商集合剰余群剰余環剰余加群商位相空間Halmos,Paul(1974),Finitedimensionalvectorspaces,Springer,ISBN978-0387900933.Dieudonné,Jean(1970),Treatiseonanalysis,VolumeII,AcademicPress.ToddRowland."QuotientVectorSpace".MathWorld（英語）.
商集合商群商模拓扑学之商空间Halmos,Paul,Finitedimensionalvectorspaces,Springer,1974,ISBN978-0387900933.Dieudonné,Jean,Treatiseonanalysis,VolumeII,AcademicPress,1970.