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We follow our previous work ( Dickinson et al. , 2010 ) in our feature choices , using a fiveword window that includes the target stem and two words on either side for context ( see also Tetreault and Chodorow , 2008 ) .
W11-1410
W10-1502
2,011
2,010
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
building a korean web corpus for analyzing learner language
[ "Markus Dickinson", "Ross Israel", "Sun-Hee Lee" ]
null
In selecting features for Korean , we have to account for relatively free word order ( Chung et al. , 2010 ) . We follow our previous work ( Dickinson et al. , 2010 ) in our feature choices , using a fiveword window that includes the target stem and two words on either side for context ( see also Tetreault and Chodorow , 2008 ) . Each word is broken down into : stem , affixes , stem POS , and affixes POS .
3
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We follow our previous work ( @@CITATION ) in our feature choices , using a fiveword window that includes the target stem and two words on either side for context ( see also Tetreault and Chodorow , 2008 ) .
W11-1410_5
0
null
Adjectives , more than other categories , are a striking example of regular polysemy since they are able to take on different meanings depending on their context , viz. , the noun or noun class they modify ( see Pustejovsky ( 1995 ) and the references therein ) .
N01-1009
External_1172
2,001
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the generative lexicon
[ "James Pustejovsky" ]
null
Much recent work in lexical semantics has been concerned with accounting for regular polysemy , i.e. , the regular and predictable sense alternations certain classes of words are subject to . Adjectives , more than other categories , are a striking example of regular polysemy since they are able to take on different meanings depending on their context , viz. , the noun or noun class they modify ( see Pustejovsky ( 1995 ) and the references therein ) . The adjective fast in ( 1 ) receives different interpretations when modifying the nouns programmer , plane and scientist .
2
null
Background
[ 212, 232 ]
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Adjectives , more than other categories , are a striking example of regular polysemy since they are able to take on different meanings depending on their context , viz. , the noun or noun class they modify ( see @@CITATION and the references therein ) .
N01-1009_8
0
introduction
According to Dalrymple ( 2001 ) , LFG assumes the following universally available inventory of grammatical functions : SUBJ ( ect ) , OBJ ( ect ) , OBJe , COMP , XCOMP , OBL ( ique ) e , ADJ ( unct ) , XADJ .
J05-3003
External_12085
2,005
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
lexical functional grammar volume 34 of syntax and semantics
[ "Mary Dalrymple" ]
null
The argument list can be empty , as in the PRED value for judge in Figure 1 . According to Dalrymple ( 2001 ) , LFG assumes the following universally available inventory of grammatical functions : SUBJ ( ect ) , OBJ ( ect ) , OBJe , COMP , XCOMP , OBL ( ique ) e , ADJ ( unct ) , XADJ . OBJe and OBLe represent families of grammatical functions indexed by their semantic role , represented by the theta subscript .
2
null
Background
[ 13, 31 ]
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According to @@CITATION , LFG assumes the following universally available inventory of grammatical functions : SUBJ ( ect ) , OBJ ( ect ) , OBJe , COMP , XCOMP , OBL ( ique ) e , ADJ ( unct ) , XADJ .
J05-3003_22
0
null
But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-Burch 2005 ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( Snyder and Barzilay 2008 ) .
J10-3007
P08-1084
2,010
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
unsupervised multilingual learning for morphological segmentation
[ "Benjamin Snyder", "Regina Barzilay" ]
null
MT system combination ( Matusov , Ueffing , and Ney 2006 ) . But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-Burch 2005 ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( Snyder and Barzilay 2008 ) . IBM Models 1 and 2 and the HMM are simple and tractable probabilistic models , which produce the target sentence one target word at a time by choosing a source word and generating its translation .
1
null
Motivation
[ 341, 365 ]
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But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-Burch 2005 ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( @@CITATION ) .
J10-3007_35
0
introduction
4 This interpretation of the signature is sometimes referred to as closed world ( Gerdemann and King 1994 ; Gerdemann 1995 ) .
J97-4003
External_91302
1,997
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
open and closed world types in nlp systems
[ "Dale Gerdemann" ]
null
To avoid confusion , we will only use the terminology introduced in the text . 4 This interpretation of the signature is sometimes referred to as closed world ( Gerdemann and King 1994 ; Gerdemann 1995 ) . 5 An in-depth discussion including a comparison of both approaches is provided in Calcagno , Meurers , and Pollard ( in preparation ) .
2
null
Background
[ 108, 122 ]
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4 This interpretation of the signature is sometimes referred to as closed world ( Gerdemann and King 1994 ; @@CITATION ) .
J97-4003_12
0
introduction
Our training examples are similar to the data created for pseudodisambiguation , the usual evaluation task for SP models ( Erk , 2007 ; Keller and Lapata , 2003 ; Rooth et al. , 1999 ) .
D08-1007
External_19410
2,008
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
inducing a semantically annotated lexicon via embased clustering
[ "Mats Rooth", "Stefan Riezler", "Detlef Prescher", "Glenn Carroll", "Franz Beil" ]
null
Similarity-smoothed models can make use of the regularities across similar verbs , but not the finergrained stringand token-based features . Our training examples are similar to the data created for pseudodisambiguation , the usual evaluation task for SP models ( Erk , 2007 ; Keller and Lapata , 2003 ; Rooth et al. , 1999 ) . This data consists of triples ( v , n , n ′ ) where v , n is a predicateargument pair observed in the corpus and v , n ′ has not been observed .
4
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 163, 182 ]
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Our training examples are similar to the data created for pseudodisambiguation , the usual evaluation task for SP models ( Erk , 2007 ; Keller and Lapata , 2003 ; @@CITATION ) .
D08-1007_51
0
method
There have already been several attempts to develop distributed NLP systems for dialogue systems ( Bayer et al. , 2001 ) and speech recognition ( Hacioglu and Pellom , 2003 ) .
W03-0806
External_89276
2,003
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a distributed architecture for robust automatic speech recognition
[ "Kadri Hacioglu", "Bryan Pellom" ]
null
This standardisation of remote procedures is very exciting from a software engineering viewpoint since it allows systems to be totally distributed . There have already been several attempts to develop distributed NLP systems for dialogue systems ( Bayer et al. , 2001 ) and speech recognition ( Hacioglu and Pellom , 2003 ) . Web services will allow components developed by different researchers in different locations to be composed to build larger systems .
9
null
Background
[ 146, 172 ]
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There have already been several attempts to develop distributed NLP systems for dialogue systems ( Bayer et al. , 2001 ) and speech recognition ( @@CITATION ) .
W03-0806_19
0
null
For instance , implementing an efficient version of the MXPOST POS tagger ( Ratnaparkhi , 1996 ) will simply involve composing and configuring the appropriate text file reading component , with the sequential tagging component , the collection of feature extraction components and the maximum entropy model component .
W03-0806
External_4043
2,003
1,996
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a maximum entropy partofspeech tagger
[ "Adwait Ratnaparkhi" ]
null
The Generative Programming approach to NLP infrastructure development will allow tools such as sentence boundary detectors , POS taggers , chunkers and named entity recognisers to be rapidly composed from many elemental components . For instance , implementing an efficient version of the MXPOST POS tagger ( Ratnaparkhi , 1996 ) will simply involve composing and configuring the appropriate text file reading component , with the sequential tagging component , the collection of feature extraction components and the maximum entropy model component . The individual components will provide state of the art accuracy and be highly optimised for both time and space efficiency .
10
null
Future
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For instance , implementing an efficient version of the MXPOST POS tagger ( @@CITATION ) will simply involve composing and configuring the appropriate text file reading component , with the sequential tagging component , the collection of feature extraction components and the maximum entropy model component .
W03-0806_29
0
conclusion
cue word and name the first ( or several ) associated words that come to mind ( e.g. , Nelson et al. ( 2004 ) ) , and feature norms , where subjects are given a cue word and asked to describe typical properties of the cue concept ( e.g. , McRae et al. ( 2005 ) ) .
D13-1115
External_724
2,013
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things
[ "Ken McRae", "George S Cree", "Mark S Seidenberg", "Chris McNorgan" ]
null
1http : / / stephenroller.com/research/ emnlp13 cue word and name the first ( or several ) associated words that come to mind ( e.g. , Nelson et al. ( 2004 ) ) , and feature norms , where subjects are given a cue word and asked to describe typical properties of the cue concept ( e.g. , McRae et al. ( 2005 ) ) . Griffiths et al. ( 2007 ) helped pave the path for cognitive-linguistic multimodal research , showing that Latent Dirichlet Allocation outperformed Latent Semantic Analysis ( Deerwester et al. , 1990 ) in the prediction of association norms .
3
null
Background
[ 239, 260 ]
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cue word and name the first ( or several ) associated words that come to mind ( e.g. , Nelson et al. ( 2004 ) ) , and feature norms , where subjects are given a cue word and asked to describe typical properties of the cue concept ( e.g. , @@CITATION ) .
D13-1115_45
0
related work
Hirschberg and Litman ( 1987 ) and Litman and Hirschberg ( 1990 ) also examine the relation between discourse and prosodic phrasing .
J90-3003
P87-1023
1,990
1,987
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
now lets talk about now identifying cue phrases intonationally
[ "J Hirschberg", "D Litman" ]
null
To our knowledge , no work has explicitly explored the relation between the length of a constituent and its status in the discourse . Hirschberg and Litman ( 1987 ) and Litman and Hirschberg ( 1990 ) also examine the relation between discourse and prosodic phrasing . Their work succeeds in distinguishing the use of items like now , so , and well as discourse cues from their denotative lexical use on the basis of a complex combination of pitch accent type and phrasing .
1
null
Background
[ 0, 30 ]
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@@CITATION and Litman and Hirschberg ( 1990 ) also examine the relation between discourse and prosodic phrasing .
J90-3003_17
0
introduction
Sarkar and Zeman ( 2000 ) evaluate 914 Czech verbs against a custom-made gold standard and record a token recall of 88 % .
J05-3003
C00-2100
2,005
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic extraction of subcategorization frames for czech
[ "Anoop Sarkar", "Daniel Zeman" ]
null
Still , to date this is the largest number of verbs used in any of the evaluations of the systems for English described in Section 3 . Sarkar and Zeman ( 2000 ) evaluate 914 Czech verbs against a custom-made gold standard and record a token recall of 88 % . However , their evaluation does not examine the extracted subcategorization frames but rather the argument -- adjunct distinctions posited by their system .
6
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 0, 25 ]
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@@CITATION evaluate 914 Czech verbs against a custom-made gold standard and record a token recall of 88 % .
J05-3003_49
0
null
We use two measures from Information Retrieval to determine the quality of an automatically generated response : precision and F-score ( van Rijsbergen 1979 ; Salton and McGill 1983 ) .
J09-4010
External_1877
2,009
1,983
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
an introduction to modern information retrieval
[ "G Salton", "M J McGill" ]
null
Although this method of assessment is less informative than human-based evaluations , it enables us to evaluate the performance of our system with substantial amounts of data , and produce representative results for a large corpus such as ours . We use two measures from Information Retrieval to determine the quality of an automatically generated response : precision and F-score ( van Rijsbergen 1979 ; Salton and McGill 1983 ) . Precision measures how much of the information in an automatically generated response is correct ( i.e. , appears in the model response ) , and F-score measures the overall similarity between the automatically generated response and the model response .
3
null
Uses
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We use two measures from Information Retrieval to determine the quality of an automatically generated response : precision and F-score ( van Rijsbergen 1979 ; @@CITATION ) .
J09-4010_45
0
method
The automation of help-desk responses has been previously tackled using mainly knowledge-intensive paradigms , such as expert systems ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ) and case-based reasoning ( Watson 1997 ) .
J09-4010
External_45354
2,009
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
applying casebased reasoning techniques for enterprise systems
[ "I Watson" ]
null
The automation of help-desk responses has been previously tackled using mainly knowledge-intensive paradigms , such as expert systems ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ) and case-based reasoning ( Watson 1997 ) . Such technologies require significant human input , and are difficult to create and maintain ( Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) .
5
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 187, 198 ]
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The automation of help-desk responses has been previously tackled using mainly knowledge-intensive paradigms , such as expert systems ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ) and case-based reasoning ( @@CITATION ) .
J09-4010_55
0
null
Xue and Palmer ( 2004 ) did very encouraging work on the feature calibration of semantic role labeling .
D08-1034
W04-3212
2,008
2,004
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
calibrating features for semantic role labeling
[ "Nianwen Xue", "Martha Palmer" ]
null
So the hierarchical system in their paper performs a little worse than the traditional SRL systems , although it is more efficient . Xue and Palmer ( 2004 ) did very encouraging work on the feature calibration of semantic role labeling . They found out that different features suited for different sub tasks of SRL , i.e. semantic role identification and classification .
2
null
Background
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@@CITATION did very encouraging work on the feature calibration of semantic role labeling .
D08-1034_12
0
introduction
This approach , which uses words that appear in the context of terms to formulate hypotheses on their semantic relatedness ( Habert et al. , 1996 , for example ) , does not specify the relationship itself .
W04-1805
External_94889
2,004
1,996
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
symbolic word clustering for mediumsized corpora
[ "Benoit Habert", "Ellie Naulleau", "Adeline Nazarenko" ]
null
A number of applications have relied on distributional analysis ( Harris , 1971 ) in order to build classes of semantically related terms . This approach , which uses words that appear in the context of terms to formulate hypotheses on their semantic relatedness ( Habert et al. , 1996 , for example ) , does not specify the relationship itself . Hence , synonyms , co-hyponyms , hyperonyms , etc. are not differentiated .
4
null
Background
[ 125, 145 ]
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This approach , which uses words that appear in the context of terms to formulate hypotheses on their semantic relatedness ( @@CITATION , for example ) , does not specify the relationship itself .
W04-1805_7
0
related work
And ( Glickman and Dagan , 2003 ) use clustering and similarity measures to identify similar contexts in a single corpus and extract verbal paraphrases from these contexts .
W04-0910
External_11973
2,004
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
identifying lexical paraphrases from a single corpus a case study for verbs
[ "O Glickman", "I Dagan" ]
null
Similarly , ( Barzilay and Lee , 2003 ) and ( Shinyanma et al. , 2002 ) learn sentence level paraphrase templates from a corpus of news articles stemming from different news source . And ( Glickman and Dagan , 2003 ) use clustering and similarity measures to identify similar contexts in a single corpus and extract verbal paraphrases from these contexts . Such machine learning approaches have known pros and cons .
2
null
Background
[ 6, 31 ]
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And ( @@CITATION ) use clustering and similarity measures to identify similar contexts in a single corpus and extract verbal paraphrases from these contexts .
W04-0910_13
0
introduction
Not having to represent the frame explicitly not only enables the linguist to express only the relevant things , but also allows a more compact representation of lexical rules where explicit framing would require the rules to be split up ( Meurers 1994 ) .
J97-4003
External_98507
1,997
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
on implementing an hpsg theory aspects of the logical architecture the formalization and the implementation of headdriven phrase structure grammars
[ "Detmar Meurers" ]
null
This idea of preserving properties can be considered an instance of the well-known frame problem in AT ( McCarthy and Hayes 1969 ) , and we will therefore refer to the specifications left implicit by the linguist as the frame specification , or simply frame , of a lexical rule . Not having to represent the frame explicitly not only enables the linguist to express only the relevant things , but also allows a more compact representation of lexical rules where explicit framing would require the rules to be split up ( Meurers 1994 ) . One thus needs to distinguish the lexical rule specification provided by the linguist from the fully explicit lexical rule relations integrated into the theory .
2
null
Background
[ 240, 252 ]
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Not having to represent the frame explicitly not only enables the linguist to express only the relevant things , but also allows a more compact representation of lexical rules where explicit framing would require the rules to be split up ( @@CITATION ) .
J97-4003_32
0
introduction
There has also been work focused upon determining the political leaning ( e.g. , `` liberal '' vs. `` conservative '' ) of a document or author , where most previously-proposed methods make no direct use of relationships between the documents to be classified ( the `` unlabeled '' texts ) ( Laver et al. , 2003 ; Efron , 2004 ; Mullen and Malouf , 2006 ) .
W06-1639
External_6360
2,006
2,006
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a preliminary investigation into sentiment analysis of informal political discourse
[ "T Mullen", "R Malouf" ]
null
Politically-oriented text Sentiment analysis has specifically been proposed as a key enabling technology in eRulemaking , allowing the automatic analysis of the opinions that people submit ( Shulman et al. , 2005 ; Cardie et al. , 2006 ; Kwon et al. , 2006 ) . There has also been work focused upon determining the political leaning ( e.g. , `` liberal '' vs. `` conservative '' ) of a document or author , where most previously-proposed methods make no direct use of relationships between the documents to be classified ( the `` unlabeled '' texts ) ( Laver et al. , 2003 ; Efron , 2004 ; Mullen and Malouf , 2006 ) . An exception is Grefenstette et al. ( 2004 ) , who experimented with determining the political orientation of websites essentially by classifying the concatenation of all the documents found on that site .
6
null
Background
[ 329, 353 ]
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There has also been work focused upon determining the political leaning ( e.g. , `` liberal '' vs. `` conservative '' ) of a document or author , where most previously-proposed methods make no direct use of relationships between the documents to be classified ( the `` unlabeled '' texts ) ( Laver et al. , 2003 ; Efron , 2004 ; @@CITATION ) .
W06-1639_31
0
related work
Other similar approaches include those of Cicekli and G ¨ uvenir ( 1996 ) , McTait and Trujillo ( 1999 ) , Carl ( 1999 ) , and Brown ( 2000 ) , inter alia .
J03-3004
External_68637
2,003
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a languageneutral sparsedata algorithm for extracting translation patterns
[ "Kevin McTait", "Arturo Trujillo" ]
null
Watanabe ( 1993 ) combines lexical and dependency mappings to form his generalizations . Other similar approaches include those of Cicekli and G ¨ uvenir ( 1996 ) , McTait and Trujillo ( 1999 ) , Carl ( 1999 ) , and Brown ( 2000 ) , inter alia . In our system , in some cases the smallest chunk obtainable via the marker-based segmentation process may be something like ( 27 ) : ( 27 ) <DET> the good man : le bon homme In such cases , if our system were confronted with a good man , it would not be able to translate such a phrase , assuming this to be missing from the marker lexicon .
1
null
Background
[ 77, 105 ]
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Other similar approaches include those of Cicekli and G ¨ uvenir ( 1996 ) , @@CITATION , Carl ( 1999 ) , and Brown ( 2000 ) , inter alia .
J03-3004_25
0
introduction
To sum up , this work has been carried out to automatically classify Arabic documents using the NB algorithm , with the use of a different data set , a different number of categories , and a different root extraction algorithm from those used in ( Yahyaoui , 2001 ) .
W04-1610
External_69209
2,004
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
toward an arabic web page classifierquot master project
[ "M Yahyaoui" ]
null
To sum up , this work has been carried out to automatically classify Arabic documents using the NB algorithm , with the use of a different data set , a different number of categories , and a different root extraction algorithm from those used in ( Yahyaoui , 2001 ) . In this work , the average accuracy over all categories is : 68.78 % in cross validation and 62 % in evaluation set experiments .
7
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 248, 263 ]
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To sum up , this work has been carried out to automatically classify Arabic documents using the NB algorithm , with the use of a different data set , a different number of categories , and a different root extraction algorithm from those used in ( @@CITATION ) .
W04-1610_13
0
conclusion
Our work builds on earlier research on learning to identify dialogues in which the user experienced poor speech recognizer performance ( Litman et al. , 1999 ) .
A00-2028
P99-1040
2,000
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic detection of poor speech recognition at the dialogue level
[ "D J Litman", "M A Walker", "M J Kearns" ]
null
The research reported here is the first that we know of to automatically analyze a corpus of logs from a spoken dialogue system for the purpose of learning to predict problematic situations . Our work builds on earlier research on learning to identify dialogues in which the user experienced poor speech recognizer performance ( Litman et al. , 1999 ) . However , that work was based on a much smaller set of experimental dialogues where the notion of a good or bad dialogue was automatically approximated rather than being labelled by humans .
6
null
Extends
[ 137, 157 ]
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Our work builds on earlier research on learning to identify dialogues in which the user experienced poor speech recognizer performance ( @@CITATION ) .
A00-2028_13
0
conclusion
CCGBank ( Hockenmaier and Steedman 2007 ) is used to train the model .
J15-3005
J07-3004
2,015
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
ccgbank a corpus of ccg derivations and dependency structures extracted from the penn treebank
[ "Julia Hockenmaier", "Mark Steedman" ]
null
We now give an overview of the training algorithm , which is crucial to both the speed and accuracy of the resulting decoder . CCGBank ( Hockenmaier and Steedman 2007 ) is used to train the model . For each training sentence , the corresponding CCGBank derivation together with all its sub-derivations are treated as gold-standard hypotheses .
1
null
Uses
[ 10, 39 ]
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CCGBank ( @@CITATION ) is used to train the model .
J15-3005_30
0
introduction
More recent work on terminology structuring has focussed on formal similarity to develop hypotheses on the semantic relationships between terms : Daille ( 2003 ) uses derivational morphology ; Grabar and Zweigenbaum ( 2002 ) use , as a starting point , a number of identical characters .
W04-1805
W03-1802
2,004
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
conceptual structuring through term variation
[ "Beatrice Daille" ]
null
Hence , synonyms , co-hyponyms , hyperonyms , etc. are not differentiated . More recent work on terminology structuring has focussed on formal similarity to develop hypotheses on the semantic relationships between terms : Daille ( 2003 ) uses derivational morphology ; Grabar and Zweigenbaum ( 2002 ) use , as a starting point , a number of identical characters . Up to now , the focus has been on nouns and adjectives , since these structuring methods have been applied to lists of extracted candidate terms ( Habert et al. , 1996 ; Daille , 2003 ) or to lists of admitted terms ( Grabar and Zweigenbaum , 2002 ) .
4
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Background
[ 146, 161 ]
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More recent work on terminology structuring has focussed on formal similarity to develop hypotheses on the semantic relationships between terms : @@CITATION uses derivational morphology ; Grabar and Zweigenbaum ( 2002 ) use , as a starting point , a number of identical characters .
W04-1805_3
0
related work
Some researchers ( Cucerzan , 2007 ; Nguyen and Cao , 2008 ) have explored the use of Wikipedia information to improve the disambiguation process .
D09-1056
External_60026
2,009
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
named entity disambiguation a hybrid statistical and rulebased incremental approach
[ "Hien T Nguyen", "Tru H Cao" ]
null
Other representations use the link structure ( Malin , 2005 ) or generate graph representations of the extracted features ( Kalashnikov et al. , 2007 ) . Some researchers ( Cucerzan , 2007 ; Nguyen and Cao , 2008 ) have explored the use of Wikipedia information to improve the disambiguation process . Wikipedia provides candidate entities that are linked to specific mentions in a text .
3
null
Background
[ 37, 58 ]
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Some researchers ( Cucerzan , 2007 ; @@CITATION ) have explored the use of Wikipedia information to improve the disambiguation process .
D09-1056_17
0
related work
To address this issue , we use a version of the PATB3 training and dev sets manually annotated with functional gender , number , and rationality ( Alkuhlani and Habash 2011 ) .18 This is the first resource providing all three features ( ElixirFm only provides functional number , and to some extent functional gender ) .
J13-1008
P11-2062
2,013
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a corpus for modeling morphosyntactic agreement in arabic gender number and rationality
[ "Sarah Alkuhlani", "Nizar Habash" ]
null
The ElixirFM lexical resource used previously provided functional NUMBER feature values but no functional GENDER values , nor RAT ( rationality , or humanness ) values . To address this issue , we use a version of the PATB3 training and dev sets manually annotated with functional gender , number , and rationality ( Alkuhlani and Habash 2011 ) .18 This is the first resource providing all three features ( ElixirFm only provides functional number , and to some extent functional gender ) . We conducted experiments with gold features to assess the potential of these features , and with predicted features , obtained from training a simple maximum likelihood estimation classifier on this resource ( Alkuhlani and Habash 2012 ) .19 The first part of Table 8 shows that the RAT ( rationality ) feature is very relevant ( in gold ) , but suffers from low accuracy ( no gains in machine-predicted input ) .
3
null
Uses
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To address this issue , we use a version of the PATB3 training and dev sets manually annotated with functional gender , number , and rationality ( @@CITATION ) .18 This is the first resource providing all three features ( ElixirFm only provides functional number , and to some extent functional gender ) .
J13-1008_0
0
related work
One approach to this problem is that taken by the ASCOT project ( Akkerman et al. , 1985 ; Akkerman , 1986 ) .
J87-3002
External_29753
1,987
1,986
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a critical assessment of the ldoce coding system to appear in
[ "Erik Akkerman" ]
null
This type of error and inconsistency arises because grammatical codes are constructed by hand and no automatic checking procedure is attempted ( see Michiels , 1982 , for further comment ) . One approach to this problem is that taken by the ASCOT project ( Akkerman et al. , 1985 ; Akkerman , 1986 ) . In this project , a new lexicon is being manually derived from LDOCE .
3
null
Background
[ 91, 106 ]
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One approach to this problem is that taken by the ASCOT project ( Akkerman et al. , 1985 ; @@CITATION ) .
J87-3002_2
0
null
Narrative writings or essays are creative works and they generally treat ownership as authorship , even for the most enthusiastic fellows of free culture ( Stallman , 2001 ) .
W06-2807
External_98159
2,006
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
free software free society selected essays of
[ "Richard M Stallman" ]
null
We consider the Creative Commons model as the most suitable one to let each author choose the rights to reserve ( Lessig , 2004 ) . Narrative writings or essays are creative works and they generally treat ownership as authorship , even for the most enthusiastic fellows of free culture ( Stallman , 2001 ) .
3
null
Background
[ 156, 171 ]
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Narrative writings or essays are creative works and they generally treat ownership as authorship , even for the most enthusiastic fellows of free culture ( @@CITATION ) .
W06-2807_18
0
null
McDonald has even argued for extending the model to a large number of components ( McDonald 1988 ) , and several systems have indeed added an additional component between the planner and the linguistic component ( Meteer 1994 ; Panaget 1994 ; Wanner 1994 ) .
J00-2001
W94-0316
2,000
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
building another bridge over the generation gap
[ "Leo Wanner" ]
null
For example , DIOGENES ( Nirenburg et al. 1988 ) , EPICURE ( Dale 1989 ) , SPOKESMAN ( Meteer 1989 ) , Sibun 's work on local organization of text ( Sibun 1991 ) , and COMET ( Fisher and McKeown 1990 ) all are organized this way . McDonald has even argued for extending the model to a large number of components ( McDonald 1988 ) , and several systems have indeed added an additional component between the planner and the linguistic component ( Meteer 1994 ; Panaget 1994 ; Wanner 1994 ) . Reiter describes a pipelined modular approach as a consensus architecture underlying most recent work in generation ( Reiter 1994 ) .
2
null
Background
[ 243, 254 ]
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McDonald has even argued for extending the model to a large number of components ( McDonald 1988 ) , and several systems have indeed added an additional component between the planner and the linguistic component ( Meteer 1994 ; Panaget 1994 ; @@CITATION ) .
J00-2001_58
0
null
According to current tagger comparisons ( van Halteren et al. , 1998 ; Zavrel and Daelemans , 1999 ) , and according to a comparsion of the results presented here with those in ( Ratnaparkhi , 1996 ) , the Maximum Entropy framework seems to be the only other approach yielding comparable results to the one presented here .
A00-1031
External_13541
2,000
1,996
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a maximum entropy model for partofspeech tagging
[ "Adwait Ratnaparkhi" ]
null
The architecture remains applicable to a large variety of languages . According to current tagger comparisons ( van Halteren et al. , 1998 ; Zavrel and Daelemans , 1999 ) , and according to a comparsion of the results presented here with those in ( Ratnaparkhi , 1996 ) , the Maximum Entropy framework seems to be the only other approach yielding comparable results to the one presented here . It is a very interesting future research topic to determine the advantages of either of these approaches , to find the reason for their high accuracies , and to find a good combination of both .
5
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 179, 197 ]
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According to current tagger comparisons ( van Halteren et al. , 1998 ; Zavrel and Daelemans , 1999 ) , and according to a comparsion of the results presented here with those in ( @@CITATION ) , the Maximum Entropy framework seems to be the only other approach yielding comparable results to the one presented here .
A00-1031_12
0
conclusion
Similar findings have been proposed by Pandharipande ( 1993 ) that points out V1 and V2 are paired on the basis of their semantic compatibility , which is subject to syntactic constraints .
P13-3018
External_97014
2,013
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
serial verb construction in marathiquot
[ "R Pandharipande" ]
null
Bashir ( 1993 ) tried to construct a semantic analysis based on `` prepared '' and `` unprepared mind '' . Similar findings have been proposed by Pandharipande ( 1993 ) that points out V1 and V2 are paired on the basis of their semantic compatibility , which is subject to syntactic constraints . Paul ( 2004 ) tried to represent Bangla CVs in terms of HPSG formalism .
3
null
Background
[ 39, 61 ]
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Similar findings have been proposed by @@CITATION that points out V1 and V2 are paired on the basis of their semantic compatibility , which is subject to syntactic constraints .
P13-3018_15
0
related work
The first lexical substitution method was proposed by Chapman and Davida ( 1997 ) .
N10-1084
External_46123
2,010
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
hiding the hidden a software system for concealing ciphertext as innocuous text
[ "Mark Chapman", "George I Davida" ]
null
The simplest and most straightforward subliminal modification of text is to substitute selected words with their synonyms . The first lexical substitution method was proposed by Chapman and Davida ( 1997 ) . Later works , such as Atallah et al. ( 2001a ) , Bolshakov ( 2004 ) , Taskiran et al. ( 2006 ) and Topkara et al. ( 2006b ) , further made use of part-ofspeech taggers and electronic dictionaries , such as WordNet and VerbNet , to increase the robustness of the method .
3
null
Background
[ 54, 81 ]
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null, "before": " ", "is_root": null, "tense": null, "is_pass": null, "has_aux": null }, { "index": 27, "word": "substitution", "lemma": "substitution", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 842, "segment_span": [ 0, 28 ], "characterOffsetBegin": 830, "originalText": "substitution", "ArgType": null, "before": " ", "is_root": null, "tense": null, "is_pass": null, "has_aux": null }, { "index": 28, "word": "method", "lemma": "method", "after": "", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 849, "segment_span": [ 0, 28 ], "characterOffsetBegin": 843, "originalText": "method", "ArgType": null, "before": " ", "is_root": null, "tense": null, "is_pass": null, "has_aux": null }, { "index": 29, "word": ".", "lemma": ".", "after": "", "pos": ".", "characterOffsetEnd": 850, "segment_span": null, "characterOffsetBegin": 849, "originalText": ".", "ArgType": null, "before": "", "is_root": null, "tense": null, "is_pass": null, "has_aux": null } ] ]
The first lexical substitution method was proposed by @@CITATION .
N10-1084_11
0
related work
This can be a hazardous affair , since vague expressions tend to be interpreted in different ways by different people ( Toogood 1980 ) , sometimes in stark contrast with the intention of the speaker/writer ( Berry , Knapp , and Raynor 2002 ) .
J06-2002
External_87651
2,006
1,980
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
what do we mean by ‘usually’
[ "John H Toogood" ]
null
We shall focus on the more challenging case where the output of the generator is less precise than the input , as is the case in FOG and DYD . This can be a hazardous affair , since vague expressions tend to be interpreted in different ways by different people ( Toogood 1980 ) , sometimes in stark contrast with the intention of the speaker/writer ( Berry , Knapp , and Raynor 2002 ) . We shall therefore focus -- unlike earlier computational accounts -- on vague descriptions , that is , vague expressions in definite descriptions .
0
null
Background
[ 120, 132 ]
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This can be a hazardous affair , since vague expressions tend to be interpreted in different ways by different people ( @@CITATION ) , sometimes in stark contrast with the intention of the speaker/writer ( Berry , Knapp , and Raynor 2002 ) .
J06-2002_50
0
null
We see no good reason , however , why such text spans should necessarily be sentences , since the majority of tagging paradigms ( e.g. , Hidden Markov Model [ HMM ] [ Kupiec 1992 ] , Brill 's [ Brill 1995a ] , and MaxEnt [ Ratnaparkhi 1996 ] ) do not attempt to parse an entire sentence and operate only in the local window of two to three tokens .
J02-3002
External_13541
2,002
1,996
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a maximum entropy model for partofspeech tagging”
[ "Adwait Ratnaparkhi" ]
null
This requires resolving sentence boundaries before tagging . We see no good reason , however , why such text spans should necessarily be sentences , since the majority of tagging paradigms ( e.g. , Hidden Markov Model [ HMM ] [ Kupiec 1992 ] , Brill 's [ Brill 1995a ] , and MaxEnt [ Ratnaparkhi 1996 ] ) do not attempt to parse an entire sentence and operate only in the local window of two to three tokens . The only reason why taggers traditionally operate on the sentence level is that a sentence naturally represents a text span in which POS information does not depend on the previous and following history .
9
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 223, 239 ]
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We see no good reason , however , why such text spans should necessarily be sentences , since the majority of tagging paradigms ( e.g. , Hidden Markov Model [ HMM ] [ Kupiec 1992 ] , Brill 's [ Brill 1995a ] , and MaxEnt [ @@CITATION ] ) do not attempt to parse an entire sentence and operate only in the local window of two to three tokens .
J02-3002_32
0
null
Hermann and Deutsch ( 1976 ; also reported in Levelt 1989 ) show that greater differences are most likely to be chosen , presumably because they are more striking .
J06-2002
External_3883
2,006
1,976
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
psychologie der objektbenennung
[ "Tony Hermann", "Roland Deutsch" ]
null
Suppose , for example , that the KB contains information about height as well as width , then we have inequalities of the forms ( a ) height > x , ( b ) height < x , ( c ) width > x , and ( d ) width < x. Which of these should come first ? Hermann and Deutsch ( 1976 ; also reported in Levelt 1989 ) show that greater differences are most likely to be chosen , presumably because they are more striking . In experiments involving candles of different heights and widths , if the referent is both the tallest and the fattest candle , subjects tended to say ` the tall candle ' when the tallest candle is much taller than all others whereas the same candle is only slightly wider than the others ; if the reverse is the case , the preference switches to ` the fat candle . '
1
null
Background
[ 0, 26 ]
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@@CITATION ; also reported in Levelt 1989 ) show that greater differences are most likely to be chosen , presumably because they are more striking .
J06-2002_18
0
introduction
Nevertheless , recent results show that knowledge-poor methods perform with amazing accuracy ( cfXXX ( Mitkov , 1998 ) , ( Kennedy and Boguraev , 1996 ) ( Kameyama , 1997 ) ) .
A00-1020
External_8592
2,000
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
robust pronoun resolution with limited knowledge
[ "Ruslan Mitkov" ]
null
The acquisition of such knowledge is time-consuming , difficult , and error-prone . Nevertheless , recent results show that knowledge-poor methods perform with amazing accuracy ( cfXXX ( Mitkov , 1998 ) , ( Kennedy and Boguraev , 1996 ) ( Kameyama , 1997 ) ) . For example , CogNIAC ( Baldwin , 1997 ) , a system based on seven ordered heuristics , generates high-precision resolution ( over 90 % ) for some cases of pronominal reference .
3
null
Background
[ 103, 116 ]
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Nevertheless , recent results show that knowledge-poor methods perform with amazing accuracy ( cfXXX ( @@CITATION ) , ( Kennedy and Boguraev , 1996 ) ( Kameyama , 1997 ) ) .
A00-1020_8
0
null
Notice that it is not possible to use corpus annotation to determine the likelihood of a given property to be chosen , unless we know in advance all of the properties that can be attributed to a given object , as in the case of Jordan 's work on the COCONUT domain ( Jordan , 2000 ) .
N01-1002
P00-1019
2,001
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
can nominal expressions achieve multiple goals an empirical study
[ "P Jordan" ]
null
Through corpus annotation , we wish to answer the question of what will be the probability of a given piece of information occupying a given syntactic position ( a value of type ) on the basis of the semantic and pragmatic properties of that information and relevant NP features , for example , whether a certain color attribute should be expressed by means of a prenominal adjective or a prepositional phrase in a definite NP . Notice that it is not possible to use corpus annotation to determine the likelihood of a given property to be chosen , unless we know in advance all of the properties that can be attributed to a given object , as in the case of Jordan 's work on the COCONUT domain ( Jordan , 2000 ) . Below we briefly introduce the major values of the three modifier features .
3
null
Background
[ 267, 280 ]
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Notice that it is not possible to use corpus annotation to determine the likelihood of a given property to be chosen , unless we know in advance all of the properties that can be attributed to a given object , as in the case of Jordan 's work on the COCONUT domain ( @@CITATION ) .
N01-1002_9
0
null
Some well-known approaches include rule-based models ( Brill and Resnik 1994 ) , backed-off models ( Collins and Brooks 1995 ) , and a maximumentropy model ( Ratnaparkhi 1998 ) .
J04-3001
External_22096
2,004
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
prepositional phrase attachment through a backedoff model
[ "Michael Collins", "James Brooks" ]
null
Researchers have proposed many computational models for resolving PPattachment ambiguities . Some well-known approaches include rule-based models ( Brill and Resnik 1994 ) , backed-off models ( Collins and Brooks 1995 ) , and a maximumentropy model ( Ratnaparkhi 1998 ) . Following the tradition of using learning PPattachment as a way to gain insight into the parsing problem , we first apply sample selection to reduce the amount of annotation used in training a PP-attachment model .
3
null
Background
[ 101, 124 ]
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Some well-known approaches include rule-based models ( Brill and Resnik 1994 ) , backed-off models ( @@CITATION ) , and a maximumentropy model ( Ratnaparkhi 1998 ) .
J04-3001_5
0
null
Other psycholing-uistic studies that confirm the validity of paragraph units can be found in Black and Bower ( 1979 ) and Haberlandt et al. ( 1980 ) .
J91-2003
External_44421
1,991
1,980
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the episode schema in story processingquot
[ "K Haberlandt", "C Berian", "J Sandson" ]
null
Bond and Hayes found three major formal devices that are used , by readers , to identify a paragraph : ( 1 ) the repetition of content words ( nouns , verbs , adjectives , adverbs ) ; ( 2 ) pronoun reference ; and ( 3 ) paragraph length , as determined by spatial and/or sentence-count information . Other psycholing-uistic studies that confirm the validity of paragraph units can be found in Black and Bower ( 1979 ) and Haberlandt et al. ( 1980 ) . The textualist approach to paragraph analysis is exemplified by E. J. Crothers .
1
null
Background
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Other psycholing-uistic studies that confirm the validity of paragraph units can be found in Black and Bower ( 1979 ) and @@CITATION .
J91-2003_16
0
introduction
Tetreault 's contribution features comparative evaluation involving the author 's own centering-based pronoun resolution algorithm called the Left-Right Centering algorithm ( LRC ) as well as three other pronoun resolution methods : Hobbs 's naive algorithm ( Hobbs 1978 ) , BFP ( Brennan , Friedman , and Pollard 1987 ) , and Strube 's 5list approach ( Strube 1998 ) .
J01-4001
External_6226
2,001
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
never look back an alternative to centering
[ "Michael Strube" ]
null
In particular , both developer-oriented ( e.g. , related to the selection of optimal resolution factors ) and application-oriented ( e.g. , related to the requirement of the application , as in the case of information extraction , where a proper name antecedent is needed ) evaluation metrics should be considered . Tetreault 's contribution features comparative evaluation involving the author 's own centering-based pronoun resolution algorithm called the Left-Right Centering algorithm ( LRC ) as well as three other pronoun resolution methods : Hobbs 's naive algorithm ( Hobbs 1978 ) , BFP ( Brennan , Friedman , and Pollard 1987 ) , and Strube 's 5list approach ( Strube 1998 ) . The LRC is an alternative to the original BFP algorithm in that it processes utterances incrementally .
0
null
Background
[ 354, 365 ]
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Tetreault 's contribution features comparative evaluation involving the author 's own centering-based pronoun resolution algorithm called the Left-Right Centering algorithm ( LRC ) as well as three other pronoun resolution methods : Hobbs 's naive algorithm ( Hobbs 1978 ) , BFP ( Brennan , Friedman , and Pollard 1987 ) , and Strube 's 5list approach ( @@CITATION ) .
J01-4001_20
0
null
Lapalme and Kosseim ( 2003 ) investigated three approaches to the automatic generation of response e-mails : text classification , case-based reasoning , and question answering .
J09-4010
External_52005
2,009
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
mercure towards an automatic email followup system
[ "G Lapalme", "L Kosseim" ]
null
In addition , rather than including actual response sentences in a reply , their system matches response sentences to pre-existing templates and returns the templates . Lapalme and Kosseim ( 2003 ) investigated three approaches to the automatic generation of response e-mails : text classification , case-based reasoning , and question answering . Text classification was used to group request e-mails into broad categories , some of which , such as requests for financial reports , can be automatically addressed .
5
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 0, 28 ]
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@@CITATION investigated three approaches to the automatic generation of response e-mails : text classification , case-based reasoning , and question answering .
J09-4010_25
0
null
This contrasts with one of the traditional approaches ( e.g. , Dorr 1994 ; Watanabe 1995 ) to posing the translation problem , i.e. , the approach in which translation problems are seen in terms of bridging the gap between the most natural monolingual representations underlying the sentences of each language .
J00-1004
External_28256
2,000
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
machine translation divergences a formal description and proposed solution
[ "B J Dorr" ]
null
For example , headwords in both languages are chosen to force a synchronized alignment ( for better or worse ) in order to simplify cases involving so-called head-switching . This contrasts with one of the traditional approaches ( e.g. , Dorr 1994 ; Watanabe 1995 ) to posing the translation problem , i.e. , the approach in which translation problems are seen in terms of bridging the gap between the most natural monolingual representations underlying the sentences of each language . The training method has four stages : ( i ) Compute co-occurrence statistics from the training data .
3
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 63, 72 ]
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This contrasts with one of the traditional approaches ( e.g. , @@CITATION ; Watanabe 1995 ) to posing the translation problem , i.e. , the approach in which translation problems are seen in terms of bridging the gap between the most natural monolingual representations underlying the sentences of each language .
J00-1004_7
0
method
In practical context , German , English , and Japanese HPSG-based grammars are developed and used in the Verbmobil project ( Kay et al. , 1994 ) .
W01-1510
External_327
2,001
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
verbmobil a translation system for facetoface dialog
[ "M Kay", "J Gawron", "P Norvig" ]
null
Stanford University is developing the English Resource Grammar , an HPSG grammar for English , as a part of the Linguistic Grammars Online ( LinGO ) project ( Flickinger , 2000 ) . In practical context , German , English , and Japanese HPSG-based grammars are developed and used in the Verbmobil project ( Kay et al. , 1994 ) . Our group has developed a wide-coverage HPSG grammar for Japanese ( Mitsuishi et al. , 1998 ) , which is used in a high-accuracy Japanese dependency analyzer ( Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) .
3
null
Background
[ 125, 142 ]
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In practical context , German , English , and Japanese HPSG-based grammars are developed and used in the Verbmobil project ( @@CITATION ) .
W01-1510_7
0
introduction
Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .
W01-0706
External_2081
2,001
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the use of classifiers in sequential inference
[ "V Punyakanok", "D Roth" ]
null
While earlier work in this direction concentrated on manual construction of rules , most of the recent work has been motivated by the observation that shallow syntactic information can be extracted using local information by examining the pattern itself , its nearby context and the local part-of-speech information . Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) . Research on shallow parsing was inspired by psycholinguistics arguments ( Gee and Grosjean , 1983 ) that suggest that in many scenarios ( e.g. , conversational ) full parsing is not a realistic strategy for sentence processing and analysis , and was further motivated by several arguments from a natural language engineering viewpoint .
2
null
Background
[ 519, 545 ]
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Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; @@CITATION ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .
W01-0706_27
0
introduction
For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( Watanabe et al. , 2000 ) , ( Meyers et al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 ) , and example-base machine translation EBMT3 ( Sato & Nagao , 1990 ) , ( Sato , 1991 ) , ( Richardson et al. , 2001 ) , ( Al-Adhaileh & Tang , 1999 ) .
W02-1601
C00-1078
2,002
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
chartbased transfer rule application in machine translation
[ "A Meyers", "M Kosaka", "R Grishman" ]
null
Due to these limitations , instead of investigating into the synchronization of two grammars , we propose a flexible annotation schema ( i.e. Synchronous Structured String-Tree Correspondence ( S-SSTC ) ) to realize additional power and flexibility in expressing structural correspondences at the level of language sentence pairs . For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( Watanabe et al. , 2000 ) , ( Meyers et al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 ) , and example-base machine translation EBMT3 ( Sato & Nagao , 1990 ) , ( Sato , 1991 ) , ( Richardson et al. , 2001 ) , ( Al-Adhaileh & Tang , 1999 ) .
4
null
Background
[ 255, 275 ]
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[]
For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( Watanabe et al. , 2000 ) , ( @@CITATION ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 ) , and example-base machine translation EBMT3 ( Sato & Nagao , 1990 ) , ( Sato , 1991 ) , ( Richardson et al. , 2001 ) , ( Al-Adhaileh & Tang , 1999 ) .
W02-1601_14
0
null
While IA is generally thought to be consistent with findings on human language production ( Hermann and Deutsch 1976 ; Levelt 1989 ; Pechmann 1989 ; Sonnenschein 1982 ) , the hypothesis that incrementality is a good model of human GRE seems unfalsifiable until a preference order is specified for the properties on which it operates .
J06-2002
External_87652
2,006
1,982
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the effects of redundant communications on listeners when more is less child development
[ "Susan Sonnenschein" ]
null
While IA is generally thought to be consistent with findings on human language production ( Hermann and Deutsch 1976 ; Levelt 1989 ; Pechmann 1989 ; Sonnenschein 1982 ) , the hypothesis that incrementality is a good model of human GRE seems unfalsifiable until a preference order is specified for the properties on which it operates . ( Wildly redundant descriptions can result if the ` wrong ' preference order are chosen . )
4
null
Background
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While IA is generally thought to be consistent with findings on human language production ( Hermann and Deutsch 1976 ; Levelt 1989 ; Pechmann 1989 ; @@CITATION ) , the hypothesis that incrementality is a good model of human GRE seems unfalsifiable until a preference order is specified for the properties on which it operates .
J06-2002_48
0
experiments
It helps them build complex knowledge bases by combining components : events , entities and modifiers ( Clark and Porter , 1997 ) .
W06-3813
External_27698
2,006
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
building concept reprezentations from reusable components
[ "Peter Clark", "Bruce Porter" ]
null
In the Rapid Knowledge Formation Project ( RKF ) a support system was developed for domain experts . It helps them build complex knowledge bases by combining components : events , entities and modifiers ( Clark and Porter , 1997 ) . The system 's interface facilitates the expert 's task of creating and manipulating structures which represent domain concepts , and assigning them relations from a relation dictionary .
3
null
Background
[ 104, 127 ]
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It helps them build complex knowledge bases by combining components : events , entities and modifiers ( @@CITATION ) .
W06-3813_9
0
related work
Our group has developed a wide-coverage HPSG grammar for Japanese ( Mitsuishi et al. , 1998 ) , which is used in a high-accuracy Japanese dependency analyzer ( Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) .
W01-1510
P98-2144
2,001
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
hpsgstyle underspecified japanese grammar with wide coverage
[ "Yutaka Mitsuishi", "Kentaro Torisawa", "Jun’ichi Tsujii" ]
null
In practical context , German , English , and Japanese HPSG-based grammars are developed and used in the Verbmobil project ( Kay et al. , 1994 ) . Our group has developed a wide-coverage HPSG grammar for Japanese ( Mitsuishi et al. , 1998 ) , which is used in a high-accuracy Japanese dependency analyzer ( Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) .
3
null
Background
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[]
Our group has developed a wide-coverage HPSG grammar for Japanese ( @@CITATION ) , which is used in a high-accuracy Japanese dependency analyzer ( Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) .
W01-1510_11
0
introduction
Word frequency counts in internet search engines are inconsistent and unreliable ( Veronis , 2005 ) .
W06-1705
External_46139
2,006
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
web googles missing pages mystery solved httpaixtalblogspotcom200502webgooglesmissingpagesmysteryhtml accessed
[ "J Veronis" ]
null
A key concern in corpus linguistics and related disciplines is verifiability and replicability of the results of studies . Word frequency counts in internet search engines are inconsistent and unreliable ( Veronis , 2005 ) . Tools based on static corpora do not suffer from this problem , e.g. BNCweb7 , developed at the University of Zurich , and View 8 ( Variation in English Words and Phrases , developed at Brigham Young University )
3
null
Background
[ 83, 97 ]
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Word frequency counts in internet search engines are inconsistent and unreliable ( @@CITATION ) .
W06-1705_30
0
related work
Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) .
J01-4001
External_13660
2,001
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
evaluating anaphora resolution approaches
[ "Ruslan Mitkov" ]
null
Against the background of a growing interest in multilingual NLP , multilingual anaphora / coreference resolution has gained considerable momentum in recent years ( Aone and McKee 1993 ; Azzam , Humphreys , and Gaizauskas 1998 ; Harabagiu and Maiorano 2000 ; Mitkov and Barbu 2000 ; Mitkov 1999 ; Mitkov and Stys 1997 ; Mitkov , Belguith , and Stys 1998 ) . Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) . For a more detailed survey of the state of the art in anaphora resolution , see Mitkov ( forthcoming ) .
0
null
Background
[ 458, 469 ]
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Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( @@CITATIONa , 2001b ) .
J01-4001_10
0
null
It is only recently that the web name ambiguity has been approached as a separate problem and defined as an NLP task Web People Search on its own ( Artiles et al. , 2005 ; Artiles et al. , 2007 ) .
D09-1056
W07-2012
2,009
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the semeval2007 weps evaluation establishing a benchmark for the web people search task
[ "Javier Artiles", "Julio Gonzalo", "Satoshi Sekine" ]
null
Most of early research work on person name ambiguity focuses on the CDC problem or uses methods found in the WSD literature . It is only recently that the web name ambiguity has been approached as a separate problem and defined as an NLP task Web People Search on its own ( Artiles et al. , 2005 ; Artiles et al. , 2007 ) . Therefore , it is useful to point out some crucial differences between WSD , CRC and WePS :
3
null
Background
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It is only recently that the web name ambiguity has been approached as a separate problem and defined as an NLP task Web People Search on its own ( Artiles et al. , 2005 ; @@CITATION ) .
D09-1056_3
0
related work
Actually , if we use LSH technique ( Andoni and Indyk , 2008 ) in retrieval process , the local method can be easily scaled to a larger training data .
D12-1037
External_14703
2,012
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
nearoptimal hashing algorithms for approximate nearest neighbor in high dimensions
[ "Alexandr Andoni", "Piotr Indyk" ]
null
Further , compared to the retrieval , the local training is not the bottleneck . Actually , if we use LSH technique ( Andoni and Indyk , 2008 ) in retrieval process , the local method can be easily scaled to a larger training data .
4
null
Future
[ 37, 60 ]
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[]
Actually , if we use LSH technique ( @@CITATION ) in retrieval process , the local method can be easily scaled to a larger training data .
D12-1037_0
0
experiments
Many lexicons , both automatically acquired and manually created , are more fine grained in their approaches to subcategorized clausal arguments , differentiating , for example , between a that-clause and a to + infinitive clause ( Ushioda et al. 1993 ) .
J05-3003
W93-0109
2,005
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the automatic acquisition of frequencies of verb subcategorization frames from tagged corpora
[ "Akira Ushioda", "David Evans", "Ted Gibson", "Alex Waibel" ]
null
However , as it stands , neither of these functions betrays anything about the syntactic nature of the constructs in question . Many lexicons , both automatically acquired and manually created , are more fine grained in their approaches to subcategorized clausal arguments , differentiating , for example , between a that-clause and a to + infinitive clause ( Ushioda et al. 1993 ) . With only a slight modification , our system , along with the details provided by the automatically generated f-structures , allows us to extract frames with an equivalent level of detail .
4
null
Background
[ 232, 251 ]
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Many lexicons , both automatically acquired and manually created , are more fine grained in their approaches to subcategorized clausal arguments , differentiating , for example , between a that-clause and a to + infinitive clause ( @@CITATION ) .
J05-3003_51
0
method
Others provide automatic mappings of natural language instructions to executable actions , such as interpreting navigation directions ( Chen and Mooney , 2011 ) or robot commands ( Tellex et al. , 2011 ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ) .
D13-1115
External_1533
2,013
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
learning to interpret natural language navigation instructions from observations
[ "David L Chen", "Raymond J Mooney" ]
null
Some approaches apply semantic parsing , where words and sentences are mapped to logical structure meaning ( Kate and Mooney , 2007 ) . Others provide automatic mappings of natural language instructions to executable actions , such as interpreting navigation directions ( Chen and Mooney , 2011 ) or robot commands ( Tellex et al. , 2011 ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ) . Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) .
2
null
Background
[ 136, 158 ]
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Others provide automatic mappings of natural language instructions to executable actions , such as interpreting navigation directions ( @@CITATION ) or robot commands ( Tellex et al. , 2011 ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ) .
D13-1115_20
0
introduction
Agreement between two annotation sets is calculated here in terms of Cohen 's kappa ( Cohen , 1960 ) 1 and corrected kappa ( Brennan and Prediger , 1981 ) 2 .
P10-2059
External_63534
2,010
1,981
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
coefficient kappa some uses misuses and alternatives
[ "Robert L Brennan", "Dale J Prediger" ]
null
A measure was derived for each annotated feature using the agreement analysis facility provided in ANVIL . Agreement between two annotation sets is calculated here in terms of Cohen 's kappa ( Cohen , 1960 ) 1 and corrected kappa ( Brennan and Prediger , 1981 ) 2 . Anvil divides the annotations in slices and compares each slice .
2
null
Uses
[ 125, 152 ]
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Agreement between two annotation sets is calculated here in terms of Cohen 's kappa ( Cohen , 1960 ) 1 and corrected kappa ( @@CITATION ) 2 .
P10-2059_4
0
introduction
Second , software for utilizing this ontology already exists : MetaMap ( Aronson 2001 ) identifies concepts in free text , and SemRep ( Rindflesch and Fiszman 2003 ) extracts relations between the concepts .
J07-1005
External_8545
2,007
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the interaction of domain knowledge and linguistic structure in natural language processing interpreting hypernymic propositions in biomedical text
[ "Thomas C Rindflesch", "Marcelo Fiszman" ]
null
First , substantial understanding of the domain has already been codified in the Unified Medical Language System ( UMLS ) ( Lindberg , Humphreys , and McCray 1993 ) . Second , software for utilizing this ontology already exists : MetaMap ( Aronson 2001 ) identifies concepts in free text , and SemRep ( Rindflesch and Fiszman 2003 ) extracts relations between the concepts . Both systems utilize and propagate semantic information from UMLS knowledge sources : the Metathesaurus , the Semantic Network , and the SPECIALIST lexicon .
1
null
Background
[ 136, 163 ]
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Second , software for utilizing this ontology already exists : MetaMap ( Aronson 2001 ) identifies concepts in free text , and SemRep ( @@CITATION ) extracts relations between the concepts .
J07-1005_43
0
introduction
The implementation has been inspired by experience in extracting information from very large corpora ( Curran and Moens , 2002 ) and performing experiments on maximum entropy sequence tagging ( Curran and Clark , 2003 ; Clark et al. , 2003 ) .
W03-0806
W03-0407
2,003
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
bootstrapping postaggers using unlabelled data
[ "Stephen Clark", "James R Curran", "Miles Osborne" ]
null
We can also load a lexicon into memory that is shared between all of the components , reducing the memory use . The implementation has been inspired by experience in extracting information from very large corpora ( Curran and Moens , 2002 ) and performing experiments on maximum entropy sequence tagging ( Curran and Clark , 2003 ; Clark et al. , 2003 ) . We have already implemented a POS tagger , chunker , CCG supertagger and named entity recogniser using the infrastructure .
7
null
Motivation
[ 220, 239 ]
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The implementation has been inspired by experience in extracting information from very large corpora ( Curran and Moens , 2002 ) and performing experiments on maximum entropy sequence tagging ( Curran and Clark , 2003 ; @@CITATION ) .
W03-0806_7
0
experiments
Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) .
D13-1115
External_9242
2,013
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
im2text describing images using 1 million captioned photographs
[ "Vicente Ordonez", "Girish Kulkarni", "Tamara L Berg" ]
null
Others provide automatic mappings of natural language instructions to executable actions , such as interpreting navigation directions ( Chen and Mooney , 2011 ) or robot commands ( Tellex et al. , 2011 ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ) . Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) . Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) .
2
null
Background
[ 103, 124 ]
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Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; @@CITATION ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) .
D13-1115_50
0
introduction
These types of features result in an improvement in both the mention detection and coreference resolution performance , as shown through experiments on the ACE 2004 Arabic data .
W05-0709
External_42603
2,005
2,004
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic content extraction
[ "ACE" ]
null
Numbers under `` ECMF '' are Entity-Constrained-Mention F-measure and numbers under `` ACE-Val '' are ACE-values . These types of features result in an improvement in both the mention detection and coreference resolution performance , as shown through experiments on the ACE 2004 Arabic data . The experiments are performed on a clearly specified partition of the data , so comparisons against the presented work can be correctly and accurately made in the future .
8
null
Uses
[ 156, 164 ]
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These types of features result in an improvement in both the mention detection and coreference resolution performance , as shown through experiments on the @@CITATION Arabic data .
W05-0709_3
0
conclusion
The use of the web as a corpus for teaching and research on language has been proposed a number of times ( Kilgarriff , 2001 ; Robb , 2003 ; Rundell , 2000 ; Fletcher , 2001 , 2004b ) and received a special issue of the journal Computational Linguistics ( Kilgarriff and Grefenstette , 2003 ) .
W06-1705
External_33311
2,006
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
google as a corpus tool in
[ "T Robb" ]
null
This corpus annotation bottleneck becomes even more problematic for voluminous data sets drawn from the web . The use of the web as a corpus for teaching and research on language has been proposed a number of times ( Kilgarriff , 2001 ; Robb , 2003 ; Rundell , 2000 ; Fletcher , 2001 , 2004b ) and received a special issue of the journal Computational Linguistics ( Kilgarriff and Grefenstette , 2003 ) . Studies have used several different methods to mine web data .
3
null
Background
[ 127, 138 ]
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The use of the web as a corpus for teaching and research on language has been proposed a number of times ( Kilgarriff , 2001 ; @@CITATION ; Rundell , 2000 ; Fletcher , 2001 , 2004b ) and received a special issue of the journal Computational Linguistics ( Kilgarriff and Grefenstette , 2003 ) .
W06-1705_26
0
related work
But while Bod 's estimator obtains state-of-the-art results on the WSJ , comparable to Charniak ( 2000 ) and Collins ( 2000 ) , Bonnema et al. 's estimator performs worse and is comparable to Collins ( 1996 ) .
E03-1005
External_63
2,003
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
discriminative reranking for natural language parsing
[ "M Collins" ]
null
We show that these PCFG-reductions result in a 60 times speedup in processing time w.r.t. Bod ( 2001 , 2003 ) . But while Bod 's estimator obtains state-of-the-art results on the WSJ , comparable to Charniak ( 2000 ) and Collins ( 2000 ) , Bonnema et al. 's estimator performs worse and is comparable to Collins ( 1996 ) . In the second part of this paper , we extend our experiments with a new notion of the best parse tree .
2
null
Background
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But while Bod 's estimator obtains state-of-the-art results on the WSJ , comparable to Charniak ( 2000 ) and @@CITATION , Bonnema et al. 's estimator performs worse and is comparable to Collins ( 1996 ) .
E03-1005_48
0
introduction
The implementation has been inspired by experience in extracting information from very large corpora ( Curran and Moens , 2002 ) and performing experiments on maximum entropy sequence tagging ( Curran and Clark , 2003 ; Clark et al. , 2003 ) .
W03-0806
P02-1030
2,003
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
scaling context space
[ "James R Curran", "Marc Moens" ]
null
We can also load a lexicon into memory that is shared between all of the components , reducing the memory use . The implementation has been inspired by experience in extracting information from very large corpora ( Curran and Moens , 2002 ) and performing experiments on maximum entropy sequence tagging ( Curran and Clark , 2003 ; Clark et al. , 2003 ) . We have already implemented a POS tagger , chunker , CCG supertagger and named entity recogniser using the infrastructure .
7
null
Motivation
[ 103, 126 ]
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The implementation has been inspired by experience in extracting information from very large corpora ( @@CITATION ) and performing experiments on maximum entropy sequence tagging ( Curran and Clark , 2003 ; Clark et al. , 2003 ) .
W03-0806_15
0
experiments
Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) .
D13-1115
P13-1056
2,013
2,013
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
models of semantic representation with visual attributes
[ "Carina Silberer", "Vittorio Ferrari", "Mirella Lapata" ]
null
Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) . Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) . Although these approaches have differed in model definition , the general goal in this line of research has been to enhance word meaning with perceptual information in order to address one of the most common criticisms of distributional semantics : that the `` meaning of words is entirely given by other words '' ( Bruni et al. , 2012b ) .
2
null
Background
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Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; @@CITATION ) .
D13-1115_61
0
introduction
14We parse each sentence with the Collins parser ( Collins , 1999 ) .
D08-1004
External_62
2,008
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
headdriven statistical models for natural language parsing
[ "Michael Collins" ]
null
We do not use any other lexical 0-features that reference x , for fear that they would enable the learner to explain the rationales without changing 0 as desired ( see the end of section 5.3 ) . 14We parse each sentence with the Collins parser ( Collins , 1999 ) . Then the document has one big parse tree , whose root is DOC , with each sentence being a child of DOC .
7
null
Uses
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14We parse each sentence with the Collins parser ( @@CITATION ) .
D08-1004_1
0
null
Encouraged by the success of chunk-based verb reordering lattices on ArabicEnglish ( Bisazza and Federico , 2010 ) , we tried to adapt the same approach to the German-English language pair .
W10-1710
W10-1735
2,010
2,010
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
chunkbased verb reordering in vso sentences for arabicenglish statistical machine translation
[ "Arianna Bisazza", "Marcello Federico" ]
null
Word reordering between German and English is a complex problem . Encouraged by the success of chunk-based verb reordering lattices on ArabicEnglish ( Bisazza and Federico , 2010 ) , we tried to adapt the same approach to the German-English language pair . It turned out that there is a larger variety of long reordering patterns in this case .
5
null
Motivation
[ 85, 112 ]
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Encouraged by the success of chunk-based verb reordering lattices on ArabicEnglish ( @@CITATION ) , we tried to adapt the same approach to the German-English language pair .
W10-1710_0
0
conclusion
We followed the same experimental procedure as discussed in ( Taft , 2004 ) for English polymorphemic words .
P13-3018
External_83583
2,013
2,004
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
morphological decomposition and the reverse base frequency effect
[ "M Taft" ]
null
In order to validate such claim we perform a lexical decision experiment using 32 native Bangla speakers with 92 different verb sequences . We followed the same experimental procedure as discussed in ( Taft , 2004 ) for English polymorphemic words . However , rather than derived words , the subjects were shown a verb sequence and asked whether they recognize them as a valid combination .
4
null
Uses
[ 62, 73 ]
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We followed the same experimental procedure as discussed in ( @@CITATION ) for English polymorphemic words .
P13-3018_18
0
method
In our experiments , we employed the well-known classifier SVM `` ght to obtain individual-document classification scores , treating Y as the positive class and using plain unigrams as features .5 Following standard practice in sentiment analysis ( Pang et al. , 2002 ) , the input to SVM `` ght consisted of normalized presence-of-feature ( rather than frequency-of-feature ) vectors .
W06-1639
W02-1011
2,006
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
thumbs up sentiment classification using machine learning techniques
[ "B Pang", "L Lee", "S Vaithyanathan" ]
null
In our experiments , we employed the well-known classifier SVM `` ght to obtain individual-document classification scores , treating Y as the positive class and using plain unigrams as features .5 Following standard practice in sentiment analysis ( Pang et al. , 2002 ) , the input to SVM `` ght consisted of normalized presence-of-feature ( rather than frequency-of-feature ) vectors . The ind value 5SVMlight is available at svmlight.joachims.org .
4
null
Uses
[ 249, 267 ]
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In our experiments , we employed the well-known classifier SVM `` ght to obtain individual-document classification scores , treating Y as the positive class and using plain unigrams as features .5 Following standard practice in sentiment analysis ( @@CITATION ) , the input to SVM `` ght consisted of normalized presence-of-feature ( rather than frequency-of-feature ) vectors .
W06-1639_38
0
method
The problem of handling ill-formed input has been studied by Carbonell and Hayes ( 1983 ) , Granger ( 1983 ) , Jensen et al. ( 1983 ) , Kwasny and Sondheimer ( 1981 ) , Riesbeck and Schank ( 1976 ) , Thompson ( 1980 ) , Weischedel and Black ( 1980 ) , and Weischedel and Sondheimer ( 1983 ) .
J86-1002
J81-2002
1,986
1,981
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
relaxation techniques for parsing grammatically illformed input in natural language understanding systems
[ "S Kwasny", "N Sondheimer" ]
null
A detailed description of the kinds of expectation mechanisms appearing in these systems appears in Fink ( 1983 ) . The problem of handling ill-formed input has been studied by Carbonell and Hayes ( 1983 ) , Granger ( 1983 ) , Jensen et al. ( 1983 ) , Kwasny and Sondheimer ( 1981 ) , Riesbeck and Schank ( 1976 ) , Thompson ( 1980 ) , Weischedel and Black ( 1980 ) , and Weischedel and Sondheimer ( 1983 ) . A wide variety of techniques have been developed for addressing problems at the word , phrase , sentence , and in some cases , dialogue level .
7
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 136, 166 ]
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The problem of handling ill-formed input has been studied by Carbonell and Hayes ( 1983 ) , Granger ( 1983 ) , Jensen et al. ( 1983 ) , @@CITATION , Riesbeck and Schank ( 1976 ) , Thompson ( 1980 ) , Weischedel and Black ( 1980 ) , and Weischedel and Sondheimer ( 1983 ) .
J86-1002_18
0
null
To address this problem , we are currently working on developing a metagrammar in the sense of ( Candito , 1999 ) .
W04-0910
External_51288
2,004
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
un outil multilingue de generation de ltag application au francais et a l’italien
[ "M H Candito" ]
null
Generally , the problem is not so much to state the correspondances between synonymic but syntactically different constructs as to do this in a general way while not overgeneralising . To address this problem , we are currently working on developing a metagrammar in the sense of ( Candito , 1999 ) . This metagrammar allows us to factorise both syntactic and semantic information .
4
null
Future
[ 97, 111 ]
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To address this problem , we are currently working on developing a metagrammar in the sense of ( @@CITATION ) .
W04-0910_4
0
null
Sentences like 12 , from Chomsky ( 1965 ) , are frequently cited .
J90-3003
External_1210
1,990
1,965
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
aspects of the theory of syntax
[ "N Chomsky" ]
null
For example , in considering the connection between syntax and phrasing , the linguistic literature most often refers to examples of embedded sentences . Sentences like 12 , from Chomsky ( 1965 ) , are frequently cited . ( Square brackets mark off the NP constituents that contain embedded sentences . )
1
null
Background
[ 25, 41 ]
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Sentences like 12 , from @@CITATION , are frequently cited .
J90-3003_6
0
introduction
After the PropBank ( Xue and Palmer 2003 ) was built , Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) and Xue ( 2008 ) have produced more complete and systematic research on Chinese SRL .
D08-1034
W03-1707
2,008
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
annotating the propositions in the penn chinese treebank
[ "Nianwen Xue", "Martha Palmer" ]
null
This paper made the first attempt on Chinese SRL and produced promising results . After the PropBank ( Xue and Palmer 2003 ) was built , Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) and Xue ( 2008 ) have produced more complete and systematic research on Chinese SRL . Moschitti et al. ( 2005 ) has made some preliminary attempt on the idea of hierarchical semantic
2
null
Background
[ 21, 40 ]
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After the PropBank ( @@CITATION ) was built , Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) and Xue ( 2008 ) have produced more complete and systematic research on Chinese SRL .
D08-1034_11
0
introduction
In order to estimate the parameters of our model , we develop a blocked sampler based on that of Johnson et al. ( 2007 ) to sample parse trees for sentences in the raw training corpus according to their posterior probabilities .
K15-1003
N07-1018
2,015
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
bayesian inference for pcfgs via markov chain monte carlo
[ "Mark Johnson", "Thomas Griffiths", "Sharon Goldwater" ]
null
In this paper , we seek to learn from only raw data and an incomplete dictionary mapping some words to sets of potential supertags . In order to estimate the parameters of our model , we develop a blocked sampler based on that of Johnson et al. ( 2007 ) to sample parse trees for sentences in the raw training corpus according to their posterior probabilities . However , due to the very large sets of potential supertags used in a parse , computing inside charts is intractable , so we design a Metropolis-Hastings step that allows us to sample efficiently from the correct posterior .
2
null
Uses
[ 97, 120 ]
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In order to estimate the parameters of our model , we develop a blocked sampler based on that of @@CITATION to sample parse trees for sentences in the raw training corpus according to their posterior probabilities .
K15-1003_15
0
introduction
The extraction procedure utilizes a head percolation table as introduced by Magerman ( 1995 ) in combination with a variation of Collins 's ( 1997 ) approach to the differentiation between complement and adjunct .
J05-3003
External_9757
2,005
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
statistical decision tree models for parsing
[ "David Magerman" ]
null
Chen and Vijay-Shanker ( 2000 ) explore a number of related approaches to the extraction of a lexicalized TAG from the Penn-II Treebank with the aim of constructing a statistical model for parsing . The extraction procedure utilizes a head percolation table as introduced by Magerman ( 1995 ) in combination with a variation of Collins 's ( 1997 ) approach to the differentiation between complement and adjunct . This results in the construction of a set of lexically anchored elementary trees which make up the TAG in question .
3
null
Background
[ 76, 93 ]
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The extraction procedure utilizes a head percolation table as introduced by @@CITATION in combination with a variation of Collins 's ( 1997 ) approach to the differentiation between complement and adjunct .
J05-3003_40
0
related work
Many other such cases are described in Danlos 's book ( Danlos 1987 ) .
J00-2005
External_12160
2,000
1,987
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the linguistic basis of text generation
[ "Laurence Danlos" ]
null
This means that the microplanner will not be able to make optimal pronominalization decisions in cases where le or la are unambiguous , but l' is not , since it does not know word order and hence whether the pronoun will be abbreviated . Many other such cases are described in Danlos 's book ( Danlos 1987 ) . The common theme behind many of these examples is that pipelines have difficulties satisfying linguistic constraints ( such as unambiguous reference ) or performing linguistic optimizations ( such as using pronouns instead of longer referring expressions whenever possible ) in cases where the constraints or optimizations depend on decisions made in multiple modules .
1
null
Background
[ 56, 67 ]
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Many other such cases are described in Danlos 's book ( @@CITATION ) .
J00-2005_0
0
introduction
• Before indexing the text , we process it with Textract ( Byrd and Ravin , 1998 ; Wacholder et al. , 1997 ) , which performs lemmatization , and discovers proper names and technical terms .
A00-1021
A97-1030
2,000
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
disambiguation of proper names in text
[ "Nina Wacholder", "Yael Ravin", "Misook Choi" ]
null
For example , the pattern `` What is the population '' gets replaced by `` NUMBER$ population '' . • Before indexing the text , we process it with Textract ( Byrd and Ravin , 1998 ; Wacholder et al. , 1997 ) , which performs lemmatization , and discovers proper names and technical terms . We added a new module ( Resporator ) which annotates text segments with QA-Tokens using pattern matching .
3
null
Uses
[ 85, 108 ]
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• Before indexing the text , we process it with Textract ( Byrd and Ravin , 1998 ; @@CITATION ) , which performs lemmatization , and discovers proper names and technical terms .
A00-1021_8
0
experiments
Therefore , we repeated the experiments with POS tags predicted by the MADA toolkit ( Habash and Rambow 2005 ; Habash , Rambow , and Roth 2012 ) 15 ( see Table 2 , 14 Some parsers predict POS tags internally , instead of receiving them as input , but this is not the case in this article .
J13-1008
P05-1071
2,013
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
arabic tokenization partofspeech tagging and morphological disambiguation in one fell swoop
[ "Nizar Habash", "Owen Rambow" ]
null
Put differently , we are interested in the tradeoff between relevance and accuracy . Therefore , we repeated the experiments with POS tags predicted by the MADA toolkit ( Habash and Rambow 2005 ; Habash , Rambow , and Roth 2012 ) 15 ( see Table 2 , 14 Some parsers predict POS tags internally , instead of receiving them as input , but this is not the case in this article . 15 We use MADA v3 .1 in all of our experiments .
3
null
Uses
[ 86, 108 ]
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Therefore , we repeated the experiments with POS tags predicted by the MADA toolkit ( @@CITATION ; Habash , Rambow , and Roth 2012 ) 15 ( see Table 2 , 14 Some parsers predict POS tags internally , instead of receiving them as input , but this is not the case in this article .
J13-1008_23
0
related work
Experiments on Chinese SRL ( Xue and Palmer 2005 , Xue 2008 ) reassured these findings .
D08-1034
External_24680
2,008
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic semantic role labeling for chinese verbs
[ "Nianwen Xue", "Martha Palmer" ]
null
For semantic analysis , developing features that capture the right kind of information is crucial . Experiments on Chinese SRL ( Xue and Palmer 2005 , Xue 2008 ) reassured these findings . In this paper , we mainly focus on the semantic role classification ( SRC ) process .
2
null
Motivation
[ 29, 48 ]
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Experiments on Chinese SRL ( @@CITATION , Xue 2008 ) reassured these findings .
D08-1034_14
0
introduction
An example of this is the estimation of maximum entropy models , from simple iterative estimation algorithms used by Ratnaparkhi ( 1998 ) that converge very slowly , to complex techniques from the optimisation literature that converge much more rapidly ( Malouf , 2002 ) .
W03-0806
External_6185
2,003
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
maximum entropy models for natural language ambiguity resolution
[ "Adwait Ratnaparkhi" ]
null
However , it will be increasingly important as techniques become more complex and corpus sizes grow . An example of this is the estimation of maximum entropy models , from simple iterative estimation algorithms used by Ratnaparkhi ( 1998 ) that converge very slowly , to complex techniques from the optimisation literature that converge much more rapidly ( Malouf , 2002 ) . Other attempts to address efficiency include the fast Transformation Based Learning ( TBL ) Toolkit ( Ngai and Florian , 2001 ) which dramatically speeds up training TBL systems , and the translation of TBL rules into finite state machines for very fast tagging ( Roche and Schabes , 1997 ) .
3
null
Background
[ 117, 137 ]
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An example of this is the estimation of maximum entropy models , from simple iterative estimation algorithms used by @@CITATION that converge very slowly , to complex techniques from the optimisation literature that converge much more rapidly ( Malouf , 2002 ) .
W03-0806_30
0
experiments
According to Budanitsky and Hirst ( 2006 ) , there are three prevalent approaches for evaluating SR measures : mathematical analysis , applicationspecific evaluation and comparison with human judgments .
W06-1104
External_861
2,006
2,006
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
evaluating wordnetbased measures of semantic distance
[ "Alexander Budanitsky", "Graeme Hirst" ]
null
The knowledge sources used for computing relatedness can be as different as dictionaries , ontologies or large corpora . According to Budanitsky and Hirst ( 2006 ) , there are three prevalent approaches for evaluating SR measures : mathematical analysis , applicationspecific evaluation and comparison with human judgments . Mathematical analysis can assess a measure with respect to some formal properties , e.g. whether a measure is a metric ( Lin , 1998 ) .4 However , mathematical analysis can not tell us whether a measure closely resembles human judgments or whether it performs best when used in a certain application .
3
null
Background
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According to @@CITATION , there are three prevalent approaches for evaluating SR measures : mathematical analysis , applicationspecific evaluation and comparison with human judgments .
W06-1104_1
0
null
The choice of learning algorithm for each classifier is motivated by earlier findings showing that discriminative classifiers outperform other machine-learning methods on error correction tasks ( Rozovskaya and Roth , 2011 ) .
W14-1704
P11-1093
2,014
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
algorithm selection and model adaptation for esl correction tasks
[ "A Rozovskaya", "D Roth" ]
null
The other system components use the preprocessing tools only as part of candidate generation ( e.g. , to identify all nouns in the data for the noun classifier ) . The choice of learning algorithm for each classifier is motivated by earlier findings showing that discriminative classifiers outperform other machine-learning methods on error correction tasks ( Rozovskaya and Roth , 2011 ) . Thus , the classifiers trained on the learner data make use of a discriminative model .
4
null
Motivation
[ 196, 222 ]
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The choice of learning algorithm for each classifier is motivated by earlier findings showing that discriminative classifiers outperform other machine-learning methods on error correction tasks ( @@CITATION ) .
W14-1704_11
0
experiments
A good study comparing document categorization algorithms can be found in ( Yang and Liu , 1999 ) .
W04-1610
External_6677
2,004
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a reexamination of text categorization methods”
[ "Y Yang", "X Liu" ]
null
For example , ( Fang et al. , 2001 ) discusses the evaluation of two different text categorization strategies with several variations of their feature spaces . A good study comparing document categorization algorithms can be found in ( Yang and Liu , 1999 ) . More recently , ( Sebastiani , 2002 ) has performed a good survey of document categorization ; recent works can also be found in ( Joachims , 2002 ) , ( Crammer and Singer , 2003 ) , and ( Lewis et al. , 2004 ) .
3
null
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A good study comparing document categorization algorithms can be found in ( @@CITATION ) .
W04-1610_15
0
related work
For HMMs ( footnote 11 ) , Ti is the familiar trellis , and we would like this computation of ti to reduce to the forwardbackward algorithm ( Baum , 1972 ) .
P02-1001
External_692
2,002
1,972
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
an inequality and associated maximization technique in statistical estimation of probabilistic functions of a markov process
[ "L E Baum" ]
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• In many cases of interest , Ti is an acyclic graph .20 Then Tar an 's method computes w0j for each j in topologically sorted order , thereby finding ti in a linear number of ⊕ and ⊗ operations . For HMMs ( footnote 11 ) , Ti is the familiar trellis , and we would like this computation of ti to reduce to the forwardbackward algorithm ( Baum , 1972 ) . But notice that it has no backward pass .
5
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Background
[ 142, 153 ]
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For HMMs ( footnote 11 ) , Ti is the familiar trellis , and we would like this computation of ti to reduce to the forwardbackward algorithm ( @@CITATION ) .
P02-1001_1
0
null
We follow Stymne and Cancedda ( 2011 ) , for compound merging .
E12-1068
W11-2129
2,012
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
productive generation of compound words in statistical machine translation
[ "Sara Stymne", "Nicola Cancedda" ]
null
This approach resulted in too many compounds . We follow Stymne and Cancedda ( 2011 ) , for compound merging . We trained a CRF using ( nearly all ) of the features they used and found their approach to be effective ( when combined with inflection and portmanteau merging ) on one of our two test sets .
8
null
Uses
[ 10, 38 ]
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We follow @@CITATION , for compound merging .
E12-1068_19
0
related work
Semantic filters can also be used to prevent multiple versions of the same case frame ( Fillmore 1968 ) showing up as complements .
J92-1004
External_4542
1,992
1,968
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the case for casequot in universals in linguistic theory
[ "C J Fillmore" ]
null
In this case , the verb has no information concerning its subject , and so it identifies it as an unbound pronoun . Semantic filters can also be used to prevent multiple versions of the same case frame ( Fillmore 1968 ) showing up as complements . For instance , the set of complements [ from-place ] , [ to-place ] , and [ at-time ] are freely ordered following a movement verb such as `` leave . ''
2
null
Uses
[ 88, 101 ]
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Semantic filters can also be used to prevent multiple versions of the same case frame ( @@CITATION ) showing up as complements .
J92-1004_3
0
null
The terms have been identified as the most specific to our corpus by a program developed by Drouin ( 2003 ) and called TER1vloSTAT .
W04-1805
External_18168
2,004
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
termextraction using nontechnical corpora as a point of leverage
[ "Patrick Drouin" ]
null
CompuTerm 2004 3rd International Workshop on Computational Terminology 43 To construct this test set , we have focused our attention on ten domain-specific terms : commande ( command ) , configuration , fichier ( file ) , Internet , logiciel ( software ) , option , ordinateur ( computer ) , serveur ( server ) , systeme ( system ) , utilisateur ( user ) . The terms have been identified as the most specific to our corpus by a program developed by Drouin ( 2003 ) and called TER1vloSTAT . The ten most specific nouns have been produced by comparing our corpus of computing to the French corpus Le Monde , composed of newspaper articles ( Lemay et al. , 2004 ) .
6
null
Uses
[ 92, 107 ]
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The terms have been identified as the most specific to our corpus by a program developed by @@CITATION and called TER1vloSTAT .
W04-1805_4
0
null
For statistical significance , we use McNemar 's test on non-gold LAS , as implemented by Nilsson and Nivre ( 2008 ) .
J13-1008
J08-4003
2,013
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
algorithms for deterministic incremental dependency parsing
[ "Joakim Nivre" ]
null
Unlabeled attachment accuracy score ( UAS ) and label accuracy ( dependency relation regardless of parent , LS ) are also given . For statistical significance , we use McNemar 's test on non-gold LAS , as implemented by Nilsson and Nivre ( 2008 ) . We denote p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 with + and + + , respectively .
3
null
Uses
[ 102, 116 ]
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For statistical significance , we use McNemar 's test on non-gold LAS , as implemented by Nilsson and @@CITATION .
J13-1008_36
0
related work
The availability of toolkits for this weighted case ( Mohri et al. , 1998 ; van Noord and Gerdemann , 2001 ) promises to unify much of statistical NLP .
P02-1001
External_4179
2,002
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a rational design for a weighted finitestate transducer library
[ "M Mohri", "F Pereira", "M Riley" ]
null
An artificial example will appear in § 2 . The availability of toolkits for this weighted case ( Mohri et al. , 1998 ; van Noord and Gerdemann , 2001 ) promises to unify much of statistical NLP . Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' including classic models for speech recognition ( Pereira and Riley , 1997 ) and machine translation ( Knight and Al-Onaizan , 1998 ) .
2
null
Background
[ 54, 73 ]
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The availability of toolkits for this weighted case ( @@CITATION ; van Noord and Gerdemann , 2001 ) promises to unify much of statistical NLP .
P02-1001_24
0
introduction
tionally reconstructed by Alshawi and Crouch ( 1992 ) and Crouch and Putman ( 1994 ) , the context-independent meaning of a sentence is given by one or more QLFs that are built directly from syntactic and semantic rules .
J00-4002
External_32773
2,000
1,992
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
monotonic semantic interpretation
[ "Hiyan Alshawi", "Richard Crouch" ]
null
In the CLE-QLF approach , as ra - tionally reconstructed by Alshawi and Crouch ( 1992 ) and Crouch and Putman ( 1994 ) , the context-independent meaning of a sentence is given by one or more QLFs that are built directly from syntactic and semantic rules . Just as here , these QLFs represent the basic predicate argument structure of the sentence , and contain constructs which represent those aspects of the meaning of the sentence that are dependent on context .
2
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 26, 53 ]
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tionally reconstructed by @@CITATION and Crouch and Putman ( 1994 ) , the context-independent meaning of a sentence is given by one or more QLFs that are built directly from syntactic and semantic rules .
J00-4002_5
0
null
We use a standard split of 268 training documents , 68 development documents , and 106 testing documents ( Culotta et al. , 2007 ; Bengtson and Roth , 2008 ) .
K15-1002
D08-1031
2,015
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
understanding the value of features for coreference resolution
[ "E Bengtson", "D Roth" ]
null
Datasets The ACE-2004 dataset contains 443 documents . We use a standard split of 268 training documents , 68 development documents , and 106 testing documents ( Culotta et al. , 2007 ; Bengtson and Roth , 2008 ) . The OntoNotes-5 .0 dataset , which is released for the CoNLL-2012 Shared Task ( Pradhan et al. , 2012 ) , contains 3,145 annotated documents .
4
null
Uses
[ 131, 155 ]
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We use a standard split of 268 training documents , 68 development documents , and 106 testing documents ( Culotta et al. , 2007 ; @@CITATION ) .
K15-1002_3
0
experiments
Bojar and Kos ( 2010 ) improved on this by marking prepositions with the case they mark ( one of the most important markups in our system ) .
E12-1068
W10-1705
2,012
2,010
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
failures in englishczech phrasebased mt
[ "Ondˇrej Bojar", "Kamil Kos" ]
null
Fraser ( 2009 ) tried to solve the inflection prediction problem by simply building an SMT system for translating from stems to inflected forms . Bojar and Kos ( 2010 ) improved on this by marking prepositions with the case they mark ( one of the most important markups in our system ) . Both efforts were ineffective on large data sets .
8
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 0, 22 ]
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@@CITATION improved on this by marking prepositions with the case they mark ( one of the most important markups in our system ) .
E12-1068_2
0
related work
But typical OT grammars offer much richer finite-state models of left context ( Eisner 1997a ) than provided by the traditional HMM finite-state topologies .
J00-2014
External_28137
2,000
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
efficient generation in primitive optimality theory
[ "Jason Eisner" ]
null
Just like OT grammars , HMM Viterbi decoders are functions that pick the optimal output from E * , based on criteria of well-formedness ( transition probabilities ) and faithfulness to the input ( emission probabilities ) . But typical OT grammars offer much richer finite-state models of left context ( Eisner 1997a ) than provided by the traditional HMM finite-state topologies . Now , among methods that use a Gibbs distribution to choose among linguistic forms , OT generation is special in that the distribution ranks the features strictly , rather than weighting them in a gentler way that allows tradeoffs .
2
null
Background
[ 80, 91 ]
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But typical OT grammars offer much richer finite-state models of left context ( @@CITATIONa ) than provided by the traditional HMM finite-state topologies .
J00-2014_2
0
null
Other tools have been designed around particular techniques , such as finite state machines ( Karttunen et al. , 1997 ; Mohri et al. , 1998 ) .
W03-0806
External_4179
2,003
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a rational design for a weighted finitestate transducer library
[ "Mehryar Mohri", "Fernando C N Pereira", "Michael Riley" ]
null
This gives a greater flexibility but the tradeoff is that these tools can run very slowly . Other tools have been designed around particular techniques , such as finite state machines ( Karttunen et al. , 1997 ; Mohri et al. , 1998 ) . However , the source code for these tools is not freely available , so they can not be extended .
3
null
Background
[ 120, 139 ]
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Other tools have been designed around particular techniques , such as finite state machines ( Karttunen et al. , 1997 ; @@CITATION ) .
W03-0806_27
0
experiments
This contrasts with the findings described in Rapp & Zock ( 2010 ) where significant improvements could be achieved by increasing the number of source languages .
W10-4005
W10-3908
2,010
2,010
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
utilizing citations of foreign words in corpusbased dictionary generation
[ "Reinhard Rapp", "Michael Zock" ]
null
As can be seen , with an average score of 51.8 the improvement over the English only variant ( 50.6 ) is minimal . This contrasts with the findings described in Rapp & Zock ( 2010 ) where significant improvements could be achieved by increasing the number of source languages . So this casts some doubt on these .
3
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 46, 66 ]
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This contrasts with the findings described in @@CITATION where significant improvements could be achieved by increasing the number of source languages .
W10-4005_20
0
experiments
The function selects the Value that removes most distractors , but in case of a tie , the least specific contestant is chosen , as long as it is not less specific than the basic-level Value ( i.e. , the most commonly occurring and psychologically most fundamental level , Rosch 1978 ) .
J06-2002
External_940
2,006
1,978
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
principles of categorization
[ "Eleanor Rosch" ]
null
FindBestValue selects the ` best value ' from among the Values of a given Attribute , assuming that these are linearly ordered in terms of specificity . The function selects the Value that removes most distractors , but in case of a tie , the least specific contestant is chosen , as long as it is not less specific than the basic-level Value ( i.e. , the most commonly occurring and psychologically most fundamental level , Rosch 1978 ) . IAPlur can refer to individuals as well as sets , since reference to a target individual r can be modeled as reference to the singleton set -LCB- r -RCB- .
1
null
Background
[ 272, 282 ]
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The function selects the Value that removes most distractors , but in case of a tie , the least specific contestant is chosen , as long as it is not less specific than the basic-level Value ( i.e. , the most commonly occurring and psychologically most fundamental level , @@CITATION ) .
J06-2002_43
0
introduction
Budanitsky and Hirst ( 2006 ) pointed out that distribution plots of judgments for the word pairs used by Rubenstein and Goodenough display an empty horizontal band that could be used to separate related and unrelated pairs .
W06-1104
External_861
2,006
2,006
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
evaluating wordnetbased measures of semantic distance
[ "Alexander Budanitsky", "Graeme Hirst" ]
null
However , even with the present setup , automatic extraction of concept pairs performs remarkably well and can be used to quickly create balanced test datasets . Budanitsky and Hirst ( 2006 ) pointed out that distribution plots of judgments for the word pairs used by Rubenstein and Goodenough display an empty horizontal band that could be used to separate related and unrelated pairs . This empty band is not observed here .
6
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 0, 29 ]
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@@CITATION pointed out that distribution plots of judgments for the word pairs used by Rubenstein and Goodenough display an empty horizontal band that could be used to separate related and unrelated pairs .
W06-1104_2
0
experiments
In fact , Reiter has even argued in favor of this approach , claiming that the interactions are sufficiently minor to be ignored ( or at least handled on an ad hoc basis ) ( Reiter 1994 ) .
J00-2001
W94-0319
2,000
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
has a consensus nl generation architecture appeared and is it psycholinguistically plausible
[ "Ehud Reiter" ]
null
This approach is the one taken ( implicitly or explicitly ) in the majority of generators . In fact , Reiter has even argued in favor of this approach , claiming that the interactions are sufficiently minor to be ignored ( or at least handled on an ad hoc basis ) ( Reiter 1994 ) . While this certainly has appeal as a design methodology , it seems reckless to assume that problems will never appear .
2
null
Background
[ 174, 185 ]
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In fact , Reiter has even argued in favor of this approach , claiming that the interactions are sufficiently minor to be ignored ( or at least handled on an ad hoc basis ) ( @@CITATION ) .
J00-2001_47
0
null
The method is called targeted self-training as it is similar in vein to self-training ( McClosky et al. , 2006 ) , with the exception that the new parse data is targeted to produce accurate word reorderings .
D11-1138
P06-1043
2,011
2,006
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
reranking and selftraining for parser adaptation
[ "D McClosky", "E Charniak", "M Johnson" ]
null
The parse with the best reordering score is then fixed and added back to the training set and a new parser is trained on resulting data . The method is called targeted self-training as it is similar in vein to self-training ( McClosky et al. , 2006 ) , with the exception that the new parse data is targeted to produce accurate word reorderings . Our method differs as it does not statically fix a new parse , but dynamically updates the parameters and parse selection by incorporating the additional loss in the inner loop of online learning .
5
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 88, 110 ]
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The method is called targeted self-training as it is similar in vein to self-training ( @@CITATION ) , with the exception that the new parse data is targeted to produce accurate word reorderings .
D11-1138_16
0
related work
In our previous work ( Zhang and Chai , 2009 ) , we started an initial investigation on conversation entailment .
D10-1074
W09-3930
2,010
2,009
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
what do we know about conversation participants experiments on conversation entailment
[ "Chen Zhang", "Joyce Chai" ]
null
Here we address a different angle regarding conversation scripts , namely conversation entailment . In our previous work ( Zhang and Chai , 2009 ) , we started an initial investigation on conversation entailment . We have collected a dataset of 875 instances .
3
null
Extends
[ 23, 44 ]
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In our previous work ( @@CITATION ) , we started an initial investigation on conversation entailment .
D10-1074_29
0
related work
Bashir ( 1993 ) tried to construct a semantic analysis based on `` prepared '' and `` unprepared mind '' .
P13-3018
External_22873
2,013
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
causal chains and compound verbsquot
[ "E Bashir" ]
null
Butt ( 1993 ) argues CV formations in Hindi and Urdu are either morphological or syntactical and their formation take place at the argument structure . Bashir ( 1993 ) tried to construct a semantic analysis based on `` prepared '' and `` unprepared mind '' . Similar findings have been proposed by Pandharipande ( 1993 ) that points out V1 and V2 are paired on the basis of their semantic compatibility , which is subject to syntactic constraints .
3
null
Background
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@@CITATION tried to construct a semantic analysis based on `` prepared '' and `` unprepared mind '' .
P13-3018_0
0
related work
It is also possible to focus on non-compositional compounds , a key point in bilingual applications ( Su et al. , 1994 ; Melamed , 1997 ; Lin , 99 ) .
A00-1019
External_47988
2,000
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a corpusbased approach to automatic compound extraction
[ "Keh-Yih Su", "Ming-Wen Wu", "Jing-Shin Chang" ]
null
One way to increase the precision of the mapping process is to impose some linguistic constraints on the sequences such as simple noun-phrase contraints ( Gaussier , 1995 ; Kupiec , 1993 ; hua Chen and Chen , 94 ; Fung , 1995 ; Evans and Zhai , 1996 ) . It is also possible to focus on non-compositional compounds , a key point in bilingual applications ( Su et al. , 1994 ; Melamed , 1997 ; Lin , 99 ) . Another interesting approach is to restrict sequences to those that do not cross constituent boundary patterns ( Wu , 1995 ; Furuse and Iida , 96 ) .
4
null
Background
[ 102, 118 ]
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It is also possible to focus on non-compositional compounds , a key point in bilingual applications ( @@CITATION ; Melamed , 1997 ; Lin , 99 ) .
A00-1019_5
0
method
This is mainly due to the fact that Arabic is a non-concatenative language ( Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ) , and that the stem/infix obtained by suppression of infix and prefix add-ons is not the same for words derived from the same origin called the root .
W04-1610
W98-1009
2,004
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a computational morphology system for arabic”
[ "R Al-Shalabi", "M Evens" ]
null
In Arabic , however , the use of stems will not yield satisfactory categorization . This is mainly due to the fact that Arabic is a non-concatenative language ( Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ) , and that the stem/infix obtained by suppression of infix and prefix add-ons is not the same for words derived from the same origin called the root . The infix form ( or stem ) needs further to be processed in order to obtain the root .
4
null
Background
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This is mainly due to the fact that Arabic is a non-concatenative language ( @@CITATION ) , and that the stem/infix obtained by suppression of infix and prefix add-ons is not the same for words derived from the same origin called the root .
W04-1610_0
0
null