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dataset_for_p7_train_test

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First, German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) discovered that symptoms occurred regularly in clusters, which he called syndromes. These syndromes represented a unique mental disorder with a distinct cause, course, and prognosis. As such, Mesmer was deemed a charlatan and forced to leave Paris. His technique was called mesmerism, better known today as hypnosis. The use of hypnosis to treat hysteria was also carried out by fellow Frenchman Pierre Janet (1859-1947), and student of Charcot, who believed that hysteria had psychological, not biological causes. Namely, these included unconscious forces, fixed ideas, and memory impairments. In Vienna, Josef Breuer (1842-1925) induced hypnosis and had patients speak freely about past events that upset them. Upon waking, he discovered that patients sometimes were free of their symptoms of hysteria. Success was even greater when patients not only recalled forgotten memories but also relived them emotionally. He called this the cathartic method, and our use of the word catharsis today indicates a purging or release, in this case, of pent-up emotion.

Emil Kraepelin, Pierre Janet, and Josef Breuer used hypnosis to treat hysteria, believing it had psychological causes such as unconscious forces, fixed ideas, and memory impairments. Breuer's cathartic method allowed patients to recall forgotten memories and relive them emotionally.

A message that is informative must convey a new or surprising piece of data.

A message that is informative must convey a new or surprising piece of data.

- **String:** Strings are a sequence (or "string") of characters, such as `"apple"`. - **Number:** Numbers are the numeric datatype, which hold values such as `15` or `-133.4`. - **Boolean:** Booleans can hold values of either `true` or `false`. - **Array:** Arrays are used to store multiple values, such as `["apple", "orange", "banana"]`. - **Object:** Objects are used to hold values with multiple related properties, such as `{name: "Jane", age: 27, occupation: "software engineer"}`.

Strings are a sequence of characters. Numbers are numeric values. Booleans are true or false. Arrays are multiple values. Objects are related properties.

"If \(a\) and \(b\) are the legs of a right triangle with hypotenuse \(c\), then \(a^2 + b^2 = c^2\)."

If a and b are the legs of a right triangle with hypotenuse c, then a^2 + b^2 = c^2.

A measure of spread such as an IQR or a standard deviation tells you how much your data varies (how much they differ from each other). They can also be used to help identify the presence or lack of outliers.

A measure of spread such as an IQR or a standard deviation tells you how much your data varies.

An algorithm that has a nested loop, where both the inner loop and the outer loop iterate through all elements of *n* has a complexity of \(O(n^2)\).

An algorithm that has a nested loop, where both the inner loop and the outer loop iterate through all elements of n has a complexity of O(n^2).

Social evaluation processes refer to theories that explain how people derive their esteem and worth. They advance two general claims: (1) that people learn about themselves by comparing themselves to others, and (2) that social comparisons lead to positive, neutral, or negative self-evaluations relative to the standards employed for comparison.

People learn about themselves by comparing themselves to others. Social comparisons lead to positive, neutral, or negative self-evaluations relative to the standards employed for comparison.

Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by a range of impairment in social and interpersonal relationships due to discomfort in relationships, along with odd cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentric behaviors (APA, 2013). Similar to those with schizoid personality disorder, individuals also seek isolation and have few, if any established relationships outside of family members. One of the most prominent features of schizotypal personality disorder is ideas of reference, or the belief that unrelated events pertain to them in a particular and unusual way. Ideas of reference also lead to superstitious behaviors or preoccupation with paranormal activities that are not generally accepted in their culture.

Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by impairment in social and interpersonal relationships, odd cognitive or perceptual distortions, eccentric behaviors, and ideas of reference, leading to superstitious behaviors.

Bag-of-words are not able to represent semantically similar words. For instance, "dogs chew snacks" and "canines eat treats" have zero feature overlap in a bag-of-words, despite similar meanings. Word embeddings can show how similar words are based on their contexts (i.e., windows of tokens that appear before and after a given token).

Bag-of-words cannot represent semantically similar words, but word embeddings can show how similar words are based on their contexts.

Creole languages develop out of contact between two previously existing languages under certain conditions. Usually they develop in colonial situations, in any place where people speaking two different languages need to communicate on a daily basis and there is a socio-political-economic power difference between the two languages. Normally the languages form a "pidgin" first – a language with a simplified grammar based on the native language of the location (the "substrate" language), and a small vocabulary with many words from the colonizing language (the "superstrate" language). Then, if that pidgin comes to be used by a community so much that the children grow up speaking it, it develops a full grammar and becomes a "creole." There are many creoles from West Africa, the Caribbean, and the West Indies, due to the colonial era. Haitian creole and Tok Pisin, in New Guinea are well known.

Creole languages form out of contact between two previously existing languages, usually in colonial situations. They form a "pidgin" with a simplified grammar based on the native language and a small vocabulary with many words from the colonizing language.