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@@CITATION ; Morency et al. , 2005 ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) ."},"citation_id":{"kind":"string","value":"P10-2059_7"},"citation_excerpt_index":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"},"section_name":{"kind":"string","value":"introduction"}}},{"rowIdx":294,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) ."},"citing_paper_id":{"kind":"string","value":"D13-1115"},"cited_paper_id":{"kind":"string","value":"External_32478"},"citing_paper_year":{"kind":"number","value":2013,"string":"2,013"},"cited_paper_year":{"kind":"number","value":2009,"string":"2,009"},"citing_paper_title":{"kind":"string","value":"a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining"},"cited_paper_title":{"kind":"string","value":"integrating experiential and distributional data to learn semantic representations"},"cited_author_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mark Andrews","Gabriella Vigliocco","David Vinson"],"string":"[\n \"Mark Andrews\",\n \"Gabriella Vigliocco\",\n \"David Vinson\"\n]"},"citing_author_ids":{"kind":"null"},"extended_context":{"kind":"string","value":"Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) . 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Figure 2 ( a ) shows the frame-based semantic representation for the utterance `` What time is Analyze This playing 2 See ( Nakatani and Chu-Carroll , 2000 ) for how MIMIC 's dialoguelevel knowledge is used to override default prosodic assignments for concept-to-speech generation . | A00-1014 | W00-0310 | 2,000 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | using dialogue representations for concepttospeech generation | [
"Christine H Nakatani",
"Jennifer Chu-Carroll"
] | null | MIMIC utilizes a non-recursive frame-based semantic representation commonly used in spoken dialogue systems ( e.g. ( Seneff et al. , 1991 ; Lamel , 1998 ) ) , which represents an utterance as a set of attribute-value pairs . Figure 2 ( a ) shows the frame-based semantic representation for the utterance `` What time is Analyze This playing 2 See ( Nakatani and Chu-Carroll , 2000 ) for how MIMIC 's dialoguelevel knowledge is used to override default prosodic assignments for concept-to-speech generation . in Montclair ? '' | 4 | null | Background | [
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] | Figure 2 ( a ) shows the frame-based semantic representation for the utterance `` What time is Analyze This playing 2 See ( @@CITATION ) for how MIMIC 's dialoguelevel knowledge is used to override default prosodic assignments for concept-to-speech generation . | A00-1014_12 | 0 | null |
For Berkeley system , we use the reported results from Durrett and Klein ( 2014 ) . | K15-1002 | External_16514 | 2,015 | 2,014 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a joint model for entity analysis coreference typing and linking | [
"G Durrett",
"D Klein"
] | null | Results for HOTCoref are slightly different from the results reported in Bj ¨ orkelund and Kuhn ( 2014 ) . For Berkeley system , we use the reported results from Durrett and Klein ( 2014 ) . shows significant improvement on all metrics for both datasets . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
55,
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] | For Berkeley system , we use the reported results from @@CITATION . | K15-1002_23 | 0 | experiments |
Instead , we will adopt the nomenclature of the Automatic Content Extraction program ( NIST , 2004 ) : we will call the instances of textual references to objects/abstractions mentions , which can be either named ( e.g. John Mayor ) , nominal ( the president ) or pronominal ( she , it ) . | W05-0709 | External_87913 | 2,005 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | proceedings of ace evaluation and pi meeting | [
"NIST"
] | null | Usually , in computational linguistics literature , a named entity is an instance of a location , a person , or an organization , and the NER task consists of identifying each of these occurrences . Instead , we will adopt the nomenclature of the Automatic Content Extraction program ( NIST , 2004 ) : we will call the instances of textual references to objects/abstractions mentions , which can be either named ( e.g. John Mayor ) , nominal ( the president ) or pronominal ( she , it ) . An entity is the aggregate of all the mentions ( of any level ) which refer to one conceptual entity . | 2 | null | Uses | [
87,
98
] | [
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] | Instead , we will adopt the nomenclature of the Automatic Content Extraction program ( @@CITATION ) : we will call the instances of textual references to objects/abstractions mentions , which can be either named ( e.g. John Mayor ) , nominal ( the president ) or pronominal ( she , it ) . | W05-0709_24 | 0 | introduction |
Such a component would serve as the first stage of a clinical question answering system ( Demner-Fushman and Lin , 2005 ) or summarization system ( McKeown et al. , 2003 ) . | W06-3309 | External_20682 | 2,006 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | knowledge extraction for clinical question answering preliminary results | [
"Dina Demner-Fushman",
"Jimmy Lin"
] | null | Thus , our exploratory experiments in applying content models trained with structured RCTs on unstructured RCTs is a closer approximation of an extrinsically-valid measure of performance . Such a component would serve as the first stage of a clinical question answering system ( Demner-Fushman and Lin , 2005 ) or summarization system ( McKeown et al. , 2003 ) . We chose to focus on randomized controlled trials because they represent the standard benchmark by which all other clinical studies are measured . | 5 | null | Future | [
90,
119
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] | Such a component would serve as the first stage of a clinical question answering system ( @@CITATION ) or summarization system ( McKeown et al. , 2003 ) . | W06-3309_6 | 0 | conclusion |
In the areas of Natural Language Processing ( NLP ) and computational linguistics , proposals have been made for using the computational Grid for data-intensive NLP and text-mining for eScience ( Carroll et al. , 2005 ; Hughes et al , 2004 ) . | W06-1705 | External_25126 | 2,006 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | supporting text mining for escience the challenges for gridenabled natural language processing | [
"J Carroll",
"R Evans",
"E Klein"
] | null | In particular , representativeness and replicability are key research concerns to enhance the reliability of web data for corpora . In the areas of Natural Language Processing ( NLP ) and computational linguistics , proposals have been made for using the computational Grid for data-intensive NLP and text-mining for eScience ( Carroll et al. , 2005 ; Hughes et al , 2004 ) . While such an approach promises much in terms of emerging infrastructure , we wish to exploit existing computing infrastructure that is more accessible to linguists via a P2P approach . | 3 | null | Background | [
196,
217
] | [
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] | In the areas of Natural Language Processing ( NLP ) and computational linguistics , proposals have been made for using the computational Grid for data-intensive NLP and text-mining for eScience ( @@CITATION ; Hughes et al , 2004 ) . | W06-1705_2 | 0 | related work |
Ingria ( 1984 ) comprehensively compares different approaches to complementation within grammatical theory providing a touchstone against which the LDOCE scheme can be evaluated . | J87-3002 | External_40337 | 1,987 | 1,984 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | complement types in english | [
"Robert Ingria"
] | null | Michiels ( 1982 ) and Akkerman et al. ( 1985 ) provide a more detailed analysis of the information encoded by the LDOCE grammar codes and discuss their efficacy as a system of linguistic description . Ingria ( 1984 ) comprehensively compares different approaches to complementation within grammatical theory providing a touchstone against which the LDOCE scheme can be evaluated . Most automated parsing systems employ grammars which carefully distinguish syntactic and semantic information , therefore , if the information provided by the Longman grammar code system is to be of use , we need to be able to separate out this information and map it into a representation scheme compatible with the type of lexicon used by such parsing systems . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | @@CITATION comprehensively compares different approaches to complementation within grammatical theory providing a touchstone against which the LDOCE scheme can be evaluated . | J87-3002_14 | 0 | null |
To prove that our method is effective , we also make a comparison between the performances of our system and Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) , Xue ( 2008 ) . | D08-1034 | External_24680 | 2,008 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic semantic role labeling for chinese verbs | [
"Nianwen Xue",
"Martha Palmer"
] | null | So the ARGX sub task is improved . To prove that our method is effective , we also make a comparison between the performances of our system and Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) , Xue ( 2008 ) . Xue ( 2008 ) is the best SRL system until now and it has the same data setting with ours . | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
109,
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] | To prove that our method is effective , we also make a comparison between the performances of our system and @@CITATION , Xue ( 2008 ) . | D08-1034_16 | 0 | experiments |
The obtained SCFG is further used in a phrase-based and hierarchical phrase-based system ( Chiang , 2007 ) . | Q13-1020 | External_63993 | 2,013 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | hierarchical phrasebased translation | [
"David Chiang"
] | null | Blunsom et al. ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) utilized Bayesian methods to learn synchronous context free grammars ( SCFG ) from a parallel corpus . The obtained SCFG is further used in a phrase-based and hierarchical phrase-based system ( Chiang , 2007 ) . Levenberg et al. ( 2012 ) employed a Bayesian method to learn discontinuous SCFG rules . | 3 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
91,
104
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] | The obtained SCFG is further used in a phrase-based and hierarchical phrase-based system ( @@CITATION ) . | Q13-1020_6 | 0 | related work |
32 In certain cases an extension of the constraint language with named disjunctions or contexted constraints ( Maxwell and Kaplan 1989 ; Eisele and Dorre 1990 ; Griffith 1996 ) can be used to circumvent constraint propagation . | J97-4003 | C96-1076 | 1,997 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | modularizing contexted constraints | [
"John Griffith"
] | null | The information common to all solutions to the interaction call is lifted up into the lexical entry and becomes available upon lexical lookup . 32 In certain cases an extension of the constraint language with named disjunctions or contexted constraints ( Maxwell and Kaplan 1989 ; Eisele and Dorre 1990 ; Griffith 1996 ) can be used to circumvent constraint propagation . Encoding the disjunctive possibilities for lexical rule application in this way , instead of with definite clause attachments , makes all relevant lexical information available at lexical lookup . | 2 | null | Background | [
161,
174
] | [
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] | 32 In certain cases an extension of the constraint language with named disjunctions or contexted constraints ( Maxwell and Kaplan 1989 ; Eisele and Dorre 1990 ; @@CITATION ) can be used to circumvent constraint propagation . | J97-4003_18 | 0 | introduction |
Blunsom et al. ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) utilized Bayesian methods to learn synchronous context free grammars ( SCFG ) from a parallel corpus . | Q13-1020 | External_13771 | 2,013 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | bayesian synchronous grammar induction | [
"Phil Blunsom",
"Trevor Cohn",
"Miles Osborne"
] | null | This work differs from the above work in that we design a novel Bayesian model to induce unsupervised U-trees , and prior knowledge can be encoded into the model more freely and effectively . Blunsom et al. ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) utilized Bayesian methods to learn synchronous context free grammars ( SCFG ) from a parallel corpus . The obtained SCFG is further used in a phrase-based and hierarchical phrase-based system ( Chiang , 2007 ) . | 3 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
0,
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] | @@CITATION , 2009 , 2010 ) utilized Bayesian methods to learn synchronous context free grammars ( SCFG ) from a parallel corpus . | Q13-1020_0 | 0 | related work |
Since the arguments can provide useful semantic information , the SRL is crucial to many natural language processing tasks , such as Question and Answering ( Narayanan and Harabagiu 2004 ) , Information Extraction ( Surdeanu et al. 2003 ) , and Machine Translation ( Boas 2002 ) . | D08-1034 | C04-1100 | 2,008 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | question answering based on semantic structures | [
"Srini Narayanan",
"Sanda Harabagiu"
] | null | Typical tags include Agent , Patient , Source , etc. and some adjuncts such as Temporal , Manner , Extent , etc. . Since the arguments can provide useful semantic information , the SRL is crucial to many natural language processing tasks , such as Question and Answering ( Narayanan and Harabagiu 2004 ) , Information Extraction ( Surdeanu et al. 2003 ) , and Machine Translation ( Boas 2002 ) . With the efforts of many researchers ( Carreras and MÃ rquez 2004 , 2005 , Moschitti 2004 , Pradhan et al 2005 , Zhang et al 2007 ) , different machine learning methods and linguistics resources are applied in this task , which has made SRL task progress fast . | 2 | null | Background | [
158,
186
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] | Since the arguments can provide useful semantic information , the SRL is crucial to many natural language processing tasks , such as Question and Answering ( @@CITATION ) , Information Extraction ( Surdeanu et al. 2003 ) , and Machine Translation ( Boas 2002 ) . | D08-1034_6 | 0 | introduction |
In addition to the model based upon a dictionary of stems and words , we also experimented with models based upon character n-grams , similar to those used for Chinese segmentation ( Sproat et al. , 1996 ) . | W05-0709 | J96-3004 | 2,005 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a stochastic finitestate wordsegmentation algorithm for chinese | [
"R Sproat",
"C Shih",
"W Gale",
"N Chang"
] | null | In addition to the model based upon a dictionary of stems and words , we also experimented with models based upon character n-grams , similar to those used for Chinese segmentation ( Sproat et al. , 1996 ) . For these models , both arabic characters and spaces , and the inserted prefix and suffix markers appear on the arcs of the finite state machine . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
183,
203
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Notable early papers on graph-based semisupervised learning include Blum and Chawla ( 2001 ) , Bansal et al. ( 2002 ) , Kondor and Lafferty ( 2002 ) , and Joachims ( 2003 ) . | W06-1639 | External_2304 | 2,006 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | transductive learning via spectral graph partitioning | [
"T Joachims"
] | null | inter-document references in the form of hyperlinks ( Agrawal et al. , 2003 ) . Notable early papers on graph-based semisupervised learning include Blum and Chawla ( 2001 ) , Bansal et al. ( 2002 ) , Kondor and Lafferty ( 2002 ) , and Joachims ( 2003 ) . Zhu ( 2005 ) maintains a survey of this area . | 6 | null | Background | [
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] | Notable early papers on graph-based semisupervised learning include Blum and Chawla ( 2001 ) , Bansal et al. ( 2002 ) , Kondor and Lafferty ( 2002 ) , and @@CITATION . | W06-1639_22 | 0 | related work |
Due to using a global model like CRFs , our previous work in ( Zhao et al. , 2006 ; Zhao and Kit , 2008c ) reported the best results over the evaluated corpora of Bakeoff-2 until now7 . | E09-1100 | External_1012 | 2,009 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | exploiting unlabeled text with different unsupervised segmentation criteria for chinese word segmentation | [
"Hai Zhao",
"Chunyu Kit"
] | null | As full features are used , the former and the latter provide the similar performance . Due to using a global model like CRFs , our previous work in ( Zhao et al. , 2006 ; Zhao and Kit , 2008c ) reported the best results over the evaluated corpora of Bakeoff-2 until now7 . Though those results are slightly better than the results here , we still see that the results of character-level dependency parsing approach ( Scheme E ) are comparable to those state-of-the-art ones on each evaluated corpus . | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
84,
103
] | [
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As already mentioned in the literature , see for example ( Lapata and Lascarides , 2003 ) , knowledge about implicit predicates could be potentially useful for a variety of NLP tasks such as language generation , information extraction , question answering or machine translation . | D09-1144 | J03-2004 | 2,009 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a probabilistic account of logical metonymy | [
"Mirella Lapata",
"Alex Lascarides"
] | null | As already mentioned in the literature , see for example ( Lapata and Lascarides , 2003 ) , knowledge about implicit predicates could be potentially useful for a variety of NLP tasks such as language generation , information extraction , question answering or machine translation . Many applications of semantic relations in NLP are connected to paraphrasing or query expansion , see for example ( Voorhees , 1994 ) . | 8 | null | Background | [
59,
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] | As already mentioned in the literature , see for example ( @@CITATION ) , knowledge about implicit predicates could be potentially useful for a variety of NLP tasks such as language generation , information extraction , question answering or machine translation . | D09-1144_16 | 0 | conclusion |
We use the Columbia Arabic Treebank ( CATiB ) ( Habash and Roth 2009 ) . | J13-1008 | P09-2056 | 2,013 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | catib the columbia arabic treebank | [
"Nizar Habash",
"Ryan Roth"
] | null | We use the Columbia Arabic Treebank ( CATiB ) ( Habash and Roth 2009 ) . Specifically , we use the portion converted from Part 3 of the PATB to the CATiB format , which enriches the CATiB dependency trees with full PATB morphological information . | 2 | null | Uses | [
48,
68
] | [
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] | We use the Columbia Arabic Treebank ( CATiB ) ( @@CITATION ) . | J13-1008_24 | 0 | experiments |
This problem may be similar to the situation in which current formal grammars allow nonsensical but parsable collections of words ( e.g. , `` colorless green ideas ... '' ) , while before the advent of Chomskyan formalisms , a sentence was defined as the smallest meaningful collection of words ; Fowler ( 1965 , p. 546 ) gives 10 definitions of a sentence . | J91-2003 | External_17593 | 1,991 | 1,965 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a dictionary of modern english usage | [
"H W Fowler"
] | null | Still , our definition of coherence may not be restrictive enough : two collections of sentences , one referring to `` black '' ( about black pencils , black pullovers , and black poodles ) , the other one about `` death '' ( war , cancer , etc. ) , connected by a sentence referring to both of these , could be interpreted as one paragraph about the new , broader topic `` black + death . '' This problem may be similar to the situation in which current formal grammars allow nonsensical but parsable collections of words ( e.g. , `` colorless green ideas ... '' ) , while before the advent of Chomskyan formalisms , a sentence was defined as the smallest meaningful collection of words ; Fowler ( 1965 , p. 546 ) gives 10 definitions of a sentence . It then seems worth differentiating between the creation of a new concept like `` black + death , '' with a meaning given by a paraphrase of the example collection of sentences , and the acceptance of the new concept -- storing it in R . | 1 | null | Background | [
297,
310
] | [
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] | This problem may be similar to the situation in which current formal grammars allow nonsensical but parsable collections of words ( e.g. , `` colorless green ideas ... '' ) , while before the advent of Chomskyan formalisms , a sentence was defined as the smallest meaningful collection of words ; @@CITATION , p. 546 ) gives 10 definitions of a sentence . | J91-2003_13 | 0 | introduction |
Another technique for making better use of unlabeled data is cotraining ( Blum and Mitchell 1998 ) , in which two sufficiently different learners help each other learn by labeling training data for one another . | J04-3001 | External_218 | 2,004 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | combining labeled and unlabeled data with cotraining | [
"Avrim Blum",
"Tom Mitchell"
] | null | This approach assumes that there are enough existing labeled data to train the individual parsers . Another technique for making better use of unlabeled data is cotraining ( Blum and Mitchell 1998 ) , in which two sufficiently different learners help each other learn by labeling training data for one another . The work of Sarkar ( 2001 ) and Steedman , Osborne , et al. ( 2003 ) suggests that co-training can be helpful for statistical parsing . | 4 | null | Background | [
74,
96
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] | Another technique for making better use of unlabeled data is cotraining ( @@CITATION ) , in which two sufficiently different learners help each other learn by labeling training data for one another . | J04-3001_1 | 0 | related work |
For example , modeling CASE in Czech improves Czech parsing ( Collins et al. 1999 ) : CASE is relevant , not redundant , and can be predicted with sufficient accuracy . | J13-1008 | P99-1065 | 2,013 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a statistical parser for czech | [
"Michael Collins",
"Jan Hajic",
"Lance Ramshaw",
"Christoph Tillmann"
] | null | In the past , it has been shown that if we can recognize the relevant morphological features in assignment configurations well enough , then they contribute to parsing accuracy . For example , modeling CASE in Czech improves Czech parsing ( Collins et al. 1999 ) : CASE is relevant , not redundant , and can be predicted with sufficient accuracy . It has been more difficult showing that agreement morphology helps parsing , however , with negative results for dependency parsing in several languages ( Eryigit , Nivre , and Oflazer 2008 ; Nivre , Boguslavsky , and Iomdin 2008 ; Nivre 2009 ) . | 1 | null | Motivation | [
62,
81
] | [
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] | For example , modeling CASE in Czech improves Czech parsing ( @@CITATION ) : CASE is relevant , not redundant , and can be predicted with sufficient accuracy . | J13-1008_10 | 0 | introduction |
Table look-up using an explicit translation lexicon is sufficient and preferable for many multilingual NLP applications , including `` crummy '' MT on the World Wide Web ( Church & Hovy , 1993 ) , certain machine-assisted translation tools ( e.g. ( Macklovitch , 1994 ; Melamed , 1996b ) ) , concordancing for bilingual lexicography ( Catizone et al. , 1993 ; Gale & Church , 1991 ) , computerassisted language learning , corpus linguistics ( Melby . | P97-1063 | External_15612 | 1,997 | 1,991 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a program for aligning sentences in bilingual corporaquot | [
"W Gale",
"K W Church"
] | null | However , the IBM models , which attempt to capture a broad range of translation phenomena , are computationally expensive to apply . Table look-up using an explicit translation lexicon is sufficient and preferable for many multilingual NLP applications , including `` crummy '' MT on the World Wide Web ( Church & Hovy , 1993 ) , certain machine-assisted translation tools ( e.g. ( Macklovitch , 1994 ; Melamed , 1996b ) ) , concordancing for bilingual lexicography ( Catizone et al. , 1993 ; Gale & Church , 1991 ) , computerassisted language learning , corpus linguistics ( Melby . 1981 ) , and cross-lingual information retrieval ( Oard & Dorr , 1996 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
360,
380
] | [
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] | Table look-up using an explicit translation lexicon is sufficient and preferable for many multilingual NLP applications , including `` crummy '' MT on the World Wide Web ( Church & Hovy , 1993 ) , certain machine-assisted translation tools ( e.g. ( Macklovitch , 1994 ; Melamed , 1996b ) ) , concordancing for bilingual lexicography ( Catizone et al. , 1993 ; @@CITATION ) , computerassisted language learning , corpus linguistics ( Melby . | P97-1063_16 | 0 | introduction |
Following our previous work ( Karamanis and Manurung 2002 ; Althaus , Karamanis , and Koller 2004 ) , the input to information ordering is an unordered set of informationbearing items represented as CF lists . | J09-1003 | External_8084 | 2,009 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | stochastic text structuring using the principle of continuity | [
"Nikiforos Karamanis",
"Hisar Maruli Manurung"
] | null | Following our previous work ( Karamanis and Manurung 2002 ; Althaus , Karamanis , and Koller 2004 ) , the input to information ordering is an unordered set of informationbearing items represented as CF lists . A set of candidate orderings is produced by creating different permutations of these lists . | 4 | null | Extends | [
30,
57
] | [
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] | Following our previous work ( @@CITATION ; Althaus , Karamanis , and Koller 2004 ) , the input to information ordering is an unordered set of informationbearing items represented as CF lists . | J09-1003_38 | 0 | null |
There has been some controversy , at least for simple stemmers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) , about the effectiveness of morphological analysis for document retrieval ( Harman , 1991 ; Krovetz , 1993 ; Hull , 1996 ) . | W02-0309 | External_44558 | 2,002 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | stemming algorithms a case study for detailed evaluation | [
"D A Hull"
] | null | There has been some controversy , at least for simple stemmers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) , about the effectiveness of morphological analysis for document retrieval ( Harman , 1991 ; Krovetz , 1993 ; Hull , 1996 ) . The key for quality improvement seems to be rooted mainly in the presence or absence of some form of dictionary . | 6 | null | Background | [
207,
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] | There has been some controversy , at least for simple stemmers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) , about the effectiveness of morphological analysis for document retrieval ( Harman , 1991 ; Krovetz , 1993 ; @@CITATION ) . | W02-0309_5 | 0 | conclusion |
This situation suggests a response-automation approach that follows the document retrieval paradigm ( Salton and McGill 1983 ) , where a new request is matched with existing response documents ( e-mails ) . | J09-4010 | External_1877 | 2,009 | 1,983 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | an introduction to modern information retrieval | [
"G Salton",
"M J McGill"
] | null | The example in Figure 1 ( b ) illustrates a situation where specific words in the request ( docking station and install ) are also mentioned in the response . This situation suggests a response-automation approach that follows the document retrieval paradigm ( Salton and McGill 1983 ) , where a new request is matched with existing response documents ( e-mails ) . However , specific words in the request do not always match a response well , and sometimes do not match a response at all , as demonstrated by the examples in Figures 1 ( a ) and 1 ( c ) , respectively . | 2 | null | Background | [
102,
124
] | [
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All current approaches to monolingual TE , either syntactically oriented ( Rus et al. , 2005 ) , or applying logical inference ( Tatu and Moldovan , 2005 ) , or adopting transformation-based techniques ( Kouleykov and Magnini , 2005 ; Bar-Haim et al. , 2008 ) , incorporate different types of lexical knowledge to support textual inference . | P11-1134 | H05-1047 | 2,011 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a semantic approach to recognizing textual entailment | [
"Marta Tatu andDan Moldovan"
] | null | 2 Lexical resources for TE and CLTE All current approaches to monolingual TE , either syntactically oriented ( Rus et al. , 2005 ) , or applying logical inference ( Tatu and Moldovan , 2005 ) , or adopting transformation-based techniques ( Kouleykov and Magnini , 2005 ; Bar-Haim et al. , 2008 ) , incorporate different types of lexical knowledge to support textual inference . Such information ranges from i ) lexical paraphrases ( textual equivalences between terms ) to ii ) lexical relations preserving entailment between words , and iii ) wordlevel similarity/relatedness scores . | 2 | null | Background | [
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] | All current approaches to monolingual TE , either syntactically oriented ( Rus et al. , 2005 ) , or applying logical inference ( Tatu and @@CITATION ) , or adopting transformation-based techniques ( Kouleykov and Magnini , 2005 ; Bar-Haim et al. , 2008 ) , incorporate different types of lexical knowledge to support textual inference . | P11-1134_33 | 0 | introduction |
This is the approach taken by IBM Models 4 + ( Brown et al. 1993b ; Och and Ney 2003 ) , and more recently by the LEAF model ( Fraser and Marcu 2007 ) . | J10-3007 | D07-1006 | 2,010 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | getting the structure right for word alignment leaf | [
"Alexander Fraser",
"Daniel Marcu"
] | null | One solution to this problem is to add more complexity to the model to better reflect the translation process . This is the approach taken by IBM Models 4 + ( Brown et al. 1993b ; Och and Ney 2003 ) , and more recently by the LEAF model ( Fraser and Marcu 2007 ) . Unfortunately , these changes make the models probabilistically deficient and intractable , requiring approximations and heuristic learning and inference prone to search errors . | 3 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
127,
148
] | [
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We have noted that many of these desiderata make complex question answering quite similar to multi-document summarization ( Lin and Demner-Fushman 2005b ) , but these features are also beyond the capabilities of current summarization systems . | J07-1005 | H05-1117 | 2,007 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatically evaluating answers to definition questions | [
"Jimmy Lin",
"Dina Demner-Fushman"
] | null | The system should collate concurrences , that is , if multiple abstracts arrive at the same conclusion -- it need not be repeated unless the physician wishes to `` drill down '' ; the system should reconcile contradictions , for example , if two abstracts disagree on a particular treatment because they studied different patient populations . We have noted that many of these desiderata make complex question answering quite similar to multi-document summarization ( Lin and Demner-Fushman 2005b ) , but these features are also beyond the capabilities of current summarization systems . It is clear that the type of answers desired by physicians require a level of semantic analysis that is beyond the current state of the art , even with the aid of existing medical ontologies . | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | We have noted that many of these desiderata make complex question answering quite similar to multi-document summarization ( @@CITATIONb ) , but these features are also beyond the capabilities of current summarization systems . | J07-1005_27 | 0 | null |
Perlmutter and Soames , 1979:472 ) , but these are the only ones which are explicit in the LDOCE coding system . | J87-3002 | External_43911 | 1,987 | 1,979 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | syntactic argumentation and the structure of english | [
"D M Perlmutter",
"S Soames"
] | null | Clearly , there are other syntactic and semantic tests for this distinction , ( see eg . Perlmutter and Soames , 1979:472 ) , but these are the only ones which are explicit in the LDOCE coding system . Once the semantic type for a verb sense has been determined , the sequence of codes in the associated code field is translated , as before , on a code-by-code basis . | 4 | null | Background | [
0,
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] | @@CITATION:472 ) , but these are the only ones which are explicit in the LDOCE coding system . | J87-3002_25 | 0 | null |
This paper describes an approach for sharing resources in various grammar formalisms such as Feature-Based Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar ( FB-LTAG1 ) ( Vijay-Shanker , 1987 ; Vijay-Shanker and Joshi , 1988 ) and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ) ( Pollard and Sag , 1994 ) by a method of grammar conversion . | W01-1510 | External_105 | 2,001 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | headdriven phrase structure grammar | [
"Carl Pollard",
"Ivan A Sag"
] | null | This paper describes an approach for sharing resources in various grammar formalisms such as Feature-Based Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar ( FB-LTAG1 ) ( Vijay-Shanker , 1987 ; Vijay-Shanker and Joshi , 1988 ) and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ) ( Pollard and Sag , 1994 ) by a method of grammar conversion . The RenTAL system automatically converts an FB-LTAG grammar into a strongly equivalent HPSG-style grammar ( Yoshinaga and Miyao , 2001 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
265,
287
] | [
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] | This paper describes an approach for sharing resources in various grammar formalisms such as Feature-Based Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar ( FB-LTAG1 ) ( Vijay-Shanker , 1987 ; Vijay-Shanker and Joshi , 1988 ) and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ) ( @@CITATION ) by a method of grammar conversion . | W01-1510_12 | 0 | introduction |
These constructs correspond as directly as possible to properties of the linguistic structure that express them and are , to as small an extent as possible , dependent on the requirements of contextual resolution ( unlike , say , the metavariables of standard QLFs [ Alshawi and Crouch 1992 ] , or the labels of UDRS [ Reyle 1996 ] , which are motivated entirely by the mechanisms that operate on them after grammatical processing ) . | J00-4002 | External_32773 | 2,000 | 1,992 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | monotonic semantic interpretation | [
"Hiyan Alshawi",
"Richard Crouch"
] | null | What is required is that QLFs are , as here , expressed in a typed higher-order logic , augmented with constructs representing the interpretation of context-dependent elements ( pronouns , ellipsis , focus , etc. ) . These constructs correspond as directly as possible to properties of the linguistic structure that express them and are , to as small an extent as possible , dependent on the requirements of contextual resolution ( unlike , say , the metavariables of standard QLFs [ Alshawi and Crouch 1992 ] , or the labels of UDRS [ Reyle 1996 ] , which are motivated entirely by the mechanisms that operate on them after grammatical processing ) . Syntactic properties relevant for binding constraints , parallelism , scope constraints , and so on , are not directly represented at QLF ( again unlike standard QLFs ) but are assumed to be available as components of the linguistic context . ' | 2 | null | Background | [
267,
290
] | [
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] | These constructs correspond as directly as possible to properties of the linguistic structure that express them and are , to as small an extent as possible , dependent on the requirements of contextual resolution ( unlike , say , the metavariables of standard QLFs [ @@CITATION ] , or the labels of UDRS [ Reyle 1996 ] , which are motivated entirely by the mechanisms that operate on them after grammatical processing ) . | J00-4002_4 | 0 | null |
Prototypes of Internet search engines for linguists , corpus linguists and lexicographers have been proposed : WebCorp ( Kehoe and Renouf , 2002 ) , KWiCFinder ( Fletcher , 2004a ) and the Linguist 's Search Engine ( Kilgarriff , 2003 ; Resnik and Elkiss , 2003 ) . | W06-1705 | External_36201 | 2,006 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the linguists search engine getting started guide | [
"P Resnik",
"A Elkiss"
] | null | Baroni and Bernardini ( 2004 ) built a corpus by iteratively searching Google for a small set of seed terms . Prototypes of Internet search engines for linguists , corpus linguists and lexicographers have been proposed : WebCorp ( Kehoe and Renouf , 2002 ) , KWiCFinder ( Fletcher , 2004a ) and the Linguist 's Search Engine ( Kilgarriff , 2003 ; Resnik and Elkiss , 2003 ) . A key concern in corpus linguistics and related disciplines is verifiability and replicability of the results of studies . | 3 | null | Background | [
237,
261
] | [
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Table look-up using an explicit translation lexicon is sufficient and preferable for many multilingual NLP applications , including `` crummy '' MT on the World Wide Web ( Church & Hovy , 1993 ) , certain machine-assisted translation tools ( e.g. ( Macklovitch , 1994 ; Melamed , 1996b ) ) , concordancing for bilingual lexicography ( Catizone et al. , 1993 ; Gale & Church , 1991 ) , computerassisted language learning , corpus linguistics ( Melby . | P97-1063 | External_19461 | 1,997 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a geometric approach to mapping bitext correspondencequot | [
"I D Melamed"
] | null | However , the IBM models , which attempt to capture a broad range of translation phenomena , are computationally expensive to apply . Table look-up using an explicit translation lexicon is sufficient and preferable for many multilingual NLP applications , including `` crummy '' MT on the World Wide Web ( Church & Hovy , 1993 ) , certain machine-assisted translation tools ( e.g. ( Macklovitch , 1994 ; Melamed , 1996b ) ) , concordancing for bilingual lexicography ( Catizone et al. , 1993 ; Gale & Church , 1991 ) , computerassisted language learning , corpus linguistics ( Melby . 1981 ) , and cross-lingual information retrieval ( Oard & Dorr , 1996 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
270,
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] | Table look-up using an explicit translation lexicon is sufficient and preferable for many multilingual NLP applications , including `` crummy '' MT on the World Wide Web ( Church & Hovy , 1993 ) , certain machine-assisted translation tools ( e.g. ( Macklovitch , 1994 ; @@CITATIONb ) ) , concordancing for bilingual lexicography ( Catizone et al. , 1993 ; Gale & Church , 1991 ) , computerassisted language learning , corpus linguistics ( Melby . | P97-1063_29 | 0 | introduction |
An off-the-shelf speech recognition device , a Nippon Electric Corporation DP-200 , was added to an existing natural language processing system , the Natural Language Computer ( NLC ) ( Ballard 1979 , Biermann and Ballard 1980 ) . | J86-1002 | External_75527 | 1,986 | 1,980 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | toward natural language computation | [
"A Biermann",
"B Ballard"
] | null | The usefulness of the methodology described above was tested in the implementation of a connected speech understanding system . An off-the-shelf speech recognition device , a Nippon Electric Corporation DP-200 , was added to an existing natural language processing system , the Natural Language Computer ( NLC ) ( Ballard 1979 , Biermann and Ballard 1980 ) . The expectation system provided the intermediate processing between the errorful output of the speech recognizer and the deep semantics of NLC . | 5 | null | Background | [
201,
226
] | [
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] | An off-the-shelf speech recognition device , a Nippon Electric Corporation DP-200 , was added to an existing natural language processing system , the Natural Language Computer ( NLC ) ( Ballard 1979 , @@CITATION ) . | J86-1002_3 | 0 | experiments |
Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) . | D13-1115 | P11-1096 | 2,013 | 2,011 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | simple supervised document geolocation with geodesic grids | [
"Benjamin Wing",
"Jason Baldridge"
] | null | Others provide automatic mappings of natural language instructions to executable actions , such as interpreting navigation directions ( Chen and Mooney , 2011 ) or robot commands ( Tellex et al. , 2011 ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ) . Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) . Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
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] | Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; @@CITATION ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) . | D13-1115_69 | 0 | introduction |
The system was trained on the Penn Treebank ( Marcus et al. , 1993 ) WSJ Sections 221 and tested on Section 23 ( Table 1 ) , same as used by Magerman ( 1995 ) , Collins ( 1997 ) , and Ratnaparkhi ( 1997 ) , and became a common testbed . | P00-1007 | External_9757 | 2,000 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | statistical decisiontree models for parsing | [
"David M Magerman"
] | null | The system was trained on the Penn Treebank ( Marcus et al. , 1993 ) WSJ Sections 221 and tested on Section 23 ( Table 1 ) , same as used by Magerman ( 1995 ) , Collins ( 1997 ) , and Ratnaparkhi ( 1997 ) , and became a common testbed . The tasks were selected so as to demonstrate the benefit of using internal structure | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
141,
158
] | [
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] | The system was trained on the Penn Treebank ( Marcus et al. , 1993 ) WSJ Sections 221 and tested on Section 23 ( Table 1 ) , same as used by @@CITATION , Collins ( 1997 ) , and Ratnaparkhi ( 1997 ) , and became a common testbed . | P00-1007_16 | 0 | null |
Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) predefine 163 verbal subcategorization frames , obtained by manually merging the classes exemplified in the COMLEX ( MacLeod , Grishman , and Meyers 1994 ) and ANLT ( Boguraev et al. 1987 ) dictionaries and adding around 30 frames found by manual inspection . | J05-3003 | A97-1052 | 2,005 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic extraction of subcategorization from corpora | [
"Edward Briscoe",
"John Carroll"
] | null | Applying his technique to approximately four million words of New York Times newswire , Manning acquired 4,900 verb-subcategorization frame pairs for 3,104 verbs , an average of 1.6 frames per verb . Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) predefine 163 verbal subcategorization frames , obtained by manually merging the classes exemplified in the COMLEX ( MacLeod , Grishman , and Meyers 1994 ) and ANLT ( Boguraev et al. 1987 ) dictionaries and adding around 30 frames found by manual inspection . The frames incorporate control information and details of specific prepositions . | 3 | null | Background | [
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] | @@CITATION predefine 163 verbal subcategorization frames , obtained by manually merging the classes exemplified in the COMLEX ( MacLeod , Grishman , and Meyers 1994 ) and ANLT ( Boguraev et al. 1987 ) dictionaries and adding around 30 frames found by manual inspection . | J05-3003_8 | 0 | related work |
Recently , several alternative , often quite sophisticated approaches to collective classification have been proposed ( Neville and Jensen , 2000 ; Lafferty et al. , 2001 ; Getoor et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2003 ; Taskar et al. , 2004 ; McCallum and Wellner , 2004 ) . | W06-1639 | External_6728 | 2,006 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | iterative classification in relational data | [
"J Neville",
"D Jensen"
] | null | Zhu ( 2005 ) maintains a survey of this area . Recently , several alternative , often quite sophisticated approaches to collective classification have been proposed ( Neville and Jensen , 2000 ; Lafferty et al. , 2001 ; Getoor et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2003 ; Taskar et al. , 2004 ; McCallum and Wellner , 2004 ) . It would be interesting to investigate the application of such methods to our problem . | 6 | null | Background | [
120,
145
] | [
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] | Recently , several alternative , often quite sophisticated approaches to collective classification have been proposed ( @@CITATION ; Lafferty et al. , 2001 ; Getoor et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2003 ; Taskar et al. , 2004 ; McCallum and Wellner , 2004 ) . | W06-1639_33 | 0 | related work |
Berstel and Reutenauer ( 1988 ) give a sufficiently general finite-state framework to allow this : weights may fall in any set K ( instead of R ) . | P02-1001 | External_35216 | 2,002 | 1,988 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | rational series and their languages | [
"Jean Berstel",
"Christophe Reutenauer"
] | null | We will enforce an invariant : the weight of any pathset H must be ( & EÎ P ( Ï ) , & EÎ P ( Ï ) val ( Ï ) ) E R > 0 x V , from which ( 1 ) is trivial to compute . Berstel and Reutenauer ( 1988 ) give a sufficiently general finite-state framework to allow this : weights may fall in any set K ( instead of R ) . Multiplication and addition are replaced by binary operations ® and ® on K. Thus ® is used to combine arc weights into a path weight and ® is used to combine the weights of alternative paths . | 4 | null | Uses | [
0,
31
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FBLTAG ( Vijay-Shanker , 1987 ; Vijay-Shanker and Joshi , 1988 ) is an extension of the LTAG formalism . | W01-1510 | External_78607 | 2,001 | 1,988 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | feature structures based tree adjoining grammars | [
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] | FBLTAG ( Vijay-Shanker , 1987 ; @@CITATION ) is an extension of the LTAG formalism . | W01-1510_24 | 0 | introduction |
There are several variations of such a method ( Ballesteros and Croft , 1998 ; Pirkola , 1998 ; Hull 1997 ) . | W00-1312 | External_16322 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | using structured queries for disambiguation in crosslanguage information retrievalquot | [
"D A Hull"
] | null | This approach limits how much credit the retrieval algorithm can give to a single term in the original query and prevents the translations of one or a few terms from swamping the whole query . There are several variations of such a method ( Ballesteros and Croft , 1998 ; Pirkola , 1998 ; Hull 1997 ) . One such method is to treat different translations of the same term as synonyms . | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
96,
105
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] | There are several variations of such a method ( Ballesteros and Croft , 1998 ; Pirkola , 1998 ; @@CITATION ) . | W00-1312_7 | 0 | method |
12 In order to focus on the computational aspects of the covariation approach , in this paper we will not go into a discussion of the full lexical rule specification language introduced in Meurers ( 1995 ) . | J97-4003 | External_41778 | 1,997 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | towards a semantics for lexical rules as used in hpsg | [
"Detmar Meurers"
] | null | The result is displayed description language . 12 In order to focus on the computational aspects of the covariation approach , in this paper we will not go into a discussion of the full lexical rule specification language introduced in Meurers ( 1995 ) . The reader interested in that language and its precise interpretation can find the relevant details in that paper . | 2 | null | Background | [
189,
205
] | [
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] | 12 In order to focus on the computational aspects of the covariation approach , in this paper we will not go into a discussion of the full lexical rule specification language introduced in @@CITATION . | J97-4003_37 | 0 | introduction |
Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech . | J90-3003 | External_73669 | 1,990 | 1,988 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | from sad to glad emotional computer voices | [
"J Cahn"
] | null | Existing text-to-speech systems perform well on word pronunciation and short sentences ,12 but when it comes to long sentences and paragraphs , synthetic speech tends to be difficult to listen to and understand . Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech . And while researchers in text-tospeech synthesis have adopted a variety of approaches to prosodic phrase generation -- from the simple punctuationbased rules and function word listings of existing commercial systems to the sophisticated prosodic heuristics described in Emorine and Martin ( 1988 ) and O'Shaughnessy ( 1989 ) -- the generation of appropriate prosodic phrasing in unrestricted text has remained a problem . | 2 | null | Motivation | [
80,
89
] | [
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] | Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; @@CITATION ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech . | J90-3003_5 | 0 | experiments |
This Principle of Finitism is also assumed by Johnson-Laird ( 1983 ) , Jackendoff ( 1983 ) , Kamp ( 1981 ) , and implicitly or explicitly by almost all researchers in computational linguistics . | J91-2003 | External_9402 | 1,991 | 1,983 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | mental models | [
"P N Johnson-Laird"
] | null | The issues of control are not so important for us at this point ; we restrict ourselves to describing the logic . This Principle of Finitism is also assumed by Johnson-Laird ( 1983 ) , Jackendoff ( 1983 ) , Kamp ( 1981 ) , and implicitly or explicitly by almost all researchers in computational linguistics . As a logical postulate it is not very radical ; it is possible within a finitary framework to develop that part of mathematics that is used or has potential applications in natural science , such as mathematical analysis ( cfXXX Mycielski 1981 ) . | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
46,
68
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] | This Principle of Finitism is also assumed by @@CITATION , Jackendoff ( 1983 ) , Kamp ( 1981 ) , and implicitly or explicitly by almost all researchers in computational linguistics . | J91-2003_37 | 0 | introduction |
We performed translation experiments with an implementation of the IBM-4 translation model ( Brown et al. , 1993 ) . | E03-1007 | External_6772 | 2,003 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the mathematics of statistical machine translation parameter estimation | [
"P F Brown",
"S A Della Pietra",
"V J Della Pietra",
"R L Mercer"
] | null | This shows that our method was successful in producing a more focused lexicon probability distribution . We performed translation experiments with an implementation of the IBM-4 translation model ( Brown et al. , 1993 ) . A description of the system can be found in ( Tillmann and Ney , 2002 ) . | 7 | null | Uses | [
93,
112
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] | We performed translation experiments with an implementation of the IBM-4 translation model ( @@CITATION ) . | E03-1007_3 | 0 | experiments |
In this paper , a flexible annotation schema called Structured String-Tree Correspondence ( SSTC ) ( Boitet & Zaharin , 1988 ) will be introduced to capture a natural language text , its corresponding abstract linguistic representation and the mapping ( correspondence ) between these two . | W02-1601 | C88-1013 | 2,002 | 1,988 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | representation trees and stringtree correspondences | [
"C Boitet",
"Y Zaharin"
] | null | Much of theoretical linguistics can be formulated in a very natural manner as stating correspondences ( translations ) between layers of representation structures ( Rambow & Satta , 1996 ) . In this paper , a flexible annotation schema called Structured String-Tree Correspondence ( SSTC ) ( Boitet & Zaharin , 1988 ) will be introduced to capture a natural language text , its corresponding abstract linguistic representation and the mapping ( correspondence ) between these two . The correspondence between the string and its associated representation tree structure is defined in terms of the sub-correspondence between parts of the string ( substrings ) and parts of the tree structure ( subtrees ) , which can be interpreted for both analysis and generation . | 2 | null | Background | [
101,
124
] | [
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] | In this paper , a flexible annotation schema called Structured String-Tree Correspondence ( SSTC ) ( @@CITATION ) will be introduced to capture a natural language text , its corresponding abstract linguistic representation and the mapping ( correspondence ) between these two . | W02-1601_2 | 0 | introduction |
For the development of these lists we used a collection of texts of about 300,000 words derived from the New York Times ( NYT ) corpus that was supplied as training data for the 7th Message Understanding Conference ( MUC-7 ) ( Chinchor 1998 ) . | J02-3002 | External_12989 | 2,002 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | overview of muc7” | [
"Nancy Chinchor"
] | null | These four lists can be acquired completely automatically from raw ( unlabeled ) texts . For the development of these lists we used a collection of texts of about 300,000 words derived from the New York Times ( NYT ) corpus that was supplied as training data for the 7th Message Understanding Conference ( MUC-7 ) ( Chinchor 1998 ) . We used these texts because the approach described in this article was initially designed to be part of a named-entity recognition system ( Mikheev , Grover , and Moens 1998 ) developed for MUC-7 . | 5 | null | Background | [
227,
240
] | [
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] | For the development of these lists we used a collection of texts of about 300,000 words derived from the New York Times ( NYT ) corpus that was supplied as training data for the 7th Message Understanding Conference ( MUC-7 ) ( @@CITATION ) . | J02-3002_10 | 0 | null |
For the full parser , we use the one developed by Michael Collins ( Collins , 1996 ; Collins , 1997 ) -- one of the most accurate full parsers around . | W01-0706 | External_555 | 2,001 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | three generative lexicalised models for statistical parsing | [
"M Collins"
] | null | We perform our comparison using two state-ofthe-art parsers . For the full parser , we use the one developed by Michael Collins ( Collins , 1996 ; Collins , 1997 ) -- one of the most accurate full parsers around . It represents a full parse tree as a set of basic phrases and a set of dependency relationships between them . | 3 | null | Uses | [
85,
99
] | [
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] | For the full parser , we use the one developed by Michael Collins ( Collins , 1996 ; @@CITATION ) -- one of the most accurate full parsers around . | W01-0706_14 | 0 | experiments |
More sophisticated approaches have been proposed ( Hillard et al. , 2003 ) , including an extension that , in an interesting reversal of our problem , makes use of sentimentpolarity indicators within speech segments ( Galley et al. , 2004 ) . | W06-1639 | N03-2012 | 2,006 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | detection of agreement vs disagreement in meetings training with unlabeled data | [
"D Hillard",
"M Ostendorf",
"E Shriberg"
] | null | Detecting agreement We used a simple method to learn to identify cross-speaker references indicating agreement . More sophisticated approaches have been proposed ( Hillard et al. , 2003 ) , including an extension that , in an interesting reversal of our problem , makes use of sentimentpolarity indicators within speech segments ( Galley et al. , 2004 ) . Also relevant is work on the general problems of dialog-act tagging ( Stolcke et al. , 2000 ) , citation analysis ( Lehnert et al. , 1990 ) , and computational rhetorical analysis ( Marcu , 2000 ; Teufel and Moens , 2002 ) . | 6 | null | Background | [
51,
72
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] | More sophisticated approaches have been proposed ( @@CITATION ) , including an extension that , in an interesting reversal of our problem , makes use of sentimentpolarity indicators within speech segments ( Galley et al. , 2004 ) . | W06-1639_21 | 0 | related work |
Tbahriti et al. ( 2006 ) have demonstrated that differential weighting of automatically labeled sections can lead to improved retrieval performance . | J07-1005 | External_3427 | 2,007 | 2,006 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | using argumentation to retrieve articles with similar citations an inquiry into improving related articles search in the medline digital library | [
"Imad Tbahriti",
"Christine Chichester",
"Fr´ed´erique Lisacek",
"Patrick Ruch"
] | null | For example , McKnight and Srinivasan ( 2003 ) describe a machine learning approach to automatically label sentences as belonging to introduction , methods , results , or conclusion using structured abstracts as training data ( see also Lin et al. 2006 ) . Tbahriti et al. ( 2006 ) have demonstrated that differential weighting of automatically labeled sections can lead to improved retrieval performance . Note , however , that such labels are orthogonal to PICO frame elements , and hence are not directly relevant to knowledge extraction for clinical question answering . | 6 | null | Background | [
0,
24
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The one-sided t-test ( Hull , 1993 ) at significance level 0.05 indicated that the improvement on Trec5C is not statistically significant . | W00-1312 | External_24245 | 2,000 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | using statistical testing in the evaluation of retrieval experimentsquot | [
"D Hull"
] | null | Furthermore , the improvement on Trec5C appears to be caused by big improvements for a small number of queries . The one-sided t-test ( Hull , 1993 ) at significance level 0.05 indicated that the improvement on Trec5C is not statistically significant . It seems surprising that disambiguation does not help at all for Trec6C . | 8 | null | Uses | [
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] | mers ( Lovins , 1968 ; @@CITATION ) demonstrably improve retrieval performance . | W02-0309_17 | 0 | introduction |
It is therefore no surprise that early attempts at response automation were knowledge-driven ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ; Watson 1997 ; Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) . | J09-4010 | External_60689 | 2,009 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | expert systems a technology before its time ai expert available at wwwstanfordedugroup scipavsgtexpertsystemsaiexperthtml | [
"A Barr",
"S Tessler"
] | null | circumstances can make each inquiry unique , and hence care must be taken to compose a response that does not confuse , irritate , or mislead the customer . It is therefore no surprise that early attempts at response automation were knowledge-driven ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ; Watson 1997 ; Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) . These systems were carefully designed to produce relevant and correct responses , but required significant human input and maintenance ( Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) . | 1 | null | Background | [
95,
116
] | [
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] | It is therefore no surprise that early attempts at response automation were knowledge-driven ( @@CITATION ; Watson 1997 ; Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) . | J09-4010_1 | 0 | introduction |
The framework was originally developed for the realization of deep-syntactic structures in NLG ( Lavoie and Rambow , 1997 ) . | A00-1009 | A97-1039 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a fast and portable realizer for text generation systems | [
"B Lavoie",
"Rambow"
] | null | The framework represents a generalization of several predecessor NLG systems based on Meaning-Text Theory : FoG ( Kittredge and Polguere , 1991 ) , LFS ( Iordanskaja et al. , 1992 ) , and JOYCE ( Rambow and Korelsky , 1992 ) . The framework was originally developed for the realization of deep-syntactic structures in NLG ( Lavoie and Rambow , 1997 ) . It was later extended for generation of deep-syntactic structures from conceptual interlingua ( Kittredge and Lavoie , 1998 ) . | 6 | null | Background | [
97,
121
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] | The framework was originally developed for the realization of deep-syntactic structures in NLG ( @@CITATION ) . | A00-1009_11 | 0 | null |
These features are very much desired in the design of an annotation scheme , in particular for the treatment of linguistic phenomena , which are non-standard , e.g. crossed dependencies ( Tang & Zaharin , 1995 ) . | W02-1601 | External_29486 | 2,002 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | handling crossed dependencies with the stcg | [
"E K Tang",
"Y Zaharin"
] | null | The SSTC is a general structure that can associate an arbitrary tree structure to string in a language as desired by the annotator to be the interpretation structure of the string , and more importantly is the facility to specify the correspondence between the string and the associated tree which can be nonprojective ( Boitet & Zaharin , 1988 ) . These features are very much desired in the design of an annotation scheme , in particular for the treatment of linguistic phenomena , which are non-standard , e.g. crossed dependencies ( Tang & Zaharin , 1995 ) . Figure 2 illustrates the sentence `` John picks the box up '' with its corresponding SSTC . | 3 | null | Background | [
188,
209
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Few approaches to parsing have tried to handle disfluent utterances ( notable exceptions are Core & Schubert , 1999 ; Hindle , 1983 ; Nakatani & Hirschberg , 1994 ; Shriberg , Bear , & Dowding , 1992 ) . | P00-1001 | External_5424 | 2,000 | 1,983 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | deterministic parsing of syntactic nonfluencies | [
"D Hindle"
] | null | This sort of processing requires quite a different architecture and different mechanisms for ambiguity resolution than one that begins processing only at the end of a complete and well-formed utterance . Few approaches to parsing have tried to handle disfluent utterances ( notable exceptions are Core & Schubert , 1999 ; Hindle , 1983 ; Nakatani & Hirschberg , 1994 ; Shriberg , Bear , & Dowding , 1992 ) . The few psycholinguistic experiments that have examined human processing of disfluent speech also throw into question the assumption that disfluent speech is harder to process than fluent speech . | 2 | null | Background | [
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] | Few approaches to parsing have tried to handle disfluent utterances ( notable exceptions are Core & Schubert , 1999 ; @@CITATION ; Nakatani & Hirschberg , 1994 ; Shriberg , Bear , & Dowding , 1992 ) . | P00-1001_18 | 0 | introduction |
5 The open source Moses ( Hoang et al. 2007 ) toolkit from www.statmt.org/moses/ . | J10-3007 | P07-2045 | 2,010 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | moses open source toolkit for statistical machine translation | [
"Hieu Hoang",
"Alexandra Birch",
"Chris Callison-Burch",
"Richard Zens",
"Rwth Aachen",
"Alexandra Constantin",
"Marcello Federico",
"Nicola Bertoldi",
"Chris Dyer",
"Brooke Cowan",
"Wade Shen",
"Christine Moran",
"Ondrej Bojar"
] | null | We tested three values of the threshold ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 ) which try to capture different tradeoffs 5 The open source Moses ( Hoang et al. 2007 ) toolkit from www.statmt.org/moses/ . 6 www.statmt.org/wmt08/baseline.html . | 5 | null | Uses | [
26,
43
] | [
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There have been several efforts aimed at developing a domain-independent method for generating responses from a frame representation of user requests ( Bobrow et al. , 1977 ; Chu-Carroll , 1999 ) . | W00-1017 | External_1973 | 2,000 | 1,977 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | gus a frame driven dialog system | [
"Daniel G Bobrow",
"Ronald M Kaplan",
"Martin Kay",
"Donald A Norman",
"Henry Thompson",
"Teny Winograd"
] | null | WIT , however , does not provide task-independent facilities that make it easier to employ such dialogue strategies . There have been several efforts aimed at developing a domain-independent method for generating responses from a frame representation of user requests ( Bobrow et al. , 1977 ; Chu-Carroll , 1999 ) . Incorporating such techniques would decrease the system developer workload . | 5 | null | Future | [
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The maximum entropy approach ( Berger et al. , 1996 ) presents a powerful framework for the combination of several knowledge sources . | E03-1007 | External_3692 | 2,003 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a maximum entropy approach to natural language processing | [
"A L Berger",
"S A Della Pietra",
"V J Della Pietra"
] | null | The maximum entropy approach ( Berger et al. , 1996 ) presents a powerful framework for the combination of several knowledge sources . This principle recommends to choose the distribution which preserves as much uncertainty as possible in terms of maximizing the entropy . | 6 | null | Uses | [
31,
51
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] | The maximum entropy approach ( @@CITATION ) presents a powerful framework for the combination of several knowledge sources . | E03-1007_0 | 0 | null |
Other molecular biology databases We also included several model organism databases or nomenclature databases in the construction of the dictionary , i.e. , mouse Mouse Genome Database ( MGD ) [ 18 ] , fly FlyBase [ 19 ] , yeast Saccharomyces Genome Database ( SGD ) [ 20 ] , rat -- Rat Genome Database ( RGD ) [ 21 ] , worm -- WormBase [ 22 ] , Human Nomenclature Database ( HUGO ) [ 23 ] , Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) [ 24 ] , and Enzyme Nomenclature Database ( ECNUM ) [ 25 , 26 ] . | P05-3005 | External_95863 | 2,005 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | sgd saccharomyces genome database nucleic acids res | [
"Cherry JM",
"C Adler",
"C Ball",
"Chervitz SA",
"Dwight SS",
"Hester ET",
"Y Jia",
"G Juvik",
"T Roe",
"M Schroeder"
] | null | The Semantic Network contains information about the types or categories ( e.g. , `` Disease or Syndrome '' , `` Virus '' ) to which all META concepts have been assigned . Other molecular biology databases We also included several model organism databases or nomenclature databases in the construction of the dictionary , i.e. , mouse Mouse Genome Database ( MGD ) [ 18 ] , fly FlyBase [ 19 ] , yeast Saccharomyces Genome Database ( SGD ) [ 20 ] , rat -- Rat Genome Database ( RGD ) [ 21 ] , worm -- WormBase [ 22 ] , Human Nomenclature Database ( HUGO ) [ 23 ] , Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) [ 24 ] , and Enzyme Nomenclature Database ( ECNUM ) [ 25 , 26 ] . | 2 | null | Uses | [
267,
273
] | [
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] | [] | Other molecular biology databases We also included several model organism databases or nomenclature databases in the construction of the dictionary , i.e. , mouse Mouse Genome Database ( MGD ) [ 18 ] , fly FlyBase [ 19 ] , yeast Saccharomyces Genome Database ( SGD ) @@CITATION , rat -- Rat Genome Database ( RGD ) [ 21 ] , worm -- WormBase [ 22 ] , Human Nomenclature Database ( HUGO ) [ 23 ] , Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) [ 24 ] , and Enzyme Nomenclature Database ( ECNUM ) [ 25 , 26 ] . | P05-3005_7 | 0 | null |
We then use the program Snob ( Wallace and Boulton 1968 ; Wallace 2005 ) to cluster these experiences . | J09-4010 | External_45353 | 2,009 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | statistical and inductive inference by minimum message length | [
"C S Wallace"
] | null | We train the system by clustering the `` experiences '' of the response-generation methods in addressing requests , where each experience is characterized by the value of the confidence measure employed by a method and its subsequent performance , reflected by precision and recall ( Equations ( 7 ) and ( 8 ) , respectively ) . We then use the program Snob ( Wallace and Boulton 1968 ; Wallace 2005 ) to cluster these experiences . Figure 8 ( a ) is a projection of the centroids of the clusters produced by Snob into the three most significant dimensions discovered by Principal Component Analysis ( PCA ) -- these dimensions account for 95 % of the variation in the data . | 4 | null | Uses | [
58,
70
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] | We then use the program Snob ( Wallace and Boulton 1968 ; @@CITATION ) to cluster these experiences . | J09-4010_51 | 0 | null |
However , studies have shown that existing systems for searching MEDLINE ( such as PubMed , the search service provided by the National Library of Medicine ) are often inadequate and unable to supply clinically relevant answers in a timely manner ( Gorman , Ash , and Wykoff 1994 ; Chambliss and Conley 1996 ) . | J07-1005 | External_87363 | 2,007 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | answering clinical questions | [
"M Lee Chambliss",
"Jennifer Conley"
] | null | MEDLINE , the authoritative repository of abstracts from the medical and biomedical primary literature maintained by the National Library of Medicine , provides the clinically relevant sources for answering physicians ' questions , and is commonly used in that capacity ( Cogdill and Moore 1997 ; De Groote and Dorsch 2003 ) . However , studies have shown that existing systems for searching MEDLINE ( such as PubMed , the search service provided by the National Library of Medicine ) are often inadequate and unable to supply clinically relevant answers in a timely manner ( Gorman , Ash , and Wykoff 1994 ; Chambliss and Conley 1996 ) . Furthermore , it is clear that traditional document retrieval technology applied to MEDLINE abstracts is insufficient for satisfactory information access ; research and experience point to the need for systems that automatically analyze text and return only the relevant information , appropriately summarizing and fusing segments from multiple texts . | 1 | null | Background | [
282,
307
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] | However , studies have shown that existing systems for searching MEDLINE ( such as PubMed , the search service provided by the National Library of Medicine ) are often inadequate and unable to supply clinically relevant answers in a timely manner ( Gorman , Ash , and Wykoff 1994 ; @@CITATION ) . | J07-1005_6 | 0 | introduction |
Our implementation of the NP-based QA system uses the Empire noun phrase finder , which is described in detail in Cardie and Pierce ( 1998 ) . | A00-1025 | P98-1034 | 2,000 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | errordriven pruning of treebank grammars for base noun phrase identification | [
"C Cardie",
"D Pierce"
] | null | The NP-based QA System . Our implementation of the NP-based QA system uses the Empire noun phrase finder , which is described in detail in Cardie and Pierce ( 1998 ) . Empire identifies base NPs -- non-recursive noun phrases -- using a very simple algorithm that matches part-of-speech tag sequences based on a learned noun phrase grammar . | 5 | null | Uses | [
114,
140
] | [
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] | Our implementation of the NP-based QA system uses the Empire noun phrase finder , which is described in detail in @@CITATION . | A00-1025_6 | 0 | null |
For all the experiments reported in this article , we used the training portion of PATB Part 3 v3 .1 ( Maamouri et al. 2004 ) , converted to the CATiB Treebank format , as mentioned in Section 2.5 . | J13-1008 | External_471 | 2,013 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the penn arabic treebank building a largescale annotated arabic corpus | [
"Mohamed Maamouri",
"Ann Bies",
"Timothy A Buckwalter",
"Wigdan Mekki"
] | null | For all the experiments reported in this article , we used the training portion of PATB Part 3 v3 .1 ( Maamouri et al. 2004 ) , converted to the CATiB Treebank format , as mentioned in Section 2.5 . We used the same training / devtest split as in Zitouni , Sorensen , and Sarikaya ( 2006 ) ; and we further split the devtest into two equal parts : a development ( dev ) set and a blind test set . | 3 | null | Uses | [
103,
123
] | [
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] | For all the experiments reported in this article , we used the training portion of PATB Part 3 v3 .1 ( @@CITATION ) , converted to the CATiB Treebank format , as mentioned in Section 2.5 . | J13-1008_31 | 0 | related work |
In addition , we consider several types of lexical features ( LexF ) inspired by previous work on agreement and disagreement ( Galley et al. , 2004 ; Misra and Walker , 2013 ) . | W14-2106 | W13-4006 | 2,014 | 2,013 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | topic independent identification of agreement and disagreement in social media dialogue | [
"Amita Misra",
"Marilyn A Walker"
] | null | The MI approach discovers the words that are highly associated with Agree/Disagree categories and these words turn to be useful features for classification . In addition , we consider several types of lexical features ( LexF ) inspired by previous work on agreement and disagreement ( Galley et al. , 2004 ; Misra and Walker , 2013 ) . ⢠Sentiment Lexicon ( SL ) : Two features are designed using a sentiment lexicon ( Hu and Liu , 2004 ) where the first feature represents the number of times the Callout and the Target contain a positive emotional word and the second feature represents the number of the negative emotional words . | 4 | null | Motivation | [
150,
173
] | [
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] | In addition , we consider several types of lexical features ( LexF ) inspired by previous work on agreement and disagreement ( Galley et al. , 2004 ; @@CITATION ) . | W14-2106_25 | 0 | null |
All communicative head gestures in the videos were found and annotated with ANVIL using a subset of the attributes defined in the MUMIN annotation scheme ( Allwood et al. , 2007 ) . | P10-2059 | External_66677 | 2,010 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the mumin coding scheme for the annotation of feedback turn management and sequencing multimodal corpora for modelling human multimodal behaviour | [
"Jens Allwood",
"Loredana Cerrato",
"Kristiina Jokinen",
"Costanza Navarretta",
"Patrizia Paggio"
] | null | All communicative head gestures in the videos were found and annotated with ANVIL using a subset of the attributes defined in the MUMIN annotation scheme ( Allwood et al. , 2007 ) . The MUMIN scheme is a general framework for the study of gestures in interpersonal communication . | 3 | null | Uses | [
156,
177
] | [
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] | All communicative head gestures in the videos were found and annotated with ANVIL using a subset of the attributes defined in the MUMIN annotation scheme ( @@CITATION ) . | P10-2059_0 | 0 | null |
Specifically , we examine the strength of association between the verb and the noun constituent of a combination ( the target expression or its lexical variants ) as an indirect cue to its idiomaticity , an approach inspired by Lin ( 1999 ) . | J09-1005 | External_21987 | 2,009 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic identification of noncompositional phrases | [
"Dekang Lin"
] | null | We thus interpret this property statistically in the following way : We expect a lexically fixed verb + noun combination to appear much more frequently than its variants in general . Specifically , we examine the strength of association between the verb and the noun constituent of a combination ( the target expression or its lexical variants ) as an indirect cue to its idiomaticity , an approach inspired by Lin ( 1999 ) . We use the automatically built thesaurus of Lin ( 1998 ) to find words similar to each constituent , in order to automatically generate variants .2 Variants are generated by replacing either | 2 | null | Motivation | [
228,
240
] | [
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] | Specifically , we examine the strength of association between the verb and the noun constituent of a combination ( the target expression or its lexical variants ) as an indirect cue to its idiomaticity , an approach inspired by @@CITATION . | J09-1005_55 | 0 | null |
The current system learns finite state flowcharts whereas typical learning systems usually acquire coefficient values as in Minsky and Papert ( 1969 ) , assertional statements as in Michalski ( 1980 ) , or semantic nets as in Winston ( 1975 ) . | J86-1002 | External_21718 | 1,986 | 1,975 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | learning structural descriptions from examples in | [
"P Winston"
] | null | The VNLCE processor may be considered to be a learning system of the tradition described , for example , in Michalski et al. ( 1984 ) . The current system learns finite state flowcharts whereas typical learning systems usually acquire coefficient values as in Minsky and Papert ( 1969 ) , assertional statements as in Michalski ( 1980 ) , or semantic nets as in Winston ( 1975 ) . That is , the current system learns procedures rather than data structures . | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
226,
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] | The current system learns finite state flowcharts whereas typical learning systems usually acquire coefficient values as in Minsky and Papert ( 1969 ) , assertional statements as in Michalski ( 1980 ) , or semantic nets as in @@CITATION . | J86-1002_31 | 0 | null |
More recently , an alignment selection approach was proposed in ( Huang , 2009 ) , which computes confidence scores for each link and prunes the links from multiple sets of alignments using a hand-picked threshold . | P10-2005 | P09-1105 | 2,010 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | confidence measure for word alignment | [
"Fei Huang"
] | null | A greedy search method was utilized and it achieved higher translation performance than the baseline . More recently , an alignment selection approach was proposed in ( Huang , 2009 ) , which computes confidence scores for each link and prunes the links from multiple sets of alignments using a hand-picked threshold . The alignments used in that work were generated from different aligners ( HMM , block model , and maximum entropy model ) . | 2 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
66,
78
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] | More recently , an alignment selection approach was proposed in ( @@CITATION ) , which computes confidence scores for each link and prunes the links from multiple sets of alignments using a hand-picked threshold . | P10-2005_7 | 0 | introduction |
Lin ( 1998 ) for example discusses a method where a syntactic parse of the text is performed and the context of a word is modeled using dependency triples . | D09-1003 | External_4260 | 2,009 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words | [
"Dekang Lin"
] | null | The current model uses the context in a very straightforward way , i.e. the two words left and right of the current word , but in the future we would like to explore more advanced methods to improve the similarity estimates . Lin ( 1998 ) for example discusses a method where a syntactic parse of the text is performed and the context of a word is modeled using dependency triples . The other semi-supervised methods proposed here were less successful , although all improved on the supervised model for small training sizes . | 8 | null | Background | [
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] | @@CITATION for example discusses a method where a syntactic parse of the text is performed and the context of a word is modeled using dependency triples . | D09-1003_30 | 0 | conclusion |
A variety of statistical methods were proposed over the recent years for learning to produce a full parse of free-text sentences ( e.g. , Bod ( 1992 ) , Magerman ( 1995 ) , Collins ( 1997 ) , Ratnaparkhi ( 1997 ) , and Sekine ( 1998 ) ) . | P00-1007 | External_555 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | three generative lexicalised models for statistical parsing | [
"M Collins"
] | null | A variety of statistical methods were proposed over the recent years for learning to produce a full parse of free-text sentences ( e.g. , Bod ( 1992 ) , Magerman ( 1995 ) , Collins ( 1997 ) , Ratnaparkhi ( 1997 ) , and Sekine ( 1998 ) ) . In parallel , a lot of work is being done on shallow parsing ( Abney , 1991 ; Greffenstette , 1993 ) , focusing on partial analysis of sentences at the level of local phrases and the relations between them . | 2 | null | Background | [
173,
189
] | [
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] | A variety of statistical methods were proposed over the recent years for learning to produce a full parse of free-text sentences ( e.g. , Bod ( 1992 ) , Magerman ( 1995 ) , @@CITATION , Ratnaparkhi ( 1997 ) , and Sekine ( 1998 ) ) . | P00-1007_9 | 0 | introduction |
The strategies employed when MIMIC has only dialogue initiative are similar to the mixed initiative dialogue strategies employed by many existing spoken dialogue systems ( e.g. , ( Bennacef et at. , 1996 ; Stent et al. , 1999 ) ) . | A00-1014 | P99-1024 | 2,000 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the commandtalk spoken dialogue system | [
"Amanda Stent",
"John Dowding",
"Jean Mark Gawron",
"Elizabeth Owen Bratt",
"Robert Moore"
] | null | rent discourse goal , we developed alternative strategies for achieving the goals in Figure 4 based on initiative distribution , as shown in Table 1 . The strategies employed when MIMIC has only dialogue initiative are similar to the mixed initiative dialogue strategies employed by many existing spoken dialogue systems ( e.g. , ( Bennacef et at. , 1996 ; Stent et al. , 1999 ) ) . To instantiate an attribute , MIMIC adopts the InfoSeek dialogue act to solicit the missing information . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
206,
225
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7A11 our results are computed with the evalb program following the now-standard criteria in ( Collins , 1999 ) . | E03-1002 | External_62 | 2,003 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | headdriven statistical models for natural language parsing | [
"Michael Collins"
] | null | Weight decay regularization was applied at the beginning of training but reduced to zero by the end of training . 7A11 our results are computed with the evalb program following the now-standard criteria in ( Collins , 1999 ) . tical left-corner parser ( Manning and Carpenter , 1997 ) , and a PCFG ( Charniak , 1997 ) . | 7 | null | Uses | [
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] | 7A11 our results are computed with the evalb program following the now-standard criteria in ( @@CITATION ) . | E03-1002_13 | 0 | experiments |
We see no good reason , however , why such text spans should necessarily be sentences , since the majority of tagging paradigms ( e.g. , Hidden Markov Model [ HMM ] [ Kupiec 1992 ] , Brill 's [ Brill 1995a ] , and MaxEnt [ Ratnaparkhi 1996 ] ) do not attempt to parse an entire sentence and operate only in the local window of two to three tokens . | J02-3002 | External_1066 | 2,002 | 1,992 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | robust partofspeech tagging using a hidden markov model computer speech and language | [
"Julian Kupiec"
] | null | This requires resolving sentence boundaries before tagging . We see no good reason , however , why such text spans should necessarily be sentences , since the majority of tagging paradigms ( e.g. , Hidden Markov Model [ HMM ] [ Kupiec 1992 ] , Brill 's [ Brill 1995a ] , and MaxEnt [ Ratnaparkhi 1996 ] ) do not attempt to parse an entire sentence and operate only in the local window of two to three tokens . The only reason why taggers traditionally operate on the sentence level is that a sentence naturally represents a text span in which POS information does not depend on the previous and following history . | 9 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
167,
178
] | [
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] | We see no good reason , however , why such text spans should necessarily be sentences , since the majority of tagging paradigms ( e.g. , Hidden Markov Model [ HMM ] [ @@CITATION ] , Brill 's [ Brill 1995a ] , and MaxEnt [ Ratnaparkhi 1996 ] ) do not attempt to parse an entire sentence and operate only in the local window of two to three tokens . | J02-3002_18 | 0 | null |
results are based on a corpus of movie subtitles ( Tiedemann 2007 ) , and are consequently shorter sentences , whereas the En â Es results are based on a corpus of parliamentary proceedings ( Koehn 2005 ) . | J10-3007 | External_2511 | 2,010 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | building a multilingual parallel subtitle corpus | [
"J¨org Tiedemann"
] | null | Horizontal axis : average number of transferred edges per sentence . results are based on a corpus of movie subtitles ( Tiedemann 2007 ) , and are consequently shorter sentences , whereas the En â Es results are based on a corpus of parliamentary proceedings ( Koehn 2005 ) . We see in Figure 10 that for both domains , the models trained using posterior regularization perform better than the baseline model trained using EM . | 5 | null | Uses | [
51,
65
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] | results are based on a corpus of movie subtitles ( @@CITATION ) , and are consequently shorter sentences , whereas the En â Es results are based on a corpus of parliamentary proceedings ( Koehn 2005 ) . | J10-3007_36 | 0 | null |
The system is implemented based on ( Galley et al. , 2006 ) and ( Marcu et al. 2006 ) . | Q13-1020 | W06-1606 | 2,013 | 2,006 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | spmt statistical machine translation with syntactified target language phrases | [
"Daniel Marcu",
"Wei Wang",
"Abdessamad Echihabi",
"Kevin Knight"
] | null | The translation system used for testing the effectiveness of our U-trees is our in-house stringto-tree system ( abbreviated as s2t ) . The system is implemented based on ( Galley et al. , 2006 ) and ( Marcu et al. 2006 ) . In the system , we extract both the minimal GHKM rules ( Galley et al. , 2004 ) , and the rules of SPMT Model 1 ( Galley et al. , 2006 ) with phrases up to length L = 5 on the source side . | 6 | null | Uses | [
66,
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] | The system is implemented based on ( Galley et al. , 2006 ) and ( @@CITATION ) . | Q13-1020_24 | 0 | experiments |
Also relevant is work on the general problems of dialog-act tagging ( Stolcke et al. , 2000 ) , citation analysis ( Lehnert et al. , 1990 ) , and computational rhetorical analysis ( Marcu , 2000 ; Teufel and Moens , 2002 ) . | W06-1639 | External_6429 | 2,006 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the theory and practice of discourse parsing and summarization | [
"D Marcu"
] | null | More sophisticated approaches have been proposed ( Hillard et al. , 2003 ) , including an extension that , in an interesting reversal of our problem , makes use of sentimentpolarity indicators within speech segments ( Galley et al. , 2004 ) . Also relevant is work on the general problems of dialog-act tagging ( Stolcke et al. , 2000 ) , citation analysis ( Lehnert et al. , 1990 ) , and computational rhetorical analysis ( Marcu , 2000 ; Teufel and Moens , 2002 ) . We currently do not have an efficient means to encode disagreement information as hard constraints ; we plan to investigate incorporating such information in future work . | 6 | null | Background | [
182,
194
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] | Also relevant is work on the general problems of dialog-act tagging ( Stolcke et al. , 2000 ) , citation analysis ( Lehnert et al. , 1990 ) , and computational rhetorical analysis ( @@CITATION ; Teufel and Moens , 2002 ) . | W06-1639_28 | 0 | related work |
For projective parsing , it is significantly faster than exact dynamic programming , at the cost of small amounts of search error , We are interested in extending these ideas to phrase-structure and lattice parsing , and in trying other higher-order features , such as those used in parse reranking ( Charniak and Johnson , 2005 ; Huang , 2008 ) and history-based parsing ( Nivre and McDonald , 2008 ) . | D08-1016 | P05-1022 | 2,008 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | coarsetofine nbest parsing and maxent discriminative reranking | [
"E Charniak",
"M Johnson"
] | null | Belief propagation improves non-projective dependency parsing with features that would make exact inference intractable . For projective parsing , it is significantly faster than exact dynamic programming , at the cost of small amounts of search error , We are interested in extending these ideas to phrase-structure and lattice parsing , and in trying other higher-order features , such as those used in parse reranking ( Charniak and Johnson , 2005 ; Huang , 2008 ) and history-based parsing ( Nivre and McDonald , 2008 ) . We could also introduce new variables , e.g. , nonterminal refinements ( Matsuzaki et al. , 2005 ) , or secondary links Mid ( not constrained by TREE/PTREE ) that augment the parse with representations of control , binding , etc. ( Sleator and Temperley , 1993 ; Buch-Kromann , 2006 ) . | 10 | null | Future | [
301,
328
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] | For projective parsing , it is significantly faster than exact dynamic programming , at the cost of small amounts of search error , We are interested in extending these ideas to phrase-structure and lattice parsing , and in trying other higher-order features , such as those used in parse reranking ( @@CITATION ; Huang , 2008 ) and history-based parsing ( Nivre and McDonald , 2008 ) . | D08-1016_3 | 0 | conclusion |
Word alignments are used primarily for extracting minimal translation units for machine translation ( MT ) ( e.g. , phrases [ Koehn , Och , and Marcu 2003 ] and rules [ Galley et al. 2004 ; Chiang et al. 2005 ] ) as well as for | J10-3007 | H05-1098 | 2,010 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the hiero machine translation system extensions evaluation and analysis | [
"David Chiang",
"Adam Lopez",
"Nitin Madnani",
"Christof Monz",
"Philip Resnik",
"Michael Subotin"
] | null | Although no longer competitive as end-to-end translation models , the IBM Models , as well as the hidden Markov model ( HMM ) of Vogel , Ney , and Tillmann ( 1996 ) , are still widely used for word alignment . Word alignments are used primarily for extracting minimal translation units for machine translation ( MT ) ( e.g. , phrases [ Koehn , Och , and Marcu 2003 ] and rules [ Galley et al. 2004 ; Chiang et al. 2005 ] ) as well as for MT system combination ( Matusov , Ueffing , and Ney 2006 ) . | 1 | null | Background | [
190,
208
] | [
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] | Word alignments are used primarily for extracting minimal translation units for machine translation ( MT ) ( e.g. , phrases [ Koehn , Och , and Marcu 2003 ] and rules [ Galley et al. 2004 ; @@CITATION ] ) as well as for | J10-3007_14 | 0 | introduction |
Sridhar et al. ( 2009 ) obtain promising results in dialogue act tagging of the Switchboard-DAMSL corpus using lexical , syntactic and prosodic cues , while Gravano and Hirschberg ( 2009 ) examine the relation between particular acoustic and prosodic turn-yielding cues and turn taking in a large corpus of task-oriented dialogues . | P10-2059 | W09-3936 | 2,010 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | turnyielding cues in taskoriented dialogue | [
"Agustin Gravano",
"Julia Hirschberg"
] | null | Work has also been done on prosody and gestures in the specific domain of map-task dialogues , also targeted in this paper . Sridhar et al. ( 2009 ) obtain promising results in dialogue act tagging of the Switchboard-DAMSL corpus using lexical , syntactic and prosodic cues , while Gravano and Hirschberg ( 2009 ) examine the relation between particular acoustic and prosodic turn-yielding cues and turn taking in a large corpus of task-oriented dialogues . Louwerse et al. ( 2006 ) and Louwerse et al. ( 2007 ) study the relation between eye gaze , facial expression , pauses and dialogue structure in annotated English map-task dialogues ( Anderson et al. , 1991 ) and find correlations between the various modalities both within and across speakers . | 2 | null | Background | [
157,
188
] | [
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] | Sridhar et al. ( 2009 ) obtain promising results in dialogue act tagging of the Switchboard-DAMSL corpus using lexical , syntactic and prosodic cues , while @@CITATION examine the relation between particular acoustic and prosodic turn-yielding cues and turn taking in a large corpus of task-oriented dialogues . | P10-2059_8 | 0 | introduction |
We have also applied our more general unification grammar acquisition methodology to the TIGER Treebank ( Brants et al. 2002 ) and Penn Chinese Treebank ( Xue , Chiou , and Palmer 2002 ) , extracting wide-coverage , probabilistic LFG grammar | J05-3003 | External_5585 | 2,005 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the tiger treebank | [
"Sabine Brants",
"Stefanie Dipper",
"Silvia Hansen",
"Wolfgang Lezius",
"George Smith"
] | null | In the shorter term , we intend to make the extracted subcategorization lexicons from Penn-II and Penn-III available as a downloadable public-domain research resource . We have also applied our more general unification grammar acquisition methodology to the TIGER Treebank ( Brants et al. 2002 ) and Penn Chinese Treebank ( Xue , Chiou , and Palmer 2002 ) , extracting wide-coverage , probabilistic LFG grammar approximations and lexical resources for German ( Cahill et al. 2003 ) and Chinese ( Burke , Lam , et al. 2004 ) . | 6 | null | Uses | [
106,
124
] | [
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] | We have also applied our more general unification grammar acquisition methodology to the TIGER Treebank ( @@CITATION ) and Penn Chinese Treebank ( Xue , Chiou , and Palmer 2002 ) , extracting wide-coverage , probabilistic LFG grammar | J05-3003_2 | 0 | null |
We use the structures previously used by Nguyen et al. ( 2009 ) , and propose one new structure . | D10-1100 | D09-1143 | 2,010 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | convolution kernels on constituent dependency and sequential structures for relation extraction | [
"Truc-Vien T Nguyen",
"Alessandro Moschitti",
"Giuseppe Riccardi"
] | null | Now we present the `` discrete '' structures followed by the kernel we used . We use the structures previously used by Nguyen et al. ( 2009 ) , and propose one new structure . Although we experimented with all of their structures ,3 here we only present the ones that perform best for our classification task . | 5 | null | Uses | [
41,
63
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] | We use the structures previously used by @@CITATION , and propose one new structure . | D10-1100_31 | 0 | null |
Two exceptions to this generalisation are the Linguistic String Project ( Sager , 1981 ) and the IBM CRITIQUE ( formerly EPISTLE ) Project ( Heidorn et al. , 1982 ; Byrd , 1983 ) ; the former employs a dictionary of approximately 10,000 words , most of which are specialist medical terms , the latter has well over 100,000 entries , gathered from machine readable sources . | J87-3002 | External_4910 | 1,987 | 1,983 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | word formation in natural language processing systems | [
"Roy Byrd"
] | null | Robinson , 1982 ; Bobrow , 1978 ) consult relatively small lexicons , typically generated by hand . Two exceptions to this generalisation are the Linguistic String Project ( Sager , 1981 ) and the IBM CRITIQUE ( formerly EPISTLE ) Project ( Heidorn et al. , 1982 ; Byrd , 1983 ) ; the former employs a dictionary of approximately 10,000 words , most of which are specialist medical terms , the latter has well over 100,000 entries , gathered from machine readable sources . In addition , there are a number of projects under way to develop substantial lexicons from machine readable sources ( see Boguraev , 1986 for details ) . | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
165,
176
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] | Two exceptions to this generalisation are the Linguistic String Project ( Sager , 1981 ) and the IBM CRITIQUE ( formerly EPISTLE ) Project ( Heidorn et al. , 1982 ; @@CITATION ) ; the former employs a dictionary of approximately 10,000 words , most of which are specialist medical terms , the latter has well over 100,000 entries , gathered from machine readable sources . | J87-3002_10 | 0 | introduction |
A number of proposals in the 1990s deliberately limited the extent to which they relied on domain and/or linguistic knowledge and reported promising results in knowledge-poor operational environments ( Dagan and Itai 1990 , 1991 ; Lappin and Leass 1994 ; Nasukawa 1994 ; Kennedy and Boguraev 1996 ; Williams , Harvey , and Preston 1996 ; Baldwin 1997 ; Mitkov 1996 , 1998b ) . | J01-4001 | External_85092 | 2,001 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | cogniac high precision coreference with limited knowledge and linguistic resources | [
"Breck Baldwin"
] | null | However , the pressing need for the development of robust and inexpensive solutions to meet the demands of practical NLP systems encouraged many researchers to move away from extensive domain and linguistic knowledge and to embark instead upon knowledge-poor anaphora resolution strategies . A number of proposals in the 1990s deliberately limited the extent to which they relied on domain and/or linguistic knowledge and reported promising results in knowledge-poor operational environments ( Dagan and Itai 1990 , 1991 ; Lappin and Leass 1994 ; Nasukawa 1994 ; Kennedy and Boguraev 1996 ; Williams , Harvey , and Preston 1996 ; Baldwin 1997 ; Mitkov 1996 , 1998b ) . The drive toward knowledge-poor and robust approaches was further motivated by the emergence of cheaper and more reliable corpus-based NLP tools such as partof-speech taggers and shallow parsers , alongside the increasing availability of corpora and other NLP resources ( e.g. , ontologies ) . | 0 | null | Background | [
338,
350
] | [
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] | A number of proposals in the 1990s deliberately limited the extent to which they relied on domain and/or linguistic knowledge and reported promising results in knowledge-poor operational environments ( Dagan and Itai 1990 , 1991 ; Lappin and Leass 1994 ; Nasukawa 1994 ; Kennedy and Boguraev 1996 ; Williams , Harvey , and Preston 1996 ; @@CITATION ; Mitkov 1996 , 1998b ) . | J01-4001_0 | 0 | null |
Towards this aim , a flexible annotation structure called Structured String-Tree Correspondence ( SSTC ) was introduced in Boitet & Zaharin ( 1988 ) to record the string of terms , its associated representation structure and the mapping between the two , which is expressed by the sub-correspondences recorded as part of a SSTC . | W02-1601 | C88-1013 | 2,002 | 1,988 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | representation trees and stringtree correspondences | [
"C Boitet",
"Y Zaharin"
] | null | Hence , it is very much desired to define the correspondence in a way to be able to handle the non-standard cases ( e.g. non-projective correspondence ) , see Figure 1 . Towards this aim , a flexible annotation structure called Structured String-Tree Correspondence ( SSTC ) was introduced in Boitet & Zaharin ( 1988 ) to record the string of terms , its associated representation structure and the mapping between the two , which is expressed by the sub-correspondences recorded as part of a SSTC . 1 The Meaning-Text Theory ( MTT ) was put forward in ( Zolkovski & Mel ` cuk ( 1965 ) , in the framework of research in Machine translation . | 3 | null | Background | [
123,
148
] | [
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We have built an experimental text-to-speech system that uses our analysis of prosody to generate phrase boundaries for the Olive -- Liberman synthesizer ( Olive and Liberman 1985 ) . | J90-3003 | External_14830 | 1,990 | 1,985 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | texttospeechan overview | [
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] | We have built an experimental text-to-speech system that uses our analysis of prosody to generate phrase boundaries for the Olive -- Liberman synthesizer ( @@CITATION ) . | J90-3003_25 | 0 | experiments |
In this paper , I present a computational implementation of Distributed Morphology ( Halle and Marantz , 1993 ) , a non-lexicalist linguistic theory that erases the distinction between syntactic derivation and morphological derivation . | N04-2004 | External_29664 | 2,004 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection | [
"Morris Halle",
"Alec Marantz"
] | null | For languages with rich derivational morphology , this problem is often critical : the standard architectural view of morphological analysis as a preprocessor presents difficulties in handling semantically meaningful affixes . In this paper , I present a computational implementation of Distributed Morphology ( Halle and Marantz , 1993 ) , a non-lexicalist linguistic theory that erases the distinction between syntactic derivation and morphological derivation . This framework leads to finer-grained semantics capable of better capturing linguistic generalizations . | 2 | null | Uses | [
85,
109
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] | In this paper , I present a computational implementation of Distributed Morphology ( @@CITATION ) , a non-lexicalist linguistic theory that erases the distinction between syntactic derivation and morphological derivation . | N04-2004_6 | 0 | introduction |
Some recent GRE algorithms have done away with the separation between content determination and linguistic realization , interleaving the two processes instead ( Stone and Webber 1998 ; Krahmer and Theune 2002 ) . | J06-2002 | External_2473 | 2,006 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | efficient contextsensitive generation of referring expressions | [
"Emiel Krahmer",
"Mari¨et Theune"
] | null | Some recent GRE algorithms have done away with the separation between content determination and linguistic realization , interleaving the two processes instead ( Stone and Webber 1998 ; Krahmer and Theune 2002 ) . We have separated the two phases because , in the case of vague descriptions , interleaving would tend to be difficult . | 3 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | Some recent GRE algorithms have done away with the separation between content determination and linguistic realization , interleaving the two processes instead ( Stone and Webber 1998 ; @@CITATION ) . | J06-2002_26 | 0 | null |
Subsequent processing by the natural language and response generation components was done automatically by the computer ( Zue et al. 1989 ) . | J92-1004 | H89-2018 | 1,992 | 1,989 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the collection and preliminary analysis of a spontaneous speech databasequot darpa speech and natural language workshop | [
"V Zue",
"N Daly",
"J Glass",
"D Goodine",
"H Leung",
"M Phillips",
"J Polifroni",
"S Seneff",
"M Soclof"
] | null | Instead , an experimenter in a separate room typed in the utterances as spoken by the subject . Subsequent processing by the natural language and response generation components was done automatically by the computer ( Zue et al. 1989 ) . We were able to collect a total , of nearly 5000 utterances in this fashion . | 3 | null | Uses | [
122,
137
] | [
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] | Subsequent processing by the natural language and response generation components was done automatically by the computer ( @@CITATION ) . | J92-1004_21 | 0 | null |
This is implemented as a cascade of simple strategies , which were briefly described in Mikheev ( 1999 ) . | J02-3002 | P99-1021 | 2,002 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a knowledgefree method for capitalized word disambiguation | [
"Andrei Mikheev"
] | null | We tackle capitalized words in a similar fashion as we tackled the abbreviations : through a document-centered approach that analyzes on the fly the distribution of ambiguously capitalized words in the entire document . This is implemented as a cascade of simple strategies , which were briefly described in Mikheev ( 1999 ) . | 7 | null | Uses | [
88,
104
] | [
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] | [] | This is implemented as a cascade of simple strategies , which were briefly described in @@CITATION . | J02-3002_20 | 0 | null |
But , obviously , there are other possibilities -- for instance , the discourse representation structures ( DRS 's ) of Kamp ( 1981 ) , which have been used to translate a subset of English into logical formulas , to model text ( identified with a list of sentences ) , to analyze a fragment of English , and to deal with anaphora . | J91-2003 | External_4948 | 1,991 | 1,981 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a theory of truth and semantic representationquot | [
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] | null | So we will use a very simple formalism , like the one above , resembling the standard first order language . But , obviously , there are other possibilities -- for instance , the discourse representation structures ( DRS 's ) of Kamp ( 1981 ) , which have been used to translate a subset of English into logical formulas , to model text ( identified with a list of sentences ) , to analyze a fragment of English , and to deal with anaphora . The logical | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | But , obviously , there are other possibilities -- for instance , the discourse representation structures ( DRS 's ) of @@CITATION , which have been used to translate a subset of English into logical formulas , to model text ( identified with a list of sentences ) , to analyze a fragment of English , and to deal with anaphora . | J91-2003_38 | 0 | introduction |
Better results would be expected by combining the PCFG-LA parser with discriminative reranking approaches ( Charniak and Johnson , 2005 ; Huang , 2008 ) for self training . | D09-1087 | P08-1067 | 2,009 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | forest reranking discriminative parsing with nonlocal features | [
"Liang Huang"
] | null | We conjecture based on our analysis that the EM training algorithm is able to exploit the information available in both gold and automatically labeled data with more complex grammars while being less affected by over-fitting . Better results would be expected by combining the PCFG-LA parser with discriminative reranking approaches ( Charniak and Johnson , 2005 ; Huang , 2008 ) for self training . Self-training should also benefit other discriminatively trained parsers with latent annotations ( Petrov and Klein , 2008 ) , although training would be much slower compared to using generative models , as in our case . | 8 | null | Future | [
138,
150
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] | Better results would be expected by combining the PCFG-LA parser with discriminative reranking approaches ( Charniak and Johnson , 2005 ; @@CITATION ) for self training . | D09-1087_12 | 0 | conclusion |
Intermedia is no more developed and nobody of us had the opportunity to try it ( Landow , 1994 ) . | W06-2807 | External_91606 | 2,006 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | hypertext 20 the convergence of contemporary critical theory and technology the johns hopkins | [
"George P Landow"
] | null | In fact , they were used expecially in academic writing with some success . Intermedia is no more developed and nobody of us had the opportunity to try it ( Landow , 1994 ) . Storyspace is currently distributed by Eastgate ( 2005 ) , and we have used it for a time . | 5 | null | Background | [
81,
94
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] | Intermedia is no more developed and nobody of us had the opportunity to try it ( @@CITATION ) . | W06-2807_8 | 0 | related work |
Morphological alterations of a search term have a negative impact on the recall performance of an information retrieval ( IR ) system ( Choueka , 1990 ; J ¨ appinen and Niemist ¨ o , 1988 ; Kraaij and Pohlmann , 1996 ) , since they preclude a direct match between the search term proper and its morphological variants in the documents to be retrieved . | W02-0309 | External_44559 | 2,002 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | viewing stemming as recall enhancement | [
"W Kraaij",
"R Pohlmann"
] | null | Morphological alterations of a search term have a negative impact on the recall performance of an information retrieval ( IR ) system ( Choueka , 1990 ; J ¨ appinen and Niemist ¨ o , 1988 ; Kraaij and Pohlmann , 1996 ) , since they preclude a direct match between the search term proper and its morphological variants in the documents to be retrieved . In order to cope with such variation , morphological analysis is concerned with the reverse processing of inflection ( e.g. , ` search ed ' , ` search ing ' ) 1 , derivation ( e.g. , ` search er ' or ` search able ' ) and composition ( e.g. , German ` Blut hoch druck ' [ ` high blood pressure ' ] ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
192,
218
] | [
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] | Morphological alterations of a search term have a negative impact on the recall performance of an information retrieval ( IR ) system ( Choueka , 1990 ; J ¨ appinen and Niemist ¨ o , 1988 ; @@CITATION ) , since they preclude a direct match between the search term proper and its morphological variants in the documents to be retrieved . | W02-0309_6 | 0 | introduction |
ment ( Sarkar and Wintner , 1999 ; Doran et al. , 2000 ; Makino et al. , 1998 ) . | W01-1510 | External_332 | 2,001 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | typing as a means for validating feature structures | [
"Anoop Sarkar",
"Shuly Wintner"
] | null | 1In this paper , we use the term LTAG to refer to FBLTAG , if not confusing . ment ( Sarkar and Wintner , 1999 ; Doran et al. , 2000 ; Makino et al. , 1998 ) . These works are restricted to each closed community , and the relation between them is not well discussed . | 2 | null | Background | [
7,
32
] | [
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Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , prosody and eye gaze in interaction with Embodied Communication Agents as well as human communication ( Fujie et al. , 2004 ; Morency et al. , 2005 ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) . | P10-2059 | External_66679 | 2,010 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a conversation robot using head gesture recognition as paralinguistic information | [
"Shinya Fujie",
"Y Ejiri",
"K Nakajima",
"Y Matsusaka",
"Tetsunor Kobayashi"
] | null | Louwerse et al. ( 2006 ) and Louwerse et al. ( 2007 ) study the relation between eye gaze , facial expression , pauses and dialogue structure in annotated English map-task dialogues ( Anderson et al. , 1991 ) and find correlations between the various modalities both within and across speakers . Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , prosody and eye gaze in interaction with Embodied Communication Agents as well as human communication ( Fujie et al. , 2004 ; Morency et al. , 2005 ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) . Our work is in line with these studies , all of which focus on the relation between linguistic expressions , prosody , dialogue content and gestures . | 2 | null | Background | [
201,
220
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] | Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , prosody and eye gaze in interaction with Embodied Communication Agents as well as human communication ( @@CITATION ; Morency et al. , 2005 ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) . | P10-2059_7 | 0 | introduction |
Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) . | D13-1115 | External_32478 | 2,013 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | integrating experiential and distributional data to learn semantic representations | [
"Mark Andrews",
"Gabriella Vigliocco",
"David Vinson"
] | null | Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) . Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) . Although these approaches have differed in model definition , the general goal in this line of research has been to enhance word meaning with perceptual information in order to address one of the most common criticisms of distributional semantics : that the `` meaning of words is entirely given by other words '' ( Bruni et al. , 2012b ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
150,
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] | Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( @@CITATION ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) . | D13-1115_0 | 0 | introduction |
We also made use of the person-name/instance pairs automatically extracted by Fleischman et al. ( 2003 ) .2 This data provides counts for pairs such as `` Edwin Moses , hurdler '' and `` William Farley , industrialist . '' | D08-1007 | P03-1001 | 2,008 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | offline strategies for online question answering answering questions before they are asked | [
"Michael Fleischman",
"Eduard Hovy",
"Abdessamad Echihabi"
] | null | see that we can widen a highway , we learn that we can also widen a sidewalk , bridge , runway , etc. . We also made use of the person-name/instance pairs automatically extracted by Fleischman et al. ( 2003 ) .2 This data provides counts for pairs such as `` Edwin Moses , hurdler '' and `` William Farley , industrialist . '' We have features for all concepts and therefore learn their association with each verb . | 4 | null | Uses | [
78,
104
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Al-Adhaileh and Tang ( 2001 ) presented an approach for constructing a BKB based on the S-SSTC . | W02-1601 | External_69138 | 2,002 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | converting a bilingual dictionary into a bilingual knowledge bank based on the synchronous sstc annotation schema | [
"M H Al-Adhaileh",
"E K Tang"
] | null | S-SSTC very well suited for the construction of a BKB , which is needed for the EBMT applications . Al-Adhaileh and Tang ( 2001 ) presented an approach for constructing a BKB based on the S-SSTC . In S-SSTC , the synchronous correspondence is defined in a way to ensure a flexible representation for both lexical and structural correspondences : iNode -- to -- node correspondence ( lexical correspondence ) , which is recorded in terms of pair of intervals ( Xs , Xt ) where Xs and Xt is SNODE interval/s for the source and the target SSTC respectively , iiSubtree -- to -- Subtree correspondence ( structural correspondence ) , which is very much needed for relating the two different languages at a level higher than the lexical level , a level of phrases . | 6 | null | Background | [
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However , since work in this direction has started , a significant progress has also been made in the research on statistical learning of full parsers , both in terms of accuracy and processing time ( Charniak , 1997b ; Charniak , 1997a ; Collins , 1997 ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) . | W01-0706 | External_1102 | 2,001 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | statistical parsing with a contextfree grammar and word statistics | [
"E Charniak"
] | null | Overall , the driving force behind the work on learning shallow parsers was the desire to get better performance and higher reliability . However , since work in this direction has started , a significant progress has also been made in the research on statistical learning of full parsers , both in terms of accuracy and processing time ( Charniak , 1997b ; Charniak , 1997a ; Collins , 1997 ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) . This paper investigates the question of whether work on shallow parsing is worthwhile . | 2 | null | Background | [
201,
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Also , advanced methods often require many training iterations , for example active learning ( Dagan and Engelson ,1995 ) and co-training ( Blum and Mitchell , 1998 ) . | W03-0806 | External_218 | 2,003 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | combining labeled and unlabeled data with cotraining | [
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Andrews et al. ( 2009 ) furthered this work by showing that a bimodal topic model , consisting of both text and feature norms , outperformed models using only one modality on the prediction of association norms , word substitution errors , and semantic interference tasks . | D13-1115 | External_32478 | 2,013 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | integrating experiential and distributional data to learn semantic representations | [
"Mark Andrews",
"Gabriella Vigliocco",
"David Vinson"
] | null | Griffiths et al. ( 2007 ) helped pave the path for cognitive-linguistic multimodal research , showing that Latent Dirichlet Allocation outperformed Latent Semantic Analysis ( Deerwester et al. , 1990 ) in the prediction of association norms . Andrews et al. ( 2009 ) furthered this work by showing that a bimodal topic model , consisting of both text and feature norms , outperformed models using only one modality on the prediction of association norms , word substitution errors , and semantic interference tasks . In a similar vein , Steyvers ( 2010 ) showed that a different feature-topic model improved predictions on a fill-in-the-blank task . | 3 | null | Extends | [
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] | @@CITATION furthered this work by showing that a bimodal topic model , consisting of both text and feature norms , outperformed models using only one modality on the prediction of association norms , word substitution errors , and semantic interference tasks . | D13-1115_5 | 0 | related work |