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[ "Edward de Vere was the only son of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and Margery Golding. After the death of his father in 1562, he became a ward of Queen Elizabeth I and was sent to live in the household of her principal advisor, Sir William Cecil. He married Cecil's daughter, Anne, with whom he had five children. Oxford was estranged from her for five years and refused to acknowledge he was the father of their first child.", "Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (; 12 April 155024 June 1604) was an English peer and courtier of the Elizabethan era. Oxford was heir to the second oldest earldom in the kingdom, a court favourite for a time, a sought-after patron of the arts, and noted by his contemporaries as a lyric poet and court playwright, but his volatile temperament precluded him from attaining any courtly or governmental responsibility and contributed to the dissipation of his estate.", "Before his father’s death, Edward de Vere was styled Viscount Bulbeck, or Bolebec, and was raised in the Protestant reformed faith. Like many children of the nobility, he was raised by surrogate parents, in his case in the household of Sir Thomas Smith. At eight he entered Queens' College, Cambridge, as an impubes, or immature fellow-commoner, later transferring to St John's.", "He was the only son of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and his second wife, Margery Golding and was probably named to honour Edward VI, from whom he received a gilded christening cup. He had an older half-sister, Katherine, the child of his father's first marriage to Dorothy Neville, and a younger sister, Mary de Vere.", "One register lists \"Edward Veare earl of Oxford\" among burials; the other reads, \"Edward deVeare Erle of Oxenford was buryed the 6th daye of Iulye Anno 1604.\" A manuscript history of the Vere family (c. 1619) written by Oxford’s first cousin, Percival Golding (1579-1635), raises the possibility of a re-interment sometime between 1612 and 1619 at Westminster Abbey: The same manuscript further suggests that de Vere enjoyed an honorary stewardship of the Privy Council in the last year of his life.", "He had an older half-sister, Katherine, the child of his father's first marriage to Dorothy Neville, and a younger sister, Mary de Vere. Both his parents had established court connections: the 16th Earl accompanying Princess Elizabeth from her house arrest at Hatfield to the throne, and the countess being appointed a maid of honour in 1559. Before his father’s death, Edward de Vere was styled Viscount Bulbeck, or Bolebec, and was raised in the Protestant reformed faith.", "Since the 1920s, Oxford has been among the most prominent alternative candidates proposed for the authorship of Shakespeare's works. Family and childhood Edward de Vere was born heir to the second-oldest extant earldom in England at the de Vere ancestral home, Hedingham Castle, in Essex, northeast of London. He was the only son of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and his second wife, Margery Golding and was probably named to honour Edward VI, from whom he received a gilded christening cup.", "A manuscript history of the Vere family (c. 1619) written by Oxford’s first cousin, Percival Golding (1579-1635), raises the possibility of a re-interment sometime between 1612 and 1619 at Westminster Abbey: The same manuscript further suggests that de Vere enjoyed an honorary stewardship of the Privy Council in the last year of his life. While Nelson disputes his membership on the Council, de Vere's signature appears on a letter dated 8 April 1603 from the Privy Council to the Lord High Treasurer of England Literary reputation Oxford's manuscript verses circulated widely in courtly circles.", "Oxford was heir to the second oldest earldom in the kingdom, a court favourite for a time, a sought-after patron of the arts, and noted by his contemporaries as a lyric poet and court playwright, but his volatile temperament precluded him from attaining any courtly or governmental responsibility and contributed to the dissipation of his estate. Edward de Vere was the only son of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and Margery Golding.", "His father died on 3 August 1562, shortly after making his will. Because he held lands from the Crown by knight service, his son became a royal ward of the Queen and was placed in the household of Sir William Cecil, her secretary of state and chief advisor. At 12, de Vere had become the 17th Earl of Oxford, Lord Great Chamberlain of England, and heir to an estate whose annual income, though assessed at approximately £2,500, may have run as high as £3,500 (£ as of )." ]

[ "Edward de Vere was the only son of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and Margery Golding. After the death of his father in 1562, he became a ward of Queen Elizabeth I and was sent to live in the household of her principal advisor, Sir William Cecil. He married Cecil's daughter, Anne, with whom he had five children. Oxford was estranged from her for five years and refused to acknowledge he was the father of their first child.", "Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (; 12 April 155024 June 1604) was an English peer and courtier of the Elizabethan era. Oxford was heir to the second oldest earldom in the kingdom, a court favourite for a time, a sought-after patron of the arts, and noted by his contemporaries as a lyric poet and court playwright, but his volatile temperament precluded him from attaining any courtly or governmental responsibility and contributed to the dissipation of his estate.", "He was the only son of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and his second wife, Margery Golding and was probably named to honour Edward VI, from whom he received a gilded christening cup. He had an older half-sister, Katherine, the child of his father's first marriage to Dorothy Neville, and a younger sister, Mary de Vere.", "Since the 1920s, Oxford has been among the most prominent alternative candidates proposed for the authorship of Shakespeare's works. Family and childhood Edward de Vere was born heir to the second-oldest extant earldom in England at the de Vere ancestral home, Hedingham Castle, in Essex, northeast of London. He was the only son of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and his second wife, Margery Golding and was probably named to honour Edward VI, from whom he received a gilded christening cup.", "In the second, since he had no heirs, and if he should die abroad the estates would pass to his sister, Mary, he entailed the lands of the earldom on his first cousin, Hugh Vere. The indenture also provided for payment of debts amounting to £9,096, £3,457 of which was still owed to the Queen as expenses for his wardship. Oxford left England in the first week of February 1575, and a month later was presented to the King and Queen of France.", "His father died on 3 August 1562, shortly after making his will. Because he held lands from the Crown by knight service, his son became a royal ward of the Queen and was placed in the household of Sir William Cecil, her secretary of state and chief advisor. At 12, de Vere had become the 17th Earl of Oxford, Lord Great Chamberlain of England, and heir to an estate whose annual income, though assessed at approximately £2,500, may have run as high as £3,500 (£ as of ).", "Before his father’s death, Edward de Vere was styled Viscount Bulbeck, or Bolebec, and was raised in the Protestant reformed faith. Like many children of the nobility, he was raised by surrogate parents, in his case in the household of Sir Thomas Smith. At eight he entered Queens' College, Cambridge, as an impubes, or immature fellow-commoner, later transferring to St John's.", "One register lists \"Edward Veare earl of Oxford\" among burials; the other reads, \"Edward deVeare Erle of Oxenford was buryed the 6th daye of Iulye Anno 1604.\" A manuscript history of the Vere family (c. 1619) written by Oxford’s first cousin, Percival Golding (1579-1635), raises the possibility of a re-interment sometime between 1612 and 1619 at Westminster Abbey: The same manuscript further suggests that de Vere enjoyed an honorary stewardship of the Privy Council in the last year of his life.", "Oxford was heir to the second oldest earldom in the kingdom, a court favourite for a time, a sought-after patron of the arts, and noted by his contemporaries as a lyric poet and court playwright, but his volatile temperament precluded him from attaining any courtly or governmental responsibility and contributed to the dissipation of his estate. Edward de Vere was the only son of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and Margery Golding.", "A manuscript history of the Vere family (c. 1619) written by Oxford’s first cousin, Percival Golding (1579-1635), raises the possibility of a re-interment sometime between 1612 and 1619 at Westminster Abbey: The same manuscript further suggests that de Vere enjoyed an honorary stewardship of the Privy Council in the last year of his life. While Nelson disputes his membership on the Council, de Vere's signature appears on a letter dated 8 April 1603 from the Privy Council to the Lord High Treasurer of England Literary reputation Oxford's manuscript verses circulated widely in courtly circles." ]

[ "Arrest and conviction At approximately 2:30 AM on June 17, 1966, two men entered the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Paterson, New Jersey, and began shooting. The bartender, James Oliver, and a customer, Fred Nauyoks, were killed immediately. Hazel Tanis died in a hospital a month later, having suffered multiple wounds from shotgun pellets; a third customer, Willie Marins, survived the attack, despite a head wound that cost him the sight in one eye.", "Bello later admitted he was in the area acting as a lookout while an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, broke into a nearby warehouse. At the time, he claimed to have discovered the bodies when he entered the bar to buy cigarettes; it also transpired that he took the opportunity to empty the cash register, and ran into the police as he came out. At the trial, he testified he was approaching the Lafayette when two black males, one with a shotgun, the other a pistol, came around the corner.", "At the trial, he testified he was approaching the Lafayette when two black males, one with a shotgun, the other a pistol, came around the corner. He ran from them, and they got into a white car that was double-parked near the Lafayette. Valentine lived above the bar, and heard the shots; like Bello, she reported seeing two black men leave the bar, then get into a white car.", "Both men concluded that Bello was telling the truth when he said that he had seen Carter outside the Lafayette immediately after the murders. However, Harrelson also reported orally that Bello had been inside the bar shortly before and at the time of the shooting, a conclusion that contradicted Bello's 1967 trial testimony wherein he had said that he had been on the street at the time of the shooting. Despite this oral report, Harrelson's subsequent written report stated that Bello's 1967 testimony had been truthful.", "In 1966, Carter, and his co-accused, John Artis, were arrested for a triple homicide which was committed at the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Paterson, New Jersey, United States. Shortly after the killings at 2:30 am, a car, which contained Carter, Artis and a third acquaintance, was stopped by police outside the bar while its occupants were on their way home from a nearby nightclub.", "Valentine lived above the bar, and heard the shots; like Bello, she reported seeing two black men leave the bar, then get into a white car. They reportedly described it as white, with \"a geometric design, sort of a butterfly type design in the back of the car\", and New York state license plates, with blue background and orange lettering.", "The police recognised Carter, a well-known and controversial local figure, but let him go. Minutes later, the same officers solicited a description of the getaway car from two eyewitnesses outside the bar, Patricia “Patty” Valentine and Al Bello. Bello later admitted he was in the area acting as a lookout while an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, broke into a nearby warehouse.", "They reportedly described it as white, with \"a geometric design, sort of a butterfly type design in the back of the car\", and New York state license plates, with blue background and orange lettering. Another neighbor, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots, and said that, from his window, he saw Alfred Bello running west on Lafayette Street toward 16th Street. He then heard the screech of tires and saw a white car shoot past, heading west, with two black males in the front seat.", "However, several months later, Bello changed his story, after the police discovered why he was in the area, and his theft from the cash register. He positively identified Artis as one of the attackers, while Bradley now came forward to claim Carter was the other; based on this, the two were arrested and indicted. Bello later claimed in return, he was promised the $10,500 reward offered for catching the killers, which was never paid." ]

[ "Rubin \"Hurricane\" Carter (May 6, 1937 – April 20, 2014) was an American-Canadian middleweight boxer, wrongfully convicted of murder and later released following a petition of habeas corpus after serving almost 20 years in prison. In 1966, Carter, and his co-accused, John Artis, were arrested for a triple homicide which was committed at the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Paterson, New Jersey, United States.", "Carter, 48 years old, was freed without bail in November 1985. Prosecutors appealed Sarokin's ruling to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals and filed a motion with the court to return Carter to prison pending the outcome of the appeal. The court denied this motion and eventually upheld Sarokin's opinion, affirming his Brady analysis without commenting on his other rationale. The prosecutors appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.", "Carter and Artis were interrogated for 17 hours, released, then re-arrested weeks later. In 1967, they were convicted of all three murders, and given life sentences, served in Rahway State Prison; a retrial in 1976 upheld their sentences, but it was overturned in 1985. Prosecutors declined to try the case a third time after their appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court failed. Carter's autobiography, titled The Sixteenth Round, written while he was in prison, was published in 1974 by Viking Press.", "Muhammad Ali lent his support to the campaign (including publicly wishing Carter good luck on his appeal during the airing of The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson on September 7, 1973). Bob Dylan co-wrote (with Jacques Levy) and performed a song called \"Hurricane\" (1975), which declared that Carter was innocent. On December 7, 1975, Dylan performed the song at a concert at Trenton State Prison, where Carter was temporarily an inmate.", "Federal court action In 1985, Carter's attorneys filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court. Later that year, Judge Haddon Lee Sarokin of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey granted the writ, noting that the prosecution had been \"predicated upon an appeal to racism rather than reason, and concealment rather than disclosure\", and set aside the convictions. Carter, 48 years old, was freed without bail in November 1985.", "On December 7, 1975, Dylan performed the song at a concert at Trenton State Prison, where Carter was temporarily an inmate. However, during the hearing on the recantations, defense attorneys also argued that Bello and Bradley had lied during the 1967 trial, telling the jurors that they had made only certain narrow, limited deals with prosecutors in exchange for their trial testimony.", "Early life Carter was born in Clifton, New Jersey, the fourth of seven children. He later admitted to a troubled relationship with his father, a strict disciplinarian; at the age of eleven, he was sentenced to a juvenile reformatory for assault, having stabbed a man, who he claimed had tried to sexually assault him. Carter escaped from the reformatory in 1954 and joined the United States Army. A few months after completing basic training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was sent to West Germany.", "A few months after completing basic training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was sent to West Germany. While in Germany, Carter began to box for the Army. He was later discharged in 1956 as unfit for service, after four courts-martial. Shortly after his discharge, he returned home to New Jersey, was convicted of two muggings and sent to prison. Boxing career After his release from prison in September 1961, Carter became a professional boxer.", "Judge Samuel Larner imposed one concurrent and two consecutive life sentences on Carter, and three concurrent life sentences on Artis. Retrial and release In 1974, Bello and Bradley withdrew their identifications of Carter and Artis, and these recantations were used as the basis for a motion for a new trial. Judge Samuel Larner denied the motion on December 11, saying they \"lacked the ring of truth\".", "Carter received the Abolition Award from Death Penalty Focus in 1996. Prostate cancer and death In March 2012, while attending the International Justice Conference in Burswood, Western Australia, Carter revealed that he had terminal prostate cancer. At the time, doctors gave him between three and six months to live. Beginning shortly after that time, John Artis lived with and cared for Carter, and on April 20, 2014, he confirmed that Carter, at the age of 76, had succumbed to his illness." ]

[ "It also appears he has the ability to fly as demonstrated in Exiles #27. Due to his shapeshifting ability he does not wear any actual clothing, and he takes joy in pointing this out. Kevin Sydney is a skilled actor, and a highly trained and efficient organizer of subversive activities. He carried various advanced weaponry of alien Siri design belonging to Factor Three, including a ray gun carried in a holster at his side. Though Morph is a prankster who downplays his intelligence, he is deceptively smart.", "Kevin Sydney is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Werner Roth, the character first appeared in The X-Men #35 (Aug. 1967). Sydney first appeared as Changeling, a mutant shapeshifter. He was a short-lived adversary for the X-Men who subsequently joined Professor X and died shortly after, making him the first member of the X-Men to die in action. The character was reintroduced as Morph in the 1990s for X-Men: The Animated Series.", "Then in 2001, Marvel introduced an alternate-reality version of this Morph, from Earth-1081. He first appeared in Exiles #1. Fictional character biography Earth-616 character Kevin Sydney, known as \"Changeling\", originally worked for the villainous organization Factor Three. He acted as the Mutant Master's second-in-command in an effort to trigger World War III. After successfully capturing the heroic X-Men, the Mutant Master is exposed as an extraterrestrial and goes out of control.", "When the Exiles tracked him to the \"Heroes Reborn\" world, cosmic entities \"O\" and \"K\" kidnapped him, saying his presence has tipped the balance of power. Using a tiara hooked to a brainwasher device, his teammate Blink managed if not to restore his consciousness, to brainwash Proteus, forcing him to act like Morph, and access to only Morph's memories, functionally \"bringing him again to life.\"", "Unlike Changeling, Kevin Sydney of AoA never died while impersonating Professor X, because in the Age of Apocalypse Xavier died before the X-Men were ever founded. In the AoA timeline, Morph often agitated his teammates with his off-the-wall sense of humor and inappropriate timing; he describes himself as wanting to die with a smile on his face when his time comes. Despite his happy-go-lucky attitude, Morph has displayed signs of a softer, more empathetic side several times.", "His power could also transform the appearance of his costume as well, which was made of unstable molecules. Morph's mutation to shape-shift has also made it so that his body is a Play-Doh-like substance and he can reattach limbs after they have been severed. He has limited telepathic abilities, which (in the original timeline) were enhanced by Professor X. As a side effect, he also gained limited telekinetic abilities.", "Using a tiara hooked to a brainwasher device, his teammate Blink managed if not to restore his consciousness, to brainwash Proteus, forcing him to act like Morph, and access to only Morph's memories, functionally \"bringing him again to life.\" With Proteus trapped and believing he is Morph, he remained an Exile to continue fixing damaged realities. Considering Morph's body does not burn out like other hosts, Morph's consciousness is still active beneath Proteus.", "Early on in life he managed to use his powers, and was able to give everyone what they wanted from him. Morph always used his power to joke around and keep everyone at ease with him, only comfortable to be himself around his parents.", "He has also stated that his mutation gives him a high metabolism and makes him very hormonal. In Exiles #33 Sasquatch said she was never able to detect a scent on Morph and Sabretooth stated that while hunting Proteus in Morph's body, Morph stands out like a sore thumb in a crowd of \"normal\" people to Sabretooth's senses regardless of his form. It also appears he has the ability to fly as demonstrated in Exiles #27." ]

[ "However, soon after, when the New Exiles became immersed within the Crystal Palace, Proteus was absorbed in Morph's place, freeing Morph once and for all. Powers and abilities Kevin Sydney is a mutant metamorph with the ability to alter his physical appearance and voice at will to resemble that of any person he chooses. His power could also transform the appearance of his costume as well, which was made of unstable molecules.", "It also appears he has the ability to fly as demonstrated in Exiles #27. Due to his shapeshifting ability he does not wear any actual clothing, and he takes joy in pointing this out. Kevin Sydney is a skilled actor, and a highly trained and efficient organizer of subversive activities. He carried various advanced weaponry of alien Siri design belonging to Factor Three, including a ray gun carried in a holster at his side. Though Morph is a prankster who downplays his intelligence, he is deceptively smart.", "Kevin Sydney is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Werner Roth, the character first appeared in The X-Men #35 (Aug. 1967). Sydney first appeared as Changeling, a mutant shapeshifter. He was a short-lived adversary for the X-Men who subsequently joined Professor X and died shortly after, making him the first member of the X-Men to die in action. The character was reintroduced as Morph in the 1990s for X-Men: The Animated Series.", "Then in 2001, Marvel introduced an alternate-reality version of this Morph, from Earth-1081. He first appeared in Exiles #1. Fictional character biography Earth-616 character Kevin Sydney, known as \"Changeling\", originally worked for the villainous organization Factor Three. He acted as the Mutant Master's second-in-command in an effort to trigger World War III. After successfully capturing the heroic X-Men, the Mutant Master is exposed as an extraterrestrial and goes out of control.", "When the Exiles tracked him to the \"Heroes Reborn\" world, cosmic entities \"O\" and \"K\" kidnapped him, saying his presence has tipped the balance of power. Using a tiara hooked to a brainwasher device, his teammate Blink managed if not to restore his consciousness, to brainwash Proteus, forcing him to act like Morph, and access to only Morph's memories, functionally \"bringing him again to life.\"", "Unlike Changeling, Kevin Sydney of AoA never died while impersonating Professor X, because in the Age of Apocalypse Xavier died before the X-Men were ever founded. In the AoA timeline, Morph often agitated his teammates with his off-the-wall sense of humor and inappropriate timing; he describes himself as wanting to die with a smile on his face when his time comes. Despite his happy-go-lucky attitude, Morph has displayed signs of a softer, more empathetic side several times.", "Proteus Morph helped the team take down Proteus by impersonating the Maestro and weakening Proteus with a steel strip in his head. Morph went to take down Proteus but Proteus knocked the steel plate out of his head and took over Morph's body in issue #80. When the Exiles tracked him to the \"Heroes Reborn\" world, cosmic entities \"O\" and \"K\" kidnapped him, saying his presence has tipped the balance of power.", "In a vision, he saw a figure, almost identical to his own true, energy form, telling him to take its hand, and he would survive. Upon doing so, Proteus found himself full of even greater power, using it to defeat his god-like enemy. Afterward, it was revealed that this being was the personality and soul of the true Morph, having been in limbo, gaining strength within Proteus and his own body, who had before only been able to speak a few sentences through Proteus' control.", "Using a tiara hooked to a brainwasher device, his teammate Blink managed if not to restore his consciousness, to brainwash Proteus, forcing him to act like Morph, and access to only Morph's memories, functionally \"bringing him again to life.\" With Proteus trapped and believing he is Morph, he remained an Exile to continue fixing damaged realities. Considering Morph's body does not burn out like other hosts, Morph's consciousness is still active beneath Proteus.", "Afterward, it was revealed that this being was the personality and soul of the true Morph, having been in limbo, gaining strength within Proteus and his own body, who had before only been able to speak a few sentences through Proteus' control. Revealing to Proteus that he had the ability to eject him from his body, Morph gave Proteus the chance to work together and share his body and their powers, in order to do more good, something which Morph had discovered Proteus desired deep within him." ]

[ "However, soon after, when the New Exiles became immersed within the Crystal Palace, Proteus was absorbed in Morph's place, freeing Morph once and for all. Powers and abilities Kevin Sydney is a mutant metamorph with the ability to alter his physical appearance and voice at will to resemble that of any person he chooses. His power could also transform the appearance of his costume as well, which was made of unstable molecules.", "Kevin Sydney is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Werner Roth, the character first appeared in The X-Men #35 (Aug. 1967). Sydney first appeared as Changeling, a mutant shapeshifter. He was a short-lived adversary for the X-Men who subsequently joined Professor X and died shortly after, making him the first member of the X-Men to die in action. The character was reintroduced as Morph in the 1990s for X-Men: The Animated Series.", "Then in 2001, Marvel introduced an alternate-reality version of this Morph, from Earth-1081. He first appeared in Exiles #1. Fictional character biography Earth-616 character Kevin Sydney, known as \"Changeling\", originally worked for the villainous organization Factor Three. He acted as the Mutant Master's second-in-command in an effort to trigger World War III. After successfully capturing the heroic X-Men, the Mutant Master is exposed as an extraterrestrial and goes out of control.", "When the Exiles tracked him to the \"Heroes Reborn\" world, cosmic entities \"O\" and \"K\" kidnapped him, saying his presence has tipped the balance of power. Using a tiara hooked to a brainwasher device, his teammate Blink managed if not to restore his consciousness, to brainwash Proteus, forcing him to act like Morph, and access to only Morph's memories, functionally \"bringing him again to life.\"", "He has also stated that his mutation gives him a high metabolism and makes him very hormonal. In Exiles #33 Sasquatch said she was never able to detect a scent on Morph and Sabretooth stated that while hunting Proteus in Morph's body, Morph stands out like a sore thumb in a crowd of \"normal\" people to Sabretooth's senses regardless of his form. It also appears he has the ability to fly as demonstrated in Exiles #27.", "Unlike Changeling, Kevin Sydney of AoA never died while impersonating Professor X, because in the Age of Apocalypse Xavier died before the X-Men were ever founded. In the AoA timeline, Morph often agitated his teammates with his off-the-wall sense of humor and inappropriate timing; he describes himself as wanting to die with a smile on his face when his time comes. Despite his happy-go-lucky attitude, Morph has displayed signs of a softer, more empathetic side several times.", "Early on in life he managed to use his powers, and was able to give everyone what they wanted from him. Morph always used his power to joke around and keep everyone at ease with him, only comfortable to be himself around his parents.", "However, the character's reinvention as Morph in the X-Men animated series raised his profile such that alternate versions of the character, now also named Morph, began to appear in stories set in other universes. Age of Apocalypse In the Age of Apocalypse (AoA), Morph was, like his \"regular Marvel Universe\" counterpart Changeling, an early recruit of the X-Men. Unlike Changeling, Kevin Sydney of AoA never died while impersonating Professor X, because in the Age of Apocalypse Xavier died before the X-Men were ever founded.", "His power could also transform the appearance of his costume as well, which was made of unstable molecules. Morph's mutation to shape-shift has also made it so that his body is a Play-Doh-like substance and he can reattach limbs after they have been severed. He has limited telepathic abilities, which (in the original timeline) were enhanced by Professor X. As a side effect, he also gained limited telekinetic abilities." ]

[ "Upcoming projects In August 2013, Cameron announced plans to direct three sequels to Avatar simultaneously, for release in December 2016, 2017, and 2018. However, the release dates have been postponed to December 16, 2022, with the following three sequels to be released, respectively, on December 20, 2024, December 18, 2026, and December 22, 2028. Deadline Hollywood estimated that the budget for these would be over $1 billion.", "Cameron had mentioned two projects as early as June 2005; Avatar (2009) and Alita: Battle Angel (2019), the latter which he produced, both films were to be shot in 3D technology. He wanted to make Alita: Battle Angel first, followed by Avatar but switched the order in February 2006. Although Cameron had written an 80-page treatment for Avatar in 1995, Cameron stated that he wanted the necessary technology to improve before starting production.", "It was the first film to earn more than $2 billion worldwide. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, and Best Visual Effects. In July 2010, an extended theatrical re-release generated a worldwide $33.2 million at the box office. In his mixed review, Sukhdev Sandhu of The Telegraph complimented the 3D, but opined that Cameron \"should have been more brutal in his editing\".", "The supporting cast includes Billy Zane, Kathy Bates, Frances Fisher, Gloria Stuart, Bernard Hill, Jonathan Hyde, Victor Garber, Danny Nucci, David Warner and Bill Paxton. After months of delay, Titanic premiered on December 19, 1997. The film received strong critical acclaim and became the highest-grossing film of all time, holding this position for 12 years until Cameron's Avatar beat the record in 2010. The costumes and sets were praised, and The Washington Post considered the CGI graphics to be spectacular.", "He found further success with Aliens (1986), The Abyss (1989), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), and the action comedy True Lies (1994). He also directed Titanic (1997) and Avatar (2009), with Titanic earning him Academy Awards in Best Picture, Best Director and Best Film Editing. Avatar, filmed in 3D technology, earned him nominations in the same categories. Cameron co-founded the production companies Lightstorm Entertainment, Digital Domain, and Earthship Productions.", "In her review, Monica Castillo of RogerEbert.com called it \"an awe-inspiring jump for [Rodriguez]\" and \"a visual bonanza\" despite the bulky script. Cameron returned to the Terminator franchise as producer and writer for Tim Miller's Terminator: Dark Fate (2019). Upcoming projects In August 2013, Cameron announced plans to direct three sequels to Avatar simultaneously, for release in December 2016, 2017, and 2018.", "Although Cameron had written an 80-page treatment for Avatar in 1995, Cameron stated that he wanted the necessary technology to improve before starting production. Avatar, with the story line set in the mid-22nd century, had an estimated budget in excess of $300 million. The cast includes Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez and Sigourney Weaver.", "Produced with similar techniques and technology as in Avatar, the film starred Rosa Salazar, Christoph Waltz, Jennifer Connelly, Mahershala Ali, Ed Skrein, Jackie Earle Haley and Keean Johnson. The film premiered on January 31, 2019, to generally positive reviews and $404 million at the worldwide box office. In her review, Monica Castillo of RogerEbert.com called it \"an awe-inspiring jump for [Rodriguez]\" and \"a visual bonanza\" despite the bulky script." ]

[ "The cast includes Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez and Sigourney Weaver. It was composed with a mix of live-action footage and computer-generated animation, using an advanced version of the performance capture technique, previously used by director Robert Zemeckis in The Polar Express. Cameron intended Avatar to be 3D-only but decided to adapt it for conventional viewing as well. Intended for release in May 2009, Avatar premiered on December 18, 2009.", "Despite this, Winslet and Cameron still looked for future projects and Winslet was eventually cast in Avatar 2. Her co-star Leonardo DiCaprio told Esquire magazine, \"when somebody felt a different way on the set, there was a confrontation. He lets you know exactly how he feels\", but complimented Cameron, \"he's of the lineage of John Ford. He knows what he wants his film to be.\"", "In his mixed review, Sukhdev Sandhu of The Telegraph complimented the 3D, but opined that Cameron \"should have been more brutal in his editing\". That year, Vanity Fair reported that Cameron's earnings were US$257 million, making him the highest earner in Hollywood. As of 2020, Avatar and Titanic hold the achievement for being the first two of the five films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide.", "He said in August 2020 \"......As a New Zealand resident (and hopefully soon-to-be-citizen) I plan to make all my future films in New Zealand, and I see the country having an opportunity to demonstrate to the international film industry how to safely return to work. Doing so with Avatar will be a beacon that, when this is over, will attract more production to New Zealand and continue to stimulate the screen industry and the economy for years.", "Inspired by Avatar, Disney constructed Pandora – The World of Avatar, at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida which opened to the public on May 27, 2017. A species of frog, Pristimantis jamescameroni, was named after Cameron for his work in promoting environmental awareness and advocacy of veganism. In 2010, Time magazine named Cameron one of the 100 most influential people in the world.", "On February 28, 2010, Cameron was honored with a Visual Effects Society (VES) Lifetime Achievement Award. In June 2012, Cameron was inducted to The Science Fiction Hall of Fame at the Museum of Pop Culture for his contribution to the science fiction and fantasy field. Inspired by Avatar, Disney constructed Pandora – The World of Avatar, at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida which opened to the public on May 27, 2017.", "It was the first film to earn more than $2 billion worldwide. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, and Best Visual Effects. In July 2010, an extended theatrical re-release generated a worldwide $33.2 million at the box office. In his mixed review, Sukhdev Sandhu of The Telegraph complimented the 3D, but opined that Cameron \"should have been more brutal in his editing\".", "Upcoming projects In August 2013, Cameron announced plans to direct three sequels to Avatar simultaneously, for release in December 2016, 2017, and 2018. However, the release dates have been postponed to December 16, 2022, with the following three sequels to be released, respectively, on December 20, 2024, December 18, 2026, and December 22, 2028. Deadline Hollywood estimated that the budget for these would be over $1 billion.", "Cameron's films have grossed approximately US$2 billion in North America and US$6 billion worldwide. Avatar and Titanic are the highest and third highest-grossing films of all time, earning $2.85 billion and $2.19 billion, respectively. Cameron holds the achievement of having directed the first two of the five films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide. In 2010, Time magazine named Cameron as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Cameron is also an environmentalist and runs several sustainability businesses." ]

[ "To gain further insight into Musashi's principles and personality, one could read his other works, such as Dokkōdō and Hyoho Shiji ni Kajo. Timeline The following timeline follows, in chronological order (of which is based on the most accurate and most widely accepted information), the life of Miyamoto Musashi. {| class=\"wikitable\" |- style=\"background:#efefef;\" ! Date ! Age ! Occurrence |- | 1578 |−6 | Musashi's brother, Shirota, is born.", "Mathis ; French original text: L'enseignement de Musashi est d'abord une philosophie Iwami Toshio Harukatsu soke (11th successor to Miyamoto Musashi), Musashi's principles, Dragon'' n°13, January 2006, ed. Mathis; French original text: Les principes de Musashi External links miyamotomusashi.eu Miyamoto Musashi Dojo Some artwork by Miyamoto Musashi (archive link) The samurai warrior and Zen Buddhism (website of the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco) Complete texts in English by Miyamoto Musashi Miyamoto Musashi; his Swordsmanship and Book of Five Rings Profile on Shambhala Publications website 1580s births 1584 births 1645 deaths 17th-century Japanese calligraphers Artist authors Japanese duelists Japanese non-fiction writers Japanese painters Japanese philosophers Japanese swordfighters Kendo Martial arts school founders Martial arts writers Samurai 17th-century philosophers Japanese Buddhists", "Excerpts such as the one below, from The Book of Five Rings, demonstrate a philosophy that is thought to have stayed with him throughout his life: However, the belief that Musashi disliked Shinto is inaccurate, as he criticises the Shintō-ryū style of swordsmanship, not Shinto, the religion. In Musashi's Dokkōdō, his stance on religion is further elucidated: \"Respect Buddha and the gods without counting on their help.\"", "He made various Zen brush paintings, calligraphy, and sculpted wood and metal. Even in The Book of Five Rings he emphasizes that samurai should understand other professions as well. It should be understood that Musashi's writings were very ambiguous, and translating them into English makes them even more so; that is why so many different translations of The Book of Five Rings can be found. To gain further insight into Musashi's principles and personality, one could read his other works, such as Dokkōdō and Hyoho Shiji ni Kajo.", "In short, it could be seen, from the excerpts from The Book of Five Rings, that real strategy behind Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu, is that there is no real iron-clad method, path, or type of weaponry specific to the style of Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu: Religion Even from an early age, Musashi separated his religion from his involvement in swordsmanship. Excerpts such as the one below, from The Book of Five Rings, demonstrate a philosophy that is thought to have stayed with him throughout his life: However, the belief that Musashi disliked Shinto is inaccurate, as he criticises the Shintō-ryū style of swordsmanship, not Shinto, the religion.", "He is considered a Kensei, a sword-saint of Japan. He was the founder of the Niten Ichi-ryū, or Nito Ichi-ryū, style of swordsmanship, and in his final years authored and Dokkōdō (The Path of Aloneness). Both documents were given to Terao Magonojō, the most important of Musashi's students, seven days before Musashi's death.", "He died in Reigandō cave around June 13, 1645 (Shōhō 2, 19th day of the 5th month). The Hyoho senshi denki described his passing: Miyamoto Musashi died of what is believed to be thoracic cancer. He died peacefully after finishing the text Dokkōdō (\"The Way of Walking Alone\", or \"The Way of Self-Reliance\"), 21 precepts on self-discipline to guide future generations.", "In Musashi's Dokkōdō, his stance on religion is further elucidated: \"Respect Buddha and the gods without counting on their help.\" As an artist In his later years, Musashi said in his The Book of Five Rings: \"When I apply the principle of strategy to the ways of different arts and crafts, I no longer have need for a teacher in any domain.\" He proved this by creating recognized masterpieces of calligraphy and classic ink painting.", "Musashi spent many years studying Buddhism and swordsmanship. Musashi spent many years studying Buddhism and swordsmanship. He was an accomplished artist, sculptor, and calligrapher. Records also show that he had architectural skills. Also, he seems to have had a rather straightforward approach to combat, with no additional frills or aesthetic considerations. This was probably due to his real-life combat experience; although in his later life, Musashi followed the more artistic. He made various Zen brush paintings, calligraphy, and sculpted wood and metal." ]

[ "See also Yagyū Munenori Gosho Motoharu Hōjō Akinokami Sasaki Kojiro Takuan Soho Terao Magonojō Eiji Yoshikawa Bizen Mimasaka Ōhara-chō Miyamoto Musashi Budokan Miyamoto Musashi Station Philosophy of war List of military writers References Further reading Fiction (Manga/historical fiction) (Manga/historical fiction) (Manga/historical fiction) (Historical fiction) Children's books Essays Testimony Iwami Toshio Harukatsu soke (11th successor to Miyamoto Musashi), Musashi's teachings – philosophy first: translation in English, Dragon n°7, January 2005, ed. Mathis ; French original text: L'enseignement de Musashi est d'abord une philosophie Iwami Toshio Harukatsu soke (11th successor to Miyamoto Musashi), Musashi's principles, Dragon'' n°13, January 2006, ed.", "In short, it could be seen, from the excerpts from The Book of Five Rings, that real strategy behind Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu, is that there is no real iron-clad method, path, or type of weaponry specific to the style of Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu: Religion Even from an early age, Musashi separated his religion from his involvement in swordsmanship. Excerpts such as the one below, from The Book of Five Rings, demonstrate a philosophy that is thought to have stayed with him throughout his life: However, the belief that Musashi disliked Shinto is inaccurate, as he criticises the Shintō-ryū style of swordsmanship, not Shinto, the religion.", "In Musashi's Dokkōdō, his stance on religion is further elucidated: \"Respect Buddha and the gods without counting on their help.\" As an artist In his later years, Musashi said in his The Book of Five Rings: \"When I apply the principle of strategy to the ways of different arts and crafts, I no longer have need for a teacher in any domain.\" He proved this by creating recognized masterpieces of calligraphy and classic ink painting.", "Translated into English by Victor Harris as A Book of Five Rings, London: Allison & Busby, 1974; Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. See also Yagyū Munenori Gosho Motoharu Hōjō Akinokami Sasaki Kojiro Takuan Soho Terao Magonojō Eiji Yoshikawa Bizen Mimasaka Ōhara-chō Miyamoto Musashi Budokan Miyamoto Musashi Station Philosophy of war List of military writers References Further reading Fiction (Manga/historical fiction) (Manga/historical fiction) (Manga/historical fiction) (Historical fiction) Children's books Essays Testimony Iwami Toshio Harukatsu soke (11th successor to Miyamoto Musashi), Musashi's teachings – philosophy first: translation in English, Dragon n°7, January 2005, ed.", "In comparison to warriors and soldiers, Musashi notes the ways in which the artisans thrive through events; the ruin of houses, the splendor of houses, the style of the house, the tradition and name or origins of a house. These too, are similar to the events which are seen to have warriors and soldiers thrive; the rise and fall of prefectures, countries and other such events are what make uses for warriors, as well as the literal comparisons: \"The carpenter uses a master plan of the building, and the way of strategy is similar in that there is a plan of campaign\".", "He made various Zen brush paintings, calligraphy, and sculpted wood and metal. Even in The Book of Five Rings he emphasizes that samurai should understand other professions as well. It should be understood that Musashi's writings were very ambiguous, and translating them into English makes them even more so; that is why so many different translations of The Book of Five Rings can be found. To gain further insight into Musashi's principles and personality, one could read his other works, such as Dokkōdō and Hyoho Shiji ni Kajo.", "Excerpts such as the one below, from The Book of Five Rings, demonstrate a philosophy that is thought to have stayed with him throughout his life: However, the belief that Musashi disliked Shinto is inaccurate, as he criticises the Shintō-ryū style of swordsmanship, not Shinto, the religion. In Musashi's Dokkōdō, his stance on religion is further elucidated: \"Respect Buddha and the gods without counting on their help.\"", "Mathis ; French original text: L'enseignement de Musashi est d'abord une philosophie Iwami Toshio Harukatsu soke (11th successor to Miyamoto Musashi), Musashi's principles, Dragon'' n°13, January 2006, ed. Mathis; French original text: Les principes de Musashi External links miyamotomusashi.eu Miyamoto Musashi Dojo Some artwork by Miyamoto Musashi (archive link) The samurai warrior and Zen Buddhism (website of the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco) Complete texts in English by Miyamoto Musashi Miyamoto Musashi; his Swordsmanship and Book of Five Rings Profile on Shambhala Publications website 1580s births 1584 births 1645 deaths 17th-century Japanese calligraphers Artist authors Japanese duelists Japanese non-fiction writers Japanese painters Japanese philosophers Japanese swordfighters Kendo Martial arts school founders Martial arts writers Samurai 17th-century philosophers Japanese Buddhists" ]

[ "To gain further insight into Musashi's principles and personality, one could read his other works, such as Dokkōdō and Hyoho Shiji ni Kajo. Timeline The following timeline follows, in chronological order (of which is based on the most accurate and most widely accepted information), the life of Miyamoto Musashi. {| class=\"wikitable\" |- style=\"background:#efefef;\" ! Date ! Age ! Occurrence |- | 1578 |−6 | Musashi's brother, Shirota, is born.", "Mathis ; French original text: L'enseignement de Musashi est d'abord une philosophie Iwami Toshio Harukatsu soke (11th successor to Miyamoto Musashi), Musashi's principles, Dragon'' n°13, January 2006, ed. Mathis; French original text: Les principes de Musashi External links miyamotomusashi.eu Miyamoto Musashi Dojo Some artwork by Miyamoto Musashi (archive link) The samurai warrior and Zen Buddhism (website of the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco) Complete texts in English by Miyamoto Musashi Miyamoto Musashi; his Swordsmanship and Book of Five Rings Profile on Shambhala Publications website 1580s births 1584 births 1645 deaths 17th-century Japanese calligraphers Artist authors Japanese duelists Japanese non-fiction writers Japanese painters Japanese philosophers Japanese swordfighters Kendo Martial arts school founders Martial arts writers Samurai 17th-century philosophers Japanese Buddhists", "Excerpts such as the one below, from The Book of Five Rings, demonstrate a philosophy that is thought to have stayed with him throughout his life: However, the belief that Musashi disliked Shinto is inaccurate, as he criticises the Shintō-ryū style of swordsmanship, not Shinto, the religion. In Musashi's Dokkōdō, his stance on religion is further elucidated: \"Respect Buddha and the gods without counting on their help.\"", "He made various Zen brush paintings, calligraphy, and sculpted wood and metal. Even in The Book of Five Rings he emphasizes that samurai should understand other professions as well. It should be understood that Musashi's writings were very ambiguous, and translating them into English makes them even more so; that is why so many different translations of The Book of Five Rings can be found. To gain further insight into Musashi's principles and personality, one could read his other works, such as Dokkōdō and Hyoho Shiji ni Kajo.", "In Musashi's Dokkōdō, his stance on religion is further elucidated: \"Respect Buddha and the gods without counting on their help.\" As an artist In his later years, Musashi said in his The Book of Five Rings: \"When I apply the principle of strategy to the ways of different arts and crafts, I no longer have need for a teacher in any domain.\" He proved this by creating recognized masterpieces of calligraphy and classic ink painting.", "In short, it could be seen, from the excerpts from The Book of Five Rings, that real strategy behind Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu, is that there is no real iron-clad method, path, or type of weaponry specific to the style of Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu: Religion Even from an early age, Musashi separated his religion from his involvement in swordsmanship. Excerpts such as the one below, from The Book of Five Rings, demonstrate a philosophy that is thought to have stayed with him throughout his life: However, the belief that Musashi disliked Shinto is inaccurate, as he criticises the Shintō-ryū style of swordsmanship, not Shinto, the religion.", "See also Yagyū Munenori Gosho Motoharu Hōjō Akinokami Sasaki Kojiro Takuan Soho Terao Magonojō Eiji Yoshikawa Bizen Mimasaka Ōhara-chō Miyamoto Musashi Budokan Miyamoto Musashi Station Philosophy of war List of military writers References Further reading Fiction (Manga/historical fiction) (Manga/historical fiction) (Manga/historical fiction) (Historical fiction) Children's books Essays Testimony Iwami Toshio Harukatsu soke (11th successor to Miyamoto Musashi), Musashi's teachings – philosophy first: translation in English, Dragon n°7, January 2005, ed. Mathis ; French original text: L'enseignement de Musashi est d'abord une philosophie Iwami Toshio Harukatsu soke (11th successor to Miyamoto Musashi), Musashi's principles, Dragon'' n°13, January 2006, ed.", "He is considered a Kensei, a sword-saint of Japan. He was the founder of the Niten Ichi-ryū, or Nito Ichi-ryū, style of swordsmanship, and in his final years authored and Dokkōdō (The Path of Aloneness). Both documents were given to Terao Magonojō, the most important of Musashi's students, seven days before Musashi's death.", "Musashi spent many years studying Buddhism and swordsmanship. Musashi spent many years studying Buddhism and swordsmanship. He was an accomplished artist, sculptor, and calligrapher. Records also show that he had architectural skills. Also, he seems to have had a rather straightforward approach to combat, with no additional frills or aesthetic considerations. This was probably due to his real-life combat experience; although in his later life, Musashi followed the more artistic. He made various Zen brush paintings, calligraphy, and sculpted wood and metal." ]

[ "Joy Division were an English rock band formed in Salford in 1976. The group consisted of vocalist Ian Curtis, guitarist/keyboardist Bernard Sumner, bassist Peter Hook and drummer Stephen Morris. Sumner and Hook formed the band after attending a Sex Pistols concert. While Joy Division's first recordings were heavily influenced by early punk, they soon developed a sparse sound and style that made them one of the pioneers of the post-punk movement.", "Legacy Despite their short career, Joy Division have exerted a wide-reaching influence. John Bush of AllMusic argues that Joy Division \"became the first band in the post-punk movement by ... emphasizing not anger and energy but mood and expression, pointing ahead to the rise of melancholy alternative music in the '80s.\" Joy Division have influenced bands including their contemporaries the Cure and U2, to later acts such as Bloc Party, Editors, Interpol, The Proclaimers, and Soundgarden.", "Joy Division's second and final album, Closer, was released two months later; it and the single \"Love Will Tear Us Apart\" became their highest charting releases. The remaining members regrouped under the name New Order. They were successful throughout the next decade, blending post-punk with electronic and dance music influences. History Formation On 4 June 1976, childhood friends Bernard Sumner and Peter Hook separately attended a Sex Pistols show at the Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall. Both were inspired by the Pistols' performance.", "To avoid confusion with the London punk band Warsaw Pakt, the band renamed themselves Joy Division in early 1978, borrowing the name from the sexual slavery wing of a Nazi concentration camp mentioned in the 1955 novel House of Dolls. On 14 December, the group recorded their debut EP, An Ideal for Living, at Pennine Sound Studio and played their final gig as Warsaw on New Year's Eve at the Swinging Apple in Liverpool.", "That year Grant Gee directed the band documentary Joy Division. Band members Ian Curtis – lead vocals, guitar, melodica (1976–1980) Bernard Sumner – lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals, bass (1976–1980) Peter Hook – bass, backing vocals, guitar (1976–1980) Terry Mason – drums (1976–1977) Tony Tabac – drums (1977) Steve Brotherdale – drums (1977) Stephen Morris – drums, percussion (1977–1980) Timeline Discography Unknown Pleasures (1979) Closer (1980) References Works cited Further reading External links 1976 establishments in England 1980 disestablishments in England English gothic rock groups English post-punk music groups English new wave musical groups Enigma Records artists Factory Records artists Music in Salford Musical groups disestablished in 1980 Musical groups established in 1976 Musical groups from Greater Manchester Musical quartets New Order (band) Qwest Records artists Virgin Records artists", "Joy Division made their recorded debut in June 1978 when the band self-released An Ideal for Living, and two weeks later their track \"At a Later Date\" was featured on the compilation album Short Circuit: Live at the Electric Circus (which had been recorded live in October 1977). In the Melody Maker review, Chris Brazier said that it \"has the familiar rough-hewn nature of home-produced records, but they're no mere drone-vendors—there are a lot of good ideas here, and they could be a very interesting band by now, seven months on\".", "Joy Division have been dramatised in two biopics. Joy Division have been dramatised in two biopics. 24 Hour Party People (2002) is a fictionalised account of Factory Records in which members of the band appear as supporting characters. Tony Wilson said of the film, \"It's all true, it's all not true. It's not a fucking documentary,\" and that he favoured the \"myth\" over the truth.", "Curtis was unwilling to explain the meaning behind his lyrics and Joy Division releases were absent of any lyric sheets. He told the fanzine Printed Noise, \"We haven't got a message really; the lyrics are open to interpretation. They're multidimensional. You can read into them what you like.\" The other Joy Division members have said that at the time, they paid little attention to the contents of Curtis' lyrics.", "Joy Division performed on Granada TV again in July 1979, and made their only nationwide TV appearance in September on BBC2's Something Else. They supported the Buzzcocks in a 24-venue UK tour that began that October, which allowed the band to quit their regular jobs. The non-album single \"Transmission\" was released in November. Joy Division's burgeoning success drew a devoted following who were stereotyped as \"intense young men dressed in grey overcoats\". Closer and health problems Joy Division toured Europe in January 1980.", "According to Deborah Curtis, \"Sandwiched in between these two important landmarks was the realisation that Ian's illness was something we would have to learn to accommodate\". Unknown Pleasures and breakthrough Joy Division's debut album, Unknown Pleasures, was recorded at Strawberry Studios, Stockport, in April 1979." ]

[ "Joy Division were an English rock band formed in Salford in 1976. The group consisted of vocalist Ian Curtis, guitarist/keyboardist Bernard Sumner, bassist Peter Hook and drummer Stephen Morris. Sumner and Hook formed the band after attending a Sex Pistols concert. While Joy Division's first recordings were heavily influenced by early punk, they soon developed a sparse sound and style that made them one of the pioneers of the post-punk movement.", "Joy Division's second and final album, Closer, was released two months later; it and the single \"Love Will Tear Us Apart\" became their highest charting releases. The remaining members regrouped under the name New Order. They were successful throughout the next decade, blending post-punk with electronic and dance music influences. History Formation On 4 June 1976, childhood friends Bernard Sumner and Peter Hook separately attended a Sex Pistols show at the Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall. Both were inspired by the Pistols' performance.", "Joy Division made their recorded debut in June 1978 when the band self-released An Ideal for Living, and two weeks later their track \"At a Later Date\" was featured on the compilation album Short Circuit: Live at the Electric Circus (which had been recorded live in October 1977). In the Melody Maker review, Chris Brazier said that it \"has the familiar rough-hewn nature of home-produced records, but they're no mere drone-vendors—there are a lot of good ideas here, and they could be a very interesting band by now, seven months on\".", "To avoid confusion with the London punk band Warsaw Pakt, the band renamed themselves Joy Division in early 1978, borrowing the name from the sexual slavery wing of a Nazi concentration camp mentioned in the 1955 novel House of Dolls. On 14 December, the group recorded their debut EP, An Ideal for Living, at Pennine Sound Studio and played their final gig as Warsaw on New Year's Eve at the Swinging Apple in Liverpool.", "Legacy Despite their short career, Joy Division have exerted a wide-reaching influence. John Bush of AllMusic argues that Joy Division \"became the first band in the post-punk movement by ... emphasizing not anger and energy but mood and expression, pointing ahead to the rise of melancholy alternative music in the '80s.\" Joy Division have influenced bands including their contemporaries the Cure and U2, to later acts such as Bloc Party, Editors, Interpol, The Proclaimers, and Soundgarden.", "Joy Division performed on Granada TV again in July 1979, and made their only nationwide TV appearance in September on BBC2's Something Else. They supported the Buzzcocks in a 24-venue UK tour that began that October, which allowed the band to quit their regular jobs. The non-album single \"Transmission\" was released in November. Joy Division's burgeoning success drew a devoted following who were stereotyped as \"intense young men dressed in grey overcoats\". Closer and health problems Joy Division toured Europe in January 1980.", "The band were unhappy with the Grapevine Records head John Anderson's insistence on adding synthesiser into the mix to soften the sound, and asked to be dropped from the contract with RCA. Joy Division made their recorded debut in June 1978 when the band self-released An Ideal for Living, and two weeks later their track \"At a Later Date\" was featured on the compilation album Short Circuit: Live at the Electric Circus (which had been recorded live in October 1977).", "Made it sound like someone strangling a cat and, to my mind, absolutely killed the song. I was so annoyed with him and went in and gave him a piece of my mind but he just turned round and told me to fuck off.\" Curtis' suicide and aftermath Joy Division were scheduled to commence their first US/Canada tour in May 1980.", "According to Deborah Curtis, \"Sandwiched in between these two important landmarks was the realisation that Ian's illness was something we would have to learn to accommodate\". Unknown Pleasures and breakthrough Joy Division's debut album, Unknown Pleasures, was recorded at Strawberry Studios, Stockport, in April 1979." ]

[ "Others raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest with drug companies who have sponsored his broadcasts and his lack of skepticism in weighing the costs and benefits of medical treatments. Representative John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI), wrote a letter opposing Gupta's nomination. Conyers supported a single-payer health care system; Gupta has criticized Michael Moore and his film Sicko.", "In a 2013 editorial, Gupta announced that in the process of working on a documentary about marijuana he had changed his mind about the drug's risks and benefits. Gupta had previously criticized laws that allowed patient access to medical marijuana, but he reversed his stance, saying, \"I am here to apologize,\" and, \"We have been terribly and systematically misled for nearly 70 years in the United States, and I apologize for my own role in that.\"", "From June 28 to July 9, 2021, Gupta served as a guest host on Jeopardy!. Surgeon General candidate On January 6, 2009, CNN announced that Gupta had been considered for the position of Surgeon General by President-elect Barack Obama. Some doctors said that his communication skills and high-profile would allow him to highlight medical issues and prioritize medical reform. Others raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest with drug companies who have sponsored his broadcasts and his lack of skepticism in weighing the costs and benefits of medical treatments.", "Sanjay Gupta (born October 23, 1969) is an American neurosurgeon, medical reporter, and writer. He serves as associate chief of the neurosurgery service at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, associate professor of neurosurgery at the Emory University School of Medicine, and chief medical correspondent for CNN. Gupta is known for his many TV appearances on health-related issues.", "Gupta is known for his many TV appearances on health-related issues. During the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, he has been a frequent contributor to numerous CNN shows covering the crisis, as well as hosting a weekly town hall with Anderson Cooper. Gupta was the host of the CNN show Sanjay Gupta MD for which he has won multiple Emmy Awards. Gupta also hosted the 6 part mini series Chasing Life.", "CNN attributed this to a transcription error. CNN attributed this to a transcription error. CNN defended the rest of Gupta's report responding point-by-point to Moore's response, contending that comparison of data from different sources in different years was in effect cherry picking results, at the cost of statistical accuracy. Honors On April 28, 2012, Gupta was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree for his accomplishments in the medical field. He also gave the commencement address at the spring commencement ceremony held in the University of Michigan Stadium.", "Gupta had previously criticized laws that allowed patient access to medical marijuana, but he reversed his stance, saying, \"I am here to apologize,\" and, \"We have been terribly and systematically misled for nearly 70 years in the United States, and I apologize for my own role in that.\" The third part of his 3-hour documentary, \"Weed 3: The Marijuana Revolution\", was released in April 2015.", "Conyers supported a single-payer health care system; Gupta has criticized Michael Moore and his film Sicko. From the medical community, Donna Wright, of Creative Health Care Management, a regular commentator on medicine and politics, also defended the appointment on the grounds of his media presence, combined with his medical qualifications, which she viewed as an ideal combination for the post of surgeon general.", "The ACE sent a letter of support to senator Edward M. Kennedy. Former surgeon general Joycelyn Elders also supported Gupta's nomination, saying: \"He has enough well-trained, well-qualified public health people to teach him the things he needs to do the job.\" In March 2009 Gupta withdrew his name from consideration for the post, citing his family and his career. Criticisms Some journalists and journalism professors specializing in health care have criticized the quality of Gupta's coverage." ]

[ "He and other medical journalists accuse him of a \"pro-screening bias\" in promoting widespread electrocardiogram and prostate cancer screening, even though medical authorities like the US Preventive Services Task Force recommend against it. Gary Schwitzer, professor of health journalism at the University of Minnesota School of Journalism and now an editor at Health News Review, has also criticized Gupta's reporting.", "CNN attributed this to a transcription error. CNN attributed this to a transcription error. CNN defended the rest of Gupta's report responding point-by-point to Moore's response, contending that comparison of data from different sources in different years was in effect cherry picking results, at the cost of statistical accuracy. Honors On April 28, 2012, Gupta was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree for his accomplishments in the medical field. He also gave the commencement address at the spring commencement ceremony held in the University of Michigan Stadium.", "Others raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest with drug companies who have sponsored his broadcasts and his lack of skepticism in weighing the costs and benefits of medical treatments. Representative John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI), wrote a letter opposing Gupta's nomination. Conyers supported a single-payer health care system; Gupta has criticized Michael Moore and his film Sicko.", "Immediately following the segment, Moore was interviewed live on CNN by Wolf Blitzer. Moore said that Gupta's report was inaccurate and biased and Moore later posted a detailed response on his website. Moore accused CNN of being biased in favor of the drug industry because most of the sponsors for their medical coverage were drug companies. On July 10, 2007, Gupta debated Moore on Larry King Live; on July 15, CNN released a statement in response to Michael Moore's rebuttal.", "The ACE sent a letter of support to senator Edward M. Kennedy. Former surgeon general Joycelyn Elders also supported Gupta's nomination, saying: \"He has enough well-trained, well-qualified public health people to teach him the things he needs to do the job.\" In March 2009 Gupta withdrew his name from consideration for the post, citing his family and his career. Criticisms Some journalists and journalism professors specializing in health care have criticized the quality of Gupta's coverage.", "Conyers supported a single-payer health care system; Gupta has criticized Michael Moore and his film Sicko. From the medical community, Donna Wright, of Creative Health Care Management, a regular commentator on medicine and politics, also defended the appointment on the grounds of his media presence, combined with his medical qualifications, which she viewed as an ideal combination for the post of surgeon general.", "In a 2013 editorial, Gupta announced that in the process of working on a documentary about marijuana he had changed his mind about the drug's risks and benefits. Gupta had previously criticized laws that allowed patient access to medical marijuana, but he reversed his stance, saying, \"I am here to apologize,\" and, \"We have been terribly and systematically misled for nearly 70 years in the United States, and I apologize for my own role in that.\"", "From June 28 to July 9, 2021, Gupta served as a guest host on Jeopardy!. Surgeon General candidate On January 6, 2009, CNN announced that Gupta had been considered for the position of Surgeon General by President-elect Barack Obama. Some doctors said that his communication skills and high-profile would allow him to highlight medical issues and prioritize medical reform. Others raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest with drug companies who have sponsored his broadcasts and his lack of skepticism in weighing the costs and benefits of medical treatments." ]

[ "CNN attributed this to a transcription error. CNN attributed this to a transcription error. CNN defended the rest of Gupta's report responding point-by-point to Moore's response, contending that comparison of data from different sources in different years was in effect cherry picking results, at the cost of statistical accuracy. Honors On April 28, 2012, Gupta was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree for his accomplishments in the medical field. He also gave the commencement address at the spring commencement ceremony held in the University of Michigan Stadium.", "In a 2013 editorial, Gupta announced that in the process of working on a documentary about marijuana he had changed his mind about the drug's risks and benefits. Gupta had previously criticized laws that allowed patient access to medical marijuana, but he reversed his stance, saying, \"I am here to apologize,\" and, \"We have been terribly and systematically misled for nearly 70 years in the United States, and I apologize for my own role in that.\"", "Criticisms Some journalists and journalism professors specializing in health care have criticized the quality of Gupta's coverage. Trudy Lieberman, a regular Nation contributor on healthcare and director of the health and medicine reporting program at the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism, reviewed Gupta's \"ineptitude\" in reporting on the McCain health plan. Lieberman criticized Gupta for relying on insurance industry statistics, and a health expert quoted by Lieberman said that Gupta's reporting \"gives a gross oversimplification\".", "Gary Schwitzer, professor of health journalism at the University of Minnesota School of Journalism and now an editor at Health News Review, has also criticized Gupta's reporting. Michael Moore dispute A July 9, 2007, broadcast of CNN's The Situation Room aired a fact-check segment by Gupta on Michael Moore's 2007 film Sicko in which Gupta stated that Moore had \"fudged facts\". Immediately following the segment, Moore was interviewed live on CNN by Wolf Blitzer.", "Immediately following the segment, Moore was interviewed live on CNN by Wolf Blitzer. Moore said that Gupta's report was inaccurate and biased and Moore later posted a detailed response on his website. Moore accused CNN of being biased in favor of the drug industry because most of the sponsors for their medical coverage were drug companies. On July 10, 2007, Gupta debated Moore on Larry King Live; on July 15, CNN released a statement in response to Michael Moore's rebuttal.", "Others raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest with drug companies who have sponsored his broadcasts and his lack of skepticism in weighing the costs and benefits of medical treatments. Representative John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI), wrote a letter opposing Gupta's nomination. Conyers supported a single-payer health care system; Gupta has criticized Michael Moore and his film Sicko.", "They live in Atlanta and have three daughters. They live in Atlanta and have three daughters. Bibliography Chasing Life: New Discoveries in the Search for Immortality to Help You Age Less Today (Warner Wellness, 2007, ) Cheating Death: The Doctors and Medical Miracles that Are Saving Lives Against All Odds (Wellness Central, 2009, ) Monday Mornings: A Novel (Grand Central Publishing, March 2012, ) Keep Sharp: Build a Better Brain at Any Age (Simon & Schuster, 2021, ) World War C: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic and How to Prepare for the Next One (Simon & Schuster, 2021, ) See also List of American novelists List of American print journalists List of surgeons List of television reporters References External links Sanjay Gupta CNN biography 1969 births 20th-century American educators 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American physicians 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American educators 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American novelists 21st-century American physicians 60 Minutes correspondents American columnists American magazine writers American male journalists American writers of Indian descent American male novelists American medical journalists American physicians of Indian descent American neurosurgeons American people of Sindhi descent American television hosts American television journalists CBS News people CNN people Educators from Michigan Emmy Award winners Emory University School of Medicine faculty Journalists from Georgia (U.S. state) Journalists from Michigan Living people Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state) Novelists from Michigan People from Novi, Michigan Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state) Physicians from Michigan Television personalities from Atlanta Time (magazine) people University of Michigan Medical School alumni White House Fellows Writers from Atlanta 20th-century surgeons Celebrity doctors", "He and other medical journalists accuse him of a \"pro-screening bias\" in promoting widespread electrocardiogram and prostate cancer screening, even though medical authorities like the US Preventive Services Task Force recommend against it. Gary Schwitzer, professor of health journalism at the University of Minnesota School of Journalism and now an editor at Health News Review, has also criticized Gupta's reporting.", "He is also a special correspondent for CBS News. He is also a special correspondent for CBS News. Sanjay Gupta also co-hosts the health conference Life Itself, along with Marc Hodosh (co-creator of TEDMED). Gupta published a column in Time magazine and has written four books: Chasing Life, Cheating Death, Monday Mornings: A Novel, and Keep Sharp (Jan 2021). Early life and education Gupta was born in Novi, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit." ]

[ "During the late 1950s and 1960s superhero-revival period known as the Silver Age, he was a founding member of the Justice League. In the 1990s Modern Age, writers interpreted Aquaman's character more seriously, with storylines depicting the weight of his role as king of Atlantis. The character's original 1960s animated appearances left a lasting impression, making Aquaman widely recognized in popular culture and one of the world's most recognized superheroes.", "The series was well received and a follow-up limited series was in the works, but was eventually cancelled due to creative problems. This series also expanded on several details of the Silver Age Aquaman's origin as well as Aquaman's relationship with his half-brother, the Ocean Master, whose origin was retold in more complete detail. The series also added mystical elements to Aquaman's mythology and reinvented the Ocean Master as a sorcerer. Aquaman reappeared in his blue costume in Aquaman Special #1 (1988).", "Other versions In the 1960s, following the establishment of DC Comics's multiverse system, the Golden Age version of Aquaman became known as the Aquaman of Earth-Two, while the Silver Age version of Aquaman became the Aquaman of Earth-One. Although the two versions never met, the Earth-Two Aquaman did appear post-Golden Age in All-Star Squadron #59–60 (July–August 1986), just before the character was retroactively eliminated from existence via the 1985 Crisis on Infinite Earths storyline. The 1980s series Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew!", "This and subsequent elements were later removed or altered from the Aquaman character after the establishment of DC's multiverse in the 1960s, attributed to the Aquaman of Earth-One. The Silver Age Aquaman made his first appearance in Adventure Comics #260 (May 1959). In it and subsequent Silver Age comics, it was revealed that Aquaman was Arthur Curry, the son of lighthouse keeper Tom Curry and Atlanna, a water-breathing outcast from the lost underwater city of Atlantis.", "Fictional character biography Golden Age Aquaman's first origin story was presented in flashback from his debut in More Fun Comics #73 (November 1941), narrated by the character himself: In his early Golden Age appearances, Aquaman can breathe underwater and control fish and other underwater life for up to an hour. Initially, he was depicted as speaking to sea creatures \"in their own language\" rather than telepathically, and only when they were close enough to hear him (within a radius).", "A digital only series titled Aquaman: Deep Dives was released in 2020. Fictional character biography Golden Age Aquaman's first origin story was presented in flashback from his debut in More Fun Comics #73 (November 1941), narrated by the character himself: In his early Golden Age appearances, Aquaman can breathe underwater and control fish and other underwater life for up to an hour.", "As part of DC Comics's One Year Later event, Aquaman's series was renamed Aquaman: Sword of Atlantis with issue #40 (May 2006). The new developments included a new lead character, a new supporting cast, and the inclusion of sword and sorcery–type fantasy elements in the series. The character was short-lived, and was not seen much leading up to the revival of Aquaman in the 2010 Blackest Night miniseries, and he was not featured in DC continuity at all following its 2011 reboot, The New 52.", "His biological hand was restored when the character was resurrected in Blackest Night #8. At various times in his life, Aquaman has been transformed into a purely oceanic entity with power over all the seas of the world; this was usually temporary, as he would often revert to normal afterwards. Other versions In the 1960s, following the establishment of DC Comics's multiverse system, the Golden Age version of Aquaman became known as the Aquaman of Earth-Two, while the Silver Age version of Aquaman became the Aquaman of Earth-One." ]

[ "The New 52 and Convergence As part of The New 52, DC's 2011 relaunch of their entire superhero line, Geoff Johns, Ivan Reis and Joe Prado served as the initial creative team of the company's new Aquaman series, the first issue of which was released September 28, 2011. The three creators remained on the title for the first 16 issues which subsequently lead into the first continual Aquaman-related crossover in years: \"Throne of Atlantis\".", "Aquaman (Arthur Curry) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Paul Norris and Mort Weisinger, the character debuted in More Fun Comics #73 (November 1941). Initially a backup feature in DC's anthology titles, Aquaman later starred in several volumes of a solo comic book series. During the late 1950s and 1960s superhero-revival period known as the Silver Age, he was a founding member of the Justice League.", "Afterward, Aquaman is reunited with Mera, at which point he discovers that the Xebels' weapons were made of Atlantean technology. The New 52 and Convergence As part of The New 52, DC's 2011 relaunch of their entire superhero line, Geoff Johns, Ivan Reis and Joe Prado served as the initial creative team of the company's new Aquaman series, the first issue of which was released September 28, 2011.", "Retelling origins In 1989, the Legend of Aquaman Special (officially titled as Aquaman Special #1 in the comic's legal indicia, the second Special in back-to-back years) rewrote Aquaman's mythos and origin while still keeping most of his Silver Age history intact. The special was written by writer Robert Loren Fleming with plots/breakdown art by Keith Giffen and full pencil art by artist Curt Swan.", "During the late 1950s and 1960s superhero-revival period known as the Silver Age, he was a founding member of the Justice League. In the 1990s Modern Age, writers interpreted Aquaman's character more seriously, with storylines depicting the weight of his role as king of Atlantis. The character's original 1960s animated appearances left a lasting impression, making Aquaman widely recognized in popular culture and one of the world's most recognized superheroes.", "Other versions In the 1960s, following the establishment of DC Comics's multiverse system, the Golden Age version of Aquaman became known as the Aquaman of Earth-Two, while the Silver Age version of Aquaman became the Aquaman of Earth-One. Although the two versions never met, the Earth-Two Aquaman did appear post-Golden Age in All-Star Squadron #59–60 (July–August 1986), just before the character was retroactively eliminated from existence via the 1985 Crisis on Infinite Earths storyline. The 1980s series Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew!", "Aquaman was given an eighth volume of his eponymous series, which started with a one-shot comic book entitled Aquaman: Rebirth #1 (August 2016). This series kept writer Dan Abnett, who had taken over the title for the last three issues of The New 52 and who had previously written the character for a short time a decade earlier. Aquaman (vol." ]

[ "The only individual who spoke up on Orin's behalf was Vulko, a scientist who had no patience for myth or superstition. While his pleas fell on deaf ears, Vulko would later become a close friend and advisor to the young Orin. As a feral child who raised himself in the wilds of the ocean with only sea creatures to keep him company, Orin was found and taken in by a lighthouse keeper named Arthur Curry who named Orin \"Arthur Curry\" after himself.", "As a feral child who raised himself in the wilds of the ocean with only sea creatures to keep him company, Orin was found and taken in by a lighthouse keeper named Arthur Curry who named Orin \"Arthur Curry\" after himself. One day, a young Arthur returns home and finds that his adoptive father has disappeared, so he sets off on his own. In his early teens, Orin ventures to the far North, where he meets and falls in love with an Inupiat girl named Kako.", "This was originally described in the stories as an ability to actually speak with fish, like Dr Dolittle's ability to speak to animals, and later was retconned into an ability to communicate with them telepathically. He once stated that this power more relied on encouraging and compelling the subject rather than full control, citing piranha as a species he has trouble commanding under any circumstances due to their ruthlessness and hunger.", "In it and subsequent Silver Age comics, it was revealed that Aquaman was Arthur Curry, the son of lighthouse keeper Tom Curry and Atlanna, a water-breathing outcast from the lost underwater city of Atlantis. Due to his heritage, Aquaman discovered as a youth that he possessed various superhuman abilities, including the powers of surviving underwater, communication with sea life and tremendous swimming prowess. Eventually, Arthur decided to use his talents to become the defender of the Earth's oceans.", "The Dweller urges him to help King Shark, who still bears scars from a previous battle with Aquaman during the recent Crisis. The Dweller, confusing this new Arthur for Aquaman and calling him his \"charge\", tells Arthur and King Shark of a prophecy regarding Arthur's future, a prophecy which seems to be a distorted version of the original Aquaman's history.", "Aquaman and the sea gods return to Amnesty Bay, the gods settle on Amnesty Island, in an abandoned lighthouse formerly occupied by Tristram Maurer, a 19th-century horror writer. Aquaman is called upon to bail Jackson Hyde out of jail, and Jackson appoints himself Aquaman's ”assistant”. Along with Callie and Tula, the two fight a sea monster which mysteriously disappears when the new lamp in the restored lighthouse is destroyed.", "Yearning to remember who he was, Arthur/Andy undergoes a ritual where he communes with another primal ocean entity known as Mother Shark, who, when asked to, restores Arthur's memories wherein he realizes Mera killed him in a fit of rage because of his hesitation about hearing that he is going to become a father. Aquaman and the sea gods return to Amnesty Bay, the gods settle on Amnesty Island, in an abandoned lighthouse formerly occupied by Tristram Maurer, a 19th-century horror writer.", "While awaiting transport to Miami, Florida, a young man named Arthur Joseph Curry is washed out to sea when a storm ruptures the tank he is in. This Arthur Curry, much like the Golden Age Aquaman, is the son of oceanobiologist Dr. Phillip Curry. Arthur's mother, Elaine, died in childbirth and Dr. Curry was forced to use a mutagenic serum on his son when he was born three months premature.", "As a baby, Orin was abandoned to die on Mercy Reef (which is above sea level at low tide, causing fatal air exposure to Atlanteans) because of his blond hair, which was seen by the superstitious Atlanteans as a sign of a curse they called \"the Mark of Kordax.\" The only individual who spoke up on Orin's behalf was Vulko, a scientist who had no patience for myth or superstition." ]

[ "The series ended with issue #75 (January 2001). During this time Aquaman's wife Mera returns, once again sane, from the otherworldly dimension where she had been trapped and Aquaman narrowly averts a coup d'état orchestrated by his son Koryak and his advisor Vulko. Arthur's second harpoon is also destroyed, this time in a battle with Noble, King of the Lurkers.", "The three creators remained on the title for the first 16 issues which subsequently lead into the first continual Aquaman-related crossover in years: \"Throne of Atlantis\". The relaunched series cemented Aquaman's status as the half-human son of Tom Curry and Atlanna and saw him return to Amnesty Bay with Mera. Greatly distressed by the harsh treatment given to the oceans during his time as ruler of Atlantis, Aquaman decides to abdicate the Atlantean throne and return to full-time heroics.", "Prior to this, Aquaman could exist both in and out of water indefinitely. In Aquaman #18 (December 1964), Aquaman married Mera in the first superhero wedding depicted in a comic book. Allies and enemies Aquaman was included in the Justice League of America comic book series, appearing with the team in their very first adventure, and was also a founding member of the team. Aquaman took part in most of the 1960s adventures of the superhero team.", "Mera states that she knows who Hyde is and after she tells Aquaman, he leaves and rescues Jackson from a Xebel attack. It is revealed that Aquaman's Silver Age origin has been re-established and he is once again the half-human son of Tom Curry and an Atlantean queen. The Entity subsequently reduces Aquaman to what appears to be white water.", "This and subsequent elements were later removed or altered from the Aquaman character after the establishment of DC's multiverse in the 1960s, attributed to the Aquaman of Earth-One. The Silver Age Aquaman made his first appearance in Adventure Comics #260 (May 1959). In it and subsequent Silver Age comics, it was revealed that Aquaman was Arthur Curry, the son of lighthouse keeper Tom Curry and Atlanna, a water-breathing outcast from the lost underwater city of Atlantis.", "Aquaman is recognized as the son of Atlanna and is later voted to be the King after the death of the former regent, who had no heirs. By this time, Aquaman had met Mera, a queen from a water-based dimension, and married her shortly after he became king. They soon have a son, Arthur, Jr. (nicknamed \"Aquababy\").", "It was revealed that Joseph had stepped down from his position due to being unable to deal with the pressure of carrying on the Aquaman legacy. Tempest later finds Joseph's trident and costume draped over a throne, confirming that he had abandoned his duties as Atlantis' king. This is the final real reference to Arthur Joseph Curry, with the character never appearing again or being referenced in any DC material since that point.", "In Sword of Atlantis #57, the series' final issue, Aquaman is visited by the Lady of the Lake, who explains his origins. She explains that the original Aquaman had given a sample of his water hand to Dr. Curry in order to resurrect Curry's dead son, Arthur, whom he had named after the hero." ]

[ "This revelation sends Orin into a bout of rage and depression, setting the stage for later confrontations between the two, as it is said in the Chronicles that \"two brothers will also battle for control of Atlantis\". This is in contrast to the Silver Age Aquaman, who had always known that the Ocean Master was his half-brother Orm, although Orm's amnesia prevented him from remembering this fact for some time.", "Aquaman learns that his birth name was Orin and that he and his enemy the Ocean Master share the same father, \"an ancient Atlantean wizard\" named Atlan. This revelation sends Orin into a bout of rage and depression, setting the stage for later confrontations between the two, as it is said in the Chronicles that \"two brothers will also battle for control of Atlantis\".", "They soon have a son, Arthur, Jr. (nicknamed \"Aquababy\"). The 1960s series introduced other such archenemies as the Ocean Master (Aquaman's amnesiac half-brother Orm), Black Manta, the Fisherman, the Scavenger, and the terrorist organization known as O.G.R.E.", "This is in contrast to the Silver Age Aquaman, who had always known that the Ocean Master was his half-brother Orm, although Orm's amnesia prevented him from remembering this fact for some time. This series is credited by Kevin Melrose of Comic Book Resources with helping the character reach the height of his modern-era popularity. New direction Aquaman starred in his own series again with the publication of Aquaman (vol.", "Eventually, Arthur decided to use his talents to become the defender of the Earth's oceans. It was later revealed that in his youth Arthur had adventured as Aquaboy and, on one occasion, met Superboy, Earth's only other publicly active superpowered hero at the time. When Arthur grew up, he called himself \"Aquaman\". It was later revealed that after Atlanna's death, Tom Curry met and married an ordinary human woman and had a son named Orm Curry, Aquaman's half-brother.", "It is also here that he first earned the hatred of Orm, the future Ocean Master, who was later revealed to be Arthur's half-brother by Atlan and an Inupiat woman. As detailed in the five-issue miniseries Aquaman (June–October 1989) (by the same creative team of the 1989 special of Robert Loren Fleming, Keith Giffen, and Curt Swan), which continued a few of the themes from the Legend of Aquaman Special, Mera is eventually driven insane by grief over the death of her son, Arthur, Jr., and is committed to an asylum in Poseidonis.", "In it and subsequent Silver Age comics, it was revealed that Aquaman was Arthur Curry, the son of lighthouse keeper Tom Curry and Atlanna, a water-breathing outcast from the lost underwater city of Atlantis. Due to his heritage, Aquaman discovered as a youth that he possessed various superhuman abilities, including the powers of surviving underwater, communication with sea life and tremendous swimming prowess. Eventually, Arthur decided to use his talents to become the defender of the Earth's oceans.", "Mera states that she knows who Hyde is and after she tells Aquaman, he leaves and rescues Jackson from a Xebel attack. It is revealed that Aquaman's Silver Age origin has been re-established and he is once again the half-human son of Tom Curry and an Atlantean queen. The Entity subsequently reduces Aquaman to what appears to be white water." ]

[ "During Aquino's tenure, vital economic laws such as the Built-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act, and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were also enacted. Socio-economic policies The economy posted a positive growth of 3.4% during Aquino's first year in office, and continued to grow at an overall positive rate throughout her tenure for an average rate of 3.4% from 1986 to 1992.", "However, her family background and social class as a privileged daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda. After the Mendiola Massacre and in response to calls for agrarian reform, President Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on 22 July 1987, which outlined her land reform program, including sugar lands. In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the new Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act No.", "Unbeknownst to many at the time, Corazon Aquino sold some of her prized inheritance to fund the candidacy of her husband. As Benigno Aquino Jr. emerged as a leading critic of the government of President Ferdinand Marcos, he became seen as a strong candidate for president to succeed Marcos in the 1973 elections. However, Marcos, who was barred by the 1935 Constitution to seek a third term, declared martial law on 21 September 1972 and later abolished the constitution, thereby allowing him to remain in office.", "Another landmark law that was enacted during her tenure was the 1991 Local Government Code, which devolved national government powers to local government units (LGUs). The new Code enhanced the power of LGUs to enact local taxation measures and assured them of a share in the national revenue. During Aquino's tenure, vital economic laws such as the Built-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act, and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were also enacted.", "Transitional government and creation of new constitution On 25 February 1986, the first day of her administration, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 1, which announced an intention to reorganize the government and called on all officials appointed by Marcos to resign, starting with members of the Supreme Court. On 25 March 1986, President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, which announced a transitional government into a democratic system.", "Benigno Aquino Jr. was among the first to be arrested at the onset of martial law, and was later sentenced to death. During her husband's incarceration, Corazon Aquino stopped going to beauty salons or buying new clothes and prohibited her children from attending parties, until a priest advised her and her children to try to live as normal lives as possible. Despite Corazon's initial opposition, Benigno Aquino Jr. decided to run in the 1978 Batasang Pambansa elections from his prison cell as party leader of the newly created LABAN.", "In June 2009, two months before her death, Aquino issued a public statement in which she strongly denounced and condemned the Arroyo administration's plans of amending the 1987 Constitution, calling it a \"shameless abuse of power.\" International Shortly after leaving the presidency, Aquino traveled abroad, giving speeches and lectures on issues of democracy, development, human rights, and women empowerment.", "She was the first female president of the Philippines. She was the first female president of the Philippines. As president, Aquino oversaw the drafting of the 1987 Constitution, which limited the powers of the presidency and re-established the bicameral Congress, successfully removing the previous dictatorial government structure. Her economic policies focused on forging good economic standing amongst the international community as well as disestablishing Marcos-era crony capitalist monopolies, emphasizing the free market and responsible economy.", "However, Marcos, who was barred by the 1935 Constitution to seek a third term, declared martial law on 21 September 1972 and later abolished the constitution, thereby allowing him to remain in office. Benigno Aquino Jr. was among the first to be arrested at the onset of martial law, and was later sentenced to death." ]

[ "Another landmark law that was enacted during her tenure was the 1991 Local Government Code, which devolved national government powers to local government units (LGUs). The new Code enhanced the power of LGUs to enact local taxation measures and assured them of a share in the national revenue. During Aquino's tenure, vital economic laws such as the Built-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act, and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were also enacted.", "However, her family background and social class as a privileged daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda. After the Mendiola Massacre and in response to calls for agrarian reform, President Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on 22 July 1987, which outlined her land reform program, including sugar lands. In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the new Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act No.", "In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the new Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 6657, more popularly known as the \"Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law\" (CARP), which paved the way for the redistribution of agricultural lands from landowners to tenant-farmers. Landowners were paid in exchange by the government through just compensation, and were also not allowed to retain more than five hectares of land.", "10176, which renamed Batasan Hills High School (BHES) into \"President Corazon C. Aquino Elementary School\" (PCCAES) in Batasan Hills, Quezon City, was signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III. On 29 June 2018, the Republic Act No. 11045, which renamed the Kay Tikling-Antipolo-Teresa-Morong National Road to Corazon C. Aquino Avenue, was signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte.", "10663, which named a circumferential road in Iloilo City to President Corazon C. Aquino Avenue, was signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III. In 2015, the new Corazon C. Aquino Hospital in Barangay Biasong, Dipolog City was opened to the public. On 10 December 2015, the Republic Act No. 10176, which renamed Batasan Hills High School (BHES) into \"President Corazon C. Aquino Elementary School\" (PCCAES) in Batasan Hills, Quezon City, was signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III.", "Despite the flaws in the law, the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1989, declaring that the implementation of CARP was \"a revolutionary kind of expropriation.\" Corazon Aquino herself was subject to a controversy that centered on Hacienda Luisita, a 6,453-hectare estate located in the province of Tarlac which she and her siblings inherited from her father José Cojuangco. Instead of land distribution, Hacienda Luisita reorganized itself into a corporation and distributed stock.", "During Aquino's tenure, vital economic laws such as the Built-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act, and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were also enacted. Socio-economic policies The economy posted a positive growth of 3.4% during Aquino's first year in office, and continued to grow at an overall positive rate throughout her tenure for an average rate of 3.4% from 1986 to 1992.", "On 22 May 1986, in the case Lawyers League v. President Aquino, the reorganized Supreme Court declared the Aquino government as \"not merely a de facto government but in fact and law a de jure government\", and affirmed its legitimacy. Aquino appointed all 48 members of the 1986 Constitutional Commission (\"Con-Com\"), led by retired activist and former Supreme Court Associate Justice Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, which was tasked with writing a new constitution. The Commission completed its final draft of the Constitution in October 1986." ]

[ "Benigno Aquino Jr. was among the first to be arrested at the onset of martial law, and was later sentenced to death. During her husband's incarceration, Corazon Aquino stopped going to beauty salons or buying new clothes and prohibited her children from attending parties, until a priest advised her and her children to try to live as normal lives as possible. Despite Corazon's initial opposition, Benigno Aquino Jr. decided to run in the 1978 Batasang Pambansa elections from his prison cell as party leader of the newly created LABAN.", "Post-presidency Domestic During Aquino's retirement and stay as a private citizen, she remained active in the Philippine political scene. Aquino would voice her dissent to government actions and policies that she deemed threats to the democratic foundations of the country. In 1997, Aquino, together with Cardinal Jaime Sin, led a rally opposing President Fidel Ramos' attempt to extend his term through his proposal to amend the 1987 Constitution's restriction on presidential term limits.", "Unbeknownst to many at the time, Corazon Aquino sold some of her prized inheritance to fund the candidacy of her husband. As Benigno Aquino Jr. emerged as a leading critic of the government of President Ferdinand Marcos, he became seen as a strong candidate for president to succeed Marcos in the 1973 elections. However, Marcos, who was barred by the 1935 Constitution to seek a third term, declared martial law on 21 September 1972 and later abolished the constitution, thereby allowing him to remain in office.", "In June 2009, two months before her death, Aquino issued a public statement in which she strongly denounced and condemned the Arroyo administration's plans of amending the 1987 Constitution, calling it a \"shameless abuse of power.\" International Shortly after leaving the presidency, Aquino traveled abroad, giving speeches and lectures on issues of democracy, development, human rights, and women empowerment.", "She was the first female president of the Philippines. She was the first female president of the Philippines. As president, Aquino oversaw the drafting of the 1987 Constitution, which limited the powers of the presidency and re-established the bicameral Congress, successfully removing the previous dictatorial government structure. Her economic policies focused on forging good economic standing amongst the international community as well as disestablishing Marcos-era crony capitalist monopolies, emphasizing the free market and responsible economy.", "However, her family background and social class as a privileged daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda. After the Mendiola Massacre and in response to calls for agrarian reform, President Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on 22 July 1987, which outlined her land reform program, including sugar lands. In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the new Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act No.", "During Aquino's tenure, vital economic laws such as the Built-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act, and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were also enacted. Socio-economic policies The economy posted a positive growth of 3.4% during Aquino's first year in office, and continued to grow at an overall positive rate throughout her tenure for an average rate of 3.4% from 1986 to 1992.", "Presidency Corazon Aquino's accession to the presidency marked the end of authoritarian rule in the Philippines. Aquino is the first female president of the Philippines and is still the only president of the Philippines to have never held any prior political position. Aquino is regarded as the first female president in Asia. Transitional government and creation of new constitution On 25 February 1986, the first day of her administration, Aquino issued Proclamation No.", "Maria Corazon \"Cory\" Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (, 25 January 1933 – 1 August 2009) was a Filipina politician who served as the 11th president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. She was the most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution, which ended the two-decade rule of President Ferdinand Marcos and led to the establishment of the current democratic Fifth Philippine Republic. Corazon Aquino was married to Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., who was one of the most prominent critics of President Marcos.", "Aquino was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 2008 and died on 1 August 2009. Her son Benigno Aquino III served as president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016. After her passing, monuments were established and public landmarks were named in honor of Corazon Aquino all around the Philippines. She is continually highly regarded by her native country, where she is called the Mother of Democracy. Early life and education Aquino was born Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco on 25 January 1933 in Paniqui, Tarlac." ]

[ "Awards and achievements Philippines Foreign Awards 1986 Time Woman of the Year 1986 Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award 1986 United Nations Silver Medal 1986 Canadian International Prize for Freedom 1986 International Democracy Award from the International Association of Political Consultants 1987 Prize For Freedom Award from Liberal International 1993 Special Peace Award from the Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Awards Foundation and Concerned Women of the Philippines 1995 Path to Peace Award 1996 J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding from the U.S. Department of State 1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding 1998 Pearl S. Buck Award 1999 One of Time Magazine's 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century 2001 World Citizenship Award 2005 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Awards 2005 One of the World's Elite Women Who Make a Difference by the International Women's Forum Hall of Fame 2006 One of Time Magazine's 65 Asian Heroes 2008 One of A Different View's 15 Champions of World Democracy EWC Asia Pacific Community Building Award Women's International Center International Leadership Living Legacy Award Martin Luther King, Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize United Nations Development Fund for Women Noel Foundation Life Award Honorary doctorates Doctor of International Relations, honoris causa, from: Boston University in Boston Eastern University in St. David, Pennsylvania Fordham University in New York Waseda University in Tokyo Doctor of Civil Law, honoris causa, from: Far Eastern University (59th Commencement Exercises, March 1987) Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, from: University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City University of Santo Tomas in Manila University of Hong Kong in Hong Kong Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, from: Ateneo de Manila University College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan in Cagayan de Oro Doctor of Humanities, honoris causa, from: Bicol University (Posthumous) in Legazpi San Beda College in Manila Seattle University Stonehill College in Easton, Massachusetts University of Oregon Doctor of Public Administration, honoris causa, from: Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila) References Bibliography External links Official website of Corazon Aquino – maintained by the Ninoy and Cory Aquino Foundation Time Woman of the Year: Corazon \"Cory\" Aquino New York Times obituary President Aquino in Time Magazine's Year ender World Socialist Web Site obituary: part one and part two |- |- |- 1933 births 2009 deaths 20th-century Filipino politicians 20th-century Filipino women politicians 20th-century women rulers Corazon Ateneo de Manila University alumni Burials at the Manila Memorial Park – Sucat Candidates in the 1986 Philippine presidential election Cojuangco family College of Mount Saint Vincent alumni Deaths from cancer in the Philippines Deaths from colorectal cancer Female heads of government Female heads of state Filipino democracy activists Filipino human rights activists Filipino politicians of Chinese descent Filipino Roman Catholics Kapampangan people Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians Nonviolence advocates Order of the Precious Crown members PDP–Laban politicians People from Intramuros People from Tarlac People of the People Power Revolution Presidents of the Philippines Ramon Magsaysay Award winners Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin Time Person of the Year Women members of the Cabinet of the Philippines Women presidents", "She was the first female president of the Philippines. She was the first female president of the Philippines. As president, Aquino oversaw the drafting of the 1987 Constitution, which limited the powers of the presidency and re-established the bicameral Congress, successfully removing the previous dictatorial government structure. Her economic policies focused on forging good economic standing amongst the international community as well as disestablishing Marcos-era crony capitalist monopolies, emphasizing the free market and responsible economy.", "Post-presidency Domestic During Aquino's retirement and stay as a private citizen, she remained active in the Philippine political scene. Aquino would voice her dissent to government actions and policies that she deemed threats to the democratic foundations of the country. In 1997, Aquino, together with Cardinal Jaime Sin, led a rally opposing President Fidel Ramos' attempt to extend his term through his proposal to amend the 1987 Constitution's restriction on presidential term limits.", "During Aquino's tenure, vital economic laws such as the Built-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act, and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were also enacted. Socio-economic policies The economy posted a positive growth of 3.4% during Aquino's first year in office, and continued to grow at an overall positive rate throughout her tenure for an average rate of 3.4% from 1986 to 1992.", "Presidency Corazon Aquino's accession to the presidency marked the end of authoritarian rule in the Philippines. Aquino is the first female president of the Philippines and is still the only president of the Philippines to have never held any prior political position. Aquino is regarded as the first female president in Asia. Transitional government and creation of new constitution On 25 February 1986, the first day of her administration, Aquino issued Proclamation No.", "In June 2009, two months before her death, Aquino issued a public statement in which she strongly denounced and condemned the Arroyo administration's plans of amending the 1987 Constitution, calling it a \"shameless abuse of power.\" International Shortly after leaving the presidency, Aquino traveled abroad, giving speeches and lectures on issues of democracy, development, human rights, and women empowerment.", "She served on the Board until 2006. She served on the Board until 2006. Charitable and social initiatives After her term as president, Aquino was involved in several charitable activities and socio-economic initiatives. From 1992 until her death, Aquino was chairperson of the Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. Foundation, which she set up in her husband's honor after his assassination in 1983. Aquino supported the Gawad Kalinga social housing project for the poor and homeless.", "Benigno Aquino Jr. was among the first to be arrested at the onset of martial law, and was later sentenced to death. During her husband's incarceration, Corazon Aquino stopped going to beauty salons or buying new clothes and prohibited her children from attending parties, until a priest advised her and her children to try to live as normal lives as possible. Despite Corazon's initial opposition, Benigno Aquino Jr. decided to run in the 1978 Batasang Pambansa elections from his prison cell as party leader of the newly created LABAN.", "Aquino was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 2008 and died on 1 August 2009. Her son Benigno Aquino III served as president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016. After her passing, monuments were established and public landmarks were named in honor of Corazon Aquino all around the Philippines. She is continually highly regarded by her native country, where she is called the Mother of Democracy. Early life and education Aquino was born Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco on 25 January 1933 in Paniqui, Tarlac.", "Maria Corazon \"Cory\" Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (, 25 January 1933 – 1 August 2009) was a Filipina politician who served as the 11th president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. She was the most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution, which ended the two-decade rule of President Ferdinand Marcos and led to the establishment of the current democratic Fifth Philippine Republic. Corazon Aquino was married to Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., who was one of the most prominent critics of President Marcos." ]

[ "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. (16 April 188925 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.", "Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian. At 19, he was signed to the Fred Karno company, which took him to America. He was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and attracted a large fan base. He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National corporations.", "Chaplin began by playing a series of minor parts, eventually progressing to starring roles in 1909. In April 1910, he was given the lead in a new sketch, Jimmy the Fearless. It was a big success, and Chaplin received considerable press attention. Karno selected his new star to join the section of the company, one that also included Stan Laurel, that toured North America's vaudeville circuit.", "Chaplin arrived in Los Angeles in early December, and began working for the Keystone studio on 5January 1914. Chaplin's boss was Mack Sennett, who initially expressed concern that the 24-year-old looked too young. He was not used in a picture until late January, during which time Chaplin attempted to learn the processes of filmmaking. The one-reeler Making a Living marked his film acting debut and was released on 2February 1914. Chaplin strongly disliked the picture, but one review picked him out as \"a comedian of the first water\".", "Chaplin exercised complete control over his pictures, to the extent that he would act out the other roles for his cast, expecting them to imitate him exactly. He personally edited all of his films, trawling through the large amounts of footage to create the exact picture he wanted. As a result of his complete independence, he was identified by the film historian Andrew Sarris as one of the first auteur filmmakers.", "As a filmmaker, Chaplin is considered a pioneer and one of the most influential figures of the early twentieth century. He is often credited as one of the medium's first artists. Film historian Mark Cousins has written that Chaplin \"changed not only the imagery of cinema, but also its sociology and grammar\" and claims that Chaplin was as important to the development of comedy as a genre as D.W. Griffith was to drama.", "Six of Chaplin's films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress: The Immigrant (1917), The Kid (1921), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator (1940). Filmography Directed features: The Kid (1921) A Woman of Paris (1923) The Gold Rush (1925) The Circus (1928) City Lights (1931) Modern Times (1936) The Great Dictator (1940) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) Limelight (1952) A King in New York (1957) A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) See also Buster Keaton Harold Lloyd References Footnotes Citations Works cited External links by Association Chaplin The Charlie Chaplin Archive Online catalogue of Chaplin's professional and personal archives at the Cineteca di Bologna, Italy Chaplin's World Museum at the Manoir de Ban, Switzerland Chaplin's file at the Federal Bureau of Investigation website 1889 births 1977 deaths 19th-century English people 20th-century British male musicians 20th-century English screenwriters 20th-century English businesspeople 20th-century English comedians 20th-century English male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients Actors awarded knighthoods British anti-capitalists Articles containing video clips BAFTA fellows Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners British anti-fascists British film production company founders British male comedy actors British mimes Cinema pioneers Comedy film directors Composers awarded knighthoods British people of Irish descent British people of English descent British people of Romani descent English people of Irish descent English anarchists English autobiographers English expatriates in Switzerland English expatriates in the United States English film directors English film editors English film producers English film score composers English male child actors English male comedians English male film actors English male film score composers English male screenwriters English male silent film actors History of the London Borough of Lambeth Hollywood history and culture Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Male actors from London Music hall performers People from Lambeth People from Southwark Silent film comedians Silent film directors Silent film producers Slapstick comedians United Artists Vaudeville performers", "Film historian Mark Cousins has written that Chaplin \"changed not only the imagery of cinema, but also its sociology and grammar\" and claims that Chaplin was as important to the development of comedy as a genre as D.W. Griffith was to drama. He was the first to popularise feature-length comedy and to slow down the pace of action, adding pathos and subtlety to it.", "He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National corporations. By 1918, he was one of the world's best-known figures. In 1919, Chaplin co-founded distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length film was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928).", "In February, he managed to secure a two-week trial for his younger brother. Karno was initially wary, and considered Chaplin a \"pale, puny, sullen-looking youngster\" who \"looked much too shy to do any good in the theatre\". However, the teenager made an impact on his first night at the London Coliseum and he was quickly signed to a contract. Chaplin began by playing a series of minor parts, eventually progressing to starring roles in 1909." ]

[ "He later wrote: \"[she] imbued me with the feeling that I had some sort of talent\". Through his father's connections, Chaplin became a member of the Eight Lancashire Lads clog-dancing troupe, with whom he toured English music halls throughout 1899 and 1900. Chaplin worked hard, and the act was popular with audiences, but he was not satisfied with dancing and wished to form a comedy act.", "Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian. At 19, he was signed to the Fred Karno company, which took him to America. He was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and attracted a large fan base. He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National corporations.", "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. (16 April 188925 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.", "These tunes were then developed further in a close collaboration among the composer(s) and Chaplin. According to film historian Jeffrey Vance, \"although he relied upon associates to arrange varied and complex instrumentation, the musical imperative is his, and not a note in a Chaplin musical score was placed there without his assent.\" Chaplin's compositions produced three popular songs.", "Stage comedy and vaudeville Chaplin soon found work with a new company and went on tour with his brother, who was also pursuing an acting career, in a comedy sketch called Repairs. In May 1906, Chaplin joined the juvenile act Casey's Circus, where he developed popular burlesque pieces and was soon the star of the show. By the time the act finished touring in July 1907, the 18-year-old had become an accomplished comedic performer.", "Chaplin worked hard, and the act was popular with audiences, but he was not satisfied with dancing and wished to form a comedy act. In the years Chaplin was touring with the Eight Lancashire Lads, his mother ensured that he still attended school but, by age 13, he had abandoned education. He supported himself with a range of jobs, while nursing his ambition to become an actor. At 14, shortly after his mother's relapse, he registered with a theatrical agency in London's West End.", "His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin's childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. His father was absent and his mother struggled financially - he was sent to a workhouse twice before age nine. When he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian.", "Six of Chaplin's films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress: The Immigrant (1917), The Kid (1921), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator (1940). Filmography Directed features: The Kid (1921) A Woman of Paris (1923) The Gold Rush (1925) The Circus (1928) City Lights (1931) Modern Times (1936) The Great Dictator (1940) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) Limelight (1952) A King in New York (1957) A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) See also Buster Keaton Harold Lloyd References Footnotes Citations Works cited External links by Association Chaplin The Charlie Chaplin Archive Online catalogue of Chaplin's professional and personal archives at the Cineteca di Bologna, Italy Chaplin's World Museum at the Manoir de Ban, Switzerland Chaplin's file at the Federal Bureau of Investigation website 1889 births 1977 deaths 19th-century English people 20th-century British male musicians 20th-century English screenwriters 20th-century English businesspeople 20th-century English comedians 20th-century English male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients Actors awarded knighthoods British anti-capitalists Articles containing video clips BAFTA fellows Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners British anti-fascists British film production company founders British male comedy actors British mimes Cinema pioneers Comedy film directors Composers awarded knighthoods British people of Irish descent British people of English descent British people of Romani descent English people of Irish descent English anarchists English autobiographers English expatriates in Switzerland English expatriates in the United States English film directors English film editors English film producers English film score composers English male child actors English male comedians English male film actors English male film score composers English male screenwriters English male silent film actors History of the London Borough of Lambeth Hollywood history and culture Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Male actors from London Music hall performers People from Lambeth People from Southwark Silent film comedians Silent film directors Silent film producers Slapstick comedians United Artists Vaudeville performers", "Chaplin began by playing a series of minor parts, eventually progressing to starring roles in 1909. In April 1910, he was given the lead in a new sketch, Jimmy the Fearless. It was a big success, and Chaplin received considerable press attention. Karno selected his new star to join the section of the company, one that also included Stan Laurel, that toured North America's vaudeville circuit.", "He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National corporations. By 1918, he was one of the world's best-known figures. In 1919, Chaplin co-founded distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length film was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928)." ]

[ "It was adapted for Broadway two years later, re-titled ChaplinA Musical. Chaplin was portrayed by Robert McClure in both productions. In 2013, two plays about Chaplin premiered in Finland: Chaplin at the Svenska Teatern, and Kulkuri (The Tramp) at the Tampere Workers' Theatre. Chaplin has also been characterised in literary fiction.", "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. (16 April 188925 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.", "Six of Chaplin's films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress: The Immigrant (1917), The Kid (1921), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator (1940). Filmography Directed features: The Kid (1921) A Woman of Paris (1923) The Gold Rush (1925) The Circus (1928) City Lights (1931) Modern Times (1936) The Great Dictator (1940) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) Limelight (1952) A King in New York (1957) A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) See also Buster Keaton Harold Lloyd References Footnotes Citations Works cited External links by Association Chaplin The Charlie Chaplin Archive Online catalogue of Chaplin's professional and personal archives at the Cineteca di Bologna, Italy Chaplin's World Museum at the Manoir de Ban, Switzerland Chaplin's file at the Federal Bureau of Investigation website 1889 births 1977 deaths 19th-century English people 20th-century British male musicians 20th-century English screenwriters 20th-century English businesspeople 20th-century English comedians 20th-century English male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients Actors awarded knighthoods British anti-capitalists Articles containing video clips BAFTA fellows Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners British anti-fascists British film production company founders British male comedy actors British mimes Cinema pioneers Comedy film directors Composers awarded knighthoods British people of Irish descent British people of English descent British people of Romani descent English people of Irish descent English anarchists English autobiographers English expatriates in Switzerland English expatriates in the United States English film directors English film editors English film producers English film score composers English male child actors English male comedians English male film actors English male film score composers English male screenwriters English male silent film actors History of the London Borough of Lambeth Hollywood history and culture Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Male actors from London Music hall performers People from Lambeth People from Southwark Silent film comedians Silent film directors Silent film producers Slapstick comedians United Artists Vaudeville performers", "\"It was like tidings from heaven\", Chaplin recalled. At 16 years old, Chaplin starred in the play's West End production at the Duke of York's Theatre from October to December 1905. He completed one final tour of Sherlock Holmes in early 1906, before leaving the play after more than two-and-a-half years. Stage comedy and vaudeville Chaplin soon found work with a new company and went on tour with his brother, who was also pursuing an acting career, in a comedy sketch called Repairs.", "Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian. At 19, he was signed to the Fred Karno company, which took him to America. He was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and attracted a large fan base. He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National corporations.", "He later wrote: \"[she] imbued me with the feeling that I had some sort of talent\". Through his father's connections, Chaplin became a member of the Eight Lancashire Lads clog-dancing troupe, with whom he toured English music halls throughout 1899 and 1900. Chaplin worked hard, and the act was popular with audiences, but he was not satisfied with dancing and wished to form a comedy act.", "In February, he managed to secure a two-week trial for his younger brother. Karno was initially wary, and considered Chaplin a \"pale, puny, sullen-looking youngster\" who \"looked much too shy to do any good in the theatre\". However, the teenager made an impact on his first night at the London Coliseum and he was quickly signed to a contract. Chaplin began by playing a series of minor parts, eventually progressing to starring roles in 1909.", "His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin's childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. His father was absent and his mother struggled financially - he was sent to a workhouse twice before age nine. When he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian.", "Chaplin began by playing a series of minor parts, eventually progressing to starring roles in 1909. In April 1910, he was given the lead in a new sketch, Jimmy the Fearless. It was a big success, and Chaplin received considerable press attention. Karno selected his new star to join the section of the company, one that also included Stan Laurel, that toured North America's vaudeville circuit.", "Young performer Between his time in the poor schools and his mother succumbing to mental illness, Chaplin began to perform on stage. He later recalled making his first amateur appearance at the age of five years, when he took over from Hannah one night in Aldershot. This was an isolated occurrence, but by the time he was nine Chaplin had, with his mother's encouragement, grown interested in performing. He later wrote: \"[she] imbued me with the feeling that I had some sort of talent\"." ]

[ "It was adapted for Broadway two years later, re-titled ChaplinA Musical. Chaplin was portrayed by Robert McClure in both productions. In 2013, two plays about Chaplin premiered in Finland: Chaplin at the Svenska Teatern, and Kulkuri (The Tramp) at the Tampere Workers' Theatre. Chaplin has also been characterised in literary fiction.", "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. (16 April 188925 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.", "Six of Chaplin's films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress: The Immigrant (1917), The Kid (1921), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator (1940). Filmography Directed features: The Kid (1921) A Woman of Paris (1923) The Gold Rush (1925) The Circus (1928) City Lights (1931) Modern Times (1936) The Great Dictator (1940) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) Limelight (1952) A King in New York (1957) A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) See also Buster Keaton Harold Lloyd References Footnotes Citations Works cited External links by Association Chaplin The Charlie Chaplin Archive Online catalogue of Chaplin's professional and personal archives at the Cineteca di Bologna, Italy Chaplin's World Museum at the Manoir de Ban, Switzerland Chaplin's file at the Federal Bureau of Investigation website 1889 births 1977 deaths 19th-century English people 20th-century British male musicians 20th-century English screenwriters 20th-century English businesspeople 20th-century English comedians 20th-century English male actors Academy Honorary Award recipients Actors awarded knighthoods British anti-capitalists Articles containing video clips BAFTA fellows Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners British anti-fascists British film production company founders British male comedy actors British mimes Cinema pioneers Comedy film directors Composers awarded knighthoods British people of Irish descent British people of English descent British people of Romani descent English people of Irish descent English anarchists English autobiographers English expatriates in Switzerland English expatriates in the United States English film directors English film editors English film producers English film score composers English male child actors English male comedians English male film actors English male film score composers English male screenwriters English male silent film actors History of the London Borough of Lambeth Hollywood history and culture Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Male actors from London Music hall performers People from Lambeth People from Southwark Silent film comedians Silent film directors Silent film producers Slapstick comedians United Artists Vaudeville performers", "\"It was like tidings from heaven\", Chaplin recalled. At 16 years old, Chaplin starred in the play's West End production at the Duke of York's Theatre from October to December 1905. He completed one final tour of Sherlock Holmes in early 1906, before leaving the play after more than two-and-a-half years. Stage comedy and vaudeville Chaplin soon found work with a new company and went on tour with his brother, who was also pursuing an acting career, in a comedy sketch called Repairs.", "Characterisations Chaplin is the subject of a biographical film, Chaplin (1992) directed by Richard Attenborough, and starring Robert Downey Jr. in the title role and Geraldine Chaplin playing Hannah Chaplin. He is also a character in the historical drama film The Cat's Meow (2001), played by Eddie Izzard, and in the made-for-television movie The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980), played by Clive Revill.", "Chaplin began by playing a series of minor parts, eventually progressing to starring roles in 1909. In April 1910, he was given the lead in a new sketch, Jimmy the Fearless. It was a big success, and Chaplin received considerable press attention. Karno selected his new star to join the section of the company, one that also included Stan Laurel, that toured North America's vaudeville circuit.", "An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967). Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in, and composed the music for most of his films.", "He was the first to popularise feature-length comedy and to slow down the pace of action, adding pathos and subtlety to it. Although his work is mostly classified as slapstick, Chaplin's drama A Woman of Paris (1923) was a major influence on Ernst Lubitsch's film The Marriage Circle (1924) and thus played a part in the development of \"sophisticated comedy\". According to David Robinson, Chaplin's innovations were \"rapidly assimilated to become part of the common practice of film craft\".", "The same year, a study by the Boston Society for Psychical Research concluded that Chaplin was \"an American obsession\". The actress Minnie Maddern Fiske wrote that \"a constantly increasing body of cultured, artistic people are beginning to regard the young English buffoon, Charles Chaplin, as an extraordinary artist, as well as a comic genius\". 1918–1922: First National In January 1918, Chaplin was visited by leading British singer and comedian Harry Lauder, and the two acted in a short film together.", "Chaplin was attacked in the British media for not fighting in the First World War. He defended himself, claiming that he would fight for Britain if called and had registered for the American draft, but he was not summoned by either country. Despite this criticism Chaplin was a favourite with the troops, and his popularity continued to grow worldwide. Harper's Weekly reported that the name of Charlie Chaplin was \"a part of the common language of almost every country\", and that the Tramp image was \"universally familiar\"." ]

[ "Lamarr's marriage to Mandl eventually became unbearable, and she decided to separate herself from both her husband and country in 1937. In her autobiography, she wrote that she disguised herself as her maid and fled to Paris, but by other accounts, she persuaded Mandl to let her wear all of her jewelry for a dinner party, then disappeared afterward.", "Lamarr accompanied Mandl to business meetings, where he conferred with scientists and other professionals involved in military technology. These conferences were her introduction to the field of applied science and nurtured her latent talent in science. Lamarr's marriage to Mandl eventually became unbearable, and she decided to separate herself from both her husband and country in 1937.", "Anthony Loder was featured in the 2004 documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr. Ernest \"Ted\" Stauffer (married 1951–1952), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader W. Howard Lee (married 1953–1960), a Texas oilman (who later married film actress Gene Tierney) Lewis J. Boies (married 1963–1965), Lamarr's divorce lawyer Following her sixth and final divorce in 1965, Lamarr remained unmarried for the last 35 years of her life.", "She fell for his charming and fascinating personality, partly due to his immense financial wealth. Her parents, both of Jewish descent, did not approve, due to Mandl's ties to Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, and later, German Führer Adolf Hitler, but they could not stop the headstrong Lamarr. On August 10, 1933, Lamarr married Mandl at the Karlische. She was 18 years old and he was 33.", "Ernest \"Ted\" Stauffer (married 1951–1952), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader W. Howard Lee (married 1953–1960), a Texas oilman (who later married film actress Gene Tierney) Lewis J. Boies (married 1963–1965), Lamarr's divorce lawyer Following her sixth and final divorce in 1965, Lamarr remained unmarried for the last 35 years of her life. Throughout, she claimed that James Lamarr Markey/Loder was biologically unrelated and adopted during her marriage to Gene Markey.", "For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Lamarr has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6247 Hollywood Blvd adjacent to Vine Street where the walk is centered. Lamarr became estranged from her older son, James Lamarr Loder, when he was 12 years old. Their relationship ended abruptly, and he moved in with another family. They did not speak again for almost 50 years.", "Hedy Lamarr (; born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler; November 9, 1914 January 19, 2000) was an Austrian-born American film actress and inventor. After a brief early film career in Czechoslovakia, including the controversial Ecstasy (1933), she fled from her husband, a wealthy Austrian ammunition manufacturer, and secretly moved to Paris. Traveling to London, she met Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio head Louis B. Mayer, who offered her a movie contract in Hollywood. She became a film star with her performance in Algiers (1938).", "She claimed she was kept a virtual prisoner in their castle home, Schloss Schwarzenau. Mandl had close social and business ties to the Italian government, selling munitions to the country, and although like Hedy, his own father was Jewish, had ties to the Nazi regime of Germany, as well. Lamarr wrote that the dictators of both countries attended lavish parties at the Mandl home. Lamarr accompanied Mandl to business meetings, where he conferred with scientists and other professionals involved in military technology.", "On November 9, 2015, Google honored her on her 101st Birthday with a doodle. On August 27, 2019, an asteroid was named after her: 32730 Lamarr Marriages and children Lamarr was married and divorced six times and had three children: Friedrich Mandl (married 1933–1937), chairman of the Hirtenberger Patronen-Fabrik Gene Markey (married 1939–1941), screenwriter and producer. She adopted a child, James Lamarr Markey (born January 9, 1939) during her marriage with Markey.", "John Loder (married 1943–1947), actor. John Loder (married 1943–1947), actor. Children: Denise Loder (born January 19, 1945), married Larry Colton, a writer and former baseball player; and Anthony Loder (born February 1, 1947), married Roxanne who worked for illustrator James McMullan. Anthony Loder was featured in the 2004 documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr." ]

[ "Lamarr accompanied Mandl to business meetings, where he conferred with scientists and other professionals involved in military technology. These conferences were her introduction to the field of applied science and nurtured her latent talent in science. Lamarr's marriage to Mandl eventually became unbearable, and she decided to separate herself from both her husband and country in 1937.", "Anthony Loder was featured in the 2004 documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr. Ernest \"Ted\" Stauffer (married 1951–1952), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader W. Howard Lee (married 1953–1960), a Texas oilman (who later married film actress Gene Tierney) Lewis J. Boies (married 1963–1965), Lamarr's divorce lawyer Following her sixth and final divorce in 1965, Lamarr remained unmarried for the last 35 years of her life.", "For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Lamarr has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6247 Hollywood Blvd adjacent to Vine Street where the walk is centered. Lamarr became estranged from her older son, James Lamarr Loder, when he was 12 years old. Their relationship ended abruptly, and he moved in with another family. They did not speak again for almost 50 years.", "Hedy Lamarr (; born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler; November 9, 1914 January 19, 2000) was an Austrian-born American film actress and inventor. After a brief early film career in Czechoslovakia, including the controversial Ecstasy (1933), she fled from her husband, a wealthy Austrian ammunition manufacturer, and secretly moved to Paris. Traveling to London, she met Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio head Louis B. Mayer, who offered her a movie contract in Hollywood. She became a film star with her performance in Algiers (1938).", "Seclusion In the last decades of her life, the telephone became Lamarr's only means of communication with the outside world, even with her children and close friends. She often talked up to six or seven hours a day on the phone, but she spent hardly any time with anyone in person in her final years. A documentary, Calling Hedy Lamarr, was released in 2004 and featured her children, Anthony Loder and Denise Loder-DeLuca.", "In 1991, she was arrested on the same charge in Florida, this time for stealing $21.48 worth of laxatives and eye drops. She pleaded no contest to avoid a court appearance, and the charges were dropped in return for her promise to refrain from breaking any laws for a year. The shoplifting charges coincided with a failed attempt to return to the screen. The 1970s were a decade of increasing seclusion for Lamarr. She was offered several scripts, television commercials, and stage projects, but none piqued her interest.", "Ernest \"Ted\" Stauffer (married 1951–1952), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader W. Howard Lee (married 1953–1960), a Texas oilman (who later married film actress Gene Tierney) Lewis J. Boies (married 1963–1965), Lamarr's divorce lawyer Following her sixth and final divorce in 1965, Lamarr remained unmarried for the last 35 years of her life. Throughout, she claimed that James Lamarr Markey/Loder was biologically unrelated and adopted during her marriage to Gene Markey.", "They did not speak again for almost 50 years. They did not speak again for almost 50 years. Lamarr left James Loder out of her will, and he sued for control of the US$3.3 million estate left by Lamarr in 2000. He eventually settled for US$50,000. Seclusion In the last decades of her life, the telephone became Lamarr's only means of communication with the outside world, even with her children and close friends.", "A documentary, Calling Hedy Lamarr, was released in 2004 and featured her children, Anthony Loder and Denise Loder-DeLuca. Death Lamarr died in Casselberry, Florida, on January 19, 2000, of heart disease, aged 85. Her son Anthony Loder spread her ashes in Austria's Vienna Woods in accordance with her last wishes. In 2014 a memorial to Lamarr was unveiled in Vienna's Central Cemetery. Awards Hedy Lamarr was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960." ]

[ "Filmography DeVito has an extensive film career, dating back to the early 1970s. Selected work: Awards and nominations DeVito has a large and varied body of work as an actor, producer and director in stage, television and film. He has been nominated for Academy awards, Creative Arts Emmy awards, Golden Globe awards, Primetime Emmy awards, Producers Guild awards, Screen Actors Guild awards and Tony awards.", "These are The Sound Sleeper (1973), Minestrone (1975), Oh Those Lips (2010), Evil Eye (2010), Poison Tongue (2011), Skin Deep (2011), Nest of Vipers (2011) and Curmudgeons (2016). Television and voice-over work In 1977, DeVito played the role of John \"John John the Apple\" DeAppoliso in the Starsky & Hutch episode \"The Collector\".", "In 2011 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6909 Hollywood Blvd., for his contributions to television. References External links Danny DeVito's Guest DJ Set on KCRW KCRW Guest DJ Set Danny Devito at Emmys.com 1944 births Living people 20th-century American comedians 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American male actors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American film directors of Italian descent American male comedians American male comedy actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American social democrats Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Catholics from New Jersey Comedians from New Jersey Comedy film directors Film directors from New Jersey Film producers from New Jersey Male actors from New Jersey New Jersey Hall of Fame inductees Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Asbury Park, New Jersey People from Neptune Township, New Jersey Television producers from New Jersey", "In 1986, he directed and starred in the black comedy \"The Wedding Ring\", a season 2 episode of Steven Spielberg's anthology series Amazing Stories, where his character acquires an engagement ring for his wife (played by DeVito's real-life wife, actress Rhea Perlman). When the ring is slipped on his wife's finger, she is possessed by the ring's former owner, a murderous black widow. That year, DeVito also voiced the Grundle King in My Little Pony: The Movie.", "He earned a 2004 Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for an episode of Friends, following four Emmy nominations (including a 1981 win) for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy for Taxi. In 2006, he joined the cast of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia as Frank Reynolds. In 2011, DeVito received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television. In 2012, he voiced the title character in the animated version of Dr. Seuss's The Lorax.", "He is also known for his voice roles in such films as Hercules (1997), The Lorax (2012) and Smallfoot (2018). In 2017, he earned a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in the Broadway revival of Arthur Miller's The Price. DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films. Soon afterwards, Stacey Sher became an equal partner. The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction, Garden State, and Freedom Writers.", "DeVito has directed eight short films between 1973 and 2016, five of which were released across 2010 and 2011. These are The Sound Sleeper (1973), Minestrone (1975), Oh Those Lips (2010), Evil Eye (2010), Poison Tongue (2011), Skin Deep (2011), Nest of Vipers (2011) and Curmudgeons (2016).", "Confidential (1997), The Big Kahuna (1999), Big Fish (2003), Deck the Halls (2006), When in Rome (2010), Wiener-Dog (2016) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). He is also known for his voice roles in such films as Hercules (1997), The Lorax (2012) and Smallfoot (2018).", "That year, DeVito also voiced the Grundle King in My Little Pony: The Movie. In 1990, he and Rhea Perlman played the couple Vic & Paula, commenting on the state of the environment in The Earth Day Special. In 1991 and 1992, DeVito voiced Herb Powell in the episodes \"Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?\" and \"Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?\" of The Simpsons. In 1996, he provided the voice of Mr. Swackhammer in Space Jam." ]

[ "Filmography DeVito has an extensive film career, dating back to the early 1970s. Selected work: Awards and nominations DeVito has a large and varied body of work as an actor, producer and director in stage, television and film. He has been nominated for Academy awards, Creative Arts Emmy awards, Golden Globe awards, Primetime Emmy awards, Producers Guild awards, Screen Actors Guild awards and Tony awards.", "In 2011 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6909 Hollywood Blvd., for his contributions to television. References External links Danny DeVito's Guest DJ Set on KCRW KCRW Guest DJ Set Danny Devito at Emmys.com 1944 births Living people 20th-century American comedians 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American male actors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American film directors of Italian descent American male comedians American male comedy actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American social democrats Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Catholics from New Jersey Comedians from New Jersey Comedy film directors Film directors from New Jersey Film producers from New Jersey Male actors from New Jersey New Jersey Hall of Fame inductees Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Asbury Park, New Jersey People from Neptune Township, New Jersey Television producers from New Jersey", "He has been nominated for Academy awards, Creative Arts Emmy awards, Golden Globe awards, Primetime Emmy awards, Producers Guild awards, Screen Actors Guild awards and Tony awards. In 2011 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6909 Hollywood Blvd., for his contributions to television.", "He is also known for his voice roles in such films as Hercules (1997), The Lorax (2012) and Smallfoot (2018). In 2017, he earned a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in the Broadway revival of Arthur Miller's The Price. DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films. Soon afterwards, Stacey Sher became an equal partner. The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction, Garden State, and Freedom Writers.", "DeVito was also one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture for Erin Brockovich (2000). Early life DeVito was born in Neptune Township, New Jersey, the son of Daniel DeVito Sr., a small business owner, and Julia DeVito ( Moccello). He grew up in a family of five, with his parents and two older sisters. He is of Italian descent; his family is originally from San Fele, Basilicata, as well as Calabria.", "DeVito made his Broadway debut in a Roundabout Theatre Company revival of the Arthur Miller play The Price as Gregory Solomon, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. The production began preview performances at the American Airlines Theatre on February 16, 2017, and opened on March 16 for a limited run-through on May 7. Producing DeVito has become a major film and television producer.", "Theatre In April 2012, DeVito made his West End acting debut in a revival of the Neil Simon play The Sunshine Boys as Willie Clark, alongside Richard Griffiths. It previewed at the Savoy Theatre in London from April 27, 2012, opened on May 17, and played a limited 12-week season until July 28. DeVito made his Broadway debut in a Roundabout Theatre Company revival of the Arthur Miller play The Price as Gregory Solomon, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award.", "Producing DeVito has become a major film and television producer. DeVito founded Jersey Films in 1991, producing films like Pulp Fiction, Get Shorty, Erin Brockovich (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture), Gattaca, and Garden State. In 1999, he produced and co-starred in Man on the Moon, a film about the unusual life of his former Taxi co-star Andy Kaufman, played in the film by Jim Carrey." ]

[ "In 2011 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6909 Hollywood Blvd., for his contributions to television. References External links Danny DeVito's Guest DJ Set on KCRW KCRW Guest DJ Set Danny Devito at Emmys.com 1944 births Living people 20th-century American comedians 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American male actors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American film directors of Italian descent American male comedians American male comedy actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American social democrats Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Catholics from New Jersey Comedians from New Jersey Comedy film directors Film directors from New Jersey Film producers from New Jersey Male actors from New Jersey New Jersey Hall of Fame inductees Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Asbury Park, New Jersey People from Neptune Township, New Jersey Television producers from New Jersey", "Filmography DeVito has an extensive film career, dating back to the early 1970s. Selected work: Awards and nominations DeVito has a large and varied body of work as an actor, producer and director in stage, television and film. He has been nominated for Academy awards, Creative Arts Emmy awards, Golden Globe awards, Primetime Emmy awards, Producers Guild awards, Screen Actors Guild awards and Tony awards.", "He has been nominated for Academy awards, Creative Arts Emmy awards, Golden Globe awards, Primetime Emmy awards, Producers Guild awards, Screen Actors Guild awards and Tony awards. In 2011 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6909 Hollywood Blvd., for his contributions to television.", "DeVito was also one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture for Erin Brockovich (2000). Early life DeVito was born in Neptune Township, New Jersey, the son of Daniel DeVito Sr., a small business owner, and Julia DeVito ( Moccello). He grew up in a family of five, with his parents and two older sisters. He is of Italian descent; his family is originally from San Fele, Basilicata, as well as Calabria.", "He is also known for his voice roles in such films as Hercules (1997), The Lorax (2012) and Smallfoot (2018). In 2017, he earned a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in the Broadway revival of Arthur Miller's The Price. DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films. Soon afterwards, Stacey Sher became an equal partner. The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction, Garden State, and Freedom Writers.", "Producing DeVito has become a major film and television producer. DeVito founded Jersey Films in 1991, producing films like Pulp Fiction, Get Shorty, Erin Brockovich (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture), Gattaca, and Garden State. In 1999, he produced and co-starred in Man on the Moon, a film about the unusual life of his former Taxi co-star Andy Kaufman, played in the film by Jim Carrey.", "DeVito made his Broadway debut in a Roundabout Theatre Company revival of the Arthur Miller play The Price as Gregory Solomon, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. The production began preview performances at the American Airlines Theatre on February 16, 2017, and opened on March 16 for a limited run-through on May 7. Producing DeVito has become a major film and television producer.", "Confidential (1997), The Big Kahuna (1999), Big Fish (2003), Deck the Halls (2006), When in Rome (2010), Wiener-Dog (2016) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). He is also known for his voice roles in such films as Hercules (1997), The Lorax (2012) and Smallfoot (2018)." ]

[ "This included Bill O'Reilly, Hillary Clinton, John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Chris Christie, John Kerry, and Chuck Schumer. The second segment featured a pre-recorded tour of the Daily Show production facility and studio introducing all of the show's staff and crew.", "Trevor Noah's tenure (2015–present) On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Trevor Noah would replace Stewart as host of The Daily Show. Shortly after his announcement, it was revealed that Amy Schumer, Louis C.K., Amy Poehler, and Chris Rock were all considered for the job. His first show was on September 28, 2015, with comedian Kevin Hart as his first guest.", "Stewart's appearance on the CNN show Crossfire picked up this debate, where he chastised the CNN production and hosts for not conducting informative and current interviews on a news network. Format Opening segment Each episode begins with announcer Drew Birns announcing the date and the introduction, \"From Comedy Central's World News Headquarters in New York, this is The Daily Show with Trevor Noah. Previously, the introduction was \"This is The Daily Show, the most important television program, ever.\"", "question and answer. question and answer. In each show, Kilborn would conduct celebrity interviews, ending with a segment called \"Five Questions\" in which the guest was made to answer a series of questions that were typically a combination of obscure fact and subjective opinion. These are highlighted in a 1998 book titled The Daily Show: Five Questions, which contains transcripts of Kilborn's best interviews.", "Current contributors are Lewis Black, Neal Brennan, and Gina Yashere. Ben Karlin says that the on-air talent contribute in many ways to the material they perform, playing an integral role in the creation of their field pieces as well as being involved with their scripted studio segments, either taking part early on in the writing process or adding improvised material during the rehearsal. The show has featured a number of well-known comedians throughout its run and is notable for boosting the careers of several of these.", "Newsweek. August 14, 2000. Smith, Chris. Smith, Chris. The Daily Show (The Book): An Oral History as Told by Jon Stewart, the Correspondents, Staff and Guests. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2016, .", "Dulcé Sloan became the Senior Fashion Correspondent on September 7, 2017. In January 2016, The Daily Show with Trevor Noah started to use a modified version of the show's previous theme, remixed by Timbaland and King Logan. Noah also avoided talking too much about Fox News, as Stewart was previously known for. \"The Daily Show was based on an emerging 24 hour news cycle, that’s everything it was, that’s what inspired The Daily Show.", "The Daily Shows senior correspondent Jordan Klepper was enlisted as host, with Klepper, Stuart Miller, and Trevor Noah serving as executive producers. The show intends to \"satirize the hyperbolic, conspiracy-laden noise machine that is the alternative-media landscape on both the right and left.\" The show aired from September 25, 2017, to June 28, 2018. Comedy Central announced that Klepper would be hosting a new primetime weekly talk show, Klepper, which debuted in 2019.", "Noah also increased the usage of more millennial-based references, impersonations and characterizations for his comedy on the show, due to his younger demographic and his ability to speak in multiple accents and eight languages. The debut of The Daily Show with Trevor Noah brought along three new correspondents: Roy Wood Jr., Desi Lydic and Ronny Chieng. Additional correspondents were added in 2017. Michael Kosta became the Senior Constitutional Correspondent and Senior American Correspondent on July 11, 2017. Dulcé Sloan became the Senior Fashion Correspondent on September 7, 2017." ]

[ "This included Bill O'Reilly, Hillary Clinton, John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Chris Christie, John Kerry, and Chuck Schumer. The second segment featured a pre-recorded tour of the Daily Show production facility and studio introducing all of the show's staff and crew.", "Trevor Noah's tenure (2015–present) On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Trevor Noah would replace Stewart as host of The Daily Show. Shortly after his announcement, it was revealed that Amy Schumer, Louis C.K., Amy Poehler, and Chris Rock were all considered for the job. His first show was on September 28, 2015, with comedian Kevin Hart as his first guest.", "The show has played host to former and current members of the Administration and Cabinet as well as members of Congress. Numerous presidential candidates have appeared on the show during their campaigns, including John McCain, John Kerry, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.", "26–27, 2001, Apr 3 & 5, 2001, May 2–3, 2001, March 6, 2003, and July 6, 2004) Rob Corddry, 1 episode (February 9, 2006) Vance DeGeneres, 2 episodes (Feb. 26–27, 2001) Jordan Klepper, 1 episode (October 20, 2016) John Oliver, 33 episodes (June 10, 2013, to August 15, 2013, and November 13, 2014) Mo Rocca, 1 episode (February 27, 2001) Nancy Walls, 2 episodes (February 21, 2001, and March 29, 2001) Reception Ratings Television ratings from 2008 show that the program generally drew 1.45 to 1.6 million viewers nightly, a high figure for cable television. By the end of 2013 The Daily Show's ratings hit 2.5 million viewers nightly.", "Current contributors are Lewis Black, Neal Brennan, and Gina Yashere. Ben Karlin says that the on-air talent contribute in many ways to the material they perform, playing an integral role in the creation of their field pieces as well as being involved with their scripted studio segments, either taking part early on in the writing process or adding improvised material during the rehearsal. The show has featured a number of well-known comedians throughout its run and is notable for boosting the careers of several of these.", "Newsweek. August 14, 2000. Smith, Chris. Smith, Chris. The Daily Show (The Book): An Oral History as Told by Jon Stewart, the Correspondents, Staff and Guests. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2016, .", "Stewart visits The Daily Show with Trevor Noah; Jordan Klepper guest hosts On December 8, 2015, former host Jon Stewart returned to The Daily Show for the first time in an extended-length show to return attention to extending the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, otherwise referred to as 9/11 First Responders Bill, which Stewart explained had been blocked by Paul Ryan and Mitch McConnell for political reasons. On October 20, 2016, Noah was unable to host a scheduled taping of The Daily Show due to illness, so correspondent Jordan Klepper guest hosted.", "However, Cenac did return for Stewart's final episode to bid him farewell and the two exchanged an intentionally awkward conversation. Guest hosts Samantha Bee and Jason Jones, 1 episode (October 7, 2014) Steve Carell, 7 episodes (February 21, 2001, Mar. 27–29, 2001, Apr 2 & 4, 2001, and May 1, 2001) Stephen Colbert, 11 episodes (January 24, 2001, Feb 20 & 22, 2001, Mar.", "Prominent political guests have included U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, former Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton, former British Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf, former Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Bolivian President Evo Morales, Jordanian King Abdullah II, Estonian Prime Minister Taavi Roivas, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and former Mexican President Vicente Fox. The show has played host to former and current members of the Administration and Cabinet as well as members of Congress." ]

[ "This included Bill O'Reilly, Hillary Clinton, John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Chris Christie, John Kerry, and Chuck Schumer. The second segment featured a pre-recorded tour of the Daily Show production facility and studio introducing all of the show's staff and crew.", "26–27, 2001, Apr 3 & 5, 2001, May 2–3, 2001, March 6, 2003, and July 6, 2004) Rob Corddry, 1 episode (February 9, 2006) Vance DeGeneres, 2 episodes (Feb. 26–27, 2001) Jordan Klepper, 1 episode (October 20, 2016) John Oliver, 33 episodes (June 10, 2013, to August 15, 2013, and November 13, 2014) Mo Rocca, 1 episode (February 27, 2001) Nancy Walls, 2 episodes (February 21, 2001, and March 29, 2001) Reception Ratings Television ratings from 2008 show that the program generally drew 1.45 to 1.6 million viewers nightly, a high figure for cable television. By the end of 2013 The Daily Show's ratings hit 2.5 million viewers nightly.", "For the first time, under Noah, the show also went live after all three U.S. presidential debates in 2016. Interviews In the show's third act, the host conducts an interview with a celebrity guest. Guests come from a wide range of cultural sources, and include actors, musicians, authors, athletes, pundits, policy experts and political figures. During Stewart's tenure, the show's guests tended away from celebrities and more towards non-fiction authors and political pundits, as well as many prominent elected officials.", "Trevor Noah's tenure (2015–present) On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Trevor Noah would replace Stewart as host of The Daily Show. Shortly after his announcement, it was revealed that Amy Schumer, Louis C.K., Amy Poehler, and Chris Rock were all considered for the job. His first show was on September 28, 2015, with comedian Kevin Hart as his first guest.", "The show has played host to former and current members of the Administration and Cabinet as well as members of Congress. Numerous presidential candidates have appeared on the show during their campaigns, including John McCain, John Kerry, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.", "27–29, 2001, Apr 2 & 4, 2001, and May 1, 2001) Stephen Colbert, 11 episodes (January 24, 2001, Feb 20 & 22, 2001, Mar. 26–27, 2001, Apr 3 & 5, 2001, May 2–3, 2001, March 6, 2003, and July 6, 2004) Rob Corddry, 1 episode (February 9, 2006) Vance DeGeneres, 2 episodes (Feb. 26–27, 2001) Jordan Klepper, 1 episode (October 20, 2016) John Oliver, 33 episodes (June 10, 2013, to August 15, 2013, and November 13, 2014) Mo Rocca, 1 episode (February 27, 2001) Nancy Walls, 2 episodes (February 21, 2001, and March 29, 2001) Reception Ratings Television ratings from 2008 show that the program generally drew 1.45 to 1.6 million viewers nightly, a high figure for cable television.", "Newsweek. August 14, 2000. Smith, Chris. Smith, Chris. The Daily Show (The Book): An Oral History as Told by Jon Stewart, the Correspondents, Staff and Guests. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2016, .", "Current contributors are Lewis Black, Neal Brennan, and Gina Yashere. Ben Karlin says that the on-air talent contribute in many ways to the material they perform, playing an integral role in the creation of their field pieces as well as being involved with their scripted studio segments, either taking part early on in the writing process or adding improvised material during the rehearsal. The show has featured a number of well-known comedians throughout its run and is notable for boosting the careers of several of these.", "Stewart was succeeded by Trevor Noah, whose tenure premiered on September 28, 2015. Under the different hosts, the show has been formally known as The Daily Show with Craig Kilborn from 1996 to 1998, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 until 2015, and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah since 2015. The Daily Show is the longest-running program on Comedy Central (counting all three tenures), and has won 24 Primetime Emmy Awards. The program is popular among young audiences.", "However, Cenac did return for Stewart's final episode to bid him farewell and the two exchanged an intentionally awkward conversation. Guest hosts Samantha Bee and Jason Jones, 1 episode (October 7, 2014) Steve Carell, 7 episodes (February 21, 2001, Mar. 27–29, 2001, Apr 2 & 4, 2001, and May 1, 2001) Stephen Colbert, 11 episodes (January 24, 2001, Feb 20 & 22, 2001, Mar." ]

[ "This included Bill O'Reilly, Hillary Clinton, John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Chris Christie, John Kerry, and Chuck Schumer. The second segment featured a pre-recorded tour of the Daily Show production facility and studio introducing all of the show's staff and crew.", "Adam Clymer, among many others, has argued that The Daily Show is more critical of Republicans than Democrats. Stewart, who voted Democratic in the 2004 presidential election, acknowledged that the show has a more liberal point of view, but that it is not \"a liberal organization\" with a political agenda and its duty first and foremost is to be funny.", "Topics have varied widely; during the early years of the show, they tended toward character-driven human interest stories such as Bigfoot enthusiasts. Since Stewart began hosting in 1999, the focus of the show has become more political and the field pieces have come to more closely reflect current issues and debates. Under Kilborn and the early years of Stewart, most interviewees were either unaware or not entirely aware of the comedic nature of The Daily Show.", "Senator Barack Obama's interview on October 29, 2008, pulled in 3.6 million viewers. In the political spectrum The move towards greater involvement in political issues and the increasing popularity of the show in certain key demographics have led to examinations of where the views of the show fit in the political spectrum. Adam Clymer, among many others, has argued that The Daily Show is more critical of Republicans than Democrats.", "In the United Kingdom, The Mash Report is a British version of the format, hosted by Nish Kumar. See also The Daily Show: Indecision 2000 The Daily Show: Indecision 2004 The Daily Show: Indecision 2006 Comedy Central's Indecision 2008 Jon Stewart–Jim Cramer conflict Inside Washington List of The Daily Show episodes List of The Daily Show writers Real Time with Bill Maher Washington Week Who Made Huckabee? References Further reading Baym, Geoffrey. \"The Daily Show and the reinvention of political journalism\".", "He acknowledges that the show is not necessarily an \"equal opportunity offender\", explaining that Republicans tended to provide more comedic fodder because \"I think we consider those with power and influence targets and those without it, not.\" In an interview in 2005, when asked how he responded to critics claiming that The Daily Show is overly liberal, Stephen Colbert, also a self-proclaimed Democrat, said in an interview during the Bush Administration, when the Republicans held a majority in the House and Senate: \"We are liberal, but Jon's very respectful of the Republican guests, and, listen, if liberals were in power it would be easier to attack them, but Republicans have the executive, legislative and judicial branches, so making fun of Democrats is like kicking a child, so it's just not worth it.\"", "The show has played host to former and current members of the Administration and Cabinet as well as members of Congress. Numerous presidential candidates have appeared on the show during their campaigns, including John McCain, John Kerry, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.", "\"The Daily Show was based on an emerging 24 hour news cycle, that’s everything it was, that’s what inspired The Daily Show. Now you look at news and it’s changed. It’s no longer predicated around 24 hour news. There are so many different choices. Half of it is online now. Now you’ve got the Gawkers, the Buzzfeeds. The way people are drawing their news is soundbites and headlines and click-bait links has changed everything.", "And its opinions are not fully thought through.\" And its opinions are not fully thought through.\" Since February 27, 2017, The Daily Show with Trevor Noah has been regularly simulcast on Black Entertainment Television. Between 2001 and 2006, Westwood One broadcast small, ninety-second portions of the show to various radio stations across America." ]

[ "Trevor Noah's tenure (2015–present) On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Trevor Noah would replace Stewart as host of The Daily Show. Shortly after his announcement, it was revealed that Amy Schumer, Louis C.K., Amy Poehler, and Chris Rock were all considered for the job. His first show was on September 28, 2015, with comedian Kevin Hart as his first guest.", "The Daily Show is an American late-night talk and satirical news television program. It airs each Monday through Thursday on Comedy Central. The Daily Show draws its comedy and satire from recent news stories, political figures, media organizations, and often uses self-referential humor as well. The half-hour-long show premiered on July 22, 1996, and was first hosted by Craig Kilborn until December 17, 1998.", "The half-hour-long show premiered on July 22, 1996, and was first hosted by Craig Kilborn until December 17, 1998. Jon Stewart then took over as the host from January 11, 1999, until August 6, 2015, making the show more strongly focused on political satire and news satire, in contrast with the pop culture focus during Kilborn's tenure. Stewart was succeeded by Trevor Noah, whose tenure premiered on September 28, 2015.", "The Daily Shows senior correspondent Jordan Klepper was enlisted as host, with Klepper, Stuart Miller, and Trevor Noah serving as executive producers. The show intends to \"satirize the hyperbolic, conspiracy-laden noise machine that is the alternative-media landscape on both the right and left.\" The show aired from September 25, 2017, to June 28, 2018. Comedy Central announced that Klepper would be hosting a new primetime weekly talk show, Klepper, which debuted in 2019.", "Stewart was succeeded by Trevor Noah, whose tenure premiered on September 28, 2015. Under the different hosts, the show has been formally known as The Daily Show with Craig Kilborn from 1996 to 1998, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 until 2015, and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah since 2015. The Daily Show is the longest-running program on Comedy Central (counting all three tenures), and has won 24 Primetime Emmy Awards. The program is popular among young audiences.", "The final segment featured a short farewell speech from Stewart followed by the final \"Moment of Zen\" (being 'his own' moment of zen): a performance of \"Land of Hope and Dreams\" and \"Born to Run\" by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. Trevor Noah's tenure (2015–present) On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Trevor Noah would replace Stewart as host of The Daily Show.", "On September 14, 2017, it was announced that Comedy Central had extended Trevor Noah's contract as host of The Daily Show for five years, through 2022. Ratings declined by about 37 percent at the start of Noah's tenure, and have gradually increased since then, only to once again fall down to the lowest ratings in 15 years in 2020.", "This included Bill O'Reilly, Hillary Clinton, John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Chris Christie, John Kerry, and Chuck Schumer. The second segment featured a pre-recorded tour of the Daily Show production facility and studio introducing all of the show's staff and crew." ]

[ "A Northern Soul and first break-up (1995–1996) The Verve's physical and mental turmoil continued into the chaotic recording sessions of their second album, 1995's A Northern Soul, produced by Owen Morris. The band departed from the experimental psychedelic sounds of A Storm in Heaven and focused more on conventional alternative rock, with Ashcroft's vocals taking a more prominent role in the songs, although reminiscent of some of the early work.", "The Verve was an English rock band formed in Wigan in 1990 by lead vocalist Richard Ashcroft, guitarist Nick McCabe, bass guitarist Simon Jones and drummer Peter Salisbury. Guitarist and keyboard player Simon Tong later became a member in their first reunion only. Beginning with a psychedelic sound with their debut LP A Storm in Heaven, by the mid-1990s the band had released several EPs and three albums. They also endured name and line-up changes, break-ups, health problems, drug abuse and various lawsuits.", "New single \"Love Is Noise\" was premiered by Zane Lowe on BBC Radio 1 on 23 June. They performed at the coveted Sunday night slot on the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury on 29 June, closing the show with the new song. The Verve released a free download of a non-album track, \"Mover\", on 30 June. The song had been performed by the band in 1994, but had never seen a proper recording until the reunion.", "Furthermore, the band supported The Smashing Pumpkins on the European Part of their Siamese Dream Tour in autumn of 1993. In 1994, the band released the album No Come Down, a compilation of b-sides plus a live version of \"Gravity Grave\" performed at Glastonbury Festival in 1993. It was the band's first release under the name \"The Verve\", following legal difficulties with jazz label Verve Records. The band then played on the travelling US alternative rock festival, Lollapalooza, in the summer of 1994.", "However, the band were performing again the very next day. Ashcroft later recalled: \"At the start, it was an adventure, but America nearly killed us.\" A Northern Soul and first break-up (1995–1996) The Verve's physical and mental turmoil continued into the chaotic recording sessions of their second album, 1995's A Northern Soul, produced by Owen Morris.", "For the first time in their career, The Verve experienced widespread commercial success with their new material. The album's first single \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\" entered the UK charts at number 2 in June 1997, but its success was marred by legal problems regarding ownership of the song.", "The Verve's members sometimes expressed bitter sentiments about the band's later years. In his only interview after the split, McCabe said of Urban Hymns: \"By the time I got my parts in there it's not really a music fan's record. It just sits nicely next to the Oasis record\", though conceding, \"I'm not going to say it was bad. I mean, we were good as far as pop goes\".", "The album features the hit singles \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\", \"The Drugs Don't Work\", \"Sonnet\" and \"Lucky Man\". In 1998, the band won two Brit Awards, winning Best British Group, appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in March, and in February 1999, \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song. Soon after their commercial peak, the Verve disbanded in April 1999, citing internal conflicts." ]

[ "Those first three singles reached the first spot in the UK Indie charts, and \"She's a Superstar\" entered the UK Top 75 Singles Chart. The band saw some support from these early days in the United States in some music scenes in big cities like New York connected with psychedelic music. A Storm in Heaven (1993–1994) 1993's A Storm in Heaven was the band's full-length debut, produced by record producer John Leckie.", "A Northern Soul and first break-up (1995–1996) The Verve's physical and mental turmoil continued into the chaotic recording sessions of their second album, 1995's A Northern Soul, produced by Owen Morris. The band departed from the experimental psychedelic sounds of A Storm in Heaven and focused more on conventional alternative rock, with Ashcroft's vocals taking a more prominent role in the songs, although reminiscent of some of the early work.", "The Verve was an English rock band formed in Wigan in 1990 by lead vocalist Richard Ashcroft, guitarist Nick McCabe, bass guitarist Simon Jones and drummer Peter Salisbury. Guitarist and keyboard player Simon Tong later became a member in their first reunion only. Beginning with a psychedelic sound with their debut LP A Storm in Heaven, by the mid-1990s the band had released several EPs and three albums. They also endured name and line-up changes, break-ups, health problems, drug abuse and various lawsuits.", "However, the band were performing again the very next day. Ashcroft later recalled: \"At the start, it was an adventure, but America nearly killed us.\" A Northern Soul and first break-up (1995–1996) The Verve's physical and mental turmoil continued into the chaotic recording sessions of their second album, 1995's A Northern Soul, produced by Owen Morris.", "Furthermore, the band supported The Smashing Pumpkins on the European Part of their Siamese Dream Tour in autumn of 1993. In 1994, the band released the album No Come Down, a compilation of b-sides plus a live version of \"Gravity Grave\" performed at Glastonbury Festival in 1993. It was the band's first release under the name \"The Verve\", following legal difficulties with jazz label Verve Records. The band then played on the travelling US alternative rock festival, Lollapalooza, in the summer of 1994.", "New single \"Love Is Noise\" was premiered by Zane Lowe on BBC Radio 1 on 23 June. They performed at the coveted Sunday night slot on the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury on 29 June, closing the show with the new song. The Verve released a free download of a non-album track, \"Mover\", on 30 June. The song had been performed by the band in 1994, but had never seen a proper recording until the reunion.", "The Verve's members sometimes expressed bitter sentiments about the band's later years. In his only interview after the split, McCabe said of Urban Hymns: \"By the time I got my parts in there it's not really a music fan's record. It just sits nicely next to the Oasis record\", though conceding, \"I'm not going to say it was bad. I mean, we were good as far as pop goes\".", "to Ashcroft, who returned the gesture by dedicating the song \"A Northern Soul\" to Gallagher. The band released the album's first single \"This Is Music\" in May, and it reached No. 35, their first single to reach the Top 40. It was followed by \"On Your Own\" in June which performed even better, reaching No. 28. This single was particularly new for the Verve as it was a soulful ballad.", "For the first time in their career, The Verve experienced widespread commercial success with their new material. The album's first single \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\" entered the UK charts at number 2 in June 1997, but its success was marred by legal problems regarding ownership of the song." ]

[ "A Storm in Heaven (1993–1994) 1993's A Storm in Heaven was the band's full-length debut, produced by record producer John Leckie. \"Blue\" was released as the lead single and again managed to enter in the UK Top 75 at No. 69 and reached No. 2 in the Indie charts. The album was a critical success, but was only a moderate commercial success, reaching No. 27 in the UK album chart that summer.", "Those first three singles reached the first spot in the UK Indie charts, and \"She's a Superstar\" entered the UK Top 75 Singles Chart. The band saw some support from these early days in the United States in some music scenes in big cities like New York connected with psychedelic music. A Storm in Heaven (1993–1994) 1993's A Storm in Heaven was the band's full-length debut, produced by record producer John Leckie.", "A Northern Soul and first break-up (1995–1996) The Verve's physical and mental turmoil continued into the chaotic recording sessions of their second album, 1995's A Northern Soul, produced by Owen Morris. The band departed from the experimental psychedelic sounds of A Storm in Heaven and focused more on conventional alternative rock, with Ashcroft's vocals taking a more prominent role in the songs, although reminiscent of some of the early work.", "For the first time in their career, The Verve experienced widespread commercial success with their new material. The album's first single \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\" entered the UK charts at number 2 in June 1997, but its success was marred by legal problems regarding ownership of the song.", "New single \"Love Is Noise\" was premiered by Zane Lowe on BBC Radio 1 on 23 June. They performed at the coveted Sunday night slot on the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury on 29 June, closing the show with the new song. The Verve released a free download of a non-album track, \"Mover\", on 30 June. The song had been performed by the band in 1994, but had never seen a proper recording until the reunion.", "The album features the hit singles \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\", \"The Drugs Don't Work\", \"Sonnet\" and \"Lucky Man\". In 1998, the band won two Brit Awards, winning Best British Group, appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in March, and in February 1999, \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song. Soon after their commercial peak, the Verve disbanded in April 1999, citing internal conflicts.", "16 in the European chart (with 6 weeks in the Top 20). \"Rather Be\", the second single from the album, was released in November but did not become as successful as \"Love Is Noise\" was, peaking at number 56 on the UK Singles Chart.", "to Ashcroft, who returned the gesture by dedicating the song \"A Northern Soul\" to Gallagher. The band released the album's first single \"This Is Music\" in May, and it reached No. 35, their first single to reach the Top 40. It was followed by \"On Your Own\" in June which performed even better, reaching No. 28. This single was particularly new for the Verve as it was a soulful ballad.", "This single was particularly new for the Verve as it was a soulful ballad. The album reached the UK Top 20 upon its release in July, but Ashcroft broke up the band three months later, just before the release of the third single \"History\", which reached No. 24 in September. Ashcroft later stated: \"I knew that I had to do it earlier on, but I just wouldn't face it.", "The Verve was an English rock band formed in Wigan in 1990 by lead vocalist Richard Ashcroft, guitarist Nick McCabe, bass guitarist Simon Jones and drummer Peter Salisbury. Guitarist and keyboard player Simon Tong later became a member in their first reunion only. Beginning with a psychedelic sound with their debut LP A Storm in Heaven, by the mid-1990s the band had released several EPs and three albums. They also endured name and line-up changes, break-ups, health problems, drug abuse and various lawsuits." ]

[ "Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign. Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign. |- |- |- 1935 births Living people 20th-century American essayists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American physicians 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American essayists 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American politicians 21st-century Baptists American anti-abortion activists American anti–Iraq War activists American anti-war activists American columnists American foreign policy writers American libertarians American male non-fiction writers American military doctors American people of German descent American podcasters American political writers Baptists from Texas Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election Christian libertarians Critics of neoconservatism Drug policy reform activists Duke University School of Medicine alumni Gettysburg College alumni Homeschooling advocates Libertarian Party (United States) presidential nominees Libertarian theorists Male YouTubers Mises Institute people Monetary reformers Non-interventionism Old Right (United States) People from Lake Jackson, Texas Physicians from Texas Politicians from Pittsburgh Privacy activists Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas Southern Baptists Tea Party movement activists Texas Libertarians Texas Republicans United States Air Force officers University of Pittsburgh people Writers from Texas Paul family Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas", "He starts wars, breaks the law, supplies terrorists with guns made at taxpayers' expense and lies about it to the American people.\" Paul predicted that \"the Republicans are on their way out as a major party,\" and he said that, although registered as a Republican, he had always been a libertarian at heart.", "Paul opposes the federal War on Drugs, and advocates that states should decide whether to regulate or deregulate drugs such as medical and recreational marijuana, and other substances. In 2001, he joined with Democratic Congressman Barney Frank in helping pass the States' Rights to Medical Marijuana Act (H.R. 2592), an attempt to stop the federal government from preempting states' medical marijuana laws. Paul again partnered with Frank in support of online gambling rights. In 2006, both strongly opposed H.R.", "Bibliography Other contributions Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: See also Criticism of the Federal Reserve Draft Ron Paul movement Libertarian Republican List of federal political scandals in the United States List of peace activists List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement Paulville, Texas Young Americans for Liberty References External links Fact-checking at PolitiFact.com Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues Congress Profile at Center for Responsive Politics Profile at GovTrack Ron Paul TV. Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign.", "On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would not seek re-election to the House in order to pursue the 2012 presidential election. Tenure Legislation Of the 620 bills that Paul had sponsored through December 2011, over a period of more than 22 years in Congress, only one had been signed into law—a lifetime success rate of less than 0.3%. The sole measure authored by Paul that was ultimately enacted allowed for a federal customhouse to be sold to a local historic preservation society (H.R. 2121 in 2009).", "At both the 2008 and 2012 Republican National Conventions, Paul received the second-highest number of delegates behind only McCain and Romney respectively. In January 2013, Paul retired from Congress but still remains active on college campuses, giving speeches promoting his libertarian vision. He also continues to provide political commentary through The Ron Paul Liberty Report, a web show he co-hosts on YouTube.", "Ronald Ernest Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American author, activist, physician, and retired politician who served as the U.S. representative for Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1976 to 1977 and again from 1979 to 1985, and then for Texas's 14th congressional district from 1997 to 2013. On three occasions, he sought the presidency of the United States: as the Libertarian Party nominee in 1988 and as a candidate for the Republican Party in 2008 and 2012.", "Affiliations Paul was honorary chairman of, and is a member of the Republican Liberty Caucus, a political action committee that describes its goal as electing \"liberty-minded, limited-government individuals\". He is an initiating member of the Congressional Rural Caucus, which deals with agricultural and rural issues, and the 140-member Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus. Committee assignments Paul served on the following committees and subcommittees.", "2121 in 2009). 2121 in 2009). By amending other legislation, he helped prohibit funding for national identification numbers, funding for federal teacher certification, International Criminal Court jurisdiction over the U.S. military, American participation with any U.N. global tax, and surveillance of peaceful First Amendment activities by citizens. In November 1997, Paul was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry against President Bill Clinton. The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations." ]

[ "Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign. Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign. |- |- |- 1935 births Living people 20th-century American essayists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American physicians 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American essayists 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American politicians 21st-century Baptists American anti-abortion activists American anti–Iraq War activists American anti-war activists American columnists American foreign policy writers American libertarians American male non-fiction writers American military doctors American people of German descent American podcasters American political writers Baptists from Texas Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election Christian libertarians Critics of neoconservatism Drug policy reform activists Duke University School of Medicine alumni Gettysburg College alumni Homeschooling advocates Libertarian Party (United States) presidential nominees Libertarian theorists Male YouTubers Mises Institute people Monetary reformers Non-interventionism Old Right (United States) People from Lake Jackson, Texas Physicians from Texas Politicians from Pittsburgh Privacy activists Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas Southern Baptists Tea Party movement activists Texas Libertarians Texas Republicans United States Air Force officers University of Pittsburgh people Writers from Texas Paul family Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas", "Bibliography Other contributions Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: See also Criticism of the Federal Reserve Draft Ron Paul movement Libertarian Republican List of federal political scandals in the United States List of peace activists List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement Paulville, Texas Young Americans for Liberty References External links Fact-checking at PolitiFact.com Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues Congress Profile at Center for Responsive Politics Profile at GovTrack Ron Paul TV. Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign.", "He starts wars, breaks the law, supplies terrorists with guns made at taxpayers' expense and lies about it to the American people.\" Paul predicted that \"the Republicans are on their way out as a major party,\" and he said that, although registered as a Republican, he had always been a libertarian at heart.", "Media relating to Ron Paul Books Ron Paul: Father of the Tea Party, by Jason Rink, 2011 Ron Paul's rEVOLution: The Man and the Movement He Inspired, by Brian Doherty, 2012 Films America: Freedom to Fascism, 2006 film featuring an interview from Paul. American Drug War: The Last White Hope, 2007 documentary in which Paul has a cameo appearance. I.O.U.S.A., 2008 documentary featuring Paul among the cast. Brüno, 2009 film by Sacha Baron Cohen in which Paul has a cameo appearance.", "Paul opposes affirmative action. Paul opposes affirmative action. Post-congressional career In April 2013, Paul founded the Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity, a foreign policy think tank that seeks to promote his non-interventionist views. The institute is part of his larger foundation Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. In the same month, he began to offer the Ron Paul Curriculum, a homeschool online curriculum developed by Gary North and taught from a \"free market and Christian\" perspective.", "There is no credibility left for the Republican Party as a force to reduce the size of government. That is the message of the Reagan years.\" A month later he announced he would seek the 1988 Libertarian Party nomination for president. During the 1988 campaign, Paul called Reagan \"a dramatic failure\" and complained that \"Reagan's record is disgraceful. He starts wars, breaks the law, supplies terrorists with guns made at taxpayers' expense and lies about it to the American people.\"", "Political positions Paul has been described as conservative and libertarian. According to University of Georgia political scientist Keith Poole, Paul had the most conservative voting record of any member of Congress from 1937 to 2002, and is the most conservative of the candidates that had sought the 2012 Republican nomination for president. Other analyses have judged Paul much more moderate. The National Journal, for instance, rated Paul only the 145th-most-conservative member of the House of Representatives (out of 435) based on votes cast in 2010.", "At both the 2008 and 2012 Republican National Conventions, Paul received the second-highest number of delegates behind only McCain and Romney respectively. In January 2013, Paul retired from Congress but still remains active on college campuses, giving speeches promoting his libertarian vision. He also continues to provide political commentary through The Ron Paul Liberty Report, a web show he co-hosts on YouTube.", "In 2008, Paul spoke at the John Birch Society's 50th-anniversary celebration. Foreign policy An anti-war activist, Paul promotes a noninterventionist foreign policy and an end to American imperialism. He advocates withdrawal from the United Nations and from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, for reasons of maintaining strong national sovereignty.", "On three occasions, he sought the presidency of the United States: as the Libertarian Party nominee in 1988 and as a candidate for the Republican Party in 2008 and 2012. A self-described constitutionalist, Paul is a critic of the federal government's fiscal policies, especially the existence of the Federal Reserve and the tax policy, as well as the military–industrial complex, the war on drugs, and the war on terror." ]

[ "Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign. Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign. |- |- |- 1935 births Living people 20th-century American essayists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American physicians 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American essayists 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American politicians 21st-century Baptists American anti-abortion activists American anti–Iraq War activists American anti-war activists American columnists American foreign policy writers American libertarians American male non-fiction writers American military doctors American people of German descent American podcasters American political writers Baptists from Texas Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election Christian libertarians Critics of neoconservatism Drug policy reform activists Duke University School of Medicine alumni Gettysburg College alumni Homeschooling advocates Libertarian Party (United States) presidential nominees Libertarian theorists Male YouTubers Mises Institute people Monetary reformers Non-interventionism Old Right (United States) People from Lake Jackson, Texas Physicians from Texas Politicians from Pittsburgh Privacy activists Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas Southern Baptists Tea Party movement activists Texas Libertarians Texas Republicans United States Air Force officers University of Pittsburgh people Writers from Texas Paul family Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas", "In the 2008 Republican primary, he defeated Friendswood city councilman Chris Peden, with over 70 percent of the vote and ran unopposed in the general election. In the 2010 Republican primary, Paul defeated three opponents with 80 percent of the vote. On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would not seek re-election to the House in order to pursue the 2012 presidential election.", "It's difficult for one who loves true liberty and utterly detests the power of the state to come to Washington for a period of time and not leave a true cynic.\" Paul lost the Republican primary to Phil Gramm, who had switched parties the previous year from Democrat to Republican.", "Ronald Ernest Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American author, activist, physician, and retired politician who served as the U.S. representative for Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1976 to 1977 and again from 1979 to 1985, and then for Texas's 14th congressional district from 1997 to 2013. On three occasions, he sought the presidency of the United States: as the Libertarian Party nominee in 1988 and as a candidate for the Republican Party in 2008 and 2012.", "Paul returned to his private medical practice and managing several business ventures after losing the 1988 election; but by 1996, he was ready to return to politics, this time running on the Republican Party ticket again. He said that he had never read the entire Libertarian platform when he ran for president as a Libertarian in 1988, and that \"I worked for the Libertarians on my terms, not theirs.\" He added that in terms of a political label he preferred to call himself \"a constitutionalist.", "Paul withdrew from active campaigning in the last weeks of the primary election period. He received 42,426 votes, or 0.03% of the total cast, in the general election. 2012 presidential campaign 2012 Republican primary campaign Paul won several early straw polls for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination and formed an official exploratory committee in late April 2011. He participated in the first Republican presidential debate on May 5, 2011 and on May 13, 2011 formally announced his candidacy in an interview on ABC's Good Morning America.", "Paul lost the Republican primary to Phil Gramm, who had switched parties the previous year from Democrat to Republican. Another candidate of the senatorial primary was Henry Grover, a conservative former state legislator who had lost the 1972 gubernatorial general election to Democrat Dolph Briscoe, Jr. On Paul's departure from the House, his seat was assumed by former state representative Tom DeLay, who would later become House Majority Leader.", "He added that in terms of a political label he preferred to call himself \"a constitutionalist. In Congress I took an oath to uphold the Constitution, not the (Republican) platform.\" When he lost the Republican Party presidential primary election in 2008, Paul criticized the two major political parties, saying that there was no real difference between the parties and that neither of them truly intended to challenge the status quo.", "He also continues to provide political commentary through The Ron Paul Liberty Report, a web show he co-hosts on YouTube. Paul received one electoral vote from a Texas faithless elector in the 2016 presidential election, making him the oldest person to receive an Electoral College vote, as well as the second registered Libertarian presidential candidate in history to receive an electoral vote, after John Hospers in 1972.", "Paul lost the next regular election to Democrat Robert Gammage by fewer than 300 votes (0.2%), but defeated Gammage in a 1978 rematch, and was reelected in 1980 and 1982. Gammage underestimated Paul's popularity among local mothers: \"I had real difficulty down in Brazoria County, where he practiced, because he'd delivered half the babies in the county. There were only two obstetricians in the county, and the other one was his partner.\"" ]

[ "Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign. Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign. |- |- |- 1935 births Living people 20th-century American essayists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American physicians 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American essayists 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American politicians 21st-century Baptists American anti-abortion activists American anti–Iraq War activists American anti-war activists American columnists American foreign policy writers American libertarians American male non-fiction writers American military doctors American people of German descent American podcasters American political writers Baptists from Texas Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election Christian libertarians Critics of neoconservatism Drug policy reform activists Duke University School of Medicine alumni Gettysburg College alumni Homeschooling advocates Libertarian Party (United States) presidential nominees Libertarian theorists Male YouTubers Mises Institute people Monetary reformers Non-interventionism Old Right (United States) People from Lake Jackson, Texas Physicians from Texas Politicians from Pittsburgh Privacy activists Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas Southern Baptists Tea Party movement activists Texas Libertarians Texas Republicans United States Air Force officers University of Pittsburgh people Writers from Texas Paul family Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas", "He often cites President Grover Cleveland as a preferred model of governance. After the popularity and grassroots enthusiasm of his 2008 presidential bid, Paul announced in July 2011 that he would forgo seeking another term in Congress in order to focus on his 2012 bid for the presidency.", "There is no credibility left for the Republican Party as a force to reduce the size of government. That is the message of the Reagan years.\" A month later he announced he would seek the 1988 Libertarian Party nomination for president. During the 1988 campaign, Paul called Reagan \"a dramatic failure\" and complained that \"Reagan's record is disgraceful. He starts wars, breaks the law, supplies terrorists with guns made at taxpayers' expense and lies about it to the American people.\"", "He starts wars, breaks the law, supplies terrorists with guns made at taxpayers' expense and lies about it to the American people.\" Paul predicted that \"the Republicans are on their way out as a major party,\" and he said that, although registered as a Republican, he had always been a libertarian at heart.", "Bibliography Other contributions Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: See also Criticism of the Federal Reserve Draft Ron Paul movement Libertarian Republican List of federal political scandals in the United States List of peace activists List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement Paulville, Texas Young Americans for Liberty References External links Fact-checking at PolitiFact.com Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues Congress Profile at Center for Responsive Politics Profile at GovTrack Ron Paul TV. Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign.", "Paul returned to his private medical practice and managing several business ventures after losing the 1988 election; but by 1996, he was ready to return to politics, this time running on the Republican Party ticket again. He said that he had never read the entire Libertarian platform when he ran for president as a Libertarian in 1988, and that \"I worked for the Libertarians on my terms, not theirs.\" He added that in terms of a political label he preferred to call himself \"a constitutionalist.", "On three occasions, he sought the presidency of the United States: as the Libertarian Party nominee in 1988 and as a candidate for the Republican Party in 2008 and 2012. A self-described constitutionalist, Paul is a critic of the federal government's fiscal policies, especially the existence of the Federal Reserve and the tax policy, as well as the military–industrial complex, the war on drugs, and the war on terror.", "Affiliations Paul was honorary chairman of, and is a member of the Republican Liberty Caucus, a political action committee that describes its goal as electing \"liberty-minded, limited-government individuals\". He is an initiating member of the Congressional Rural Caucus, which deals with agricultural and rural issues, and the 140-member Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus. Committee assignments Paul served on the following committees and subcommittees.", "On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would not seek re-election to the House in order to pursue the 2012 presidential election. Tenure Legislation Of the 620 bills that Paul had sponsored through December 2011, over a period of more than 22 years in Congress, only one had been signed into law—a lifetime success rate of less than 0.3%. The sole measure authored by Paul that was ultimately enacted allowed for a federal customhouse to be sold to a local historic preservation society (H.R. 2121 in 2009)." ]

[ "Young left the Basie band to replace Hawkins in Fletcher Henderson's orchestra. He soon left Henderson to play in the Andy Kirk band (for six months) before returning to Basie. While with Basie, Young made small-group recordings for Milt Gabler's Commodore Records, The Kansas City Sessions.", "In December 1943, Young returned to the Basie fold for a 10-month stint, cut short by his being drafted into the army during World War II (see below). Recordings made during this and subsequent periods suggest Young was beginning to make much greater use of a plastic reed, which tended to give his playing a somewhat heavier, breathier tone (although still quite smooth compared to that of many other players).", "Small record labels not bound by union contracts continued to record and he recorded some sessions for Harry Lim's Keynote label in 1943. In December 1943, Young returned to the Basie fold for a 10-month stint, cut short by his being drafted into the army during World War II (see below).", "Coming to prominence while a member of Count Basie's orchestra, Young was one of the most influential players on his instrument. In contrast to many of his hard-driving peers, Young played with a relaxed, cool tone and used sophisticated harmonies, using what one critic called \"a free-floating style, wheeling and diving like a gull, banking with low, funky riffs that pleased dancers and listeners alike\".", "He left home permanently in 1932 when he became a member of the Blue Devils led by Walter Page. With the Count Basie Orchestra In 1933, Young settled in Kansas City, where after playing briefly in several bands, he rose to prominence with Count Basie. His playing in the Basie band was characterized by a relaxed style which contrasted sharply with the more forceful approach of Coleman Hawkins, the dominant tenor sax player of the day.", "His playing in the Basie band was characterized by a relaxed style which contrasted sharply with the more forceful approach of Coleman Hawkins, the dominant tenor sax player of the day. One of Young's key influences was Frank Trumbauer, who came to prominence in the 1920s with Paul Whiteman and played the C-melody saxophone (between the alto and tenor in pitch). Young left the Basie band to replace Hawkins in Fletcher Henderson's orchestra.", "While with Basie, Young made small-group recordings for Milt Gabler's Commodore Records, The Kansas City Sessions. Although they were recorded in New York (in 1938, with a reunion in 1944), they are named after the group, the Kansas City Seven, and comprised Buck Clayton, Dicky Wells, Basie, Young, Freddie Green, Rodney Richardson, and Jo Jones. Young played clarinet as well as tenor in these sessions. Young is described as playing the clarinet in a \"liquid, nervous style.\"", "In August 1944, Young appeared alongside drummer Jo Jones, trumpeter Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, and fellow tenor saxophonist Illinois Jacquet in Gjon Mili's short film Jammin' the Blues. Army service In September 1944, Young and Jo Jones were in Los Angeles with the Basie Band when they were inducted into the U.S. Army." ]

[ "Young left the Basie band to replace Hawkins in Fletcher Henderson's orchestra. He soon left Henderson to play in the Andy Kirk band (for six months) before returning to Basie. While with Basie, Young made small-group recordings for Milt Gabler's Commodore Records, The Kansas City Sessions.", "In December 1943, Young returned to the Basie fold for a 10-month stint, cut short by his being drafted into the army during World War II (see below). Recordings made during this and subsequent periods suggest Young was beginning to make much greater use of a plastic reed, which tended to give his playing a somewhat heavier, breathier tone (although still quite smooth compared to that of many other players).", "Small record labels not bound by union contracts continued to record and he recorded some sessions for Harry Lim's Keynote label in 1943. In December 1943, Young returned to the Basie fold for a 10-month stint, cut short by his being drafted into the army during World War II (see below).", "Playing on her name, he would call her \"Lady Day.\" Their famously empathetic classic recordings with Teddy Wilson date from this era. After Young's clarinet was stolen in 1939, he abandoned the instrument until about 1957. That year Norman Granz gave him one and urged him to play it (with far different results at that stage in Young's life—see below). Leaving Basie Young left the Basie band in late 1940.", "Lester Willis Young (August 27, 1909 – March 15, 1959), nicknamed \"Pres\" or \"Prez\", was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and occasional clarinetist. Coming to prominence while a member of Count Basie's orchestra, Young was one of the most influential players on his instrument.", "Young is described as playing the clarinet in a \"liquid, nervous style.\" As well as the Kansas City Sessions, his clarinet work from 1938–39 is documented on recordings with Basie, Billie Holiday, Basie small groups, and the organist Glenn Hardman. Billie and Lester met at a Harlem jam session in the early 30s and worked together in the Count Basie band and in nightclubs on New York's 52nd St. At one point Lester moved into the apartment Billie shared with her mother, Sadie Fagan.", "Young's solo was brilliant, acclaimed by some observers as an unparalleled marvel of economy, phrasing and extraordinarily moving emotion; Nat Hentoff, one of the show's producers, later commented, \"Lester got up, and he played the purest blues I have ever heard ... in the control room we were all crying.\" Young made his final studio recordings and live performances in Paris in March 1959 with drummer Kenny Clarke at the tail end of an abbreviated European tour during which he ate next to nothing and drank heavily.", "Coming to prominence while a member of Count Basie's orchestra, Young was one of the most influential players on his instrument. In contrast to many of his hard-driving peers, Young played with a relaxed, cool tone and used sophisticated harmonies, using what one critic called \"a free-floating style, wheeling and diving like a gull, banking with low, funky riffs that pleased dancers and listeners alike\".", "She was also in physical decline, near the end of her career, yet they both gave moving performances. Young's solo was brilliant, acclaimed by some observers as an unparalleled marvel of economy, phrasing and extraordinarily moving emotion; Nat Hentoff, one of the show's producers, later commented, \"Lester got up, and he played the purest blues I have ever heard ... in the control room we were all crying.\"" ]

[ "She was also in physical decline, near the end of her career, yet they both gave moving performances. Young's solo was brilliant, acclaimed by some observers as an unparalleled marvel of economy, phrasing and extraordinarily moving emotion; Nat Hentoff, one of the show's producers, later commented, \"Lester got up, and he played the purest blues I have ever heard ... in the control room we were all crying.\"", "They had two children: Lester W. Young Jr. (born 1947) and Yvette Young (born 1957). Both hold a PhD in Education, according to drummer Roy Haynes, who was interviewed as part of an attempt to create a film biography of Young. On January 31, 2008, Sady Sullivan conducted an oral history interview with Dr. Lester W. Young Jr. At approximately 1:10:00 he speaks about his father, listening to jazz, learning to play, and how having a famous father did not convey any favours.", "Young's solo was brilliant, acclaimed by some observers as an unparalleled marvel of economy, phrasing and extraordinarily moving emotion; Nat Hentoff, one of the show's producers, later commented, \"Lester got up, and he played the purest blues I have ever heard ... in the control room we were all crying.\" Young made his final studio recordings and live performances in Paris in March 1959 with drummer Kenny Clarke at the tail end of an abbreviated European tour during which he ate next to nothing and drank heavily.", "Early life and career Lester Young was born in Woodville, Mississippi, on August 27, 1909. His mother was Lizetta Young (née Johnson), and his father was Willis Handy Young, originally from Louisiana. Lester had two siblings – Leonidas Raymond, who became a drummer, and Irma Cornelia. He grew up in a musical family. His father was a teacher and band leader, and several other relatives performed professionally.", "In 1956, he recorded two LPs with his 1930s collaborators Teddy Wilson and Jo Jones. Allmusic's Scott Yanow, reviewing one of the albums, Pres and Teddy, commented: Family life Lester married three times. His first marriage was to Beatrice Tolliver, in Albuquerque, on 23 February 1930. His second was to Mary Dale. His third wife was Mary Berkeley. They had two children: Lester W. Young Jr. (born 1947) and Yvette Young (born 1957).", "In contrast to many of his hard-driving peers, Young played with a relaxed, cool tone and used sophisticated harmonies, using what one critic called \"a free-floating style, wheeling and diving like a gull, banking with low, funky riffs that pleased dancers and listeners alike\". Known for his hip, introverted style, he invented or popularized much of the hipster jargon which came to be associated with the music. Early life and career Lester Young was born in Woodville, Mississippi, on August 27, 1909.", "Non-musical legacy Lester Young is said to have popularized use of the term \"cool\" to mean something fashionable. Another slang term he coined was the term \"bread\" for money. He would ask, \"How does the bread smell?\" when asking how much a gig was going to pay. Posthumous dedications Charles Mingus dedicated an elegy to Young, \"Goodbye Pork Pie Hat\", only a few months after his death.", "Lester Willis Young (August 27, 1909 – March 15, 1959), nicknamed \"Pres\" or \"Prez\", was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and occasional clarinetist. Coming to prominence while a member of Count Basie's orchestra, Young was one of the most influential players on his instrument.", "He was represented at the ceremony by his children Lester Young Jr and Yvette Young. Discography As leader Norgran Records Verve Records With Charlie Parker Pablo Records Compilations (as leader) The Kansas City Sessions (recorded in 1938 and 1944) Commodore Records The Complete Aladdin Recordings (1942–47) – the 1942 Nat King Cole session and more from the post-war period The Complete Savoy Recordings (recorded 1944–50) The Complete Lester Young Studio Sessions on Verve – 8-CD boxed set (includes the only two Young interviews known to exist) As sideman With the Count Basie Orchestra The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1937-39 [1992]) America's No.1 Band: The Columbia Years (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1942) Columbia Records The Lester Young Count Basie Sessions 1936-1940 Mosaic Records [2007] Classic Columbia, OKeh, and Vocalion Lester Young with Count Basie 1936-1940 Super Chief (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1964) Columbia Records Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957) With Jazz at the Philharmonic The Complete Jazz at the Philharmonic on Verve: 1944-1949 (Verve, 1998) The Drum Battle (Verve, 1952 [1960]) With Billie Holiday Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia Columbia Records Billie Holiday and Lester Young: A Musical Romance (1937-1941) Columbia Records [2002] References Bibliography Further reading Büchmann-Møller, Frank (1990) You Just Fight for Your Life: The Story of Lester Young.", "Paul Quinichette modeled his style so closely on Young's that he was sometimes referred to as the \"Vice Prez\" (sic). Sonny Stitt began to incorporate elements from Lester Young's approach when he made the transition to tenor saxophone. Lester Young also had a direct influence on the young Charlie Parker, and thus the entire be-bop movement. Non-musical legacy Lester Young is said to have popularized use of the term \"cool\" to mean something fashionable." ]

[ "Discography As leader Norgran Records Verve Records With Charlie Parker Pablo Records Compilations (as leader) The Kansas City Sessions (recorded in 1938 and 1944) Commodore Records The Complete Aladdin Recordings (1942–47) – the 1942 Nat King Cole session and more from the post-war period The Complete Savoy Recordings (recorded 1944–50) The Complete Lester Young Studio Sessions on Verve – 8-CD boxed set (includes the only two Young interviews known to exist) As sideman With the Count Basie Orchestra The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1937-39 [1992]) America's No.1 Band: The Columbia Years (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1942) Columbia Records The Lester Young Count Basie Sessions 1936-1940 Mosaic Records [2007] Classic Columbia, OKeh, and Vocalion Lester Young with Count Basie 1936-1940 Super Chief (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1964) Columbia Records Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957) With Jazz at the Philharmonic The Complete Jazz at the Philharmonic on Verve: 1944-1949 (Verve, 1998) The Drum Battle (Verve, 1952 [1960]) With Billie Holiday Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia Columbia Records Billie Holiday and Lester Young: A Musical Romance (1937-1941) Columbia Records [2002] References Bibliography Further reading Büchmann-Møller, Frank (1990) You Just Fight for Your Life: The Story of Lester Young. Praeger.", "Young is described as playing the clarinet in a \"liquid, nervous style.\" As well as the Kansas City Sessions, his clarinet work from 1938–39 is documented on recordings with Basie, Billie Holiday, Basie small groups, and the organist Glenn Hardman. Billie and Lester met at a Harlem jam session in the early 30s and worked together in the Count Basie band and in nightclubs on New York's 52nd St. At one point Lester moved into the apartment Billie shared with her mother, Sadie Fagan.", "He was represented at the ceremony by his children Lester Young Jr and Yvette Young. Discography As leader Norgran Records Verve Records With Charlie Parker Pablo Records Compilations (as leader) The Kansas City Sessions (recorded in 1938 and 1944) Commodore Records The Complete Aladdin Recordings (1942–47) – the 1942 Nat King Cole session and more from the post-war period The Complete Savoy Recordings (recorded 1944–50) The Complete Lester Young Studio Sessions on Verve – 8-CD boxed set (includes the only two Young interviews known to exist) As sideman With the Count Basie Orchestra The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1937-39 [1992]) America's No.1 Band: The Columbia Years (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1942) Columbia Records The Lester Young Count Basie Sessions 1936-1940 Mosaic Records [2007] Classic Columbia, OKeh, and Vocalion Lester Young with Count Basie 1936-1940 Super Chief (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1964) Columbia Records Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957) With Jazz at the Philharmonic The Complete Jazz at the Philharmonic on Verve: 1944-1949 (Verve, 1998) The Drum Battle (Verve, 1952 [1960]) With Billie Holiday Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia Columbia Records Billie Holiday and Lester Young: A Musical Romance (1937-1941) Columbia Records [2002] References Bibliography Further reading Büchmann-Møller, Frank (1990) You Just Fight for Your Life: The Story of Lester Young.", "He subsequently led a number of small groups that often included his brother, drummer Lee Young, for the next couple of years; live and broadcast recordings from this period exist. During this period Young accompanied the singer Billie Holiday in a couple of studio sessions (during 1937 - 1941 period) and also made a small set of recordings with Nat \"King\" Cole (their first of several collaborations) in June 1942.", "In 1956, he recorded two LPs with his 1930s collaborators Teddy Wilson and Jo Jones. Allmusic's Scott Yanow, reviewing one of the albums, Pres and Teddy, commented: Family life Lester married three times. His first marriage was to Beatrice Tolliver, in Albuquerque, on 23 February 1930. His second was to Mary Dale. His third wife was Mary Berkeley. They had two children: Lester W. Young Jr. (born 1947) and Yvette Young (born 1957).", "On January 31, 2008, Sady Sullivan conducted an oral history interview with Dr. Lester W. Young Jr. At approximately 1:10:00 he speaks about his father, listening to jazz, learning to play, and how having a famous father did not convey any favours. Final years On December 8, 1957, Young appeared with Billie Holiday, Coleman Hawkins, Ben Webster, Roy Eldridge, and Gerry Mulligan in the CBS television special The Sound of Jazz, performing Holiday's tune \"Fine and Mellow.\"", "1956 was a relatively good year for Lester Young, including a tour of Europe with Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Quartet and a successful residency at Olivia Davis' Patio Lounge in Washington, DC, with the Bill Potts Trio. Live recording of Young and Potts in Washington were issued later. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Young occasionally played as a featured guest with the Count Basie Orchestra.", "They had two children: Lester W. Young Jr. (born 1947) and Yvette Young (born 1957). Both hold a PhD in Education, according to drummer Roy Haynes, who was interviewed as part of an attempt to create a film biography of Young. On January 31, 2008, Sady Sullivan conducted an oral history interview with Dr. Lester W. Young Jr. At approximately 1:10:00 he speaks about his father, listening to jazz, learning to play, and how having a famous father did not convey any favours.", "In January 1956, he recorded two Granz-produced sessions including a reunion with pianist Teddy Wilson, trumpet player Roy Eldridge, trombonist Vic Dickenson, bassist Gene Ramey, and drummer Jo Jones – which were issued as The Jazz Giants '56 and Pres and Teddy albums. 1956 was a relatively good year for Lester Young, including a tour of Europe with Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Quartet and a successful residency at Olivia Davis' Patio Lounge in Washington, DC, with the Bill Potts Trio." ]

[ "Young is described as playing the clarinet in a \"liquid, nervous style.\" As well as the Kansas City Sessions, his clarinet work from 1938–39 is documented on recordings with Basie, Billie Holiday, Basie small groups, and the organist Glenn Hardman. Billie and Lester met at a Harlem jam session in the early 30s and worked together in the Count Basie band and in nightclubs on New York's 52nd St. At one point Lester moved into the apartment Billie shared with her mother, Sadie Fagan.", "Discography As leader Norgran Records Verve Records With Charlie Parker Pablo Records Compilations (as leader) The Kansas City Sessions (recorded in 1938 and 1944) Commodore Records The Complete Aladdin Recordings (1942–47) – the 1942 Nat King Cole session and more from the post-war period The Complete Savoy Recordings (recorded 1944–50) The Complete Lester Young Studio Sessions on Verve – 8-CD boxed set (includes the only two Young interviews known to exist) As sideman With the Count Basie Orchestra The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1937-39 [1992]) America's No.1 Band: The Columbia Years (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1942) Columbia Records The Lester Young Count Basie Sessions 1936-1940 Mosaic Records [2007] Classic Columbia, OKeh, and Vocalion Lester Young with Count Basie 1936-1940 Super Chief (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1964) Columbia Records Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957) With Jazz at the Philharmonic The Complete Jazz at the Philharmonic on Verve: 1944-1949 (Verve, 1998) The Drum Battle (Verve, 1952 [1960]) With Billie Holiday Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia Columbia Records Billie Holiday and Lester Young: A Musical Romance (1937-1941) Columbia Records [2002] References Bibliography Further reading Büchmann-Møller, Frank (1990) You Just Fight for Your Life: The Story of Lester Young. Praeger.", "He was represented at the ceremony by his children Lester Young Jr and Yvette Young. Discography As leader Norgran Records Verve Records With Charlie Parker Pablo Records Compilations (as leader) The Kansas City Sessions (recorded in 1938 and 1944) Commodore Records The Complete Aladdin Recordings (1942–47) – the 1942 Nat King Cole session and more from the post-war period The Complete Savoy Recordings (recorded 1944–50) The Complete Lester Young Studio Sessions on Verve – 8-CD boxed set (includes the only two Young interviews known to exist) As sideman With the Count Basie Orchestra The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1937-39 [1992]) America's No.1 Band: The Columbia Years (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1942) Columbia Records The Lester Young Count Basie Sessions 1936-1940 Mosaic Records [2007] Classic Columbia, OKeh, and Vocalion Lester Young with Count Basie 1936-1940 Super Chief (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1964) Columbia Records Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957) With Jazz at the Philharmonic The Complete Jazz at the Philharmonic on Verve: 1944-1949 (Verve, 1998) The Drum Battle (Verve, 1952 [1960]) With Billie Holiday Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia Columbia Records Billie Holiday and Lester Young: A Musical Romance (1937-1941) Columbia Records [2002] References Bibliography Further reading Büchmann-Møller, Frank (1990) You Just Fight for Your Life: The Story of Lester Young.", "He subsequently led a number of small groups that often included his brother, drummer Lee Young, for the next couple of years; live and broadcast recordings from this period exist. During this period Young accompanied the singer Billie Holiday in a couple of studio sessions (during 1937 - 1941 period) and also made a small set of recordings with Nat \"King\" Cole (their first of several collaborations) in June 1942.", "1956 was a relatively good year for Lester Young, including a tour of Europe with Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Quartet and a successful residency at Olivia Davis' Patio Lounge in Washington, DC, with the Bill Potts Trio. Live recording of Young and Potts in Washington were issued later. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Young occasionally played as a featured guest with the Count Basie Orchestra.", "In 1956, he recorded two LPs with his 1930s collaborators Teddy Wilson and Jo Jones. Allmusic's Scott Yanow, reviewing one of the albums, Pres and Teddy, commented: Family life Lester married three times. His first marriage was to Beatrice Tolliver, in Albuquerque, on 23 February 1930. His second was to Mary Dale. His third wife was Mary Berkeley. They had two children: Lester W. Young Jr. (born 1947) and Yvette Young (born 1957).", "Early life and career Lester Young was born in Woodville, Mississippi, on August 27, 1909. His mother was Lizetta Young (née Johnson), and his father was Willis Handy Young, originally from Louisiana. Lester had two siblings – Leonidas Raymond, who became a drummer, and Irma Cornelia. He grew up in a musical family. His father was a teacher and band leader, and several other relatives performed professionally.", "They had two children: Lester W. Young Jr. (born 1947) and Yvette Young (born 1957). Both hold a PhD in Education, according to drummer Roy Haynes, who was interviewed as part of an attempt to create a film biography of Young. On January 31, 2008, Sady Sullivan conducted an oral history interview with Dr. Lester W. Young Jr. At approximately 1:10:00 he speaks about his father, listening to jazz, learning to play, and how having a famous father did not convey any favours.", "Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Young occasionally played as a featured guest with the Count Basie Orchestra. The best-known of these appearances is the July 1957 performance at the Newport Jazz Festival, with a line-up including many of his 1940s colleagues: Jo Jones, Roy Eldridge, Illinois Jacquet and Jimmy Rushing. In 1952 he was featured on Lester Young with the Oscar Peterson Trio, released in 1954 on Norgran. In 1956, he recorded two LPs with his 1930s collaborators Teddy Wilson and Jo Jones." ]

[ "They had two children: Lester W. Young Jr. (born 1947) and Yvette Young (born 1957). Both hold a PhD in Education, according to drummer Roy Haynes, who was interviewed as part of an attempt to create a film biography of Young. On January 31, 2008, Sady Sullivan conducted an oral history interview with Dr. Lester W. Young Jr. At approximately 1:10:00 he speaks about his father, listening to jazz, learning to play, and how having a famous father did not convey any favours.", "Early life and career Lester Young was born in Woodville, Mississippi, on August 27, 1909. His mother was Lizetta Young (née Johnson), and his father was Willis Handy Young, originally from Louisiana. Lester had two siblings – Leonidas Raymond, who became a drummer, and Irma Cornelia. He grew up in a musical family. His father was a teacher and band leader, and several other relatives performed professionally.", "In 1956, he recorded two LPs with his 1930s collaborators Teddy Wilson and Jo Jones. Allmusic's Scott Yanow, reviewing one of the albums, Pres and Teddy, commented: Family life Lester married three times. His first marriage was to Beatrice Tolliver, in Albuquerque, on 23 February 1930. His second was to Mary Dale. His third wife was Mary Berkeley. They had two children: Lester W. Young Jr. (born 1947) and Yvette Young (born 1957).", "She was also in physical decline, near the end of her career, yet they both gave moving performances. Young's solo was brilliant, acclaimed by some observers as an unparalleled marvel of economy, phrasing and extraordinarily moving emotion; Nat Hentoff, one of the show's producers, later commented, \"Lester got up, and he played the purest blues I have ever heard ... in the control room we were all crying.\"", "He was represented at the ceremony by his children Lester Young Jr and Yvette Young. Discography As leader Norgran Records Verve Records With Charlie Parker Pablo Records Compilations (as leader) The Kansas City Sessions (recorded in 1938 and 1944) Commodore Records The Complete Aladdin Recordings (1942–47) – the 1942 Nat King Cole session and more from the post-war period The Complete Savoy Recordings (recorded 1944–50) The Complete Lester Young Studio Sessions on Verve – 8-CD boxed set (includes the only two Young interviews known to exist) As sideman With the Count Basie Orchestra The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1937-39 [1992]) America's No.1 Band: The Columbia Years (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1942) Columbia Records The Lester Young Count Basie Sessions 1936-1940 Mosaic Records [2007] Classic Columbia, OKeh, and Vocalion Lester Young with Count Basie 1936-1940 Super Chief (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1964) Columbia Records Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957) With Jazz at the Philharmonic The Complete Jazz at the Philharmonic on Verve: 1944-1949 (Verve, 1998) The Drum Battle (Verve, 1952 [1960]) With Billie Holiday Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia Columbia Records Billie Holiday and Lester Young: A Musical Romance (1937-1941) Columbia Records [2002] References Bibliography Further reading Büchmann-Møller, Frank (1990) You Just Fight for Your Life: The Story of Lester Young.", "Lester Willis Young (August 27, 1909 – March 15, 1959), nicknamed \"Pres\" or \"Prez\", was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and occasional clarinetist. Coming to prominence while a member of Count Basie's orchestra, Young was one of the most influential players on his instrument.", "With Young at the 1949 JATP concert at Carnegie Hall were Charlie Parker and Roy Eldridge, and Young's solo on \"Lester Leaps In\" at that concert is a particular standout among his performances in the latter half of his career. Struggle and revival From around 1951, Young's level of playing declined more precipitously as his drinking increased.", "Young's solo was brilliant, acclaimed by some observers as an unparalleled marvel of economy, phrasing and extraordinarily moving emotion; Nat Hentoff, one of the show's producers, later commented, \"Lester got up, and he played the purest blues I have ever heard ... in the control room we were all crying.\" Young made his final studio recordings and live performances in Paris in March 1959 with drummer Kenny Clarke at the tail end of an abbreviated European tour during which he ate next to nothing and drank heavily.", "Discography As leader Norgran Records Verve Records With Charlie Parker Pablo Records Compilations (as leader) The Kansas City Sessions (recorded in 1938 and 1944) Commodore Records The Complete Aladdin Recordings (1942–47) – the 1942 Nat King Cole session and more from the post-war period The Complete Savoy Recordings (recorded 1944–50) The Complete Lester Young Studio Sessions on Verve – 8-CD boxed set (includes the only two Young interviews known to exist) As sideman With the Count Basie Orchestra The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1937-39 [1992]) America's No.1 Band: The Columbia Years (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1942) Columbia Records The Lester Young Count Basie Sessions 1936-1940 Mosaic Records [2007] Classic Columbia, OKeh, and Vocalion Lester Young with Count Basie 1936-1940 Super Chief (1936–1940 and non-Young sessions to 1964) Columbia Records Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957) With Jazz at the Philharmonic The Complete Jazz at the Philharmonic on Verve: 1944-1949 (Verve, 1998) The Drum Battle (Verve, 1952 [1960]) With Billie Holiday Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia Columbia Records Billie Holiday and Lester Young: A Musical Romance (1937-1941) Columbia Records [2002] References Bibliography Further reading Büchmann-Møller, Frank (1990) You Just Fight for Your Life: The Story of Lester Young. Praeger." ]

[ "While he never abandoned the cane reed, he used the plastic reed a significant share of the time from 1943 until the end of his life. Another cause for the thickening of his tone around this time was a change in saxophone mouthpiece from a metal Otto Link to an ebonite Brilhart. In August 1944, Young appeared alongside drummer Jo Jones, trumpeter Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, and fellow tenor saxophonist Illinois Jacquet in Gjon Mili's short film Jammin' the Blues.", "In contrast to many of his hard-driving peers, Young played with a relaxed, cool tone and used sophisticated harmonies, using what one critic called \"a free-floating style, wheeling and diving like a gull, banking with low, funky riffs that pleased dancers and listeners alike\". Known for his hip, introverted style, he invented or popularized much of the hipster jargon which came to be associated with the music. Early life and career Lester Young was born in Woodville, Mississippi, on August 27, 1909.", "Non-musical legacy Lester Young is said to have popularized use of the term \"cool\" to mean something fashionable. Another slang term he coined was the term \"bread\" for money. He would ask, \"How does the bread smell?\" when asking how much a gig was going to pay. Posthumous dedications Charles Mingus dedicated an elegy to Young, \"Goodbye Pork Pie Hat\", only a few months after his death.", "Paul Quinichette modeled his style so closely on Young's that he was sometimes referred to as the \"Vice Prez\" (sic). Sonny Stitt began to incorporate elements from Lester Young's approach when he made the transition to tenor saxophone. Lester Young also had a direct influence on the young Charlie Parker, and thus the entire be-bop movement. Non-musical legacy Lester Young is said to have popularized use of the term \"cool\" to mean something fashionable.", "Early life and career Lester Young was born in Woodville, Mississippi, on August 27, 1909. His mother was Lizetta Young (née Johnson), and his father was Willis Handy Young, originally from Louisiana. Lester had two siblings – Leonidas Raymond, who became a drummer, and Irma Cornelia. He grew up in a musical family. His father was a teacher and band leader, and several other relatives performed professionally.", "She was also in physical decline, near the end of her career, yet they both gave moving performances. Young's solo was brilliant, acclaimed by some observers as an unparalleled marvel of economy, phrasing and extraordinarily moving emotion; Nat Hentoff, one of the show's producers, later commented, \"Lester got up, and he played the purest blues I have ever heard ... in the control room we were all crying.\"", "Young's solo was brilliant, acclaimed by some observers as an unparalleled marvel of economy, phrasing and extraordinarily moving emotion; Nat Hentoff, one of the show's producers, later commented, \"Lester got up, and he played the purest blues I have ever heard ... in the control room we were all crying.\" Young made his final studio recordings and live performances in Paris in March 1959 with drummer Kenny Clarke at the tail end of an abbreviated European tour during which he ate next to nothing and drank heavily.", "They had two children: Lester W. Young Jr. (born 1947) and Yvette Young (born 1957). Both hold a PhD in Education, according to drummer Roy Haynes, who was interviewed as part of an attempt to create a film biography of Young. On January 31, 2008, Sady Sullivan conducted an oral history interview with Dr. Lester W. Young Jr. At approximately 1:10:00 he speaks about his father, listening to jazz, learning to play, and how having a famous father did not convey any favours." ]

[ "17th century The Lenape had a culture in which the clan and family controlled property. Europeans often tried to contract for land with the tribal chiefs, confusing their culture with that of neighboring tribes such as the Iroquois.", "As the 18th century progressed, many surviving Lenape moved west—into the (relatively empty) upper Ohio River basin. Smallpox devastated Native American communities even located far from European settlements by the 1640s. The Lenape and Susquehannocks fought a war in the middle of the 17th century that left the Delaware a tributary state even as the Susquehannocks had defeated the Province of Maryland between 1642-50s.", "The colony had a short life, as in 1632 a local band of Lenape killed the 32 Dutch settlers after a misunderstanding escalated over Lenape defacement of the insignia of the Dutch West India Company. In 1634, the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock went to war with the Lenape over access to trade with the Dutch at New Amsterdam. They defeated the Lenape, and some scholars believe that the Lenape may have become tributaries to the Susquehannock. After the warfare, the Lenape referred to the Susquehannock as \"uncles\".", "Subsequently, the Lenape became subjugated and made tributary to first the Susquehannocks, then the Iroquois, even needing their rivals' (superiors') agreement to initiate treaties such as land sales. Like most tribes, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases originating in Europe, mainly smallpox but also cholera, influenza and dysentery, and recurrent violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquoian peoples occasionally fought the Lenape. As the 18th century progressed, many surviving Lenape moved west—into the (relatively empty) upper Ohio River basin.", "New England and New York Areas 1580–1800. New England and New York Areas 1580–1800. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey and the Massachuset tribe in Massachusetts used fire in ecosystems.1953Russell, Emily W.B. \"Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States.\" Ecology, Vol. 64, #1 (Feb): 78 88. 1983a Author found no strong evidence that Indians purposely burned large areas, but they did burn small areas near their habitation sites.", "This extended the productive life of planted fields. This extended the productive life of planted fields. According to Dutch settler Isaac de Rasieres, who observed the Lenape in 1628, the Lenape's primary crop was maize, which they planted in March. They quickly adopted European metal tools for this task. The men limited their agricultural labor to clearing the field and breaking the soil.", "New Amsterdam was founded in 1624 by the Dutch in what would later become New York City. Dutch settlers also founded a colony at present-day Lewes, Delaware on June 3, 1631 and named it Zwaanendael (Swan Valley). The colony had a short life, as in 1632 a local band of Lenape killed the 32 Dutch settlers after a misunderstanding escalated over Lenape defacement of the insignia of the Dutch West India Company.", "The mother's eldest brother was more significant as a mentor to the male children than was their father, who was generally of another clan. Hereditary leadership passed through the maternal line, and women elders could remove leaders of whom they disapproved. Agricultural land was managed by women and allotted according to the subsistence needs of their extended families. Families were matrilocal; newlywed couples would live with the bride's family, where her mother and sisters could also assist her with her growing family.", "Scholars have estimated that at the time of European settlement, around much of the current New York City area alone, there may have been about 15,000 Lenape in approximately 80 settlement sites. In 1524, Lenape in canoes met Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first European explorer to enter New York Harbor. European settlers and traders from the 17th-century colonies of New Netherland and New Sweden traded with the Lenape for agricultural products, mainly maize, in exchange for iron tools.", "The missionaries pressured Indigenous people to abandon their traditional customs, beliefs, and ways of life, and to replace them with European and Christian ways. Many Lenape did adopt Christianity, but others refused to do so. The Lenape became a divided people during the 1770s, including in Killbuck's family. Killbuck resented his grandfather for allowing the Moravians to remain in the Ohio territory." ]

[ "17th century The Lenape had a culture in which the clan and family controlled property. Europeans often tried to contract for land with the tribal chiefs, confusing their culture with that of neighboring tribes such as the Iroquois.", "The Lenape trapped and traded beaver pelts for European-made goods. Early colonial era At the time of sustained European contact in the 1600s and 1700s, the Lenape were a powerful Native American nation who inhabited a region on the mid-Atlantic coast spanning the latitudes of southern Massachusetts to the southern extent of Delaware in what anthropologists call the Northeastern Woodlands. Although never politically unified, the confederation of the Delaware roughly encompassed the area around and between the Delaware and lower Hudson rivers, and included the western part of Long Island in present-day New York.", "The Lenape have three clans at the end of the 17th century, each of which historically had twelve sub-clans: Wolf, Tùkwsit Big Feet, Mä an'greet Yellow Tree, Wisawhìtkuk Pulling Corn, Pä-sakun'a'-mon Care Enterer, We-yar-nih'kä-to Across the River, Toosh-war-ka'ma Vermillion, O-lum'-a-ne Dog standing by fireside, Pun-ar'-you Long Body, Kwin-eek'cha Digging, Moon-har-tar'ne Pulling up Stream, Non-har'-min Brush Log, Long-ush-har-kar'-to Bringing Along, Maw-soo-toh Turtle, Pùkuwànku Ruler, O-ka-ho'-ki High Bank Shore, Ta-ko-ong'-o-to Drawing Down Hill, See-har-ong'-o-to Elector, Ole-har-kar-me'kar-to Brave, Ma-har-o-luk'-ti Green Leaves, Toosh-ki-pa-kwis-i Smallest Turtle, Tung-ul-ung'-si Little Turtle, We-lung-ung-sil Snapping Turtle, Lee-kwin-a-i''' Deer, Kwis-aese-kees'to Turkey, Pële Big Bird, Mor-har-ä-lä Bird's Cry, Le-le-wa'-you Eye Pain, Moo-kwung-wa-ho'ki Scratch the Path, Moo-har-mo-wi-kar'-nu Opossum Ground, O-ping-ho'-ki Old Shin, Muh-ho-we-kä'-ken Drift Log, Tong-o-nä-o-to Living in Water, Nool-a-mar-lar'-mo Root Digger, Muh-krent-har'-ne Red Face, Mur-karm-huk-se Pine Region, Koo-wä-ho'ke Ground Scratcher, Oo-ckuk'-hamLenape kinship system has matrilineal clans, that is, children belong to their mother's clan, from which they gain social status and identity. The mother's eldest brother was more significant as a mentor to the male children than was their father, who was generally of another clan.", "Territory Traditional Lenape lands, the Lenapehoking, was a large territory that encompassed the Delaware Valley of eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey from the north bank of the Lehigh River along the west bank of the Delaware then south into Delaware and the Delaware Bay. Their lands also extended west from western Long Island and New York Bay, across the Lower Hudson Valley in New York into the lower Catskills and a sliver of the upper edge of the North Branch Susquehanna River.", "Alternately, may be translated as \"man\". Alternately, may be translated as \"man\". The Lenape, when first encountered by Europeans, were a loose association of related peoples who spoke similar languages and shared familial bonds in an area known as Lenapehoking, the Lenape traditional territory, which spanned what is now eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Lower New York, and eastern Delaware. The tribe's common name Delaware is not of Native American origin.", "The Lenape (, , or Lenape , ) also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in the United States and Canada. Their historical territory included present-day northeastern Delaware, New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania along the Delaware River watershed, New York City, western Long Island, and the Lower Hudson Valley.", "Among many Algonquian peoples along the East Coast, the Lenape were considered the \"grandfathers\" from whom other Algonquian-speaking peoples originated. The Lenape have three clans at the end of the 17th century, each of which historically had twelve sub-clans: Wolf, Tùkwsit Big Feet, Mä an'greet Yellow Tree, Wisawhìtkuk Pulling Corn, Pä-sakun'a'-mon Care Enterer, We-yar-nih'kä-to Across the River, Toosh-war-ka'ma Vermillion, O-lum'-a-ne Dog standing by fireside, Pun-ar'-you Long Body, Kwin-eek'cha Digging, Moon-har-tar'ne Pulling up Stream, Non-har'-min Brush Log, Long-ush-har-kar'-to Bringing Along, Maw-soo-toh Turtle, Pùkuwànku Ruler, O-ka-ho'-ki High Bank Shore, Ta-ko-ong'-o-to Drawing Down Hill, See-har-ong'-o-to Elector, Ole-har-kar-me'kar-to Brave, Ma-har-o-luk'-ti Green Leaves, Toosh-ki-pa-kwis-i Smallest Turtle, Tung-ul-ung'-si Little Turtle, We-lung-ung-sil Snapping Turtle, Lee-kwin-a-i''' Deer, Kwis-aese-kees'to Turkey, Pële Big Bird, Mor-har-ä-lä Bird's Cry, Le-le-wa'-you Eye Pain, Moo-kwung-wa-ho'ki Scratch the Path, Moo-har-mo-wi-kar'-nu Opossum Ground, O-ping-ho'-ki Old Shin, Muh-ho-we-kä'-ken Drift Log, Tong-o-nä-o-to Living in Water, Nool-a-mar-lar'-mo Root Digger, Muh-krent-har'-ne Red Face, Mur-karm-huk-se Pine Region, Koo-wä-ho'ke Ground Scratcher, Oo-ckuk'-hamLenape kinship system has matrilineal clans, that is, children belong to their mother's clan, from which they gain social status and identity.", "Notable historical Lenape people This includes only Lenape documented in history. Contemporary notable Lenape people are listed in the articles for the appropriate tribe.", "They also apply a poultice of pulverized nuts with sweet oil for earache. History European contact The first recorded European contact with people presumed to have been the Lenape was in 1524. The explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was greeted by local Lenape who came by canoe, after his ship entered what is now called Lower New York Bay. In the 17th century, Lenape primarily interacted with Dutch traders through the fur trade. The Lenape trapped and traded beaver pelts for European-made goods." ]

[ "17th century The Lenape had a culture in which the clan and family controlled property. Europeans often tried to contract for land with the tribal chiefs, confusing their culture with that of neighboring tribes such as the Iroquois.", "As the 18th century progressed, many surviving Lenape moved west—into the (relatively empty) upper Ohio River basin. Smallpox devastated Native American communities even located far from European settlements by the 1640s. The Lenape and Susquehannocks fought a war in the middle of the 17th century that left the Delaware a tributary state even as the Susquehannocks had defeated the Province of Maryland between 1642-50s.", "The colony had a short life, as in 1632 a local band of Lenape killed the 32 Dutch settlers after a misunderstanding escalated over Lenape defacement of the insignia of the Dutch West India Company. In 1634, the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock went to war with the Lenape over access to trade with the Dutch at New Amsterdam. They defeated the Lenape, and some scholars believe that the Lenape may have become tributaries to the Susquehannock. After the warfare, the Lenape referred to the Susquehannock as \"uncles\".", "New Amsterdam was founded in 1624 by the Dutch in what would later become New York City. Dutch settlers also founded a colony at present-day Lewes, Delaware on June 3, 1631 and named it Zwaanendael (Swan Valley). The colony had a short life, as in 1632 a local band of Lenape killed the 32 Dutch settlers after a misunderstanding escalated over Lenape defacement of the insignia of the Dutch West India Company.", "All of these added complexities in kinship terms made agreements with Europeans all the more difficult. The Lenape would petition for grievances on the basis that not all their families had been recognized in the transaction (not that they wanted to \"share\" the land). After the Dutch arrival in the 1620s, the Lenape were successful in restricting Dutch settlement until the 1660s to Pavonia in present-day Jersey City along the Hudson.", "His new colony effectively displaced many Lenape and forced others to adapt to new cultural demands. Penn gained a reputation for benevolence and tolerance, but his efforts resulted in more effective colonization of the ancestral Lenape homeland than previous ones. 18th century William Penn died in 1718. His heirs, John and Thomas Penn, and their agents were running the colony, and had abandoned many of the elder Penn's practices. Trying to raise money, they contemplated ways to sell Lenape land to colonial settlers.", "In 1682, William Penn and Quaker colonists created the English colony of Pennsylvania beginning at the lower Delaware River. A peace treaty was negotiated between the newly arriving English and Lenape at what is now known as Penn Treaty Park. In the decades immediately following, some 20,000 new colonists arrived in the region, putting pressure on Lenape settlements and hunting grounds. Penn expected his authority and that of the colonial government to take precedence. His new colony effectively displaced many Lenape and forced others to adapt to new cultural demands.", "The missionaries pressured Indigenous people to abandon their traditional customs, beliefs, and ways of life, and to replace them with European and Christian ways. Many Lenape did adopt Christianity, but others refused to do so. The Lenape became a divided people during the 1770s, including in Killbuck's family. Killbuck resented his grandfather for allowing the Moravians to remain in the Ohio territory." ]

[ "The Lenape and Susquehannocks fought a war in the middle of the 17th century that left the Delaware a tributary state even as the Susquehannocks had defeated the Province of Maryland between 1642-50s. The Lenape's quick adoption of trade goods, and their desire to trap furs to meet high European demand, resulted in their disastrous over-harvesting of the beaver population in the lower Hudson Valley. With the fur sources exhausted, the Dutch shifted their operations to present-day upstate New York.", "As in the case of the Iroquois and Susquehannocks, the animosity of differences and competitions spanned many generations, and in general tribes with each of the different language groups became traditional enemies in the areas they'd meet. On the other hand, The New American Book of Indians points out that competition, trade, and wary relations were far more common than outright warfare—but both larger societies had traditions of 'proving' (blooding) new (or young) warriors by 'counting coup' on raids into another tribes territories.", "The Lenape were major producers of labor intensive wampum, or shell beads, which they traditionally used for ritual purposes and as ornaments. After the Dutch arrival, they began to exchange wampum for beaver furs provided by Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock and other Minquas. They exchanged these furs for Dutch and, from the late 1630s, also Swedish imports. Relations between some Lenape and Minqua polities briefly turned sour in the late 1620s and early 1630s, but were relatively peaceful most of the time.", "The Lenape trapped and traded beaver pelts for European-made goods. Early colonial era At the time of sustained European contact in the 1600s and 1700s, the Lenape were a powerful Native American nation who inhabited a region on the mid-Atlantic coast spanning the latitudes of southern Massachusetts to the southern extent of Delaware in what anthropologists call the Northeastern Woodlands. Although never politically unified, the confederation of the Delaware roughly encompassed the area around and between the Delaware and lower Hudson rivers, and included the western part of Long Island in present-day New York.", "But, such leaders as Teedyuscung in the east and Tamaqua in the vicinity of modern Pittsburgh shifted to building alliances with the English. After the end of the war, however, Anglo-American settlers continued to kill Lenape, often to such an extent that the historian Amy Schutt writes the dead since the wars outnumbered those killed during the war.", "1818), 18th century chief and member of the Wolf Clan Pisquetomen (died 1762), chief who assisted Christian Frederick Post in negotiating the Treaty of Easton in 1758 Sassoonan or Allumapees (c. 1675–1747), 18th century chief and member of the Turtle clan Shingas (fl. 1740–1763)), Turkey clan war leader Tamanend (c. 1625–c.", "The Lenape had lost their protectors and, in theory, faced attacks from the British, their native allies, and the American settlers who flooded into the area in the late 1770s and early 1780s after the war. Some Lenape decided to take up arms against the American colonials and moved to the west, closer to Detroit, where they settled on the Scioto and Sandusky rivers. Those Lenape sympathetic to the United States remained at Coshocton, and Lenape leaders signed the Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778) with the American colonists.", "Sporadically they continued to raid European-American settlers from far outside the area. In 1763, Bill Hickman, Lenape, warned English colonists in the Juniata River region of an impending attack. Many Lenape joined in Pontiac's War, and were numerous among those Native Americans who besieged Pittsburgh. In April 1763, Teedyuscung was killed when his home was burned. His son Captain Bull responded by attacking settlers from New England who had migrated to the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. The settlers had been sponsored by the Susquehanna Company." ]

[ "As in the case of the Iroquois and Susquehannocks, the animosity of differences and competitions spanned many generations, and in general tribes with each of the different language groups became traditional enemies in the areas they'd meet. On the other hand, The New American Book of Indians points out that competition, trade, and wary relations were far more common than outright warfare—but both larger societies had traditions of 'proving' (blooding) new (or young) warriors by 'counting coup' on raids into another tribes territories.", "European settlers and traders from the 17th-century colonies of New Netherland and New Sweden traded with the Lenape for agricultural products, mainly maize, in exchange for iron tools. The Lenape also arranged contacts between the Minquas or Susquehannocks and the Dutch West India Company and Swedish South Company to promote the fur trade. The Lenape were major producers of labor intensive wampum, or shell beads, which they traditionally used for ritual purposes and as ornaments.", "Europeans often tried to contract for land with the tribal chiefs, confusing their culture with that of neighboring tribes such as the Iroquois. On top of this kinship terms commonly used by European settlers had very different meanings to the Lenape: \"fathers\" did not have the same direct parental control as in Europe, \"brothers\" could be a symbol of equality but could also be interpreted as one's parallel cousins, \"cousins\" were interpreted as only cross-cousins, etc.", "Subsequently, the Lenape became subjugated and made tributary to first the Susquehannocks, then the Iroquois, even needing their rivals' (superiors') agreement to initiate treaties such as land sales. Like most tribes, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases originating in Europe, mainly smallpox but also cholera, influenza and dysentery, and recurrent violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquoian peoples occasionally fought the Lenape. As the 18th century progressed, many surviving Lenape moved west—into the (relatively empty) upper Ohio River basin.", "Archaeological excavations have found Lenape burials that included identifiably ethnic Iroquois remains interred along with those of Lenape. The two groups were sometimes bitter enemies since before recorded history, but intermarriage occurred — and both groups have an oral history suggesting they jointly came east together and displaced the mound builders culture. In addition, both tribes practiced adopting young captives from warfare into their tribes and assimilating them as full tribal members.", "On the other hand, The New American Book of Indians points out that competition, trade, and wary relations were far more common than outright warfare—but both larger societies had traditions of 'proving' (blooding) new (or young) warriors by 'counting coup' on raids into another tribes territories. Ethnicity seems to have mattered little to the Lenape and many other \"tribes\". Archaeological excavations have found Lenape burials that included identifiably ethnic Iroquois remains interred along with those of Lenape.", "They also apply a poultice of pulverized nuts with sweet oil for earache. History European contact The first recorded European contact with people presumed to have been the Lenape was in 1524. The explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was greeted by local Lenape who came by canoe, after his ship entered what is now called Lower New York Bay. In the 17th century, Lenape primarily interacted with Dutch traders through the fur trade. The Lenape trapped and traded beaver pelts for European-made goods.", "The Iroquois added the Lenape to the Covenant Chain in 1676; the Lenape were tributary to the Five Nations (later Six) until 1753, shortly before the outbreak of the French and Indian War (a part of the Seven Years' War in Europe). Based on the historical record of the mid-17th century, it has been estimated that most Lenape polities consisted of several hundred people but it is conceivable that some had been considerably larger prior to close contact, given the wars between the Susquehannocks and the Iroquois, both of whom were armed by the Dutch fur traders, while the Lenape were at odds with the Dutch and so lost that particular arms race." ]

[ "Based on the historical record of the mid-17th century, it has been estimated that most Lenape polities consisted of several hundred people but it is conceivable that some had been considerably larger prior to close contact, given the wars between the Susquehannocks and the Iroquois, both of whom were armed by the Dutch fur traders, while the Lenape were at odds with the Dutch and so lost that particular arms race. During the Beaver Wars in the first half of the 17th century, European colonists were careful to keep firearms from the coastally located Delaware, while rival Iroquoian peoples such as the Susquehannocks and Confederation of the Iroquois became comparatively well armed.", "The Lenape and Susquehannocks fought a war in the middle of the 17th century that left the Delaware a tributary state even as the Susquehannocks had defeated the Province of Maryland between 1642-50s. The Lenape's quick adoption of trade goods, and their desire to trap furs to meet high European demand, resulted in their disastrous over-harvesting of the beaver population in the lower Hudson Valley. With the fur sources exhausted, the Dutch shifted their operations to present-day upstate New York.", "The Lenape trapped and traded beaver pelts for European-made goods. Early colonial era At the time of sustained European contact in the 1600s and 1700s, the Lenape were a powerful Native American nation who inhabited a region on the mid-Atlantic coast spanning the latitudes of southern Massachusetts to the southern extent of Delaware in what anthropologists call the Northeastern Woodlands. Although never politically unified, the confederation of the Delaware roughly encompassed the area around and between the Delaware and lower Hudson rivers, and included the western part of Long Island in present-day New York.", "The Lenape had lost their protectors and, in theory, faced attacks from the British, their native allies, and the American settlers who flooded into the area in the late 1770s and early 1780s after the war. Some Lenape decided to take up arms against the American colonials and moved to the west, closer to Detroit, where they settled on the Scioto and Sandusky rivers. Those Lenape sympathetic to the United States remained at Coshocton, and Lenape leaders signed the Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778) with the American colonists.", "The Moravian Lenape who settled permanently in Ontario after the American Revolutionary War were sometimes referred to as \"Christian Munsee\", as they mostly spoke the Munsee branch of the Delaware language. During the French and Indian War, the Lenape initially sided with the French, as they hoped to prevent further British colonial encroachment in their territory. But, such leaders as Teedyuscung in the east and Tamaqua in the vicinity of modern Pittsburgh shifted to building alliances with the English.", "The settlers had been sponsored by the Susquehanna Company. The settlers had been sponsored by the Susquehanna Company. The Lenape were the first Indian tribe to enter into a treaty with the new United States government, with the Treaty of Fort Pitt signed in 1778 during the American Revolutionary War. By then living mostly in the Ohio Country, the Lenape supplied the Continental Army with warriors and scouts in exchange for food supplies and security.", "During this time, the Lenape bands were living in numerous villages around their main village of Coshocton, between the western frontier strongholds of the British and the Patriots. The American colonists had Fort Pitt (present-day Pittsburgh) and the British, along with Indian allies, controlled the area of Fort Detroit (in present-day Michigan). Other Indian communities, particularly the Wyandot, the Mingo, the Shawnee, and the Wolf Clan of the Lenape, favored the British.", "The Lenape were major producers of labor intensive wampum, or shell beads, which they traditionally used for ritual purposes and as ornaments. After the Dutch arrival, they began to exchange wampum for beaver furs provided by Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock and other Minquas. They exchanged these furs for Dutch and, from the late 1630s, also Swedish imports. Relations between some Lenape and Minqua polities briefly turned sour in the late 1620s and early 1630s, but were relatively peaceful most of the time.", "By then living mostly in the Ohio Country, the Lenape supplied the Continental Army with warriors and scouts in exchange for food supplies and security. American Revolutionary War After the signing of the Treaty of Easton in 1758, the Lenape were forced to move west out of their original lands into what is today known as Ohio. During the French and Indian War, Killbuck had assisted the English against their French enemy. In 1761, Killbuck led an English supply train from Fort Pitt to Fort Sandusky." ]

[ "Lil Wayne's solo debut album Tha Block Is Hot (1999) was his solo breakthrough, and he reached higher popularity with his fourth album Tha Carter (2004) and fifth album Tha Carter II (2005), as well as several mixtapes and collaborations throughout 2006 and 2007. He gained more prominence within the music industry with his sixth album Tha Carter III (2008), with first-week sales of over one million copies in the US.", "Lil Wayne initially planned to release The Leak, a separate album with leaked songs and four additional tracks, on December 18, 2007, with Tha Carter III delayed to March 18, 2008. Instead, The Leak became an EP with five songs and was released digitally on December 25, 2007. Tha Carter III was released on June 10, 2008, with first-week sales of over 1 million copies, the first to do so since 50 Cent's The Massacre (2005).", "On September 25, he released the deluxe edition of his twelfth album Tha Carter V, to celebrate the album's two-year anniversary; it consists of songs that did not make the cut on the original album. On November 27, 2020, Lil Wayne released the mixtape No Ceilings 3, while announcing the album I Am Not a Human Being III for 2021, although it would not be released that year due to delays.", "'s solo album Too Hood to Be Hollywood was completed. Tha Carter III was originally scheduled to be released in 2007, but it was delayed after several recordings were leaked and distributed through mixtapes, including The Drought Is Over Pt. 2 and The Drought Is Over Pt. 4. Lil Wayne initially planned to release The Leak, a separate album with leaked songs and four additional tracks, on December 18, 2007, with Tha Carter III delayed to March 18, 2008.", "In February 2010, Wayne released his seventh studio album, Rebirth, which experimented with rap rock and was met with generally negative reviews. A month later in March 2010, Lil Wayne began serving an 8-month jail sentence in New York after being convicted of criminal possession of a weapon stemming from an incident in July 2007. His eighth studio album I Am Not a Human Being (2010) was released during his incarceration, while his 2011 album Tha Carter IV was released following his release.", "On November 27, 2020, Lil Wayne released the mixtape No Ceilings 3, while announcing the album I Am Not a Human Being III for 2021, although it would not be released that year due to delays. On October 1, 2021, Wayne and Rich the Kid released a collaborative mixtape titled Trust Fund Babies, along with a music video for the single \"Feelin' Like Tunechi\". The mixtape took roughly a month and a half to record.", "Tha Carter IV was later delayed into 2011, after Lil Wayne began recording from scratch after his release from prison. He described his first song since his release as \"a 2010 version of A Milli on steroids\". The album's lead single, \"6 Foot 7 Foot\" featuring Cory Gunz, was released on December 15, 2010, and made available for digital download on iTunes on December 16, 2010. The song is produced by Bangladesh, who also produced \"A Milli\".", "Another article, built around Lil Wayne's 2007 mixtape work, cites his creative practice as an example of post-performance creative practice. 2007–2010: Tha Carter III, We Are Young Money, and Rebirth In 2007, Carter stated that he would reunite with Hot Boys, with plans to release an album after B.G. 's solo album Too Hood to Be Hollywood was completed.", "in October that year. in October that year. The Hot Boys became popular following the release of the album Guerrilla Warfare (1999) and the song \"Bling Bling\". Lil Wayne's solo debut album Tha Block Is Hot (1999) was his solo breakthrough, and he reached higher popularity with his fourth album Tha Carter (2004) and fifth album Tha Carter II (2005), as well as several mixtapes and collaborations throughout 2006 and 2007.", "Carter said that he liked the beat, but not the lyrics, and was thinking about revamping the song. In July 2011, Carter confirmed in an interview with MTV that Tha Carter IV was finished, and was released on August 29, 2011. For preparation for Tha Carter IV, Carter released a mixtape, Sorry 4 the Wait, with all the beats coming from other artist's songs, similar to his mixtape No Ceilings." ]

[ "Lil Wayne's solo debut album Tha Block Is Hot (1999) was his solo breakthrough, and he reached higher popularity with his fourth album Tha Carter (2004) and fifth album Tha Carter II (2005), as well as several mixtapes and collaborations throughout 2006 and 2007. He gained more prominence within the music industry with his sixth album Tha Carter III (2008), with first-week sales of over one million copies in the US.", "On September 1, 2013, Carter released the fifth instalment of the \"Dedication\" mixtape series, with Dedication 5. The mixtape featured 29 tracks, with guest appearances from The Weeknd, Chance The Rapper, Jae Millz, Birdman, T.I., Vado, Kidd Kidd, and 2 Chainz among other members of Young Money. 2014–2019: Free Weezy Album and Tha Carter V On February 10, 2014, Drake tweeted \"CARTER V\".", "On September 25, he released the deluxe edition of his twelfth album Tha Carter V, to celebrate the album's two-year anniversary; it consists of songs that did not make the cut on the original album. On November 27, 2020, Lil Wayne released the mixtape No Ceilings 3, while announcing the album I Am Not a Human Being III for 2021, although it would not be released that year due to delays.", "On November 27, 2020, Lil Wayne released the mixtape No Ceilings 3, while announcing the album I Am Not a Human Being III for 2021, although it would not be released that year due to delays. On October 1, 2021, Wayne and Rich the Kid released a collaborative mixtape titled Trust Fund Babies, along with a music video for the single \"Feelin' Like Tunechi\". The mixtape took roughly a month and a half to record.", "On May 29, Wayne released the deluxe edition of Funeral featuring artists such as Doja Cat, Tory Lanez, Lil Uzi Vert, Benny The Butcher, Conway the Machine and Jessie Reyez. On August 28, Wayne released another old project, his 2009 mixtape No Ceilings, for commercial release. He also celebrated the release by collaborating with ASAP Ferg on the song \"No Ceilings\". Wayne was featured on YoungBoy Never Broke Again's album Top on the track \"My Window\", released on September 11.", "Lil Wayne initially planned to release The Leak, a separate album with leaked songs and four additional tracks, on December 18, 2007, with Tha Carter III delayed to March 18, 2008. Instead, The Leak became an EP with five songs and was released digitally on December 25, 2007. Tha Carter III was released on June 10, 2008, with first-week sales of over 1 million copies, the first to do so since 50 Cent's The Massacre (2005).", "Carter is a frequent guest on the program. Carter is a frequent guest on the program. On Christmas 2017, Carter released the mixtape Dedication 6, the sixth instalment of the \"Gangsta Grillz\" chronology. The second part was released on January 26, 2018. Tha Carter V was finally released on September 27, 2018, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 480,000 album-equivalent units, including 140,000 pure album sales.", "Wayne described the show as having \"heavyweights calling in discussing sports, music, comedy, everything!\". On July 3, Lil Wayne released his eleventh studio album, Free Weezy Album (2015) on streaming services to commemorate its five-year anniversary. The album charted at number 77 on the Billboard 200 the following week. On May 29, Wayne released the deluxe edition of Funeral featuring artists such as Doja Cat, Tory Lanez, Lil Uzi Vert, Benny The Butcher, Conway the Machine and Jessie Reyez.", "For preparation for Tha Carter IV, Carter released a mixtape, Sorry 4 the Wait, with all the beats coming from other artist's songs, similar to his mixtape No Ceilings. Tha Carter IV debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 964,000 copies, making it Carter's third chart-topping album of his career. On January 8, 2012, according to Nielsen SoundScan was elected the seventh artist (second male artist) all-time best-selling tracks digital with 36,788,000 million to the end of 2011.", "After the release of Tha Carter, Lil Wayne was featured in Destiny's Child's single \"Soldier\" with T.I., which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. Tha Carter II, the follow-up to the original Tha Carter album, was released in December 2005, this time without production by longtime Cash Money Records producer Mannie Fresh, who had left the label." ]

[ "Carter received criticism after a video released by TMZ showed him apparently stepping on the U.S. flag. Carter later explained that \"It was never my intention to desecrate the flag of the United States\", and that he was shooting a video for a song on his upcoming album, \"God Bless Amerika\". He says the purpose of the flag was to show that \"behind the American Flag was the Hoods of America\".", "He says the purpose of the flag was to show that \"behind the American Flag was the Hoods of America\". In late 2016, Carter made statements critical of the Black Lives Matter movement, saying, \"I don't feel connected to a damn thing that ain't got nothin' to do with me. If you do, you crazy as shit,\" adding that his status as a wealthy black man who has white fans is evidence that black people are valued in the United States.", "On October 22, 2009, Carter pleaded guilty to attempted criminal possession of a weapon. He was due for sentencing in February 2010 and was expected to receive a one-year county jail sentence, but on February 9, 2010, Carter's attorney announced that the sentencing was delayed until March 2 due to dental surgery, which was performed on February 16. The surgery included eight root canals, the replacement of several tooth implants, as well as the addition of a few new implants and work on his remaining original teeth.", "On October 29, 2020, less than a week before the presidential election, Carter posted an image of him and President Donald Trump to Twitter. In the caption for the photo, Carter revealed that he and Trump had recently met to discuss criminal justice reform and Trump's Platinum Plan, an initiative which aims to raise access to capital in Black communities by almost $500 billion. Carter claimed Trump \"listened to what we had to say today and assured he will and can get it done\".", "TMZ and other media sources said that Carter had suffered a seizure aboard the plane. His publicist denied this, saying that he was in fact treated for \"a severe migraine and dehydration\". The following day, while flying from Texas to Los Angeles, Carter's private jet was reportedly again forced to make an emergency landing, this time in Louisiana, after he suffered a second seizure and required further hospitalization.", "In 1994, at age 12, Carter suffered a near-fatal self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest. At the time he said the injury was accidental. Decades later Carter claimed that it was an attempted suicide after he was told by his mother that he would have to end his rap-related associations. Carter credits off-duty police officer Robert Hoobler, who he calls \"Uncle Bob\", with saving his life by insisting the dying child be driven immediately to hospital in a police car rather than waiting for an ambulance to become available.", "I gotcha baby money. I gotcha baby money. Kidnap your bitch, get that, How much you love your lady? money\". Jadakiss later absolved himself of involvement in any brewing beef on his official Twitter feed.", "Carter claimed Trump \"listened to what we had to say today and assured he will and can get it done\". Health problems On October 25, 2012, Carter's private jet, bound for Los Angeles, made an emergency landing in Texas due to an in-flight medical episode. Lil Wayne was transferred to a local hospital upon arrival. TMZ and other media sources said that Carter had suffered a seizure aboard the plane.", "The following day, while flying from Texas to Los Angeles, Carter's private jet was reportedly again forced to make an emergency landing, this time in Louisiana, after he suffered a second seizure and required further hospitalization. His representative said that the reports of Carter's condition had been exaggerated, and that he was resting at his Louisiana home. In a November 2012 interview with MTV, Carter revealed that he was taking seizure medication, on doctors' orders, due to the aforementioned incidents." ]

[ "Thelonious Sphere Monk (, October 10, 1917February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including \"'Round Midnight\", \"Blue Monk\", \"Straight, No Chaser\", \"Ruby, My Dear\", \"In Walked Bud\", and \"Well, You Needn't\". Monk is the second-most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington.", "She was a close friend for the rest of Monk's life: she \"served as a surrogate wife right alongside Monk's equally devoted actual wife, Nellie\" and \"paid Monk's bills, dragged him to an endless array of doctors, put him and his family up in her own home and, when necessary, helped Nellie institutionalize him. In 1958 Monk and the baroness were stopped by the police in Delaware.", "From then on, Gordon preached his genius to the jazz world with unrelenting passion. Shortly after meeting Gordon and Lion, Monk made his first recordings as a leader for Blue Note (later anthologized on Genius of Modern Music, Vol. 1), which showcased his talents as a composer of original melodies for improvisation. Monk Blue Note Sessions were recorded between 1947 and 1952.", "Due to Monk's reticence, Gordon became his mouthpiece to the public. In February 1948, she wrote to Ralph Ingersoll, the editor of the newspaper PM, and described Monk as \"a genius living here in the heart of New York, whom nobody knows\". As a result, one of PM's best writers visited Monk to do a feature on him, but Monk wouldn't speak to the reporter unless Gordon was in the room with him.", "As a result, one of PM's best writers visited Monk to do a feature on him, but Monk wouldn't speak to the reporter unless Gordon was in the room with him. In September of the same year, Lorraine approached Max Gordon, the owner and founder of the Village Vanguard and secured Monk his first gig there. Monk was showcased at the club for a week, but not a single person came.", "In her autobiography, Gordon spoke of the utter lack of interest in Monk's recordings, which translated to poor sales. \"I went to Harlem and those record stores didn't want Monk or me. I'll never forget one particular owner, I can still see him and his store on Seventh Avenue and 125th Street. 'He can't play lady, what are you doing up here? The guy has two left hands.' 'You just wait,' I'd say.", "In 1954, Monk paid his first visit to Paris. As well as performing at concerts, he recorded a solo piano session for French radio (later issued as an album by Disques Vogue). Backstage, Mary Lou Williams introduced him to Baroness Pannonica \"Nica\" de Koenigswarter, a member of the Rothschild family and a patroness of several New York City jazz musicians.", "I]t was his love song for Nellie,\" said the author of the \"definitive Monk biography\", Robin D. G. Kelley. The Five Spot residency ended Christmas 1957; Coltrane left to rejoin Davis's group, and the band was effectively disbanded. Monk did not form another long-term band until June 1958 when he began a second residency at the Five Spot, again with a quartet, this time with Griffin (Charlie Rouse later) on tenor, Ahmed Abdul-Malik on bass, and Roy Haynes on drums.", "Michael Cuscuna relates that Alfred Lion told him that there were three people in his life that when he heard them, he just flipped and had to record everything they did. The first was Monk, the second was Herbie Nichols, and the third was Andrew Hill, where he didn’t care how much money he made or lost. He just had to record this music. Due to Monk's reticence, Gordon became his mouthpiece to the public." ]

[ "In her autobiography, Gordon spoke of the utter lack of interest in Monk's recordings, which translated to poor sales. \"I went to Harlem and those record stores didn't want Monk or me. I'll never forget one particular owner, I can still see him and his store on Seventh Avenue and 125th Street. 'He can't play lady, what are you doing up here? The guy has two left hands.' 'You just wait,' I'd say.", "Monk spent most of the early and mid-1950s composing and performing at theaters, outer borough clubs and out-of-town venues. 1952–1954: Prestige Records After intermittent recording sessions for Blue Note from 1947 to 1952, Monk was under contract to Prestige Records for the following two years. With Prestige, he cut several highly significant, but at the time under-recognized, albums, including collaborations with the saxophonist Sonny Rollins and the drummers Art Blakey and Max Roach.", "Thelonious Sphere Monk (, October 10, 1917February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including \"'Round Midnight\", \"Blue Monk\", \"Straight, No Chaser\", \"Ruby, My Dear\", \"In Walked Bud\", and \"Well, You Needn't\". Monk is the second-most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington.", "As a result, one of PM's best writers visited Monk to do a feature on him, but Monk wouldn't speak to the reporter unless Gordon was in the room with him. In September of the same year, Lorraine approached Max Gordon, the owner and founder of the Village Vanguard and secured Monk his first gig there. Monk was showcased at the club for a week, but not a single person came.", "Monk was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009. References Bibliography External links Official site Memorial Page Thelonious Monk's birth certificate Thelonious Monk at All About Jazz Not So Misterioso: Robert Christgau on Monk 1917 births 1982 deaths African-American jazz composers African-American jazz musicians African-American jazz pianists American jazz composers American jazz pianists American male pianists Bebop pianists Blue Note Records artists Charly Records artists Columbia Records artists Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners American male jazz composers People from Rocky Mount, North Carolina Prestige Records artists Pulitzer Prize winners Riverside Records artists Stuyvesant High School alumni Jazz musicians from New York (state) Jazz musicians from North Carolina The Giants of Jazz members Black Lion Records artists 20th-century jazz composers 20th-century American male musicians Deaths from cerebral infarction", "She was a close friend for the rest of Monk's life: she \"served as a surrogate wife right alongside Monk's equally devoted actual wife, Nellie\" and \"paid Monk's bills, dragged him to an endless array of doctors, put him and his family up in her own home and, when necessary, helped Nellie institutionalize him. In 1958 Monk and the baroness were stopped by the police in Delaware.", "I]t was his love song for Nellie,\" said the author of the \"definitive Monk biography\", Robin D. G. Kelley. The Five Spot residency ended Christmas 1957; Coltrane left to rejoin Davis's group, and the band was effectively disbanded. Monk did not form another long-term band until June 1958 when he began a second residency at the Five Spot, again with a quartet, this time with Griffin (Charlie Rouse later) on tenor, Ahmed Abdul-Malik on bass, and Roy Haynes on drums.", "Michael Cuscuna relates that Alfred Lion told him that there were three people in his life that when he heard them, he just flipped and had to record everything they did. The first was Monk, the second was Herbie Nichols, and the third was Andrew Hill, where he didn’t care how much money he made or lost. He just had to record this music. Due to Monk's reticence, Gordon became his mouthpiece to the public." ]

[ "In 1944, Monk cut his first commercial recordings with the Coleman Hawkins Quartet. Hawkins was one of the earliest established jazz musicians to promote Monk, and the pianist later returned the favor by inviting Hawkins to join him on a 1957 session with John Coltrane. 1947–1952: Lorraine Gordon In 1947, Ike Quebec introduced Monk to Lorraine Gordon and her first husband, Alfred Lion, co-founder of Blue Note Records. From then on, Gordon preached his genius to the jazz world with unrelenting passion.", "In her autobiography, Gordon spoke of the utter lack of interest in Monk's recordings, which translated to poor sales. \"I went to Harlem and those record stores didn't want Monk or me. I'll never forget one particular owner, I can still see him and his store on Seventh Avenue and 125th Street. 'He can't play lady, what are you doing up here? The guy has two left hands.' 'You just wait,' I'd say.", "As a result, one of PM's best writers visited Monk to do a feature on him, but Monk wouldn't speak to the reporter unless Gordon was in the room with him. In September of the same year, Lorraine approached Max Gordon, the owner and founder of the Village Vanguard and secured Monk his first gig there. Monk was showcased at the club for a week, but not a single person came.", "She was a close friend for the rest of Monk's life: she \"served as a surrogate wife right alongside Monk's equally devoted actual wife, Nellie\" and \"paid Monk's bills, dragged him to an endless array of doctors, put him and his family up in her own home and, when necessary, helped Nellie institutionalize him. In 1958 Monk and the baroness were stopped by the police in Delaware.", "Due to Monk's reticence, Gordon became his mouthpiece to the public. In February 1948, she wrote to Ralph Ingersoll, the editor of the newspaper PM, and described Monk as \"a genius living here in the heart of New York, whom nobody knows\". As a result, one of PM's best writers visited Monk to do a feature on him, but Monk wouldn't speak to the reporter unless Gordon was in the room with him.", "From then on, Gordon preached his genius to the jazz world with unrelenting passion. Shortly after meeting Gordon and Lion, Monk made his first recordings as a leader for Blue Note (later anthologized on Genius of Modern Music, Vol. 1), which showcased his talents as a composer of original melodies for improvisation. Monk Blue Note Sessions were recorded between 1947 and 1952.", "Thelonious Sphere Monk (, October 10, 1917February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including \"'Round Midnight\", \"Blue Monk\", \"Straight, No Chaser\", \"Ruby, My Dear\", \"In Walked Bud\", and \"Well, You Needn't\". Monk is the second-most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington.", "Michael Cuscuna relates that Alfred Lion told him that there were three people in his life that when he heard them, he just flipped and had to record everything they did. The first was Monk, the second was Herbie Nichols, and the third was Andrew Hill, where he didn’t care how much money he made or lost. He just had to record this music. Due to Monk's reticence, Gordon became his mouthpiece to the public.", "I]t was his love song for Nellie,\" said the author of the \"definitive Monk biography\", Robin D. G. Kelley. The Five Spot residency ended Christmas 1957; Coltrane left to rejoin Davis's group, and the band was effectively disbanded. Monk did not form another long-term band until June 1958 when he began a second residency at the Five Spot, again with a quartet, this time with Griffin (Charlie Rouse later) on tenor, Ahmed Abdul-Malik on bass, and Roy Haynes on drums.", "In 1958 Monk and the baroness were stopped by the police in Delaware. When a small amount of marijuana was discovered, she took the rap for her friend and even served a few nights in jail.\" 1955–1961: Riverside Records By the time of his signing to Riverside, Monk was highly regarded by his peers and by some critics, but his records remained poor sellers and his music was still regarded as too \"difficult\" for more mainstream acceptance." ]

[ "In 1944, Monk cut his first commercial recordings with the Coleman Hawkins Quartet. Hawkins was one of the earliest established jazz musicians to promote Monk, and the pianist later returned the favor by inviting Hawkins to join him on a 1957 session with John Coltrane. 1947–1952: Lorraine Gordon In 1947, Ike Quebec introduced Monk to Lorraine Gordon and her first husband, Alfred Lion, co-founder of Blue Note Records. From then on, Gordon preached his genius to the jazz world with unrelenting passion.", "In her autobiography, Gordon spoke of the utter lack of interest in Monk's recordings, which translated to poor sales. \"I went to Harlem and those record stores didn't want Monk or me. I'll never forget one particular owner, I can still see him and his store on Seventh Avenue and 125th Street. 'He can't play lady, what are you doing up here? The guy has two left hands.' 'You just wait,' I'd say.", "From then on, Gordon preached his genius to the jazz world with unrelenting passion. Shortly after meeting Gordon and Lion, Monk made his first recordings as a leader for Blue Note (later anthologized on Genius of Modern Music, Vol. 1), which showcased his talents as a composer of original melodies for improvisation. Monk Blue Note Sessions were recorded between 1947 and 1952.", "She was a close friend for the rest of Monk's life: she \"served as a surrogate wife right alongside Monk's equally devoted actual wife, Nellie\" and \"paid Monk's bills, dragged him to an endless array of doctors, put him and his family up in her own home and, when necessary, helped Nellie institutionalize him. In 1958 Monk and the baroness were stopped by the police in Delaware.", "Thelonious Sphere Monk (, October 10, 1917February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including \"'Round Midnight\", \"Blue Monk\", \"Straight, No Chaser\", \"Ruby, My Dear\", \"In Walked Bud\", and \"Well, You Needn't\". Monk is the second-most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington.", "Michael Cuscuna relates that Alfred Lion told him that there were three people in his life that when he heard them, he just flipped and had to record everything they did. The first was Monk, the second was Herbie Nichols, and the third was Andrew Hill, where he didn’t care how much money he made or lost. He just had to record this music. Due to Monk's reticence, Gordon became his mouthpiece to the public.", "Due to Monk's reticence, Gordon became his mouthpiece to the public. In February 1948, she wrote to Ralph Ingersoll, the editor of the newspaper PM, and described Monk as \"a genius living here in the heart of New York, whom nobody knows\". As a result, one of PM's best writers visited Monk to do a feature on him, but Monk wouldn't speak to the reporter unless Gordon was in the room with him.", "As a result, one of PM's best writers visited Monk to do a feature on him, but Monk wouldn't speak to the reporter unless Gordon was in the room with him. In September of the same year, Lorraine approached Max Gordon, the owner and founder of the Village Vanguard and secured Monk his first gig there. Monk was showcased at the club for a week, but not a single person came.", "Monk was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009. References Bibliography External links Official site Memorial Page Thelonious Monk's birth certificate Thelonious Monk at All About Jazz Not So Misterioso: Robert Christgau on Monk 1917 births 1982 deaths African-American jazz composers African-American jazz musicians African-American jazz pianists American jazz composers American jazz pianists American male pianists Bebop pianists Blue Note Records artists Charly Records artists Columbia Records artists Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners American male jazz composers People from Rocky Mount, North Carolina Prestige Records artists Pulitzer Prize winners Riverside Records artists Stuyvesant High School alumni Jazz musicians from New York (state) Jazz musicians from North Carolina The Giants of Jazz members Black Lion Records artists 20th-century jazz composers 20th-century American male musicians Deaths from cerebral infarction", "Mary Lou Williams, who mentored Monk and his contemporaries, spoke of Monk's rich inventiveness in this period, and how such invention was vital for musicians, since at the time it was common for fellow musicians to incorporate overheard musical ideas into their own works without giving due credit. \"So, the boppers worked out a music that was hard to steal. I'll say this for the 'leeches,' though: they tried." ]

[ "On October 15, 1958, en route to a week-long engagement for the quartet at the Comedy Club in Baltimore, Maryland, Monk and de Koenigswarter were detained by police in Wilmington, Delaware. When Monk refused to answer questions or cooperate with the policemen, they beat him with a blackjack.", "She was a close friend for the rest of Monk's life: she \"served as a surrogate wife right alongside Monk's equally devoted actual wife, Nellie\" and \"paid Monk's bills, dragged him to an endless array of doctors, put him and his family up in her own home and, when necessary, helped Nellie institutionalize him. In 1958 Monk and the baroness were stopped by the police in Delaware.", "When Monk refused to answer questions or cooperate with the policemen, they beat him with a blackjack. Although they had authorization to search the vehicle and found narcotics in suitcases held in the trunk of the Baroness's car, Judge Christie of the Delaware Superior Court ruled that the unlawful detention of the pair, and the beating of Monk, rendered the consent to the search void as it was given under duress.", "In 1958 Monk and the baroness were stopped by the police in Delaware. When a small amount of marijuana was discovered, she took the rap for her friend and even served a few nights in jail.\" 1955–1961: Riverside Records By the time of his signing to Riverside, Monk was highly regarded by his peers and by some critics, but his records remained poor sellers and his music was still regarded as too \"difficult\" for more mainstream acceptance.", "Monk did not form another long-term band until June 1958 when he began a second residency at the Five Spot, again with a quartet, this time with Griffin (Charlie Rouse later) on tenor, Ahmed Abdul-Malik on bass, and Roy Haynes on drums. On October 15, 1958, en route to a week-long engagement for the quartet at the Comedy Club in Baltimore, Maryland, Monk and de Koenigswarter were detained by police in Wilmington, Delaware.", "Blakey reports that Monk was excellent at both chess and checkers. The documentary film Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser (1988) attributes Monk's quirky behavior to mental illness. In the film, Monk's son says that his father sometimes did not recognize him, and he reports that Monk was hospitalized on several occasions owing to an unspecified mental illness that worsened in the late 1960s.", "In the film, Monk's son says that his father sometimes did not recognize him, and he reports that Monk was hospitalized on several occasions owing to an unspecified mental illness that worsened in the late 1960s. No reports or diagnoses were ever publicized, but Monk would often become excited for two or three days, then pace for days after that, after which he would withdraw and stop speaking.", "Thelonious Sphere Monk (, October 10, 1917February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including \"'Round Midnight\", \"Blue Monk\", \"Straight, No Chaser\", \"Ruby, My Dear\", \"In Walked Bud\", and \"Well, You Needn't\". Monk is the second-most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington.", "The cover article was originally intended to run in November 1963, but it was delayed due to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. According to biographer Kelley, the 1964 Time appearance came because \"Barry Farrell, who wrote the cover story, wanted to write about a jazz musician and almost by default Monk was chosen, because they thought Ray Charles and Miles Davis were too controversial. ... [Monk] wasn't so political." ]

[ "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others.", "William James Dixon (July 1, 1915January 29, 1992) was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. He was proficient in playing both the upright bass and the guitar, and sang with a distinctive voice, but he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues.", "By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter. He was also a producer for the Chess subsidiary Checker Records. His relationship with Chess was sometimes strained, but he stayed with the label from 1948 to the early 1960s. During this time Dixon's output and influence were prodigious.", "Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues. Dixon's songs have been recorded by countless musicians in many genres as well as by various ensembles in which he participated.", "Copyright battles In his later years, Dixon became a tireless ambassador for the blues and a vocal advocate for its practitioners, founding the Blues Heaven Foundation, which works to preserve the legacy of the blues and to secure copyrights and royalties for blues musicians who were exploited in the past. Speaking with the simple eloquence that was a hallmark of his songs, Dixon claimed, \"The blues are the roots and the other musics are the fruits.", "In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists. He received a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Biography Early life Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 1, 1915. He was one of fourteen children. His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated.", "Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. Later in his teens, he learned to sing harmony from a local carpenter, Theo Phelps, who led a gospel quintet, the Union Jubilee Singers, in which Dixon sang bass; the group regularly performed on the Vicksburg radio station WQBC. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups. Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936.", "Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. From the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, Dixon ran his own record label, Yambo Records, and two subsidiary labels, Supreme and Spoonful. He released his 1971 album, Peace?, on Yambo and also singles by McKinley Mitchell, Lucky Peterson and others. Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues.", "Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. He also learned to play the guitar. In 1939, Dixon was a founding member of the Five Breezes, with Caston, Joe Bell, Gene Gilmore and Willie Hawthorne. The group blended blues, jazz, and vocal harmonies, in the mode of the Ink Spots." ]

[ "He became a professional boxer and worked briefly as Joe Louis's sparring partner, but after four fights he left boxing in a dispute with his manager over money. Dixon met Leonard Caston at a boxing gym, where they would harmonize at times. Dixon performed in several vocal groups in Chicago, but it was Caston that persuaded him to pursue music seriously. Caston built him his first bass, made of a tin can and one string. Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar.", "By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter. He was also a producer for the Chess subsidiary Checker Records. His relationship with Chess was sometimes strained, but he stayed with the label from 1948 to the early 1960s. During this time Dixon's output and influence were prodigious.", "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others.", "William James Dixon (July 1, 1915January 29, 1992) was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. He was proficient in playing both the upright bass and the guitar, and sang with a distinctive voice, but he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues.", "In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists. He received a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Biography Early life Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 1, 1915. He was one of fourteen children. His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated.", "Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues. Dixon's songs have been recorded by countless musicians in many genres as well as by various ensembles in which he participated.", "Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. From the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, Dixon ran his own record label, Yambo Records, and two subsidiary labels, Supreme and Spoonful. He released his 1971 album, Peace?, on Yambo and also singles by McKinley Mitchell, Lucky Peterson and others. Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues.", "These songs were written during the peak years of Chess Records, from 1950 to 1965, and were performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, and Bo Diddley; they influenced a generation of musicians worldwide. Dixon was an important link between the blues and rock and roll, working with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley in the late 1950s. In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists.", "Eventually one of his legs was amputated. Eventually one of his legs was amputated. Dixon was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, in the inaugural session of the Blues Foundation's ceremony. In 1989 he received a Grammy Award for his album Hidden Charms. Dixon died of heart failure on January 29, 1992, in Burbank, California, and was buried in Burr Oak Cemetery, in Alsip, Illinois." ]

[ "By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter. He was also a producer for the Chess subsidiary Checker Records. His relationship with Chess was sometimes strained, but he stayed with the label from 1948 to the early 1960s. During this time Dixon's output and influence were prodigious.", "In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists. He received a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Biography Early life Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 1, 1915. He was one of fourteen children. His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated.", "Eventually one of his legs was amputated. Eventually one of his legs was amputated. Dixon was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, in the inaugural session of the Blues Foundation's ceremony. In 1989 he received a Grammy Award for his album Hidden Charms. Dixon died of heart failure on January 29, 1992, in Burbank, California, and was buried in Burr Oak Cemetery, in Alsip, Illinois.", "William James Dixon (July 1, 1915January 29, 1992) was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. He was proficient in playing both the upright bass and the guitar, and sang with a distinctive voice, but he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues.", "After the war, he formed a group named the Four Jumps of Jive. He then reunited with Caston, forming the Big Three Trio, which went on to record for Columbia Records. Pinnacle of career Dixon signed with Chess Records as a recording artist, but he began performing less, being more involved with administrative tasks for the label. By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter.", "Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. From the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, Dixon ran his own record label, Yambo Records, and two subsidiary labels, Supreme and Spoonful. He released his 1971 album, Peace?, on Yambo and also singles by McKinley Mitchell, Lucky Peterson and others. Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues.", "In 1987, Dixon reached an out-of-court settlement with the rock band Led Zeppelin after suing for plagiarism in the band's use of his music in \"Bring It On Home\" and lyrics from his composition \"You Need Love\" (1962) in the band's recording of \"Whole Lotta Love\". Death and legacy Dixon's health increasingly deteriorated during the 1970s and the 1980s, primarily as a result of long-term diabetes. Eventually one of his legs was amputated.", "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others." ]

[ "Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936. Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936. A man of considerable stature, standing 6 feet 6 inches tall and weighing over 250 pounds, he took up boxing, at which he was successful, winning the Illinois State Golden Gloves Heavyweight Championship (Novice Division) in 1937. He became a professional boxer and worked briefly as Joe Louis's sparring partner, but after four fights he left boxing in a dispute with his manager over money.", "In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists. He received a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Biography Early life Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 1, 1915. He was one of fourteen children. His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated.", "William James Dixon (July 1, 1915January 29, 1992) was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. He was proficient in playing both the upright bass and the guitar, and sang with a distinctive voice, but he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues.", "By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter. He was also a producer for the Chess subsidiary Checker Records. His relationship with Chess was sometimes strained, but he stayed with the label from 1948 to the early 1960s. During this time Dixon's output and influence were prodigious.", "Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. From the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, Dixon ran his own record label, Yambo Records, and two subsidiary labels, Supreme and Spoonful. He released his 1971 album, Peace?, on Yambo and also singles by McKinley Mitchell, Lucky Peterson and others. Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues.", "Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. Later in his teens, he learned to sing harmony from a local carpenter, Theo Phelps, who led a gospel quintet, the Union Jubilee Singers, in which Dixon sang bass; the group regularly performed on the Vicksburg radio station WQBC. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups. Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936.", "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others.", "After the war, he formed a group named the Four Jumps of Jive. He then reunited with Caston, forming the Big Three Trio, which went on to record for Columbia Records. Pinnacle of career Dixon signed with Chess Records as a recording artist, but he began performing less, being more involved with administrative tasks for the label. By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter.", "His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated. At the age of seven, young Dixon became an admirer of a band that featured pianist Little Brother Montgomery. He sang his first song at Springfield Baptist Church at the age of four. Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager." ]

[ "William James Dixon (July 1, 1915January 29, 1992) was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. He was proficient in playing both the upright bass and the guitar, and sang with a distinctive voice, but he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues.", "Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues. Dixon's songs have been recorded by countless musicians in many genres as well as by various ensembles in which he participated.", "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others.", "In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists. He received a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Biography Early life Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 1, 1915. He was one of fourteen children. His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated.", "By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter. He was also a producer for the Chess subsidiary Checker Records. His relationship with Chess was sometimes strained, but he stayed with the label from 1948 to the early 1960s. During this time Dixon's output and influence were prodigious.", "Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. Later in his teens, he learned to sing harmony from a local carpenter, Theo Phelps, who led a gospel quintet, the Union Jubilee Singers, in which Dixon sang bass; the group regularly performed on the Vicksburg radio station WQBC. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups. Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936.", "These songs were written during the peak years of Chess Records, from 1950 to 1965, and were performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, and Bo Diddley; they influenced a generation of musicians worldwide. Dixon was an important link between the blues and rock and roll, working with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley in the late 1950s. In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists.", "Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. From the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, Dixon ran his own record label, Yambo Records, and two subsidiary labels, Supreme and Spoonful. He released his 1971 album, Peace?, on Yambo and also singles by McKinley Mitchell, Lucky Peterson and others. Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues.", "His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated. At the age of seven, young Dixon became an admirer of a band that featured pianist Little Brother Montgomery. He sang his first song at Springfield Baptist Church at the age of four. Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager.", "Copyright battles In his later years, Dixon became a tireless ambassador for the blues and a vocal advocate for its practitioners, founding the Blues Heaven Foundation, which works to preserve the legacy of the blues and to secure copyrights and royalties for blues musicians who were exploited in the past. Speaking with the simple eloquence that was a hallmark of his songs, Dixon claimed, \"The blues are the roots and the other musics are the fruits." ]

[ "He became a professional boxer and worked briefly as Joe Louis's sparring partner, but after four fights he left boxing in a dispute with his manager over money. Dixon met Leonard Caston at a boxing gym, where they would harmonize at times. Dixon performed in several vocal groups in Chicago, but it was Caston that persuaded him to pursue music seriously. Caston built him his first bass, made of a tin can and one string. Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar.", "Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. Later in his teens, he learned to sing harmony from a local carpenter, Theo Phelps, who led a gospel quintet, the Union Jubilee Singers, in which Dixon sang bass; the group regularly performed on the Vicksburg radio station WQBC. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups. Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936.", "Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. He also learned to play the guitar. In 1939, Dixon was a founding member of the Five Breezes, with Caston, Joe Bell, Gene Gilmore and Willie Hawthorne. The group blended blues, jazz, and vocal harmonies, in the mode of the Ink Spots.", "By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter. He was also a producer for the Chess subsidiary Checker Records. His relationship with Chess was sometimes strained, but he stayed with the label from 1948 to the early 1960s. During this time Dixon's output and influence were prodigious.", "His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated. At the age of seven, young Dixon became an admirer of a band that featured pianist Little Brother Montgomery. He sang his first song at Springfield Baptist Church at the age of four. Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager.", "William James Dixon (July 1, 1915January 29, 1992) was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. He was proficient in playing both the upright bass and the guitar, and sang with a distinctive voice, but he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues.", "In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists. He received a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Biography Early life Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 1, 1915. He was one of fourteen children. His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated.", "These songs were written during the peak years of Chess Records, from 1950 to 1965, and were performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, and Bo Diddley; they influenced a generation of musicians worldwide. Dixon was an important link between the blues and rock and roll, working with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley in the late 1950s. In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists.", "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others.", ". External links Willie Dixon, Mississippi blues musician. External links Willie Dixon, Mississippi blues musician. Mississippi Writers and Musicians Project of Starkville High School Willie Dixon's Blues Heaven Foundation Willie Dixon's Official Website 1915 births 1992 deaths African-American guitarists American amputees American blues guitarists American male guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American conscientious objectors American double-bassists Male double-bassists American music arrangers Record producers from Illinois American session musicians Blues musicians from Mississippi Checker Records artists Cobra Records artists Chicago blues musicians Grammy Award winners Jive singers Jump blues musicians Musicians from Vicksburg, Mississippi Singer-songwriters from Mississippi 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Illinois Slap bassists (double bass) Guitarists from Illinois Guitarists from Mississippi Burials at Burr Oak Cemetery 20th-century double-bassists 20th-century American male musicians Male jazz musicians Mississippi Blues Trail African-American male singer-songwriters 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. From the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, Dixon ran his own record label, Yambo Records, and two subsidiary labels, Supreme and Spoonful. He released his 1971 album, Peace?, on Yambo and also singles by McKinley Mitchell, Lucky Peterson and others. Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues.", "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others.", "By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter. He was also a producer for the Chess subsidiary Checker Records. His relationship with Chess was sometimes strained, but he stayed with the label from 1948 to the early 1960s. During this time Dixon's output and influence were prodigious.", "William James Dixon (July 1, 1915January 29, 1992) was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. He was proficient in playing both the upright bass and the guitar, and sang with a distinctive voice, but he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues.", "After the war, he formed a group named the Four Jumps of Jive. He then reunited with Caston, forming the Big Three Trio, which went on to record for Columbia Records. Pinnacle of career Dixon signed with Chess Records as a recording artist, but he began performing less, being more involved with administrative tasks for the label. By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter.", "Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues. Dixon's songs have been recorded by countless musicians in many genres as well as by various ensembles in which he participated.", "In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists. He received a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Biography Early life Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 1, 1915. He was one of fourteen children. His mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated.", "Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. Later in his teens, he learned to sing harmony from a local carpenter, Theo Phelps, who led a gospel quintet, the Union Jubilee Singers, in which Dixon sang bass; the group regularly performed on the Vicksburg radio station WQBC. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups. Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936.", "These songs were written during the peak years of Chess Records, from 1950 to 1965, and were performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, and Bo Diddley; they influenced a generation of musicians worldwide. Dixon was an important link between the blues and rock and roll, working with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley in the late 1950s. In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists." ]

[ "These songs were written during the peak years of Chess Records, from 1950 to 1965, and were performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, and Bo Diddley; they influenced a generation of musicians worldwide. Dixon was an important link between the blues and rock and roll, working with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley in the late 1950s. In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists.", "A short list of his most famous compositions includes \"Hoochie Coochie Man\", \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\", \"Little Red Rooster\", \"My Babe\", \"Spoonful\", and \"You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover\". These songs were written during the peak years of Chess Records, from 1950 to 1965, and were performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, and Bo Diddley; they influenced a generation of musicians worldwide.", "Other Dixon compositions that reached the record charts include \"Evil\" (Howlin' Wolf), \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" (Muddy Waters), \"Pretty Thing\" (Bo Diddley), \"The Seventh Son\" (Willie Mabon), \"Wang Dang Doodle\" (Koko Taylor), and \"You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover\" (Bo Diddley). In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists; many recorded at least one of his songs for their debut albums, including: Jeff Beck (\"I Ain't Superstitious\", \"You Shook Me\"); the Blues Project (\"Back Door Man\", \"Spoonful\"); Canned Heat (\"Evil Is Going On\"); Cactus (\"You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover\"); Cream (\"Spoonful\"); the Doors (\"Back Door Man\"); Foghat (\"I Just Want to Make Love to You\"); Hawkwind (\"Bring It on Home\"); Led Zeppelin (\"I Can't Quit You Baby\", \"You Shook Me\"); Pretty Things (\"Pretty Thing\"); the Rolling Stones (\"I Just Want to Make Love to You\"); Siegel–Schwall Band (\"Hoochie Coochie Man\"); Shadows of Knight (\"You Can't Judge a Book by Looking at the Cover\", \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\", \"Hoochie Coochie Man\"); Steppenwolf (\"Hoochie Coochie Man\"); Ten Years After (\"Spoonful\", \"Help Me\"); and Johnny Winter (\"Help Me\").", "In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists; many recorded at least one of his songs for their debut albums, including: Jeff Beck (\"I Ain't Superstitious\", \"You Shook Me\"); the Blues Project (\"Back Door Man\", \"Spoonful\"); Canned Heat (\"Evil Is Going On\"); Cactus (\"You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover\"); Cream (\"Spoonful\"); the Doors (\"Back Door Man\"); Foghat (\"I Just Want to Make Love to You\"); Hawkwind (\"Bring It on Home\"); Led Zeppelin (\"I Can't Quit You Baby\", \"You Shook Me\"); Pretty Things (\"Pretty Thing\"); the Rolling Stones (\"I Just Want to Make Love to You\"); Siegel–Schwall Band (\"Hoochie Coochie Man\"); Shadows of Knight (\"You Can't Judge a Book by Looking at the Cover\", \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\", \"Hoochie Coochie Man\"); Steppenwolf (\"Hoochie Coochie Man\"); Ten Years After (\"Spoonful\", \"Help Me\"); and Johnny Winter (\"Help Me\"). Discography Albums Notes References Sources Dixon, Willie (1992).", "Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. Later in his teens, he learned to sing harmony from a local carpenter, Theo Phelps, who led a gospel quintet, the Union Jubilee Singers, in which Dixon sang bass; the group regularly performed on the Vicksburg radio station WQBC. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups. Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936.", "Dixon's songs have been recorded by countless musicians in many genres as well as by various ensembles in which he participated. A short list of his most famous compositions includes \"Hoochie Coochie Man\", \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\", \"Little Red Rooster\", \"My Babe\", \"Spoonful\", and \"You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover\".", "After the war, he formed a group named the Four Jumps of Jive. He then reunited with Caston, forming the Big Three Trio, which went on to record for Columbia Records. Pinnacle of career Dixon signed with Chess Records as a recording artist, but he began performing less, being more involved with administrative tasks for the label. By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter.", "Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues. Dixon's songs have been recorded by countless musicians in many genres as well as by various ensembles in which he participated." ]

[ "Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. He also learned to play the guitar. In 1939, Dixon was a founding member of the Five Breezes, with Caston, Joe Bell, Gene Gilmore and Willie Hawthorne. The group blended blues, jazz, and vocal harmonies, in the mode of the Ink Spots.", "After the war, he formed a group named the Four Jumps of Jive. He then reunited with Caston, forming the Big Three Trio, which went on to record for Columbia Records. Pinnacle of career Dixon signed with Chess Records as a recording artist, but he began performing less, being more involved with administrative tasks for the label. By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter.", "As long as American music survives, so will the blues.\" In 1977, unhappy with the small royalties paid by Chess's publishing company, Arc Music, Dixon and Muddy Waters sued Arc and, with the proceeds from the settlement, founded their own publishing company, Hoochie Coochie Music.", "Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. Later in his teens, he learned to sing harmony from a local carpenter, Theo Phelps, who led a gospel quintet, the Union Jubilee Singers, in which Dixon sang bass; the group regularly performed on the Vicksburg radio station WQBC. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups. Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936.", "Speaking with the simple eloquence that was a hallmark of his songs, Dixon claimed, \"The blues are the roots and the other musics are the fruits. It's better keeping the roots alive, because it means better fruits from now on. The blues are the roots of all American music. As long as American music survives, so will the blues.\"", "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others.", "He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others. In December 1964, the Rolling Stones reached number one on the UK Singles Chart with their cover of Dixon's \"Little Red Rooster\".", "These songs were written during the peak years of Chess Records, from 1950 to 1965, and were performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, and Bo Diddley; they influenced a generation of musicians worldwide. Dixon was an important link between the blues and rock and roll, working with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley in the late 1950s. In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists.", "Other Dixon compositions that reached the record charts include \"Evil\" (Howlin' Wolf), \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\" (Muddy Waters), \"Pretty Thing\" (Bo Diddley), \"The Seventh Son\" (Willie Mabon), \"Wang Dang Doodle\" (Koko Taylor), and \"You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover\" (Bo Diddley). In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists; many recorded at least one of his songs for their debut albums, including: Jeff Beck (\"I Ain't Superstitious\", \"You Shook Me\"); the Blues Project (\"Back Door Man\", \"Spoonful\"); Canned Heat (\"Evil Is Going On\"); Cactus (\"You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover\"); Cream (\"Spoonful\"); the Doors (\"Back Door Man\"); Foghat (\"I Just Want to Make Love to You\"); Hawkwind (\"Bring It on Home\"); Led Zeppelin (\"I Can't Quit You Baby\", \"You Shook Me\"); Pretty Things (\"Pretty Thing\"); the Rolling Stones (\"I Just Want to Make Love to You\"); Siegel–Schwall Band (\"Hoochie Coochie Man\"); Shadows of Knight (\"You Can't Judge a Book by Looking at the Cover\", \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\", \"Hoochie Coochie Man\"); Steppenwolf (\"Hoochie Coochie Man\"); Ten Years After (\"Spoonful\", \"Help Me\"); and Johnny Winter (\"Help Me\")." ]

[ "Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. Dixon's experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. He also learned to play the guitar. In 1939, Dixon was a founding member of the Five Breezes, with Caston, Joe Bell, Gene Gilmore and Willie Hawthorne. The group blended blues, jazz, and vocal harmonies, in the mode of the Ink Spots.", "After the war, he formed a group named the Four Jumps of Jive. He then reunited with Caston, forming the Big Three Trio, which went on to record for Columbia Records. Pinnacle of career Dixon signed with Chess Records as a recording artist, but he began performing less, being more involved with administrative tasks for the label. By 1951, he was a full-time employee at Chess, where he acted as producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter.", "Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on prison farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. Later in his teens, he learned to sing harmony from a local carpenter, Theo Phelps, who led a gospel quintet, the Union Jubilee Singers, in which Dixon sang bass; the group regularly performed on the Vicksburg radio station WQBC. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups. Adulthood Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936.", "As long as American music survives, so will the blues.\" In 1977, unhappy with the small royalties paid by Chess's publishing company, Arc Music, Dixon and Muddy Waters sued Arc and, with the proceeds from the settlement, founded their own publishing company, Hoochie Coochie Music.", "Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. Dixon later recorded for Bluesville Records. From the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, Dixon ran his own record label, Yambo Records, and two subsidiary labels, Supreme and Spoonful. He released his 1971 album, Peace?, on Yambo and also singles by McKinley Mitchell, Lucky Peterson and others. Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues.", "He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others. In December 1964, the Rolling Stones reached number one on the UK Singles Chart with their cover of Dixon's \"Little Red Rooster\".", "In 1977, unhappy with the small royalties paid by Chess's publishing company, Arc Music, Dixon and Muddy Waters sued Arc and, with the proceeds from the settlement, founded their own publishing company, Hoochie Coochie Music. In 1987, Dixon reached an out-of-court settlement with the rock band Led Zeppelin after suing for plagiarism in the band's use of his music in \"Bring It On Home\" and lyrics from his composition \"You Need Love\" (1962) in the band's recording of \"Whole Lotta Love\".", "These songs were written during the peak years of Chess Records, from 1950 to 1965, and were performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, and Bo Diddley; they influenced a generation of musicians worldwide. Dixon was an important link between the blues and rock and roll, working with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley in the late 1950s. In the 1960s, his songs were adapted by numerous rock artists.", "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, Sam Lay and others." ]

[ "Their first four albums were produced by Harry Vanda and George Young who also worked with AC/DC. They disbanded in 1987, subsequently reforming briefly in 1993 to support Guns N' Roses on an Australian tour. They reassembled again from 1998 and have since released two more studio albums. According to Australian rock music historian Ian McFarlane, Rose Tattoo are \"one of the most revered bands of all time. The Tatts played peerless, street-level heavy blues with the emphasis on slide guitar and strident lyric statements\".", "One of his last public appearances was at the Hall of Fame induction. Also in October, a number of Rose Tattoo songs were voted upon and ranked in the Triple M Essential 2006 Countdown of songs, including \"Bad Boy for Love\" (voted No. 1060 out of 2006) and \"We Can't Be Beaten\" (voted No. 397 out of 2006).", "History Early years (1976–1977) Rose Tattoo were formed in Sydney in 1976 with Leigh Johnston on rhythm guitar, Tony Lake on lead vocals and they were led by slide guitarist Peter Wells — who had departed as bass guitarist of heavy metal band, Buffalo. Drummer Michael Vandersluys completed the line-up. Ian Rilen from Band of Light joined on bass guitar. He had taught himself to play while in prison and gave Wells' band the street-cred he was looking for.", "Seven former members have died including four of the early recording line-up, Dallas Royall (1991), Peter Wells (2006), Ian Rilen (2006), Lobby Loyde (2007), Mick Cocks (2009), Neil Smith (2013) and John Meyer (2020). History Early years (1976–1977) Rose Tattoo were formed in Sydney in 1976 with Leigh Johnston on rhythm guitar, Tony Lake on lead vocals and they were led by slide guitarist Peter Wells — who had departed as bass guitarist of heavy metal band, Buffalo.", "After 16 years of loyal service, Dai Pritchard announced his retirement from Rose Tattoo on 14 Apr 2021 via Facebook, leaving the band amicably to move into a new career in mental health. Members Current Angry Anderson – lead vocals (1976–1987, 1992–1993, 1998–present) Bob Spencer – guitar (2017–present) Mark Evans – bass guitar (2017–present) Paul DeMarco – drums (1992–2016, 2021-present) Former Peter Wells – slide guitar, bass guitar (1976–1983, 1992–1993, 1998–2006; died 2006) Michael \"Stork\" Vandersluys – drums (1976) Leigh Johnston – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1976) Ian Rilen – bass guitar, vocals (1976–1977, 1998; died 2006) Mick Cocks – guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals (1976–1982, 1992–1993, 1998–2000, 2005–2009; died 2009) Dallas \"Digger\" Royall – drums (1976–1983; died 1991) Gordon \"Geordie\" Leach – bass guitar (1977–1979, 1980–1984, 1992–1993, 1999, 2007-2013) Chris Turner – guitar (1977) Neil Smith – bass guitar (1979; died 2013) Lobby Loyde – bass guitar (1979–1980; died 2007) Robin Riley – guitar (1982–1983, 2000–2005, 2010–2011), slide guitar (2005-2006) John Meyer – slide guitar (1983–1985; died 2020) Greg Jordan – guitar (1983–1985) Scott Johnston – drums (1983–1987) Robert Bowron – drums (1982) Tim Gaze – slide guitar (1985–1987) Andy Cichon – bass guitar, piano, keyboards, backing vocals (1985–1986) Jake Lardot – guitar (1987) Rick Melick – keyboards (1987) Steve King – bass guitar (2000–2007) Paul DeMarco – drums (1992–2016, 2021-) Randall Waller – guitar (2016) John Watson - drums (2017-2018) Jackie Barnes – drums (2018–2019) Dai Pritchard – guitar (2007–2021) Justin Nagriki – drums (2019–2021) Timeline Discography Rose Tattoo (1978) Assault & Battery (1981) Scarred for Life (1982) Southern Stars (1984) Beats from a Single Drum (1986) Pain (2002) Blood Brothers (2007) Outlaws (2020) References General Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.", "Returning to Australia, the band began work on their third album; with new guitarist Robin Riley replacing Cocks, who went on to join Heaven, they issued Scarred for Life in 1982, subsequently touring the US in support of Aerosmith and ZZ Top. The band's US visit was not a major success but proved to be influential on the underground sleaze metal scene in Los Angeles, with bands such as Guns N' Roses which later cited Rose Tattoo as a favourite and recorded a cover of \"Nice Boys\" on Live ?!", "Rose Tattoo are an Australian rock and roll band, now led by Angry Anderson, which formed in Sydney in 1976. Their sound is hard rock mixed with blues rock influences, with songs including \"Bad Boy for Love\", \"Rock 'n' Roll Outlaw\", \"Nice Boys\", \"We Can't Be Beaten\" and \"Scarred for Life\". Their first four albums were produced by Harry Vanda and George Young who also worked with AC/DC.", "On 1 September 2020 it was announced through Rose Tattoo's social media that John Meyer, the group's slide guitarist from 1983 to 1985, had died. After 16 years of loyal service, Dai Pritchard announced his retirement from Rose Tattoo on 14 Apr 2021 via Facebook, leaving the band amicably to move into a new career in mental health.", "The band's US visit was not a major success but proved to be influential on the underground sleaze metal scene in Los Angeles, with bands such as Guns N' Roses which later cited Rose Tattoo as a favourite and recorded a cover of \"Nice Boys\" on Live ?! *@ Like a Suicide in 1986. Southern Stars and Beats from a Single Drum (1983–1986) In 1983, after the US tour, Riley, Royall and Wells all left." ]

[ "In response to the attacks, the United States launched the War on Terror to depose the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and capture al-Qaeda operatives, and several countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation to preclude future attacks. The CIA's Special Activities Division was given the lead in tracking down and killing or capturing bin Laden. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has stated that classified evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the September 11 attacks is clear and irrefutable.", "Pursuit by the United States Clinton administration Capturing Osama bin Laden had been an objective of the United States government since the presidency of Bill Clinton. Shortly after the September 11 attacks it was revealed that President Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA (and specifically their elite Special Activities Division) to apprehend bin Laden and bring him to the United States to stand trial after the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa; if taking bin Laden alive was deemed impossible, then deadly force was authorized.", "In April 2011, President Obama ordered a covert operation to kill or capture bin Laden. On May 2, 2011, the White House announced that SEAL Team Six had successfully carried out the operation, killing him in his Abbottabad compound in Pakistan. Activities and whereabouts after the September 11 attacks While referring to Osama bin Laden in a CNN film clip on September 17, 2001, then-President George W. Bush stated, \"I want justice.", "In 2000, before the September 11 attacks, Paul Bremer characterized the Clinton administration as correctly focused on bin Laden, while Robert Oakley criticized their obsession with Osama. Bush administration Immediately after the September 11 attacks, US government officials named bin Laden and the al-Qaeda organization as the prime suspects and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death. On July 13, 2007, the Senate voted to double the reward to $50 million, although the amount was never changed.", "Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 US embassy bombings. Bin Laden is most well known for his role in masterminding the September 11 attacks, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 3,000 people and prompted the United States, on the orders of President George W. Bush, to initiate the \"War on Terror\" and the subsequent War in Afghanistan. He subsequently became the subject of a decade-long international manhunt.", "We will crush al-Qaeda. We will crush al-Qaeda. That has to be our biggest national security priority.\" Upon being elected, then President-elect Obama expressed his plans to renew US commitment to finding al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, according to his national security advisers in an effort to ratchet up the hunt for the terrorist. President Obama rejected the Bush administration's policy on bin Laden that conflated all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah, replacing it with a covert, laserlike focus on al-Qaeda and its spawn.", "President Obama rejected the Bush administration's policy on bin Laden that conflated all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah, replacing it with a covert, laserlike focus on al-Qaeda and its spawn. US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said in December 2009 that officials had had no reliable information on bin Laden's whereabouts for years. One week later, General Stanley McChrystal, the top US commander in Afghanistan said in December 2009 that al-Qaeda would not be defeated unless its leader, Osama bin Laden, were captured or killed.", "In 1999, US President Bill Clinton convinced the United Nations to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him. On October 10, 2001, bin Laden appeared as well on the initial list of the top 22 FBI Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by the President of the United States George W. Bush, in direct response to the September 11 attacks, but which was again based on the indictment for the 1998 embassy attack.", "Documents captured from the Abbottabad compound generally show that bin Laden was wary of contact with Pakistani intelligence and police, especially in light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. See also Fatawā of Osama bin Laden The Golden Chain Islamic extremism Islamic fundamentalism Islamic terrorism Islamism List of assassinations by the United States Osama bin Laden in popular culture Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism Tere Bin Laden War on terror Notes References Bibliography Further reading Foreign Broadcast Information Service (2006) – Compilation of Usama Bin Laden Statements 1994 – January 2004 External links Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at Dawn Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America', The Observer, November 24, 2002 Hunting Bin Laden, PBS Frontline, (November 2002) \"5 Facts You Probably Didn't Know About Osama bin Laden\", Dainik Bhaskar, (May 2016) Young Osama, Steve Coll, The New Yorker, December 12, 2005 How the World Sees Osama bin Laden, slideshow by Life The Osama bin Laden File from the National Security Archive, posted May 2, 2011 Letters from Abbottabad from Combating Terrorism Center FBI Records: The Vault - Osama Bin Laden 1957 births 2011 deaths 20th-century criminals 20th-century Muslims 21st-century criminals 21st-century Muslims Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Afghanistan conflict (1978–present) Al-Qaeda founders Al-Qaeda propagandists Anti-Americanism Anti-imperialism in Africa Anti-imperialism in Asia Antisemitism in Africa Antisemitism in Asia Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia Anti-Zionism in the Arab world Assassinated al-Qaeda leaders Assassinations by the United States Assassinations in Pakistan Atharis Osama bin Laden Burials at sea Civil engineers Deaths by firearm in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Extrajudicial killings FBI Most Wanted Terrorists FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives Fugitives Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government Islamist mass murderers Leaders of Islamic terror groups Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War People associated with the September 11 attacks People designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee People from Riyadh People of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members Saudi Arabian anti-communists Saudi Arabian criminals Saudi Arabian emigrants to Pakistan Saudi Arabian expatriates in Afghanistan Saudi Arabian expatriates in Sudan Saudi Arabian mass murderers Saudi Arabian people of Syrian descent Saudi Arabian people of Yemeni descent Saudi Arabian poets Saudi Arabian propagandists Saudi Arabian Salafis Saudi Arabian Wahhabists War on terror", "Bin Laden became the 456th person listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, when he was added on June 7, 1999, following his indictment along with others for capital crimes in the 1998 embassy attacks. Attempts at assassination and requests for the extradition of bin Laden from the Taliban of Afghanistan were met with failure before the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001. In 1999, US President Bill Clinton convinced the United Nations to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him." ]

[ "Bush cited the necessity of dealing with the remnants of Saddam's regime (which Bush had chosen not to destroy). Bin Laden's view was that \"the 'evils' of the Middle East arose from America's attempt to take over the region and from its support for Israel. Saudi Arabia had been turned into an American colony\". In 1998 he issued a fatwā against the United States, which was first published in Al-Quds Al-Arabi, a London-based newspaper.", "Documents captured from the Abbottabad compound generally show that bin Laden was wary of contact with Pakistani intelligence and police, especially in light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. See also Fatawā of Osama bin Laden The Golden Chain Islamic extremism Islamic fundamentalism Islamic terrorism Islamism List of assassinations by the United States Osama bin Laden in popular culture Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism Tere Bin Laden War on terror Notes References Bibliography Further reading Foreign Broadcast Information Service (2006) – Compilation of Usama Bin Laden Statements 1994 – January 2004 External links Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at Dawn Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America', The Observer, November 24, 2002 Hunting Bin Laden, PBS Frontline, (November 2002) \"5 Facts You Probably Didn't Know About Osama bin Laden\", Dainik Bhaskar, (May 2016) Young Osama, Steve Coll, The New Yorker, December 12, 2005 How the World Sees Osama bin Laden, slideshow by Life The Osama bin Laden File from the National Security Archive, posted May 2, 2011 Letters from Abbottabad from Combating Terrorism Center FBI Records: The Vault - Osama Bin Laden 1957 births 2011 deaths 20th-century criminals 20th-century Muslims 21st-century criminals 21st-century Muslims Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Afghanistan conflict (1978–present) Al-Qaeda founders Al-Qaeda propagandists Anti-Americanism Anti-imperialism in Africa Anti-imperialism in Asia Antisemitism in Africa Antisemitism in Asia Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia Anti-Zionism in the Arab world Assassinated al-Qaeda leaders Assassinations by the United States Assassinations in Pakistan Atharis Osama bin Laden Burials at sea Civil engineers Deaths by firearm in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Extrajudicial killings FBI Most Wanted Terrorists FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives Fugitives Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government Islamist mass murderers Leaders of Islamic terror groups Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War People associated with the September 11 attacks People designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee People from Riyadh People of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members Saudi Arabian anti-communists Saudi Arabian criminals Saudi Arabian emigrants to Pakistan Saudi Arabian expatriates in Afghanistan Saudi Arabian expatriates in Sudan Saudi Arabian mass murderers Saudi Arabian people of Syrian descent Saudi Arabian people of Yemeni descent Saudi Arabian poets Saudi Arabian propagandists Saudi Arabian Salafis Saudi Arabian Wahhabists War on terror", "A senior Pakistani official denied the allegations and said that the accusations were designed to put pressure on the Pakistani government ahead of talks aimed at strengthening ties between Pakistan and the United States. On March 29, 2012, Pakistani newspaper Dawn acquired a report produced by Pakistani security officials, based on interrogation of his three surviving wives, that detailed his movements while living underground in Pakistan.", "Bin Laden was heavily anti-Semitic, stating that most of the negative events that occurred in the world were the direct result of Jewish actions. In a December 1998 interview with Pakistani journalist Rahimullah Yusufzai, bin Laden stated that Operation Desert Fox was proof that Israeli Jews controlled the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom, directing them to kill as many Muslims as they could. In a letter released in late 2002, he stated that Jews controlled the civilian media outlets, politics, and economic institutions of the United States.", "We will crush al-Qaeda. We will crush al-Qaeda. That has to be our biggest national security priority.\" Upon being elected, then President-elect Obama expressed his plans to renew US commitment to finding al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, according to his national security advisers in an effort to ratchet up the hunt for the terrorist. President Obama rejected the Bush administration's policy on bin Laden that conflated all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah, replacing it with a covert, laserlike focus on al-Qaeda and its spawn.", "Beliefs and ideology A major component of bin Laden's ideology was the concept that civilians from enemy countries, including women and children, were legitimate targets for jihadists to kill. According to former CIA analyst Michael Scheuer, who led the CIA's hunt for Osama bin Laden, the al-Qaeda leader was motivated by a belief that US foreign policy has oppressed, killed, or otherwise harmed Muslims in the Middle East.", "In 2000, before the September 11 attacks, Paul Bremer characterized the Clinton administration as correctly focused on bin Laden, while Robert Oakley criticized their obsession with Osama. Bush administration Immediately after the September 11 attacks, US government officials named bin Laden and the al-Qaeda organization as the prime suspects and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death. On July 13, 2007, the Senate voted to double the reward to $50 million, although the amount was never changed.", "President Obama rejected the Bush administration's policy on bin Laden that conflated all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah, replacing it with a covert, laserlike focus on al-Qaeda and its spawn. US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said in December 2009 that officials had had no reliable information on bin Laden's whereabouts for years. One week later, General Stanley McChrystal, the top US commander in Afghanistan said in December 2009 that al-Qaeda would not be defeated unless its leader, Osama bin Laden, were captured or killed.", "He also called for the elimination of Israel, and called upon the United States to withdraw all of its civilians and military personnel from the Middle East, as well as from every Islamic country of the world. His viewpoints and methods of achieving them had led to him being designated as a terrorist by scholars, journalists from The New York Times, the BBC, and Qatari news station Al Jazeera, analysts such as Peter Bergen, Michael Scheuer, Marc Sageman, and Bruce Hoffman.", "In a letter released in late 2002, he stated that Jews controlled the civilian media outlets, politics, and economic institutions of the United States. In a May 1998 interview with ABC's John Miller, bin Laden stated that the Israeli state's ultimate goal was to annex the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East into its territory and enslave its peoples, as part of what he called a \"Greater Israel\"." ]

[ "Governor of Minnesota Ventura ran for governor of Minnesota in 1998 as the Reform Party of Minnesota nominee (he later joined the Independence Party of Minnesota when the Reform Party broke from its association with the Reform Party of the United States of America). His campaign consisted of a combination of aggressive grassroots events organized in part by his campaign manager Doug Friedline and original television spots, designed by quirky adman Bill Hillsman, using the phrase \"Don't vote for politics as usual.\"", "Jesse Ventura (born James George Janos; July 15, 1951) is an American politician, military veteran, actor, television presenter, political commentator, author, and retired professional wrestler. After achieving fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he served as the 38th governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. He was elected governor with the Reform Party and is the party's only candidate to win a major government office. Ventura was a member of the U.S. Navy Underwater Demolition Team during the Vietnam War.", "He spent considerably less than his opponents (about $300,000) and was a pioneer in his using the Internet as a medium of reaching out to voters in a political campaign. He won the election in November 1998, narrowly and unexpectedly defeating the major-party candidates, Republican St. Paul mayor Norm Coleman and Democratic-Farmer-Labor Attorney General Hubert H. \"Skip\" Humphrey III. During his victory speech, Ventura famously declared, \"We shocked the world!\"", "In a major upset, Ventura defeated both the Democratic and Republican nominees. Amid internal fights for control over the party, Ventura left the Reform Party a year after taking office and served the remainder of his governship with the Independence Party of Minnesota. Since holding public office, Ventura has called himself a \"statesman\" rather than a politician. As governor, Ventura oversaw reforms of Minnesota's property tax as well as the state's first sales tax rebate.", "He defeated the city's 25-year incumbent mayor and served from 1991 to 1995. Governor of Minnesota Ventura ran for governor of Minnesota in 1998 as the Reform Party of Minnesota nominee (he later joined the Independence Party of Minnesota when the Reform Party broke from its association with the Reform Party of the United States of America).", "He later apologized for the remark, saying it was not intended to be taken seriously. Consideration of bids for other political offices While Ventura has not held public office since the end of his term as governor in 2003, he has remained politically active and occasionally hinted at running for political office. In an April 7, 2008, interview on CNN's The Situation Room, Ventura said he was considering entering the race for the United States Senate seat then held by Norm Coleman, his Republican opponent in the 1998 gubernatorial race.", "Other endeavors Post-gubernatorial life Ventura was succeeded in office on January 6, 2003, by Republican Tim Pawlenty. In October 2003 he began a weekly MSNBC show, Jesse Ventura's America; the show was canceled after a couple of months. Ventura has alleged it was canceled because he opposed the Iraq War. MSNBC honored the balance of his three-year contract, legally preventing him from doing any other TV or news shows.", "In addition to wrestling, Ventura pursued an acting career, appearing in films such as Predator and The Running Man (both 1987). Ventura entered politics in 1991 when he was elected mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota, a position he held until 1995. He was the Reform Party candidate in the 1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election, running a low-budget campaign centered on grassroots events and unusual ads that urged citizens not to \"vote for politics as usual\". In a major upset, Ventura defeated both the Democratic and Republican nominees.", "Since 2017, he has been the host of the show The World According to Jesse on RT America. Political career Mayor of Brooklyn Park Following his departure from the WWF, Ventura took advice from a former high school teacher and ran for mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota in 1990. He defeated the city's 25-year incumbent mayor and served from 1991 to 1995." ]

[ "He spent considerably less than his opponents (about $300,000) and was a pioneer in his using the Internet as a medium of reaching out to voters in a political campaign. He won the election in November 1998, narrowly and unexpectedly defeating the major-party candidates, Republican St. Paul mayor Norm Coleman and Democratic-Farmer-Labor Attorney General Hubert H. \"Skip\" Humphrey III. During his victory speech, Ventura famously declared, \"We shocked the world!\"", "Governor of Minnesota Ventura ran for governor of Minnesota in 1998 as the Reform Party of Minnesota nominee (he later joined the Independence Party of Minnesota when the Reform Party broke from its association with the Reform Party of the United States of America). His campaign consisted of a combination of aggressive grassroots events organized in part by his campaign manager Doug Friedline and original television spots, designed by quirky adman Bill Hillsman, using the phrase \"Don't vote for politics as usual.\"", "He spoke at Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul's \"Rally for the Republic\", organized by the Campaign for Liberty, on September 2, 2008, and implied a possible future run for president. At the end of his speech, Ventura announced if he saw that the public was willing to see a change in the direction of the country, then \"in 2012 we'll give them a race they'll never forget!\"", "In a major upset, Ventura defeated both the Democratic and Republican nominees. Amid internal fights for control over the party, Ventura left the Reform Party a year after taking office and served the remainder of his governship with the Independence Party of Minnesota. Since holding public office, Ventura has called himself a \"statesman\" rather than a politician. As governor, Ventura oversaw reforms of Minnesota's property tax as well as the state's first sales tax rebate.", "At the end of his speech, Ventura announced if he saw that the public was willing to see a change in the direction of the country, then \"in 2012 we'll give them a race they'll never forget!\" In 2011, Ventura expressed interest in running with Ron Paul in the 2012 presidential election if Paul would run as an independent.", "But in the general election he voted for Jill Stein, the Green Party nominee. Unauthorized 2020 presidential campaign Ventura expressed interest in running for president again in 2020, but said he would do so only under the Green Party banner. \"The [Green Party] has shown some interest. I haven't made a decision yet because it's a long time off. If I do do it, Trump will not have a chance. For one, Trump knows wrestling. He participated in two WrestleManias.", "Jesse Ventura (born James George Janos; July 15, 1951) is an American politician, military veteran, actor, television presenter, political commentator, author, and retired professional wrestler. After achieving fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he served as the 38th governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. He was elected governor with the Reform Party and is the party's only candidate to win a major government office. Ventura was a member of the U.S. Navy Underwater Demolition Team during the Vietnam War.", "On November 4, 2011, Ventura said at a press conference about the dismissal of his court case against the Transportation Security Administration for what he claimed were illegal searches of air travelers that he was \"thinking about\" running for president. There were reports that the Libertarian Party officials had tried to persuade Ventura to run for president on a Libertarian ticket, but party chairman Mark Hinkle said, \"Jesse is more interested in 2016 than he is in 2012. But I think he's serious.", "Minneapolis Star-Tribune October 31, 2002: 1A+. Minneapolis Star-Tribune October 31, 2002: 1A+. External links Minnesota Historical Society Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues Fact-checking at PolitiFact.com Off The Grid with Jesse Ventura |- 1951 births 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American politicians 9/11 conspiracy theorists American actor-politicians American anti-war activists American anti–Iraq War activists American atheists American athlete-politicians American cannabis activists American color commentators American conspiracy theorists American expatriates in Mexico American former Protestants American game show hosts American gun rights activists American humanists American male film actors American male non-fiction writers American male professional wrestlers 20th-century American memoirists American libertarians United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War American people of German descent American people of Slovak descent American political commentators American political writers American talk radio hosts American television sports announcers Critics of religions Former Lutherans Governors of Minnesota Independence Party of Minnesota politicians Independent state governors of the United States John F. Kennedy conspiracy theorists Living people MSNBC people Male actors from Minneapolis Mayors of places in Minnesota Military personnel from Minneapolis Minnesota Greens Minnesota Independents Minnesota Vikings announcers Mongols Motorcycle Club National Football League announcers Non-interventionism People from Maple Grove, Minnesota Politicians from Minneapolis Professional wrestlers from Minnesota Professional wrestling announcers Radical centrist writers Radio personalities from Minneapolis Reform Party of the United States of America politicians Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy Tampa Bay Buccaneers announcers United States Navy non-commissioned officers WWE Hall of Fame inductees Writers from Minneapolis XFL (2001) announcers Roosevelt High School (Minnesota) alumni" ]

[ "The nickname \"Jesse 'The Mind'\" (from a last-minute Hillsman ad featuring Ventura posing as Rodin's Thinker) began to resurface sarcastically in reference to his often controversial remarks. Ventura's old stage name \"Jesse 'The Body'\" (sometimes adapted to \"Jesse 'The Governing Body'\") also continued to appear with some regularity.", "Governor of Minnesota Ventura ran for governor of Minnesota in 1998 as the Reform Party of Minnesota nominee (he later joined the Independence Party of Minnesota when the Reform Party broke from its association with the Reform Party of the United States of America). His campaign consisted of a combination of aggressive grassroots events organized in part by his campaign manager Doug Friedline and original television spots, designed by quirky adman Bill Hillsman, using the phrase \"Don't vote for politics as usual.\"", "Jesse Ventura (born James George Janos; July 15, 1951) is an American politician, military veteran, actor, television presenter, political commentator, author, and retired professional wrestler. After achieving fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he served as the 38th governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. He was elected governor with the Reform Party and is the party's only candidate to win a major government office. Ventura was a member of the U.S. Navy Underwater Demolition Team during the Vietnam War.", "He later apologized for the remark, saying it was not intended to be taken seriously. Consideration of bids for other political offices While Ventura has not held public office since the end of his term as governor in 2003, he has remained politically active and occasionally hinted at running for political office. In an April 7, 2008, interview on CNN's The Situation Room, Ventura said he was considering entering the race for the United States Senate seat then held by Norm Coleman, his Republican opponent in the 1998 gubernatorial race.", "During his victory speech, Ventura famously declared, \"We shocked the world!\" After his election, bumper stickers and T-shirts bearing the slogan \"My governor can beat up your governor\" appeared in Minnesota. The nickname \"Jesse 'The Mind'\" (from a last-minute Hillsman ad featuring Ventura posing as Rodin's Thinker) began to resurface sarcastically in reference to his often controversial remarks.", "He defeated the city's 25-year incumbent mayor and served from 1991 to 1995. Governor of Minnesota Ventura ran for governor of Minnesota in 1998 as the Reform Party of Minnesota nominee (he later joined the Independence Party of Minnesota when the Reform Party broke from its association with the Reform Party of the United States of America).", "Other endeavors Post-gubernatorial life Ventura was succeeded in office on January 6, 2003, by Republican Tim Pawlenty. In October 2003 he began a weekly MSNBC show, Jesse Ventura's America; the show was canceled after a couple of months. Ventura has alleged it was canceled because he opposed the Iraq War. MSNBC honored the balance of his three-year contract, legally preventing him from doing any other TV or news shows.", "He spent considerably less than his opponents (about $300,000) and was a pioneer in his using the Internet as a medium of reaching out to voters in a political campaign. He won the election in November 1998, narrowly and unexpectedly defeating the major-party candidates, Republican St. Paul mayor Norm Coleman and Democratic-Farmer-Labor Attorney General Hubert H. \"Skip\" Humphrey III. During his victory speech, Ventura famously declared, \"We shocked the world!\"", "In a major upset, Ventura defeated both the Democratic and Republican nominees. Amid internal fights for control over the party, Ventura left the Reform Party a year after taking office and served the remainder of his governship with the Independence Party of Minnesota. Since holding public office, Ventura has called himself a \"statesman\" rather than a politician. As governor, Ventura oversaw reforms of Minnesota's property tax as well as the state's first sales tax rebate." ]

[ "He later apologized for the remark, saying it was not intended to be taken seriously. Consideration of bids for other political offices While Ventura has not held public office since the end of his term as governor in 2003, he has remained politically active and occasionally hinted at running for political office. In an April 7, 2008, interview on CNN's The Situation Room, Ventura said he was considering entering the race for the United States Senate seat then held by Norm Coleman, his Republican opponent in the 1998 gubernatorial race.", "Ventura's old stage name \"Jesse 'The Body'\" (sometimes adapted to \"Jesse 'The Governing Body'\") also continued to appear with some regularity. After a trade mission to China in 2002, Ventura announced that he would not run for a second term, saying that he no longer felt dedicated enough to his job and accusing the media of hounding him and his family for personal behavior and beliefs while neglecting coverage of important policy issues.", "In a major upset, Ventura defeated both the Democratic and Republican nominees. Amid internal fights for control over the party, Ventura left the Reform Party a year after taking office and served the remainder of his governship with the Independence Party of Minnesota. Since holding public office, Ventura has called himself a \"statesman\" rather than a politician. As governor, Ventura oversaw reforms of Minnesota's property tax as well as the state's first sales tax rebate.", "In May, he announced that he would not run for health reasons, explaining that he would lose his employer-provided health insurance. Ventura said he would write in his own name in the presidential election, but would support Green candidates in down-ballot races. He said he \"refuse[s] to vote for 'the lesser of two evils' because in the end, that's still choosing evil.\"", "After a trade mission to China in 2002, Ventura announced that he would not run for a second term, saying that he no longer felt dedicated enough to his job and accusing the media of hounding him and his family for personal behavior and beliefs while neglecting coverage of important policy issues. He later told a Boston Globe reporter that he would have run for a second term if he had been single, citing the media's effect on his family life.", "Jesse Ventura (born James George Janos; July 15, 1951) is an American politician, military veteran, actor, television presenter, political commentator, author, and retired professional wrestler. After achieving fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he served as the 38th governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. He was elected governor with the Reform Party and is the party's only candidate to win a major government office. Ventura was a member of the U.S. Navy Underwater Demolition Team during the Vietnam War.", "On November 4, 2011, Ventura said at a press conference about the dismissal of his court case against the Transportation Security Administration for what he claimed were illegal searches of air travelers that he was \"thinking about\" running for president. There were reports that the Libertarian Party officials had tried to persuade Ventura to run for president on a Libertarian ticket, but party chairman Mark Hinkle said, \"Jesse is more interested in 2016 than he is in 2012. But I think he's serious.", "Other endeavors Post-gubernatorial life Ventura was succeeded in office on January 6, 2003, by Republican Tim Pawlenty. In October 2003 he began a weekly MSNBC show, Jesse Ventura's America; the show was canceled after a couple of months. Ventura has alleged it was canceled because he opposed the Iraq War. MSNBC honored the balance of his three-year contract, legally preventing him from doing any other TV or news shows.", "Criticisms of tenure as governor After the legislature refused to increase spending for security, Ventura attracted criticism when he decided not to live in the governor's mansion during his tenure, choosing instead to shut it down and stay at his home in Maple Grove. In 1999, a group of disgruntled citizens petitioned to recall Governor Ventura, alleging, among other things, that \"the use of state security personnel to protect the governor on a book promotion tour constituted illegal use of state property for personal gain.\"" ]

[ "Jesse Ventura (born James George Janos; July 15, 1951) is an American politician, military veteran, actor, television presenter, political commentator, author, and retired professional wrestler. After achieving fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he served as the 38th governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. He was elected governor with the Reform Party and is the party's only candidate to win a major government office. Ventura was a member of the U.S. Navy Underwater Demolition Team during the Vietnam War.", "He later apologized for the remark, saying it was not intended to be taken seriously. Consideration of bids for other political offices While Ventura has not held public office since the end of his term as governor in 2003, he has remained politically active and occasionally hinted at running for political office. In an April 7, 2008, interview on CNN's The Situation Room, Ventura said he was considering entering the race for the United States Senate seat then held by Norm Coleman, his Republican opponent in the 1998 gubernatorial race.", "Other endeavors Post-gubernatorial life Ventura was succeeded in office on January 6, 2003, by Republican Tim Pawlenty. In October 2003 he began a weekly MSNBC show, Jesse Ventura's America; the show was canceled after a couple of months. Ventura has alleged it was canceled because he opposed the Iraq War. MSNBC honored the balance of his three-year contract, legally preventing him from doing any other TV or news shows.", "In a major upset, Ventura defeated both the Democratic and Republican nominees. Amid internal fights for control over the party, Ventura left the Reform Party a year after taking office and served the remainder of his governship with the Independence Party of Minnesota. Since holding public office, Ventura has called himself a \"statesman\" rather than a politician. As governor, Ventura oversaw reforms of Minnesota's property tax as well as the state's first sales tax rebate.", "He defeated the city's 25-year incumbent mayor and served from 1991 to 1995. Governor of Minnesota Ventura ran for governor of Minnesota in 1998 as the Reform Party of Minnesota nominee (he later joined the Independence Party of Minnesota when the Reform Party broke from its association with the Reform Party of the United States of America).", "Ventura's old stage name \"Jesse 'The Body'\" (sometimes adapted to \"Jesse 'The Governing Body'\") also continued to appear with some regularity. After a trade mission to China in 2002, Ventura announced that he would not run for a second term, saying that he no longer felt dedicated enough to his job and accusing the media of hounding him and his family for personal behavior and beliefs while neglecting coverage of important policy issues.", "He later told a Boston Globe reporter that he would have run for a second term if he had been single, citing the media's effect on his family life. Ventura sparked media criticism when, nearing the end of his term, he suggested that he might resign from office early to allow his lieutenant governor, Mae Schunk, an opportunity to serve as governor.", "On November 4, 2011, Ventura said at a press conference about the dismissal of his court case against the Transportation Security Administration for what he claimed were illegal searches of air travelers that he was \"thinking about\" running for president. There were reports that the Libertarian Party officials had tried to persuade Ventura to run for president on a Libertarian ticket, but party chairman Mark Hinkle said, \"Jesse is more interested in 2016 than he is in 2012. But I think he's serious.", "After a trade mission to China in 2002, Ventura announced that he would not run for a second term, saying that he no longer felt dedicated enough to his job and accusing the media of hounding him and his family for personal behavior and beliefs while neglecting coverage of important policy issues. He later told a Boston Globe reporter that he would have run for a second term if he had been single, citing the media's effect on his family life.", "In an April 7, 2008, interview on CNN's The Situation Room, Ventura said he was considering entering the race for the United States Senate seat then held by Norm Coleman, his Republican opponent in the 1998 gubernatorial race. A Twin Cities station Fox 9 poll put him at 24%, behind Democratic candidate Al Franken at 32% and Coleman at 39% in a hypothetical three-way race." ]

[ "\"), and then presented data and analysis that offered an answer. Editors considered James's pieces so unusual that few believed them suitable for their readers. In an effort to reach a wider audience, James began self-publishing an annual book titled The Bill James Baseball Abstract, beginning in 1977.", "These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract). James has also written several series of new annuals: The Baseball Book (1990–1992) was a loosely organized collection of commentary, profiles, historical articles, and occasional pieces of research. James's assistant Rob Neyer was responsible for much of the research, and wrote several short pieces. Neyer went on to become a featured baseball columnist at ESPN and SB Nation.", "Attempts to imitate James's work spawned a flood of books and articles that continues to this day. Post-Abstracts work In 1988, James ceased writing the Abstract, citing workload-related burnout and concern about the volume of statistics on the market. He has continued to publish hardcover books about baseball history, which have sold well and received admiring reviews. These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract).", "Bibliography Bill James Baseball Abstract (annual editions published 1977–1988) The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985; revised edition 1988) This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones (1989) (selection of comments from Abstracts and articles) The Bill James Baseball Book (annual editions published 1990–1992) The Politics of Glory (1994) (revised as Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? ), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed.", "Seventy-five people purchased the booklet. Seventy-five people purchased the booklet. The 1978 edition, subtitled The 2nd annual edition of baseball's most informative and imaginative review, sold 250 copies. Beginning in 1979, James wrote an annual preview of the baseball season for Esquire, and continued to do so through 1984. The first three editions of the Baseball Abstract garnered respect for James's work, including a very favorable review by Daniel Okrent in Sports Illustrated. New annual editions added essays on teams and players.", "), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed. 2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004).", "The Jameses propose a solution to the murders based on the signature elements these killings share in common with each other. Bibliography Bill James Baseball Abstract (annual editions published 1977–1988) The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985; revised edition 1988) This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones (1989) (selection of comments from Abstracts and articles) The Bill James Baseball Book (annual editions published 1990–1992) The Politics of Glory (1994) (revised as Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame?", "2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004). \"Grassroots Guru\".", "While the resulting non-profit organization never functioned smoothly, it worked well enough to collect accounts of every game from 1984 through 1991. James's publisher agreed to distribute two annuals of essays and data – the 1987 and 1988 editions of Bill James Presents The Great American Baseball Statbook (though only the first of these featured writing by James). The organization was eventually disbanded, but many of its members went on to form for-profit companies with similar goals and structure." ]

[ "\"), and then presented data and analysis that offered an answer. Editors considered James's pieces so unusual that few believed them suitable for their readers. In an effort to reach a wider audience, James began self-publishing an annual book titled The Bill James Baseball Abstract, beginning in 1977.", "These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract). James has also written several series of new annuals: The Baseball Book (1990–1992) was a loosely organized collection of commentary, profiles, historical articles, and occasional pieces of research. James's assistant Rob Neyer was responsible for much of the research, and wrote several short pieces. Neyer went on to become a featured baseball columnist at ESPN and SB Nation.", "Bibliography Bill James Baseball Abstract (annual editions published 1977–1988) The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985; revised edition 1988) This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones (1989) (selection of comments from Abstracts and articles) The Bill James Baseball Book (annual editions published 1990–1992) The Politics of Glory (1994) (revised as Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? ), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed.", "Attempts to imitate James's work spawned a flood of books and articles that continues to this day. Post-Abstracts work In 1988, James ceased writing the Abstract, citing workload-related burnout and concern about the volume of statistics on the market. He has continued to publish hardcover books about baseball history, which have sold well and received admiring reviews. These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract).", "), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed. 2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004).", "2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004). \"Grassroots Guru\".", "While the resulting non-profit organization never functioned smoothly, it worked well enough to collect accounts of every game from 1984 through 1991. James's publisher agreed to distribute two annuals of essays and data – the 1987 and 1988 editions of Bill James Presents The Great American Baseball Statbook (though only the first of these featured writing by James). The organization was eventually disbanded, but many of its members went on to form for-profit companies with similar goals and structure.", "The Jameses propose a solution to the murders based on the signature elements these killings share in common with each other. Bibliography Bill James Baseball Abstract (annual editions published 1977–1988) The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985; revised edition 1988) This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones (1989) (selection of comments from Abstracts and articles) The Bill James Baseball Book (annual editions published 1990–1992) The Politics of Glory (1994) (revised as Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame?" ]

[ "\"), and then presented data and analysis that offered an answer. Editors considered James's pieces so unusual that few believed them suitable for their readers. In an effort to reach a wider audience, James began self-publishing an annual book titled The Bill James Baseball Abstract, beginning in 1977.", "Attempts to imitate James's work spawned a flood of books and articles that continues to this day. Post-Abstracts work In 1988, James ceased writing the Abstract, citing workload-related burnout and concern about the volume of statistics on the market. He has continued to publish hardcover books about baseball history, which have sold well and received admiring reviews. These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract).", "In an effort to reach a wider audience, James began self-publishing an annual book titled The Bill James Baseball Abstract, beginning in 1977. The first edition, titled 1977 Baseball Abstract: Featuring 18 categories of statistical information that you just can't find anywhere else, presented 68 pages of in-depth statistics compiled from James's study of box scores from the preceding season and was offered for sale through a small advertisement in The Sporting News. Seventy-five people purchased the booklet.", "These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract). James has also written several series of new annuals: The Baseball Book (1990–1992) was a loosely organized collection of commentary, profiles, historical articles, and occasional pieces of research. James's assistant Rob Neyer was responsible for much of the research, and wrote several short pieces. Neyer went on to become a featured baseball columnist at ESPN and SB Nation.", "Bibliography Bill James Baseball Abstract (annual editions published 1977–1988) The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985; revised edition 1988) This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones (1989) (selection of comments from Abstracts and articles) The Bill James Baseball Book (annual editions published 1990–1992) The Politics of Glory (1994) (revised as Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? ), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed.", "), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed. 2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004).", "2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004). \"Grassroots Guru\".", "The Jameses propose a solution to the murders based on the signature elements these killings share in common with each other. Bibliography Bill James Baseball Abstract (annual editions published 1977–1988) The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985; revised edition 1988) This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones (1989) (selection of comments from Abstracts and articles) The Bill James Baseball Book (annual editions published 1990–1992) The Politics of Glory (1994) (revised as Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame?", "While the resulting non-profit organization never functioned smoothly, it worked well enough to collect accounts of every game from 1984 through 1991. James's publisher agreed to distribute two annuals of essays and data – the 1987 and 1988 editions of Bill James Presents The Great American Baseball Statbook (though only the first of these featured writing by James). The organization was eventually disbanded, but many of its members went on to form for-profit companies with similar goals and structure." ]

[ "\"), and then presented data and analysis that offered an answer. Editors considered James's pieces so unusual that few believed them suitable for their readers. In an effort to reach a wider audience, James began self-publishing an annual book titled The Bill James Baseball Abstract, beginning in 1977.", "In an effort to reach a wider audience, James began self-publishing an annual book titled The Bill James Baseball Abstract, beginning in 1977. The first edition, titled 1977 Baseball Abstract: Featuring 18 categories of statistical information that you just can't find anywhere else, presented 68 pages of in-depth statistics compiled from James's study of box scores from the preceding season and was offered for sale through a small advertisement in The Sporting News. Seventy-five people purchased the booklet.", "Attempts to imitate James's work spawned a flood of books and articles that continues to this day. Post-Abstracts work In 1988, James ceased writing the Abstract, citing workload-related burnout and concern about the volume of statistics on the market. He has continued to publish hardcover books about baseball history, which have sold well and received admiring reviews. These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract).", "These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract). James has also written several series of new annuals: The Baseball Book (1990–1992) was a loosely organized collection of commentary, profiles, historical articles, and occasional pieces of research. James's assistant Rob Neyer was responsible for much of the research, and wrote several short pieces. Neyer went on to become a featured baseball columnist at ESPN and SB Nation.", "Seventy-five people purchased the booklet. Seventy-five people purchased the booklet. The 1978 edition, subtitled The 2nd annual edition of baseball's most informative and imaginative review, sold 250 copies. Beginning in 1979, James wrote an annual preview of the baseball season for Esquire, and continued to do so through 1984. The first three editions of the Baseball Abstract garnered respect for James's work, including a very favorable review by Daniel Okrent in Sports Illustrated. New annual editions added essays on teams and players.", "Bibliography Bill James Baseball Abstract (annual editions published 1977–1988) The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985; revised edition 1988) This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones (1989) (selection of comments from Abstracts and articles) The Bill James Baseball Book (annual editions published 1990–1992) The Politics of Glory (1994) (revised as Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? ), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed.", "While the resulting non-profit organization never functioned smoothly, it worked well enough to collect accounts of every game from 1984 through 1991. James's publisher agreed to distribute two annuals of essays and data – the 1987 and 1988 editions of Bill James Presents The Great American Baseball Statbook (though only the first of these featured writing by James). The organization was eventually disbanded, but many of its members went on to form for-profit companies with similar goals and structure.", "), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed. 2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004).", "2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004). \"Grassroots Guru\".", "Neyer went on to become a featured baseball columnist at ESPN and SB Nation. The Player Ratings Book (1993–95) offered statistics and 50-word profiles aimed at the fantasy baseball enthusiast. The Bill James Handbook (2003–present) provides past-season statistics and next-season projections for Major League players and teams, and career data for all current Major League players. Results for the Fielding Bible Awards, an alternative to the Gold Glove Awards voted on by a 10-person panel that includes James, are also included." ]

[ "\"), and then presented data and analysis that offered an answer. Editors considered James's pieces so unusual that few believed them suitable for their readers. In an effort to reach a wider audience, James began self-publishing an annual book titled The Bill James Baseball Abstract, beginning in 1977.", "), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed. 2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004).", "2000) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Sourcebook (1998) The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001) Win Shares (2002) Win Shares Digital Update (2002) (PDF form only) The Bill James Handbook (annual editions published 2003–present) The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers (2004, with co-author Rob Neyer) The Bill James Gold Mine (annual editions published 2008–2010, , ) Popular Crime – Reflections on the Celebration of Violence (, published 2011) Solid Fool's Gold (2011), (articles from Bill James Online website) Fools Rush Inn (2014), (more articles from Bill James Online website) The Man From the Train (2017), Books about James The Mind of Bill James (2006) ISBN How Bill James Changed Our View of Baseball: by Colleagues, Critics, Competitors and Just Plain Fans (2007) See also Baseball Prospectus Defensive spectrum Keltner list Similarity score Win shares Notes References Further reading External links Bill James Online –interactions with James through statistics, articles, conversations and more Works of Bill James Audio interview by Jesse Thorn, public radio program The Sound of Young America (April 29, 2008) Chronister, Levi (April 25, 2004). \"Grassroots Guru\".", "Bibliography Bill James Baseball Abstract (annual editions published 1977–1988) The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985; revised edition 1988) This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones (1989) (selection of comments from Abstracts and articles) The Bill James Baseball Book (annual editions published 1990–1992) The Politics of Glory (1994) (revised as Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? ), The Bill James Player Ratings Book (annual editions published 1993–1996) The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers (1997) Bill James Present STATS All-Time Major League Handbook (1998; 2nd ed.", "In an effort to reach a wider audience, James began self-publishing an annual book titled The Bill James Baseball Abstract, beginning in 1977. The first edition, titled 1977 Baseball Abstract: Featuring 18 categories of statistical information that you just can't find anywhere else, presented 68 pages of in-depth statistics compiled from James's study of box scores from the preceding season and was offered for sale through a small advertisement in The Sporting News. Seventy-five people purchased the booklet.", "The Jameses propose a solution to the murders based on the signature elements these killings share in common with each other. Bibliography Bill James Baseball Abstract (annual editions published 1977–1988) The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985; revised edition 1988) This Time Let's Not Eat the Bones (1989) (selection of comments from Abstracts and articles) The Bill James Baseball Book (annual editions published 1990–1992) The Politics of Glory (1994) (revised as Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame?", "These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract). James has also written several series of new annuals: The Baseball Book (1990–1992) was a loosely organized collection of commentary, profiles, historical articles, and occasional pieces of research. James's assistant Rob Neyer was responsible for much of the research, and wrote several short pieces. Neyer went on to become a featured baseball columnist at ESPN and SB Nation.", "Attempts to imitate James's work spawned a flood of books and articles that continues to this day. Post-Abstracts work In 1988, James ceased writing the Abstract, citing workload-related burnout and concern about the volume of statistics on the market. He has continued to publish hardcover books about baseball history, which have sold well and received admiring reviews. These books include three editions of The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (1985, 1988, 2001, the last entitled The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract).", "To James, context is paramount: he was among the first to emphasize the importance of adjusting traditional statistics for park factors and to stress the role of luck in a pitcher's win-loss record. Many of his statistical innovations are arguably less important than the underlying ideas. When he introduced the notion of secondary average, it was as a vehicle for the then-counterintuitive concept that batting average represents only a fraction of a player's offensive contribution. (The runs-created statistic plays a similar role vis-à-vis the traditional RBI.)", "George William James (born October 5, 1949) is an American baseball writer, historian, and statistician whose work has been widely influential. Since 1977, James has written more than two dozen books devoted to baseball history and statistics. His approach, which he termed sabermetrics in reference to the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR), scientifically analyzes and studies baseball, often through the use of statistical data, in an attempt to determine why teams win and lose." ]

[ "Sutcliffe and Hutton put on 315 for the first wicket against Leicestershire at Hull in 1937, Sutcliffe scoring 189 and Hutton 153. Sutcliffe faced Australian opposition for the final time in 1938 when he appeared in two matches against the tourists, one in July for Yorkshire at Bramall Lane and the other in September at North Marine Road in a Scarborough Festival match when he played for H D G Leveson Gower's XI.", "The following year, Sutcliffe made his first-team debut. The following year, Sutcliffe made his first-team debut. Two of his team-mates were Major Booth and Henry Hutton, father of Len Hutton. In 1911, now aged 16, Sutcliffe switched his allegiance to the rival Pudsey Britannia club where, he is quoted as saying, \"my batting improved by leaps and bounds\".", "The demands of Test cricket behind him, Sutcliffe played in 29 of Yorkshire's 30 County Championship matches in 1936 but his average fell to 33.30, his worst seasonal performance since the early 1920s. His form rallied somewhat in the last three seasons of his career and he formed another outstanding opening partnership with Len Hutton who matured into a Test-class batsman in 1937. Sutcliffe and Hutton put on 315 for the first wicket against Leicestershire at Hull in 1937, Sutcliffe scoring 189 and Hutton 153.", "About Sutcliffe he said: \"I did not find it easy to talk to him\". The master–apprentice relationship changed after Hutton scored a world record 364 for England against Australia at The Oval in 1938. Future Yorkshire captain Ronnie Burnet reckoned that Sutcliffe had been the dominant partner until then and their scores would be something like 60 to 40 in Sutcliffe's favour. After Hutton made his record, his confidence increased and Burnet said the ratio was reversed \"to 70:30 in Len's favour\".", "Hence Sutcliffe more easily moved back while Hutton developed a forward style. Another view, expressed by Sutcliffe's son Billy, who also played with Hutton for Yorkshire, was that Sutcliffe was \"probably better in a crisis\", as his numerous successes on bad or \"sticky\" wickets would suggest. Sutcliffe and Hutton made 16 century opening partnerships together, 15 of them for Yorkshire. Their highest was 315, which they achieved twice.", "Sutcliffe was to play one more first-class match in 1945, but his career effectively ended in August 1939 when he played for Yorkshire against Hampshire at Dean Park Cricket Ground, Bournemouth, on Saturday, 26 August and Monday, 28 August. Yorkshire won by an innings and 11 runs in just two days.", "In a tribute that was published with the obituary, Brian Sellers said: \"We served together on the county committee for over 21 years\". Sutcliffe was a Test selector for three years from 1959 through 1961, during which England played home series against India, South Africa and Australia.", "Yorkshire won by an innings and 11 runs in just two days. Sutcliffe and Hutton put on 56 before Hutton was out for 37 and Sutcliffe went on to score 51 before he was out at 117–2, leg before wicket to George Heath, who thus took his wicket for the second time in 1939. Into retirement As a reservist in the British Army, Sutcliffe was the first Yorkshire player to be called up, in August 1939, as the Second World War became imminent." ]

[ "Hutton pinpointed the key difference by explaining that, when Sutcliffe was taking guard, \"his weight was on the (front) left foot, enabling him to play the hook shot so well\" whereas Hutton put his weight onto his (back) right foot. Hence Sutcliffe more easily moved back while Hutton developed a forward style.", "Hence Sutcliffe more easily moved back while Hutton developed a forward style. Another view, expressed by Sutcliffe's son Billy, who also played with Hutton for Yorkshire, was that Sutcliffe was \"probably better in a crisis\", as his numerous successes on bad or \"sticky\" wickets would suggest. Sutcliffe and Hutton made 16 century opening partnerships together, 15 of them for Yorkshire. Their highest was 315, which they achieved twice.", "Especially given that he was from Pudsey, Hutton was often portrayed as Sutcliffe's protégé but Hutton maintained that it was the coaching of George Hirst that did most to develop his career. He said of Sutcliffe: \"You do learn a lot from watching a player of Herbert's class. It was an enriching and invaluable experience to bat with him\". Sutcliffe's view of Hutton was that he was \"a marvel – the discovery of a generation\".", "The following year, Sutcliffe made his first-team debut. The following year, Sutcliffe made his first-team debut. Two of his team-mates were Major Booth and Henry Hutton, father of Len Hutton. In 1911, now aged 16, Sutcliffe switched his allegiance to the rival Pudsey Britannia club where, he is quoted as saying, \"my batting improved by leaps and bounds\".", "Comparisons of the two Pudsey masters have been inevitable but there were essential differences in style. Bill Bowes said that Sutcliffe readily acknowledged the superior ability of Jack Hobbs, Wally Hammond and Len Hutton but what Sutcliffe did have were the concentration and willpower to make the best of his abilities in any given situation.", "Sutcliffe and Hutton Sutcliffe and Len Hutton opened the Yorkshire innings in one championship match in 1934 and then, with Sutcliffe's Test career ending the following year, became the regular Yorkshire pairing until 1939 when the outbreak of war effectively ended Sutcliffe's career. Especially given that he was from Pudsey, Hutton was often portrayed as Sutcliffe's protégé but Hutton maintained that it was the coaching of George Hirst that did most to develop his career.", "Bill Bowes said that Sutcliffe readily acknowledged the superior ability of Jack Hobbs, Wally Hammond and Len Hutton but what Sutcliffe did have were the concentration and willpower to make the best of his abilities in any given situation. Hutton pinpointed the key difference by explaining that, when Sutcliffe was taking guard, \"his weight was on the (front) left foot, enabling him to play the hook shot so well\" whereas Hutton put his weight onto his (back) right foot.", "Sutcliffe and Hutton put on 315 for the first wicket against Leicestershire at Hull in 1937, Sutcliffe scoring 189 and Hutton 153. Sutcliffe faced Australian opposition for the final time in 1938 when he appeared in two matches against the tourists, one in July for Yorkshire at Bramall Lane and the other in September at North Marine Road in a Scarborough Festival match when he played for H D G Leveson Gower's XI.", "But Sutcliffe himself conceded that he did not possess the gifts of Hobbs, Hammond or Hutton. The late R. C. Robertson-Glasgow had written of Sutcliffe a tribute that Wisden appended to Sutcliffe's obituary: [He] was the serenest batsman I have known. Whatever may have passed under that calm brow – anger, joy, disagreement, surprise, relief, triumph – no outward sign was betrayed on the field of play. When I first saw him, in 1919, he was a debonair and powerful stylist." ]

[ "Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig. Gen. Charles F. Smith's division, was ordered to occupy Fort Heiman, an uncompleted Confederate fort across the river from Fort Henry. Wallace's troops secured the deserted fort and watched the Union attack on Fort Henry from their hilltop position. On February 6, after more than an hour of bombardment from the Union gunboats, Confederate Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant.", "Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant. Grant's superior, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, was concerned that Confederate reinforcements would try to retake the two forts when the Union troops moved overland toward Fort Donelson, so Wallace was left in command at Fort Henry to keep the forts secure. Displeased to have been left behind, Wallace prepared his troops to move out at a moment's notice. The order came at midnight on February 13.", "On September 3, 1861, Wallace was promoted to brigadier general of U.S. Army volunteers and given command of a brigade. Forts Henry and Donelson On February 4 and 5, 1862, prior to the advance against Fort Henry, Union troops under the command of Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and a flotilla of Union ironclads and timberclad gunboats under the command of Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote made their way toward the Confederate fort along the Tennessee River in western Tennessee. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig.", "The Montgomery Guards would later form the core of his first military command, the 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, during the American Civil War. Civil War service Wallace, a staunch supporter of the Union, became a member of the Republican party, and began his full-time military career soon after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, on April 12, 1861. Indiana's governor, the Republican Oliver P. Morton, asked Wallace to help recruit Indiana volunteers for the Union army.", "He was appointed Indiana's adjutant general and commanded the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment. Wallace, who attained the rank of major general, participated in the Battle of Fort Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, and the Battle of Monocacy. He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp.", "Wallace remained active in veterans groups, including writing a speech for the dedication of the battlefield at the Chickamauga. Wallace's elaborate writing study, which he described as \"a pleasure-house for my soul\", served as his private retreat. Now called the General Lew Wallace Study and Museum, it was built between 1895 and 1898, adjacent to his residence in Crawfordsville, and set in an enclosed park. The study along with three and one-half acres of its grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.", "A month later Wallace was placed in charge of a five-member commission to investigate Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's conduct in response to the Confederate invasion of Kentucky. The commission criticized Buell for his retreat, but it did not find him disloyal to the Union. When the commission's work was completed on May 6, 1863, Wallace returned to Indiana to wait for a new command.", "He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp. Wallace resigned from the U.S. Army in November 1865 and briefly served as a major general in the Mexican army, before returning to the United States. Wallace was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory (1878–1881) and served as U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire (1881–1885).", "Gen. John A. McClernand, despite orders from Grant to hold his position and prevent the enemy from escaping and without Grant's authority to take the offensive. With the Confederates continuing to advance, Wallace led a second brigade to the right and engaged the Confederates with infantry and artillery. Wallace's decision stopped their forward movement and was key in stabilizing a defensive line for the Union troops. After the Confederate assault had been checked, Wallace led a counterattack that regained the lost ground on the Union right.", "The day before the battle, Wallace wrote a letter to a fellow officer, W. H. L. Wallace, stating his intention to do so. Lew Wallace and his staff maintained after the battle that Grant's order did not specify Pittsburg Landing as their destination, and it did not specify which route the 3rd Division was ordered to take. However, Grant claimed in his memoirs that he had ordered Wallace to take the route nearest to the river to reach Pittsburg Landing." ]

[ "On September 3, 1861, Wallace was promoted to brigadier general of U.S. Army volunteers and given command of a brigade. Forts Henry and Donelson On February 4 and 5, 1862, prior to the advance against Fort Henry, Union troops under the command of Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and a flotilla of Union ironclads and timberclad gunboats under the command of Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote made their way toward the Confederate fort along the Tennessee River in western Tennessee. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig.", "He was appointed Indiana's adjutant general and commanded the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment. Wallace, who attained the rank of major general, participated in the Battle of Fort Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, and the Battle of Monocacy. He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp.", "Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant. Grant's superior, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, was concerned that Confederate reinforcements would try to retake the two forts when the Union troops moved overland toward Fort Donelson, so Wallace was left in command at Fort Henry to keep the forts secure. Displeased to have been left behind, Wallace prepared his troops to move out at a moment's notice. The order came at midnight on February 13.", "Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig. Gen. Charles F. Smith's division, was ordered to occupy Fort Heiman, an uncompleted Confederate fort across the river from Fort Henry. Wallace's troops secured the deserted fort and watched the Union attack on Fort Henry from their hilltop position. On February 6, after more than an hour of bombardment from the Union gunboats, Confederate Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant.", "Wallace remained active in veterans groups, including writing a speech for the dedication of the battlefield at the Chickamauga. Wallace's elaborate writing study, which he described as \"a pleasure-house for my soul\", served as his private retreat. Now called the General Lew Wallace Study and Museum, it was built between 1895 and 1898, adjacent to his residence in Crawfordsville, and set in an enclosed park. The study along with three and one-half acres of its grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.", "The Montgomery Guards would later form the core of his first military command, the 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, during the American Civil War. Civil War service Wallace, a staunch supporter of the Union, became a member of the Republican party, and began his full-time military career soon after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, on April 12, 1861. Indiana's governor, the Republican Oliver P. Morton, asked Wallace to help recruit Indiana volunteers for the Union army.", "He was the second of four sons born to Esther French Wallace (née Test) and David Wallace. Lew's father, a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York, left the military in 1822 and moved to Brookville, where he established a law practice and entered Indiana politics. David served in the Indiana General Assembly and later as the state's lieutenant governor, and governor, and as a member of Congress. Lew Wallace's maternal grandfather was circuit court judge and Congressman John Test.", "He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp. Wallace resigned from the U.S. Army in November 1865 and briefly served as a major general in the Mexican army, before returning to the United States. Wallace was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory (1878–1881) and served as U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire (1881–1885).", "A month later Wallace was placed in charge of a five-member commission to investigate Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's conduct in response to the Confederate invasion of Kentucky. The commission criticized Buell for his retreat, but it did not find him disloyal to the Union. When the commission's work was completed on May 6, 1863, Wallace returned to Indiana to wait for a new command.", "Wallace's three brigades took up position in the center of the Union line, facing Fort Donelson. During the fierce Confederate assault on February 15, and in Grant's absence from the battlefield, Wallace acted on his own initiative to send Cruft's brigade to reinforce the beleaguered division of Brig. Gen. John A. McClernand, despite orders from Grant to hold his position and prevent the enemy from escaping and without Grant's authority to take the offensive." ]

[ "He was appointed Indiana's adjutant general and commanded the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment. Wallace, who attained the rank of major general, participated in the Battle of Fort Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, and the Battle of Monocacy. He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp.", "On September 3, 1861, Wallace was promoted to brigadier general of U.S. Army volunteers and given command of a brigade. Forts Henry and Donelson On February 4 and 5, 1862, prior to the advance against Fort Henry, Union troops under the command of Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and a flotilla of Union ironclads and timberclad gunboats under the command of Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote made their way toward the Confederate fort along the Tennessee River in western Tennessee. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig.", "He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp. Wallace resigned from the U.S. Army in November 1865 and briefly served as a major general in the Mexican army, before returning to the United States. Wallace was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory (1878–1881) and served as U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire (1881–1885).", "Wallace remained active in veterans groups, including writing a speech for the dedication of the battlefield at the Chickamauga. Wallace's elaborate writing study, which he described as \"a pleasure-house for my soul\", served as his private retreat. Now called the General Lew Wallace Study and Museum, it was built between 1895 and 1898, adjacent to his residence in Crawfordsville, and set in an enclosed park. The study along with three and one-half acres of its grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.", "He was the second of four sons born to Esther French Wallace (née Test) and David Wallace. Lew's father, a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York, left the military in 1822 and moved to Brookville, where he established a law practice and entered Indiana politics. David served in the Indiana General Assembly and later as the state's lieutenant governor, and governor, and as a member of Congress. Lew Wallace's maternal grandfather was circuit court judge and Congressman John Test.", "Wallace was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory (1878–1881) and served as U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire (1881–1885). Wallace retired to his home in Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he continued to write until his death in 1905. Early life and education Lewis \"Lew\" Wallace was born on April 10, 1827, in Brookville, Indiana. He was the second of four sons born to Esther French Wallace (née Test) and David Wallace.", "New York Times'' (pdf format). New York Times'' (pdf format). Lew Wallace Archive, overview with detailed bibliography of his works General Lew Wallace Study & Museum, Crawfordsville Wallace's time-line at General Lew Wallace Museum Lew Wallace in Jerusalem, 1883 Wallace's 'Minister Resident of the United States of America to Turkey' Calling Card in the Shapell Manuscript Foundation Collection Lew Wallace collection, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library 1827 births 1905 deaths 1870s in New Mexico Territory 1880s in New Mexico Territory 19th-century American diplomats 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American non-fiction writers Ambassadors of the United States to the Ottoman Empire American autobiographers American historical novelists American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American military personnel of the Mexican–American War Burials in Indiana Christian novelists Deaths from gastritis Governors of New Mexico Territory Indiana lawyers Indiana Republicans Indiana state senators Lincoln County Wars Military personnel from Indiana New Mexico Republicans Novelists from Indiana People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln People from Brookville, Indiana People from Covington, Indiana People from Crawfordsville, Indiana People from Indiana in the Mexican–American War People of Indiana in the American Civil War Union Army generals Writers from Indiana Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period 20th-century American male writers", "The Montgomery Guards would later form the core of his first military command, the 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, during the American Civil War. Civil War service Wallace, a staunch supporter of the Union, became a member of the Republican party, and began his full-time military career soon after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, on April 12, 1861. Indiana's governor, the Republican Oliver P. Morton, asked Wallace to help recruit Indiana volunteers for the Union army.", "Other military assignments On August 17, 1862, Wallace accepted a regiment command in the Department of the Ohio to help with the successful defense of Cincinnati during Braxton Bragg's incursion into Kentucky. Next, Wallace took command of Camp Chase, a prisoner-of-war camp at Columbus, Ohio, where he remained until October 30, 1862. A month later Wallace was placed in charge of a five-member commission to investigate Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's conduct in response to the Confederate invasion of Kentucky.", "A month later Wallace was placed in charge of a five-member commission to investigate Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's conduct in response to the Confederate invasion of Kentucky. The commission criticized Buell for his retreat, but it did not find him disloyal to the Union. When the commission's work was completed on May 6, 1863, Wallace returned to Indiana to wait for a new command." ]

[ "On September 3, 1861, Wallace was promoted to brigadier general of U.S. Army volunteers and given command of a brigade. Forts Henry and Donelson On February 4 and 5, 1862, prior to the advance against Fort Henry, Union troops under the command of Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and a flotilla of Union ironclads and timberclad gunboats under the command of Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote made their way toward the Confederate fort along the Tennessee River in western Tennessee. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig.", "He was appointed Indiana's adjutant general and commanded the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment. Wallace, who attained the rank of major general, participated in the Battle of Fort Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, and the Battle of Monocacy. He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp.", "Wallace remained active in veterans groups, including writing a speech for the dedication of the battlefield at the Chickamauga. Wallace's elaborate writing study, which he described as \"a pleasure-house for my soul\", served as his private retreat. Now called the General Lew Wallace Study and Museum, it was built between 1895 and 1898, adjacent to his residence in Crawfordsville, and set in an enclosed park. The study along with three and one-half acres of its grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.", "Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant. Grant's superior, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, was concerned that Confederate reinforcements would try to retake the two forts when the Union troops moved overland toward Fort Donelson, so Wallace was left in command at Fort Henry to keep the forts secure. Displeased to have been left behind, Wallace prepared his troops to move out at a moment's notice. The order came at midnight on February 13.", "A month later Wallace was placed in charge of a five-member commission to investigate Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's conduct in response to the Confederate invasion of Kentucky. The commission criticized Buell for his retreat, but it did not find him disloyal to the Union. When the commission's work was completed on May 6, 1863, Wallace returned to Indiana to wait for a new command.", "He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp. Wallace resigned from the U.S. Army in November 1865 and briefly served as a major general in the Mexican army, before returning to the United States. Wallace was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory (1878–1881) and served as U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire (1881–1885).", "The Montgomery Guards would later form the core of his first military command, the 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, during the American Civil War. Civil War service Wallace, a staunch supporter of the Union, became a member of the Republican party, and began his full-time military career soon after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, on April 12, 1861. Indiana's governor, the Republican Oliver P. Morton, asked Wallace to help recruit Indiana volunteers for the Union army.", "Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig. Gen. Charles F. Smith's division, was ordered to occupy Fort Heiman, an uncompleted Confederate fort across the river from Fort Henry. Wallace's troops secured the deserted fort and watched the Union attack on Fort Henry from their hilltop position. On February 6, after more than an hour of bombardment from the Union gunboats, Confederate Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant.", "Wallace was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory (1878–1881) and served as U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire (1881–1885). Wallace retired to his home in Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he continued to write until his death in 1905. Early life and education Lewis \"Lew\" Wallace was born on April 10, 1827, in Brookville, Indiana. He was the second of four sons born to Esther French Wallace (née Test) and David Wallace." ]

[ "On September 3, 1861, Wallace was promoted to brigadier general of U.S. Army volunteers and given command of a brigade. Forts Henry and Donelson On February 4 and 5, 1862, prior to the advance against Fort Henry, Union troops under the command of Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and a flotilla of Union ironclads and timberclad gunboats under the command of Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote made their way toward the Confederate fort along the Tennessee River in western Tennessee. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig.", "Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant. Grant's superior, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, was concerned that Confederate reinforcements would try to retake the two forts when the Union troops moved overland toward Fort Donelson, so Wallace was left in command at Fort Henry to keep the forts secure. Displeased to have been left behind, Wallace prepared his troops to move out at a moment's notice. The order came at midnight on February 13.", "Wallace's three brigades took up position in the center of the Union line, facing Fort Donelson. During the fierce Confederate assault on February 15, and in Grant's absence from the battlefield, Wallace acted on his own initiative to send Cruft's brigade to reinforce the beleaguered division of Brig. Gen. John A. McClernand, despite orders from Grant to hold his position and prevent the enemy from escaping and without Grant's authority to take the offensive.", "He was appointed Indiana's adjutant general and commanded the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment. Wallace, who attained the rank of major general, participated in the Battle of Fort Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, and the Battle of Monocacy. He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp.", "Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig. Gen. Charles F. Smith's division, was ordered to occupy Fort Heiman, an uncompleted Confederate fort across the river from Fort Henry. Wallace's troops secured the deserted fort and watched the Union attack on Fort Henry from their hilltop position. On February 6, after more than an hour of bombardment from the Union gunboats, Confederate Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, surrendered Fort Henry to Grant.", "A month later Wallace was placed in charge of a five-member commission to investigate Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's conduct in response to the Confederate invasion of Kentucky. The commission criticized Buell for his retreat, but it did not find him disloyal to the Union. When the commission's work was completed on May 6, 1863, Wallace returned to Indiana to wait for a new command.", "Wallace remained active in veterans groups, including writing a speech for the dedication of the battlefield at the Chickamauga. Wallace's elaborate writing study, which he described as \"a pleasure-house for my soul\", served as his private retreat. Now called the General Lew Wallace Study and Museum, it was built between 1895 and 1898, adjacent to his residence in Crawfordsville, and set in an enclosed park. The study along with three and one-half acres of its grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.", "... General Wallace contributed on this occasion by the defeat of the troops under him, a greater benefit to the cause than often falls to the lot of a commander of an equal force to render by means of a victory. Later military service On January 22, 1865, Grant ordered Wallace to the Rio Grande in southern Texas to investigate Confederate military operations in the area. Although Wallace was not officially authorized to offer terms, he did discuss proposals for the surrender of the Confederate troops in the Trans-Mississippi Department.", "Wallace, stunned by the news, sent his cavalry ahead to assess the situation, and upon returning, it had confirmed Rowley's claim. On April 30, 1862, Halleck reorganized his army and removed Wallace and John McClernand from active duty, placing both of them in reserve. Wallace's reputation and career as a military leader suffered a significant setback from controversy over Shiloh. He spent the remainder of his life trying to resolve the accusations and change public opinion about his role in the battle." ]

[ "New York Times'' (pdf format). New York Times'' (pdf format). Lew Wallace Archive, overview with detailed bibliography of his works General Lew Wallace Study & Museum, Crawfordsville Wallace's time-line at General Lew Wallace Museum Lew Wallace in Jerusalem, 1883 Wallace's 'Minister Resident of the United States of America to Turkey' Calling Card in the Shapell Manuscript Foundation Collection Lew Wallace collection, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library 1827 births 1905 deaths 1870s in New Mexico Territory 1880s in New Mexico Territory 19th-century American diplomats 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American non-fiction writers Ambassadors of the United States to the Ottoman Empire American autobiographers American historical novelists American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American military personnel of the Mexican–American War Burials in Indiana Christian novelists Deaths from gastritis Governors of New Mexico Territory Indiana lawyers Indiana Republicans Indiana state senators Lincoln County Wars Military personnel from Indiana New Mexico Republicans Novelists from Indiana People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln People from Brookville, Indiana People from Covington, Indiana People from Crawfordsville, Indiana People from Indiana in the Mexican–American War People of Indiana in the American Civil War Union Army generals Writers from Indiana Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period 20th-century American male writers", "He was the second of four sons born to Esther French Wallace (née Test) and David Wallace. Lew's father, a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York, left the military in 1822 and moved to Brookville, where he established a law practice and entered Indiana politics. David served in the Indiana General Assembly and later as the state's lieutenant governor, and governor, and as a member of Congress. Lew Wallace's maternal grandfather was circuit court judge and Congressman John Test.", "Wallace remained active in veterans groups, including writing a speech for the dedication of the battlefield at the Chickamauga. Wallace's elaborate writing study, which he described as \"a pleasure-house for my soul\", served as his private retreat. Now called the General Lew Wallace Study and Museum, it was built between 1895 and 1898, adjacent to his residence in Crawfordsville, and set in an enclosed park. The study along with three and one-half acres of its grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.", "He was appointed Indiana's adjutant general and commanded the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment. Wallace, who attained the rank of major general, participated in the Battle of Fort Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, and the Battle of Monocacy. He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp.", "Wallace was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory (1878–1881) and served as U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire (1881–1885). Wallace retired to his home in Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he continued to write until his death in 1905. Early life and education Lewis \"Lew\" Wallace was born on April 10, 1827, in Brookville, Indiana. He was the second of four sons born to Esther French Wallace (née Test) and David Wallace.", "Wallace had a talent for drawing and loved to read, but he was a discipline problem at school. In 1836, at the age of nine, Lew joined his older brother in Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he briefly attended the preparatory school division of Wabash College, but soon transferred to another school more suitable for his age. In 1840, when Wallace was thirteen, his father sent him to a private academy at Centerville, Indiana, where his teacher encouraged Lew's natural affinity for writing.", "Available online at ohiolink.edu. Swansburg, John. Swansburg, John. \"The Incredible Life of Lew Wallace, Civil War Hero and Author of Ben-Hur\", March 26, 2013, Slate (on-line magazine). Swansburg, John. \"Lew Wallace a Life in Artifacts\", March 26, 2013, Slate (on-line magazine). External links Notable Hoosier Obits: Lew Wallace gives a collection of Wallace obituaries from around the country. Wallace's obituary 16 February 1905. New York Times'' (pdf format).", "He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators, and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp. Wallace resigned from the U.S. Army in November 1865 and briefly served as a major general in the Mexican army, before returning to the United States. Wallace was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory (1878–1881) and served as U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire (1881–1885).", "He resigned from the U.S. diplomatic service on March 4, 1885. The sultan wanted Wallace to continue to work in the Ottoman Empire, and even made a proposal to have him represent Ottoman interests in England or France, but Wallace declined and returned home to Crawfordsville. Writing career Wallace confessed in his autobiography that he took up writing as a diversion from studying law.", "On September 3, 1861, Wallace was promoted to brigadier general of U.S. Army volunteers and given command of a brigade. Forts Henry and Donelson On February 4 and 5, 1862, prior to the advance against Fort Henry, Union troops under the command of Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and a flotilla of Union ironclads and timberclad gunboats under the command of Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote made their way toward the Confederate fort along the Tennessee River in western Tennessee. Wallace's brigade, which was attached to Brig." ]

[ "Blacklisting Although never a member of the Communist Party (he was a member of the Socialist Party, and joked that \"Yip\" referred to the Young People's Socialist League, nicknamed the \"Yipsels\") he had been involved in radical groups, and he was blacklisted. Harburg was named in a pamphlet Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television; his involvement with the Hollywood Democratic Committee, and his refusal to identify reputed communists, led to him being blocked from working in Hollywood films, television, and radio for twelve full years, from 1950 to 1962.", "He later adopted the name Edgar Harburg, and came to be best known as Edgar \"Yip\" Harburg. He attended Townsend Harris High School, where he and Ira Gershwin, who bonded over a shared fondness for Gilbert and Sullivan, worked on the school paper and became lifelong friends.", "It was made into a film in 1968 starring Fred Astaire and Petula Clark, directed by Francis Ford Coppola. Blacklisting Although never a member of the Communist Party (he was a member of the Socialist Party, and joked that \"Yip\" referred to the Young People's Socialist League, nicknamed the \"Yipsels\") he had been involved in radical groups, and he was blacklisted.", "Death Harburg died while driving on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles, California, on March 5, 1981. While he was initially reported to have been killed in a traffic accident, it was later determined that he suffered a heart attack while stopped at a red light. Awards and recognition In 1940 Harburg won an Oscar, shared with Harold Arlen, for Best Music, Original Song for The Wizard of Oz (1939).", "External links The Yip Harburg Foundation website Biography of Harburg from USPS \"A Tribute to Yip Harburg: The Man Who Put the Rainbow in The Wizard of Oz\", a Democracy Now! special, including audio/video clips of Yip Harburg, and an extended interview with his son and biographer, Ernie Harburg (video, audio, and print transcript) E. Y. Harburg papers (first installment) and E. Y. Harburg papers (second installment) held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts E. Y. Harburg scores (his personal collection), held in the Music Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Celebrated Lyricist Yip Harburg's Rhymes For The Irreverent Released February 2, 2006, article on The Freedom From Religion Foundation's website April 29, 2006 - Somewhere Over the Rainbow .", "After World War I, Harburg returned to New York and graduated from City College (later part of the City University of New York), which Ira Gershwin had initially attended with him, in 1921. After Harburg married and had two children, he started writing light verse for local newspapers.", "Awards and recognition In 1940 Harburg won an Oscar, shared with Harold Arlen, for Best Music, Original Song for The Wizard of Oz (1939). In addition, he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Music, Original Song, along with Arlen, for Cabin in the Sky, (1943) and Best Music, Original Song for Can't Help Singing, shared with Jerome Kern in (1944). Harburg was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972.", "According to his son Ernie Harburg, Gilbert and Irish dramatist George Bernard Shaw taught his father, a \"democratic socialist, [and] sworn challenger of all tyranny against the people, that 'humor is an act of courage' and dissent\". After World War I, Harburg returned to New York and graduated from City College (later part of the City University of New York), which Ira Gershwin had initially attended with him, in 1921." ]