. The gun was protected by a three-sided, fixed, partially roofed gun shield with sides thick. The armor plate for the gun shield was salvaged from captured Soviet BT-7 and T-26 tanks. The gun could traverse 30°, elevate 15° and depress 5°. A total of thirty rounds were carried for the main gun, twenty-one HE and nine AP. The chassis was little changed from that of the R-2 and retained its hull-mounted ZB-53 machine gun. The armor of the hull ranged from thick. It could cross a ditch wide, climb an obstacle high and ford a stream deep. Operational history Leonida began work in late February 1944, and the first batch of twenty conversions was complete by the end of June. Production was halted then because the gun was thought inadequate to face the new heavily armored IS-2 tanks being fielded by the Soviets. Ten vehicles were organized into the 63rd TACAM Company in July 1944 and assigned to the 1st Armored Training Division. The rest of 10 vehicles were assigned to a Cavalry division. After 23 August coup, a company of twelve was assigned to the Niculescu Detachment when it was rushed north at the beginning of September to defend the Transylvanian frontier against the Axis counterattack from Hungary. Four more were added when the Niculescu Detachment was absorbed into the ad hoc Armored Group on 29 September in preparation for attacks intended to clear Northern Transylvania. This was successful and the Armored Group was disbanded when the joint Soviet-Romanian forces pushed the last Axis units out of Romanian territory on 25 October 1944. Twelve were assigned to the 2nd Armored Regiment when it was sent to the front Czechoslovakia in February 1945. The Soviets immediately seized most of the TACAM R-2s in exchange for a few captured German tanks, but two were reported as operational on 31 March and two were still on hand on 24 April. One of these was destroyed before 30 April and the other was damaged mopping up German units near Brno in May. None were reported with the remnants of the regiment when it returned to Bucharest on 14 May 1945. One survives today in the Romanian National Military Museum in Bucharest. Photo gallery The gallery shows the TACAM R-2 at the Bucharest Military Museum. Red paintjob photos are from 2006, light teal ones from 2019. Notes References External links TACAM R-2 on worldwar2.ro photo series on Romanian armor TACAM R-2 walkaround on DishModels.ru Tank destroyers of Romania World War II tank destroyers Military history of Romania during World War II World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Romania Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944

16668544

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20W.%20Barrett%20%28physicist%29

John W. Barrett (physicist)

John W. Barrett is professor of mathematical physics at the University of Nottingham. He is a quantum gravity researcher who is known for the Barrett–Crane model of quantum gravity. References Living people Scientists from London Academics of the University of Nottingham Year of birth missing (living people)

2301906

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne%20Duval

Jeanne Duval

Jeanne Duval (; – c. 1862) was a Haitian-born actress and dancer of mixed French and West African ancestry. For 20 years, she was the muse of French poet and art critic Charles Baudelaire. They met in 1842 when Duval left Haiti for France, and the two remained together, albeit stormily, for the next two decades. Duval is said to have been the woman whom Baudelaire loved most in his life after his mother. She was born in Haiti on an unknown date, sometime around 1820. Poems of Baudelaire's that are dedicated to Duval or pay her homage include "Le balcon" (The Balcony), "Parfum exotique" (Exotic Perfume), "La chevelure" (The Hair), "Sed non satiata" (Yet she is not satisfied), "Le serpent qui danse" (The Dancing Serpent), and "Une charogne" (A Carcass). Baudelaire called her "mistress of mistresses" and his "Vénus Noire" ("Black Venus"), and it is believed that Duval symbolized to him the dangerous beauty, sexuality, and mystery of a Creole woman in mid-19th century France. She lived at 6, rue de la Femme-sans-tête (Street of the Headless Woman) on the Ile Saint-Louis, near the Hôtel Pimodan. Édouard Manet, a friend of Baudelaire, painted Duval in his 1862 painting Baudelaire's Mistress, Reclining. She was, by this time, going blind. Duval may have died of syphilis as early as 1862, five years before Baudelaire, who also died of syphilis. Other sources claim that Duval survived Baudelaire. Nadar claimed to have seen Duval, last, in 1870—by this time she was on crutches, suffering heavily from syphilis. Popular culture Jeanne Duval serves as a main character in Caribbean author Nalo Hopkinson's The Salt Roads, a work of historic fiction, and in the title story of the collection Black Venus by Angela Carter. Tinge Krishnan's film My Heart Laid Bare is about the life of Jeanne Duval called "the Big Breast, big Bank Girl. Kathy Acker's short story "New York City in 1979" is dedicated to "Jeanne's insulted beauty," which is a reference to Jeanne Duval. The noted American conceptual artist Lorraine O'Grady developed a 16-diptych photo-installation featuring paired images of Charles Baudelaire and Jeanne Duval titled Flowers of Evil and Good. Preliminary studies for this installation have been exhibited in the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, the Thomas Erben Gallery, New York, and Galerie Fotohof in Salzburg, Austria. O'Grady has written extensively about the relationship of Baudelaire and Duval in Mousse Magazine and Pétunia: magazine féministe d’art contemporain et de loisirs. Scottish artist Maud Sulter created several artworks inspired by Duval, using images such as her photograph by Nadar, and self-portraits of the artist. Many of these were displayed in a solo show at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery titled Jeanne Duval: A Melodrama. In addition, Jeanne Duval is the inspiration for a song titled "Street of Roses" by then-Soviet heavy metal band Aria on the 1987 album Hero of Asphalt. "Mademoiselle Baudelaire", by Yslaire, is a 2021 biographical graphic novel about her life from Europe Comics. References External links 20 English translations of Baudelaire's poem "The Balcony", addressed to Jeanne Duval 19th-century French actresses French stage actresses 1820 births 1862 deaths People from Jacmel 19th-century Haitian people Haitian stage actresses Haitian people of Mulatto descent Deaths from syphilis Haitian emigrants to France Muses Charles Baudelaire

20904360

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoon%20Ki%20Pukaar

Khoon Ki Pukaar

Khoon Ki Pukaar is a 1978 Bollywood action film drama directed by Ramesh Ahuja. The film stars Vinod Khanna, Shabana Azmi in lead roles. Plot After the murder of his wife, and his son's kidnapping, Dr. Vidya Bhushan decides to devote the rest of his life as a Poojary, living on the premises of a princely-donated temple, hoping and praying that one day he will be reunited with his estranged son. One day a wounded bandit named Sher Singh comes to him for protection, and he not only shields the man from the police, but also tends to his wounds, and lies to the townspeople that the man's name is Amrit, When Amrit recovers, he is grateful to Vidya for looking after him, and he falls in love with a town belle by the name of Shano. What Vidya does not know that is that Amrit is really interested in the gold and jewellery hidden in a secret underground chamber below the temple; and what Amrit does not know is Shalu is seeking vengeance against Sher Singh for killing her father. Cast Vinod Khanna as Amrit / Sher Singh Shabana Azmi as Shanno Aruna Irani as Bijli Pran as Dr. Vidya Bhushan / Poojari Amjad Khan as Zalim Singh / Sardar Iftekhar as Khan Roopesh Kumar as Bheema Rita Bhaduri as Rani Soundtrack External links 1978 films 1970s Hindi-language films 1978 action films Films scored by Bappi Lahiri Indian action films

50409187

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker%20Apartments

Wicker Apartments

The Wicker Apartments, now known as the Bellevue Apartments, are a historic apartment complex at 3905-4213 Chamberlain Avenue and 4210-4232 Old Brook Road in Richmond, Virginia. It is a well-preserved example of a garden apartment complex developed in the post-World War II years (1945–47) with funding support from the Federal Housing Administration. The complex includes sixteen two-story brick buildings with 144 housing units, set on spacious and handsomely landscaped property. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond, Virginia References Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Colonial Revival architecture in Virginia Residential buildings completed in 1945 Buildings and structures in Richmond, Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Richmond, Virginia

49631458

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Kessell

Tom Kessell

Tom Kessell (born 21 February 1990) is a professional rugby union player for the Cornish Pirates in the RFU Championship. Career Playing at scrum-half, Kessell first began his rugby at the Cornish Pirates, as a youngster in 1995 before signing a professional contract in 2011. Named as the Championship Player of the Season for the 2014–15 season, Kessell then made the switch to Aviva Premiership rugby and joined Northampton Saints in 2015. The scrum-half became a regular in the second team, the Northampton Wanderers and helped them to lift the Aviva 'A' League trophy after defeating Gloucester United in the final at Franklin's Gardens in 2017. On 25 June 2018 Kessell left Northampton Saints to return to the Championship with Coventry from, the 2018–19 season. He signed a one-year deal with Bristol Bears for the 2020–21 season. He had previously signed a short-term deal for the conclusion of the 2019–20 season. On 1 June 2021, Kessell returns to his hometown club Cornish Pirates in the RFU Championship ahead of the 2021-22 season. References External links Northampton Saints profile 1990 births Living people Bristol Bears players Cornish Pirates players Cornwall RFU players Coventry R.F.C. players Northampton Saints players Rugby union scrum-halves

19935866

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Garbo

Norman Garbo

Norman Robert Garbo (February 15, 1919 – December 20, 2017) was an American author, lecturer and portrait painter. Life and career Garbo was born in New York City on February 15, 1919, as the son of Maximilian W. and Fannie Garbo. He attended City College (now known as the City College of the City University of New York) from 1935 to 1937. Garbo also studied at the New York Academy of Fine Art from 1937. He began working as a portrait painter in 1941 and also worked as a writer and lecturer. In 1941, he joined the military with the start of World War II. He enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Forces, where he achieved the rank of lieutenant. Garbo married Rhoda Locke on April 15, 1942. The couple's son and only child is named Mickey. Garbo later resided in Sands Point, an area of Long Island, New York. He died there on December 20, 2017, at the age of 98. Selected bibliography Pull up an Easel (1955, 1976) Confrontation with Howard Goodkind (1966) The Movement (1969) To Love Again: A Psychiatrist's Search for Love (1977) The Artist (1978) Cabal (1979) Spy (1980) Turner's Wife (1983) Gaynor's Passion (1985) A Sudden Madness (1985) Dirty Secrets (1989) References External links Norman Garbo Biography at the Biography Resource Center Books by Norman Garbo at Openlibrary.org 1919 births 2017 deaths Military personnel from New York City People from Sands Point, New York United States Army Air Forces officers United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II Writers from New York City

1683536

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbubble

Superbubble

In astronomy a superbubble or supershell is a cavity which is hundreds of light years across and is populated with hot (106 K) gas atoms, less dense than the surrounding interstellar medium, blown against that medium and carved out by multiple supernovae and stellar winds. The winds, passage and gravity of newly born stars strip superbubbles of any other dust or gas. The Solar System lies near the center of an old superbubble, known as the Local Bubble, whose boundaries can be traced by a sudden rise in dust extinction of exterior stars at distances greater than a few hundred light years. Formation The most massive stars, with masses ranging from eight to roughly one hundred solar masses and spectral types of O and early B, are usually found in groups called OB associations. Massive O stars have strong stellar winds, and most of these stars explode as supernovae at the end of their lives. The strongest stellar winds release kinetic energy of 1051 ergs (1044 J) over the lifetime of a star, which is equivalent to a supernova explosion. These winds can form stellar wind bubbles dozens of light years across. Inside OB associations, the stars are close enough that their wind bubbles merge, forming a giant bubble called a superbubble. When stars die, supernova explosions, similarly, drive blast waves that can reach even larger sizes, with expansion velocities up to several hundred km s−1. Stars in OB associations are not gravitationally bound, but they drift apart at small speeds (of around 20 km s−1), and they exhaust their fuel rapidly (after a few millions of years). As a result, most of their supernova explosions occur within the cavity formed by the stellar wind bubbles. These explosions never form a visible supernova remnant, but instead expend their energy in the hot interior as sound waves. Both stellar winds and stellar explosions thus power the expansion of the superbubble in the interstellar medium. The interstellar gas swept up by superbubbles generally cools, forming a dense shell around the cavity. These shells were first observed in line emission at twenty-one centimeters from hydrogen, leading to the formulation of the theory of superbubble formation. They are also observed in X-ray emission from their hot interiors, in optical line emission from their ionized shells, and in infrared continuum emission from dust swept up in their shells. X-ray and visible emission are typically observed from younger superbubbles, while older, larger objects seen in twenty-one centimeters may even result from multiple superbubbles combining, and so are sometimes distinguished by calling them supershells. Large enough superbubbles can blow through the entire galactic disk, releasing their energy into the surrounding galactic halo or even into the intergalactic medium. Examples LHA 120-N 44 (N44) in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Anticenter shell, a supershell once called "Snickers" Henize 70 Monogem Ring Ophiuchus Superbubble The Scutum Supershell Orion-Eridanus Superbubble The Perseus-Taurus Shell The Local Bubble Image gallery References External links Tenorio-Tagle, G., & Bodenheimer, P. " Large-scale expanding superstructures in galaxies". 1988, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 26, 145–197. General overview. Galactic astronomy Interstellar media Supernovae

15265984

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCredie%20Township%2C%20Callaway%20County%2C%20Missouri

McCredie Township, Callaway County, Missouri

McCredie Township is one of eighteen townships in Callaway County, Missouri, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 760. History McCredie Township was created sometime between 1883 and 1897 from what was before then, generally speaking, the southern sector of a much larger historic Liberty Township, with some alterations of adjacent township boundaries. McCredie was the name of a prominent local family. The main town, long named McCredie, was fused into the incorporation of the village of Kingdom City in 1970. Geography McCredie Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Kingdom City, plus rural homes. The streams of Allen Branch, Leeper Branch, McKinney Creek, Rocky Branch and Sallees Branch run through this township. References USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) External links US-Counties.com City-Data.com Townships in Callaway County, Missouri Jefferson City metropolitan area Townships in Missouri

59477747

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion%20polling%20for%20the%20September%202019%20Israeli%20legislative%20election

Opinion polling for the September 2019 Israeli legislative election

Polling for the 17 September 2019 Israeli legislative election began on 26 May 2019. Seat projections Graphs These graphs show the polling trends from the time Knesset dissolved until the election day. No polls may be published from the end of Friday before the election until the polling stations closing on election day at 22:00. If more than one poll was conducted on the same day, the graphs show the average of the polls for that date. Polls Poll results are listed in the table below in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first. The highest figure in each survey is displayed in bold and the background shaded in the leading party's colour. In the instance that there is a tie, then both figures are shaded. Parties that fall below the threshold are denoted by the percentage of votes that they received (N%), instead of the seats they would have gotten. When a poll has no information on a certain party, that party is instead marked by a dash (–). Scenarios Zehut, Otzma Yehudit & Noam withdraw Left-Wing Union (including Democratic Union) and URWP + New Right Left-Wing Union (including Democratic Union) Union of the Right-Wing Parties + New Right headed by Ayelet Shaked (including Democratic Union and Zehut) Expanded Union of Right-Wing Parties headed by Ayelet Shaked (including Labor-Gesher) Expanded Union of Right-Wing Parties headed by Ayelet Shaked Expanded Union of Right-Wing Parties headed by Rafi Peretz (including Labor-Gesher) Expanded Union of Right-Wing Parties headed by Rafi Peretz Left-Wing Union Likud+Ayelet Shaked, URWP+Naftali Bennett Gabi Ashkenazi leading Blue & White Zehut and New Right merger Zehut and New Right merger and Left-Wing Union Labor and Meretz merger without Gesher Labor and IDP merger without Gesher, Expanded Union of Right-Wing Parties headed by Ayelet Shaked Labor and IDP merger without Gesher, Expanded Union of Right-Wing Parties headed by Rafi Peretz IDP and Meretz merger, New Right and URWP merger URWP, New Right, and Otzma Yehudit merger Democratic Union & URWP, New Right, and Otzma Yehudit merger Democratic Union & URWP, New Right, Zehut, and Otzma Yehudit merger Preferred Prime Minister polls Some opinion pollsters have asked voters which party leader they would prefer as Prime Minister. Their responses are given as percentages in the tables below. Netanyahu vs Gantz Netanyahu vs Barak General Potential bias Direct Polls institute, which conducts some of the polls, is owned by Shlomo Filber, the former director general of the Ministry of Communications and Likud campaign manager in the 2015 Israeli legislative election. Filber turned state's evidence in Case 4000, in which Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu has been indicted for bribery. In the April 2019 Israeli legislative election, Filber advised the New Right campaign, potentially compromising his objectivity. Filber's polling method is controversial and is based on SMS. See also April 2019 Israeli legislative election 2019 in Israel List of elections in 2019 Notes References Opinion polling in Israel

18826053

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Brown%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201965%29

Ian Brown (footballer, born 1965)

Ian O'Neill Brown (born 11 September 1965) is an English football manager and former player. Biography A striker, he was a schoolboy at Luton Town before beginning his professional career at Birmingham City, but dropped into non-League after only playing for 10 minutes as a substitute in a Football League Cup match. He played for several clubs in the Eastern Counties League, including Harwich & Parkeston, where he played under former Arsenal player, Richie Powling, then later Chelmsford City, before returning to the professional game with Bristol City in 1993. After a loan spell at Colchester United and less than a year with Northampton Town, he returned to non-League with Sudbury Town, reuniting with Powling. He was later signed by Powling for Cambridge City and Braintree Town, and after a spell at Maldon Town, went on to become a player-coach at Whitton United. After a spell as coach and assistant manager at Ipswich Wanderers, he was appointed manager of Whitton United in 2009. He left the club in 2011, becoming a coach at Hadleigh United, before joining A.F.C. Sudbury as first team coach in November 2012. He later became assistant manager, before leaving the club in 2014. In 2015, he was appointed manager of Hadleigh United, a position he held until resigning in May 2016. The following year he was appointed joint manager of the Suffolk FA's under-18 team. He also works as a tutor at One College. References 1965 births Living people Footballers from Ipswich English men's footballers Luton Town F.C. players Birmingham City F.C. players Felixstowe & Walton United F.C. players Harwich & Parkeston F.C. players Stowmarket Town F.C. players Sudbury Town F.C. players Chelmsford City F.C. players Bristol City F.C. players Colchester United F.C. players Northampton Town F.C. players Cambridge City F.C. players Braintree Town F.C. players Witham Town F.C. players F.C. Clacton players Maldon & Tiptree F.C. players Whitton United F.C. players English football managers Ipswich Wanderers F.C. A.F.C. Sudbury non-playing staff Whitton United F.C. managers Hadleigh United F.C. managers Men's association football forwards Association football coaches

37065301

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsought%20goods

Unsought goods

Unsought Goods are goods that the consumer does not know about or does not normally think of buying, and the purchase of which arises due to danger or the fear of danger and lack of desire. The classic examples of known but unsought goods are funeral services, encyclopedias, fire extinguishers and reference books. In some cases even an airplane/helicopters can be cited as examples of unsought goods. The purchase of these goods may not be immediate and can be deferred. Hence, unsought goods require advertising and personal-selling support. Marketers have classified products on the basis of durability, tangibility and use (consumer or industrial). Based on the consumer products classification arise Unsought Goods. Converting Unsought Goods to Sought Goods New products such as frozen food items were unsought till they are advertised using media vehicles or by word of mouth marketing. Once the consumer is well educated about the product, the good goes on to become a sought good. For example: A new smartphone with exclusive features is an unsought good until the consumer hears about it. Once the smartphone is widely known among customers, it becomes a sought good. A classic example here is the Apple iPhone. Consumers are unaware that they want it unless told about it. Another example to note would be life insurance. Even though it is a classic example of an unsought good; it is fast growing into a sought good. With the conversion of life insurance from just insurance to an investment idea for your future, this good has shifted paradigms. References Consumer goods

32531913

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%20Bobcats%20baseball

Ohio Bobcats baseball

The Ohio Bobcats baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, United States. The team is a member of the Mid-American Conference East division, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. Ohio's first baseball team was fielded in 1892. The team plays its home games at Bob Wren Stadium in Athens, Ohio. The Bobcats are coached by Craig Moore. Notable former players Bob Brenly — manager, Arizona Diamondbacks, 2001–2004; 2001 World Series champion Ernie Kish — outfielder, 1945 Philadelphia Athletics Rich McKinney — infielder, Chicago White Sox first-round draft pick (1968) Mike Schmidt — third baseman, Philadelphia Phillies, 1972–1989; 1980 World Series champion; elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1995 Steve Swisher — catcher, Chicago White Sox first-round draft pick (1973) Jeremie Rehak — umpire, Major League Baseball active (first appearance 2018) Mickey Briglia — head coach, Rowan University (Glassboro State at the time) from 1964 to 1988; 2x NCAA Division III World Series Champ (1978, 1979); played third base, All Mid-American Conference 1949-1951 inductee of the Kermit Blosser Ohio Athletics Hall of Fame See also List of NCAA Division I baseball programs References External links American football teams established in 1892 1892 establishments in Ohio

504562

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmin%20station

Jasmin station

Jasmin () is a station on Line 9 of the Paris Métro. It serves Rue Jasmin in the 16th arrondissement. The station was first used with the opening of the first section of the line from Trocadéro to Exelmans. History The station was opened on 8 November 1922. It is named after the French poet Jacques Jasmin (born Jacques Boé; 1798–1864), called the wig-maker poet, whose works in Langue d’oc were the precursor of the Félibrige, the literary movement of Provençal. Rue Jasmin is a section of the old Rue de la Cure. This was a reference to the medical cures claimed for the mineral springs of the former vineyards of the surrounding suburb of Auteuil. As part of RATP's metro renewal programme, the station corridors and platform lighting were renovated by 28 June 2005. On March 20, 2018, half of the name plates on the station's platforms were temporarily replaced by the RATP to celebrate the arrival of spring, as in five other stations. Taking up the surname of Jasmin in capital letters, the new plates are decorated with motifs representing white jasmine. In 2019, 1,935,764 passengers entered this station, which placed it in the 249th place of metro stations for its attendance out of 302. In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 1,017,366 passengers entered this station, which placed it in the 239th position of metro stations for its attendance. In 2021, attendance gradually increased, with 1,418,238 passengers entering this station which placed it in the 243rd position of metro stations for its attendance out of 304. Passenger services Access The station has two accesses, each consisting of a fixed staircase decorated with a Dervaux type balustrade: access 1 - Rue Jasmin, consisting of a fixed staircase decorated with a Val d'Osne style candelabra, leading to the right of No. 78 Avenue Mozart, at the corner with Rue de l'Yvette facing No. 2 of the latter; access 2 - Rue Ribera, consisting of an escalator allowing only an exit, located to the right of no. 85 avenue Mozart, at the corner of Rue Ribera facing no. 47 thereof. The old switch-room in the station was established in the form of a mezzanine overlooking the tracks, a rare situation that it shares only with the following two metro stations in the direction of Mairie de Montreuil, Ranelagh and La Muette. Thus, the platforms are visible from the old-switch room and the information counters. The latter was one of the few style of the 1970s to survive until the 2010s. Station layout Platform Jasmin is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the style used for the majority of metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the 2000s metro revival, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the straight walls, vault, tunnel exits and corridor outlets. The advertising frames are made of honey-coloured earthenware and the name of the station is also in earthenware in the style of the original CMP. The Motte style seats are red. The decoration of the platforms is completely identical to that of the nearby metro station, Ranelagh. A cultural poster on the poet Jasmin is affixed on the platform in the direction of Mairie de Montreuil. Bus connections The station has only one connection with line 22 of the RATP Bus Network, in the direction of Opéra only. Gallery References Paris Métro stations in the 16th arrondissement of Paris Railway stations in France opened in 1922

24398722

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310%20Stockport%20County%20F.C.%20season

2009–10 Stockport County F.C. season

The 2009–10 season is Stockport County's 128th season in football, and the second in England's third tier of football since gaining promotion via the League Two Play Offs in 2008. Stockport completed the whole season in Administration. This season ran from 8 August 2009 to 8 May 2010. Gary Ablett was named manager of Stockport for the whole of the season after his Predecessor Jim Gannon was made redundant in the summer of 2009. Background This is a list of the significant events to occur at the club during the 2009–10 season, presented in chronological order. This list does not include transfers, which are listed in the transfers section below, or match results, which are in the results section. After ending the 2008–09 season in 18th position with 50 points (60 points without the ten-point deduction), Stockport County were placed into administration following a battle to repay creditors. A creditor of the club wrote a petition to repay a loan of around £300,000 to him. The club has also struggled to repay a tax debt of £250,000 to Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs. On 17 June the Administrators agreed terms with the Melrose Consortium for the sale of Stockport County. The club also announced that they will play Huddersfield Town away in the League Cup First Round., As well as announcing the fixtures for the season On 3 July Administrators agree Company Voluntary Arrangement (CVA) with previous shareholders and creditors. On 8 July Stockport County appointment Gary Ablett as new manager. On 22 July Stockport Announced their new kit for the season which was manufactured my Macron. The home kit was a traditional blue and white, while there was a new away kit which consisted of orange and black. On 27 July Gary Ablett appointed Paul Gerrard as the club's goalkeeping coach, Gerrard also carried on his playing career for the club as he registered as cover for first choice goalkeeper Owain Fôn Williams . On 3 September Carl Baker became the first Stockport County player to score consecutive away hat-tricks, after he scored Three in a 4–2 win over Brighton in the League and also three in a 4–1 win over Crewe in the Football League Trophy Due to Carl'shat -trick against Crewe, Stockport advanced to the second round where they faced Port Vale However a day later Assistant Manager John Ward left the club to take up same position at Colchester United. On 18 September Gary Ablett was handed a one match touchline ban after he was dismissed to the stands against Leeds United away from home. On 16 December 2009 the team's training ground was put up for sale. Summary Results summary Round by round League One table Statistics Goalscorers Penalties Awarded Assists Disciplinary record Note: Cards from all competitions are included. Player Awards Overall statistics {|class="wikitable" |- | style="width:125px;"| Statistic | style="width:100px;"| Total | style="width:100px;"| League | style="width:100px;"| FA Cup | style="width:100px;"| League Cup | style="width:100px;"| Football League Trophy |- |Games played || 51 || 46 || 2 || 1 || 2 |- |Games won || 7 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 1 |- |Games drawn || 10 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- |Games lost || 34 || 31 || 1 || 1 || 1 |- |Goals scored || 46 || 35 || 5 || 1 || 5 |- |Goals conceded || 106 || 95 || 4 || 3 || 4 |- |Goal difference || −60 || −60 || 1 || −2 || 1 |- |Clean sheets || 7 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- |Yellow cards || 63 || 59 || 1 || 2 || 1 |- |Red cards || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- |Biggest win || colspan="5" | 4–1 vs Crewe Alexandra, Football League Trophy, 1 September 2009. |- |Biggest defeat || colspan="5" | 0–6 vs Huddersfield Town, League One, 24 April 2010. |- |Most appearances || colspan="5" | Owain Fôn Williams — 46 (46 starts, 0 substitute) |- |Top scorer || colspan="5" | Carl Baker — 13 |- |Top assists || colspan="5" | Danny Pilkington — 3 Liam Bridcutt — 3 David Poole — 3 |- |Worst discipline || colspan="5" | Johnny Mullins — 8 0 David Poole — 4 2 |- Review Pre-season During Stockport's Pre-Season campaign they wore a limited edition kit containing the colours of pink and black which was manufactured by Prostar. This was worn until the official kits were announced. The pink and black kits were used to raise money for leukaemia research. These kits were then auctioned off after pre-season. Stockport began pre-season with a 0 – 0 away draw against Barrow in Gary Ablett's first match in charge. Stockport's next Pre-Season match was away to Nostell Miners Welfare in which Stockport won 5 – 0. With Goals coming from Oli Johnson, Peter Thompson (Northern Ireland footballer) (Who scored two) and Tom Fisher (footballer) (Who also scored two). Four Days later Stockport won their third consecutive Pre-Season match when they won 1 – 0 away to Vauxhall Motors. Craig Roberts scored the only goal of the game for Stockport from 30 yards. On 25 July Stockport won their first Pre-Season home game when they beat Grimsby Town 1 – 0. David Poole scored the only goal for Stockport. Matty Mainwaring would suffer a serious leg injury in this match ruling him out for the season. Stockport would then travel to Belfast to play against striker Peter Thompson's former club Linfield in Glenn Ferguson's testimonial match. Stockport ran away with a 3 – 1 win with, Greg Tansey, Danny Pilkington and Adam Griffin scoring for Stockport. Glenn Ferguson scored the home sides consolation. Stockport's final Pre-Season match was against La Liga outfit Real Valladolid in a match they lost 3 – 1. Gianluca Havern scored Stockport's only goal after 20 minutes. August Stockport earned a point in their first League match of the season with a 0 – 0 draw against Oldham Athletic. Stockport exited this season's Carling Cup in the first round when the lost 3 – 1 away to Huddersfield Town. Jordan Rhodes scored 2 for the home side and Theo Robinson extended the lead to 3. David Poole scored a consolation for Stockport in the 88th minute. Stockport then lost 2 – 0 at home to Bristol Rovers. Danny Coles and Jo Kuffour scored the Rovers goals. Three days later, Stockport then lost for the second time in succession in the league when they lost 2 – 1 at home to Carlisle United. Kevan Hurst opened the scoring but one minute later Stockport were lever via a Richard Keogh own goal.Joe Anyinsah rounded off the scoring to give Carlisle the points. Stockport won their first match of the season when they beat Brighton & Hove Albion 4 – 2, in a match that was full of instances. Three of Stockport's four goals were scored by Carl Baker (One of which was a penalty) the other was scored by Oli Johnson. Liam Bridcutt was sent off on his Stockport début. Nicky Forster and Former Stockport star Liam Dickinson scored while Tommy Elphick and Colin Hawkins were sent off for the home side. Stockport finished the month with a 1 – 1 draw at home to Southampton. Carl Baker scored his second penalty in a week to salvage a point in second half stoppage time. Former Stockport midfielder Rickie Lambert scored a penalty for Southampton in first half stoppage time. September Space left for review edits October Space left for review edits November Space left for review edits December Space left for review edits January Space left for review edits February Space left for review edits March Space left for review edits April Space left for review edits May Space left for review edits Results Legend Pre-season friendlies League One FA Cup League Cup Football League Trophy Team Due to Stockport starting the season in Administration, the club had to sell some of its best players to accommodate everyday running costs and wage budget. Tommy Rowe was the first to leave after he was bought by Peterborough United for an undisclosed fee 10 days after the previous season ended. Four days later Leon McSweeney left for Hartlepool United on a free transfer Squad Transfers In Out Loans in Loans out References External links Official Site Stockport County Stockport County F.C. seasons

65303335

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20family%20%28banking%29

Li family (banking)

The Li family (Chinese: 李) are a banking dynasty in Hong Kong and associated with the Bank of East Asia, although its family members have held positions in various other businesses, as well as the Hong Kong Government, the Hong Kong Judiciary, and the Hong Kong Legislative Council. While the Li family spans many generations and has many members, this page only includes those who were directly involved with the running of the Bank of East Asia. The "first generation" refers to the generation that founded the Bank. Despite holding a minority stake in the Bank of East Asia, the Li family has been able to retain direct management control of the bank since 1918 through complex holding structures. First generation Li Koon-chun (1877–1966) Born into a wealthy family in Hong Kong, Li Koon-chun and his younger brother were approached by Kan Tong-po for financing to help form the Bank of East Asia in 1918. Li Tse-fong (1891–1953) The younger brother of Li Koon-chun, Li Tse-fong was one of the first graduates of the University of Hong Kong and worked in his father's rice and shipping business. After founding the Bank of East Asia in 1918, he was also a director of the China Emporium, China Provident Co. Ltd., Green Island Cement Co., Ltd., A. S. Watson Co., Ltd. and various other public companies. Li Lan-sang (1900–1969) Younger brother of Li Koon-chun and Li Tse-fong, Li Lan-sang help establish Kowloon Dairy in 1940. He served as a director of the Bank of East Asia from 1933 until his death in 1969, where he died while watching horse racing at the Hong Kong Jockey Club. Second generation Li Fook-shu (1912–1995) The oldest son of Li Koon-chun, he was educated in England and qualified as an accountant; he was a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. He became a director of the Bank of East Asia in 1958, and remained a director until his death in 1995. Simon Li (1922–2013) The younger brother of Li Fook-shu, Simon Li was trained as a barrister at King's College London, the University of Hong Kong, and the University College London. He joined the judiciary in 1963, and became acting Chief Justice of Hong Kong in 1986. Upon his retirement in 1987, he joined the Bank of East Asia as a director until retirement from the board in 2006. He also stood in Hong Kong's first ever Hong Kong Chief Executive election in 1996. Ronald Li (1929–2014) The youngest son of Li Koon-chun, Ronald Li was educated at the University of Hong Kong and received an MBA at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He created the Far East Exchange in 1969, breaking the Hong Kong Stock Exchange's monopoly in the buying and selling of stocks. In 1986, Li helped merge the Far East Stock Exchange with three other exchanges into the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, precursor of today's Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing, and became its first chairman. He was later arrested by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in December 1987 and in 1991 convicted of taking bribes in return for approving listings during his office as the Chairman of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong in 1987. He was sent to Stanley Prison, and served 30 months of a four-year sentence. Li Fook-wo (1916–2014) Son of Li Tse-fong, Li Fook-wo joined the Bank of East Asia in 1940 and became Chief Manager (equivalent to Chief Executive Officer) in 1972, a post he held until 1976. He would also serve as the bank's chairman from 1984 to 1997. Henry Li (1920–1993) Younger brother of Li Fook-wo, Henry Li was trained as a doctor the president of the Hong Kong Medical Association from 1976 to 1978. He was a director of the Bank of East Asia from 1970 until his death in 1993. Li Fook-kow (1922–2011) Younger brother of Li Fook-wo and Henry Li, Li Fook-kow was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and joined the Hong Kong Government in 1954, later becoming the first Chinese to be appointed Secretary for Home Affairs, holding the post from 1977 to 1980. Eric Li (1929– ) Eric Li is the son of Li Lan-sang, and served as Chairman of Kowloon Dairy. Eric Li also served on the board of Bank of East Asia from 2006 to 2016. Third generation Sir David Li (1939– ) Son of Li Fook-shu, David Li studied mathematics at Imperial College London, and then studied economics and law at Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. He joined the bank in 1969, becoming Chief Executive in 1981 to 2019, and Chairman in 1997. Throughout his distinguished career, he served as a member of the Legislative Council, the Executive Council, was the Pro-Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong and sat on a number of boards of public Hong Kong companies. In the 2005 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was made a Knight Bachelor by the United Kingdom for his contributions to British education. Arthur Li (1945– ) Younger brother of David Li, Arthur Li is a qualified doctor and politician. Educated at the University of Cambridge, Arthur Li held several prominent roles in education and government, becoming the Vice-Chancellor of Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1996 to 2002, the Secretary for Education and Manpower from 2002 to 2007, and since 2015 has been appointed as the Chairman of the Council of the University of Hong Kong. He is also a current member of the Executive Council, and serves as a director of the Bank of East Asia. Gladys Li (1948– ) Daughter of Simon Li, Gladys Li trained as a barrister in England and became involved in politics and public affairs upon her return to Hong Kong in 1982. Appointed Queen's Counsel in 1990, she was the Chairman of the Hong Kong Bar Association in 1995 and 1996. Stephen Li (1960– ) Younger brother of Gladys Li, Stephen Li trained as an accountant at King's College London and joined the Bank of East Asia as a director in 2006. Aubrey Li (1950– ) Son of Li Fook-wo, Aubrey Li was educated at Brown University and received his MBA from Columbia University. He worked as an investment banker and joined the Bank of East Asia as a director in 1995. Donald Li (1954– ) Son of Henry Li, Donald Li was educated at Cornell University and at the University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine. Donald Li was an active member of a number of government and public health bodies as well as serving as a steward of the Hong Kong Jockey Club. Andrew Li (1948– ) Son of Li Fook-kow, Andrew Li was educated at the University of Cambridge as a barrister and was called to the Hong Kong Bar in 1973. He was appointed as Queen's Counsel in 1988 and became Hong Kong's 1st Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal, serving from the Court's establishment in 1997 until 2010. Lord Millett, who served alongside Li as a non-permanent judge of the CFA, described Li as "[certainly] the wisest" member of the court. Fourth generation Adrian Li (1973– ) Oldest son of David Li, Adrian Li first joined the Bank of East Asia in 2000, was appointed Deputy Chief Executive in 2009 and was appointed co-Chief Executive in 2019. Adrian Li was educated at the University of Cambridge (Robinson College) and the Kellogg School of Management of Northwestern University, and is a qualified solicitor in England and Wales and Hong Kong. Brian Li (1974– ) Younger brother of Adrian Li, Brian Li first joined the Bank of East Asia in 2002, was appointed Deputy Chief Executive in 2009 and was appointed co-Chief Executive in 2019. Brian Li was educated at the University of Cambridge and holds an MBA from Stanford University, and is qualified as a chartered accountant in England and Wales and Hong Kong. See also Bank of East Asia Four big families of Hong Kong References Banking families

57725511

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiago%20Martins%20%28referee%29

Tiago Martins (referee)

Tiago Bruno Lopes Martins (born 29 May 1980) is a Portuguese football referee. Refereeing career Martins began officiating in the LigaPro in 2013, refereeing his first match on 25 August 2013 between Sporting CP B and Trofense. The following season, he was appointed to referee in the Primeira Liga, and officiated his first match on 31 August 2014 between Nacional and Arouca. In 2015, Martins became FIFA listed, and on 28 March 2015 he officiated his first youth international, the 2015 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification match between Russia and Lithuania. Martins officiated his first international club match on 2 July 2015 between Latvian club Jelgava and Bulgarian club Litex Lovech in the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round. On 19 July 2017, Martins officiated his first UEFA Champions League match between Polish club Legia Warsaw and Finnish club IFK Mariehamn in the 2017–18 second qualifying round. On 6 October 2017, he officiated his first senior international, a World Cup qualification match between Italy and Macedonia. Martins officiated his first tournament proper match in the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage on 7 December 2017 between German club Hertha BSC and Swedish club Östersund. On 30 April 2018, Martins was selected by FIFA as one of the video assistant referees for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, the first FIFA World Cup to use the technology. Martins was appointed to officiate the 2018 Taça de Portugal Final on 20 May 2018 between Aves and Sporting CP. Martins was appointed as the assistant VAR in his first World Cup match between France and Australia in Group C. References External links Profile at worldfootball.net 1980 births Living people Portuguese football referees 2018 FIFA World Cup referees

33819176

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus%20F.%20Knight

Cyrus F. Knight

Cyrus Frederick Knight (March 28, 1831 – June 8, 1891) was the fourth Bishop of Milwaukee from 1889 till 1891. Early life and education Cyrus Frederic Smith was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts on March 28, 1831, the son of Cyrus Smith and Lucy Woodbury Prince. He changed his name from Cyrus Frederic Smith to Cyrus Frederick Knight on May 2, 1854, upon petition in Probate Court, Groton, Massachusetts. He was educated at Burlington College in New Jersey and then at Harvard University. He also graduated from the General Theological Seminary in 1854. Ordained ministry Knight was ordained deacon on July 2, 1854, in Trinity Church, New York City, by the Bishop of New York Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright, and became assistant at St Luke's Church in Germantown, Philadelphia. He was ordained priest in 1855 by Bishop Alonzo Potter of Pennsylvania. He then travelled to England, attending several courses of lectures at the University of Oxford. He served as rector of St Mark's Church in Boston from 1857 till 1867, and then as rector of St James' Church in Hartford, Connecticut between 1867 and 1877. In 1878, he became rector of St James's Church in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, a post he retained till 1889. Episcopacy On December 12, 1888, Knight was elected as the fourth Bishop of Milwaukee, and was consecrated as bishop on March 26, 1889, by the Bishop of Chicago William Edward McLaren. Knight's primary consecrators were: William Edward McLaren, Bishop of Chicago William Stevens Perry, Bishop of Iowa Alexander Burgess, Bishop of Quincy He died two years later, in Milwaukee, on June 8, 1891. References External links Documents and about Knight from Project Canterbury 1831 births 1891 deaths Harvard University alumni General Theological Seminary alumni People from Marblehead, Massachusetts 19th-century American Episcopalians Episcopal bishops of Milwaukee 19th-century American clergy

8472191

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabreeze%20High%20School

Seabreeze High School

Seabreeze High School is a public high school located in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. The school was named a Blue Ribbon School of Excellence in 1989. Notable alumni Duane and Gregg Allman, of The Allman Brothers Band, class of 1965 (Gregg) (Duane was a school dropout) Bill France Jr., president of NASCAR from 1972 to 2000, class of 1951 Jim France, NASCAR and International Speedway Corporation executive, class of 1963 Larry Gagner, artist and former college and professional football player, class of 1962 Kerry Healey, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007, class of 1978 Shere Hite, sexologist, class of 1960 J. R. House, professional baseball player Sebastian Janikowski, former Oakland Raiders kicker, NFL record holder for most 50+ yard field goals, class of 1997 Brian Kelley, part of the country music duo, Florida Georgia Line Walter McCoy, track athlete, 1984 Olympic gold medalist Dee Mewbourne, deputy commander, United States Transportation Command Allison Miner, class of 1967, co-founder New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival Jane Morgan, singer during the 1950s and 1960s Steve J. Palmer, actor and producer, known for portraying Bill Williamson in Red Dead Redemption and Red Dead Redemption 2 Hal Prewitt, artist, photographer, entrepreneur, racecar driver and inventor of computer technology and early pioneer in the personal computer revolution, class of 1972 Marie Ragghianti (real-life character played by Sissy Spacek in the film Marie), class of 1960 Corey Walden, professional basketball player, 2019 Israeli Basketball Premier League MVP Eric Weems, wide receiver and Pro Bowl kickoff/punt returner for the Atlanta Falcons (NFL), class of 2003 References External links Official Website High schools in Volusia County, Florida Public high schools in Florida Buildings and structures in Daytona Beach, Florida Educational institutions established in 1908 1908 establishments in Florida

59756942

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Nam-sun

Hong Nam-sun

Hong Nam-sun (born 11 February 1945) is a South Korean volleyball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics. References 1945 births Living people South Korean women's volleyball players Olympic volleyball players for South Korea Volleyball players at the 1964 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing (living people) Asian Games medalists in volleyball Volleyball players at the 1966 Asian Games Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea 20th-century South Korean women 21st-century South Korean women

47172326

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manena

Manena

Manena is a common name for several Hawaiian plants and may refer to: Melicope cinerea Melicope hawaiensis

17937979

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arorae%20Airport

Arorae Airport

Arorae Airport is the airport serving Arorae, Kiribati. It is located in the north of the island, north of the village of Tamaroa. The airport is served by Air Kiribati from Tabiteuea North Airport, which is connected directly with the international airport at South Tarawa, but lands at Tamana too on its way from Arorae back to Tabiteuea North. Airlines and destinations Air Kiribati connection with Tamana Landing at Tamana is not a fuel stop: Since this is the only time in the week Tamana is served, passengers can get in or get out there. Thus, note that if one wants to fly from Tamana to Arorae, he cannot do anything else than make the big detour via Tabiteuea North (which lies much farther from Tamana than Arorae does), and wait a full week there, until the next flight to Arorae (because from Tabiteuea North, the plane continues its way to Bonriki International Airport). Notes Airports in Kiribati Arorae

1739436

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack%20Brewery

Mack Brewery

Mack Bryggeri (; Norwegian official name: Macks Ølbryggeri AS) is a brewery in Balsfjord, Norway. It is the world's northernmost brewery, producing in Nordkjosbotn since 2012. History Mack Bryggeri was founded during 1877 in Tromsø by Ludwig Markus Mack (1842–1915), son of a German immigrant, businessman and local politician. He had been educated as a baker, like his father, but several trips to visit his brewmaster uncle in Bavaria led him to pursue construction of a brewery in northern Norway. As a result, Mack beers were, and still remain, particularly German in character. A large portion of the shares are presently owned by Ludwig Mack's descendants. Mack Bryggeri claims to be the northernmost brewery in the world, a claim that is cited on Mack's beer bottles. After over 130 years of operation in Tromsø, in March 2012 the company moved production to Nordkjosbotn in Balsfjord municipality, and subsequently lost the title of world's northernmost brewery to the brewery operated inside the Hotel Icefiord in Ilulissat (Greenland) by a margin of a mere 50 meters. When Hotel Icefjiord closed their brewery in 2013, the brewery equipment was taken over by Brewery Immiaq (also Ilulissat), who since then holds the title of "world's northernmost brewery". In 2015 Svalbard Bryggeri filled their fermentors and subsequently are the northernmost brewery in the world at 78 degrees North. References Related reading Sanner, J. Mack's bryggeri gjennom 75 år. 1877–1952 (Tromsø. 1953) Høeg, E. I. Bryggerieier Ludvig Macks etterslekt ( Larvik. 1994) External links Mack Brewery home page Mack Brewery home page - English site Breweries in Norway Food and drink companies established in 1877 Companies based in Tromsø Companies based in Troms Companies based in Nordkjosbotn Buildings and structures in Tromsø Norwegian companies established in 1877

57401262

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20and%20Punishment%20%28Brooklyn%20Nine-Nine%29

Crime and Punishment (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)

"Crime and Punishment" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the fourth season of the American television police sitcom series Brooklyn Nine-Nine and the 90th overall episode of the series. The episode was written by Justin Noble & Jessica Polonsky and directed by series co-creator Dan Goor. It aired on Fox in the United States on May 23, 2017, back-to-back with the previous episode "The Bank Job". The show revolves around the fictitious 99th precinct of the New York Police Department in Brooklyn and the officers and detectives that work in the precinct. In the episode, Jake and Rosa stand trial after being falsely framed for the bank robbery. Jake finds a witness that could help them on the case and races with Amy to find him. The episode was seen by an estimated 1.50 million household viewers and gained a 0.6/2 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised the writing, performances and the twists. Plot Two months have passed since the last episode and Jake (Andy Samberg) and Rosa (Stephanie Beatriz) were framed for the bank robbery and are heading to trial. Due to a lack of evidence, the chances that they are found guilty are very high. They're also accused of hiding money in Cayman Islands bank accounts that were somehow created in Jake's and Rosa's names. With one last day to get evidence, the squad finds that they got a name related to Hawkins: Matthew Langdon (Brent Briscoe), in Pennsylvania. While Terry (Terry Crews) and Boyle (Joe Lo Truglio) find a hacker to find the database to the bank accounts, Jake and Amy (Melissa Fumero) visit Langdon at his farm. He explains that he worked with Hawkins years ago and found her corruption, to which she threatened his life if he didn't flee, forcing him to exclude himself. While initially unwilling to participate, he decides to help them. Rosa decides not to waste her time and decides to flee with Adrian to a ranch, but Holt (Andre Braugher) convinces her to stay and not leave her "family". In the trial, Jake brings Langdon to testify against Hawkins. However, Terry and Boyle find too late that Langdon was the one who sent the money to the bank accounts. Langdon lies at the trial and testifies against Jake and Rosa. After consideration, the jury finds Jake and Rosa guilty. Reception Viewers In its original American broadcast, "Crime and Punishment" was seen by an estimated 1.50 million household viewers and gained a 0.6/2 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This was 16% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 1.78 million viewers with a 0.7/3 in the 18-49 demographics. This means that 0.6 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 2 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. With these ratings, Brooklyn Nine-Nine was the second highest rated show on FOX for the night, behind Prison Break, seventh on its timeslot and tenth for the night, behind two episodes of Great News, Prison Break, a rerun of NCIS, Downward Dog, The Flash, Bull, Dancing with the Stars, and The Voice. Critical reviews "Crime and Punishment" received positive reviews from critics. LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B" grade and wrote, "And it's a really risky choice on Brooklyn Nine-Nines part. I've written before about how the series can have trouble creating stakes that actually come across as 'real' stakes, and now we have a choice that can really affect the show moving forward. Is it good? Is it bad? I honestly have no idea at this point. It's big, but big can mean so many things. We'll just have to wait and see. Wait, rewatch, and see." Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx wrote, "Brooklyn Nine-Nine has been one of TV's most reliably funny and happy sitcoms for its entire run, but the fourth season — which concluded tonight with yet another big cliffhanger — was the show's best and most consistent so far." Alexis Gunderson of Paste gave the episode a 8.9 and wrote, "The twists within the twists that lead to Jake and Rosa being found (spoiler) guilty are also surprising, a bit of bait-and-switch that might have been obvious had I been in a procedural headspace looking for twists, but caught me by surprise for being tucked into Brooklyn Nine-Nine." References External links 2017 American television episodes Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 4) episodes Wrongful convictions in fiction

1774404

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%20bed

Reed bed

A reedbed or reed bed is a natural habitat found in floodplains, waterlogged depressions and estuaries. Reedbeds are part of a succession from young reeds colonising open water or wet ground through a gradation of increasingly dry ground. As reedbeds age, they build up a considerable litter layer that eventually rises above the water level and that ultimately provides opportunities in the form of new areas for larger terrestrial plants such as shrubs and trees to colonise. Artificial reedbeds are used to remove pollutants from greywater, and are also called constructed wetlands. Types Reedbeds vary in the species that they can support, depending upon water levels within the wetland system, climate, seasonal variations, and the nutrient status and salinity of the water. Reed swamps have 20 cm or more of surface water during the summer and often have high invertebrate and bird species use. Reed fens have water levels at or below the surface during the summer and are often more botanically complex. Reeds and similar plants do not generally grow in very acidic water; so, in these situations, reedbeds are replaced by bogs and vegetation such as poor fen. Although common reeds are characteristic of reedbeds, not all vegetation dominated by this species is characteristic of reedbeds. It also commonly occurs in unmanaged, damp grassland and as an understorey in certain types of damp woodland. Wildlife Most European reedbeds mainly comprise common reed (Phragmites australis) but also include many other tall monocotyledons adapted to growing in wet conditions – other grasses such as reed sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima), Canary reed-grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and small-reed (Calamagrostis species), large sedges (species of Carex, Scirpus, Schoenoplectus, Cladium and related genera), yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus), reed-mace ("bulrush" – Typha species), water-plantains (Alisma species), and flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus). Many dicotyledons also occur, such as water mint (Mentha aquatica), gipsywort (Lycopus europaeus), skull-cap (Scutellaria species), touch-me-not balsam (Impatiens noli-tangere), brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) and water forget-me-nots (Myosotis species). Many animals are adapted to living in and around reedbeds. These include mammals such as Eurasian otter, European beaver, water vole, Eurasian harvest mouse and water shrew, and birds such as great bittern, purple heron, European spoonbill, water rail (and other rails), purple gallinule, marsh harrier, various warblers (reed warbler, sedge warbler etc.), bearded reedling and reed bunting. Uses Constructed wetlands Constructed wetlands are artificial swamps (sometimes called reed fields) using reed or other marshland plants to form part of small-scale sewage treatment systems. Water trickling through the reedbed is cleaned by microorganisms living on the root system and in the litter. These organisms utilize the sewage for growth nutrients, resulting in a clean effluent. The process is very similar to aerobic conventional sewage treatment, as the same organisms are used, except that conventional treatment systems require artificial aeration. Treatment ponds Treatment ponds are small versions of constructed wetlands which uses reedbeds or other marshland plants to form an even smaller water treatment system. Similar to constructed wetlands, water trickling through the reedbed is cleaned by microorganisms living on the root system and in the litter. Treatment ponds are used for the water treatment of a single house or a small neighbourhood. Gallery See also Organisms used in water purification South Milton Ley References Ecology

50263518

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission%20on%20Elections%20data%20breach

Commission on Elections data breach

On March 27, 2016, hackers under the banner "Anonymous Philippines" hacked into the website of the Philippine Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and defaced it. The hackers left a message calling for tighter security measures on the vote counting machines (VCM) to be used during the 2016 Philippine general election on May 9. Within the day a separate group of hackers, LulzSec Pilipinas posted an online link to what it claims to be the entire database of COMELEC and updated the post to include three mirror link to the index of the database's downloadable files. The leaked files by LulzSec Pilipinas amounts to 340 gigabytes. The website returned to normal at 03:15 (PST) on 28 March 2016. spokesperson, James Jimenez, stated on his Twitter account that, as they continue to scour the site, all databases would remain temporarily off. The incident was considered the biggest private data leak in the Philippine history and leaving millions of registered voters at risk. 55 million registered voters are at risk due to the data breach according to security firm, Trend Micro potentially surpassing the Office of Personnel Management data breach which affected 20 million people. A searchable website, called wehaveyourdata, was set up containing sensitive data on Filipino registered voters was set up as early as April 21. The website was taken down with the assistance of the U.S. Department of Justice since the domain of the website was bought from a US-based web hosting company. The website itself was found to be hosted in Russia. Extent of the breach Trend Micro conducted its own investigation on the extent of the data breach. It found that 1.3 million records of Overseas Filipino voters, which included passport numbers and expiry dates were included in the data dumps by the hackers. The security firm found the breach as "alarming" since it said that the data are easily accessible to the public were in plain text. It also added that 15.8 million record of fingerprints along with a list of people who have run for office since the 2010 elections were found by the firm's investigation. The firm also found files concerning candidates running in the election with the filename "VOTESOBTAINED" which the firm infers to reflect the number of votes received by the particular candidates. It said that the figures of the "VOTESOBTAINED" files were set to NULL at the time Trend Micro conducted its investigation. The Commission on Elections chairman, Andres Bautista said that he was told that no confidential information was leaked, saying the breach would not affect the election body's preparation for the 2016 elections. The commission also emphasized that the database on its website is accessible to the public and no sensitive information is hosted on the website. It said that the results website that the election body is planning will be hosted in a different website with a different and better set of security measures. It further added that the database might be fake saying that no biometrics date were compromised by the hackers as opposed to Trend Micro's findings. COMELEC also noted that Trend Micro accessed the dumped data by hackers on its investigation and said that it has no capability of validating the data since it had no access to its original database. Perpetrators On April 12, COMELEC announced that the National Bureau of Investigation had a "very good lead" regarding the hackers behind the breach. The perpetrators are to be charged of violations of the Cybercrime Prevention Act. On 20 April, the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) apprehended one of the suspected hackers, later identified as Paul Biteng, the 20-year-old IT graduate student, in his home in Sampaloc, Manila. The authorities took three weeks in order to track down the hacker. The NBI confiscated Biteng's desktop computer, he used for hacking, for forensic examination. Biteng, who is a member of the hacking group Anonymous Philippines, admitted that he defaced the COMELEC website, but denied the contribution in data leak. He also admitted that the hacking was intended to show how vulnerable of the COMELEC website is. Possible cases against him include a violation of the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. About eight days later, a second hacker, named Joenel de Asis — also a 23-year-old Computer Science graduate, apprehended by NBI at his house in Muntinlupa. In a press conference held on April 29, COMELEC chairperson Andres D. Bautista identified de Asis as one of the ringleaders of the notorious hacker group, Lulzsec Pilipinas. Bautista said that de Asis admitted hacking the website and leaking the Comelec database. He also admitted that he collaborated with Biteng in the hacking incident. Biteng breached the server of the Comelec website, while De Asis downloaded the 340 gigabyte voter database five days before the website was defaced on March 27. While De Asis leaked the data though the Lulzsec Pilipinas website, he denied that their group created the website, wehaveyourdata. He assured that the data leak will not affect the upcoming elections as they did not hack Vote Counting Machines (VCMs) since it is connected to a different server. The third hacker, which is yet to be identified, is still at large. Measures On April 21, COMELEC announced that they will be making consultations with Microsoft and other cybersecurity experts based in the United Kingdom, Singapore and the United States. A technical working group tasked to look on the issue of hacking was also formed which is to be led by Director James Jimenez of the Comelec Information and Education Department. The website will be transferred to the Department of Science and Technology's server. Charges The National Privacy Commission decided on December 28, 2016 (case no. 16-001) said that the COMELEC found responsible for violating the Data Privacy Act of 2012 and the criminal prosecution of Chairman Andres Bautista is recommended. See also Office of Personnel Management data breach Democratic National Committee cyber attacks References Data breaches Cyberattacks 2016 crimes in the Philippines Anonymous (hacker group) 2016 scandals Electronic voting events Hacking in the 2010s 2016 in computing Cybercrime in the Philippines

15130480

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graver

Graver

Graver may refer to: Burin (engraving) (French burin, "cold chisel"), a tool used in the art of engraving Graver (surname), an older English name, still common Graver basis a neologism derived from "goth" and "raver", primarily used as an alternative term for Cybergoth

63507823

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Jacobsen%20%28archer%29

Jan Jacobsen (archer)

Jan Jacobsen (born 5 March 1963) is a Danish archer. He competed in the men's individual and team events at the 1988 Summer Olympics. References External links 1963 births Living people Danish male archers Olympic archers for Denmark Archers at the 1988 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Silkeborg 20th-century Danish people

39596289

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietheim%20railway%20station

Rietheim railway station

Rietheim railway station () is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Aargau and municipality of Rietheim. The station is located on the Winterthur to Koblenz line of Swiss Federal Railways. Services the following services stop at Rietheim: Aargau S-Bahn / Zürich S-Bahn : half-hourly service between and and hourly service to and . References External links Rietheim Rietheim

52499622

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%20%28Chocolate%20Starfish%20album%29

Box (Chocolate Starfish album)

Box is the second studio album by Australian rock music group Chocolate Starfish. The album was released in October 1995 and peaked at number 6 on the ARIA Charts. The album spawned four singles. Track listing Charts Release history References 1995 albums Chocolate Starfish albums Virgin Records albums

13278870

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20lightship%20Frying%20Pan%20%28LV-115%29

United States lightship Frying Pan (LV-115)

Frying Pan (LV-115) is a lightvessel moored at Pier 66a in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It served at Frying Pan Shoals, off Cape Fear in North Carolina, for over 30 years. Frying Pan Shoals station In 1854, because of complaints from mariners that the height of the existing Bald Head Lighthouse was inadequate, and the light of its third-order Fresnel lens was not bright enough to warn mariners of the shallow waters of the treacherous Frying Pan Shoals off the coast of Cape Fear in North Carolina, United States, the first lightship was stationed on the shoals, in lieu of a proposal to improve Bald Point Lighthouse. The Bald Point lighthouse, and others, were turned off during the Civil War to avoid aiding the Northern ships. Lightships remained on station for 110 years. On July 29, 1944, Lieutenant (jg) Clarence Samuels, USCG, became the first Hispanic-American of African descent to command a lightship when he assumed command of Frying Pan. The ship was replaced by a lighttower in 1964. The lighttower, a Texas tower, was manned until 1979, is known as a diving spot and still stands. Frying Pan was the last of nine ships that served in succession, with some alternation, at the Frying Pan Shoals station during and since the American Civil War. Construction and features LV-115 was built in 1929–1930 by Charleston Drydock & Machine Co. for a contract price of $274,434. The keel was laid January 30, 1929 with launch on August 30 and delivery on April 8, 1930. In addition to the light, horn and manually operated bell the vessel was equipped with radio, radio-beacon and submarine signal bell when built. Service Frying Pan served at Frying Pan Shoals from 1930 to 1942, and again from 1945 to 1964. During World War II the ship was used as an examination vessel, as part of training. Frying Pan was retired from duty at Frying Pan Shoals in 1964. It served briefly as a relief ship at Cape May, New Jersey, and then was decommissioned in 1965. The ship sank in 1986. It was raised in 1987, then resold and eventually restoration began in 1988. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. Frying Pan is one of about 13 surviving American lightships, out of about 100 built. Four other lightships, Ambrose at South Street Seaport, Nantucket at Oyster Bay, Long Island, Chesapeake at Baltimore Inner Harbor and Swiftsure at Northwest Seaport became National Historic Landmarks and are open to the public as museum ships. Party ship Frying Pan can be rented for events and functions. It became known as a party site in New York. References External links Welcome Aboard the Lightship "Frying Pan" Lightship Frying Pan, at North River Historic Ship Society Bald Point Lighthouse describes 1854 National Register of Historic Places in New York City Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Lightships of the United States Ships of the United States Lighthouse Service Chelsea, Manhattan Museum ships in New York (state) 1929 ships Floating restaurants

9940509

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zounds%21%20What%20Sounds%21

Zounds! What Sounds!

Sounds! What that Sounds! is an album by Dean Elliott, released as an LP in 1962 (see 1962 in music). The album was credited on the front cover to "Dean Elliott and His Swinging Big, Big Band" and on the LP label to "Dean Elliott and His Orchestra". The album was made with the assistance of Phil Kaye, a sound effects virtuoso who worked with Elliott on the Tom and Jerry cartoons. The subtitle that appeared on the front cover of the LP (which also featured three young women striking arguably sultry poses with saxophones and congas atop a cement truck) captured the basic goals, sound, and feel of the album quite well: A Sonic Spectacular Presenting MUSIC! MUSIC! MUSIC! With these special Percussion Effects! Cement Mixer, Air Compressor, Punching Bag, Hand Saw, Thunderstorm, Raindrops, Celery Stalks (the crunchiest), 1001 Clocks, Bowling Pins and Many Many More!! The LP is now firmly ensconced in the pantheon of "space age pop" or lounge classics, having been cited in RE/Search #14: Incredibly Strange Music (1993) which played a large part in the lounge revival of the 1990s. A track from the album ("Will You Still Be Mine") was later anthologized on one of Rhino Records' influential Cocktail Mix CDs. As the space age pop/lounge revival grew in popularity, two more tracks from the album ("You're the Top" and "The Lonesome Road") were anthologized on one of the many volumes of Capitol Records' Ultra-Lounge series. The album was out of print for decades and wasn’t officially available on CD until 2001, when Dutch label Basta Music , known for their reissues of Raymond Scott material, released what was described as an official, legitimate CD release of Zounds! transferred directly from the Capitol master tapes.. A few years before that in 1995, a bootleg version was available as a single disc that combined Zounds! What Sounds! with Jack Fascinato's Music From A Surplus Store (1958), another orchestral album with sound effects from the same period with a similar flavor. Track listing "It's All Right With Me" (Cole Porter) – 2:20 "Rain" (Eugene Ford) – 2:47 "Baubles, Bangles and Beads" (Robert Wright, George Forrest) – 3:00 "Will You Still Be Mine?" (Matt Dennis, Tom Adair) – 3:15 "You Do Something To Me" (Cole Porter) – 2:25 "They Didn't Believe Me" (Jerome Kern, Herbert Reynolds) – 2:25 "The Lonesome Road" (Nat Shilkret, Gene Austin) – 2:30 "All Of You" (Cole Porter) – 2:45 "Trees" (Oscar Rasbach, Joyce Kilmer) – 2:35 "It's A Lonesome Old Town" (Charles Kisco, Harry Tobias ) – 3:10 "You're The Top" (Cole Porter) – 2:35 "I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 2:42 Personnel Dean Elliott – Conductor (music), arranger Phil Kaye – sound effects, sousaphone unknown orchestra members Production Producer: John Palladino Cover photo: George Jerman References Zounds! What Sounds! Dean Elliott albums Capitol Records albums Instrumental albums Albums arranged by Dean Elliott Albums conducted by Dean Elliott

46348369

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%27s%20Picks%20Volume%2014

Dave's Picks Volume 14

Dave's Picks Volume 14 is a three-CD live album by the rock band the Grateful Dead containing the concert recorded March 26, 1972 at the Academy of Music in New York City It was released on May 1, 2015 as a limited edition of 16,500 numbered copies. Recorded during a seven-day run at the venue, the shows were the final American Grateful Dead shows before the Europe '72 tour commenced. A bonus disc was included with shipments of the album to 2015 Dave's Picks subscribers, containing performances culled from other nights of the seven-concert run. Additional material from these shows had been released, in 2003, as Dick's Picks Volume 30, and selections from March 22 and 23, 1972 constituted the bonus disc of Rockin' the Rhein. Dave's Picks Volume 14 was listed at #31 on the Billboard 200 for the week of May 16, 2015. Critical reception On All About Jazz, Doug Collette wrote, "This latest entry in the ongoing archive series features is an unusual selection of tunes, at least insofar as this concert's position in the iconic band's timeline. The now-famous songs that debuted in England and elsewhere the next month are conspicuously absent here ('Jack Straw' is an exception), in place of which appear no less notable numbers such as 'Truckin' ', 'Wharf Rat' and 'Sugar Magnolia' plus a clutch of showpieces for keyboardist/vocalist Ron 'Pigpen' McKernan." Track listing Disc 1 First set: "Greatest Story Ever Told" (Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter) – 5:51 "Cold Rain and Snow" (traditional, arranged by Grateful Dead) – 6:27 "Chinatown Shuffle" (Ron McKernan) – 3:19 "Black-Throated Wind" (Weir, John Barlow) – 6:24 "You Win Again" (Hank Williams) – 4:50 "Mr. Charlie" (McKernan, Hunter) – 4:12 "Jack Straw" (Weir, Hunter) – 4:57 "Loser" (Jerry Garcia, Hunter) – 6:54 "Looks Like Rain" (Weir, Barlow) – 7:58 "Big Railroad Blues" (Noah Lewis, arranged by Grateful Dead) – 4:36 "Big Boss Man" (Al Smith, Luther Dixon) – 5:10 "Playing in the Band" (Weir, Hart, Hunter) – 12:16 "El Paso" (Marty Robbins) – 4:19 Disc 2 "Good Lovin'" (Rudy Clark, Arthur Resnick) – 17:15 Second set: "Truckin'" > (Garcia, Phil Lesh, Weir, Hunter) – 18:19 "Drums" > (Bill Kreutzmann) – 3:49 "The Other One" > (Weir, Kreutzmann) – 23:35 "Me and My Uncle" > (John Phillips) – 3:12 "The Other One" > (Weir, Kreutzmann) – 5:29 Disc 3 "Wharf Rat" (Garcia, Hunter) – 11:08 "Sugar Magnolia" (Weir, Hunter) – 7:40 "The Stranger (Two Souls in Communion)" (McKernan) – 8:23 "Not Fade Away" > (Norman Petty, Charles Hardin) – 5:31 "Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad" > (traditional, arranged by Grateful Dead) – 8:00 "Not Fade Away" (Petty, Hardin) – 2:52 Dave's Picks 2015 Bonus Disc Academy of Music, New York City, March 27, 1972: "Bertha" (Garcia, Hunter) – 6:57 "Brown-Eyed Women" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:54 "China Cat Sunflower" > (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:51 "I Know You Rider" (traditional, arranged by Grateful Dead) – 5:11 "Cumberland Blues" (Garcia, Lesh, Hunter) – 5:09 Academy of Music, New York City, March 21, 1972: "Truckin'" > (Garcia, Lesh, Weir, Hunter) – 11:06 "Drums" > (Kreutzmann) – 3:02 "The Other One" > (Weir, Kreutzmann) – 17:46 "Wharf Rat" (Garcia, Hunter) – 10:26 Notes Personnel Grateful Dead Jerry Garcia – guitar, vocals, pedal steel Keith Godchaux – piano Bill Kreutzmann – drums Phil Lesh – electric bass, vocals Ron "Pigpen" McKernan – organ, harmonica, percussion, vocals Bob Weir – guitar, vocals Production Produced by Grateful Dead Produced for release by David Lemieux Executive producer: Mark Pinkus Associate producers: Doran Tyson, Ivette Ramos CD mastering: Jeffrey Norman Recording: Rex Jackson Art direction, design: Steve Vance Cover art: Micah Nelson Photos: Rosina Rubin, Steve Bedney Tape research: Michael Wesley Johnson Archival research: Nicholas Meriwether Liner notes: Jesse Jarnow See also Dick's Picks Volume 30 - Recorded during the same stretch of shows at the Academy of Music in late March 1972. References 2015 live albums 14 Rhino Entertainment live albums

32871703

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC%20Alytus

BC Alytus

BC Alytus () is the historical basketball club of Alytus, Lithuania. It was founded in 2005, as a successor to BC Alita, and participated in the Lietuvos Krepšinio Lyga (Lithuanian Basketball League) and the Baltic Basketball League for a few seasons. In 2011 BC Alytus went to bankruptcy, and another basketball club, called BC Savanoris, later becoming BC Dzūkija, was established in Alytus. Achievements Notable players Saulius Kazevičius Nerijus Varnelis Andrius Aleksandrovas Mindaugas Jaruševičius Žygimantas Janavičius Tadas Klimavičius Darjuš Lavrinovič Kšyštof Lavrinovič References External links Official website of Alytus BC Alytus LKL.lt Basketball teams in Lithuania Sport in Alytus 2005 establishments in Lithuania

57690708

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miloslav%20Kodl

Miloslav Kodl

Miloslav Kodl (12 August 1928 – 3 December 1985) was a Czech basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics. References 1928 births 1985 deaths Czech men's basketball players Olympic basketball players for Czechoslovakia Basketball players at the 1952 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing

2583373

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC%20Square%2C%20Brisbane

ANZAC Square, Brisbane

ANZAC Square is a heritage-listed town square and war memorial located between Ann Street and Adelaide Street (opposite Post Office Square), in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is a state memorial to the men and women who participated in overseas armed service and is named in honour of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. ANZAC Square is adjacent to ANZAC Square Arcade. ANZAC Square was opened on Armistice Day, 1930. It is also known as 9th Battalion Memorial and Queensland Women's War Memorial. ANZAC Square was registered on the (now inactive) Register of the National Estate in 1980 and added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. ANZAC Square contains the Shrine of Remembrance and the 'Eternal Flame of Remembrance' held in a continuously lit bronze urn, dedicated on Tuesday, 11 November 1930. There is also the World War II Shrine of Memories. Daphne Mayo sculptured the Women's War Memorial that forms part of the memorial's wall. The external wall of the Shrine of Memories is dedicated to the 60,000 Queenslanders who fought in World War I. There are also war-related statues, for various wars, including memorial statues for the Queensland soldiers who fought during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), as well as World War II, the Vietnam War and campaigns in Korea, Borneo and New Guinea. On 27 May 2022, a sculptural memorial to Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service men and women, designed by Wakka Wakka artist, John Smith Gumbula and sculptor Liam Hardy, was added to Anzac Square. Cast in bronze, the memorial features life-size figures standing on a ‘Journey Stone’. Navy, Army and Air Force are represented alongside Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander warriors and dancers, depicting a story of embarkation from home via air, land and sea. State Library of Queensland holds a collection of videos relating to the making of this memorial. On 25 April, every year, a Dawn Service is held at the Shrine of Remembrance and ANZAC Square. Symbolism Some of the symbolism used are as follows: the 18 columns of the Shrine represent the year of peace after World War 1—1918. also symbolizing the year (1918) are the number of stairs leading up to the shrine—19 stairs in the first row and 18 stairs in the second row. the bottle trees commemorate the Queensland Light Horse Regiments, which served in South Africa's Boer War (1899–1902). the palm trees are Middle East date palms and they represent Australia's success in the Middle East during both World Wars. Palms are also a biblical symbol of victory. the three paths from the bottom of the stairs represent the three services (Army, Navy, Airforce) History Australia's involvement in World War I exacted a heavy toll in death and injury. Of a relatively small population of about five million people, 60,000 troops were killed and 152,000 wounded. Australia's casualty rate of 68.5% was the highest of the Allied forces. The idea of a large memorial park and monument in the centre of the city commemorating those who had participated and died in the Great War was first raised in 1916. The original plan was to use the whole city block bounded by Ann, Edward, Adelaide and Creek Streets for the square but as negotiations with Federal, State and local governments continued throughout the early 1920s, a smaller site was determined. In 1928 State and Federal governments agreed to grant lands for the square and to erect flanking buildings to a co-ordinated design. Anzac Square commemorates all Queenslanders who participated in war, not just Brisbane residents. In 1928 a competition for the design of a Shrine of remembrance was won by Sydney architects Buchanan and Cowper. Construction proceeded over the following two years and on Armistice Day 11 November 1930 the Queensland governor Sir John Goodwin dedicated the Shrine and the square. In 1933 the square was declared a Reserve for Park purposes and the Brisbane City Council was appointed trustee of the site. In 1932 the Queensland Women's War Memorial was unveiled. This memorial was an initiative of the Brisbane Women's Club and funded by public subscription. It was designed and executed by Daphne Mayo with assistance from George Harvey. A memorial commissioned by the 9th Battalion (AIF) Association was mounted in the Crypt and unveiled by the Australian Governor-General Lord Gowrie on 17 August 1937. Commemorating the battalion's 45 officers and 1048 other ranks who lost their lives in the war, it was undertaken by former Brisbane sculptor William Leslie Bowles at a cost of . Bowles was noted for his memorial work, having been head sculptor at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra during the years 1924 to 1931. In 1939 a memorial commemorating Queenslanders who served in the South Africa conflict 1899 to 1902 was relocated to the square. This memorial, featuring a fully equipped mounted trooper originally stood near the intersection of Turbot and Edward Streets. It was designed by James Watts and sat on a pedestal constructed by local firm Lowther & Sons. During the 1960s and 1970s various proposals were made to alter the square as part of the redevelopment of property on the opposite side of Adelaide Street. These plans met with considerable public resistance. After a protracted public debate, a compromise plan involving limited encroachment on Anzac Square was agreed upon. This work was completed by 1984 and included the construction of a pair of elevated pedestrian bridges to Post Office Square, enlarging the crypt under the Shrine, and the realignment of the Adelaide Street entrance to the square. Originally envisaged as a First World War memorial, Anzac Square has become a repository for memorials of other wars. In 1984 the Second World War Shrine of Memories was relocated in the enlarged crypt under the Shrine and during 1988 memorials to those who served in the Korean and Vietnam wars were erected in the square. Anzac Square remains as the focus of armed services commemorations, particularly on Anzac Day. Description Anzac Square, occupies an area of more than between Ann and Adelaide Streets. It lies in a band of pedestrian access space extending from Central Station through four city blocks. On the river side of Anzac Square are Post Office Square, the GPO precinct and St Stephens Cathedral grounds. The square is formally arranged. From a small stone wall edged by formal gardens on Adelaide Street, three paths, separated by lawns and mature trees, converge on a large elevated Shrine at Ann Street. These paths represent the three branches of the armed forces, Army, Navy and Air Force. Trees along these paths include Palms, Bribie Island Pines and Bottle Trees – the latter were donated by Colonel Cameron, former Light Horseman and active lobbyist for the square. A dominant feature of the square is the Shrine. It is an adaptation of the classical Greek temenos (sacred enclosure) and tholos (circular shrine) comprising a circular colonnade of Helidon sandstone on a three-tiered base of Queensland granite, and stands approximately high on a paved forecourt extending to the Ann Street footpath. Eighteen Doric columns support a circular entablature externally ornamented with rosettes and internally inscribed with the names of battlefields where Australian soldiers fought. The colonnade is enclosed by cast iron railings that span the columns. Within the circular enclosure a bronze urn houses the Eternal Flame – a symbol of faithful remembrance. Beneath the Shrine is a large crypt containing the Memorial Galleries, previously known as the Shrine of Memories, now managed by the State Library of Queensland. These Galleries are a memorial to those who served in the First World War, Second World War, and in various Queensland contingents of the armed forces. The mosaic mural by artist Don Ross is the centrepiece of the Memorial Galleries, and is available for viewing at various times of the year. Twin stone staircases wrap around the Shrine, descending to the level of the square. On either side of the staircase are shallow tiled reflecting pools – symbols of tranquillity and renewed life. Large sandstone retaining walls rise from the lawns of the square to the footpath under the Shrine. The Queensland Women's War Memorial is located in the western wall of Anzac Square, below the Shrine of Remembrance. It consists of a relief panel in Helidon sandstone depicting a military procession. The panel is surmounted by a centrally placed bronze laurel wreath and the inscription "Erected by the women of Queensland in memory of those who lost their lives through The Great War 1914–1918". A sandstone and stone pedestal supports a bronze and sandstone drinking fountain mounted on upturned bronze dolphins – symbols of renewed life. The equestrian memorial of the South African War dominates the entry to the central path at Adelaide Street. A life-size bronzed statue modeled on Lieutenant-Colonel Charles James Reade, it depicts a Queensland Mounted Infantryman on horseback. On two sides of the trachyte pedestal large bronze plaques contain the names of the eighty-nine Queensland soldiers who lost their lives in the South African war. Memorials to the Korean and Vietnam wars are also located in the square. A memorial to Queensland’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service men and women was unveiled in the park on 27 May 2022. The square is flanked by State Government Offices to the south and Commonwealth Government Offices on the north. These are generally of restrained classical design and sympathetic in scale to the space, except the 1970s Commonwealth Government highrise extension on Ann Street. They frame vistas through the square to the GPO in the east and Central Station to the west. Anzac Square restoration and enhancement Beginning in 2014, Anzac Square underwent a major restoration and enhancement project. Stages 1, 2 and 3 of the project were a joint initiative by the Queensland Government and Brisbane City Council and were undertaken from 2014 to 2016. Stage 1 and 2 involved extensive restoration work to build a structurally sound exterior to the memorial site (stopping water infiltration into the substructure and walls), installing an electronic ignition system inside the Eternal Flame urn, during which time the Eternal Flame was relocated to the Parkland of Anzac Square and restorative work to stonework and paving. Stage 3 involved significant enhancements to the crypt and memorial galleries. The spaces in the undercroft were renamed after the completion of Stage 3: World War I Memorial Crypt (previously the Shrine of Memories) World War II Gallery (previously Memorial Crypt) Post World War II Memorial and Exhibition Gallery (formerly the RSL Queensland Branch headquarters) The two memorial galleries house digitised material curated by State Library of Queensland, enhanced with interactive digital experiences including touchscreens and timelines. Gallery Heritage listing Anzac Square was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity. The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity. Anzac Square is significant as one of the few examples of Australian war iconography which include servicewomen. Anzac Square is significant as it contains the only memorial in Brisbane dedicated to all members of the Queensland contingents who died during the South African conflict, and one of the few South African War memorials in the state. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity. Anzac Square is important for its contribution to the central city area as a large open space, combining green and built elements. Anzac Square is significant as examples of the work of Queensland artists and sculptors Daphne Mayo, L Watts and W L Bowles. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity References Attribution External links Anzac Square - Official website Shrine of Remembrance – Anzac Square, Brisbane – Anzac Day War Memorials official website Brisbane's Anzac Square – Digger History official website Digger History official website ANZAC Day Web Site Photographs of the official reopening of ANZAC Square August 2019, State Library of Queensland The Eternal Flame: The Heart of Anzac Square, State Library of Queensland More to Discover - Visit Anzac Square Memorial Galleries, John Oxley Library blog Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Dedicated Memorial Queensland film project, State Library of Queensland. A collection of interviews about the conception and creation of the memorial to Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander veterans in Anzac Square. A History Told: The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Memorial, John Oxley Library blog Parks in Brisbane Second Boer War memorials in Queensland Queensland places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate Queensland Heritage Register Squares in Brisbane 1930 establishments in Australia History of Brisbane John Smith Murdoch buildings World War II memorials in Queensland Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register Ann Street, Brisbane Adelaide Street, Brisbane Square, Brisbane Korean War memorials in Queensland Borneo confrontation memorials in Queensland

17307022

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnagar%2C%20Hyderabad

Ramnagar, Hyderabad

Ramnagar is one of the central part in Hyderabad, India. Ramnagar comes under the constituency of Musheerabad. It is mainly a residential area which was once located very near to industries like VST (Vazeer Sultan Tobacco, Golkunda Cigarette factory and Charminar Cigarette factory which comprisingly is called Azamabad Industrial area). Transport The TSRTC it has bus depot, hence buses transport to all parts of the city. The closest MMTS Train station is at Jamia Osmania. Famous St.Pious 'X' Girls High School from past 50 years, several others schools like Mothers high school, Luna high school, Holy trinity etc. are located at Ramnagar. Sowmya Hospital is the only hospital here. Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India

25987735

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams%20FW32

Williams FW32

The Williams FW32 was a Formula One motor racing car made by Williams for the season and powered by the sport's brand-new entry-level Cosworth CA2010 engine. The car was driven by Rubens Barrichello and 2009 GP2 Series champion Nico Hülkenberg. Pre-season The car was first driven in shakedown tests at Silverstone on January 28 before it was officially unveiled at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo near Valencia, Spain at the first official test on February 1. After Hülkenberg completed the shakedown at Silverstone, Barrichello was given the first day's running at the test, completing 75 laps. In pre-season testing, Barrichello finished at the top of the timesheets once, because of rain. In some sessions, Barrichello was outpaced by his rookie teammate Hülkenberg. Williams was the second team in terms of kilometres covered and showed some reliability, but were off pace from front-runners Red Bull, Ferrari, and McLaren. 2010 season Rounds 1-10 The season started off with Barrichello finishing 10th at the Bahrain Grand Prix, while Hulkenberg made a mistake at turn 6 and skidded across the track, but recovered to 14th. In the next rounds, Barrichello finished 9th in Australia, while Hulkenberg was involved in a first-lap incident with Kamui Kobayashi, after the Japanese driver's front wing failed and sent him into the barrier, rebounding into the path of Hülkenberg. At the third round in Malaysia, Hülkenberg made it to Q3 for the first time, qualifying in 5th place; out-qualifying teammate Barrichello for the first time. Barrichello stalled at the start due to an overheating clutch, while Hulkenberg started well. He looked set to finish eleventh in the race until Fernando Alonso blew his engine three laps from the end, thus promoting Hülkenberg to tenth place and with the new-for-2010 points system, Hülkenberg scored his first ever Formula One points. The car looked to be a good midfield contender, but in China the cars both finished in non-points positions. At the Spanish Grand Prix, Barrichello was knocked out in Q1 for the first time. He claimed he had been unable to understand his engineer while out on the circuit. The Circuit de Catalunya has a history of radio-related problems. In the race, Williams gambled on a two-stop strategy for Hülkenberg, a mistake that shunted the German driver down the order where he was caught up in a duel with a struggling Rosberg. Barrichello benefited from Lewis Hamilton's late crash to score two points, finishing in 9th, despite starting 18th on the grid and equalled Ayrton Senna's record of highest-scoring Brazilian driver in Formula One. Williams felt the new Cosworth CA2010 was not good enough and demanded Cosworth to improve the new engine in every area. At the Monaco Grand Prix, Barrichello qualified 9th, and Hulkenberg 11th. Barrichello moved up to sixth position through the first corner, while Hulkenberg lost control in the middle of the tunnel and hit the wall, damaging his front left suspension and causing a safety car. Later, Barrichello had a suspension failure caused by hitting a loose drain cover coming out of turn 1, and crashed heavily up the hill. After crashing he threw the car's steering wheel out, as he was sitting in the middle of a 120 mph corner with his car on fire. The steering wheel was then run over by Karun Chandhok's Hispania. This was the first double non finish for Williams in the season. At the Canadian Grand Prix, Barrichello qualified eleventh, narrowly missing Q3 but his anti-stall system kicked in at the start of the race. Kamui Kobayashi and Hülkenberg tangled on the run into the final corners. While Hulkenberg cut the chicane to avoid further contact, Kobayashi was not as lucky and he became the Wall of Champions' 2010 victim. Barrichello recovered well, but he later collided with Jaime Alguersuari when Alguersuari came across too late to cover his line, the damage blocking Barrichello's left brake duct. At the European Grand Prix in Valencia, the Williams team brought big upgrades and ran their version of the F-duct. Hulkenberg and Barrichello qualified 8th and 9th respectively, with exactly the same time of 1:38.428. Barrichello made a good start, while Hulkenberg defended his 8th position from Mark Webber. Barrichello was running seventh when the safety car was deployed at the end of lap nine, and pulled straight into the pits. On lap 42, Hulkenberg's car started to emit blue smoke from the rear, but it soon stopped. Hülkenberg's right rear tyre delaminated on lap 50, causing damage to his car's exhaust system and became the race's final retirement, while Barrichello defended from Kubica to finish in a strong 4th place. After the race, both Barrichello and Hulkenberg were issued 5 second time penalties for speeding behind the safety car, but it did not affect Barrichello's finishing position because Kubica and Sutil, the two drivers behind him, also received 5 second time penalties. He became the highest-scoring Brazilian driver in Formula One history, overhauling Ayrton Senna's career tally of 614 points, which he had been tied with since Spain. At Silverstone, Barrichello again made it into Q3, qualifying 9th. He had a strong race, and finished in 5th. Hulkenberg finished 10th. Rounds 11-19 At the Hungarian Grand Prix, Hulkenberg made it into Q3, with 10th, while Barrichello qualified 12th. Barrichello did not pit when the safety car came out. Williams had been attempting a similar strategy to BMW Sauber with Kamui Kobayashi in Valencia by having Barrichello pit late and charge back up through the field on super-soft tyres. But he was unable to preserve his position and slipped down the order to eleventh behind Schumacher. He then attempted to glide through the field with ease, but quickly became trapped behind his former teammate. Things came to a head late in the race when Barrichello was able to get close enough to pass Schumacher on the main straight, but Schumacher attempted to pin Barrichello to the wall and force him to back off. However, Schumacher's move came too late, and Barrichello was already alongside him when the Mercedes driver moved over. Barrichello very nearly made contact with the concrete pit wall and was forced across the pit exit, but took the place from Schumacher, who was placed under investigation by the stewards for dangerous driving. He was later issued a ten-place grid penalty for his actions, to be taken at the next race in Belgium. Meanwhile, Hulkenberg finished sixth from 10th on the grid, a career best. Barrichello celebrated his 300th Grand Prix at the Belgian Grand Prix, but retired in damp conditions after colliding with Fernando Alonso's Ferrari on the first lap at the last chicane. Before the race, he was elected as Chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association to replace the outgoing Nick Heidfeld. In Singapore, the FW32 sported a new front wing, and Barrichello put this to good use to set the sixth fastest time in qualifying, although Williams technical director Sam Michael reckoned the car was fast enough to be a couple of positions higher. In the race, he lost positions to Robert Kubica and Nico Rosberg at the start. Hülkenberg and Petrov's wheels made contact and both drivers went off the circuit on the same lap; Hülkenberg managed to move ahead of Petrov. On lap 44, Hülkenberg, in ninth, made a mistake which allowed Massa to momentarily take advantage, but he fought back and retained ninth position. Massa then overtook both Hulkenberg and Massa, and on the last lap, Hulkenberg was fighting Sutil for 9th, but was held off, and finished 10th. Barrichello had a solid run to sixth at the finish. At the new Korean Grand Prix , Barrichello qualified 10th and Hulkenberg 11th. In a wet race Barrichello suffered heavy tyre wear on the intermediates that he was running on. Kubica took eighth place from Hülkenberg by taking the inside line at the third corner. Hülkenberg then spun off the track on lap fifty-two and made a pit stop for new tyres because his engineer on the pit-wall told him one of his tyres had developed a slow puncture. In the closing stages of the race Barrichello was passed by Robert Kubica and Vitantonio Liuzzi, dropping him to seventh place at the finish, while Hulkenberg passed Alguersuari on the final lap to finish in tenth. At Interlagos, with a track drying and no rain falling, the first part of qualifying eliminated the new teams and Adrian Sutil. In Q3, the top ten qualifiers saw a track drying so much that after a round of laps in intermediate tyres and times up to 1:16's, the teams opted for slick tyres. This tyre gamble proved successful for Nico Hülkenberg, who took advantage of the situation and qualified over a second ahead of the next quickest cars, taking his first pole position. This also gave the Williams team their first pole since Nick Heidfeld qualified on pole at the 2005 European Grand Prix, and the first pole for Cosworth since the 1999 French Grand Prix. Hülkenberg gained his first Formula One pole position, by 1.049 seconds over Sebastian Vettel. Barrichello qualified a strong sixth. Hulkenberg lost the lead on the first lap, and he eventually finished the race in eighth place, having been passed by drivers in more competitive cars. For Barrichello, after a delayed pitstop, his traditional bad luck on home soil returned when he suffered a puncture after briefly colliding with Jaime Alguersuari, costing him any chance of scoring points. In Abu Dhabi Barrichello qualified strongly in seventh place, and maintained that position shortly after the start. However, when the safety car was deployed following Michael Schumacher's and Vitantonio Liuzzi's crash, many drivers like Robert Kubica, Vitaly Petrov and Nico Rosberg took advantage of this by pitting early. This had a negative effect as they did not need to pit again, and Barrichello finished outside of the points. Hulkenberg qualified 15th, and finished 16th. After the race, team boss Frank Williams confirmed that Hülkenberg would not be driving for the team in 2011, while Barrichello would be retained. By the end of the season, they beat Force India in the constructors championship by 1 point, coming 6th with 69 points. Gallery Complete Formula One results (key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap) References External links Williams FW32 2010 Formula One season cars

18621382

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raciu

Raciu

Raciu is a commune in Dâmbovița County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Raciu, Siliștea, and Șuța Seacă. These were part of Lucieni Commune from 1968 to 2004, when they were split off to re-establish a separate commune. References Communes in Dâmbovița County Localities in Muntenia

53751630

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab%20X

Skylab X

Skylab X is the ninth studio album by the Brazilian musician Rogério Skylab, the final installment of his series of ten eponymous, numbered albums. It was self-released in 2011, but originally recorded in 2008. A music video was made for the track "Eu Não Consigo Sair Daqui". The album can be downloaded for free on Skylab's official website. Critical reception Writing for blog Miojo Indie, Fernanda Blammer gave the album a positive review, rating it with a 7 out of 10. She praised Skylab X as being "peculiar and eccentric" and "atmospheric", but criticized it for being "less anarchic and aggressive, and more 'well-behaved' than Skylab's previous releases, particularly if compared to the classics Skylab III and Skylab VI". Ed Félix of Embrulhador.com featured Skylab X in 97th place in its list of the Top 100 Brazilian Albums of 2011. Track listing Personnel Rogério Skylab – vocals, production Thiago Amorim – electric guitar Alexandre Guichard – classical guitar Pedro Dantas – bass guitar Bruno Coelho – drums Luiz Antônio Porto – piano (tracks 10 and 12) Vânius Marques – mixing, mastering Carlos Mancuso – cover art Solange Venturi – photography References 2011 albums Rogério Skylab albums Self-released albums Sequel albums Obscenity controversies in music Albums free for download by copyright owner

72050737

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzammil%20Hussain%20%28army%20officer%29

Muzammil Hussain (army officer)

Lieutenant General Muzammil Hussain (Retired) is a former senior officer in the Pakistan Army and former Chairman of the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) in Pakistan. Early life and education Lieutenant General Muzammil Hussain (retired) hails from the renowned village of Mohra Karim Baksh, in the district of Jhelum. He joined the Pakistan Army in 1976, after completing his education at the Islamabad College for Boys. Military career He received his military training in an elite infantry battalion of Baloch Regiment (Sarbakaf 12) and demonstrated exceptional professionalism and skill early on in his career. In addition, he also excelled in various sports. He completed his staff course and was deputed to Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War in 1990. He served as a Brigade Major of an independent infantry brigade in Tabuk, Jhelum, and Dadu, and participated in anti-dacoit operations in Sindh. Lt. Gen. Hussain also underwent courses in France and Indonesia, and later commanded his parent battalion. He was then appointed as a Directing Staff at the Command and Staff College. Following his tenure as a Defence Attaché in Jakarta, Canberra, Singapore, and Seoul as a Colonel, he commanded an infantry brigade during the escalation of 2001. He successfully completed the War Course and was subsequently posted to the prestigious position of Chief Instructor at the Command and Staff College Quetta. Later, he became the Chief of Staff in an important Corps in Gujranwala before his promotion to Major General and posting to the prestigious division guarding the frontier in the Siachen and Kargil sectors - the Force Command Northern Area (FCNA). After a successful command, he remained on the Training Branch and was promoted to the coveted position of Inspector General Training and Evaluation (IGT&E). He retired as the 30 Corps Commander in 2013 after 37 years of a brilliant career in the Army. Lt. General Muzammil Hussain (retired) was awarded the Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military) in recognition of his services. This is a high-level military award in Pakistan, given for exceptional service and devotion to duty. Post-retirement During his six-year tenure as Chairman of WAPDA from 2016 to 2022, Lt. General Muzammil Hussain oversaw an unprecedented transformation of the organization, which significantly improved Pakistan's energy and water sectors. Under his leadership, WAPDA initiated several large-scale hydropower projects, including the 800 MW Mohmand Dam, 2,160 MW Dasu Dam, and 4,320 MW Diamer-Basha Dam, which are expected to add approximately 43 Billion Units of power to Pakistan's national grid by 2028. Of notable mention is the construction of the K-IV Water Supply Project, which is aimed at providing 650 million gallons of water per day to Karachi, was initiated during his tenure. One of General Hussain's most significant achievements was WAPDA's successful raising of its debut green Euro bond, which raised $500 million for the construction of new hydropower projects. The issuance marked a major milestone in Pakistan's financial history, making WAPDA the first Pakistani parastatal to raise foreign investment without government guarantees and without pledging any assets. During his tenure, WAPDA also took several steps to modernize and digitize its operations. The organization implemented an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to improve its financial management, and it established a project management unit (PMU) to manage the construction of hydropower projects. In addition, WAPDA established a research and development (R&D) center to develop new technologies for the efficient utilization of water and energy resources. Overall, General Hussain's leadership and vision have left a lasting impact on Pakistan's energy and water sectors. His efforts to complete large-scale hydropower and water storage projects have significantly improved Pakistan's energy security, while his innovative initiatives in modernizing WAPDA's operations have helped increase efficiency and transparency in the organization's functioning. His accomplishments have earned him widespread acclaim and recognition as one of Pakistan's most distinguished leaders in the fields of energy and water management. In 2021, he was asked to continue serving as the Chairman of WAPDA for another term of 5 years, but he resigned in 2022 due to personal reasons. Decade of Dams Former Chairman WAPDA, Lt. General (R) Muzammil Hussain initiated WAPDA's "Decade of Dams" initiative. The Decade of Dams refers to a significant period of dam construction and development in Pakistan led by the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). During this period, WAPDA played a crucial role in the planning, designing, construction, and operation of large dams across the country. Lt. General (R) Muzammil Hussain, as the former Chairman of WAPDA, played a pivotal role in driving this ambitious initiative. Under his leadership, WAPDA focused on harnessing the water resources of Pakistan through the construction of multipurpose dams. These dams aimed to address the country's water and energy needs, enhance agricultural productivity, mitigate floods, and provide clean drinking water and irrigation facilities. Hussain's expertise and strategic vision played a significant role in the successful implementation of various dam projects. He spearheaded initiatives to accelerate dam construction, ensuring adherence to international standards, environmental sustainability, and the welfare of local communities. His contributions encompassed the development of major dams such as the Diamer-Bhasha Dam, Dasu Dam, and Mohmand Dam. These projects are expected to enhance water storage capacity, generate significant hydropower, and facilitate irrigation and flood control measures. Muzammil Hussain's emphasis on transparency, efficiency, and adherence to best practices helped in overcoming challenges and achieving milestones in the Decade of Dams. In light of his contributions, Lt. General (R) Muzammil Hussain, former Chairman of WAPDA, was invited to deliver the keynote address at the closing session of the 27th Congress of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD). The conference took place in Marseille, France, from May 27 to June 3, 2022, and saw the participation of over 1400 experts from around the world. Lt. General (R) Muzammil Hussain received this honor in recognition of his significant contributions to the development of large dams in Pakistan. ICOLD is an organization dedicated to the exchange of professional information, knowledge, and standards related to the design, construction, maintenance, and impact of large dams. With 104 member countries, ICOLD plays a leading role in ensuring the safe, efficient, and environmentally sustainable construction and operation of dams. Their technical guidelines, which are based on the latest knowledge, serve as the foundation for designing and constructing projects in accordance with ICOLD standards. Controversy In 2022, NAB initiated an unfounded inquiry based on an “unconfirmed complaint” on Tarbela 4th Extension against the Former Chairman WAPDA, citing misuse of authority and loss to the government exchequer. The inquiry is widely regarded as baseless as the project, funded by World Bank, was successfully completed and in compliance with the agency's strict operational guidelines. The World Bank regards it as “a rare hydropower project in the world” which was commissioned “on time” in 2018, “at lesser cost”. The project produces energy worth $2 billion, which is much higher than planned in PC1, and is about three times the cost of the project. References Year of birth missing (living people) Pakistan Army officers Chairman of the Water & Power Development Authority Living people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemba%20language

Hemba language

Hemba (Emba), also known as Eastern Luba, is a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is spoken by the Hemba people. Yazi may be a dialect. References Luban languages Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Heys%20Comprehensive%20School

New Heys Comprehensive School

New Heys Comprehensive School or New Heys Community College was an English comprehensive school in Liverpool specialising within Business. The school worked closely with businesses such as the New Mersey Retail Park, Jaguar and Scottish Power to provide their children with a taste of business life. Merger It was announced in early 2009, that New Heys Comprehensive would move to St Benedicts' Catholic College and form a new, 'Business and Faith Academy' on the Garston site, leaving the original New Heys to be rebuilt to form a housing development. This comes as one of the major changes that will happen in and around 2011 to 2017. From around November/December 2013 New Heys School was demolished to make way for Housing and work started in 2014 The school is now known as The Academy of St Nicholas. References Defunct schools in Liverpool

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Falklands%20Play

The Falklands Play

The Falklands Play is a dramatic account of the political events leading up to, and including, the 1982 Falklands War. The play was written by Ian Curteis, an experienced writer who had started his television career in drama, but had increasingly come to specialise in dramatic reconstructions of history. It was originally commissioned by the BBC in 1983, for production and broadcast in 1986, but was subsequently shelved by Controller of BBC One Michael Grade due to its pro-Margaret Thatcher stance and alleged jingoistic tone. This prompted a press furore over media bias and censorship. The play was not staged until 2002, when it was broadcast in separate adaptations on BBC Television and Radio. It was aired again on BBC4, 1 December 2020, over 18 years after it was last transmitted. Plot The play focuses on the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British government's handling of the diplomatic breakdown over the Argentinian invasion of the Falkland Islands (the Islas Malvinas to the Argentines), which was United Kingdom's largest Foreign Affairs emergency since the Suez Crisis of 1956. In particular, it charts the behind-the-scenes dealings within Thatcher's Conservative government and between it and its military and the United States and Argentine governments, in the diplomatic breakdown that gave way to war and an eventual British victory. In response to the Argentinian invasion, the Thatcher government calls for a total maritime exclusion zone around the islands, and directs a large naval force to set sail for the islands. Lord Carrington resigns as Foreign Secretary, taking responsibility for the failure to foresee the invasion, a resignation which Thatcher reluctantly accepts; his replacement, Francis Pym, is a reticent member of the war cabinet, and cautions Thatcher against a military response, including in the presence of Alexander Haig and an American delegation. Haig enters the affair to attempt to mediate the dispute between the Thatcher and Argentinian sides, the latter led by the military dictator Leopoldo Galtieri. Secretary of State for Defence John Nott, acting on behalf of his government, demands total withdrawal of Argentinian garrisons, in compliance with UN Resolution 502. British response to the involvement of United Nations Secretary-General Pérez de Cuéllar is also portrayed. Other dramatic elements include portrayal of the internal dynamics of the war cabinet and the government's representations in the House of Commons—in response to Argentine landings on the British island of South Georgia and their subsequent reclaiming by British forces, the sinking of the Argentine naval cruiser, the ARA General Belgrano, and the losses of British life when the British guided missile destroyer HMS Sheffield was struck by an Argentine exocet missile. The drama ends with Thatcher's declaration of the end of hostilities in the House of Commons. Cast Uncredited Ray Donn as a government minister Leonard Silver as a government minister Production On 22 October 1982, at a meeting of the Writer's Luncheon Club, BBC Director General Alasdair Milne gave a speech during which he praised Curteis's TV play Suez 1956 (shown three years earlier), which had dealt with the Suez Crisis from the political and diplomatic perspective, rather than the "action" on the ground. Curteis – who was present at the meeting – then sent Milne a copy of the published play, and as an afterthought said: "In a few years' time, I would like to write a similar sort of play about the Falklands Crisis." Milne immediately commissioned the play, and after months of careful negotiation the contract was signed on 6 April 1983. During discussions between Curteis and Keith Williams, the BBC Head of Plays, Cedric Messina was chosen as producer, but it was quickly realised that tempers were still running high about the War, particularly in relation to the BBC's conduct during it, and so it was mutually agreed to put the project on hold. Curteis recommenced work on the play at the start of 1985, meeting many of the key players and visiting most of the locations that would be portrayed in the play. His research also involved reading most of what had already been published about the War, biographies of the chief protagonists, Hansard for the relevant Parliamentary debates, official reports, and the contemporary press coverage. He delivered the fourth draft of the script to the BBC in April 1986. The budget of £1 million was approved, Messina officially appointed as producer, and David Giles as director. Studio time was booked in TC1 at BBC Television Centre (one of the largest television studios in Europe) for 24 January to 8 February 1987 inclusive, with a planned transmission date of the following 2 April, the fifth anniversary of the Argentinian invasion. It was planned to last for around three hours, with a half-hour break for the Nine O'Clock News. At a meeting with Milne on 2 June 1986, Curteis raised the question of the general election that was expected to happen the following year, and asked whether it might compromise the planned transmission date of the play. Milne dismissed the possibility of an election before the Autumn of 1987 at the earliest, and stated: "I don't see that transmission in April presents any problem." In early July the new Head of Plays Peter Goodchild (whose background was in documentaries, rather than drama) requested considerable modifications to the script, amongst them objecting to the portrayal of Thatcher's "private and instinctive self" – as opposed to the "bellicose Iron Lady of the public scenes" – and requesting the inclusion of discussions between members of the government about the possible effect of the War on the 1983 general election. Curteis declined the latter on the grounds that none of the relevant people he had interviewed had alluded to such conversations, and that there was no other record of them. In addition, he considered that attributing such fictional dialogue to real people could be libellous, although he had been quite willing to do exactly that for conversations between – variously – members of the Argentinian Junta, American envoy Alexander Haig, and the Pope. On 21 July, while Curteis was on holiday in Ireland, the BBC cancelled the play, citing the forthcoming General Election. Curteis mounted a robust defence, and as the press became involved at the end of September, pressure mounted on the BBC, especially when it was discovered that they were going ahead with Charles Wood's Tumbledown, which was claimed to have an "anti-Mrs-Thatcher's-Government theme," even though at that point Wood's script had not been published and few people could have read it. Tumbledown had a planned transmission date in October 1987, closer to – if not coinciding with – the General Election than the planned broadcast of Curteis's play. Bill Cotton, the BBC's Managing Director of Television, issued a statement claiming: "Ian Curteis completed the first draft of his Falklands Play three and a half years after we had commissioned it... In our professional opinion, it is not a completed commission." He also said it would be "irresponsible of the BBC at a time when the country is leading up to an election to embark on a play portraying a Prime Minister in office, other serving ministers and MPs." He finished by denying the play had been cancelled for any other reason, and refuted suggestions that Goodchild had asked for amendments that would change the political slant of the script. A second statement by a BBC spokesman also referred to Curteis's "draft script," and claimed: "No bookings had been made for studio time. It was too early for this to be done. There had been no commitment to the production of this play." All of these claims either misrepresented the facts, or were completely contrary to either them or the assurances Milne had previously given to Curteis. Cotton later reiterated most of these points in a letter to The Sunday Telegraph on 22 February 1987, in which he also claimed that the BBC would be quite happy to release their rights to the play to another broadcaster, but they had had no such requests. In fact, there had been an approach from Anglia Television to buy the rights on the day the cancellation was announced, but it had been categorically refused "off the record" by Michael Grade, then Controller of BBC One. Coupled with the decision to continue with Tumbledown (although its transmission was eventually delayed until 31 May 1988), the whole furore led to accusations of censorship and left-wing bias at the BBC, particularly as the play depicted Thatcher as both a strong and sympathetic character. As arranged prior to the cancellation, the play was published in 1987 as a paperback by Hutchinson, but with the addition of an introduction by Curteis in which he gave his account of the whole affair. In 1991, as part of a wider season of programmes about censorship, Channel 4 included a reading of some dialogue from the play in the documentary The Liberal Conspiracy, in which Curteis was also interviewed. Channel 4 was subsequently criticised on its viewer comment programme Right to Reply for not having made their own full production of the play for the same season, as they had done with another banned BBC programme (an episode of Duncan Campbell's Secret Society). The Falklands Play was eventually produced simultaneously for both radio and television with almost identical casts, broadcast by BBC Radio 4 on 6 April and the digital TV channel BBC Four on 10 April 2002. The television version was an amended and abridged 90-minute version of the script, omitting all of the material involving the Junta and the Pope. The TV transmission was preceded by a half-hour programme on the controversy surrounding the original production, and was followed by a studio debate on the issues raised by both the cancellation and the play itself. Media information Script book DVD release Released on Region 2 DVD by BBC Video on 26 March 2007. The series was included in The Falklands 25th Commemorative Box Set with Tumbledown. See also Tumbledown An Ungentlemanly Act Cultural impact of the Falklands War References External links Works about the Falklands War BBC television docudramas 2002 television films 2002 films 2002 in British television Controversies in the United Kingdom Films about Margaret Thatcher 2000s English-language films 2000s British films