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It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day , and 500,000 by the end of the first week In June 2010 , Apple released its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a multi-touch iPod Nano , an iPod Touch with FaceTime In October 2010 , Apple shares hit On January 17, 2011 , Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he would take another medical leave of absence for at Apple , although Jobs Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world In June 2011 , Jobs surprisingly took the stage and unveiled iCloud for music , photos , Alongside peer entities such as Atari , which premiered in 2011 to the establishment and dominance of Apple has achieved such efficiency in a monopsony (one buyer with many sellers ) and can dictate terms to its suppliers On August 24, 2011 , Jobs resigned his position as CEO of Apple He was replaced by Cook On October 5, 2011 , Steve Jobs died , marking the end of an era The first major product announcement by Apple following Jobs's passing occurred on January 19, 2012 , when Apple's Phil Schiller introduced iBook's Textbooks for iOS iCloud ; the third and fourth generation iPads , which , which featured a 7.9-inch screen in of three million iPads in three days following the launch of the iPad Mini and fourth generation On August 20, 2012 , Apple's rising stock price increased This beat the non-inflation-adjusted record for market capitalization On August 24, 2012 , a US jury ruled ) in damages in an intellectual property lawsuit further granted Samsung's request for a new trial On November 10, 2012 , Apple confirmed a global settlement that dismissed all existing lawsuits between that date , in favor of a ten-year license agreement for current and future patents between the two companies during the proceedings of the "Apple Inc. v. outlines Jobs's vision of Apple Inc.'s future under In March 2013 , Apple filed identify objects in a live video stream and a computer-generated information layer overlaid on top of
The company also made several high-profile hiring decisions in On July 2, 2013 , Apple recruited of Yves Saint Laurent as a vice president reporting hired as a senior vice president at Apple Ahrendts previously oversaw Burberry's digital strategy for Alongside Google vice-president Vint Cerf and AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson , Cook attended August 8, 2013 , in regard to government surveillance and the Internet in the wake In the first quarter of 2014 , Apple reported This was contrasted with a significant drop In May 2014 , the company confirmed — producer of the "Beats by Dr. Dre" line of headphones and speaker products On May 12, 2016 , Apple invested In the trailing fiscal year (2015 ) , Apple text , graphics , and on the Messages app , Instagram , Facebook , and other social networks . In May 2017 , Apple refreshed Their public relations "Apple Press Info" website was changed to an "Apple Newsroom" site and therefore lower information density , and combines press releases , news items , and In June 2017 , Apple announced Towards the end of the year , " TechCrunch introduced its products at WWDC and Also in June 2017 , Apple In November 2017 , Apple announced and Reese Witherspoon , and a reboot of the anthology series Amazing Stories with Steven Spielberg In June 2018 , Apple signed Additional partnerships for original series include Sesame Workshop , as well as a partnership with A24 to create original films On June 5, 2018 , Apple deprecated OpenGL and OpenGL ES across all operating systems In August 2018 , Apple purchased On January 29, 2019 , Apple reported its first decline in revenues and profits On March 30, 2020 , Apple acquired On September 2, 2020 , Apple announced upcoming features of iOS to be During its annual WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020 , Apple announced it will transition The announcement was expected by industry analysts would allow for big increases in On October 23, 2001 , Apple introduced Several updated models have since been introduced , and the iPod brand is now
the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin Steve Jobs introduced the long-anticipated iPhone , a convergence (4 GB ) and $599 (8 GB ) storage , in addition to features found in handheld devices , and later renamed to iOS as Google Maps and Weather . A second version , the iPhone 3G , was released on July 11, 2008 , with the original model were eliminated in favor Software capabilities were improved with the release of the App Store , which provided On April 24, 2009 , the App Store surpassed On June 8, 2009 , Apple announced At the Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) were discovered by consumers , due to the stainless steel band around the edge of the device , which also In June 2011 , Apple overtook On October 4, 2011 , Apple unveiled had acquired in 2010 from It also features an updated 8MP camera with the user hear a conversation in a noisy room On September 12, 2012 , Apple introduced It has a 4-inch display , 4G LTE connectivity , and the upgraded Apple A6 chip , among sold in the first three days of its launch the development of a new iPhone battery system that uses as an example of Apple's ethos of them : On September 9, 2014 , One year later , Apple introduced the iPhone 6S including an increase of the rear camera to 12 MP , and the FaceTime camera to On September 12, 2017 , Apple introduced to its previous phones with a faster processor , On September 12, 2018 , Apple introduced the iPhone XS , iPhone XS Max and iPhone XR The iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max improved displays On September 10, 2019 , Apple introduced in the iPhone XR and a mostly unchanged design , aside from the addition of an Ultrawide camera and an IP68 rating for water and Apple claims that the iPhone 11 Pro series' battery life is On April 15, 2020 , Apple announced It replicates the iPhone 8 design – has and bottom , and a home button
On October 13, 2020 , Apple introduced The new iPhones feature a new design with flat edges of the iPhone 4 through the iPhone 5S with a Super Retina XDR OLED display , reducing the display borders The iPhone 12 Mini features a 5.4-inch display and a smaller design The iPhone 12 Pro and iPhone 12 Pro Max improves upon as a brighter display , a Telephoto camera , to date , featuring a 6.7-inch screen On September 14, 2021 , Apple launched The iPhone 13 Series is powered by Apple A15 Bionic On January 27, 2010 , Apple introduced music , word processing documents , video games It also includes a mobile version of Safari for web browsing , as a camera on the front and back It also added support for It added the upgraded A6X processor and replaced It added better graphics and central processing Since its launch , iPad users have On September 9, 2015 , Apple announced A 9.7-inch iPad Pro was announced on March 21, 2016 On September 15, 2020 , Apple announced On April 20, 2021 , Apple released It has the Apple M1 SOC with 8 or 16 Gigabytes It features a Thunderbolt 3/USB 4 port ( USB-C The front camera is an ultrawide camera which pans in the center of the screen when The original Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook as a product with health and fitness-tracking . It was released on April 24, 2015 The headlining new feature on the new model was a larger screen At the 2007 Macworld conference , Jobs demonstrated to the device as " iTV content from iTunes with high-definition televisions a user's TV and syncs over the wireless or wired network with one computer's iTunes library and can stream The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for HDMI and component video , and played video at a maximum resolution of 720p . On May 30, 2007 , a 160 GB hard disk drive was In September 2009 , Apple discontinued On September 1, 2010 , Apple released variant and discontinued the older model ,
which ran on a Mac OS X variant . quieter , and replaces the need for a hard drive with media streaming from 8 GB of flash memory to cache Like the iPad and the iPhone , Apple TV runs on an A4 processor . Features include access to the iTunes Store , including YouTube and Netflix , and media streaming from an iTunes library Apple also reduced the price of Apple unveiled an overhauled Apple TV , which now runs a subsequent variant of iOS to store games , programs , On March 25, 2019 , Apple announced TV+ features exclusive original shows , movies It features seven tweeters in the base , a four-inch woofer in the top , and acoustic optimization On September 12, 2018 , Apple announced that HomePod is Find My iPhone , Siri Shortcuts — and In 2019 , Apple , Google , Amazon , and For iOS , iPadOS , develops its own software titles , including Pages for writing , Numbers for spreadsheets , and Keynote for macOS Server ; Apple Remote Desktop , a remote systems management application was inspired by his visit to Janoff presented Jobs with several different monochromatic themes for the "bitten" logo , and Jobs immediately took a liking to it The logo was designed with a bite be confused with a cherry . The colored stripes were conceived to make generate graphics in color . to as a tribute to Alan Turing On August 27, 1999 ( the year following the introduction of the iMac G3 ) , identical in shape to the previous rainbow incarnation of the Beatles , but Apple Inc. This resulted in a series of lawsuits and tension between the two companies " was used in 1998 to promote the iMac , and From the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984 , with the 1984 Super Bowl advertisement to , Apple has been recognized for its efforts towards effective advertising and Apple's product advertisements gained a lot of attention as a result of their eye-popping graphics and and introductions for their devices .
The company also has its own generic top-level domain.apple , which was delegated on October 27, 2015 in 2018 as part of In Saussure’s model , the sign results from the recognition of a sound or inseparable as two sides of a piece His model , like Saussure’s model , involved the relationship between the elements of , internalizes , and relates ” to the performance of a company There is plenty of evidence The first two Apple logos are drastically different from In the original logo designed by Ronald Wayne Analysis of the semiotics with Saussure's model sign , of the apple . In 1977 , Rob Janoff created Apple Inc. is well known for Because Apple is seen as a challenger in the industry , the most common signifier is the forbidden fruit from the Biblical reference , The semiotics of the bite and the color The rainbow color of the logo portrays the message The only thing to change with the logo In 1998 , a monochromatic logo was implemented with the release of the first iMac Apple evangelists were actively engaged by the company at one time , but " while I ve explained crowds of hundreds , with The opening of New York City's Apple Fifth Avenue store in 2006 In June 2017 , a newlywed couple took their wedding photos inside the then-recently opened Orchard Road Apple Store in Singapore The high level of brand loyalty has been the United States in 2008 , and On September 30, 2013 , Apple surpassed People talk about technology , It was the marketing company of the decade Research in 2002 by NetRatings Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in Cupertino , in the middle of California's Silicon Valley , at Apple Park , a massive circular groundscraper building The building opened in April 2017 and Apple also operates from the Apple Campus , a grouping of six buildings in to the west of Apple Park . The Apple Campus was the company's headquarters from its opening in 1993 , until the opening of Apple Park in 2017 .
In addition to Apple Park and the Apple Campus , Apple occupies an additional thirty office buildings scattered throughout the city of Cupertino Stephens Creek Three " ( 1977–1978 ) " ( 1982–1993 ) . located in Cork in the south The first Apple Stores were originally opened as Seeing a need for improved retail presentation of the company's products , he began an effort in 1997 to revamp the retail program to get an improved relationship to consumers , and hired Ron Johnson in Jobs relaunched Apple's online store in 1997 , and opened the first two physical stores in Over the years , Apple has expanded the number of retail locations and its geographical coverage , with 499 stores across In May 2016 , Angela Ahrendts , Apple's then Senior Vice President of Retail , unveiled a significantly redesigned Apple Store in Union Square , San Francisco , featuring large glass doors for the entry , open spaces , and re In addition to purchasing products , – individuals with specialized knowledge of a tree-lined Genius Grove ; and attend sessions , conferences and community events , is to make Apple Stores into Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls , but Apple has built and received architectural awards for its stores' designs its use of glass staircases and cubes The success of Apple Stores have had significant influence over other consumer electronics retailers , who of service and products at Apple's notable brand loyalty among consumers causes long lines of hundreds of people at Due to the popularity of the brand , Apple receives a large number of job applications , many of which Although Apple Store employees receive above-average pay , are offered money toward education and health care , and receive Apple closed its stores outside China Workers across the company are allowed Apple is one of several highly successful companies Jobs often walked around the office barefoot By the time of the "1984" television advertisement , differentiated it from its competitors . lost some of its original character . its employees , Apple created the Apple Fellows program
At Apple , employees are outside their area of expertise . Jobs saw this as a means For instance , Ron Johnson — Senior Vice President of Retail Operations until November 1, 2011 had no control of the inventory in This was done by Tim Cook , who had a background in Each project has a "directly responsible individual " or "DRI " in Apple jargon . senior vice president Scott Forstall refused to sign Apple's official apology for numerous errors in the redesigned Maps app , he was forced to resign Unlike other major U.S. companies , Apple provides other CEOs like country club fees or private use In 2015 , Apple had retail , though its 2014 SEC filing put the number at approximately half of its employee base An editorial article in "The Verge" in September 2016 by technology journalist Thomas Ricker explored some of the public's perceived lack of innovation at Apple in recent years , specifically stating and even surpassed Apple in terms of smartphone industrial design " and that the criticism focuses on individual pieces He acknowledges that people are wishing for the "excitement of revolution cooperate through the iCloud cloud service with features including Universal Clipboard ( in which be pasted on a different device ) as well as inter-connected device functionality including Auto Unlock ( in which an Apple Watch can unlock a Mac in close proximity use of big data and analyze leading on something in tech and then losing an edge despite sitting in Silicon Valley " , Holger Mueller , a technology analyst , told the company for competitors , a lack of ambitious goals , and shifting still failed to anticipate the popularity of Amazon's Echo , which features In December 2017 , two articles from , in which Macs running the username in system prompts , leaving The bug was publicly disclosed on Apple released a security fix within a day " in regards to the security , file sharing was broken for users , with Apple releasing On iOS , a date bug caused 12:15am on December 2, 2017 , to
Users were recommended to turn Apple quickly released an update , done during the nighttime in Cupertino , California time and outside of The combined problems of the week on both macOS for Apple's software engineers and described it as a significant lapse in Apple's ability to Kingsley-Hughes also concluded his piece by under Steve Jobs's watch' trope , a lot of In 2011 , Apple's profit margins were In May 2017 , the company announced a $1 billion funding project for " advanced manufacturing " in the United States , and subsequently invested $200 million in Corning Inc. , in terms of a fund limit .... As of 2021 , Apple uses components from 43 different countries . to adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s , beginning with Apple's adoption of the PCI bus in the 7500/8500/9500 Power Macs . Apple has since joined the industry standards groups to influence the future direction of technology standards such as USB , AGP , HyperTransport , Wi-Fi , NVMe , PCIe and others Apple has gradually expanded its efforts in getting its products into the Indian market In July 2012 , during a conference call with investors , CEO Tim Cook said ] India " , but In May 2016 , Apple opened an iOS app development center in Bangalore and a maps development office for 4,000 staff in Hyderabad . In March , " The Wall Street Journal " over the next two months " , begun production of iPhone SE in the country , while Apple told In April 2019 , Apple initiated manufacturing of iPhone 7 at its Bengaluru facility , keeping in mind demand from more incentives from the government of India made in America until the late 1990s of outsourcing initiatives in the 2000s , almost all of its manufacturing is now In 2006 , one complex of factories in Shenzhen , China that assembled the iPod and other items Employees regularly worked more than 60 hours per week and made around $100 per Apple immediately launched an investigation after
the 2006 media report , and worked with their manufacturers to ensure acceptable working conditions . In 2007 , Apple started yearly audits of all its suppliers regarding worker's rights Yearly progress reports have been published since from the company's probe into its suppliers' labor practices were in the report , but Apple identified a series of serious labor violations of labor laws , including Apple's own rules , and some child labor existed in a number Also in 2010 , workers in China planned to sue iPhone contractors over poisoning by a cleaner , albeit a lower rate than that of China as a whole , workers were forced to sign A 2014 BBC investigation found excessive hours and other problems reform factory practice after the 2010 Foxconn suicides . of review , as reporters gained access to the working conditions inside through recruitment as employees . In December 2014 , the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights published a report which documented inhumane conditions for the 15,000 workers at a Zhen Ding Technology factory in Shenzhen , China , which serves as a major supplier of circuit boards for , with six to ten workers in each crowded room of Apple Inc. that sells solar energy to provide 217.9 megawatts of solar generation capacity In addition to the company's solar energy production , construct a landfill gas energy plant in North Carolina . Following a Greenpeace protest , Apple released a statement on April 17, 2012 , committing to ending its use of coal and shifting to 100% renewable clean energy . By 2013 , Apple was using 100% renewable energy to power their data centers In 2010 , Climate Counts , puts Apple in their top category " In May 2015 , Greenpeace evaluated the state of the Green Internet and commended " Apple's commitment to renewable energy has a 100% renewable Internet is within its reach , and providing several models of intervention , Apple states that 100% a mix of fossil and renewable sources , so During an event on March 21, 2016 , Apple provided a status update on its environmental initiative
Lisa P. Jackson , Apple's vice president of Environment, Policy and Social Initiatives who reports directly to CEO , 93% of Apple's worldwide operations are use sustainable paper in their product packaging ; the company continues its move to all paper packaging for all of its products . of working forests in Maine and Featured was the company's installation of a 40 MW solar power plant in the Sichuan province of China that be unharmed grazing beneath the array . This installation alone compensates for more than all of the energy used in Apple's Stores and Offices in the whole of China , negating the company's energy carbon footprint in In Singapore , Apple has worked with the Singaporean government to cover the rooftops of 800 buildings in the city-state be run on 100% renewable energy . Liam was introduced to the world Apple announced on August 16, 2016 , its major suppliers in China , has Apple with 100 percent renewable energy by 2018 The commitment is a large step in Apple's efforts 14 of its final assembly sites in China composted , or converted into On July 21, 2020 , Apple announced across its entire business , manufacturing supply chain , and product life cycle by 2030 . Following further campaigns by Greenpeace , in 2008 , Apple became ) and brominated flame retardants ( BFRs ) in its complete product line . In June 2007 , Apple began backlit LCD displays in its computers with mercury-free LED-backlit LCD displays Apple offers comprehensive and transparent information about the CO2e , emissions , materials , on the products they offer for PVC , arsenic , and All Apple products now have mercury-free LED-backlit LCD displays , arsenic-free glass , and non-PVC cables . In November 2011 , Apple was featured in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics , which ranks electronics manufacturers on sustainability , climate and energy policy , and with a score of 4.6/10 . Greenpeace praises Apple's sustainability , noting that the company exceeded its 70% global recycling goal in on the products rating with all Apple products
However , the guide criticizes Apple on the Energy In February 2016 , Apple issued a US$1.5 billion green bond ( climate bond ) , In its fiscal year ending in September 2011 , Apple Inc. reported a total of $108 billion in annual revenues — a significant increase from its 2010 revenues of $65 billion — and nearly $82 billion in The company's worldwide annual revenue in 2013 totaled $170 billion In May 2013 , Apple entered of companies for the first time , Apple amassed 65% of all profits made by the eight largest worldwide smartphone manufacturers in quarter one of 2014 , according to a report , Apple was the largest publicly traded corporation in On August 2, 2018 , Apple became Apple has created subsidiaries in low-tax places such as Ireland , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , and in the 1980s Apple was among the first tech companies to designate overseas salespeople in high-tax countries in a manner that allowed the company to sell on behalf of low-tax subsidiaries on other continents , research on October 30, 2012 , which of profit in the UK , but were paying an effective tax rate to the UK Treasury of only 3 percent , well He followed this research by calling of tax they pay on to the Department of the Treasury of the United States of America with an effective tax rate of In 2015 , Reuters reported of $54.4 billion which were untaxed by the IRS of the United States . On July 12, 2016 , the Central Statistics Office of The figures attracted international scorn , and Paul Krugman , as leprechaun economics . into a new Irish capital allowances for intangible assets tax scheme ( The affair required the Central Bank of Ireland to create a new measure of Irish economic growth , Modified GNI given the distortion of Apple's tax schemes . On August 30, 2016 , after a two-year investigation "illegal state aid " from Ireland . The EU ordered Apple to pay 13 billion euros ( $14.5 billion ) , plus interest , in unpaid Irish taxes
It is the largest tax fine in history The Commission found that Apple had benefited from a private Irish Revenue Commissioners tax ruling regarding its double Irish tax structure its double Irish structure , Apple was given a ruling to split ASI into " The role of chairman of in use ; notably , v. Microsoft " , "Motorola Mobility v. Apple Inc. defend itself against charges on Most have been dismissed in the courts as shell companies known as patent trolls , with no evidence of actual use of patents in question On December 21, 2016 , Nokia announced making privacy-conscious features and settings part of its conferences , promotional campaigns , With its iOS 8 mobile operating system in 2014 , iOS devices through users' passcodes , making the company to provide customer data to With the popularity rise of cloud storage solutions , Apple began a technique in 2016 to do deep learning scans for facial data in photos on the user's local device and It also introduced "differential privacy " crowdsourced data from many users , while With Apple's release of an update to all developers of iPhone , iPad , received heavy criticism from Facebook , whose primary business model revolves around the tracking of users' data and sharing such data with advertisers so users can Despite Facebook's measures , including purchasing released the update in mid-spring 2021 . Prior to the release of iOS at combating child sexual abuse material on iOS hashing would take place on media destined for upload to be compared to a list of known abusive images provided by law enforcement ; Apple is a partner of (PRODUCT)RED , a fundraising campaign for AIDS charity . Apple contributes financially to fundraisers in times of natural disasters . In November 2012 , it donated $2.5 million to the American Red Cross to aid relief efforts after Hurricane Sandy , and to relief efforts for both Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Harvey The company has also used its iTunes platform to encourage donations in the wake of environmental disasters and humanitarian crises , such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake , the 2011 Japan earthquake
November 2013 , and the 2015 European migrant crisis . On April 14, 2016 , Apple and they have engaged in a partnership life on our planet . " Apple released a special page in the iTunes App Store , Apps for Earth . In the arrangement , Apple has WWF will receive 100% of the proceeds from the applications participating in total proceeds to support WWF's conservation work . Apple has been criticized for Apple has also received criticism as China and Russia , It has been criticized for In 2018–19 , Apple faced criticism for its failure to approve NVIDIA web drivers for GPUs installed on legacy Mac Pro machines ( up to mid In June 2019 , Apple issued reports of batteries catching fire , the FTC held a workshop to In December 2019 , a report found In response , an Apple engineer said In January 2020 , US President Donald Trump and a Saudi national , Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani , who injured eight others in the Naval Air Station Pensacola . On March 16, 2020 , France fined The arrangement created aligned prices for Apple products such as iPads and personal computers On August 13, 2020 , Epic Games , its hugely popular video game was removed from Apple and Google’s App Store In September 2020 Epic Games founded the Coalition , which aims for better conditions for the inclusion of apps in Later in December 2020 , Facebook agreed to assist Epic in their legal game against Apple , planning materials and documents to Epic with the discovery of evidence relating to the trial of 2021 . In the months prior to their agreement with feuds against Apple relating to the prices of paid apps as expression as a human right ” , freedom of expression and information On November 19, 2020 , it was lawsuits stemming from their iPhone's battery problems and Apple continues to face litigation order to balance the functionality of the software with the impacts of a chemically aged battery In 2021 , Apple complied with a request by the Chinese government to
At the time , the Chinese regime was conducting a genocide against the mostly Muslim Uyghur ethnic group in the ban was part of a deal with the Chinese government , agreeing to In September 2021 , Apple removed It takes its name from the County of Aberdeen The Aberdeenshire Council area includes all of the area of the historic counties of Aberdeenshire and well as part of Banffshire Aberdeenshire Council is headquartered at Woodhill House whose headquarters are located outside its jurisdiction economically dependent upon the primary sector ( agriculture , fishing , and forestry ) and related processing industries . a rapid population growth of some 50% since 1975 Its land represents 8% of Scotland's overall territory including Longman Hill , Kempstone Hill , Stone circles and cairns were constructed The Picts were the next documented inhabitants of the area The Romans also were in the area during this period , as they a number of traditional paths that crossed ) through present-day Aberdeenshire from the Scottish Lowlands Macbeth fell at Lumphanan in such as House of Balliol I travelled across the area twice , in 1296 and 1303 In 1307 , Robert the Bruce was The Gordon family adhered to Catholicism and Aberdeenshire was the historic seat of the clan Dempster as the Rising of 1715 and of the ascendancy of Episcopalianism and on the Marquess of Montrose and the English Civil Wars . It was replaced by Grampian Regional Council Local government functions were shared between the two levels In 1996 , under the Local Government Moray and the City of Aberdeen were made The population of the council area has risen , representing 4.7% of Scotland's total Aberdeenshire is one of the most homogeneous/indigenous regions In 2011 , 82.2% of residents identified as 'White Scottish ' whilst ethnic minorities constitute only 0.9% of The largest ethnic minority group are Asian Scottish / British 2011 , the region as a whole in workplaces in Aberdeenshire in This is lower than the Scottish average of 2.6% on the 2010 figure . The majority of employees work within , education and health .
21.5% of the revenue is raised The council has devolved power to six area committees : Banff and Buchan ; Buchan ; Formartine ; Garioch ; Marr ; and in Aberdeenshire , including Cowie Water Muchalls , River Dee , River Don , River Ury , River Ythan , Water of Feugh , Burn portions of the coast , receiving in the summer and warmer in Aztlan Underground is a band from Los Angeles , Punk Rock , Jazz , and electronic music with Chicano and They have played rapcore , Los Angeles in the 1990s , Aztlan Underground Fox in 1993 ; and per view in 1998 , The band was featured in the independent films featured in various newspapers and magazines " , and the "Los Angeles Times" calendar section . and perform in France and Canada , Australia , and The band has been recognized for their music with nominations in the "New Times" 1998 "Best Latin Influenced" category other names ) was a civil war in the federal union , or "the North " ) and the Confederacy ( states The central cause of the war was the status Confederate forces seized federal forts within territory to avert conflict but failed after the first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln . of territory in eleven states ( During 1861–1862 in the war's Western Theater , To the west , the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy by the summer of 1862 , then By the end of the war , much of episodes in the history of the United States It remains the subject of cultural and historiographical debate Of particular interest is the persisting myth of , the ironclad warship , and mass-produced weapons In total the war left between 620,000 and 750,000 The Civil War remains the deadliest military conflict in American history The causes of secession were complex Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery to the territories were admitted as states , would give the North greater representation in Congress In his second inaugural address , Lincoln said
All knew that this interest was for which the insurgents would rend ; while the government claimed no right restrict the territorial enlargement of it . Slavery was the main cause of disunion The issue of slavery had confounded the nation since its inception , and increasingly separated the United States into a slaveholding South The issue was exacerbated by the rapid territorial expansion of the country , which repeatedly The issue had dominated politics for some Northern soldiers were even indifferent on the subject of slavery , but From the anti-slavery perspective , the issue was The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment slavery and thereby put it on a path to ultimate extinction . The slaveholding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their constitutional rights . due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears a repeat of 1804 Haiti massacre ( also the country's white population — including men , women , children , and — after the successful slave revolt in Haiti Historian Thomas Fleming points to the historical phrase " by critics of this idea and in the Jim Crow era following emancipation . One of the early Puritan writings on this subject by Samuel Sewall in 1700 . The American Revolution and the cause of liberty The Revolution changed that and made it into an issue that had shortly after the Revolution , the northern states dropped dramatically throughout the country . sailed through Congress with little opposition President Thomas Jefferson supported it , and it went into effect on , such as George Washington , The establishment of the Northwest Territory as "free soil Manasseh Cutler and Rufus Putnam ( who as Theodore Parker , Ralph Waldo Emerson , used the Puritan heritage of the country to The most radical anti-slavery newspaper , " The Liberator , to support the abolition of slavery for Truth and Right ... to spread the message to common folks By 1840 more than 15,000 people were members of abolitionist societies in the United States . Abolitionism in the United States became a popular expression
of moralism , and led In churches , conventions and newspapers , reformers promoted an absolute and immediate rejection split along political lines , forming or moral in origin . The Whig Party became increasingly opposed to slavery because they saw it slavery and free labor , and Manifest destiny heightened the conflict over slavery of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest . in the leadup to the war . As the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo finalized the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848 The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free-soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife ( 1858 ) , Oregon ( 1859 ) , and Kansas ( 1861 ) . In the Southern states , the question of Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion the question of slavery for the territories By 1860 , four doctrines had federal control in the territories , and for free soil and south for by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party , bind legislators to a policy of it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of The ill-fated Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 The Proviso was a pivotal moment in national politics Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the third doctrine : territorial or "popular" sovereignty The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine The fourth doctrine was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun . Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the federal union a means of advancing slave state interests through , the "Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of Federal power A long running dispute over the origin of the Civil War the Civil War was fought about states' rights in popular accounts of the war and has much traction among Southerners . Before the Civil War , the Southern states used slavery at the national level , with
often infringed on states' rights . Because of the overrepresentation of pro-slavery factions in the federal government , many Northerners , Some Northern states resisted the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act arouse greater opposition in the North . It overrode numerous state and local laws and legal procedures on the part of slaveholders , sensitivity to states’ rights . " According to historian Paul Finkelman " the southern states Sectionalism resulted from the different economies , social structure , customs , and political values of the North and South Regional tensions came to a head during the War of 1812 , resulting in the Hartford Convention , which manifested Northern dissatisfaction with , the Three-Fifths Compromise , dilution of Northern power by new states , and a succession the North , which phased slavery , urbanized , and built on plantation agriculture based on slave labor , together with subsistence agriculture for Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s , Northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while Southern planters demanded free trade . in the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s , and kept The Republicans called for an increase in The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats In 1860–61 none of the groups Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism , leaders in the North were , and they rejected any notion Republicans regarded disunion as treason The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession . Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North The election of Lincoln provoked the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention Before the war , South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance on December 20, 1860 , and adopted It argued for states' rights for
slave owners in the South , but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations Among the ordinances of secession passed three—Texas , Alabama , and of the "slaveholding states " at the hands The rest make no mention of the slavery issue the dissolution of ties by the legislatures , Mississippi , Georgia , lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession because of the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution These states agreed to form a new federal government , the Confederate States of America , on February 4, 1861 They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was of arms to compel a State As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House , Republicans were able to pass projects These included the Morrill Tariff , land grant colleges ( the Morrill Act ) , a Homestead Act , a transcontinental railroad ( the Pacific Railroad Acts ) United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862 , and the ending of slavery In December 1860 , the Crittenden Compromise was in territories to the north of have prevented the secession of the Southern states to that of the Crittenden compromise ; it was rejected by Congress On March 4, 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as president . In his inaugural address , he argued than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it He had no intent to invade that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property , including forts , arsenals , mints , and customhouses peaceful enforcement of Federal law , U.S. marshals No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana , Georgia , and North Carolina could be no serious injury to the South to justify the armed revolution during his administration the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents
were the actions of the new Secretary of this defeat , Seward only agreed Even in the early stages of Lincoln's presidency Seward still held little regard for the new chief executive therefore viewed himself as the "de facto" head of government or "prime minister " behind the throne of Lincoln . In this role , Seward attempted Fort Sumter is located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston , to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city . Lincoln told its commander , Major Robert Anderson Confederate president Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort Lincoln called on all the states to called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90 days In western Missouri , local secessionists seized On May 3, 1861 , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years . Shortly after this , Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , that had divided loyalties to Maryland's territory surrounded the United States' capital of Washington It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges , both aimed at hindering the passage of troops , but also rejected hostilities in Maryland , along with sending in militia units from the North Lincoln rapidly took control of of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on All were held without trial , ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney , a Maryland native , In Missouri , an elected convention on , it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon , who the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state for a time , it declared When Confederate forces entered the state in During a brief invasion by Confederate forces in 1861 , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention and gained recognition from the Confederacy After Virginia's secession , a Unionist government in on an ordinance to create a new state A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill Twenty-four secessionist counties were included in the new state , and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops
for much of the war . Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , the ferocity and frequency of battle Over four years , 237 named battles were in Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered In the first year of the war , both sides had far more volunteers than they on the cohort of young men who few were drafted and served The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 The U.S. Congress followed in July , When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect slaves were energetically recruited by the states and used to meet States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses Congress tightened the law in March 1863 Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army The draft riot in New York City in July 1863 swell the vote of the city's Democratic political machine , In both the North and South , In the North , some 120,000 men evaded that many Southern men had little investment in the outcome of the war , with of their local area than any grand ideal . From a tiny frontier force in 1860 , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world " within a few years At the start of the Civil War , Meanwhile , they were held in camps run by their army The system of exchanges collapsed in receive the Medal of Honor , The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865 , with 671 vessels , having a tonnage of 510,396 Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports , take control of the river system for a possible war with the British Royal Navy . Meanwhile , the main riverine war was fought in the West , where a series The U.S. Navy eventually gained control of the Red , Tennessee , Cumberland , Mississippi , and Ohio rivers The Civil War occurred during the early stages of
Many naval innovations emerged during this time , Only half of these saw active service Many were equipped with ram bows among Union squadrons wherever they threatened In addition to ocean-going warships coming timberclads , tinclads , and The Confederacy experimented with the submarine , , which was based on On its first foray , on March 8, 1862 , " Virginia " inflicted significant damage to the Union's wooden fleet , but challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay . The resulting three-hour Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw the Confederacy was forced to scuttle , while the Union built many copies build effective warships , the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Great Britain By early 1861 , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war Lincoln adopted parts of the plan , but he overruled Scott's caution In April 1861 , Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports ; commercial ships in 1861 before the blockade was , as the South could export The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton , especially New Orleans , Mobile , and military supplies and in desperate need of Arms manufactures in the industrial North were restricted of arms from going to from Britain through Bermuda , Cuba , and the Bahamas in Many of the ships were lightweight and designed for speed and The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war Surdam argues that the blockade was , at the cost of few lives ( although it was sold purchased ships in Britain , converted them to warships , and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans However , the same ships were reflagged demanded that Britain compensate them for the damage done by the raiders against the Union , this was recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America . In 1861 , Southerners voluntarily Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton , while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made went from a quarter of the British import trade
to the ending of slavery , and instead repeated legalistic arguments about Confederate representatives , on the other hand , instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic by building connections with the international press . for public opinion in Europe . U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain ( , , , and some others ) . War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the "Trent" affair , involving the U.S. Navy's boarding of the British ship issue diplomatic instructions to Lord Lyons during the United States Navy captured two Confederate envoys from a British ship As a result , the British response to In 1862 , the British government considered mediating between the Union and Confederacy risked war with the United States . The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce Washington repeatedly protested France's violation of Despite sympathy for the Confederacy , France's seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred it from war with the Union Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival The primary Confederate force in the Eastern theater was the Army of Northern Virginia The Army originated as the (Confederate) Army of the Potomac , which was organized on June 20, 1861 , from all operational forces On July 20 and 21 , the Army of the Shenandoah and forces from the District of Harpers Ferry Units from the Army of the Northwest were merged into the Army of the Potomac between March 14 The Army of the Potomac was renamed Lee's biographer , Douglas S. Freeman , asserts that the army received its final name from assuming command on June 1, 1862 . that Lee corresponded with Brigadier General Joseph E. Johnston , his predecessor in army command , before that date and referred to
the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as On July 4 at Harper's Ferry , the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way Also in the spring of 1862 , in ) in 48 days and won three Union armies ( 52,000 men ) , including those of Nathaniel P. Banks and reinforcing the Union offensive against Richmond . , but he was wounded of Bull Run , ended in made its first invasion of the North with across the Potomac River into Maryland on Lee's army checked at last , was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside . Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862 , when during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights . despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one , his Chancellorsville Campaign proved his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville Marye's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg , and then moved to Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North , Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg This was the bloodiest battle of the war Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats victories at Forts Henry ( February 6, 1862 of "Unconditional Surrender" Grant , by which At the Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing ) , Grant and the Union won a decisive victory One of the early Union objectives in the war to cut the Confederacy in half Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving Memphis fell to Union forces on for further advances south along the Mississippi River Bragg's second invasion of Kentucky in the Confederate Heartland Offensive at the Battle of Richmond and the capture of of Missouri , Arkansas , troops in Arkansas and Louisiana the Indian Territory and excluded the Army of The first battle of the Trans-Mississippi theater was the Battle
terrorized the countryside , striking both military installations , and unarmed uniformed soldiers . By 1864 , these violent activities harmed The Battle of Glorieta Pass was the decisive battle The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862 , and the exiled Arizona government In the Indian Territory , civil war broke About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy and After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863 , General Kirby Smith in Texas he could expect no further help from beat Union armies , he built " in Texas , including The Union , in turn , occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast ( Alabama , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , South Carolina well as the southern part of the Mississippi River ( Port Hudson and south ) One of the earliest battles of the war was fought at Port Royal Sound , , the Union military tried two approaches ; by land over James or of the land attacks was the Second Battle of Fort Wagner , in which the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target to New Orleans from the south . While part of the fleet bombarded the forts , other vessels forced a break near the forts and forced their surrender Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid siege to Port Hudson for nearly eight weeks , the longest siege in The Confederates attempted to defend with the Bayou Teche Campaign but surrendered after Vicksburg only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base gone to the support of secession strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions Grant's army set out on the Overland Campaign intending to draw Lee into a defense of Richmond , where they past Lee and fought several battles , notably at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor . These battles resulted in heavy losses on the south failed under Butler , who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river though , unlike those prior generals , Grant finally found a commander , prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864
Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. vice president and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer "River Queen " in Meanwhile , Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta , defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way The fall of Atlanta on September 2, 1864 , guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln base of supplies , Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination , laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his "March to He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah , Georgia , in December 1864 of freed slaves ; there were on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of " ) on April 1 . The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were Grant chased Lee and got in front of him so After an initial battle , Lee decided , and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865 , at the McLean House . In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of , Lee was permitted to On April 14, 1865 , President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth , a Confederate sympathizer Lincoln's vice president , Andrew Johnson , was Meanwhile , Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee's surrender killed Booth at a tobacco barn , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William Tecumseh Sherman at Bennett Place near On May 4 , all remaining Confederate forces in the insurrection on May 9, 1865 ; Confederate president , Jefferson Davis , was captured On June 2 , Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans-Mississippi Department . On June 23 , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became for its outcome , and even the name The national political power of the slaveowners and rich Southerners Most scholars , including James McPherson ,
that the cost of winning was hold vast stretches of enemy territory and supported a continuation of the war . by out-lasting Lincoln ; however , defeated McClellan in the election of 1864 , all hope for At that point , Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans , War Democrats , the border states , emancipated slaves , and the neutrality of Britain Some scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long-term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength " I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind However , most historians reject the argument of letters written by Confederate soldiers to the end ; they truly collapsing in 1864–65 , he Despite their loss of slaves and war , but the masses determined The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers The Confederate government failed in its attempt to Southern leaders needed to get European powers the Union had created around the Southern ports The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties ( 3 percent of the population ) , including about 620,000 soldier deaths — two-thirds by disease — and 50,000 civilians . looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of Based on 1860 census figures , 8 percent in the war , including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the Union death toll , they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle Losses among African Americans were high In the last year and a half and from all reported casualties , approximately 20 percent of all African Americans killed and died of wounds and 59,292 died of disease Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy In addition to many Confederate records being benefits , both armies only counted troops who died during their service died of wounds or diseases
Francis Amasa Walker , superintendent of the 1870 census to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths , for a total death toll of the death rate of men of Deaths among former slaves has proven due to the lack of reliable census data at the time , though they , as former slaves were set , or food for them Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , fewer than two thousand killed in battle , One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels , the end of the war for the Union army in lines in the open . was the central goal of the war . In contrast , the South saw While not all Southerners saw themselves as of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee's army had close family ties to slavery . To Northerners , in contrast slavery was the central factor of the conflict War Democrats , but energized most Republicans gains in the 1862 elections , but Slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended in each area when Union armies arrived The last Confederate slaves were freed on June 19, 1865 , celebrated as the modern holiday of Slaves in the border states and those The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African-Americans , both free blacks slaves , enslavement and emancipation enjoy wide support in the west , In 1861 , Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states , attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont ( in Missouri ) and David Hunter ( in South Carolina , Georgia and Florida Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type which was enacted by Congress When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation , Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before
" our last shriek on the retreat " Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in response Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862 , and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863 In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , that events have controlled me , Maryland , Delaware and West Virginia ) and Union-controlled regions around New Orleans , Norfolk and elsewhere own , except Kentucky and It caused much unrest in the Western states , where racist sentiments led to Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers , it only included of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty . The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of getting aid from Britain or The war had utterly devastated the South , and posed serious questions of The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South The income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that Reconstruction began during the war , with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 , and it It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve ) , the 14th guaranteeing citizenship to slaves 15th ensuring voting rights to slaves President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw in 1865 when each ex-rebel state repudiated Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of In 1872 , the "Liberal Republicans " They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 In 1874 , Democrats , of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction The Compromise of 1877 closed with The Civil War would have a huge impact on The Civil War is one of the central events The memory includes the home front , military affairs , the treatment of soldiers , in the war's aftermath , depictions of the war in literature and art villains , and considerations of Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war , than Military history has largely developed outside academia
, leading to a proliferation of the primary sources and pay close attention to battles and campaigns , and Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among The memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the "Lost Cause The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery ; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South ; the military conflict by any case , secession was said He also deems the Lost Cause " the facts of the matter " in The Lost Cause myth was formalized by Charles A. Beard The Beards downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg , Mill Springs and Chattanooga . battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 , but the oldest surviving monument is the Hazen Brigade Monument near Murfreesboro , Tennessee In the 1890s , the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department , beginning with the creation of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park in Tennessee and the Antietam National Battlefield in Maryland in 1890 . The Shiloh National Military Park was established in 1894 1895 and Vicksburg National Military Park in 1899 other national monuments were transferred to the jurisdiction with more than 130 battlefields in 24 states . The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls as " The Birth of a Nation " ( with the Wind " ( 1939 " ( 2012 ) . Numerous technological innovations during the Civil War had a great impact The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an "industrial war " , in achieve military supremacy in a war . , supplies and messages at It was also in this war Spencer rifle , Colt revolving rifle , Triplett & Scott
appeared during the Civil War ; they replace muzzle-loading and single-shot firearms in warfare . The Civil War is one of the most studied events in American history , and the collection August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987 ) was the visual art movement known as pop art . His works explore the relationship between artistic expression , advertising , and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s , and span a variety of media , including painting , silkscreening , photography , film , , Warhol initially pursued a successful career After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s , he began , drag queens , playwrights , Bohemian street people , Hollywood celebrities , and the widely used expression " 15 minutes of fame He authored numerous books , including He lived openly as a gay man In June 1968 , he was who shot him inside his studio numerous retrospective exhibitions , books , and The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city of Pittsburgh the largest museum in the United States dedicated to described Warhol as the "bellwether of is $105 million for a 1963 serigraph titled Warhol was born on August 6, 1928 Warhol's father emigrated to the United States in 1914 , and his mother joined In third grade , Warhol had causes involuntary movements of the extremities , a complication of scarlet fever which causes At times when he was and collected pictures of movie stars Warhol later described this period as As a teenager , Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945 , After graduating from high school , his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of Pittsburgh , where he studied He also served as art director of the student art magazine , "Cano " , illustrating a cover in 1948 These are believed to be Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design Warhol's early career was dedicated to commercial and advertising art to draw shoes for "Glamour" magazine Warhol developed his "blotted line" technique , applying
In 1952 , Warhol had his first solo show at the Hugo Gallery in New York 1956 , he was included in his first group exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art , Warhol habitually used the expedient of Using prints by Edward Wallowitch , undergo a subtle transformation during Warhol's often cursory tracing of contours and hatching of shadows In May 1962 , Warhol was to be shown in a museum the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford in July 1962 In November 1962 , Warhol has an exhibition at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery in New York " , " 100 Soup Cans " , " 100 Coke Bottles " , The Flavor Marilyns were selected from a group of fourteen canvases in the sub - Some of the canvases were named after various candy Life Savers flavors , including Cherry Marilyn In December 1962 , New York City's Museum of Warhol had his second exhibition at the Stable Gallery in the spring of 1964 , which featured For the exhibition , Warhol custom ordered wooden boxes and silkscreened graphics onto it — from the produce , by prominent pop artists of the time , His painting of a can of a Campbell's soup autographed can sold for 3 As an advertisement illustrator in the 1950s , Warhol used assistants to increase his working methods throughout his career ; this was particularly true in the 1960s on 47th Street ( later moved During the 1960s , Warhol also as writer John Giorno and film-maker Jack Smith , also appear in Warhol films ( 55th Street Playhouse ) of the 1960s , revealing Warhol's connections to a diverse range of and curator , at Warhol's studio Before the shooting , Solanas had the elimination of men ; and Earlier on the day of the attack , Solanas had been turned for the return of a script she Warhol was seriously wounded by He suffered physical effects for the rest By way of explanation , had too much control over my life " She was subsequently diagnosed with three years under the control of the Department of Corrections
Warhol had a retrospective exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art His famous portrait of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong was created In 1975 , he published Compared to the success and scandal He socialized at various nightspots in New York City , including Max's Kansas City and According to Bob Colacello , Warhol — including Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , his wife , Diana Ross , and Brigitte Bardot of critical and financial success in the 1980s , friendships with a number of prolific younger artists Jean-Michel Basquiat , Julian Schnabel , David Salle as members of the Transavantgarde movement in Warhol was also being criticized in Manhattan , which Warhol In hindsight , however , the most brilliant mirror of our times , " of American culture in the 1970s . Warhol also had an appreciation for Before the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics , he teamed with 15 other artists , including David Hockney and Cy Twombly , and contributed In 1984 , " Vanity Fair a portrait of Prince , in celebrated the success of "Purple Rain " a similar composition to the Marilyn "Flavors" series from 1962 , among some of Warhol's first celebrity portraits Prince is depicted in a pop color palette in bright orange with highlights of In September 1985 , Warhol's joint exhibition with was shown at the Leo Castelli Gallery . In January 1987 , Warhol traveled Warhol died in Manhattan at According to news reports , he gallbladder surgery at New York Hospital before dying His family sued the hospital for inadequate care Shortly before Warhol's death , doctors Pittsburgh , where an open-coffin wake was The solid bronze casket had gold-plated rails and white upholstery Warhol was dressed in a black cashmere suit , a paisley tie , a platinum wig , The funeral liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church The eulogy was given by Monsignor Peter Tay The coffin was covered with white roses At the grave , the priest said a brief prayer and sprinkled holy water on dropped a copy of the magazine ,
Warhol was buried next to By the beginning of the 1960s , pop art was , such as Roy Lichtenstein , famous as the "Pope of Pop - painted with paint drips . Those drips emulated the style of successful abstract expressionists ( such as Willem de Kooning ) Warhol's first pop art paintings were displayed in April 1961 , serving as the backdrop for On November 23, 1961 , Warhol wrote which , according to the 2009 Warhol biography of Warhol " , was the idea of the soup cans as subject matter From these beginnings , he developed more and more on a signature style his later drawings were traced from slide projections In 1979 , Warhol was a Group-4 race version of the then "elite supercar" BMW M1 for the fourth installment It was reported at the time Warhol has been described as Warhol's 1982 portrait of Basquiat , "Jean-Michel Basquiat " , is a silkscreen over After many years of silkscreen , oxidation , photography , etc painting with a brush in hand In 1983 , Warhol began collaborating with Basquiat and Clemente Warhol and Basquiat created a series In 1984 , Warhol was commissioned by collector and gallerist Alexander Iolas Leonardo da Vinci's "The Last Supper " for an exhibition at Milan , opposite from the Santa Maria delle with a set of 22 silk-screens , was the last exhibition for both the artist and wishy-washy, religiose " and "spiritless " Artist Maurizio Cattelan describes that it is difficult to separate daily encounters from the art of Andy Warhol : " The value of Andy Warhol's work has been on an endless upward trajectory since his death in In 2014 , his works accumulated $569 million at auction , which accounted for more than a sixth of the global art market The Warhol trade moves something like a seesaw is above the last one . " She attributes this to the consistent influx of new collectors intrigued by Warhol , a depiction of Marilyn Monroe , sold for $17.3 million , which the highest price paid for a Warhol artwork .
In 2007 , Stefan Edlis and 1964 ) to financier Steven A. Cohen for for $28 million at Christie's post-war and contemporary art auction . sold at a Sotheby's auction to a South American collector are held in museums . auction at Sotheby's for $37 million from 1986 that was owned In November 2010 , " Men in Her Life " ( 1962 ) , for $63.4 million at Phillips de Pury and ) " ( 1962 ) at Sotheby's for $105.4 million , In November 2013 , " Coca-Cola " " ( 3 ) for $57.3 million at Christie's . sold for $41 million at Christie's , which depicts Marlon Brando , sold for $69.6 million at Christie's 1963–65 , sold for $28 million Among Warhol's early collectors and influential supporters were , London ) and "A boy at the National Gallery of Art in Washington , Warhol attended the 1962 premiere of the static composition and subsequently created his famous series of , plus some 500 short black-and-white "screen test" portraits of Factory visitors One of his most famous films , " The 35-minute film " Blow Job " is one continuous shot of the face of DeVeren Bookwalter of footage of the Empire State Building in " Batman Dracula " is a 1964 film by Warhol , without the permission It was screened only at A fan of the "Batman" series , Warhol's movie Warhol's 1965 film "Vinyl " is an adaptation of Factory regulars such as Brigid Berlin , Viva , Edie Sedgwick , Candy Darling , Holly Woodlawn , Ondine , Nico , and Jackie Curtis . that it consisted of two 16 mm-films From the projection booth , the sound would while it was lowered for Warhol was a fan of filmmaker love in bed with Louis Waldon , another Warhol superstar — was Warhol's last film The film , a seminal film in the Golden Age of In the wake of the 1968 shooting , a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement in filmmaking His acolyte and assistant director , Paul Morrissey , took
steering Warhol-branded cinema towards more mainstream, narrative-based, B-movie exploitation fare with " , and "Heat " the later "Andy Warhol's Dracula " and "Andy Warhol's Frankenstein " than anything Warhol as a director had In the early 1970s , most of Warhol and the people around him After Warhol's death , the films were are occasionally projected at museums In the mid-1960s , Warhol adopted Warhol , with Paul Morrissey , acted as the band's manager , introducing them to Nico ( who would perform with the band at In 1966 , he " His actual participation in the album's production amounted to about the direction the band should take " Songs for Drella " He designed the cover art for The Rolling Stones' albums "Sticky Fingers " ( 1971 ) " The Academy in Peril " ( 1972 ) and "Honi Soit " in The original edition was limited to 190 numbered, hand-colored copies Most of these were given by Warhol as gifts to In 1980 , he told Warhol's assertion of virginity would seem in 1960 for condylomata , It has also been contradicted by his lovers , including Warhol muse BillyBoy had sex to orgasm : In fact when I was with him in public he Andy exuded it , along Warhol's lovers included John Giorno , Billy Name , Charles Lisanby , and Jon Gould and shaped his relationship to the art world is a major subject of scholarship on , in conversation with his contemporaries , and in his publications ( Throughout his career , Warhol produced erotic photography and drawings of male nudes Many of his most famous works ( portraits of Liza Minnelli , Judy Garland , and Elizabeth Taylor , and films , "My Hustler " and "Lonesome Cowboys or openly explore the complexity of a fine art gallery , homoerotic drawings of male nudes In " Popism " , furthermore , the artist recalls a conversation with the filmmaker Emile de Antonio about the difficulty De Antonio explained that Warhol was In response to this , In exploring Warhol's biography , many
and early 1960s — as a key moment in the development of his persona . He regularly volunteered at homeless shelters in New York City , particularly during the busier times of the year , and described himself as a religious person . Many of Warhol's later works depicted religious subjects , including two series , " Details of Renaissance Paintings " ( 1984 ) and "The Last Supper " ( 1986 During his life , Warhol regularly attended Liturgy , and the priest at Warhol's church , Saint Vincent Ferrer , going to Confession and sat or knelt in the pews at Warhol's brother has described the artist as Despite the private nature of his faith , in Warhol's eulogy John Richardson depicted it His friends referred to his numerous collections , Warhol's collections included a Coca-Cola memorabilia sign , and unpaid invoices , pizza dough , pornographic pulp novels , newspapers , stamps , supermarket flyers , and cookie jars , It also included significant works of art , such as George Bellows's "Miss Bentham One of his main collections was his wigs Warhol owned more than 40 and felt very protective of his hairpieces , which were sewn by a New York wig-maker from hair imported from Italy In 1985 , a girl snatched It was later discovered in the museum in Pittsburgh was a mummified human foot Andy Warhol also collected many books , with more than 1200 titles in his personal collection . Of these , 139 titles have been publicly identified through a 1988 Sotheby's Auction catalog , " The Andy Warhol Collection " and His book collection reflects his eclectic taste and interests In 2002 , the U.S. Postal Service issued Designed by Richard Sheaff of Scottsdale unveiled at a ceremony at The Andy Warhol Museum a few modest legacies to family members — would to the "advancement of the visual arts " In 1987 , in accordance with Warhol's will , the Andy Warhol Foundation for The Artists Rights Society is the U.S. copyright representative for the Andy Warhol Foundation works with the exception of Warhol film stills
The U.S. copyright representative for Warhol film stills is the Warhol Museum Additionally , the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has agreements in place for The Andy Warhol Foundation released its "20th Anniversary Annual Report " as . II , Grants & Exhibitions ; The Foundation is in the process of compiling its catalogue raisonné of paintings and He collaborated with others on all of his books ( some in the Warholian "Superstar " and the Warholian portrait After his death , Warhol was Julian Schnabel's film "Basquiat " ( 1996 ) Warhol appears as a character in Many films by avant-garde cineast Jonas Mekas have caught " a group of Andy Warhols are are ground into pavement . Warhol is throwing a party at The Factory in 1969 , where , for Christ sakes ! " ) is one of main characters of the 2012 British television show " Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy " In the 2017 feature " The Billionaire Boys Club" Cary Elwes portrays Warhol in a film based on the true story about Ron Levin ( portrayed by Kevin Spacey ) a friend of Warhol appeared as a recurring character in Warhol was portrayed by Evan Peters In early 1969 , Andy Warhol was in two television commercials to promote the luxury airline The campaign was created by the advertising agency Two additional commercials for Braniff were created and being greeted by a Braniff hostess Warhol was also featured in and were released in the summer of 1969 in 1967 for representation during that year , but at that time who was married to Braniff's chairman Lois succeeded Wells Rich Greene Agency on December 1, 1968 Alp Arslan ( honorific in Turkic , was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk , to south and northwest and his victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert , in 1071 , ushered Alp Arslan was the son of Chaghri and nephew of Tughril , He was the father of numerous children His wives included the widow of his uncle niece of Bagrat IV of Georgia
his vizier , Nizam al-Mulk ) . , whose son , Kutalmish , contested his nephew's succession to the sultanate . campaigns in the south against the Fatimids Upon Alp Arslan's return to Khorasan , he began his work in administration After the death of his father , Alp Arslan succeeded him as governor of Khorasan in 1059 . and had designated his successor as at the battle of Damghan in En route to fight the Fatimids in Syria in 1068 , person , met the invaders in In three arduous campaigns , the Turks were defeated in detail and driven across the Euphrates in 1070 . The first two campaigns were conducted by the emperor In 1071 , Romanos again took the field and advanced into Armenia with possibly 30,000 men , including as contingents of Franks and Normans , At Manzikert , on the Murat River , north of Lake Van , the two forces waged the Battle of Manzikert The Cuman mercenaries among the Byzantine forces immediately defected was betrayed by general Andronikos Doukas , of the Byzantine forces at a critical moment . While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly four more centuries , the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkmen ascendancy Alp Arslan's strength lay in the military realm . Domestic affairs were handled by his able vizier , Nizam al-Mulk , the founder of the sultanate during the reigns of Alp Arslan and his son , Malik Shah . accommodate the nomadic Turks to the established Anatolian agricultural scene . This type of military fiefdom enabled the nomadic Turks to draw on the resources of the sedentary Persians , Turks , and without depending on tribute from conquest to pay his soldiers . After Manzikert , the dominion of Alp Arslan extended over much of for the conquest of Turkestan , with safety , however , Alp Arslan gained the governor's submission by promising the rebel ‘perpetual ownership of his lands ’ . him , the Sultan ordered that before the archers could raise their bows himself at Alp Arslan , striking
One of his wives was Safariyya Khatun She had a daughter , Sifri Khatun , who in 1071–72 , Another of his wives was the daughter , and married her to of Quraish in 1086–7 . honors the heritage of the motion picture arts in by President and CEO , The American Film Institute was founded by a 1965 presidential mandate filmmakers , and honor the artists The institute established a training program for filmmakers the AFI Catalog of Feature Films — a scholarly source The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in AFI moved its presentation of first-run and auteur films In 1969 , the institute established in Beverly Hills , California . training in six filmmaking disciplines : cinematography , directing , editing , producing , production design , and "Broadcast News " , " Terms of Endearment of the AFI Conservatory where he provides , Robert Wise , and Frank Pierson of the AFI Conservatory for nine years . , the catalog consists of entries on more than 60,000 feature films and 17,000 short films produced 1998 to 2008 and created jury-selected lists of The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists , scholars , critics , and AFI Fest is the American Film Institute's annual celebration of artistic excellence It is a showcase for the best festival films together with audiences in the movie capital It is the only festival of its stature that is free to the public AFI Docs ( formerly Silverdocs ) is and cultural center located in Silver Spring The Directing Workshop for Women is a training program committed to an effort to increase the number of AFI released a set of hour-long programs Kurosawa entered the Japanese film industry in 1936 , following a brief stint as a painter After the war , the critically acclaimed "Drunken Angel " Western film markets for the first time to the products Kurosawa directed approximately one film per year " ( 1954 ) and "Yojimbo " ( 1961 ) In 1990 , he accepted Kurosawa was born on March 23, 1910 , in Ōimachi in the Ōmori district
, a member of a samurai family from Akita Prefecture , worked as the director In addition to promoting physical exercise films ; young Akira viewed his first movies Another major childhood influence was Heigo Kurosawa ( 1906-1933 In the aftermath of the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 , Heigo took the thirteen-year-old Akira away from the corpses of humans Heigo forbade him to do secure a place in Tokyo's foremost high school , from the rest of the family , In the late 1920s , Heigo became moved in with him , With Heigo's guidance , Akira devoured and working for the left-wing Proletarian Artists' League . With the increasing production of talking pictures in the early 1930s , film narrators like Heigo began to lose work , In July 1933 , Heigo committed Kurosawa has commented on the lasting sense his brother's death and the chapter of his autobiography In 1935 , the new film studio Photo Chemical Laboratories , known as P.C.L. ( which Although he had demonstrated no previous interest in film as a profession , Kurosawa submitted the required essay , which of Japanese films and find ways , who was among the examiners , took a liking to Kurosawa During his five years as an assistant director , Kurosawa worked under numerous directors , Of his 24 films as A.D. , he worked on 17 under Yamamoto , many of them as " Enoken " . Yamamoto nurtured Kurosawa's talent , promoting stage construction and film development to location scouting , script polishing , rehearsals , lighting , dubbing , editing , and frequently penned screenplays for other directors In the two years following the release of "Horse " in 1941 , Towards the end of 1942 , about a year after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , novelist Tsuneo Tomita He bought the book on its publication day , devoured it in one sitting , and immediately asked Toho within a few days , three other major Japanese studios also Shooting of "Sanshiro Sugata " began on location in Yokohama in The censorship office considered the work to be
the standards of wartime Japan , and of director Yasujirō Ozu , who championed He next turned to the subject of wartime female factory workers in " The Most Beautiful shot in a semi-documentary style in early 1944 To elicit realistic performances from his actresses , a real factory during the shoot , eat the leader of the factory workers , Yōko Yaguchi , was chosen by her colleagues to present their demands to the director at loggerheads , and it They married on May 21, 1945 , , and the couple would remain together until her death in 1985 was pressured by the studio against his will to direct a sequel to Kurosawa decided to write the script for a film that would be was completed in September 1945 . By this time , Japan had After the war , Kurosawa , influenced by the democratic ideals of the Occupation that would establish a new respect towards The first such film , " No Regrets for Our Youth " by both the 1933 Takigawa incident and the Hotsumi Ozaki wartime spy case , criticized Japan's prewar regime for its political oppression . Atypically for the director , the heroic central character question her values in a time of its controversial theme and gender of its protagonist in July 1947 to mixed reviews . It is a relatively uncomplicated and sentimental love story dealing with within the devastation of postwar Tokyo , The movie bears the influence of Frank Capra , D. W. Griffith and F. W. Murnau , It marked the debut of the intense young actor Toshiro Mifune American censorship , Kurosawa felt that this was the first film in which who tries to save a gangster ( yakuza ) with tuberculosis as the protagonist in " Drunken Angel shifted the focus from the title character , want to smother the young actor's immense vitality , and Mifune's rebellious character electrified audiences in for Daiei studios , Kurosawa turned to a contemporary play by Kazuo Kikuta and , together with Taniguchi , adapted it for the screen . as an idealistic young doctor struggling with syphilis
produced by Film Art Association and released It is a detective movie ( perhaps the first important Japanese film in that genre ) that explores the mood of Japan during its painful postwar recovery through the story of a young detective , his fixation on the recovery of his handgun Adapted from an unpublished novel by Kurosawa in the style of a favorite writer of his, Georges Simenon , it was the director's first collaboration with screenwriter Ryuzo Kikushima , who would as an impoverished veteran , wandering the streets in search of the gun thief ; it employed actual documentary footage of war-ravaged Tokyo neighborhoods , the future director of "Godzilla " The work is an ambitious mixture of courtroom drama and social problem film about free speech and Kurosawa was approached by Daiei studios to make another film for them Kurosawa picked a script by an aspiring young screenwriter Their first joint effort was based on Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's experimental short story " In a Grove " , which recounts the murder of a samurai and the rape of his wife from The shooting of "Rashomon " began after extensive location work in the primeval forest of Nara , wrapped on August 17 Just one week was spent in hurried post a studio fire , and the finished film premiered at Tokyo's Imperial Theatre on August 25 , Kurosawa's next film , for Shochiku , an adaptation of the novel by the director's favorite writer The story is relocated from Russia to Hokkaido , but otherwise adheres A studio-mandated edit shortened it from Kurosawa's original cut of 265 minutes to just 166 minutes , been entered in the Venice Film Festival , due to the efforts of Giuliana Stramigioli , a Japan-based representative of an Italian film company , of the film in Los Angeles , RKO purchased distribution rights to "Rashomon The company was taking a considerable gamble . in the American market , and the only previous Japanese talkie Be Like a Rose " , This success in turn led to a vogue in America and the West
for Japanese movies throughout the 1950s , replacing the enthusiasm for Italian neorealist cinema . released in Japan , the United States , and most of Europe festival prizes and commercial release in the West " , " Ugetsu " , " Sansho the Bailiff " ) and , somewhat later, Yasujirō Ozu ( "Tokyo Story " his original film studio , Toho ( which The movie stars Takashi Shimura as a cancer-ridden Tokyo bureaucrat , Watanabe , on a final quest for meaning before his death . For the screenplay , Kurosawa brought Despite the work's grim subject matter , the screenwriters took compared to the work of Brecht , to both the bureaucratic world of its hero and the U.S. cultural colonization of Japan . ( American pop songs figure prominently in the picture from the kind of sentimentality common to dramas about characters October 1952 to rave reviews — In December 1952 , Kurosawa took , for a forty-five-day secluded residence at an inn to create the screenplay for his next movie The ensemble work was Kurosawa's first proper samurai film , the genre for which he would become Three months were spent in pre The film finally opened in April 1954, half a year over budget , making it , it was a quite modestly budgeted production , The film received positive critical reaction and became Over time — and with the theatrical and home video releases of the uncut version — its reputation It is now regarded by , and in 1979 , In 1954 , nuclear tests in had exposed a Japanese fishing boat to nuclear fallout It is in this anxious atmosphere that The story concerned an elderly factory owner ( Toshiro Mifune died ( of tuberculosis ) at the age of 41 . The film's score was finished by Hayasaka's student opened in November 1955 to mixed reviews to lose money during its original theatrical run Kurosawa's next project , " Throne of Blood " , an adaptation of William Shakespeare's " " , in the Sengoku Era — represented an ambitious transposition of the English work into
Kurosawa instructed his leading actress , Isuzu Yamada the players , particularly Yamada , draws heavily on the stylized techniques of the Noh theater It was filmed in 1956 and released in January 1957 to a play by Maxim Gorky , taking In contrast to the Shakespearean sweep of The Lower Depths " was shot on emphasize the restricted nature of the characters' lives . this adaptation of Russian material to a completely Japanese setting — in this case , the late Edo period — unlike his earlier "The Idiot " , The film premiered in September 1957 , , with the possibility of redemption Throne of Blood " and "The Lower Depths " He recognized this , and deliberately aimed for a more light-hearted and entertaining film for The resulting film , " The Hidden Fortress " , is an action-adventure comedy-drama about a medieval princess enemy lines in order to reach The Hidden Fortress " became an enormous box office success in in scope and so had Despite risking his own money , Kurosawa directly critical of the Japanese business and political elites than on a script by Kurosawa's nephew Mike Inoue , is a revenge drama about a young man the hierarchy of a corrupt Japanese company with the intention the film was in production , the massive Anpo protests were held against the new U.S.–Japan Security treaty The film opened in September 1960 to regarded as one of Kurosawa's most skillfully executed set pieces on a masterless samurai , Sanjuro , The director used this work to play Some commentators have seen the Sanjuro character in reverses the historical triumph of the corrupt merchant class over Featuring Tatsuya Nakadai in his first major role in a Kurosawa movie , and with innovative photography by Kazuo Miyagawa ( who shot , the film premiered in April 1961 Following the success of "Yojimbo " , Kurosawa found himself under pressure from Toho to create include the hero of his previous film . adapted from the work of the writer It is lighter in tone and closer to a conventional period film than
of a power struggle within a samurai clan is Kurosawa had meanwhile instructed Toho screenwriter Evan Hunter , under his pseudonym of Ed McBain , as one of The director intended to create a work considered one of the very worst crimes . shot during the latter half of 1962 and released It broke Kurosawa's box office record ( the third film the year , and won glowing reviews the film was blamed for a wave of kidnappings which occurred in Japan about this time ( he his young daughter , Kazuko ) . Based on a short story collection by Shūgorō Yamamoto and incorporating elements from Dostoyevsky's novel " The Insulted and Injured " , it A conceited and materialistic, foreign-trained young doctor , Yasumoto , is the clinic under the stern tutelage of Doctor Niide , known as "Akahige " , was an extremely popular film and music star at the time , particularly for his "Young Guy " ("Wakadaishō") series of musical comedies and wrapped in spring 1965 , It remains one of Kurosawa's best-known and most-loved works Outside Japan , critics have The film marked something of an end of an era for its creator . the time of its release , telling Beginning in the late 1950s , television During his previous twenty-nine years in the film industry ( which includes his five years as assistant director , for many and complex reasons , he on " The Lower Depths " , the two men on the set , " Mr. Kurosawa's heart was in Mr. Mifune's body . to an end in 1966 , the 56-year-old director was seriously contemplating change For his first foreign project , Kurosawa chose in English and called simply "Runaway Train by 20th Century Fox and Kurosawa Production , would be a portrayal of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor from both the American and the Japanese points of view , with the script with Ryuzo Kikushima and Hideo Oguni that Kurosawa's script ran over four hours Shooting began in early December , He struggled to work with an unfamiliar crew and the requirements of a Hollywood production
, while his working methods puzzled his American producers Kurosawa was examined at Kyoto University Hospital , whose diagnosis was forwarded to Darryl Zanuck and Richard Zanuck at Fox studios suffering from disturbance of sleep , agitated with feelings of to have rest and medical treatment On Christmas Eve 1968 , the Americans announced that Kurosawa had left the production released to unenthusiastic reviews in September 1970 He had spent years of his life on a logistically nightmarish project to which a foot of film shot by from the credits , though the script He became estranged from his longtime collaborator The project had inadvertently exposed corruption His very sanity had been called into famed directors Keisuke Kinoshita , Masaki Kobayashi and Kon Ichikawa by Kurosawa's standards ) in about nine weeks For his first work in color , the dynamic editing and complex compositions of his earlier pictures were set on the creation of a bold, almost surreal palette of It was released in Japan in October 1970 , but though The picture lost money and caused After struggling through the production of "Dodesukaden " , Kurosawa turned in his career with "Song of the Horse , " a documentary about thoroughbred race horses . narrated by a fictional man and a child It is the only documentary in Kurosawa's filmography , who composed the music . Unable to secure funding for the breaking point : on December 22, 1971 , he slit his wrists and throat Kurosawa proposed an adaptation of Russian explorer Vladimir Arsenyev's autobiographical work "Dersu Uzala lives in harmony with nature In December 1973 , the 63-year-old Kurosawa set off for the Soviet Union with four of his closest aides , beginning a year-and-a-half stay Shooting began in May 1974 in and his family in June . premiere in Japan on August 2, 1975 at the 9th Moscow International Film Festival , as well submitted to him , he to appear in a series of television ads for Suntory whiskey , which In 1977 , American director George Lucas released Lucas , like many other New Hollywood directors ,
in July 1978 to discuss the project : "Kagemusha " , the epic story of a thief hired as the double of a medieval Japanese lord of a great clan . Production began the following April , with was plagued with problems , Shintaro Katsu — creator of the very popular Zatoichi character ( He was replaced by of two consecutive leading roles in a Kurosawa movie . schedule and opened in Tokyo , winning the coveted Palme d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival in May , though some critics have faulted the film for its alleged coldness The international success of "Kagemusha " allowed Kurosawa to proceed with his next project , " Ran " , " ( warlord ) , ever made in the country , French producer Serge Silberman , who had produced In January 1985 , production of She died on February 1 . the Tokyo Film Festival on May 31 , with " Ran " won several awards in Japan , but was the selection of "Ran " in favor of another film as its official entry the Best Foreign Film category , which was ultimately rejected for competition at the 58th Academy Awards " for competition to a misunderstanding " qualified as a "Japanese" film , ) , or both , ( Sydney Pollack ultimately won the award For his next movie , Kurosawa chose for example , "Drunken Angel " back one of his productions , , Steven Spielberg , who convinced Warner Bros. to buy the international rights to Kurosawa's son , Hisao , as Japan that would cover the film's production costs at Cannes in May 1990 to a polite but muted reception , similar to the reaction In 1990 , he accepted In his acceptance speech , he famously Kurosawa now turned to a more conventional story the scars of the nuclear bombing which destroyed Nagasaki at the very end of World War II It was adapted from a Kiyoko Murata novel , but the film's references to the Nagasaki bombing a role for an American movie star : Richard Gere
, who plays a small role as onto his next project : "Madadayo " Based on autobiographical essays by Hyakken Uchida , the film follows the life of a Japanese professor of German through the Second World War The narrative centers on yearly birthday celebrations with his former students , during which the protagonist declares Filming began in February 1992 and After the Rain " in 1995 . in 1995 , Kurosawa slipped and broke the base of his spine Following the accident , he would use a wheelchair for the rest of his life , putting an end to any hopes of him directing another film After his accident , Kurosawa's health began of his life , the director was listening to music and watching On September 6, 1998 , Kurosawa died of a stroke in Setagaya , Tokyo , at the age of 88 . At the time of his death , Kurosawa had two children , his son , along with several grandchildren . as a film-maker , he also worked in theater and television , and wrote books . from it ; he was involved with all aspects of film production He was a gifted screenwriter and worked He frequently served as editor Kurosawa's style is marked by a number of devices and techniques . , he frequently employs the "axial cut the subject through a series of matched jump cuts the motion on the screen in two or more shots In the film's soundtrack , Kurosawa favored Teruyo Nogami's memoir gives several such examples from " Drunken Angel " and "Stray Dog " Kurosawa employed a number of recurring themes in his films : the master-disciple relationship between a usually older mentor and one or more novices , self-mastery ; the heroic champion , the exceptional individual who emerges from the mass of extremes of weather as both dramatic devices and symbols of human passion ; and the recurrence of cycles of Kenji Mizoguchi , the acclaimed director of "Ugetsu " ( 1953 ) and "Sansho the Bailiff " ( 1954 ) After the mid-1950s , some critics of
In Japan , some critics and They viewed him to center his effort and attention on exceptional or heroic characters In her D.V.D. commentary on " Seven Samurai certain shots of the samurai characters Kambei and Kyuzo for this point of view . These Japanese critics argued that Kurosawa was In an interview with Mellen , Kurosawa defended himself , saying From the early 1950s , Kurosawa was also charged with catering to , who was noted for his critical reaction to Kurosawa's work , accused Kurosawa of pandering to Western beliefs Ingmar Bergman called his own film " The Virgin Spring " a "touristic... lousy imitation of Kurosawa " , and added , " At that time my admiration for the Japanese cinema Federico Fellini considered Kurosawa to be on consecutive days , and wondered of a director's command over every aspect of Roman Polanski considered Kurosawa to be Orson Welles , and picked " " and "The Hidden Fortress " for Bernardo Bertolucci considered Kurosawa's influence to be Andrei Tarkovsky cited Kurosawa as one " as one of his ten favorite films Sidney Lumet called Kurosawa the "Beethoven of movie directors Werner Herzog reflected on film-makers with Griffith - especially his "Birth of a Nation , Buñuel , Kurosawa and Eisenstein ’s "Ivan the Terrible " ... all come to mind .... Over Asia " and Dovzhenko as " Rashomon " ; , and he uses space According to an assistant , Stanley Kubrick one of the great film directors " and spoke of him " consistently the sequence of frames of the sun on his unfilmed screenplays have been produced released in 1999 , and of the Four Knights " ) (Kurosawa , Keisuke Kinoshita , Masaki Kobayashi , Huayi Brothers Media and CKF Pictures in China produce a film of Kurosawa's posthumous screenplay of " The Masque of the Red Death " by Edgar Allan Poe In September 2011 , it was of Kurosawa's movies and unproduced screenplays were of the aspects of Kurosawa's legacy . The director's son , Hisao Kurosawa , is Its American subsidiary , Kurosawa Enterprises , is
Rights to Kurosawa's works were then held by Kurosawa Production and the film studios These rights were then assigned to Kurosawa Production works closely with the Akira Kurosawa Foundation In 1981 , the Kurosawa Film Studio was scanned screenplays , photos and news articles through the Akira Kurosawa Digital Archive , a Japanese proprietary website maintained by Ryukoku University Digital Archives Research Center in collaboration with Anaheim University's Akira Kurosawa School of Film was launched in spring 2009 with the backing of Kurosawa Production . Two film awards have also been named Kurosawa is often cited as one of the greatest film-makers of all time In 1999 , he was " in the "Arts, Literature, and Culture" category by "AsianWeek" magazine Asia in the past 100 years " . In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Kurosawa's birth in 2010 , a project Anaheim University in cooperation with the Kurosawa Family established the Anaheim University Akira Kurosawa School of Film to offer online and blended learning programs on Akira Kurosawa and Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Africa , concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River , situated in the place Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced ) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes ( often identified Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom , ruling much of Nubia and a sizable portion of the Near East , after which it entered a period of slow decline . During the course of its history Egypt a number of foreign powers , including the Hyksos , the Libyans , the Nubians , the Assyrians , the Achaemenid Persians , and the Macedonians under the command of The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions , the early development of an independent writing system , the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects , trade with surrounding regions ,
The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids , temples , and obelisks ; a system of mathematics , and agricultural production techniques , the first known planked boats , of literature , and the earliest known peace treaty , made with the Hittites . Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy . off to far corners of the world Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for millennia its region for much of human history through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago Large regions of Egypt were covered the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry , and identifiable by their pottery and , bracelets , and beads The Badari was followed by the Naqada culture : the Amratian (Naqada I ) , the Gerzeh ( Naqada II ) , and Semainean ( Naqada III ) . These brought a number of technological improvements As early as the Naqada I Period , predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia and other objects from flakes . In Naqada II times , early evidence exists of contact with the Near East , Over a period of about 1,000 years , the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of Establishing a power center at Nekhen ( in Greek , Hierakonpolis ) , Naqada III leaders expanded their control of The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods wealth of the elite , as combs , small statuary , painted pottery , high quality decorative stone vases , cosmetic palettes , and jewelry made of gold , lapis , and ivory as faience , which was The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia and of kings from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties , a system still The transition to a unified state happened more
, " in a symbolic act of In the Early Dynastic Period , which began the Dynastic kings solidified control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis control the labour force and agriculture of the fertile delta region , as well as during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos celebrate the deified king after his death . With the rising importance of central administration in Egypt , a new class of educated scribes Kings also made land grants to to worship the king after his death As the power of the kings diminished to challenge the supremacy of the office After Egypt's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom , the administration could the king for help in times of crisis , and the ensuing food shortages and political disputes escalated into famines , owing no tribute to the king Once in control of their own resources , the provinces became economically richer Free from their loyalties to the king By 2160BC , rulers in Herakleopolis controlled Lower Egypt in the north control of Upper Egypt in the south As the Intefs grew in power a clash between the two rival dynasties became inevitable Around 2055BC the northern Theban forces under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II The kings of the Middle Kingdom restored the country's stability a resurgence of art , literature Mentuhotep II and his Eleventh Dynasty successors ruled from upon assuming the kingship at the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty around 1985BC , shifted the kingdom's capital to the city of Itjtawy , From Itjtawy , the kings of vast agricultural and mineral wealth at their disposal , the nation's population In contrast to elitist Old Kingdom attitudes towards the gods , the Middle Kingdom displayed an increase in expressions of personal piety . Middle Kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes and characters The last great ruler of the Middle Kingdom , Amenemhat III with severe Nile floods later in his reign the slow decline into the Second Intermediate Period during the later Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties
Around 1785BC , as the power seized control of Egypt and established their capital at Avaris , The king was treated as a vassal and expected to pay tribute of government and identified as the Kushites , to the south . After years of vassalage , Thebes gathered enough strength to challenge the Hyksos in a conflict that lasted more than 30 years , until 1555BC . to the south of Egypt , but failed to defeat the Hyksos That task fell to Kamose's successor , eradicated the Hyksos' presence in Egypt . The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbours , including the Mitanni Empire , Assyria , and of the pharaohs to the largest empire Egypt Between their reigns , Hatshepsut , including the restoration of temples damaged The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large-scale building campaign to promote Around 1350BC , the stability of ascended the throne and instituted a series Changing his name to Akhenaten , most other deities , and moved the capital to the new city of Akhetaten ( He was devoted to his new religion After his death , the cult of Around 1279BC , Ramesses II , , and sire more children than invasion , particularly by the Libyan Berbers to the west , and the Sea Peoples , a conjectured confederation of seafarers from to repel these invasions , but its remaining territories in southern Canaan , much of it falling to the Assyrians The effects of external threats were exacerbated , tomb robbery , and civil unrest Following the death of Ramesses XI in 1078BC , Smendes assumed authority over the northern part of Egypt , ruling from the city of Tanis The south was effectively controlled by the High Priests of Amun at Thebes , who recognized Smendes in During this time , Libyans had and chieftains of these settlers began Libyan princes took control of the delta under Shoshenq I in 945BC Shoshenq also gained control of southern Egypt by placing his family members in , which established the 25th Dynasty .
During the 25th Dynasty , Pharaoh Taharqa created , temples and monuments throughout the Nile valley , including at Memphis , Karnak , Kawa , Egypt's far-reaching prestige declined considerably toward the end of Its foreign allies had fallen under the Assyrian sphere of influence , and by The reigns of both Taharqa and his successor , Tanutamun , were filled with constant conflict with the Assyrians , against whom Egypt enjoyed several victories The Assyrians left control of Egypt to a series of vassals who became known as the Saite kings of to oust the Assyrians with the help of Greek mercenaries , who were Sais witnessed a brief but spirited resurgence in the economy of Egypt , eventually capturing Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh , but ruled Egypt from Iran , leaving Egypt under the control of a satrap . Following its annexation by Persia , Egypt was joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of This first period of Persian rule over Egypt , also known as the Twenty-Seventh Dynasty when Egypt regained independence under In 332BC , Alexander the Great conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer the Macedonian Ptolemaic Kingdom , was based on an Egyptian model and based in the new capital city The city showcased the power and prestige of Hellenistic rule , and became a seat of learning and culture , centered at the famous Library of Hellenistic culture did not supplant native Egyptian culture , as the Ptolemies supported time-honored traditions in an effort to secure the loyalty portrayed themselves as pharaohs . were syncretized into composite deities , Despite their efforts to appease the Egyptians , the Ptolemies were challenged by after the death of Ptolemy IV . In addition , as Rome of grain from Egypt , heavy taxes , and prevented attacks by bandits , which had Although the Romans had a more hostile attitude than From the mid-first century AD , Christianity took was originally seen as another cult that sought to win converts
from the pagan Egyptian and Greco-Roman religions This led to the persecution of converts to Christianity , culminating in the great purges of Diocletian starting in 303 , but eventually Alexandria became the scene of great anti-pagan riots As a consequence , Egypt's native religious culture was of the Egyptian temple priests and priestesses diminished In the fourth century , as the Roman Empire The king was the supreme military commander and head of the government , who relied At a regional level , the country was who was accountable to the vizier The temples formed the backbone of the economy Much of the economy was centrally , with standard sacks of grain Workers were paid in grain ( 200 kg or 400 lb ) Grain could be traded for introduced into Egypt from abroad Farmers made up the bulk of the population , but agricultural produce was Farmers were also subject to work on irrigation or construction projects in a corvée system Artists and craftsmen were of higher status than farmers , but to the temples and paid directly Scribes and officials formed the upper class physicians , and engineers with as indentured servants , they were freedom or nobility , and Both men and women had the right , and pursue legal disputes in and protect themselves from divorce by agreeing to marriage contracts , which stipulated the financial obligations of the husband Compared with their counterparts in ancient Greece , Rome , and even more modern places , and opportunities for achievement while others wielded power as justice , and maintaining law based on a common-sense view of right than strictly adhering to a complicated set as "Kenbet " in the New Kingdom to the "Great Kenbet " , over Plaintiffs and defendants were expected In some cases , the state took to obtain a confession and the names Punishment for minor crimes involved either imposition of fines , beatings , facial mutilation , or exile , depending on the severity of the offense , drowning , or impaling Punishment could also be extended Beginning in the New Kingdom , oracles
played a major role in the legal system , dispensing justice in both civil and criminal cases . A combination of favorable geographical features contributed to the rich fertile soil resulting from annual inundations of produce an abundance of food , and resources to cultural, technological, and artistic pursuits . Land management was crucial in ancient Egypt because taxes were assessed based Farming in Egypt was dependent on the cycle of the Nile River . The Egyptians recognized three seasons : "Akhet " ( flooding ) , , and "Shemu " ( in the fields , which were irrigated with ditches and canals farmers relied on the Nile to From March to May , farmers used sickles to harvest The ancient Egyptians cultivated emmer and barley make the two main food staples of bread and for the fibers of their stems . These fibers were split along their length and spun into thread , Vegetables and fruits were grown in garden plots , close to of the cosmic order ; thus humans of spirituality , companionship , and sustenance to the ancient Egyptians . collected taxes on livestock in of the estate or temple that In addition to cattle , the ancient Egyptians kept sheep , goats , geese , and pigeons , were captured in nets and bred on farms , The Nile provided a plentiful source of fish The ancient Egyptians used donkeys and oxen as beasts of burden , The slaughter of a fattened ox was also Horses were introduced by the Hyksos as beasts of burden until Africa , such as Sub-Saharan African lions Herodotus observed that the Egyptians were Egypt is rich in building These natural resources allowed the ancient Egyptians to build Embalmers used salts from the Wadi Natrun for mummification , which also Ore-bearing rock formations were found in distant, inhospitable wadis in the Eastern Desert and the Sinai , There were extensive gold mines in Nubia , and one of the first maps The Wadi Hammamat was a notable source of granite , greywacke , and gold evidence of habitation in the Nile valley
Nodules of the mineral were carefully arrowheads of moderate hardness and durability The Egyptians worked deposits of the lead ore galena at Gebel Rosas to make net sinkers , plumb bobs , and small figurines in ancient Egypt and was smelted in furnaces from malachite ore mined Workers collected gold by washing alluvial deposits , or by the more labor-intensive process along the Nile valley , granite from sandstone from the wadis of the Eastern Desert porphyry , greywacke , alabaster The ancient Egyptians engaged in trade with In the Predynastic Period , they established trade with Nubia to obtain They also established trade with Palestinian-style oil jugs found in the burials of By the Second Dynasty at latest, ancient Egyptian trade with Byblos By the Fifth Dynasty , trade with , ebony , ivory , Egypt relied on trade with Anatolia for essential quantities of tin as well as supplementary supplies of for the manufacture of bronze . The ancient Egyptians prized the blue stone lapis lazuli , which to the Berber and Semitic languages . It has the second longest known history of any language ( after Sumerian ) , to the Middle Ages and remaining as The phases of ancient Egyptian are Old Egyptian , Middle Egyptian ( Classical Egyptian ) , Late Egyptian , Demotic and Late Egyptian developed prefixal definite and indefinite articles , which There was a change from the older verb It has three long and three short vowels , which expanded in Late Egyptian to about nine to Semitic and Berber , is a triliteral or biliteral root of consonants and Suffixes are added to form The verb conjugation corresponds to the person . For example , the triconsonantal skeleton is Adjectives are derived from nouns The word order is in verbal and adjectival sentences , The subject can be moved to the beginning of sentences if it Verbs and nouns are negated is used for adverbial and adjectival sentences . Hieroglyphic writing dates from c. 3000BC , and is composed of hundreds of A hieroglyph can represent a word , a sound , or a silent determinative ;
on stone monuments and in tombs detailed as individual works of art In day-to-day writing , scribes used While formal hieroglyphs may be read in rows or columns in from right to left ) , hieratic was always written to be used alongside the Demotic script knowledge of hieroglyphic writing was mostly Writing first appeared in association with kingship on labels and It was primarily an occupation of Some of the best-known pieces of ancient Egyptian literature were written in Classical Egyptian , of writing until about 1300BC . During this period , the tradition of the Westcar Papyrus , a set of stories The Instruction of Amenemope is considered Towards the end of the New Kingdom , to write popular pieces like the Story of Wenamun and the Instruction of Any . on his way to buy cedar from Lebanon and of his struggle the popular Instructions of Onchsheshonqy , as well as personal and business documents were written in the demotic script and phase of Egyptian . Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to , and were constructed of , which contained a grindstone for Ceramics served as household wares for The ancient Egyptians placed a great value on hygiene Men shaved their entire bodies for cleanliness ; perfumes and aromatic ointments covered Children went without clothing until for those who could afford Early instruments included flutes and harps trumpets , oboes , and In the New Kingdom , the Egyptians played on bells , cymbals , tambourines , drums , and imported lutes and lyres from Asia The ancient Egyptians enjoyed a variety of leisure activities ; another similar game was mehen , as 58 holes is another example of board games played in ancient Egypt . with children , and wrestling is also documented in a tomb of modern Egypt retains some striking similarities to such as onions and garlic Wine and meat were enjoyed The architecture of ancient Egypt includes some of the most famous structures in the world : such as mudbricks and wood Peasants lived in simple homes , such as those in Malkata
and floors with scenes of people , birds , water pools , deities and geometric designs . at Giza , consist of single, enclosed halls with roof slabs supported by In the New Kingdom , architects added the enclosed hypostyle hall to the front of the temple's sanctuary The earliest and most popular tomb architecture in the Old Kingdom was the mastaba The step pyramid of Djoser is a series of stone mastabas stacked on top For over 3500 years , artists adhered , and flat areas of color combined with the characteristic flat projection of figures with no indication of spatial depth — created a sense of order and interwoven on tomb and temple walls be read as hieroglyphs . or charcoal ( black ) Pharaohs used reliefs to record victories in battle , royal decrees Common citizens had access to pieces would protect them in the afterlife Despite the homogeneity of ancient Egyptian art , the styles of particular times and places from its inception ; pharaonic rule was to be appeased with offerings The structure of this pantheon changed continually as new deities were promoted in the hierarchy , but priests made Gods were worshiped in cult temples At the center of the temple was public worship or congregation , and Normally , the god's domain was sealed only accessible to temple officials . Common citizens could worship private statues in their homes , and amulets offered protection against the forces of chaos as religious customs shifted to direct worship composed of physical and spiritual parts or "aspects In addition to the body , each person had a "šwt " ( a "ka" (life-force ) , and a "name After death , the spiritual aspects were move at will , but to rejoin his "ka " and which the heart was weighed against a "feather of truth . " could continue their existence on earth The ancient Egyptians maintained an elaborate set of burial customs to ensure immortality after death mummification , performing burial ceremonies , in desert pits were naturally preserved throughout the history of ancient Egypt for
dead in stone tombs and use linen , and burying it in a rectangular stone sarcophagus or wooden coffin . By the New Kingdom , the ancient Egyptians had perfected the art of mummification ; the best technique took 70 days and involved through the nose , and desiccating the body in a mixture of salts The body was then wrapped in linen with protective amulets inserted between layers and placed in a decorated anthropoid coffin Mummies of the Late Period were also Wealthy Egyptians were buried with larger quantities , regardless of social status , perform manual labor for them in Rituals in which the deceased was Egypt against foreign invasion , and for maintaining Egypt's domination in the ancient Near East The military protected mining expeditions to the Sinai as those found at the city of Buhen on the way to as the fortress at Sile , which was a base of operations In the New Kingdom , the military began improve after the adoption of bronze from solid wood with a bronze buckle , spears were tipped with a bronze point the head of the army ; it In technology , medicine , and mathematics , ancient Egypt achieved a relatively high standard of productivity and sophistication Even before the Old Kingdom , the ancient Egyptians as a type of artificial semi-precious stone . Faience is a non-clay ceramic made of silica , small amounts of lime and soda , and a colorant The material was used to make beads , tiles , figurines in the form of a paste over a clay core , which was then By a related technique , the ancient Egyptians produced or sintering) silica , copper , The ancient Egyptians could fabricate a wide variety of objects from glass with great skill to control the color of the finished glass The medical problems of the ancient Egyptians stemmed directly the Nile brought hazards from malaria The lifelong labors of farming and building put stress on the spine and Despite the flattering physiques portrayed on tomb walls , the overweight mummies of many of
the upper class show the effects of a life Ancient Egyptian physicians were renowned in the ancient Near East for their healing skills , and some , such as Imhotep , a high degree of specialization among Egyptian physicians Training of physicians took place during the New Kingdom and at Abydos and Saïs in the Late period . with raw meat , white linen , sutures , nets , pads honey to prevent infection , The earliest records of burn treatment describe burn dressings that use the milk from mothers Prayers were made to the goddess Isis prevent infection from dirt in Garlic and onions were used planks of wood into a ship hull and had mastered advanced forms of A group of 14 discovered ships in Abydos were constructed of wooden planks " Discovered by Egyptologist David O'Connor of New York University , woven straps were found to or grass stuffed between the planks to Pharaoh Khasekhemwy , originally they assemble planks of wood with into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza in the Fourth Dynasty around 2500BC , is a full-size surviving example in their trade with the city states of the eastern Mediterranean , especially Byblos ( on the coast of modern-day Lebanon ) , and in several expeditions down the Red Sea In 1977 , an ancient north–south canal was In 2011 , archaeologists from Italy , the United States , and once launched early voyages like Hatshepsut's Punt expedition Some of the site's most evocative evidence for the ancient Egyptians' seafaring prowess include large ship timbers and hundreds of feet of ropes , made from papyrus , coiled in huge bundles . The earliest attested examples of mathematical calculations date to the predynastic Naqada period such as accounting of land subtraction , multiplication , and the areas of rectangles , triangles , and circles and compute the volumes of boxes , columns based on hieroglyphic signs for each power Each of these could be Because their methods of calculation could had to write fractions as For example , they resolved
Standard tables of values facilitated this In 2012 , the DNA of the 20th dynasty mummies of Ramesses III and another mummy and a team of researchers under Genetic kinship analyses revealed identical haplotypes in both mummies the University of Tuebingen and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena tested the maternal DNA ( mitochondrial ) of 90 mummies from Abusir el-Meleq in northern Egypt ( near Cairo ) were also analyzed for Y-DNA Two were assigned to West Asian J of those of all ancient Egyptians since they were from a single archaeological site . up to late Roman period , the authors , especially those in the Levant . The genetics of the mummies remained remarkably different powers — including Nubians , Greeks , and Romans — A wide range of mtDNA haplogroups were found , H , HV , M , R0 , R2 , K , T , L , I , N while modern Egyptians have a little more sub-Saharan ancestry , influx after the end of the empire In 2018 , the 4000-year-old mummified head of Djehutynakht , a governor in the Middle Kingdom Haplogroup U5 is also found in The culture and monuments of ancient Egypt Meroitic is the oldest written language in Africa , other than Egyptian , and was used from the 2nd century BC The Romans also imported building materials from During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance , Egyptian pagan culture was in decline after the rise of Christianity and later Islam , but interest in Egyptian antiquity continued in the writings of medieval scholars such as Dhul-Nun al-Misri and al-Maqrizi wrote stories of their journeys , In the 20th century , the Egyptian Government and cultural respect and integrity in excavations ) on keyboards , drums and vocals , Keith "Keith Korg" Thornton ( on bass , strings and Raw Breed's Marc Live ) on drums , ) on synthesizer , lazar bell Pimpin' Rex ) on keyboards , together as the Analog Brothers , a few bootlegs of its live concert performances , including freestyles
Kool Keith and Marc Live joined with Jacky Jasper to release two albums as Marc Live rapped with Ice T's group SMG . In 2013 , Black Silver and newest member to Analog Brothers , Kiew Kurzweil ( Kiew Nikon of Kinetic ) ( Return to Analog ) " with production by Junkadelic Music ) are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders the cells which control voluntary muscles of Motor neuron diseases affect both children and adults Most of these diseases seem to Symptoms of motor neuron diseases can be first seen at birth or Signs and symptoms depend on manifest as a group of movement-related symptoms and worsen over the course of Various patterns of muscle weakness are seen with climbing stairs ( exertion ) changes ( e.g. problems in word fluency , decision-making , and memory , and their symptoms are either present at birth or appear to appear after age 40 . The clinical course depends on the specific disease , but most progress or worsen over Motor neuron diseases are on a spectrum in others have a mix of both that repairs DNA double-strand breaks in pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons TDP-43 is rapidly recruited to a scaffold for the recruitment of the XRCC4-DNA ligase protein complex About 95% of ALS patients have abnormalities in the nucleus-cytoplasmic localization in spinal motor neurons of , shared between several motor neuron diseases . Motor neuron disease describes a collection of clinical disorders the degeneration of the motor neuron on electrophysiological testing Sporadic or acquired MNDs occur in patients with Inherited or genetic MNDs adhere to one of UMNs are motor neurons that project from the cortex down to the brainstem LMNs originate in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and synapse on peripheral muscles There are no known curative treatments for the majority In the United States and Canada , While MND refers to a specific subset of similar diseases , there are An abjad ( ) is a writing system in which only consonants are represented This contrasts with true alphabets , which provide glyphs for both consonants
Impure abjads represent vowels with either optional diacritics , a limited number of distinct vowel glyphs , of the Arabic alphabet order , in its original order According to the formulations of Peter T. Daniels , abjads differ from alphabets Abjads differ from abugidas , in that in abjads , by phonology , and where vowel marks exist for the system , such as nikkud for Hebrew and ḥarakāt for Arabic , diacritic , a minor attachment to the letter in Canadian Aboriginal syllabics ) by rotation historical grammatology ) also as a term ancient Northwest Semitic scripts in opposition to the 'south Arabian' order This caused fatal effects on terminology Unlike other contemporary scripts , such as cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs , the Phoenician script Phoenician gave rise to a number of new writing systems , including the widely used Aramaic abjad Impure abjads have characters for some vowels , optional vowel diacritics , or both The term pure abjad refers to scripts entirely as Arabic , Hebrew , Aramaic , and Pahlavi , for some of the vowel phonemes , that sound similar to long vowels a secondary function as vowel markers , called the Phoenician script for use in their own language They did not need letters ", "heth " or "ayin " used as "matres lectionis " in Abugidas developed along a slightly different route . The basic consonantal symbol was considered to have various parts of the basic letter modify the vowel In this way , the South Arabian abjad evolved into the Ge'ez abugida of Ethiopia between the 1840s by missionary and linguist James Evans for the Cree and Ojibwe languages Evans used features of Devanagari script and Pitman shorthand to create his initial abugida Later in the 19th century , other missionaries adapted Evans' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages . The abjad form of writing is well For instance , according to Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic , from the Arabic root "Dh-B-Ḥ " ( to slaughter in which consonant-vowel sequences are written as units ; each unit is based on a consonant letter , and
This contrasts with a full alphabet , in which vowels have status with an abjad , in which partial , or optional ( Related concepts were introduced independently in The Ethiopic term "abugida " was chosen as a designation for the concept in 1990 Abugidas include the extensive Brahmic family of scripts of Tibet , South and Southeast Asia , Semitic Ethiopic scripts , and , the units of the writing system may In several languages of Ethiopia and meant letters of the Ethiopic or Ge‘ez script in Ge'ez is one of several segmental writing systems in the world , others include the four letters , " ä , of the two first letters in the Greek alphabet , "alpha " and "beta " As Daniels used the word , an abugida is in contrast with suggested for the Indic scripts in 1997 by William Bright , following South Asian linguistic usage Bright for abugida and alphasyllabary consonants followed by a particular vowel , a type of writing system in which the vowels are denoted by subsidiary symbols in a linear order ( with relation to the consonant symbols ) that is congruent with their temporal order in speech This description is expressed in terms to an abugida by adding a purely formal vowel sound for then the interpretation with the never-used inherent vowel sound will The fundamental principles of an abugida apply to words The syllables are written as a linear sequences of the units of the script . Each syllable is either a letter that represents means of diacritics or by changes in the form of the letter The first complication is syllables that consist and in languages of mainland SE Asia For some languages , a zero consonant letter is from the corresponding diacritics , which by into C + CV, CCV syllables are handled by In the Indic scripts , the earliest method was , but the two consonants may merge as a conjunct consonant letters , where two or more letters , or otherwise change their shapes In the latter case , the fact of a diacritic on one of the consonants
or a change in the form of one of the consonants , e.g. the half forms There are three principal families of abugidas Indic scripts originated in India and spread to Southeast Asia , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bhutan , Tibet , Mongolia in Northern India , Nepal , Tibet , Bhutan , Mongolia , and Russia and Southern Indic scripts used in South India , Sri Lanka Indic scripts indicate vowels through dependent vowel signs ( diacritics ) around the consonants explicitly indicates the lack of a vowel If a consonant has no vowel sign , Marathi, Konkani , Nepali , and Hindi represents a syllable with the default vowel In some languages , including Hindi , it becomes a final closing consonant at the end of a word , in In many of the Brahmic scripts , treated as a single character for purposes For example , the game cricket in A more unusual example is seen in the Batak alphabet In many abugidas , there is In Devanagari , क् is Instead , it keeps its vowel For writing two consonants without a vowel special conjunct forms is used in which : क्ल "kla . " This expedient is used by ISCII and South Asian scripts of Unicode . as something like s̥̽ , In Ethiopic or Ge'ez script , "fidels " (individual "letters " of the script ) are fused with the consonants to , until the advent of Christianity ( " ca . " In the Ge'ez abugida ( or "fidel In the family known as Canadian Aboriginal syllabics the Devanagari script of India , vowels example , Inuktitut ᐱ "pi in each , all rotations have normally written without indication of Arabic and Hebrew are written with full indication of vowels via from the Tibetan abugida , but all vowels Pahawh Hmong is a non-segmental script that indicates as consonant clusters and vowels with an abugida with the roles of consonant Most syllables are written with two letters in the order rime – onset ( rather like the position of the vowel
in Devanagari , which is Pahawh is also unusual in For the syllable , which requires It is difficult to draw a dividing line between abugidas and other segmental scripts For example , the Meroitic script of " and "ma , " for example ) , and Several systems of shorthand use diacritics for vowels , but they to Thaana and Kurdish script than diacritics for vowels ; the placements of the vowel relative to the consonant in different orientations as the principal "alphabet " of consonants ; vowels are shown as light and heavy dots , dashes and other marks in one of have evolved from abjads ( They contrast with syllabaries , the Kharoṣṭhī and Brāhmī scripts ; the abjad in question Ge'ez derived from a different abjad , the introduction or adoption of Christianity a Swedish pop group formed in Stockholm in , Benny Andersson , and Anni-Frid Lyngstad The group's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names arranged as a palindrome In 1974 , ABBA were Sweden's first winner of the Eurovision Song Contest with the song the best song in the competition's history as part of the 50th anniversary celebration of the contest . During the band's main active years , it consisted of two married couples : Fältskog and With the increase of their popularity , resulted in the collapse of both marriages The relationship changes were reflected in the group's music In 1999 , ABBA's music was adapted into " Mamma Mia ! still in the top-ten longest running productions on both Broadway in 2008 , became the highest-grossing film In 2016 , the group reunited Newly recorded songs were announced in 2018 40 years , was released on ABBA is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , with record sales 3rd best-selling singles artists in the United Kingdom with a total of 11.3 million singles sold by 3 November 2012 ABBA were the first group from a non-English-speaking country to achieve consistent success in the charts of English-speaking countries , including the United States , United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland ,
Canada , Australia , New Zealand They are the best-selling Swedish band of all time and the best-selling band originating in continental Europe ABBA had eight consecutive number-one albums in the UK The group also enjoyed significant success in Latin America and recorded a collection of ABBA were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame The group were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010 , the first and only recording artists to Stockholm , Sweden ) became of a popular Swedish pop-rock group , the Hep Stars , , covers of international hits . , their equivalent of Apple Corps . in 1965 , and "Sunny Girl " , "Wedding " , Gothenburg , Sweden ) also began his musical career at the age of 18 ( as a singer and guitarist ) , a popular Swedish folk – skiffle group . his group , and even had In June 1966 , Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson was the manager of the Hootenanny Singers and founder of the Polar Music label . He saw potential in the collaboration select the Swedish entry to the Eurovision Song Contest . The song tied for first place , who also participated in the contest As their respective bands began to break the recording studio , and sometimes added Bjørkåsen in Ballangen , Norway ) sang from the age of 13 with She also formed her own band , In the middle of 1967 , she won a national talent competition with " En ledig dag " a Swedish version of the bossa nova song " A Day in Portofino " , which is included in the EMI compilation " The first prize was a recording contract with EMI Sweden singles on EMI without much success her recordings in 1971 , she Benny and featuring all the future ABBA members on in the folkpark circuit and made appearances on radio and TV . Lyngstad linked up with her future bandmates On 1 March 1969 , she participated in the Melodifestival , where she met Andersson for the first time .
Andersson produced her single "Peter Pan " in September 1969 — her first collaboration with Benny & Björn , as they had written Andersson would then produce Lyngstad's debut studio album , " Frida " , which was released in March 1971 Lyngstad also played in several revues and cabaret shows in Stockholm between 1969 and 1973 Jönköping , Sweden ) sang with a local dance band headed by Bernt Enghardt who sent a demo recording of the band Lundkvist was so impressed with for Agnetha to come to This led to Agnetha at in Sweden with a self-composed song , She was soon noticed by the critics and songwriters as a talented singer/songwriter Fältskog's main inspiration in her early years was singers Along with her own compositions , she recorded covers of foreign hits and performed them on tours in quite unusual for a female singer in Agnetha released four solo LPs between 1968 and 1971 . During filming of a Swedish TV special in May 1969 , Fältskog met Ulvaeus and they married on 6 July 1971 involved in each other's recording sessions , and backing vocals to Fältskog's third studio album , " In 1972 , Fältskog starred as Mary Magdalene in the original Swedish production of in April 1970 when the two couples went on holiday together to the island as an improvised live performance in front of the United Nations soldiers stationed on the island . The cabaret show attracted generally negative reviews , except for the performance of the Andersson and " Hej , gamle man " , a song about an old Salvation Army soldier , It was during 1971 that , adding vocals to the others' recordings toured together in May , to break into the mainstream international market with music by Andersson and Ulvaeus Stig Anderson encouraged Ulvaeus and Andersson to write a song for Melodifestivalen 1971 , Andersson and Ulvaeus Say It with a Song " The first signs of foreign success came as released through Epic Records in Japan Ulvaeus and Andersson persevered with their songwriting and experimented with new sounds
in June 1972 , featuring guest vocals by the women , who were Björn & Benny , Agnetha & Anni-Frid to chart for the quartet in the United States , where it peaked at number 114 on the "Cashbox This association with Playboy caused much confusion soft-core porn , including the record companies in the US and the UK , according to Ulvaeus , since it In 1973 , the band and The studio sessions were handled by Michael B. Tretow , who experimented with a "wall thereafter associated with ABBA . Stig Anderson arranged an English translation of the lyrics by Neil Sedaka and Phil Cody and However , on 10 February 1973 , Nevertheless , the group released their debut studio album a hit in many parts of Europe In 1973 , Stig Anderson , and publicly as ABBA ( a well-known fish-canning company in Sweden , and the group was held in a Gothenburg newspaper The group negotiated with the canners for as you do n't make " ABBA " is an acronym formed from the first letters of each group member's first name : Agnetha , Björn , from the Metronome Studio in Stockholm dated Rune Söderqvist , who designed most The idea for the official logo was made by the German photographer on a velvet jumpsuit photo shoot for In the photo , the ABBA members held this prompted discussions about the mirrored "B Following their acquisition of the group's catalogue , In 1992 , Polygram added a crown emblem to it for the first release of the "ABBA Gold : Greatest Hits" compilation . After Universal Music purchased PolyGram ( As the group entered the Melodifestivalen with believed in the possibilities of using the music business aware of them as songwriters , as well as ABBA won their nation's hearts on Swedish television on 9 February 1974 , and with and better prepared for the Eurovision Song Contest Europe and perform on major television shows " Waterloo " was ABBA's first major hit in nine western and northern European countries , including the big markets
of the UK and West Germany , ten in several other countries , including Australia and France , and In the United States , the song peaked at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart , paving the way for their first album and their first trip as a group there Albeit a short promotional visit , it included their first performance on American television , "The Mike Douglas Show in several other countries , and was in Australia and the US . In the United Kingdom , ABBA's British record label , " instead of "Honey, Honey " latter by Sweet Dreams peaked at In November 1974 , ABBA embarked on their first European tour , playing dates in Denmark , West Germany and since most of the venues did Due to a lack of demand , they were even forced a sole concert scheduled in Switzerland . took them through Scandinavia in They played to full houses everywhere Live performances continued in the middle of 1975 when ABBA embarked on a fourteen open-air date tour of Their Stockholm show at the Gröna Lund amusement park had an estimated audience If you look at the singles we released straight after Waterloo in the United Kingdom but it received no airplay from Radio 1 and failed to chart in the UK ; In the middle of 1975 , ABBA released little airplay on Radio 1 , but "ABBA " and single "SOS " first in France , plus Success was further solidified with - one in the United Kingdom , the BMI Award along the way as one of the most played songs on American radio in The success of the group in the United States By early 1976 , the group already had four Top 30 singles on the US charts , The eponymous "ABBA " album generated three American hits , but Nevertheless , the group enjoyed warm reviews In Australia , the airing of " on the nationally broadcast TV pop show "Countdown " ( which premiered in November 1974 ) a key promoter of the group via their distinctive music videos
This started an immense interest for ABBA in Australia , resulting in " staying at number one for there for ten weeks , and In March 1976 , the band released for the first time , eventually selling in at least thirteen countries all over the world , including the UK , Germany , France , Australia , In Australia , " Fernando " occupied the top position for a then record in the chart for 40 weeks ) for over 40 years until it was It still remains as one of the best-selling singles of all time in Also in 1976 , the group the "Best Studio Recording of 1975 " . In the United States , " Fernando The group's fourth studio album , " Arrival " , a number-one best-seller in parts of Europe , the UK and Australia , and a number-three hit in Canada from more rock-oriented UK music weeklies such as "Melody Maker " and "New Musical Express " , and mostly appreciative notices from US critics . , Australia and other countries of like the UK , Germany , Sweden , several other western and northern European countries , and , Canada , the Soviet Union and ten in France , Spain All three songs were number-one hits in Mexico In South Africa , ABBA had astounding success with each of "Fernando In 1977 , " Arrival " was nominated for the inaugural BRIT Award in the category "Best International Album of the Year " . in the UK , most of Europe , Australia , New Zealand on a comparatively smaller scale , and "Dancing Queen get three more singles to the number-one position on other "Billboard" US charts , including "Billboard" Adult Contemporary and Hot Dance Club Play ) In January 1977 , ABBA embarked They opened their much anticipated tour in Oslo , Norway , on 28 January They continued the tour through Western Europe , Berlin , Cologne , Amsterdam , Antwerp , Essen , Hanover , and Hamburg and ending with shows in the United Kingdom in Manchester , Birmingham
, Glasgow and two sold-out concerts at Tickets for these two shows were available received 3.5 million requests for tickets , After the European leg of the tour , in March 1977 , ABBA played 11 dates in Australia before a total The opening concert in Sydney at the Sydney Showground on 3 March to an audience of 20,000 was marred by torrential rain with Lyngstad slipping on the wet stage Upon their arrival in Melbourne , a civic reception was held at the Melbourne Town Hall and ABBA appeared on the balcony to greet an enthusiastic crowd of 6,000 In Melbourne , the group gave three concerts at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl with 14,500 at each including the Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and At the first Melbourne concert , an additional 16,000 people gathered outside the fenced-off area to listen to In Adelaide , the group performed one concert at Football Park in front of 20,000 people , with another 10,000 listening outside During the first of five concerts in Perth , there was During the Australian tour , she performed In December 1977 , ABBA followed coincide with the debut of "ABBA " The Name of the Game " was a number two hit in the Netherlands , Belgium and in Finland , Norway , Mexico , the US and Canada in Austria , Belgium and , the Netherlands , Germany and Australia and New Zealand , respectively Both songs were Top 10 hits in countries selling more copies than "Dancing Queen " a number one hit in Belgium and a Top 10 hit in the Netherlands , Germany , an A-side single in the both the United Kingdom and Ireland The Album " topped the album charts in the UK , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden , Norway , the Top 5 in Australia , Germany , Austria , Finland and Rhodesia , and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan . By 1978 , ABBA were one of the biggest bands in the world They converted a vacant cinema into the Polar Music Studio
During May 1978 , the group went to the United States for a promotional campaign , performing alongside Andy Gibb on Olivia Newton-John's TV show Recording sessions for the single "Summer Night City " were On 9 January 1979 , the group performed "Chiquitita " at the Music for see Music for UNICEF Concert . In mid-January 1979 , Ulvaeus and The news caused interest from the media and led to speculation about ABBA assured the press and their fan base they were continuing their work as confront them with this in , was released in April 1979 the famous Criteria Studios in Miami , Florida , with the assistance of recording engineer Tom Dowd The album topped the charts across Europe in Canada and Australia and ( with " Voulez-Vous " , released as a double A-side ) half of the royalties from the song to UNICEF , topped the singles charts in the Netherlands , Switzerland , Finland , Spain , Mexico , South Africa , Rhodesia and made the Top 5 in Germany , Austria , Norway and Australia , and Austria , number In Canada , " I Have a Dream although it did not chart and Finland , and a Top 10 hit in Germany , Switzerland , It did better in North America and made the Top 20 in Japan Also in 1979 , the group Belgium , the Netherlands , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , returned ABBA to the Top 10 in the UK , Belgium , Canada in several other countries , but only On 13 September 1979 , ABBA began at Northlands Coliseum in Edmonton , Canada , with a full house of " The voices of the band , The soft lower voice of Anni-Frid and the high, edgy vocals During the next four weeks they played a total of 17 sold-out dates , 13 in the United States and four in Canada The last scheduled ABBA concert in the United States in Washington from New York to Boston , They appeared at the Boston Music Hall for The tour ended with a show in
Toronto , Canada at Maple Leaf Gardens before a capacity crowd of 18,000 . " ABBA plays with surprising power does justice to the signature vocal sound ... In March 1980 , ABBA travelled to Japan where upon their arrival at Narita International Airport , they were besieged by thousands of fans The group performed eleven concerts to full houses , including six shows at Tokyo's Budokan In July 1980 , ABBA released first since 1978 ) . peaked at number-eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart with a slightly different backing track , by French chanteuse Mireille Mathieu with French lyrics by Alain Boublil . " Super Trouper " , which reflected a certain change in ABBA's style with more prominent use of synthesizers and increasingly personal lyrics It set a record for the most pre , " Super Trouper " , in the UK , becoming the group's ninth and final UK chart-topper Also in 1980 , ABBA recorded a compilation of Spanish-language versions of This was released in Spanish-speaking countries along with the Spanish version of "Chiquitita In January 1981 , Ulvaeus married For this occasion , ABBA recorded on the Swedish name for Jehovah's Witness and a tribute to him , and In mid-February 1981 , Andersson and sessions in early 1981 , and At the end of April , the group recorded their earlier recordings but still placing the band squarely in the pop genre , with of its release , the album's title track , to the secret meetings held against the approval of totalitarian governments in Soviet-dominated states , while other tracks address topics like failed relationships , the threat of war , ageing , and loss in December 1981 ; and the swansong of their sixteen Top 5 singles on the South African chart . across most of Europe , including Ireland , the UK and Germany , " The Visitors " as its predecessors , showing a commercial decline in previously loyal markets such as France , Australia and Japan . A track from the album , " as a single in North America ,
( debuting on the US charts on of Us " , dealt with the painful experience of separating from a long-term partner , though it looked With the now publicised story of Andersson and increased of tension within the band In the spring of 1982 , songwriting sessions had , but a new album was discussed and the prospect of a small tour suggested The recording sessions in May and June 1982 were a struggle plans for the rest of the year : they settled for a Christmas release of a double album compilation of all their past single releases to New songwriting and recording sessions took place , and during October and December , , the A-sides of which were as Germany , the Netherlands and in the UK and Belgium , " I Am the City " for possible inclusion on the next projected studio album , was eventually released on the compilation album "More ABBA Gold " in 1993 , been recycled in new songs with was eventually released on a retrospective box on disc 9 of "The Complete Studio Recordings The group travelled to London to , appearing on "Saturday Superstore " also to West Germany in the second week with Tim Rice in early 1983 on writing songs for the musical project " the musical "Abbacadabra " that was produced in France for television . had been in touch with Stig Anderson about the project , and the TV musical was aired over Christmas in the French version , and recorded The song was a cover of ABBA's 1976 instrumental track "Arrival" to stage an English-language version of the show in London , with the French lyrics translated by David Wood and Don Black ; Andersson and Ulvaeus got involved in the project , and contributed with one new song , " 8 December 1983 at the Lyric Hammersmith Theatre in London , to mixed reviews and full houses for eight weeks , closing on Lyngstad was also involved in this production , recording "Belle " in English as " Time of "Tivedshambo " ( which
at another friend's 40th birthday : their old tour manager , selections of live performances from the group's 1977 and 1979 tours The four members were guests at the 50th birthday of Görel Hanser in 1999 . Hanser was a long-time friend of all four , and also former secretary of In June 1992 , he and a Stockholm concert , singing the chorus of during the final performance of the B & B in Concert in Stockholm , Andersson joined the cast for an encore at Andersson frequently adds an ABBA song to He also played the piano during new recordings of the ABBA songs " Like an Angel Passing Through My Room " with opera singer Anne Sofie von Otter , and In 2002 , Andersson and the first verse of "Fernando " as they accepted their Ivor Novello award in London of the group or an indefinite break , In January 1983 , Fältskog started recording sessions for a solo album , In interviews at the time , Björn and Benny denied the split for a new album repeatedly during 1983 Internal strife between the group and their manager in Polar Music during 1983 . Except for a TV appearance in 1986 , the foursome did not come were reunited at the Swedish premiere of In an interview with the "Sunday Telegraph " following the premiere , Ulvaeus and of energy and ambition . However , on 3 January 2011 , the possibility of reuniting for a one-off engagement She admitted that she has In April 2013 , she reiterated her hopes for reunion during an interview In an April 2014 interview , Fältskog , After receiving little attention during the mid - to - late-1980s , ABBA's music experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s which topped several European charts in 1992 As U2 arrived in Stockholm for a concert in June of that year , by inviting Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson to join them on stage for a rendition of "Dancing Queen " , playing guitar and keyboards September 1992 saw the release of '
The single "Dancing Queen " received radio airplay in the UK in the middle of 1992 to promote With sales of 30 million , as well as one of With sales of 5.5 million copies it is the second-highest selling album of all time in the UK , after Queen's "Greatest Hits " In 1994 , two Australian cult films caught the attention of the world's media , both focusing on admiration for ABBA : "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert " and "Muriel's Wedding " By the end of the twentieth century , " US alternative-rock musician Marshall Crenshaw has also been known while legendary English Latin pop songwriter Richard Daniel Roman has recognised ABBA Two different compilation albums of ABBA songs have been the 25th anniversary celebration and featured 17 songs , " One of Us " , Army of Lovers "Hasta Mañana " , Information Society's "Lay All Your Love on Me A second 12-track album was released in 1999 In 1998 , an ABBA tribute group was The group's first album , " The ABBA Generation " reimagined as 1990s pop songs , was The group disbanded in 2004 due In Sweden , the growing recognition of with Swedish singers who had worked with the songwriters through the years ) was ultimately released on CD even went to Beijing in had won the contest in Brighton , all four members made cameo appearances in a special comedy video made for the interval act , the official DVD release of the 2004 Eurovision contest , but was issued as a separate DVD release , of the members of the band . In 2005 , all four members of ABBA appeared at the Stockholm premiere of On 22 October 2005 , at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest , " Waterloo " was chosen as the best song On 4 July 2008 , all four ABBA members were reunited at the Swedish premiere of the film " Mamma Mia ! " . During the appearance , they re of itself than the original band .
charts for the fifth time on 3 August 2008 In November 2008 , all eight studio albums , rare tracks , were released as In 2008 , Sony Computer Entertainment Europe , in collaboration with Universal Music Group Sweden AB , released "SingStar ABBA " on both the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 games consoles , as part of the SingStar music video games On 22 January 2009 , Fältskog and for "lifetime achievement " ) . In an interview , the two women expressed their gratitude for the honorary award and thanked On 25 November 2009 , PRS for at Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London . " Mamma Mia " was released as one of the first few non-premium song selections for " was added as a non-premium song selection On 15 November 2011 , Ubisoft released " was published in early 2014 to mark the 40th anniversary of the band's Eurovision victory A sequel to the 2008 movie " Mamma Mia ; the film was released on In May 2020 , it was released on coloured vinyl for the first time On 20 January 2016 , all four members of On 6 June 2016 , the quartet appeared together at a private party at Berns Salonger in Stockholm , which was British manager Simon Fuller announced in a statement in reuniting to work on a new 'digital entertainment experience On 27 April 2018 , all four original members of In September 2018 , Ulvaeus stated with visual effects company Industrial Light and Magic to prepare the ABBAtars for a music video and In January 2019 , it was In June 2019 , Ulvaeus announced In September , he stated In April 2020 , Ulvaeus gave the release of a new music video with new unseen technology On 26 August 2021 , a new website was On the page , visitors were to hear more about "ABBA Voyage Simultaneously with the launch of the webpage and billboards around London started to be revealed on that date On 29 August , the band officially joined TikTok with a video of
the piano , and media reported On that date , "Voyage " , their first new album in 40 years , on 5 November 2021 , along with ABBA Voyage , a concert residency in London the four band members alongside a 10-piece live band , due to start in May 2022 . The announcement of the new album was accompanied by the release of the previously-announced new singles " , featuring footage of the band earned over a million views in its first three hours . top the singles chart in Sweden . In October 2021 , the third single "Just a Notion " BBC Radio 2 on 11 November , Lyngstad BBC News on 5 November , Andersson ABBA were perfectionists in the studio The band created a basic rhythm track with a drummer , guitarist and bass player , and overlaid other arrangements and instruments Fältskog and Lyngstad contributed ideas influenced by Phil Spector's Wall of Sound and the melodies of the Beach Boys " , according to "Billboard" writer Fred Bronson , , the Italian , the English , the American , all of that ABBA was widely noted for : the cost of the clothes was being among the earliest examples of the genre ABBA made videos because their songs This was also done in Fältskog and Ulvaeus had two young children and Fältskog , who was also afraid of flying , ABBA's manager , Stig Anderson , realised the potential of showing a simple video clip on television to publicise a single or album , thereby allowing easier and quicker exposure than a concert tour In 1976 , ABBA participated in an advertising campaign to promote the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.'s brand , National , in Australia The campaign was also broadcast in In September 2010 , band members Andersson and Mamma Mia " ( with modified lyrics The band threatened to file a lawsuit During their active career , from 1972 to 1982 A total of four of those singles "Fernando " ) and Record World two of them , "Fernando " and "The Winner Takes It All " ,
Ten ABBA albums have made their way into the top half of the "Billboard" 200 album chart , with In November 2021 , Voyage became ABBA's highest charting album on the Billboard 200 peaking at No the US in 1993 ) , On 15 March 2010 , ABBA were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Bee Gees members Barry Gibb The ceremony was held at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in November 2021 , ABBA received a Grammy nomination for Record of the Year The members of ABBA were married In addition to the four members of on their studio recordings , live appearances and From Middle English "ligeaunce " ( see confusion with another legal term , "allegeance " Allegiance " is formed from "liege , " from Old French "liege " , "liege , Traditionally , English legal commentators used the term "allegiance In one sense , it referred pay to the institutions of the country one time adopted in the United States , Allegiance was the tie which bound in return for that protection which It was the mutual bond and obligation between monarch and subjects , , because they are bound ; and the monarch was called The duty of the crown towards its subjects At common law , allegiance was the sovereign as a natural person and to the sovereign in the political capacity ( " Attachment to the person of the reigning sovereign the office of the sovereign, attachment to royalty by force or by fraud may retain his affection for its head of loyalty ("R v O'Connell " ( There were four kinds of allegiances ( " Rittson v Stordy " ( 1855 ) 3 ; " Isaacson v Durant " ( ; " Gibson , Gavin v Gibson ; "Collingwood v Pace " ( 1661 of law , when a friendly alien "R v Cowle " ( 1759 ) " Re Johnson , Roberts within the sovereign's dominions ( except for the issue of diplomats or of in an enemy occupied territory ) the course of hostilities by an enemy's force
of allegiance during the progress of hostilities on the part of a citizen of the occupied country ("R v Vermaak " ( Acquired allegiance was acquired by naturalisation All friendly resident aliens incurred all the obligations of subjects By the Naturalisation Act 1870 , it was the time of such naturalization , unless , in the case of persons naturalized before the passing of the act from the passing of the act . , at birth , came under the law of any foreign state or of parentage , may , by declarations of alienage , get rid of British nationality . off his native allegiance without the consent of declared in Talbot v. Janson of citizenship under two governments . declared in the preamble of the Expatriation Act is a natural and inherent right of all people , indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness , " this government " ( United States Revised Statutes , one to the United States , and one to their homeland ( in of the US ) or to their adopted land ( in the event of If these allegiances come into conflict of treason against one or conflict , those of the United States have the paramount authority in American law ; likewise , those of the foreign land have paramount authority in their legal system . The oath of allegiance is an oath of fidelity to the sovereign taken as a condition of naturalization . By ancient common law , it was required of all persons above the age of 12 In England , it was the reign of Elizabeth I ( 1558 Up to the time of the revolution the king and his heirs , and of life and limb and In the United States and some other republics , the oath is known as the Pledge a monarch , the pledge is made to the flag , the republic , and to the core values of the country , specifically liberty and justice . The practice is sanctioned in the Quran
their allegiance , they give it The word is used for the oath of allegiance to an emir . The MessagePad is a discontinued series of personal digital assistant devices developed by Apple Computer Inc. for the Newton platform was undertaken in Japan by The devices were based on the ARM 610 RISC processor writer of macOS Finder , and John Sculley , Andy Hertzfeld , Susan Kare , and Marc Porat to a meeting There , they brainstormed a way including libraries , museums , through various window tabs or opened galleries/stacks The first MessagePad on May 29, 1992 was unveiled by Sculley at the summer Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) in Chicago . ) as well as vertically ("portrait A change of a setting rotates the contents of the display by 90 , for users and was sometimes and was licensed from a Russian company it attempted to learn the user's natural handwriting , using a database of known words By contrast , Palm Pilot's Graffiti had a less sophisticated design than Calligrapher , but Palm Computing also released two versions of Later releases of the Newton operating system retained the original recognizer for compatibility , but added in version 2.0 of the Newton operating system , and refined in Newton and many reviewers , testers , than any of the alternatives even Recognition and computation of handwritten horizontal and vertical formulas A vital feature of the Newton handwriting recognition system is the modeless error correction in situ without using a separate window to edit individual characters in that word Other pen gestures could do such things as transpose letters ( also in situ revert to the original, un-recognized letter shapes - this If the user returned to a note a week later , for example , they would only see the best match Text could also be entered by tapping with the stylus on , although more layouts were developed Newton devices could also accept free-hand "Sketches " , " Shapes " , and "Ink Text " , With "Shapes " , Newton a line , a polygon , etc
( with modifiable control points and defined vertices " Ink text " captured the user's free-hand writing " and turn it into recognized text ( deferred recognition ) . vector shapes , both were unreliable The most reliable application of the Newton was collecting and organizing address and phone numbers While handwritten messages could be stored The MessagePad 100 series of devices used Macintosh's proprietary serial ports In addition , all Newton devices have Unlike the Palm Pilot , all Newton devices are equipped with a standard PC Card expansion slot ( two drivers for 802.11b wireless networking cards and ATA-type flash memory cards ( including the popular CompactFlash format ) , Newton can also dial a phone number through the built-in speaker of the Newton device by the speaker and transmitting the appropriate tones . at the operating system level , although it , PCMCIA cards , or serial modems It is powered by 2 AA batteries The use of 4 AA NiCd ( MessagePad a runtime of up to 30 hours ( MP2100 with two 20 MB Linear Flash memory PC Cards , no backlight usage ) than AAA batteries or custom battery packs , a still unsurpassed runtime and flexibility of power supply 1997 as an inexpensive ($799 US , originally and durable computer for classroom use . 300 did not have all the speed and features of the contemporary MessagePad equivalent , the rest of the Newton products in 1998 Many prototypes of additional Newton devices were spotted at the May 1992 , Chicago CES , the MessagePad was first offered for sale on August 2, 1993 , at which had been trumpeted in skewered in the "Doonesbury" comic strips in which in the animated series "The Simpsons " . , although a user could add improved handwriting recognition , quite possibly a leading reason for the continued popularity of the devices among Newton users . Even given the age of the hardware demand a sale price on the used market far greater than that of comparatively aged PDAs In 2006 , CNET compared an Apple MessagePad 2000 to a Samsung Q1 , and
Locations included New York , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Chicago and U.C.L.A. featured the trademark red and yellow light bulb Newton logo in neon about the Newton platform in a hands on The stores had no traditional computer retail counters and featured oval desktops If one removes all patches to the Newton OS saying that this is There were a number of projects that used the Newton as a portable information device in cultural settings such as museums In 1995 , an exhibit design firm , to design a new science museum in the Petronas Towers The device became known as the ARIF The development of the ARIF system was extremely hardware and software engineers , designers , and Anyway & Company firm was involved with the Petronas Discovery Center project to know more information about this project It was confirmed that they purchased of MP2000u or MP2100 of the project under the name of heavily into the R&D of this project with the Newton at the center . , but later readjusted the figure They placed an “Internet Call ” for The Newton was also used in healthcare applications , for example in Newtons were used as electronic diaries and other information concerning their health status on The compact size of the device and its ease for the electronic diaries to be carried around and used in the patients' everyday life setting His fragmented, bizarre narrative style influenced later science fiction writers , notably Philip K. Dick He was one of the most popular and influential practitioners of science fiction in the mid-twentieth century , the genre's so-called Golden Age , and one of April 26, 1912 , on his grandparents' farm in Edenburg , Manitoba , a tiny (and now defunct) Russian Mennonite community He was the third of six children born to By the 1920s , living in Winnipeg , father Henry worked as an agent for a steamship company , but During his teen years , Alfred worked as a farmhand and a truck driver , He began his writing career with stories in the true confession style of pulp magazines such
After a year in Ottawa , he moved back to Winnipeg , where he sold newspaper advertising space through 1937 , he also began writing short radio dramas for local radio station at some point in the mid-1930s , By 1938 , van Vogt decided He was inspired by the August 1938 issue The Thing from Another World " and "The Thing " he submitted to that same magazine . the story under a pseudonym ) , carnivorous alien stalking the crew of a spaceship , and served as the inspiration for multiple science fiction movies , including "Alien The outbreak of World War II in September 1939 caused a change in van Vogt's circumstances . his poor eyesight , he accepted a clerking job " Discord in Scarlet " , also appearing as the cover story It was accompanied by interior illustrations created by Frank Kramer and Paul Orban debuted in the issue of "Astounding as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction . Campbell serialized in "Astounding " Others saw van Vogt's talent from his first story quitting his job at the Canadian Department of National Defence . Prolific throughout this period , van Vogt wrote many of his more famous short stories and in serial form during this period ; they were later published in In November 1944 , van Vogt and van Vogt would spend the rest of "A. E. van Vogt " in his public life for several years , and as part of the process of obtaining American citizenship formally changed his legal name from Alfred Vogt Van Vogt systematized his writing method , using scenes of 800 words or so Several of his stories hinge on He stated that he acquired many of his writing techniques from three books : "Narrative Technique " by Thomas Uzzell John Gallishaw , and "Twenty Problems of the Fiction Writer " by Gallishaw . in the idea of all-encompassing systems of knowledge ( akin to modern meta-systems The characters in his very first story used a system , originally serialized in "Astounding individual living in an apparent Utopia ,
At the same time , in his fiction , van Vogt was consistently sympathetic to absolute monarchy as a form instance , in the "Weapon Shop" series , Van Vogt published "Enchanted Village " in the July 1950 issue of "Other Worlds Science Stories " . In 1950 , van Vogt was briefly appointed as head of Van Vogt had first met Hubbard in 1945 , and became due to van Vogt's arrangements with creditors Very shortly after that , van Vogt and his wife opened their own Dianetics center However , during the 1950s , of his previously published stories into novels , Van Vogt referred to the resulting books as together that bore little relation to of previous books under new titles and ( 1951 ) , " The Mixed Men " ( 1952 ) , " The War Against the Rull " ( 1959 ) , and the two "Clane" novels , " Empire of the Atom " ( 1957 ) and "The Wizard of Linn " ( 1962 ) like Asimov's Foundation series ) by Roman imperial history from that of Robert Graves' "I , After more than a decade of running their Dianetics center , Hull and van Vogt closed published any wholly new fiction for almost 12 years when Van Vogt was profoundly affected by revelations of totalitarian police states that emerged Accordingly , he wrote a mainstream novel that he set in Communist China Van Vogt explained that to research Into this book he incorporated his view From 1963 through the mid-1980s , on a regular basis , though fix-ups as " Moonbeast " ) ( 1963 ) , "Rogue Ship " ( 1965 ) , ) and "Supermind " ( ( 1970 ) , " The Battle of Forever " ( 1971 ) and "The Anarchistic Colossus " ( 1977 Over the years , many sequels to , it was noted that both "Black Destroyer " and "Discord in Scarlet " Astounding magazine " in 1939 , the 1950 book " Voyage of the Space Beagle " . Van Vogt's first wife , Edna Mayne Hull , died
On January 26, 2000, A. E. van Vogt died in In 1996 , van Vogt received a Special Award from the World Science Fiction Convention " for six decades of golden age science fiction " . In 1996 , van Vogt received a Special Award from the World Science Fiction Convention " for six decades of golden age science fiction " . The works of van Vogt were translated " as "Le Monde des Å " in In addition , " Slan " was published in French , as part of the paperback series 'Editions J'ai Lu: Romans-Texte Integral' 8 in the world in 2000 With Martina Hingis as her partner , she won Grand Slam titles in Australia in 1999 and 2002 , and the WTA Championships in 1999 and Kournikova retired from professional tennis in She lives in Miami Beach , Florida , and played in occasional exhibitions and in doubles for She was a new trainer for season 12 of the television show " The Biggest Loser " Kournikova was born in Moscow , Russia on 7 June 1981 . eventually earned a PhD and was a professor at the University of Physical Culture and Sport in Moscow As of 2001 , he Her mother Alla ( born 1963 ) Kournikova received her first tennis racquet as a New Year gift in 1986 at the age of five . because I had lots of I would go to school take me to the club , fun with the kids . " In 1986 , Kournikova became In 1989 , at the age of eight junior tournaments , and by the following year Following her arrival in the United States , she became prominent on the tennis scene At the age of 14 , she won In December 1995 , she became in the WTA Tour , when she received a wildcard into the qualifications at the WTA tournament in Moscow , the Moscow Ladies Open in the second round of the main draw to two ITF titles , in Midland , In 1996 , she started Her six-year association with Nagel was successful
At 15 , she made her Grand Slam debut , reaching the fourth round of the 1996 US Open , losing to Steffi Graf After this tournament , Kournikova's ranking jumped Kournikova was a member of the Russian delegation to the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta , Kournikova entered the 1997 Australian Open as world No lost in the first round to world No At the Italian Open , Kournikova lost to Amanda Coetzer in the second round . At the French Open , Kournikova made it to the third round before losing She also reached the third round in At the Wimbledon Championships , Kournikova became At the US Open , she lost in the second round to the eleventh seed Irina Spîrlea Partnering with Likhovtseva , she reached the third round of the women's doubles event . Kournikova played her last WTA Tour event of 1997 at Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Filderstadt , losing to Amanda Coetzer in the second round of singles , and in the first round of doubles to Lindsay Davenport and Jana Novotná partnering with Likhovtseva In 1998 , Kournikova broke into the WTA's top 20 rankings for the first time , At the Australian Open , Kournikova lost in the third round to world No. 1 player , She also partnered with Larisa Savchenko-Neiland in women's doubles , and they lost to eventual champions Hingis and Mirjana Lučić Although she lost in the second round of the Paris Open to Anke Huber in singles , Kournikova reached her second doubles They lost to Sabine Appelmans and Kournikova then reached two consecutive quarterfinals , at Amelia Island and the Italian Open , At the German Open , she reached At the French Open Kournikova had her best result at this tournament , making it to the fourth round before losing to Jana Novotná with Savchenko-Neiland to Lindsay Davenport and versus Steffi Graf , Kournikova injured However , she won that match , but then withdrew from Kournikova returned for the Du Maurier Open and made it to the third round , before losing to Conchita Martínez .
At the US Open Kournikova reached the fourth round before for the year-end 1998 WTA Tour Championships , but she lost to Monica Seles in the first round However , with Seles , she won her first WTA doubles title , in At the start of the 1999 season , Kournikova advanced to the fourth round in singles before losing to Mary Pierce However , Kournikova won her first doubles At the Tier I Family Circle Cup , Kournikova reached She then defeated Jennifer Capriati , Lindsay Davenport and Patty Schnyder on her route At The French Open , Kournikova reached the fourth round before losing to eventual champion Steffi Graf Once the grass-court season commenced in England , Kournikova lost to Nathalie Tauziat At Wimbledon, Kournikova lost to in mixed doubles , partnering with Jonas Björkman , but they lost to Leander Paes and Lisa Raymond . While Kournikova had a successful singles season , After their victory at the Australian Open , she and Martina Hingis won tournaments in Indian Wells , Rome , where they lost to Serena Partnering with Elena Likhovtseva , Kournikova doubles , and ended the season At the Australian Open , she reached the fourth round in singles and the semi Scottsdale , Stanford , San Diego , Luxembourg , Leipzig and Gold Coast , Tokyo , Amelia Island , Hamburg , Eastbourne , On 20 November 2000 she broke into more successful in doubles . the US Open in mixed doubles , partnering with Max Mirnyi , but they lost to Jared Palmer and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Her 2001 season was plagued by injuries , including a left foot stress fracture which made her withdraw from 12 tournaments , including the French Open and Wimbledon . She underwent surgery in April She reached her second career grand slam quarterfinals , at Kournikova then withdrew from several events due to continuing problems with her left foot With Barbara Schett , she won She then lost in the finals in Tokyo , partnering with Iroda Tulyaganova , and at San Diego , partnering with Martina Hingis .
Kournikova regained some success in 2002 of Auckland , Tokyo , With Martina Hingis , she lost in the final at Sydney , but they won their second Grand Slam title They also lost in the quarterfinals With Chanda Rubin , Kournikova played , but they lost to Partnering with Janet Lee , she In 2003 , Anna Kournikova achieved her first Grand Slam match victory in two years at the Australian Open She defeated Henrieta Nagyová in the first round , and then lost to She withdrew from Tokyo due return to Tour until Miami On 9 April , in what the first round of the Family Circle Cup in Charleston at the ITF tournament in Sea Island , before withdrawing from a match versus She lost in the first round of the rest of the season due to at the Australian Open in the Women's Doubles event with Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon , and reaching the No. However , her singles career Her final playing years were marred by a string of injuries , especially back injuries , the WTA Tour since 2003 , but still plays exhibition matches for charitable causes In late 2004 , she participated in three events organized by Elton John In January 2005 , she played in a doubles charity event for the Indian Ocean tsunami with John McEnroe , Andy Roddick , and In November 2005 , she teamed against Lisa Raymond and Samantha Stosur in In September 2008 , Kournikova showed Zuma Beach in Malibu , California The Race raised funds for children's Hospital Los Angeles She won that race for women's K-Swiss team On 27 September 2008 , Kournikova played exhibition mixed doubles matches in Charlotte , North Carolina On 12 October 2008 , Anna Kournikova played by Billie Jean King and Elton John , and raised more than $400,000 for the Elton John AIDS Foundation Kournikova competed alongside John McEnroe , Tracy Austin and Jim Courier at the "Legendary Night
on 2 May 2009 , at the Turning Stone Event Center in Verona , New York . In 2008 , she was In June 2010 , Kournikova reunited competitive tennis for the first time in seven years in the Invitational Ladies Doubles event at Wimbledon . She is a great player at the net Her playing style fits the profile for a doubles player Kournikova was in a relationship with fellow Russian , Pavel Bure , an NHL ice hockey player Bure and Kournikova were reported 2000 after a reporter took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant As the story made headlines in Russia , where they were as celebrities , Bure and , and divorced in 2003 in his music video for " Escape In June 2008 , Iglesias was They reportedly split in October 2013 The couple have a son and daughter , Nicholas and Lucy , In 2000 , Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras , and Following that , she was cast by the Farrelly brothers for a minor role in the 2000 film " Me, Myself & Irene " Kournikova was named one of In 2002 , she also in the World " in US and UK editions citing the degree of hype as compared to actual accomplishments as a singles player – ranked Kournikova 18th in its "25 Biggest Sports Flops on the Internet through 2008 even though she had retired from In October 2010 , Kournikova headed to NBC's "The Biggest Loser " where she led the contestants in a tennis-workout challenge . In May 2011 , it was announced that Kournikova would join "The Biggest Loser " as a regular celebrity trainer in He was born in Aschaffenburg , Bavaria and educated in medicine at the universities of Munich , Berlin , and Strasbourg , where he received his doctorate In 1911 , by way of an invitation from Wilhelm Weygandt , he relocated to Hamburg , where he worked with Theodor Kaes the laboratory of anatomical pathology at the psychiatric State Hospital Hamburg-Friedrichsberg Following the death of Kaes in
1913 , Jakob succeeded him During World War I he served as an army physician in Belgium , and In 1919 , he obtained Jakob was the author of five monographs His neuropathological research contributed greatly to the delineation of several diseases , including multiple sclerosis He gained experience in neurosyphilis He suffered from chronic osteomyelitis for of God , of the divine else , Huxley presented agnosticism as a form of demarcation . , or falsehood , of Karl Popper would also describe himself that the broad definition of agnostic was broadening the definition of atheist and narrowing the definition of agnostic . Early Christian church leaders used the Greek word "gnosis " ( Raised in a religious environment , Charles Darwin his faith , Darwin continued to Darwin stated that it would of my state of mind . William Stewart Ross ( 1844–1906 ) wrote under the name of Saladin . He was associated with Victorian Freethinkers 1882 ; it was renamed Canon Bernard Iddings Bell ( 1886–1958 ) , a popular cultural commentator , Episcopal priest , and Agnosticism was a temporary mindset in which the age , including the way in which one believed God . His view of Robert Ingersoll and Thomas Paine Part of the misunderstanding stemmed from ignorance of the concepts of God that ruled the lives of humans , fear , and homage ; religion was the practice of Ancient peoples worshiped gods with real counterparts , such as Mammon ( and their children's lives — to these old gods of wealth , physical appetites , In "Unfashionable Convictions ( 1931 ) , " he criticized the Enlightenment's complete faith in human sensory perception , augmented by scientific instruments , as a means of Thomas Aquinas revived among the scientific community . Secondly , the divorce of "pure" science suggest its insufficiency to human needs . and interact with the world . , writing , painting , which shared insight into a human's inner reality people and harmonize with them In summary , man was of Vietnamese are atheists , Agnosticism is criticized from a variety
According to Pope Benedict XVI , strong agnosticism of a refusal of that knowledge which The Catholic Church sees merit in examining at excluding special kinds of truth the domain of knowledge " . opposed to a full denial of the capacity of human reason to know God between agnosticism and atheism is rate the probability of existence for About himself , Dawkins continues the bottom of the garden . " Dawkins also identifies two categories of agnostics ; "Temporary Agnostics in Practice " (TAPs ) , and "Permanent Agnostics in Principle " of the existence of a deity can Argon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar of the periodic table and is a noble gas Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere , at 0.934% ( 9340 ppmv as abundant as water vapor ( ( 400 ppmv ) , and neon ( 18 ppmv ) . Nearly all of the argon in the Earth's atmosphere the decay of potassium-40 in the Earth's crust The name "argon " is derived from resistant to bonding with other elements an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes ; for example , an argon atmosphere Argon is also used in incandescent , fluorescent lighting , and Argon has approximately the same solubility in water , nonflammable and nontoxic as it can form some compounds under a compound of argon with fluorine Although the neutral ground-state chemical compounds of argon are presently limited to HArF , argon can form clathrates with are trapped in a lattice of in reference to its chemical inactivity . This chemical property of this first noble gas to be Argon was first isolated from and Sir William Ramsay at University College London by water , and nitrogen from They first accomplished this by replicating an experiment of Henry Cavendish's . They trapped a mixture of atmospheric air with additional oxygen in a test-tube (A) upside-down over a large quantity of dilute alkali solution ( B ) which sealed around the platinum wire electrodes , leaving the ends of the wires the gas and insulated from the alkali solution
The arc was powered by a battery of five Grove cells and a Ruhmkorff coil of The alkali absorbed the oxides of nitrogen produced by the arc and also carbon dioxide of volume of the gas could Before isolating the gas , they than nitrogen from the atmosphere . attract their attention for many months . another gas in the air mixed in Argon was also encountered in 1882 through independent research of H. F. Newall and 1.288% by mass of Air is the primary industrial source of purified argon products Argon is isolated from air , neon , krypton and of 1.25 years , decays to In the Earth's atmosphere , is made In the subsurface environment , it is is created from the neutron capture by Between locations in the Solar System , the isotopic composition of argon varies greatly the decay of potassium-40 in rocks as it is on Earth Correspondingly , solar argon contains 84.6% ( according to solar wind measurements ) , and the ratio of the three isotopes The predominance of radiogenic is the reason than that of the next element , Mendeleev positioned the elements on his periodic table in order of atomic weight , but the inertness of argon suggested Argon's complete octet of electrons indicates full s and p subshells , was isolated in 1975 In August 2000 , another argon compound , argon fluorohydride ( HArF ) , was formed by researchers at onto frozen argon containing a small amount of This discovery caused the recognition that argon It is stable up to 17 kelvins Solid argon hydride ( Ar(H2)2 ) has , is produced by the decay of 40K with a half-life of for most of these applications , but argon is by far a byproduct of cryogenic air separation in the production of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen : the primary constituents of air are used on a large industrial scale Argon is used in some high-temperature industrial processes For some of these processes , the presence of nitrogen or oxygen gases might cause Argon is used in some types
of arc welding such as gas metal arc welding as in the processing of titanium Argon is used in the poultry industry for mass culling following disease outbreaks , or as a means of slaughter Argon is denser than air Liquid argon is used as the target for neutrino experiments and direct dark matter searches . The interaction between the hypothetical WIMPs and an argon nucleus As with most other liquefied noble gases , argon Compared to xenon , argon , which allows the separation of On the other hand , its intrinsic beta-ray background is unless one uses argon from underground sources , which has much less contamination Most of the argon in the Earth's atmosphere was produced by electron capture of present in natural potassium within the Earth The activity in the atmosphere is maintained by cosmogenic production through the knockout reaction ( n,2n ) and similar reactions . As a result , the underground Ar , shielded by rock and water include DarkSide , WArP , ArDM , microCLEAN and DEAP At Linköping University , Sweden , the inert gas is being utilized in a vacuum chamber in which plasma is the shelf-lives of the contents ( argon Since 2002 , the American National Archives stores Argon may be used as the inert gas within Schlenk lines and gloveboxes Argon may be used as the gas of choice for the plasma Argon is preferred for the sputter coating of specimens for scanning electron microscopy It is used in a procedure Incandescent lights are filled with argon It is used for the specific way and calorimetry in experimental particle physics . Argon is used for thermal insulation Argon is used as a propellant in the development of the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket ( Compressed argon gas is allowed to expand some versions of the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile and other missiles for a number of applications , therefore considered a dangerous asphyxiant in closed areas It is difficult to detect odorless , and tasteless . Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol Arsenic occurs in many minerals ,
usually in combination with sulfur The primary use of arsenic is in alloys of lead ( for example , in car batteries and Arsenic is a common n-type dopant in semiconductor electronic devices It is also a component of , are used in the production of pesticides , treated wood products , herbicides , and insecticides A few species of bacteria are able to use arsenic compounds as respiratory metabolites Trace quantities of arsenic are an essential dietary element in rats , hamsters , goats , chickens , and However , arsenic poisoning occurs in The United States' Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ranked arsenic as number 1 in its 2001 Priority List of Hazardous Substances , and black arsenic , with Gray arsenic ( α - As Because of weak bonding between the layers has a relatively low Mohs hardness of 3.5 . Nearest and next-nearest neighbors form a distorted octahedral complex , with to a high density of 5.73 g / but becomes a semiconductor with a bandgap , and somewhat similar to a tetrahedral structure in which each atom is bound to each of the other three atoms Solid yellow arsenic is produced by rapid cooling It is rapidly transformed into The yellow form has a density of 1.97 g Black arsenic can also be formed by cooling vapor at around 100–220 °C and by crystallization of amorphous arsenic in the presence of mercury vapors . It is glassy and brittle Arsenic occurs in nature as a monoisotopic element , composed of one stable isotope is 73As with a half-life of , with the exception of 71As ) , 76As ( " ranging in atomic mass from 66 Arsenic has a similar electronegativity and ionization energies to its lighter congener phosphorus with most of the nonmetals . When heated in air , arsenic oxidizes to arsenic trioxide ; the fumes from this reaction have an odor This odor can be detected on It burns in oxygen to which have the same structure as the more well-known phosphorus compounds Arsenic makes arsenic acid with concentrated nitric acid
, arsenous acid with dilute nitric acid , react with water , alkalis have properties of intermetallic compounds . Compounds of arsenic resemble in some respects the arsenites , and +5 in As ions in the mineral skutterudite . One of the simplest arsenic compound is the trihydride , the highly toxic, flammable, pyrophoric arsine ( AsH3 ) This compound is generally regarded as At temperatures of 250–300 °C decomposition to water to form acidic solutions . of groundwater , and a problem , and lead hydrogen arsenate . The protonation steps between the arsenate and arsenic acid are similar to those between phosphate and A broad variety of sulfur compounds of arsenic In As4S10 , arsenic has a formal oxidation state of +2 in As4S4 well known except the astatide , Arsenic is used as the group 5 element same as a pair of Si atoms , but the band structure is completely A large variety of organoarsenic compounds are known Several were developed as chemical warfare agents during World War I , including vesicants historic and practical interest , arises from the methylation of arsenic trioxide , a reaction that has no analogy in phosphorus chemistry . 0.00015% ) of the Earth's crust , Co ) are the dominant commercial sources of arsenic , together with realgar ( an arsenic sulfide mineral ) and native (elemental) arsenic In 2014 , China was the top producer of white arsenic with almost 70% world share Russia , and Belgium , according to the British Geological Survey and the United States Geological Survey Most arsenic refinement operations in the US and Europe On roasting arsenopyrite in air roasting without air results in the production in the Syriac word "(al) zarniqa " , based on Persian zar 'gold ' from the word " zarnikh " , " ) and hence "(yellow) orpiment " The Greek word was adopted in Latin as "arsenicum " , which known and used since ancient times cloud of arsenic " (arsenic trioxide As the symptoms of arsenic poisoning are was frequently used for murder until the advent of the Marsh test ,