Datasets:

j-chim

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pii-pile-chunk3-300000-350000-tagged

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[ "[Elastomeric chains in orthodontics. ", "An in vitro evaluation of ten different types].", "\nThis study is an evaluation and a comparison assessment of ten different types of orthodontics elastomeric chains in an in vitro situation simulating the clinical therapy for the canine tooth distalisation. ", "We designed and produced two custom made systems in order to simulate the clinical movement and to measure the elastic recovery. ", "The first device was suitable to activate the elastomeric chains up to 100% of its extension and successively to reduce this extension through the time, as it happens during the clinical practice. ", "Simultaneously with the activation of the chains, it was possible to submit the device to two different termocycling procedures. ", "The measuring system was a linear guide skid-mounted on a balance which provided two grasps in the order to achieve the activation rate and to measure it. ", "The force showed by the elastic recovery was relieved at the starting of the experience and after 1, 7, 14, 21 days. ", "We relieved that the elastomeric chains decreased their elastic recovery to the 50-70% of the starting rate during the first day of activation, after which the force holded fairly uniform and after three weeks it was the 20-40% of the value corresponding to the starting activation. ", "The tested elastomeric chains provide forces reliable to produce the tooth movement for a maximum of a three/four weeks period; than they have to be changed since the induced movement is nullifying its efficacy. ", "At the comparative analysis the diaphanous type shows a lower decrease of the elastic force than the gray type, and the Short& e X-Short shapes show the same behaviour and generate forces much more performing than Long shapes." ]

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[ "Roman Kireyev\n\nRoman Kireyev (born 14 February 1987) is a former Kazakhstani road bicycle racer who rode for UCI ProTeam .", "\n\nOn 22 August 2011 Astana announced his retirement from cycling after he had struggled with a back injury. ", "The timing of this announcement caused speculation that Kireyev was forced into retirement to make way for Andrey Kashechkin and Alexander Vinokourov to compete. ", "Before Kireyev's retirement, Astana was afoul of the UCI's rules regarding the maximum number of riders employed by a team.", "\n\nMajor results\nSource:\n\n2004\n , Asian Junior Games, Road Race\n , Asian Junior Games, Ind. Time Trial\n2005\n 3rd, Giro della Toscana – U19 version\n2006\n U23 Road Race Champion\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Kazakhstani male cyclists\nCategory:1987 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Petropavl\nCategory:Giro d'Italia cyclists" ]

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[ "Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with a number of cancers including Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoma in transplant recipients. ", "Chronic active EBV (CAEBV) disease is an often fatal disease in which patients have markedly elevated levels of antibody to EBV or EBV DNA in the blood, and infiltration of tissues with EBV-infected lymphocytes. ", "Last year, in collaboration with Michael Lenardo in the Laboratory of Immunology, NIAID, we found that one of our patients with CAEBV disease who died of an EBV-positive lymphoma had a mutation in a gene important for magnesium transport (MagT1). ", "The patient's T cells had reduced baseline levels of free magnesium and defective magnesium and calcium influx when they were stimulated with a potent T cell stimulus (an antibody to the T cell receptor). ", "The patient's peripheral blood cells were impaired for activating several proteins in signaling pathways (NF-Kappa B, NFAT, PLC-gamma-1, PKC-theta), Since T lymphocytes are important for killing EBV-infected cells, the impaired activation of T lymphocytes in the patient associated with the mutation in MagT1 was likely responsible for his severe CAEBV disease. ", "This year in collaboration with Dr. Michael Lenardo, we showed that patients with mutations in MagT1 have reduced expression of a protein (NKG2D) present on natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic (CD8) T cells that is important for activation of the cells and their ability to kill target cells. ", "Cells from patients that have mutations in MagT1 are impaired for killing Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells and these patients have a high rate of Epstein-Barr virus B cell lymphomas. ", "Addition of magnesium to the patient's cells in culture increased the level of the NKG2D protein on the surface of the cells and improved killing of Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells. ", "Intravenous or oral magnesium supplements given to patients with mutations in MagT1 increased expression of the NKG2D on the surface of their cells, and reduced the number of copies of EBV DNA in their cells. ", "This year in another collaboration with Dr. Lenardo we identified a mutation in PI3K p110 delta in one of our patients that resulted in impaired control of EBV. ", "The mutation identified was a gain-of-function mutation that increased the kinase function of the PI3K p110 delta protein. ", "In addition to severe EBV infections, our patient and others at NIH with the mutation had severe CMV infections, bacterial infections of the sinus and lungs, enlarged lymph nodes, and nodular hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues in the airways and gastrointestinal tract. ", "Some of the patients developed EBV lymphomas. ", "The patients had reduced numbers of naive T cells, an increased number of senescent effector T cells, and hyperactivation of the mTOR kinase. ", "Treatment of one patient with an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, reduced the T cell lymphoproliferation and increased the number of nave T cells." ]

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[ "This invention relates to a receptor sheet for electrophotography. ", "More specifically, it relates to a receptor sheet which is suitable for receiving a toner image transferred to the surface of an electrophotographic recording medium after formation thereon by a magnetic brush method using a carrierless one-component developer, said transferred image being subsequently fixed under pressure.", "\nIn recent years, a magnetic brush developing method using a one-component developer and a method of fixation under pressure have attracted attention in order to reduce power consumption in a copying machine, increase the maintainability and reliability of the copying machine, reduce the cost of the machine, and to impart quick starting properties. ", "Since a toner containing a magnetic power is used in the magnetic brush developing method using a one-component developer, the transferability of the resulting image is poor when using a receptor sheet of the high-quality paper type used in conventional copying machines. ", "It has the further defect that the copies obtained has a low image density and a disturbed edge. ", "This phenomenon is especially pronounced in a high-humidity atmosphere, and poses a serious problem in practical application. ", "This is because at the time of transfer, a transfer charge of a polarity opposite to the charge of the toner given to the sheet is injected into the toner beyond the interface between the sheet and the toner, for example, by corona discharge of the corotron-type, and thus the toner is retransferred to the surface of the photosensitive material or reciprocates between the sheet and the surface of the photosensitive material. ", "In general, the speed of movement of a transfer charge in paper increases with moisture absorption. ", "Specifically, the insulating property of the paper is reduced upon moisture absorption, and the speed of movement of the charge increases. ", "Also, when the fixation under pressure is performed by means of press rollers, disturbance may be caused in the toner image on the sheet surface at the time of the entry of the sheet into the gap between the rollers because the electrostatic attracting force between the sheet and the toner is small or when the fixed image is rubbed with a finger or paper, it readily drops off. ", "Thus, such a method is not satisfactory for practical application.", "\nA method comprising coating paper with an aqueous emulsion of a hydrophobic resin would be an effective means for increasing the insulating property of paper, reducing its humidity dependence and to improve pressure fixability. ", "Suitable commercially available resin emulsions for this method include emulsifier-free emulsions of acrylate ester of vinyl acetate resins from the standpoint of insulating property. ", "Since these emulsions do not contain a hydrophilic surface-active agent as an emulsifier, they form a hydrophobic, insulating continuous coating when coated on paper, and thus the transferability of an image is improved. ", "The pressure fixability can be markedly improved by selecting soft to medium hard resin emulsions. ", "The use of a self-crosslinking type emulsion, or a combination of a reactive emulsion and a crosslinkable thermosetting resin is also found to be effective. ", "Many of such emulsions are emulsions of acrylate ester-type resins which have been used previously for textile finishing.", "\nHowever, these emulsions have poor miscibility with pigments, especially with organic pigments. ", "Furthermore, the stability of the paint is low. ", "Thus, flocculation or gum-up of the emulsion may occur, or in the case of on-machine size press coating, the drying cylinder and canvas may be contaminated. ", "As stated hereinabove, the coating and impregnation of these emulsions on paper have not yet been fully achieved on a commercial basis, and the relatively high cost of the aforesaid emulsions also poses a problem.", "\nIn Pike et al. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,487,060, there is disclosed a barrier coat for adhesive sheets or tapes which has an adhesive composition applied to a flexible porous backing such as paper, cloth, etc. ", "The purpose of the barrier coat is to prevent excessive penetration of the adhesive composition into the backing which results in a waste of the adhesive material and reduces the quality of the final product. ", "The barrier coat of Pike et al is made of a synthetic rubber, such as polychloroprene or butadiene-styrene copolymer, with fillers such as magnesium oxide and clay, as well as plasticizers, curing agents, and softening agents.", "\nIn Pelletier et al. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,468,698, a pigment coated paper designed for offset printing is disclosed. ", "An example of the coating composition of Pelletier et al is a mixture containing 8 to 10 percent styrenebutadiene latex admixed with 70 to 80 percent calcium carbonate and clay, together with smaller amounts of other materials. ", "This coating composition was coated onto a paper at a rate of 61/2 to 9 pounds per 3,300 square feet, which is roughly equivalent to about 9.6 to 13.4 grams per square meter.", "\nIn Middletown et al. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,655,608, there is disclosed a coated paper which is suitable for printing. ", "The coating composition is a mixture of polymerizable binder material and a pigment pretreated with a hydroxyl- or hydrogen-reactive organic chemical. ", "The binder of Middletown et al is an adhesive such as a polyester or polyether. ", "Examples of the hydrogen and/or hydroxyl-reactive compounds are isocyanates and silanes. ", "The binder component can be a monomer or a polymer, which can be crosslinked or cured after admixture with the treated pigment." ]

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[ "Effects of gliclazide beyond metabolic control.", "\nEvidence implicates hyperglycemia-derived oxygen free radicals as mediators of diabetic complications. ", "Recent studies demonstrate that hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide seems the first and key event in the activation of all pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. ", "Superoxide overproduction is accompanied by increased nitric oxide generation and, consequently, formation of the strong oxidant peroxynitrite, and by poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase activation, which in turn further activates the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. ", "This process results in acute endothelial dysfunction and activation of inflammation in diabetic blood vessels that, convincingly, contribute to the development of diabetic complications. ", "Gliclazide is an oral hypoglycemic agent that belongs to the class of sulfonylureas: basic and clinical evidences suggest that gliclazide works as an antioxidative drug, independently from its ability to reduce hyperglycemia. ", "The availability of a compound that simultaneously decreases hyperglycemia, restoring insulin secretion, and inhibits oxidative stress produced by high glucose seems to be an interesting therapeutic prospect for the prevention of vascular complications of diabetes." ]

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[ "Cherry Zinfandel Fruit Spread - Oregon\n\nStraight from the Hood River Valley, Oregon Growers & Shippers makes farm direct jams and fruit spreads by combining fresh, in-season produce and recipes that highlight the natural flavor of each ingredient. ", "Oregon Growers & Shippers purchase each ingredient directly from local farmers that have exceptional growing practices. ", "Additionally, since quality control is of top priority, all of their products are made in small batches, using fresh, in-season ingredients to produce each product. ", "With the goal to re-establish the connection between the consumer and the origin of their food, Oregon Growers & Shippers celebrates its regional food economy by promoting food from the source - they do this by establishing long-term partnerships with regional growers who practice sustainable agriculture.", "\n\nAbout the producer\n\nOregon Growers & Shippers mission is to produce and distribute the highest quality farm-direct products made from Pacific Northwest ingredients, while using business practices that are respectful to the environment, people, communities, and our way of life. ", "You'll never see me make orange marmalade,\" says Dave Gee, cofounder of the 18-month-old Oregon Growers & Shippers. ", "Not that this former chef has anything against citrus; rather, Gee is committed to using Pacific Northwest fruit in his excellent preserves. ", "That means apples and Bing and Lapin cherries from the Hood River area and marionberries from the Willamette Valley. ", "Gee buys from growers who handpick their fruit at the peak of ripeness, so he doesn't need to add a huge amount of sugar. ", "As a result, his apple butter (with thyme), apple-fennel chutney and pear-hazelnut fruit spread taste more fruity than sweet. ", "Gee also supports local artists; a vivid pastoral by painter Mark Nilsson appears on the preserves' labels." ]

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[ "The EGF receptor transmembrane domain: 2H NMR study of peptide phosphorylation effects in a bilayer environment.", "\nPhosphorylation events are considered to be key control points in receptor tyrosine kinase function. ", "We have used wide-line 2H NMR spectroscopy to look for physical effects of phosphorylating a threonine residue within the cytoplasmic domain of the human EGF receptor, as sensed at a distant site in the transmembrane portion. ", "Modifications were made to Thr654 (a cytoplasmic residue suggested to be involved in regulation of EGF binding and of cytoplasmic domain function), and effects were sought at Ala623 (near the extracellular membrane surface but within the membrane-spanning region). ", "The study was carried out on synthetic peptides corresponding to the EGF receptor transmembrane domain plus 10 or 11 residues of the cytoplasmic domain, assembled into lipid bilayer membranes. ", "Three peptides were compared that differed only at Thr654. ", "This residue was alternately: nonphosphorylated but left as a (-)-charged C-terminus (-Thr654COO-), nonphosphorylated and with a neighboring amidated glycine residue as the C-terminus (-Thr654GlyCONH2), or phosphorylated and with a neighboring amidated glycine residue as the C-terminus (-Thr654PO4-GlyCONH2). ", "Bilayer membranes were composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) or 2:1 POPC/cholesterol, containing 6 mol % peptide relative to phospholipid. ", "The deuterated site, Ala623, was intrinsically conformationally sensitive; yet spatial orientation and motional order of the probe location were found not to be obviously influenced by phosphorylation." ]

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[ "Modelling the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in developing countries.", "\nAs of 1997, less than one-third of developing countries included rubella vaccine in their national immunization programme. ", "In countries that have achieved high coverage of measles vaccine, an ideal opportunity exists to include control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in enhanced measles control activities. ", "Data on the burden of congenital rubella syndrome are important to guide rubella vaccination policies. ", "We reviewed the literature to identify studies of rubella antibody prevalence in developing countries that were conducted on populations with no major selection bias, prior to wide-scale rubella vaccination in the country. ", "We used a simple catalytic model to describe the age-specific prevalence of susceptibility to rubella virus infection in given populations. ", "Estimates of the incidence of infection among pregnant women were calculated using expressions for the average prevalence of susceptibility to infection and the incidence of infection during gestation. ", "To estimate the number of cases of CRS, we assumed an overall risk of 65% after infection in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy and zero risk thereafter. ", "These estimates were derived for each country for which data were available, then for each World Health Organization region, excluding Europe. ", "The estimated mean incidence of CRS per 100,000 live births was lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean region (77.4, range 0-212) and highest in the Americas (175, range 0-598). ", "The mean of the estimates of the total number of cases of CRS in developing countries in 1996 was approximately 110,000. ", "The range was, however, very wide, from as few as 14,000 to as many as 308,000 cases. ", "Congenital rubella syndrome is an under-recognized public health problem in many developing countries. ", "There is an urgent need for collection of appropriate data to estimate the cost-effectiveness of a potential global rubella control programme." ]

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[ "BOISE, ID – One team is going to extreme lengths to prepare for its game on Saturday!", "\n\nBOISE, ID – One team is going to extreme lengths to prepare for its game on Saturday!", "\n\nFootball season has completely engulfed the nation. ", "The NFL already has its share of controversy, speculation and rumors. ", "College football – considered by many to be better than the NFL – is also in full swing. ", "Every game means so much to each individual school. ", "Lose one game and you can essentially kiss any chance of a national championship goodbye. ", "That’s why preparation for every game is of the utmost importance.", "\n\nNo school is embodying that concept more right now than Oregon State. ", "The Beavers are currently ranked 24 in the nation and they are gearing up for a showdown in Boise with the Boise State Broncos. ", "The Broncos find themselves ranked 3 in the nation. ", "While their stellar play has finally gotten them some national recognition, the school has always been known for their unusual home field. ", "The Broncos play on blue turf, the only non-green football field in Division 1 college football.", "\n\nThe field itself is loud and coupled with the boisterous crowd that shows up at every game, playing at Bronco Stadium is difficult. ", "That’s why the Beavers have taken a new approach to their preparation. ", "They have gone ahead and painted their practice field blue to get an early feel for playing at Boise State.", "\n\nWhen every game matters so much … there’s no limit to what one school will do to win." ]

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[ "HelpDesk Portal\n\nHow can we help you today?", "\n\nDifferent Format Designs issuse\n\nModified on: Mon, 1 Sep, 2014 at 11:45 PM\n\nInitially we are providing the designs in EMB format only.", "But now on our members request we are providing all well know formats like CSD, HUS, PES, EMB, DST, EXP, JEF, PEC, SEW, XXX, PCS, PCQ.Some Important Facts to be noted:\n\nWhy Some of designs are in EMB format?All those designs which are in EMB formats belong to our old Collection.", "However if you select the designs from our New collection or New designs uploaded on the website then you will get the designs in all well know formats.", "\n\nWhy this designs are particularly in EMB format?This is because EMB format is Native Format supported by Wilcom Embroidery Software.", "Unlike other designs formats you can re size this EMB format to a great extent.", "You can even split the designs if your required to do so. ", "To know more about EMB format please check the below linkhttp://forum.embroideryshristi.com/question-and-answer/what-is-emb-designs-format-for-embroidery-designs/Can You (Embroideryshristi) will convert the designs for us?Yes, we will convert the designs free of cost if it is a paid order.", "Please note that we will require minimum 24 hours to proceed with your order to convert the designs in your required formats and further it would be more useful if you intimate your required formats as soon as you proceed with your order.", "What if i want to convert Freebie Designs?We charge a nominal price for the freebie designs conversion.", "\n\nAny Permanent Solution to convert the designs?Whether it is paid or freebie designs you can convert our designs to other formats by using \"Wilcom True sizer\"\n\nCaution:Since we sell both large as well as small hoops designs please note that before purchasing any designs you check the all detailed information in the \"Data Sheet\", given just below the image of particular designs." ]

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[ "Pr0lly is probably jamming to the tunes of Chuck Berry's song \"Back in the USA\" as we are saying goodbye to the first American coaching import on European soil. ", "Then the new franchise 100 Thieves announced Neil \"Pr0lly\" Hammad as their new head coach as they prepare for the 2018 LCS season. ", "However, before Pr0lly turned a successful coach in Europe he was a professional player. ", "The mid laner played the last time competitively for Complexity Gaming back in 2014.", "\n\n\n\nThe team consisting of Bot lane duo RobertXlee and Bubbadub, European Jungler Brokenshard and former Epik Gamer top layer Westrice. ", "Later they added jungle Xmithie and top layer I Kenny u to their roster. ", "Pr0lly became instantly famous for using unusual mid lane picks in his LCS debut in 2013, with picks such as Ziggs, Annie, and Malphite. ", "Despite him leaving Complexity Gaming after their relegation due to personality issues, his next team Determined Gaming would be picked up by Complexity Gaming and named Complexity.", "Black.", "\n\n\n\nDuring the time in the Challenger series complexity would bring a new style on how to play League of Legends on North American soil. ", "Through jungle Ram \"Brokenshard\" Djemal they would adapt a style which was very usual in Europe at that time, they would play mid and jungle centric. ", "Usually, teams in North America would play around their ad carries and focus on letting him get really strong throughout the game. ", "So they skyrocketed through the challenger series due to their impressive jungle, mid synergy, and Pr0llys leadership.", "\n\n\n\nPr0lly had already a very deep understanding of how to play a macro and team-oriented game. ", "In this era of League of Legends, it wasn't a common thing. ", "League's Meta was carried by team fights o0r individual plays at that time. ", "The most teams in the west, mostly in North America were very dependent on doing well during landing phase in order to win games. ", "Teams didn‘t have coaching staffs as well, so a player with a strategical sense was very important at that time. ", "One of the reasons Cloud 9 found success when they joined the LCS in the summer split of 2013 was that they had probably the best shot-caller in North America in Hai and one strategical mastermind in Lemonnation. ", "Again it was all pre-coaching era, teams just didn‘t have the structure at the time.", "\n\n\n\nDespite him not being the best mid laner mechanically, he would make up for it outside of the game. ", "Since Pr0lly was a bit older than the rest of the lineup, he would know how to talk to the team. ", "With a very mature and calm approach when speaking to the team. ", "According to former teammate Brokenshard, one of his best qualities was that he was not only very easy to listen to or that when he explained his concepts it was easy to understand, it was that he was a good listener and he took the information he got from his teammates very seriously.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nThose qualities would set the foundation for him to become one of the best coaches in Europe in the past two years.", "\n\n\n\nHe moved to Europe in 2015 in order to coach a team that just qualified for the LCS, H2K Gaming. ", "Even if it looked almost impossible at first as the team lost their star mid-lane Febiven to Fnatic right after they qualified, Pr0lly would build with H2K a strong team based on former kt Rolster star mid-lane Ryu. ", "The team would solidify themselves as a macro heavy team. ", "They would play a very controlling playstyle, trying to win their games through strong pickoffs and good teamfighting. ", "His team would find their peak during the second half of 2016 when they not only could be considered one of the best teams in Europe from a macro game perspective but also their individual performance would lead them to a semifinals finish against Samsung Galaxy.", "\n\n\n\nWhat made him successful as a coach was the focus on disciplined play rather than flashy picks or a fast game. ", "He himself said once in an interview with The Shotcaller, that he is a major fan of SKT's playstyle. ", "He loves to watch teams that get behind in the early game still manage to come back and win. ", "Always unhappy when his team didn‘t play as good as they could, he would always aim to lead H2K to play a clean game throughout the whole series rather than win out through his strong laners became a characteristic for H2K and Europe. ", "As European teams always seemed to play slow games, focusing on doing fewer mistakes than their opponents was a key strategy to win in Europe. ", "G2 Esports mastered that style and the other team that always got close to perfection in it was H2K. They always drafted for a better late game. ", "Pr0lly himself was very confident that his team would not fall behind in lanes, due to their individual qualities. ", "So he would provide them with the better picks in the late game, where he thought the European teams would be equally skilled.", "\n\n\n\nWhere he often criticized teams practice as a reason for teams not being able to perform better outside of the laning phases. ", "Claiming one of the hardships of being a coach in the western regions is to teach a player to play with discipline, something he always aimed for. ", "Just as important to him as his desire to let his players constantly know and weigh how important a strategy is. ", "He definitely put effort into his coaching techniques. ", "He might have been a pioneer in coaching in the west, but he definitely grew into being one of the best. ", "Handling not only once internal situations in 2016 and keeping it cool on stage, just so we could assume it was easy handling all the visa stress with Ryu, losing Freeze to an injury and working with Forg1ven as he would come, leave and come back again just to help the team. ", "Flexibility was just one of his strengths.", "\n\n\n\nAlthough Pr0lly had his share of success in Europe, he didn't win a single title nor was able to reach the finals once with H2K, always falling short in the semifinals. ", "He still manages to leave his mark.", "\n\n\n\nNot only as a funny personality but also as the strategic oriented person we've witnessed already in his complexity days. ", "May his lessons be carried on in Europe even after his departure to North America.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShoutouts to Ram \"Brokenshard\" Djemal for helping me with this piece.", "\n\nPhoto Credit : lolesports Flickr\n\n\n\nDisclaimer: The following article was written freely based on the author's opinion, and it may not necessarily represent Inven Global's editorial stance.", "\n\nAbout the Author:\n\nHello guys, Alexandre Weber also known under the ID: DrPuppet. ", "I'm a Brazilian professional Coach and content creator since 2015, mostly focused on League of Legends. ", "I worked with many teams throughout the years in major and minor regions, but my most known work was with Kaos Latin Gamers from Chile in 2015, where we played the International Wildcard Finals against Pain Gaming. ", "Since then I have been studying Cinema in Hamburg and creating content on youtube and twitch, besides writing for respected sites in Esports. ", "You can find me on the social networks under @drpuppetlp and on Twitch under DrPuppet.", "\n\nYoutube: https://www.youtube.com/user/DrPuppetlp\n\nYoutube Eng/Ger : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNK5KJkn4_fuh89s_rqsoWA\n\nTwitch : https://www.twitch.tv/drpuppet\n\nInstagram : https://www.instagram.com/drpuppetlp/\n\nTwitter : https://twitter.com/drpuppetlp\n\nFacebook : https://www.facebook.com/DrPuppetlp" ]

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[ "Monthly Archives: January 2012\n\nI’m heading out to speak at Software GR tonight. ", "My goal is to give developers a broad overview of the competitive landscape. ", "I’m not just going to jump up and down and say “We’re great! ", "They’re crap!” ", "The cloud is still in such a state of rapid growth that there are pockets of excellence all over the industry. ", "I want developers to know where the good stuff is and why they would naturally gravitate to one vendor over another.", "\n\nMicrosoft has a great story with Windows Azure, and it’s only getting better. ", "Our competitors are doing some pretty cool things, too – together, we’re all continuing to raise the bar on a nearly daily basis. ", "That’s good for everybody.", "\n\nI made a comment on one of my favorite blogs today where I described a way of writing software as “enterprisey” … I’m not sure what the real word is to describe it, but I assume you know what I mean. ", "Some software feels intended for consumers or small businesses and some feels intended for big businesses – you know, it’s enterprisey.", "\n\nMore and more, this is an arbitrary distinction. ", "As the “consumerization of IT” continues, a great deal of software that was in fact originally intended for consumers or small businesses is finding a place in bigger and bigger companies – GMail and Google Docs comes to mind. ", "On the other hand, as more and more enterprise software that was traditionally sold on-premise comes out with SaaS offerings, software that was once available only to big companies is now available to very small businesses and individuals. ", "That brings to mind Office 365 with Exchange, SharePoint, and Lync ($6/month!). ", "There are countless other examples of both approaches.", "\n\nAs companies move from consumer to enterprise or enterprise to consumer, there are all sorts of subtle challenges. ", "I suspect that those subtle challenges will be obscure memories within just a couple of years. ", "More and more, people just expect their software to work.", "\n\nMy 8-year-old son Gus just had a nice day recovering from a great gymnastics meet by staying in his pajamas all day and alternating make-up homework (he was sick most of last week) with lengthy rounds of Need for Speed: Most Wanted, his new game for the XBox.", "\n\nGus takes his racing games very seriously … he’ll sometimes spend an hour or more customizing a car with wheels, parts, and decals (it’s kinda like photoshop – I think he’s learning design skills from this). ", "When he’s having trouble overcoming a specific racing challenge … well, let’s just say it gives us all an opportunity to work on anger management principles.", "\n\nSo after a great day of racing and customizing his new game, he turned off the console and then looked horrified. “", "I forgot to save!” ", "He was crushed. ", "All his “work” from today was lost.", "\n\nI thought for sure it was a mistake – doesn’t it just save as it goes along? ", "I had him turn the game back on, but sure enough, it was back to where he started the day. ", "Unbelievable.", "\n\nI did an Internet search to be sure his work wasn’t lost and eventually discovered that you have to go through multiple menu levels to enable “autosave.” ", "Obviously, I did this – if it didn’t have autosave, that game was going in the trash – but what planet were they on when they didn’t enable this by default?", "\n\nYou don’t have to guess what your users prefer … you can measure their behavior patterns. ", "I don’t know if there’s an easy way to get telemetry data for XBox games, but there are various toolkits to measure users’ actions for web, Windows, and phone applications. ", "When choosing default settings, I would tend to err on the side of NOT losing any data and only change that default if my measurements showed a vast majority of users bothered to go into a menu to turn OFF something like autosave. ", "It’s possible EA did the research that proved most users didn’t want autosave on and Gus is an anomaly … but somehow, I doubt it.", "\n\nI remember my friend Rory repeating his rant that the stupidest question in all of computing is “Do you want to save?” ", "Of course I want to save! ", "Why are you asking me that? ", "Worse – how is it possible to forget asking me that??? ", "Just save it and allow me to revert if necessary.", "\n\nIf you’re a developer, please – PLEASE – make it harder for your users to throw information away than to keep it.", "\n\nI really like Dave – he’s been around the block, but he retains his sense of fun about building startups. ", "He just happens to find it fun to build companies that affect lots and lots of lives.", "\n\nMy favorite bit of specific advice from Dave is to build your 30-second marketing video before you build your product. ", "That syncs with a lot of other Lean Startup advice, but it’s simple, concrete, and fun. ", "It forces you to figure out what’s the true value proposition of your startup. ", "If you think you have a great idea but the people you’ve been talking to find it squishy, maybe you just haven’t packaged it well enough – figure out your 30-second marketing pitch to customers and make a video out of it. ", "Brilliant.", "\n\nLast year, Jason Cohen started a new question-and-answer show for startups to go along with his popular blog. ", "It’s like “loveline for startups,” and he called it Smart Bear Live. ", "It’s a GREAT opportunity to ask a question of a true startup guru. ", "Or maybe you don’t have a concrete question, but you’d like to validate a business idea. ", "That’s great (but don’t expect coddling). ", "If you are a bit farther along and want to practice your pitch, that’s fine, too.", "\n\nYour next opportunity to participate live is February 9 at 5p EST. ", "Visit bit.ly/sblreg to register. ", "This is your chance to talk with not one but TWO startup gurus, because Jason will be joined by noted VC Mark Suster. ", "Jason expects to have an interesting guest host on every show.", "\n\nA little more background on SBL and my involvement … after his kickoff show, Jason asked me if I wanted to help out. ", "I jumped at the chance, since Jason is one of my favorite startup thinkers. ", "I had been wanting to do a question-and-answer show of my own, but Jason knows more than I do and has a bigger audience, so I think I can do more good by helping him with his show than by doing my own. ", "Now I’m scheduling shows, guests, and callers, and I’m producing the audio. ", "I guess that makes me the producer. ", "If you’re reading this – I’m your IN 🙂\n\nThere are two kinds of shows – onsite and call-in. ", "The upcoming show on February 9 is a call-in show. ", "You can listen from the comfort of your computer or phone (don’t forget to register to ask a question), thanks to BlogTalkRadio. ", "We’ve done two of these call-in shows so far; listen to the recordings here and here.", "\n\nLast month we did an onsite event outside Phoenix to kick off the next round of AZ Disruptors. ", "Hamid Shojaee hosted, and I handled tech and questions. ", "Jason actually stayed in Austin and Skyped in. ", "It went great – it’s amazing to me how well it works to have a room full of people engage with someone projected on a screen. ", "Audio recordings from that show should start showing up on Jason’s blog soon. ", "If you have a community that could benefit from a local SBL meetup with Jason on Skype, please email me to discuss.", "\n\nSmart Bear Live is a really big deal, in my opinion. ", "Jason is smart as hell and really knows how to dig into startup details. ", "If you’re stuck, he’ll get you unstuck. ", "He’s the first to point out that he’s not necessarily right every time (editor’s note: he’s still probably right), but it’s the conversation and probing that’s useful for ANY startup founder. ", "Take advantage of this awesome resource and call in!", "\n\nFinally, if you have an abstract question that you want to ask without actually getting on the air, feel free to leave it in the comments below (or on the registration page). ", "I will sometimes ask those myself in between callers. ", "I will make sure the answer gets back to you.", "\n\nFinally, when you are talking with other startup founders and reach that point where you think they need some help but can’t really put your finger on it … send them our way to ask a question.", "\n\nSoon I’ll get into the kinds of things node.js is good for, but first I want to show how easy it is to deploy node.js to Windows Azure – even if you don’t have a Windows machine (I’ll post that within a couple of days …)\n\nI read an article on ESPN recently where another pro golfer thought that Tiger Woods was going to have an awesome year this year because of how good his bad shots were looking. ", "If his bad shots are not too bad, then his good shots must be amazing.", "\n\nIt made me think about my “bad shots” … namely, those days where I don’t feel 100% and things just aren’t clicking. ", "Those days I miss the important email or forget to prepare for the important meeting the next day. ", "How good am I on my bad days?", "\n\nLast night, my 8-year-old son Gus went on the “puke every hour” plan and all three of us didn’t get much sleep. (", "He was remarkably cheerful, which made me really proud, and he seems to be on the mend. ", "Should be fine tomorrow. ", "On a related note, at what age do humans learn the relative importance of making it to the toilet for vomiting? ", "I did SIX loads of laundry today to clean up the mess – definitely worth thinking about the next time you buy multi-colored bedding for a kid.)", "\n\nNeedless to say, I was not at 100% today. ", "Took half a sick day in fact, because I was so unproductive. ", "That said, it was a pleasant day keeping Gus’s spirits up, eating Jello, and eventually watching Airplane as a family. ", "So while this “bad day” wasn’t productive, at least it was pleasant, all things considered.", "\n\nI wish I weren’t so surprised when I stumble into a civilized conversation online, but I am. ", "Obviously, it’s easy when you agree with someone but less easy when you disagree.", "\n\nDiscovering that you disagree with another smart person is a joy. ", "It’s an opportunity to change their mind or your own. ", "I suspect the lack of civility typically comes from a lack of openness to change. ", "I simply can’t participate in conversations on Neowin, Engadget, Gizmodo, or similar sites, because people seem only to be focused on proving their own points and putting down others.", "\n\nReal conversation requires a certain level of openness to opposing views – a willingness to change based on what can be learned from others.", "\n\nEarlier today, I spent several minutes writing a multi-paragraph reply to a comment on a blog I read regularly. ", "I thought it posted, but when I went back to see if there was a reply to my comment, it wasn’t there. ", "What a bummer – I was enjoying the conversation, but I didn’t have the time or the energy to recreate my words.", "\n\nI wish there were an easy way to save everything I type into a browser. ", "There are many security implications, I know, but this has happened to me enough that I’m willing to make the tradeoff with security for the assurance that I won’t lose my work.", "\n\nThe broken windows theory postulates that the existence of one broken window in an abandoned building begets more broken windows – people are more likely to vandalize a building that has already been vandalized.", "\n\nI don’t know whether this theory is true for actual abandoned buildings, but I see evidence that it’s true for me personally. ", "Sloppiness begets more sloppiness. ", "If I leave a scrap of paper on my nightstand, pretty soon it’s covered in junk. ", "If I leave a piece of computer equipment on my desk, pretty soon the whole desk is covered. ", "If a single dirty sock misses the hamper, it’s all over for having a clean room.", "\n\nIt’s not just “stuff” … a few years ago, I fell behind on balancing my checkbook and haven’t done it since. ", "Whenever I fall behind on email, I fall really behind. ", "Whenever I stop exercising for a bit, I get horribly out of shape. ", "One bad turn deserves another it seems.", "\n\nFor me, the solution seems obvious – fix the small things before they become big things. ", "Develop habits that keep basic aspects of my life maintained and in order. ", "Easier said than done, but worth doing." ]

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[ "Alla fine di agosto si sono svolti due incontri internazionali significativi: la riunione annuale dei banchieri centrali a Jackson Hole in Wyoming e la riunione dei G7. ", "I temi delle due conferenze erano diversi, ma da ambedue le riunioni è emerso un comune spaesamento per una situazione in cui gli Usa non sono più il pilastro della cooperazione internazionale e l’alternativa , per ora, non c’è. ", "Questo rende il rafforzamento del progetto europeo una necessità.", "\n\nDa Jackson Hole un tema centrale è stato la fragilità del sistema finanziario internazionale dominato dal dollaro. ", "Gli Stati Uniti sono il banchiere del mondo. ", "Si domandano dollari perché gran parte del commercio internazionale si fattura in dollari e/o perché i titoli di Stato Usa sono liquidi e sicuri - e quindi appetibili — , soprattutto quando l’incertezza è diffusa. ", "Questo dà agli Stati Uniti un «privilegio esorbitante», come lo aveva definito Giscard d’Estaing in un’altra epoca e fa sì che la loro politica monetaria influenzi i prezzi degli strumenti finanziari mondiali e i tassi di cambio: gli altri Paesi sono costretti a subirla. ", "Ma non solo. ", "Se ci dovesse essere una nuova crisi le banche centrali del resto del mondo, come è avvenuto nel 2008, avrebbero bisogno di chiedere prestiti speciali alla Federal reserve per soddisfare la domanda di liquidità da parte delle loro banche e evitare la instabilità finanziaria.", "\n\nOttenerli oggi, a differenza del 2008, non sarebbe scontato: dipenderebbe dalla volontà di cooperazione degli Stati Uniti, non più cosa certa. ", "Il dominio del dollaro non è un problema nuovo ma diventa preoccupante in una situazione in cui l’indipendenza della Federal Reserve viene messa in discussione dal presidente Trump e in cui gli Stati Uniti hanno cambiato rotta, rinunciando ad essere il pilastro della cooperazione internazionale e prendendo la strada della guerra commerciale e dei cambi. ", "Come può funzionare il sistema finanziario internazionale se il Paese che ne è al centro, gli Stati Uniti, sono diventati inaffidabili ed imprevedibili?", "\n\nSimile preoccupazione trapela dal G7. ", "L’incontro ha coperto temi più generali, ma anche lì è emersa la preoccupazione fondamentale del mutato ruolo degli Usa guidati da un Presidente che di proposito crea una incertezza permanente sui temi del commercio internazionale e non si fa promotore di soluzioni cooperative su tutte le altre questioni importanti, dalla geopolitica all’ambiente. ", "La nuova stagione europea si apre in questo contesto. ", "Non sfugge a nessuno che se l’Europa fosse piu coesa e capace di approfondire la sua unione economica e politica potrebbe assumere un ruolo maggiore nel mondo. ", "Oggi rimane schiacciata tra Stati Uniti, Cina e Russia ed è vulnerabile per via della sua fragilità politica nonostante la importante dimensione della sua economia.", "\n\nPesano gli errori del passato e l’incertezza di oggi. ", "Sul piano economico i Paesi dell’Unione non sono stati capaci di affiancare la Bce con politiche complementari per sostenere in modo più aggressivo l’economia. ", "Oggi non bisogna ripetere questo errore.", "\n\nLa discussione a Jackson Hole ha dato un secondo spunto di riflessione che va in questo senso. ", "Le banche centrali stanno esaurendo le loro «cartucce». ", "La politica monetaria da sola non riesce ad incidere più di tanto sull’economia. ", "I tassi di interesse sono a zero (nel caso dell’euro-zona quelli sulle riserve presso la Bce addirittura negative) e i bilanci delle banche centrali sono più che raddoppiati dal 2008 come conseguenza degli acquisti dei titoli e operazioni speciali, ma l’inflazione rimane debole e l’economia reale oggi rallenta. ", "Se questo rallentamento dovesse tramutarsi in recessione non è chiaro in che forma potrà arrivare un ulteriore stimolo monetario e se avrà effetto.", "\n\nIn Europa più che mai questo significa mettere in campo politiche coraggiose al livello dell’Unione: stimolo fiscale ma non solo. ", "È soprattutto necessario che i governi si impegnino a iniziative politiche di rilancio del progetto europeo per fare ritornare la fiducia. ", "La fiducia è necessaria a far ripartire gli investimenti e a combattere l’avversione al rischio che fa sì che gli investitori tedeschi e olandesi preferiscano parcheggiare depositi a tassi negativi piuttosto che spenderli in progetti più ambiziosi e pan-europei. ", "Senza un progetto convincente che implica reimpostare un dialogo tra Stati membri e che apra la porta a una maggiore condivisione del rischio a fianco di impegni per politiche nazionali responsabili, rimaniamo fragili e in balia delle scelte americane, oggi più che mai volatili e non cooperative. ", "La conferenza di Jackson Hole ci ha ricordato che un mondo multilaterale più robusto non può poggiarsi esclusivamente sul dollaro. ", "Ma se l’euro vuole competere come moneta internazionale, l’Unione deve diventare una federazione più convincente in cui la moneta sia sostenuta dalla credibilità degli Stati membri. ", "D’altro canto un ritorno alle monete nazionali moltiplicherebbe la fragilità di oggi e lascerebbe ciascun Paese europeo alla mercé dei sussulti della politica americana." ]

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[ "Bryce McGain\n\nBryce Edward McGain (born 25 March 1972) is a former Australian cricketer who played a single Test match for the Australian national cricket team, as well as domestically for Victoria. ", "McGain made his first-class debut in 2002 against New South Wales at the Sydney Cricket Ground. ", " However, due to other Victorian spinners—Shane Warne and Cameron White—he was unable to hold down a place in the side. ", " He worked in the IT section of a bank and played Victorian Premier Cricket for Prahran Cricket Club before being called up to the Victorian side again.", "\n\nMcGain became a regular for Victoria in the 2007–08 season and was impressive, taking 38 wickets at 34.78. ", "This led spin mentor Terry Jenner to suggest that McGain could be selected in the Australian Test team for the 2007–08 home series against India. ", "Although this predicted selection did not eventuate, McGain was later selected for the 2008–09 four-Test tour of India after playing for Australia A in India in September 2008. ", "During this tour, he got the opportunity to play a 2-day tour match against Rajasthan Cricket Association XI, but he did not get to bat or bowl. ", "Unfortunately for him, he had to return home due to a shoulder injury after having only played in this one tour match.", "\n\nMcGain finally made his Test debut at the age of 36 at Newlands in Cape Town in the third Test against South Africa in March 2009. ", " He had a far from favourable Test debut, conceding 0/149 from 18 overs – the worst figures returned by an Australian in a Test match. ", "The South African batsmen targeted him for attack and hit many sixes from his bowling. ", " He made two in the first innings and was run out for a duck in the second.", "\n\nBryce was also an accomplished local AFL footballer, playing at the Silvan Football Club in the YVMDFL between 1996-2001. ", "Playing 82 games and kicking 93 goals. ", "A smooth moving midfielder, Bryce won three club senior Best & Fairest’s, 1997,99 & 2000. ", " Along with the YVMDFL 2000 Senior League Best & Fairest award. ", "Bryce was also inducted into Silvan’s “Team of Century” in 2002.", "\n\nSee also\n List of Victoria first-class cricketers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Cricinfo Profile\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1972 births\nCategory:Adelaide Strikers cricketers\nCategory:Australian cricketers\nCategory:Australia Test cricketers\nCategory:Cricketers from Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:Denmark cricketers\nCategory:Essex cricketers\nCategory:Sportspeople from Melbourne\nCategory:Victoria cricketers" ]

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[ "EMAIL THE ARTICLE BELOW TO A FRIEND\n\nIt would be a medical mistake not to give hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 notes Prof. Didier Raoult\n\n“It would be a medical mistake not to give chloroquine [or hydroxychloroquine] against the Chinese virus [coronavirus COVID-19],” notes French Biologist and Infectious Disease Specialist Prof. Didier Raoult, MD, PhD in an interview posted on Archyde.com." ]

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[ "\"Don't Try So Hard\" is track #3 on the album Innuendo. ", "It was written by Deacon, John / May, Brian Harold / Mercury, Freddie / Taylor, Roger.", "\n\n\"Don't Try So Hard\" is track #3 on the album Innuendo. ", "It was written by Deacon, John / May, Brian Harold / Mercury, Freddie / Taylor, Roger.", "\n\n(No other information is available for this lyric - would you like to add something today?)", "\n\nshow more\n\nEdit|show less\n\nHelp\n\nWhat chart rank did the song debut? ", "What is the song about? ", "Has it won any awards?, ", "etc.", "\n\nCancelSubmit\n\nThank You\n\nYour introduction will appear once it has been deemed awesome by our team of wizards.", "\n\nSubmit CorrectionsCancel\n\nIf you're searching out for something\nDon't try so hard\nI you're feeling kind of nothing\nDon't try so hard\nWhen your problems seem like mountains\nFeel the need to find some answers\nYou can leave it for another day\nDon't try so hard\n\nBut if you fall and take a tumble\nIt won't be far\nIf you fail you mustn't grumble\nThank your lucky stars\nJust savor every mouthful\nAnd treasure every moment\nWhen the storms are raging round you\nStay right where you are\nOh don't try so hard\nOh don't take it all to heart\nIt's only fools they make these rules\nDon't try so hard\n\nOne day you'll be a Sergeant Major\nOh you'll be so proud\nScreaming out your bloody orders\nHey but not too loud\nPolish all your shiny buttons\nDressed as lamb instead of mutton\nBut you never had to try\nTo stand out from the crowd\n\nOh what a beautiful world\nIs this the life for me\nOh what a beautiful world\nIt's the simple life for me\n\nOh don't try so hard\nOh don't take it all to heart\nIt's only fools they make these rules\nDon't try so hard\nDon't try so hard\nDon't try so hard" ]

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[ "Understand Men. ", "Find Love.", "\n\nMenu\n\nHome > Blog > Dating > He Acts Like a Boyfriend But He Doesn’t Like the Title\n\nHe Acts Like a Boyfriend But He Doesn’t Like the Title\n\nI have been in an exclusive relationship with a man for 6 months now. ", "He has shown up in every way AND more. ", "I had major surgery and he stood by me, slept in the hospital, and took care of me at my worst for my 3-week recovery. ", "He just took me on our first trip away. ", "He wants to see me every day and I love that.", "\n\nBasically though, I was blindsided the other day because after everything, he said that I am not his “girlfriend” and he doesn’t want the expectations that come with the title. ", "Yet he says all the important people in his life know about us (family, close friends, few of which he has) and that he doesn’t want to be with anyone else. ", "I asked what would change with the title? ", "We already have exactly what a relationship is and he “checks in” with me even though I don’t ask that of him.", "\n\nHe tells me to please be patient, that he’s never been with a woman like me, one who trusts and loves unconditionally and makes him feel good when he’s with me, yet he says he’s not with me with the whole girlfriend/boyfriend thing! ", "I don’t know if I should wait and see, since what we have is basically the committed relationship – until he made the comment that I m not his girlfriend, everything was great. ", "Or should I move on at this point? ", "Even his friends address me as his girlfriend and he doesn’t correct them, so why can’t he say the words to me? ", "Yes, we are exclusive, and everything seemed and felt right, but I feel like he negated everything we have had now and feel like maybe I shouldn’t trust him. ", "I hope you can answer! ", "Thank you! –", "Kris\n\nDear Kris,\n\nI’ll admit it. ", "I don’t get men like this.", "\n\nIt doesn’t matter what an amazing guy he is if he’s told you things like “I never want to be married,” “I’m too busy for a relationship,” or “I’m not looking for anything serious.”", "\n\nIf he’s acting like a boyfriend, what’s the harm of calling you his girlfriend?", "\n\nBeats the hell out of me.", "\n\nAnd I can understand why it’s mystifying and why you’d be tempted to run.", "\n\nPersonally, I’m of two minds about the whole thing. ", "Which is why I can’t weigh in all that heavily and tell you exactly what to do. ", "But I hope to lay out the pros and the cons for you so that you can make an informed decision on your own, okay?", "\n\nCons: One of my dating credos is “believe the negative, ignore the positive”. ", "In other words, it doesn’t matter what an amazing guy he is if he’s told you things like “I never want to be married,” “I’m too busy for a relationship,” “I’m not looking for anything serious,” and so on.", "\n\nWomen waste years on men who said they want a casual relationship on their terms only – and then claim to be shocked when it turns out he was telling the truth.", "\n\nNext, I’m a big believer that good men do whatever it takes (within reason) to make their partners happy. ", "Sometimes it’s sleeping at the hospital or taking care of your dog or fixing your car. ", "And sometimes, it’s saying “I love you” or referring to you as his girlfriend, just because it makes you feel safe.", "\n\nAnd if I have one big opposition to this man’s behavior, it’s that he’s standing on some sort of principle, putting his needs above yours, and refusing to take the very simple step of calling a spade a spade: yes, you’re his girlfriend.”", "\n\nAdd in the fact that “he doesn’t want the expectations that come with the title,” and, well, this is the one thing that I’m not sure I’d be able to get past if I were you.", "\n\nI’m a big believer that good men do whatever it takes (within reason) to make their partners happy.", "\n\nThen again, I don’t know how old he is, I don’t know his relationship history, and I don’t know his family history. ", "Maybe he’s really young and doesn’t know how to compromise and please women. ", "Maybe he’s really old and set in his ways. ", "Maybe he got burned by his ex-wife and is unduly cautious of making a mistake or making promises he can’t keep. ", "Maybe he comes from a divorced family where his father never said “I love you” to his mother. ", "There are lots of possible explanations for his behavior.", "\n\nWhich is what brings me to the Pros. ", "In your words:\n\nExclusive relationship with a man for 6 months now. ", "Has shown up in every way AND more. ", "I had major surgery and he stood by me, slept in the hospital, and took care of me at my worst for my 3-week recovery. ", "He just took me on our first trip away. ", "He wants to see me every day and I love that.", "\nHe tells me that he’s never been with a woman like me, one who trusts and loves unconditionally and makes him feel good when he’s with me.", "\n\nThose are no small feats, in a world where you consistently hear about the lack of good men. ", "Those things are the foundation of your six month relationship and the reason that you’re agonizing over this man who claims not to be your boyfriend.", "\n\nAnd I must say: it’s entirely possible that he’s acting in full integrity, letting you know that he’s afraid of hurting you, that he wants to go slow and choose wisely, and that he really does value you and your relationship. ", "He wants to be judged for his actions, not his words.", "\n\nSo what do you do, Kris?", "\n\nI’d have this conversation with him. ", "Try to get it on the table. ", "Not to negotiate for the title of girlfriend, but to fully understand why it’s so important for him to reject the title and the responsibilities when he’s already acting like a full boyfriend to you. ", "Make it clear that you’re trying to understand him and let him know that he wouldn’t have to do anything different, but that it would make you very happy if you could feel safe in knowing that he was your boyfriend.", "\n\nAnd if, after this conversation, he can’t give you this nominal gift of safety, I would highly consider moving on to a man who has the ability to step up and make you feel safe.", "\n\nIt’s not that this is a bad guy at all, but rather that you might be waiting your whole life to hear some words that shouldn’t cost all that much to say.", "\n\nHappy Clients\n\n\"Many thanks to, you, Evan. ", "You really know what you’re talking about – and you CARE.\"", "\n\nThe Inner Circle really has been a learning process for which I'm grateful. ", "In the meantime, I am enjoying a type of peace and ease in a relationship that I’ve never experienced before. ", "That, in itself, is a tremendous gift to me, and worth its weight in gold.", "\n\nMelanie R.\n\n\"Give the guy a chance to prove he might have what you need for a satisfying relationship.\"", "\n\nI am a firm believer in dating at least 4 seasons and we are already in our 3rd season of love. ", "We have discussed marriage and will revisit the idea this October.", "\n\nConnie D.\n\n\"I've always disliked self-help, but from the moment I started reading, I felt you were talking to me.\"", "\n\nHe is smart, loving, funny, a perfect travel partner, and really wonderful. ", "I have never been in such a lovely relationship. ", "I feel secure, cherished, and happy every day. ", "I never stopped reading your books, and checked up on myself often.", "\n\nJanie B.\n\n“I will never have to settle for a less than fabulous relationship ever again.”", "\n\nHe recently started referring to us as boyfriend and girlfriend and it makes my heart sing. ", "I really feel that we are moving towards the next level in our relationship and I continue to listen to “Why He Disappeared” on a weekly basis to keep myself grounded.", "\n\nAmy G.\n\n\"You truly changed my life, my outlook...and I am grateful!!\"", "\n\nJohn texts me crazy wonderful love texts to start and end every day. ", "The roses are never from the grocery store...the Christmas presents were thoughtful and perfect. ", "And I am wrapped in his wonderful love." ]

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[ "Acropora kimbeensis\n\nAcropora kimbeensis is a species of acroporid coral that was first described by Dr. Carden Wallace in 1999. ", "Found in marine, tropical, shallow reefs usually at depths of , but can occur as low as . ", "It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, and it is thought to have a decreasing population. ", "It is not common and found over a large area, and is listed on CITES Appendix II.", "\n\nDescription\nAcropora kimbeensis is found in compact colonies in bush-like structures. ", "It is yellow, blue, or cream in colour, and the branches are upward-facing, become thinner towards the ends, and are caespitosed. ", "The branchlets contain small, obvious axial corallites, and the incipient axial corallites are spaced equally. ", "Radial corallites are present up the sides of the branchlets, and each contains a small opening (below in size). ", "It looks similar to Acropora cerealis and Acropora subulata. ", "Branches are up to long. ", "It is found in marine, tropical, shallow reefs on the upper slopes, usually at depths of between . ", "It can also occur in lagoons, patch reefs, reef fronts, and reef flats, and can exist at depths as low as . ", "It reaches maturity at between three and eight years, and lives for more than ten years.", "\n\nDistribution\nAcropora kimbeensis is found over a large area but is uncommon; the Indo-Pacific, the East China Sea, west Pacific, Eastern Australia, Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, Osprey Reef Coral Sea, Micronesia, and Pohnpei. ", "It occurs in one region of Indonesia, and at two sites of the Marshall Islands. ", "There is a lack of population data for the species, but it is known to be declining. ", "In 2005, 1,282 live specimens were exported for use in aquariums. ", "It is affected by bleaching by rising sea temperatures, coral disease, climate change, pollution, human development, fishing, infrastructure, and being exported. ", "It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List and is listed under CITES Appendix II, and can occur within Marine Protected Areas.", "\n\nTaxonomy\nIt was first described by C. C. Wallace in 1999 as Acropora kimbeensis in the Indo-Pacific.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Acroporidae\nCategory:Animals described in 1999\nCategory:Vulnerable animals" ]

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[ "Writing. ", "Reading. ", "Watching. ", "Playing. ", "The life of an entertainment follower never ends. ", "It goes on in the stories he produces and follows.", "\n\nSunday, March 24, 2013\n\nNew Battle of Gods Promos\n\nNow I know even a small part of what Kanzenshuu feels, as even MORE Battle of Gods news has come out before we even get to the release date! ", "Thankfully this time it's not very substantial though, and comes in the form of just four new promos airing on Japanese TV.", "\n\nThe first new promo focuses on the fighting in the film, and showcases a few new action shots such as Super Saiyan Goku flying upward; Bils rushing towards SS Goku to attack and getting gut-punched; Bils being knocked far away through an area of buildings; and finally SS Goku yelling something in the wake of a large energy ball heading his way.", "\n\nThe second is more of an emotional video, with Shoko Nakagawa (who plays the Oracle Fish in the film) talking about the film, though at this exact moment I'm unsure of what she's saying. ", "A few new shots are shown here however, showing Goku spreading his arms outward as they summon Shenron; putting everyone's reaction to something with wind blowing seeming to be more from that than it was someone powering up; a brief shot (which is pictured above) of Oolong chewing Goku out for something as he laughs, with Bulma and Vegeta both scowling at him; and Goku struggling to stop an energy ball that's coming towards him.", "\n\nThe third is decidedly more humorous than previous promos, and may be my favorite. ", "The only new footage in it shows Goku in a track suit smiling; a pan over our group of heroes; Buu mocking Bils with a kissy-kissy face; and Vegeta's over the top smile. ", "The great thing about this promo though is that it's got a running commentary over it by Frieza (Ryusei Nakao) and Cell (Norio Wakamoto), which is absolutely hilarious. ", "Their dialogue basically contains them talking smack about each other not being in the movie. ", "A translation of their dialogue, as seen below, is thanks to Kanzenshuu.", "\n\nFrieza: The first movie in 17 years?!Cell: It's an all-star cast, but I'm not in it?!Frieza: Fu-fu-fu, Frieza-sama appears in the movie!Cell: !!!", "Goku: Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods!Cell: Apparently, you're in a non-speaking role!Frieza: What's that?!", "\n\nI absolutely love that they got these two veteran actors to reprise their roles yet again for nothing more than a promotion for the movie, even if they're not actually in it.", "\n\nThe fourth and final new promo is more or less another rehash of the previous ones that were simply shorter versions of one of the two trailers, and as far as I can tell this one doesn't show us anything else new, but just for the sake of coverage, I thought I'd mention it.", "\n\nThe movie officially opens in Japan on March 30, and it already feels like the film is EVERYWHERE. ", "Can the hype possibly get any higher before then? ", "I can't wait to find out the answer to that question." ]

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[ "We are doing something a little different for this review of Lawrence Crow. ", "We had two of our reviewers take a crack at this review. ", "we have decided to print both. ", "We will let you the reader and listener decide for yourself who was right. ", "You will see the first review is significantly shorter than the 2nd.", "\n\nFirst Review-\n\nCrap on tape. ", "The end.", "\n\n2nd Review-\n\nIn 1975, Lou Reed put out an album called “Metal Machine Music”. ", "The record was purchased by a respectable number of Reed enthusiasts who were expecting more of the same from a man who was something like a rock star at that time. ", "Upon first listen, a large portion of the copies sold were promptly returned to the establishments from which they’d been purchased and went on to spend a long, long, long time in the used record bins set against the back walls of these very same stores. ", "Circle of Life!", "\n\nReed had done on this album was something that inspired a variety of reactions and theories from critics, fans and fellow musicians. ", "Reed was playing a joke on the public. ", "Reed had found a lazy and wise-assey way to honor a decidedly unreasonable record contract. ", "Reed had finally succumbed to the horrific effects of the mysterious drug that he’d canonized on the second side of the first Velvet Underground album and had romanticized through his carefully crafted public image ever since. ", "Any of these theories could be true; Reed himself has never given a straight answer.", "\n\nBut there were a handful of lonely Rock N’ Roll ideologues who felt that Reed had done something kind of important; that he’d tapped into the essence of Rock N’ Roll, beyond melody, beyond rhythm, beyond lyric. ", "Perhaps Lou Reed had successfully plumbed the depths and come back to the land of the commercialized pop marketplace with the essence of Little Richard’s, Buddy Holly’s, Chuck Berry’s angst tucked safely in his back pocket. ", "What was Metal Machine Music after all, other than a stripping away of everything that wasn’t specific to Rock n’ Roll, of everything that wasn’t loud, frightening, disorienting, confrontational and abrasive?", "\n\nWhat Reed had done was not new, it was something that would be, and will be, done over and over again for as long as Rock n’ Roll performance exists. ", "But Reed was the only musician bold enough, arrogant enough, stupid enough to package it as a consumer product. ", "Metal Machine Music is nothing more than a variety of guitars, tuned differently and placed against their respective amplifiers. ", "Reed lets the equipment do the work and leaves the listener to sink or swim in a sea of un-tempered feedback.", "\n\nI bought the album when I was living in Japan and commuting back and forth from a dingy apartment to a brightly-lit English Language school, where I taught conversational English to business men and school girls who had an academic understanding of the language that far surpassed my own. ", "I listened to Reed’s noise as I boarded the morning bullet train and soon discovered the possibilities available in such a ridiculous recording. ", "Bombarded with too many tones all at once, I was forced to make my own melodic choices, to jump back and forth to the notes that fit my given situation. ", "So much sound was available all at once that I was free to make my own music inside the buzzing wash of Metal Machine Music. ", "But the album didn’t work unless I was willing to work with it. ", "Like looking at a Jackson Pollock painting, the art took place in the context of my communication with the art object, not in the artist’s intentionality or execution.", "\n\nFast forward a few years later; I am summoned by the company brass at YourBand.info—as if by the disembodied voice that passed out assignments on Charlie’s Angels—to review a collection of recordings by Lawrence Crow…well, mine is not to question why…\n\nWhat Crow does is, like the music on Reeds opus, not overly original. ", "Indeed, one, one might look no further than the early solo work of someone like Martin Rev to find an obvious influence. ", "Still, in listening to the rumbling dissonance of over-long sustained keyboard notes that seems to make up the lion’s share of this music, I find myself effected in much the same way that I continue to be by Metal Machine Music.", "\n\nSure, it would be easy, and perhaps not inappropriate, to compare Crow’s sprawling, droning, synthesizer soundscapes with the music in that episode of Friends…you know the one; where Ross, consumed by his own pretensions, resurrects his high-school, avant-techno persona and drags his keyboard to the stage of the Central Perk so that he might regale his fellow characters with his own special brand of genius. ", "And perhaps it is just as appropriate to laugh at Crow and his assortment of recordings; what does he take us for anyway? ", "Is he making a joke? ", "Does he really want us to believe this is music?", "\n\nBut let’s forget about the man behind the music for a moment. ", "Let’s forget about music all together. ", "Let’s respond only to our reactions and responses as these sounds happen to us. ", "Once again, we sink or swim in the slow and foreboding waves of a monotonous ocean. ", "We accept or reject the clusters of notes that do battle with one another forever and ever and ever on these tracks. ", "But weather we accept or reject or love or hate, we are engaged, communicating with the recordings and making decisions about their place in the universe in relation to ours.", "\n\nThe common refrain when confronted with music like this, or art like Pollock’s, is usually something along the lines of “My five-year-old can do that”. ", "This may be true, but this response begs a few questions: did your five year old do that? ", "Did your five year old call it art? ", "Would you react as strongly to your five year old’s work as to this? ", "Indeed, would you react to the most lovely and accessible of Monet’s paintings or the most crisp and lush of the Beatles’ hits as you would to this?", "\n\nLawrence Crow makes us do the work and, in eliciting our reactions, he makes us, voluntarily or not, a part of the art object. ", "Is he talented? ", "Is he serious? ", "Could a five year old do this? ", "I don’t know. ", "It doesn’t matter. ", "What matters is the dialogue that exists between the listener and the listened-to. ", "And if you hate it, then Crow has won; hate is a strong reaction, and making an audience react is part of what a true artist does." ]

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[ "Obscured by Clouds. ", "The rough and ready blog of a cloud benighted biologist and amateur astronomer. ", "Astroblog will cover my interests in astronomy, biology and Life, the Universe and Everything.", "\n\nThursday, October 18, 2012\n\nAlpha Centauri B has a (red hot) Earth-sized Planet\n\nAustralian's can never look at the sky the same way again. ", "When you go out tonight to look at the southern sky, you know that alpha Centauri, the red star in the iconic pointers, the pair of stars that point to the Southern Cross, has an Earth-sized world orbiting it.", "\n\nA hellish, red hot world, true. ", "One that screams around it's sun (alpha Centauri B, alpha Centauri is a triple star system) in just over 3 days. ", "It snuggles closer to its sun than Mercury does to ours and its surface is most likely covered in a magma ocean. ", "Not the place that bright eyed pioneers would fly to in gleaming silver spaceships.", "\n\nBut its a world around one of the southern hemisphere's iconic and brightest stars. ", "Sure we have something like 800+ confirmed planets around other stars, a fair few solar systems, and even one or two have planets in the hypothetical habitable zones of their suns.", "\n\nBut the vast majority are too dim to see with the unaided eye, or barely visible, and rejoice in names like GJ 1214b, Gleise 581 e, Upsilon Andromedae A and 55 Cancerii e.\n\nAlpha Centauri Bb, simulated in Celestia with two of its three suns visible.", "\n\nIn contrast alpha Centauri is bright, and part of an easily recognisable asterism. ", "It looms large not only in the skies of the southern hemisphere, but also our fiction and imaginations.", "\n\nIn terms of our stepping stones into space, The Moon, Mars* and then alpha Centauri, the triple star system on our doorstep a little over 4 light years away, has loomed large. ", "Alpha Centauri has featured heavily in science fiction too, and Pandora, the world of the Na'vi, orbits Alpha Centauri A. The new world orbits alpha Centauri B as mentioned above.", "\n\nCould there be other planets in the alpha Centauri system, ones that are more like our familiar planets?", "\n\nCertainly, although they may be hard to find. ", "This new world (we have to think of a name for it, Mustafar is already taken, how about magmamare) was discovered by the slight doppler shift in its stars light as the planet tugged on its sun as it orbited.", "\n\nThis means in these kinds of searches its easier to find big things close to their suns (which explains why until recently most of the extrasolar planets we found were massive things bigger than Jupiter as close or closer than Mercury). ", "To find a Jupiter- like world in a Jupiter like orbit, we would have to watch the system for 36 years (as we need to watch 3 orbits to make sure the signal is real).", "\n\nSo there's a real chance that there are other, more familiar worlds circling the alpha Centauri system, and you can bet people will be looking for them now.", "\n\nNext time you go outside and look south at the pointers, you will now know that there is a world, out there, not of our solar system, that is tantalisingly just beyond our reach.", "\n\nOnce again I've made Celestia files for the system. ", "As\nusual, copy the data here to plain text files (alphacentBb.ssc) and copy the file to the Celestia extras folder.", "\n=====================8<=cut===================================\n\"b\" \"Rigel Kentaurus B\"\n\n# Earth like world around alpha centauri B\n# Found by ESO HARP instrument\n\n{\nTexture \"venussurface.*\"", "\n# Using venus although it may be a magma world\n\n}\n=====================8<=cut===================================\n*Venus, despite looking like Earth's twin, never seems to garner quite the same attention, perhaps because Mars is in the direction of out." ]

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[ "When the British Zionist zealots figured out that their smear campaign against me had gone nowhere and Reading Festival was not going to surrender to their relentless pressure, they decided to mobilise. ", "They deployed their special weapon: the sleazy orthodox Rabbi Zvi Solomons, who was available since he was sacked by his congregation in 2016, which he then sued.", "\n\nThe problematic rabbi played his part. ", "He has able to tick every box in the Hasbara book, from verbal smears to proper harassment. ", "On the day of my talk, he and his rebbetzin wife even visited the Fairtrade shop at the community centre where I was presenting my talk and attempted to intimidate the staff by shoving a camera in front of their faces. ", "This shouldn’t surprise us: if it looks like a settler and behaves like a settler, it may as well be a settler. ", "However, the British town of Reading is not in the West Bank and that kind of vile behaviour is not what well mannered Britons expect from religious clerics.", "\n\nForty-eight hours before I was scheduled to talk, the rabbi circulated a letter to the local councillors in Reading’s councillors, the local press and other parties involved. ", "In the letter the rabbi wrote:\n\nI wish to express on behalf of my community [as mentioned above, the rabbi doesn’t have a community, he was dismissed] my great distress that RISC [Reading International Solidarity Centre] are allowing a meeting to be held to promote Gilad Atzmon’s latest book.", "\n\nThe rabbi promised to “provide examples” of Gilad Atzmon’s “hateful, anti-Semitic output”.", "\n\nHowever, the rabbi failed to present a single cogent argument. ", "Those who examined his accusations found them misleading, unfounded and duplicitous. ", "But he did succeed in providing insight into the problematic Jewish institutional attitude to shonda (shame) in relation to Jewish sex predators.", "\n\nRabbi Solomons accused me of being an “anti-Semite” for pointing at the troubling and embarrassing fact that the British press omitted from its coverage that Lord Greville Janner was the head of the Jewish community at the time that the British press wrote that he was engaged in gross predatory behaviour towards young British children.", "\n\nHere are Rabbi Solomons’s words, taken from his message to the local press, Reading councillors and the leader of Reading Borough Council.", "\n\nOn this page, Atzmon uses the trope of Jewish power and the trope of the Jew as the child-abuser. ", "Here are selected quotations which are anti-Semitic in nature; I have coloured the anti-Semitic elements red [shown below in blue – to avoid confusion with hyperlinks]:\n\n“The Daily Telegraph and other press outlets list the sex abuse allegations against Lord Janner, a 27-year Labour MP. ", "But there is one thing The Telegraph and other British press outlets fail to mention. ", "They omit the fact that at the time Lord Janner was allegedly sexually abusing young British orphans, sometimes, actually in his marital bed, he was the head of the British Jewish community.", "\n\n“Between 1978 and 1984 Lord Janner was the chairman of Board of Deputies of British Jews, a body with claims to represent British Jewry.”", "\n\nI admit, I fail to see what I am accused of. ", "The rabbi doesn’t dispute the facts. ", "At the time Lord Janner was allegedly molesting young orphans in his marital bed, he was the chairman of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. ", "As such, he was de facto the leader of British Jewry. ", "What is anti-Semitic about me pointing out that fact? ", "The rabbi doesn’t accuse me of not telling the truth; quite the opposite – he sees me as a “hateful character” for actually sticking to the truth.", "\n\nRabbi Solomons continues quoting me as he desperately attempts to identify my “anti-Semitsm”.", "\n\nWhile inflicting Shoah on British orphans, Lord Janner was a prominent advocate of holocaust education. ", "He was the chairman of the Holocaust Educational Trust, the president of the Commonwealth Jewish Council, and Vice-President of the World Jewish Congress.", "\n\n“Specifically,” the rabbis asks, “why would this have been relevant?”", "\n\nHere the rabbi is suggesting that Lord Janner was the leader of British Jews at the same time he reportedly raped kids is somehow irrelevant. ", "I actually believe that this information is so relevant that not a single British outlet knew how to handle it.", "\n\n“And why does Atzmon use the word shoah (holocaust) in the second paragraph? ", "This is obvious anti-Semitism,” Rabbi Solomons continues.", "\n\nIs it really too complicated for the Rabbi to understand why the shoah is relevant? ", "At the time Lord Janner reportedly molested young orphans and inflicted a personal shoah on each of them, he was the chairman of the Holocaust Educational Trust. ", "I guess that in Rabbi Solomons’s mind, the shoah is Jews-only territory.", "\n\nSolomons concludes his point by quoting me yet again:\n\nIf Jewish power is the capacity to silence the discussion of Jewish power, in the case of Lord Janner it also managed to delete the fact that Britain’s suspected arch sex offender was also the leader of the Jewish community.", "\n\nTo which the rabbi comments, “Imagine if Atzmon were to say this about any other ethnic minority.”", "\n\nI guess that by now it will surprise no one that Rabbi Solomons lies compulsively. ", "This is an obvious and deliberate attempt to deceive councillors and the local press since he conceals that in the next paragraph I addressed his supposed question.", "\n\nHere are my words:\n\nAt the least, all these prominent Jewish organisations ought to issue an apology or at least admit to gross misjudgement in letting a person who was a suspected paedophile remain a leader of prominent Jewish institutions for almost five decades. ", "Would the English church enjoy such impunity? ", "Would the British Muslim community get away with any of its leaders being associated with buggery and paedophilia? ", "I’ll let you ponder this one.", "\n\nMany Britons are perplexed and angered by the intense whitewash surrounding Lord Janner and the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse shambles.", "\n\nRabbi Solomons’s message provides us with precious insight into the dark forces operating behind the scene and suppressing truthfulness and justice. ", "The rabbi’s message is obvious: looking into Lord Janner’s possible misconduct involves a head on war with the Jewish leadership and institutions; it interferes with their sense of total impunity. ", "As we know, most British Jewish leaders and institutions kept silent about Lord Janner. ", "Rabbi Zvi Solomons is stupid enough to unveil the sinister and orchestrated matrix that is involved in this concealment campaign." ]

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[ "Review: Deciphering animal robustness. ", "A synthesis to facilitate its use in livestock breeding and management.", "\nAs the environments in which livestock are reared become more variable, animal robustness becomes an increasingly valuable attribute. ", "Consequently, there is increasing focus on managing and breeding for it. ", "However, robustness is a difficult phenotype to properly characterise because it is a complex trait composed of multiple components, including dynamic elements such as the rates of response to, and recovery from, environmental perturbations. ", "In this review, the following definition of robustness is used: the ability, in the face of environmental constraints, to carry on doing the various things that the animal needs to do to favour its future ability to reproduce. ", "The different elements of this definition are discussed to provide a clearer understanding of the components of robustness. ", "The implications for quantifying robustness are that there is no single measure of robustness but rather that it is the combination of multiple and interacting component mechanisms whose relative value is context dependent. ", "This context encompasses both the prevailing environment and the prevailing selection pressure. ", "One key issue for measuring robustness is to be clear on the use to which the robustness measurements will employed. ", "If the purpose is to identify biomarkers that may be useful for molecular phenotyping or genotyping, the measurements should focus on the physiological mechanisms underlying robustness. ", "However, if the purpose of measuring robustness is to quantify the extent to which animals can adapt to limiting conditions then the measurements should focus on the life functions, the trade-offs between them and the animal's capacity to increase resource acquisition. ", "The time-related aspect of robustness also has important implications. ", "Single time-point measurements are of limited value because they do not permit measurement of responses to (and recovery from) environmental perturbations. ", "The exception being single measurements of the accumulated consequence of a good (or bad) adaptive capacity, such as productive longevity and lifetime efficiency. ", "In contrast, repeated measurements over time have a high potential for quantification of the animal's ability to cope with environmental challenges. ", "Thus, we should be able to quantify differences in adaptive capacity from the data that are increasingly becoming available with the deployment of automated monitoring technology on farm. ", "The challenge for future management and breeding will be how to combine various proxy measures to obtain reliable estimates of robustness components in large populations. ", "A key aspect for achieving this is to define phenotypes from consideration of their biological properties and not just from available measures." ]

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[ "Field of the Invention\nThe presently disclosed invention relates to fossil fuel power generation facilities and, more particularly, systems for adapting such facilities for removal and capture of carbon dioxide from combustion exhaust gases.", "\nDiscussion of the Prior Art\nVarious commercial systems and process for combusting fossil fuels to generate electrical power have been in use for many years. ", "One difficulty with the use of such systems has been that they emit quantities of carbon dioxide—a greenhouse gas. ", "It is believed that greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide cause a deleterious effect when released into the atmosphere in quantity. ", "Accordingly, fossil fuel power plants have emphasized systems and methods having lower emissions of greenhouse gases.", "\nOne system for more efficient combustion of fossil fuel and consequently lower carbon dioxide emissions employs technology known as pressurized fluidized bed combustion. ", "In that system, fuel such as coal is introduced into a pressurized vessel and combusted while a stream of air is forced through the fuel. ", "This has been found to result in more complete combustion of the coal and lower emissions of carbon dioxide in comparison to some other systems and processes.", "\nIt has been observed that a process for removing and capturing carbon dioxide from the exhaust emissions of the pressurized fluidized bed combustion could further reduce carbon dioxide emissions, provided the process was compatible with the fluidized bed combustion technology. ", "One process for removing and capturing carbon dioxide from a gas stream is known as the Benfield process. ", "In the Benfield process, carbon dioxide and other gaseous components are absorbed in a pressurized aqueous solution of potassium carbonate. ", "The Benfield process has been found to be effective when used in connection with pressurized fluidized bed systems, provided the operating conditions for the Benfield process are met. ", "In particular, the maximum operating temperature, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides must be satisfied. ", "Because the temperature, sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide in exhaust gases from the pressurized fluidized bed combustion process are high relative to those requirements. ", "Accordingly, an interface between the pressurized fluidized bed combustion process and the Benfield process is required.", "\nOne interface for using the Benfield process in combination with a pressurized fluidized bed combustion process is shown and described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "8,752,384. ", "In that system, exhaust gas from the pressurized fluidized bed combustion vessel is provided to a heat recovery steam generator. ", "The heat recovery steam generator uses a portion of the thermal energy from the exhaust gas to convert feed water to steam. ", "The steam is then used to power a steam turbine generator and electricity from the steam turbine generator is used to power an electric motor that drives an air compressor. ", "The air compressor pressurizes air that is fed to the pressurized fluidized bed combustion vessel.", "\nExhaust gas that leaves the heat recovery steam generator is conditioned by the removal of particulates and sulfur dioxide and then provided to the Benfield processing unit for removal and capture of carbon dioxide. ", "During startup periods, the conditioned exhaust gas (also known as flue gas) does not meet the temperature requirements for the Benfield process so the flue gas is diverted to bypass the Benfield processing unit.", "\nTo make the system more efficient, the air compressor that pressurizes air to the pressurized fluidized bed combustion vessel is powered by a second device—a gas expander. ", "The gas expander coverts energy in the flue gas to mechanical power in a shaft that is coupled to the air compressor.", "\nA difficulty with such systems is that the expansion of the flue gas in the gas expander causes a drop in the temperature of the flue gas. ", "In some cases, this can cause icing in the gas expander or can cause the flue gas to form acidic condensation in the air emission stack. ", "This difficulty cannot be avoided by maintaining a generally higher temperature for the flue gas because such higher flue gas temperatures are incompatible with the Benfield process for removing carbon dioxide.", "\nAccordingly, there was a need in the prior art for a power generation system wherein a pressurized fluidized bed combustion unit that employs Benfield technology to remove of carbon dioxide from exhaust gases also maintains sufficiently high temperatures in the flue gas to avoid difficulties associated with low temperature conditions in the gas expander and in the air discharge stack." ]

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[ "Nazo (TV series)\n\nNazo () is a 2015 Pakistani thriller drama television series aired on Urdu 1. ", "Serial is produced by Fahad Mustafa and Dr. Ali Kazmi under their banner Big Bang Entertainment. ", "It explores the life of Nazo, a mentally challenged girl played by Sonya Hussain and her family sufferings in taking care of her which has its own set of challenges.", "\n\nCast\nSonya Hussain as Nazo\n Ahmed Ali\nZhalay Sarhadi\nAtiqa Odho\nRashid Farooqui\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Website\n\nCategory:Urdu-language television programs\nCategory:Pakistani drama television series\nCategory:2015 Pakistani television series debuts\nCategory:Urdu 1 series" ]

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[ "\n639 F.3d 825 (2011)\nNabil K. BISSADA, Appellant,\nv.\nARKANSAS CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL; Samuel Smith; Jonathan Bates; Robert D.B. Jaquiss; Timothy Martin; Michelle Moss; Bonnie Taylor; Robert Lyle; Sandra Taylor; Debra Barrow; Patti Higginbotham; John and Jane Does, 1-10, Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "09-2138.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.", "\nSubmitted: December 15, 2010.", "\nFiled: May 12, 2011.", "\n*826 Andrew L. Schlafly, argued, Far Hills, NJ, for appellant.", "\nByron Freeland, argued, Jeffrey L. Spillyards, on the brief, Little Rock, AR, for appellee.", "\nBefore RILEY, Chief Judge, BEAM and BENTON, Circuit Judges.", "\nRILEY, Chief Judge.", "\nNabil K. Bissada, M.D., appeals the district court's[1] grant of summary judgment to Arkansas Children's Hospital (ACH), Samuel Smith, Jonathan Bates, Robert D.B. Jaquiss, Timothy Martin, Michelle Moss, Bonnie Taylor, Robert Lyle, Sandra Taylor, Debra Barrow, Patti Higginbotham, and John and Jane Does 1-10 (collectively, appellees). ", "Dr. Bissada, a pediatric urologist, alleged appellees engaged in \"sham peer review\" when they suspended his hospital privileges and reported the suspension to the national practitioner data bank (NPDB) without a required hearing. ", "The district court granted summary judgment to appellees on Dr. Bissada's 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 2000d (Title VI) and 2000e (Title VII) claims and declined to exercise jurisdiction over his Arkansas state law claims for violation of the Arkansas Civil Rights Act, Ark.Code Ann. § ", "16-123-101, et seq., ", "defamation, and tortious interference. ", "Dr. Bissada appeals, and we affirm.", "\n\nI. BACKGROUND[2]\nDr. Bissada is a professor and practitioner in reconstructive urology, credited with numerous appointments, publications, presentations, funded research projects, visiting professorships and guest lectureships. ", "In May 2003, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), a Little Rock, Arkansas, teaching hospital and not a party here, hired Dr. Bissada to be President of its Department of Urology. ", "While with UAMS, Dr. Bissada also served as Chief of Pediatric Urology at ACH.", "\n\nA. ACH Revokes Dr. Bissada's Medical Staff Privileges\nIn November 2006, ACH's Vice President of Patient Care Services Sandra Taylor, R.N., told Medical Director Dr. Bonnie Taylor about certain concerns she had about Dr. Bissada's practice. ", "Sandra Taylor's concerns related to patient care and outcomes, specifically alleging (1) lack of communication with patient families, (2) repeated surgical and clinical cancellations, (3) complications resulting from delayed surgical proceedings, and (4) lack of confidence in Dr. Bissada's abilities. ", "Pursuant to ACH's bylaws, Dr. Bonnie Taylor brought the matter to ACH's medical staff executive committee (executive committee) which held a special meeting and appointed an ad hoc committee, consisting of Chief of Cardiac Surgery Dr. Robert Jaquiss, *827 Chief of Anesthesia Dr. Timothy Martin, and Dr. Robert Lyle, to investigate the allegations.", "\nThe ad hoc committee began its investigation on November 30, 2006. ", "The committee reviewed the records of eighteen of Dr. Bissada's patients, the results of his Press-Ganey surveys,[3] and clinic attendance and cancellation data. ", "On December 6, 2006, the committee interviewed Dr. Bissada. ", "During the interview, committee members asked Dr. Bissada \"about delays between the decision to perform a surgery and the performance of that surgery; complications arising from hypospadias repairs; Bissada's clinic cancellation rate; patient family complaints; on-call coverage; and the removal of labia adhesions in the clinic without anesthesia.\" ", "Bissada v. Arkansas Children's Hosp., ", "2009 WL 1010869, at *2 (E.D.Ark.2009).", "\nOn December 12, 2006, the ad hoc committee issued a report, making a number of negative findings about Dr. Bissada, including:\n1. ", "Dr. Bissada's consistent delays in the performance of surgical procedures lead[] to questionable outcomes.", "\n2. ", "Dr. Bissada's lack of communication with both local physicians and parents is a problem.", "\n3. ", "The cancellation rate for Dr. Bissada's clinic is excessive and unacceptable.", "\n4. ", "There is [a] lack of an effective mechanism for completeness of patient follow-up on Dr. Bissada's practice which results in patients becoming lost.", "\n5. ", "The rate of complications in Dr. Bissada's cases, based upon our review, seems to be more frequent than we would ordinarily expect.", "\n6. ", "These issues indicate a general lack of judgment on the part of Dr. Bissada.", "\nThe ad hoc committee recommended referral of the eighteen cases \"to an outside reviewer[,] specifically a pediatric urologist, for further review.\" ", "The executive committee extended Dr. Bissada's hospital privileges, which were set to expire on December 31, 2006, for one month, and sent the eighteen cases to Dr. Anthony Balcom, an outside pediatric urologist, for review. ", "See id.\nOn January 9, 2007, Dr. Balcom returned a seventeen-page review, concluding (1) the charts showed \"a pattern of highly irregular scheduling activities,\" (2) Dr. Balcom could not comment on Dr. Bissada's complication rates because he did not know how many of each type of procedure Dr. Bissada performed during the time period covered by the charts, and (3) \"the complication rate after pyeloplasty in terms of recurrent obstruction is concerningly high.\" ", "The executive committee met that same day and voted to revoke Dr. Bissada's medical staff privileges.", "\nThe next day, January 10, 2007, ACH notified Dr. Bissada his privileges were revoked and that he was entitled to a hearing to appeal the revocation. ", "Dr. Bissada retained counsel and requested an appeal hearing before the executive committee, which was eventually scheduled for August 20, 2007.", "\n\nB. Settlement Negotiations\nWhile the appeal hearing was pending, counsel for Dr. Bissada and ACH engaged in several rounds of settlement negotiations. *", "828 The negotiations revolved around whether ACH would reinstate Dr. Bissada's privileges in exchange for his immediately resigning, and what language would be reported to the NPDB. ", "On August 17, 2007, a paralegal employed by one of Dr. Bissada's lawyers, Robert McHenry,[4] sent the following email to Lynda Johnson, ACH's counsel:\nDear Lynda,\nDr. Bissada will agree to the language proposed by you as set out as Exhibit A.\nThis letter will also confirm that the hearing WILL NOT be held on Monday, August 20, 2007. ", "I will send a hard copy of this letter and Settlement Agreement on Monday.", "\nSincerely, Robert McHenry\nTwo documents, entitled \"Settlement Agreement\" and \"Exhibit A,\" were attached to the email. ", "The text of the settlement agreement states, \"In consideration of the parties agreeing to the language to be sent to the [NPDB] (see attached Exhibit A) and Dr. Nabil Bissada's agreement to not reapply for privileges at ACH, ACH agrees to end its investigation and Dr. Bissada agrees not to reapply for privileges.\" ", "Exhibit A states:\nDr. Nabil Bissada's privileges were recommended to be revoked by the Executive Committee of the [ACH] medical staff as a part of an investigation concerning Dr. Bissada's professional competence.", "\nPursuant to the ACH By-Laws, Dr. Bissada requested a hearing so that he could oppose the above mentioned recommendation. ", "Because a settlement was reached between the parties, Dr. Bissada's privileges expired before final action was taken. ", "Dr. Bissada chose not to reapply for privileges at [ACH].", "\nMcHenry and Dr. Bissada both testified they discussed the contents of the email before it was sent. ", "McHenry also discussed the terms of the email with Johnson, who told him the case was settled and there would be no hearing. ", "ACH reported the \"Exhibit A\" language to the NPDB that same day.", "\nThe next day, Saturday, August 18, 2007, Dr. Bissada wrote a letter to ACH, which he faxed on Monday, August 20, 2007:\nThe settlement agreement E-mailed by Mr. McHenry is not acceptable to me. ", "I will not sign this agreement. ", "I wish to engage another legal counsel as soon as possible. ", "And [I] will notify you with his name once I do. ", "I would ask that a hearing would be scheduled at a mutually acceptable time.", "\nJohnson immediately replied, by hand delivery,\nThere was a settlement reached between you and your legal counsel and ACH and me on Friday, August 17, 2007. ", "I received an e-mail confirming your agreement to the settlement from your legal counsel on Friday, August 17, 2007. ", "Based upon that settlement, actions were taken to cancel the hearing which had been set for August 20, 2007.", "\nJohnson's letter did not mention the \"Exhibit A\" language had already been reported to the NPDB.", "\n\nC. Prior Proceedings\nFrom the beginning, Dr. Bissada denied the allegations against him. ", "He objected to the ad hoc committee's report, and refers to the concerns about communication *829 with families, surgical and clinic cancellations, and complications resulting from delayed procedures as \"trivial,\" \"superficial,\" \"plainly of a pretextual nature,\" and \"nothing of a serious nature.\" ", "Dr. Bissada suggests the ad hoc committee's concern about his performance of certain procedures using local, rather than general, anesthetic was motivated by a desire to make money, and ACH nurses, not Dr. Bissada, were to blame for patients becoming \"lost\" in his practice.", "\nThroughout the process, Dr. Bissada argued the ad hoc committee \"cherry-picked\" the eighteen cases it selected for internal and external review. ", "Dr. Bissada argues ACH's external reviewer, Dr. Balcom, discredited ACH's review when he concluded, \"Some of the complications in this chart review of 18 series have been `expected', not uncommon complications, but the total number of cases done in this time period is not known to me, so interpretation of the complication rates to compare to typical complication rates is not possible.\" ", "Nevertheless, Dr. Balcom opined that \"the complication rate after pyeloplasty in terms of recurrent obstruction is concerningly high.\"", "\nDr. Bissada engaged four of his own external reviewers, who uniformly support him. ", "Three of these reviewers question the case selection. ", "Dr. Moneer Hanna questioned \"the reasons behind the selection of these cases, while ignoring the operative log which demonstrates a low overall complication rate.\" ", "Professor Darius Bägli reviewed the eighteen cases and Dr. Bissada's log and commented that \"there appears to be no basis for the selection of these cases from the approximately 1000 cases done by Dr. Bissada.\" ", "After his review, Dr. Anthony Kaczmarek was \"uncertain how these cases fell out for review.\"", "\nOn August 27, 2007, Dr. Bissada sued ACH in Arkansas state court, alleging he and ACH had merely agreed to agree to a settlement, but had not finally agreed. ", "In an affidavit attached to his state court complaint, Bissada swore he (1) \"did not. . . ", "consider that [he] had agreed irrevocably to the proposed terms of [the] agreement,\" and (2) had \"never in my life been party to a final agreement without my actual signature, and I did not intend to agree to the terms of the letter which has since been sent to the [NPDB].\" ", "This lawsuit prayed for an injunction against ACH reporting to the NPDB. ", "The disposition of the state court lawsuit is not in the appellate record.", "\nOn January 22, 2008, Dr. Bissada filed a charge of discrimination against ACH with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), alleging ACH discharged him on January 9, 2007, because of his Egyptian national origin. ", "Dr. Bissada is an Egyptian Copt, which describes a group of Egyptian Christians.[5] On January 29, 2008, the EEOC dismissed his charge as untimely and notified Dr. Bissada of his right to sue.", "\nOn April 24, 2008, Dr. Bissada commenced this action in the district court. ", "In his 47-page amended and substituted complaint, Dr. Bissada asserted federal causes of action for violations of 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 (racial and national origin discrimination), 1985 (conspiracy to deprive civil *830 rights), 2000d (Title VI discrimination), 2000e (Title VII discrimination) and 15 U.S.C. § 2 (monopolization under the Sherman Antitrust Act), as well as state claims for retaliation under the Arkansas Whistle-Blower Act, Ark.Code Ann. § ", "21-1-601, et seq., ", "violation of the Arkansas civil rights act, § 16-123-101, et seq., ", "defamation, tortious interference with prospective business relations and tortious interference with contracts. ", "Dr. Bissada later withdrew or conceded the inapplicability of his 42 U.S.C. § 1985 claim for conspiracy, his 15 U.S.C. § 2 Sherman Act claim, and his Arkansas Whistle-Blower Act claim.", "\nOn February 26, 2009, appellees filed three separate motions for summary judgment: (1) \"Pursuant to the Charitable Immunity Doctrine,\" (2) \"on the Basis of Settlement,\" and (3) \"on Plaintiff[']s Substantive Claims.\" ", "The district court granted ACH's third motion, concluding Dr. Bissada \"failed to present sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding his § 1981, Title VII, and Title VI claims\" and denied ACH's first and second motions as moot. ", "Finding only state claims remaining, the district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction and dismissed Dr. Bissada's remaining causes of action without prejudice. ", "Dr. Bissada appeals. ", "We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.", "\n\nII. ", "DISCUSSION\n\nA. Standard of Review\n\"This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the record most favorably to the non-moving party.\" ", "Lake v. Yellow Transp., ", "Inc., 596 F.3d 871, 873 (8th Cir.2010). \"", "We review the district court's decision not to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims for an abuse of discretion.\" ", "Glorvigen v. Cirrus Design Corp., 581 F.3d 737, 743 (8th Cir.2009).", "\n\nB. Title VII\nDr. Bissada claims appellees violated his rights under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq. ", "In order to pursue a Title VII action, plaintiffs generally must file an administrative charge with the EEOC within 180 days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred. ", "See § 2000e-5(e)(1). ", "As noted above, Dr. Bissada filed his EEOC charge on January 22, 2008, complaining ACH discharged him on January 9, 2007 because of his national origin. ", "The EEOC properly dismissed this charge as untimely.", "\nBecause Dr. Bissada's Title VII claim flows from his EEOC charge, his claim was properly brought in the district court. \"", "The exhaustion requirement may be satisfied if the civil claim grows out of or is like or reasonably related to the substance of the allegations in the administrative charge, but the civil suit can be only as broad as the scope of any investigation that reasonably could have been expected to result from the initial charge of discrimination.\" ", "Fanning v. Potter, 614 F.3d 845, 851-52 (8th Cir.2010) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). ", "In his EEOC charge, Dr. Bissada alleged ACH discriminated against him on January 9, 2007, the date the executive committee voted to revoke his staff privileges, based upon his national origin. ", "In the district court, Dr. Bissada alleged he was discriminated against based upon his race or national origin when the revocation became final and was reported to the NPDB on August 17 and August 20, 2007, either date falling within the 180-day period.", "\nAssuming, without deciding, whether Dr. Bissada's Title VII claim was properly before the district court, the court *831 correctly dismissed the claim because the parties had previously agreed to a settlement. ", "In order to establish his prima facie case under Title VII, Dr. Bissada must show, among other things, he \"suffered an adverse employment action.\" ", "Norman v. Union Pac. ", "R.R., 606 F.3d 455, 461 (8th Cir.2010) (setting forth the elements of a prima facie case of discrimination). ", "The district court held,\nAt some point after Bissada's offer was extended on August 17, 2007, Bissada apparently changed his mind. ", "Bissada did not communicate his desire to withdraw his offer until August 20, 2007, but by that time ACH had already accepted his offer, issued the agreed-upon report to the [NPDB], and cancelled his hearing. ", "Because Bissada agreed to the actions of which he now complains—namely, the report to the [NPDB] and the denial of his hearing—those actions cannot constitute discriminatory acts forming the basis of a Title VII claim.", "\nWe agree with the district court that, because appellees' report to the NPDB and cancellation of the August 20 hearing were actions undertaken pursuant to the parties' settlement agreement, they were done with Dr. Bissada's consent. ", "Under these circumstances, Dr. Bissada cannot now claim he suffered an adverse employment action because the action was taken with his knowledge and consent.", "\nDr. Bissada argues his email containing the draft settlement agreement was not an offer at all, but rather was a suggestion of what his offer would be when he later made it. ", "Dr. Bissada seizes on the language in the email that he \"will agree\" to the settlement as proof he had not yet agreed, contending ACH's acceptance of his offer to agree later is an unenforceable \"agreement to agree\" under Arkansas law. ", "Dr. Bissada contends, \"The decision below was incorrect as a matter of law in inferring a binding settlement agreement to the detriment of Dr. Bissada without his signing anything, without the counsel for Defendant ACH clearly confirming a settlement, and without any other consummation of the deal.\" ", "But the district court decided it was \"clear from the record that Bissada agreed to the language that [his lawyer] communicated to [ACH's lawyer] as an offer, which [ACH's lawyer] thereafter accepted, forming a contract or agreement.\" ", "See Ark. Anthracite Coal & Land Co. v. Dunlap, 142 Ark. 358, 218 S.W. 839, 841 (1920). ", "So do we. ", "Dr. Bissada may not have signed a final formalized agreement with ACH, but he did make a settlement offer, which ACH's counsel verbally accepted, and ACH relied upon in taking significant action.", "\n\"An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it.\" ", "Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 24 (1981) (Restatement); see also ERC Mortg. ", "Grp., ", "Inc. v. Luper, 32 Ark.App. ", "19, 795 S.W.2d 362, 364 (1990) (applying Restatement § 24) overruled in part on other grounds by Mosley Mach. ", "Co. v. Gray Supply Co., 310 Ark. 448, 837 S.W.2d 462 (1992) (per curiam). ", "On August 17, 2007, Dr. Bissada indicated through counsel that he would agree to the settlement terms included with his email message, and confirmed the cancellation of the August 20 hearing. ", "That same day, counsel for ACH verbally accepted Dr. Bissada's offer and filed the agreed upon language with the NPDB. ", "Under Arkansas law, this exchange formed a contract. ", "See Luper, 795 S.W.2d at 364 (declaring either verbal acceptance or subsequent performance is sufficient to satisfy manifestation of acceptance).", "\nDr. Bissada also suggests negotiations communicated over email should be presumed *832 not to constitute an agreement unless and until a document is formally signed. ", "Dr. Bissada relies primarily upon APS Capital Corp. v. Mesa Air Grp., ", "Inc., 580 F.3d 265 (5th Cir.2009), to support his contention that email exchanges and telephone calls are insufficient to form a binding agreement. ", "But APS Capital does not stand for this proposition. ", "Noting that under Texas law \"[t]he parties' intent to be bound is the salient issue,\" the APS Capital court found many ambiguities between the various exchanges as to whether the parties had a deal, which cast sufficient doubt on the parties' intent to preclude summary judgment. ", "Id. at 269-72. ", "More specifically, early in the process, a series of messages was sent agreeing in principle to the outlines of a deal, and then later as drafts were circulated and negotiated, there were express disclaimers on all the messages indicating there was no deal yet. ", "See id. at 269-70.", "\nThis case is different from APS Capital. ", "Here, as the district court stated, there is no dispute Dr. Bissada \"agreed to the language that [his lawyer] communicated to [ACH's lawyer] as an offer.\" ", "Nor is this a case where the offeror inadvertently made an offer.[6] As the district court noted, \"Bissada apparently changed his mind.\" ", "But by that time ACH had already accepted, told Bissada's lawyer, sent the entry to the NPDB, and cancelled the hearing. ", "Because Dr. Bissada agreed to the language sent to the NPDB and to the cancellation of his hearing, the district court correctly concluded Dr. Bissada could not base a Title VII claim on those actions, and properly granted summary judgment against Dr. Bissada.", "\n\nC. Section 1981\nThe district court dismissed Dr. Bissada's section 1981 claim for two reasons. ", "First, to the extent Dr. Bissada's claim is based on his Egyptian national origin, as opposed to his race, § 1981 does not apply because \"§ 1981 forbids racial discrimination, or discrimination against someone `because he or she is genetically part of an ethnically and physiognomically distinctive sub-grouping of homo sapiens.'\" ", "Bissada, 2009 WL 1010869, at *6 (quoting St. Francis Coll. ", "v. Al-Khazraji, 481 U.S. 604, 613, 107 S.Ct. ", "2022, 95 L.Ed.2d 582 (1987)). ", "Second, the district court found, even if Dr. Bissada's claim is based upon his race as an \"Egyptian Copt,\"[7] he provided insufficient evidence that ACH's legitimate race-neutral reasons for the suspension of his privileges were pretextual. ", "See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 804-05, 93 S.Ct. ", "1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973).", "\nThe only evidence in the record relevant to pretext is (1) Sandra Taylor's August and September 2004 notes documenting \"multiple complaints by her and other nurses regarding Bissada's behavior and practice, and on a few occasions the notes make reference to `cultural' differences between Bissada and his co-workers when describing possible reasons for difficulties,\" and (2) Dr. Smith's comment to Dr. Bissada that \"you are not one of us.\" ", "The district court reasoned Dr. Bissada \"presented no evidence showing that [Nurse Sandra] Taylor and [Dr. Samuel] Smith exerted control over or influenced the committee's decisions. ", "There is no evidence *833 that [Sandra] Taylor and the other nurses revoked or had the power to revoke Bissada's privileges at ACH, nor is there evidence that Smith had any control or exerted any influence over the Ad Hoc Committee's investigation or the Executive Committee's decision to revoke Bissada's privileges. . . .\" ", "We agree with the district court.", "\nDr. Bissada asserts the triviality of ACH's reasons for terminating his privileges is itself evidence the reasons were pretextual. ", "However, \"federal courts do not serve as `super-personnel departments,' sitting in judgment of an employer's business decisions absent evidence of discrimination.\" ", "Anderson v. Durham D & M, LLC, 606 F.3d 513, 522 (8th Cir. ", "2010). ", "Nor does the fact two previous Egyptian Copt medical residents had difficulties at ACH suggest a Chief of Pediatric Urology like Dr. Bissada suffered discrimination. ", "See Chism v. Curtner, 619 F.3d 979, 984 (8th Cir.2010) (\"The test to determine whether individuals are similarly situated `is rigorous and requires that the other employees be similarly situated in all relevant respects before the plaintiff can introduce evidence comparing herself to the other employees.'\" (", "quoting Fields v. Shelter Mut. ", "Ins. ", "Co., 520 F.3d 859, 864 (8th Cir.2008))). ", "We affirm the § 1981 claim dismissal.", "\n\nD. Title VI\nDr. Bissada also brought a claim under Title VI, which provides, \"No person in the United States shall, on the ground of . . . ", "national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.\" ", "42 U.S.C. § 2000d. ", "Title VI provides that it \"shall [not] be construed to authorize action . . . ", "with respect to any employment practice of any employer . . . ", "except when a primary objective of the Federal financial assistance is to provide employment.\" § ", "2000d-3.", "\nDr. Bissada argues the fact ACH receives Medicaid funds subjects it to Title VI liability. ", "The district court recognized, to date, our court has yet to rule on this issue. ", "Even if we were to agree Title VI applies to hospitals because of their receipt of Medicaid funds, a question we do not reach today, Dr. Bissada still cannot maintain his claim because, for the reasons stated above, Dr. Bissada failed to present sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable jury to find any of appellees' acts were a pretext for national origin discrimination.", "\n\nE. State Law Claims\nLastly, Dr. Bissada appeals the district court's dismissal of his state law claims. ", "Dr. Bissada asserts the district court's enforcement of the settlement agreement\nunjustifiably precludes . . . ", "Bissada's state law claim for defamation, and hinders his ability to clear his name. . . . ", "His claim for ongoing defamation by the [NPDB] entry, for example, could not proceed if precluded by the ruling of the lower court that he agreed to a settlement. . . . ", "The decision below should be reversed if for no other reason than to allow . . . ", "Bissada to pursue his state law claims—including removal of the ongoing smear of his reputation in the [NPDB]—without preclusion by a settlement that never happened.", "\nACH reminds us of the court's preference to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction after all federal claims are dismissed. ", "See, e.g., Glorvigen v. Cirrus Design Corp., 581 F.3d 737, 749 (8th Cir. ", "2009). ", "Because we conclude Dr. Bissada did agree to a settlement, we find no error.", "\n\nIII. ", "CONCLUSION\nWe affirm the district court's judgment.", "\n*834 BEAM, Circuit Judge, concurring in part.", "\nI concur in the result and in all portions of the opinion except for footnote 7.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The Honorable J. Leon Holmes, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas.", "\n[2] We view the record de novo in the light most favorable to Dr. Bissada, drawing all reasonable inferences in his favor. ", "See Veatch v. Bartels Lutheran Home, 627 F.3d 1254, 1257 (8th Cir.2010).", "\n[3] Press Ganey Associates, Inc. is \"an independent entity which conducts patient satisfaction surveys for healthcare providers.\" ", "Hazard-Chaney v. Optima Healthcare, No. ", "CIV. ", "0-355-B, 2001 WL 1636433, at *2 n. 4 (D.N.H. Dec. 18, 2001).", "\n[4] McHenry later testified that, because he is a Neanderthal and does not \"do email,\" his paralegal sends his email messages for him. ", "See Hendry v. Schneider, 116 F.3d 446, 450 n. 4 (10th Cir.1997) (defining a Neanderthal).", "\n[5] \"Copts are the largest Christian community in the Middle East, dating to 42 AD when Saint Mark is believed to have founded the first church in Alexandria. ", "Nonetheless, Egypt's Coptic minority presently makes up only eight to ten percent of the country's population and has been a frequent target of discrimination and violence throughout Egypt's history.\" ", "Mansour v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 667, 675 (9th Cir.2004) (Pregerson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).", "\n[6] This was not a complex transaction. ", "The settlement agreement consists entirely of the single sentence quoted above, plus a caption and signature blocks. \"", "Exhibit A\" is nothing more than the brief language to be sent to the NPDB with a caption and addressee.", "\n[7] The district court assumed that Egyptian Copt is a race for the purposes of section 1981, and because it is unnecessary for us to reach the issue, so do we.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTSQL Finding items not selected\n\nI currently have data sitting in Table A like the below.", "\nTitle_1 | Contract A\nTitle_1 | Contract B\nTitle_1 | Contract C\nTitle_2 | Contract A\nTitle_2 | Contract D\n\nI am using\nSELECT DISTINCT T2.Title, SUBSTRING(\n SELECT '; ' + Contract as [text()]\n FROM dbo.", "TitleContracts T1\n WHERE T1.Title = T2.Title\n AND Contract IN (\n SELECT Contract FROM dbo.", "ValidContracts\n )\n FOR XML PATH ('')\n ), 2, 1000) [ContractList]\nFROM dbo.", "TitleContracts T2\n\nthe above query to turn the data into the below results. ", "However what I'm trying to also do is find the list of Contracts for each Title using the ValidContracts table that weren't selected. ", "So if we have Contract A-D then Title_1 would return Contract D and Title_2 would return Contract B & Contract C.\nTitle_1 | Contract A; Contract B; Contract C\nTitle_2 | Contract A; Contract D\n\nI'm probably way over thinking this, but nothing I've tried seems to be taking me in the correct direction. ", "I'm not asking you to write my code, but a nudge into the correct direction would be amazing.", "\n\nA:\n\nUsing a CTE:\nwith c_list as\n(\nselect 'Contract A' as TheContract\nunion all\nselect 'Contract B'\nunion all\nselect 'Contract C'\nunion all\nselect 'Contract D'\n)\n, MixList as\n(\nselect distinct T2.Title, C1.TheContract\nfrom TitleContracts T2\ncross join c_list C1\n)\nselect M3.*", "\nfrom MixList M3\nleft join TitleContracts T3\non T3.Title = M3.Title\nand M3.TheContract = T3.Contract\nwhere T3.T3.Title is null\n\n" ]

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[ "Cross-sectional analysis of BMI and some lifestyle variables in Flemish vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians.", "\nEpidemiological studies on vegetarians indicate that appropriately planned vegetarian diets are associated with certain health benefits, which may lower mortality and morbidity. ", "A healthy lifestyle, such as regular physical activity and avoidance of harmful practices, such as smoking and heavy drinking, could also influence these positive health-related outcomes in vegetarians. ", "This study reports BMI, smoking and drinking habits, engagement in physical activity, medication use and subjective health perception in a vegetarian population (women: n = 206, mean age 37.0 +/- 12.3 years; men: n = 120, mean age 42.3 +/- 15.9 years) as compared with a reference Belgian population (women: n = 4993, mean age 49.8 +/- 18.0 years; men: n = 4666, mean age 48.0 +/- 17.1 years). ", "When considering the vegetarian group as a whole, the vegetarians had a lower mean BMI compared with the reference population (respectively 22.1 +/- 3.1 kg/m2 compared with 24.6 +/- 4.8 kg/m2 for women (p < 0.001) and respectively 22.6 +/- 3.6 kg/m2 compared with 25.7 +/- 4.0 kg/m2 for men (p < 0.001)). ", "Vegetarians smoked less than subjects of the reference group (13.5% compared with 28.5% respectively; p < 0.001). ", "During weekdays the percentage of subjects consuming alcoholic drinks in the two populations was comparable (32.8 in the vegetarian and 35.8 in the reference population; p = 0.159). ", "During the weekend, more subjects of the reference population drank alcohol compared with the vegetarian subjects (70.2% vs. 58.6% respectively; p = 0.026). ", "More vegetarians were involved in intensive physical activity (over 4 h per week) compared with the reference population (36.8% vs. 17.3% respectively; p < 0.001), while fewer vegetarians were involved in moderate physical activity (up to 4 h per week) compared with subjects of the reference group (28.2% and 51.0% respectively; p < 0.001). ", "Percentages of subjects involved in no physical activity were comparable in both groups (vegetarians 34.9 vs. reference subjects 31.8; p = 0.625). ", "Use of prescribed medication was lower among the vegetarians (25.5% compared with 47.3% in the reference population; p < 0.001), while use of non-prescribed drugs was comparable between both groups (34.1% in the vegetarian group and 28.2% in the reference group; p = 0.580). ", "More vegetarian subjects perceived their health to be good to very good compared with the subjects of the reference population (90.4% vs. 77.2% respectively; p < 0.001). ", "The significant difference for the BMI values when comparing the vegetarian males and females with the reference population cannot be completely explained by the evaluated lifestyle characteristics. ", "However, the lower BMI values in vegetarians are in agreement with the literature." ]

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[ "Helen Montagu\n\nHelen Margaret Montagu (21 April 1928 – 1 January 2004) was an Australian stage producer, actress, and impresaria in London. ", "She was the first woman to become a major West End producer.", "\n\nMontagu was born in Sydney, daughter of an Australian banker. ", " She attended Sydney University, where she met her future husband, a psychologist named Russell Willett; the couple married in 1953. ", "She enrolled in London's Central School of Speech and Drama and worked as an actress briefly before going to work at the Royal Court in 1965 as a casting director. ", "Later she was named general manager. ", "In the 1970s she left the Royal Court. ", "In 1975 she was named as the managing director of H. M. Tennent, basically a repertory company, presenting The Seagull and The Bed Before Yesterday on alternate weeks with largely overlapping casts at the Lyric Theatre. ", "Two years later she became head of Backstage Productions, later establishing her own eponymous company, Helen Montagu Productions.", "\n\nShe was the Royal Court Theatre general manager in the 1960s. ", "On one occasion, the night when the French ambassador went to see Madeleine Renaud performing in Beckett's Oh, Les Beaux Jours, she received an anonymous phone call after curtain up warning of a possible bomb on the premises, but she did nothing, and told no one. “", "I can't turn these people out. ", "It would have been silly”, she later commented.", "\n\nShe produced musicals, including a musical version of Prisoner: Cell Block H, as well as a production of The Who's Tommy, in addition to reworking classics such as Chekhov's The Seagull, and introducing new innovative or original productions (The Elocution of Benjamin Franklin and The Bed Before Yesterday).", "\n\nMontagu died, aged 75, from undisclosed causes in London on New Year's Day, 2004. ", "She was survived by her husband, daughters Amanda, Sara and Louisa, and son Johnnie.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Obituary in The Guardian, 6 January 2004\n\nCategory:1928 births\nCategory:2004 deaths\nCategory:People from Sydney\nCategory:Theatre people from London‎\nCategory:British theatre directors\nCategory:Australian theatre managers and producers\nCategory:Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nVim pastes above line content until releasing button\n\nWe can copy line with yy and paste it using p commands. ", "I have seen that it is possible to move cursor to empty line, press some button and it pastes content of above line until button is released. ", "Who can share that key combination?", "\nI don't want to paste one line multiple times. ", "I need to paste part of it once. ", "It should start pasting the beginning of line while button is pressed. ", "Alternative solution will be to copy part of it and paste in next line.", "\nExample:\nFirst lineeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee\n\nMove cursor under first line. ", "It is empty. ", "Press and keep some key. ", "It starts to slowly paste content of first line until you release that button. ", "I have seen it many times and was thinking that is quite known tip.", "\n\nA:\n\nUse <C-Y> in insert mode. ", "For more info :h i_Ctrl-Y. <C-E> is for copying from the line below.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Russia threatens response if US sets new sanctions over Ukraine\n\nRussia responded angrily on Saturday to news that US senators had passed a bill calling for fresh sanctions against Moscow and the supply of lethal military aid to Ukraine.", "\n\n\"Undoubtedly, we will not be able to leave this without a response,\" deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov told Interfax news agency ahead of a meeting between the Russian and US foreign ministers.", "\n\nThe Senate bill -- dubbed the Ukraine Freedom Support Act -- must still be approved by the White House, which has so far been reluctant to provide direct military assistance to Ukraine for fear of being drawn into a proxy war with Russia.", "\n\nRyabkov blamed \"anti-Russian moods\" in the United States for the bill passed on Friday, which calls for additional sanctions against Russia and the delivery of up to $350 million (280 million euros') worth of US military hardware to Ukraine.", "\n\nThe eight-month conflict between government forces and pro-Russian separatists has left at least 4,634 dead and 10,243 wounded, while displacing more than 1.1 million people, according to new figures released by the United Nations.", "\n\nIt also threatens fresh sanctions against Russia, whose economy is crumbling under previous rounds of Western sanctions and a collapse in oil prices.", "\n\nKiev lawmakers have hailed the bill as a \"historic decision\". ", "They have long been pressing the West to provide military support to their beleaguered army, but have so far received only non-lethal equipment.", "\n\nUS Secretary of State John Kerry is set to meet Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov in Rome against the backdrop of the hardening US stance. ", "While the US side says the meeting will be held Monday, the Russians say it is set for Sunday.", "\n\nRyabkov said that \"the main focus at their 17th meeting this year would be on the Middle East.\"", "\n\n- Tentative ceasefire -\n\nA tentative ceasefire has been in place along the frontline in eastern Ukraine since Tuesday, and fighting has been greatly reduced despite occasional breaches.", "\n\nThe Ukrainian army on Saturday reported 11 attacks on its positions in the past 24 hours but no one was killed or wounded.", "\n\nIt also said a drone was spotted over Mariupol, the last major eastern town under its control.", "\n\nUkraine has been worried for months that the Russia-backed separatists will launch an offensive on Mariupol in a bid to build a corridor between the Russian border and the Crimean peninsula, which was annexed by Moscow in March.", "\n\nAround the airport in Donetsk -- site of some of the fiercest fighting in recent months -- \"the night was rough\", Maxim, a volunteer soldier with the right-wing Pravy Sektor group, told AFP.", "\n\n\"Snipers fired on us and explosions were coming from the airport. ", "But everything is calm this morning,\" he said.", "\n\nUkraine announced Friday it would bolster its army next year by conscripting another 40,000 soldiers, training 10,500 new professionals and doubling its military budget.", "\n\n- 'Provocative farce' -\n\nMeanwhile in Kiev, efforts by the artistic community to rise above the international conflict fell flat when the ballet school rejected charity money raised by Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre, it emerged Saturday.", "\n\nPrima ballerina Svetlana Zakharova organised a special gala at the Bolshoi last week to raise money for her old school in Kiev, but the cash was turned down when the Kiev State Ballet School learned that she had supported Russia's annexation of Crimea.", "\n\n\"The Ukrainian artists who participated in the concert appear to not be aware that the Russian dancer S. Zakharova signed a letter supporting the politics of (Russian President) Vladimir Putin in Crimea,\" wrote the school's director Ivan Doroshenko in a letter published on the culture ministry's website.", "\n\n\"Otherwise, they would never have agreed to take part in this provocative farce.\"", "\n\nThe Crimean peninsula was annexed by Russia in March after a referendum that was heavily criticised by Ukraine and the West." ]

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[ "Demographics Describing America's Neighborhoods\n\nHome\n\nPinpoint Demographics, a division of Barnes Reports, is a leading demographics research firm featuring databases on population demographics, consumer spending, retail and service industries demographics and retail product line sales. ", "Pinpoint Demographics provides the most current, accurate and cost-effective data for each of the 32,000+ U.S. zip codes. ", "Pinpoint’s proprietary economic models estimate the following data for each U.S. zip code:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "J.G. Duman\\'s present address is Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.", "\n\nAbbreviations used in this paper: BHQ, tert-butylhydroquinone; GPN, glycyl phenylalanyl β-napthylamide; MtU, mitochondrial Ca^2+^ uniporter; NCX, Na^+^-Ca^2+^ exchanger; NGF, nerve growth factor; PMCA, plasma membrane Ca^2+^ ATPase; SERCA, sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca^2+^ ATPase; SPCA, secretory pathway Ca^2+^ ATPase; TG, thapsigargin.", "\n\nINTRODUCTION\n============\n\nThe PC12 clonal cell line is derived from a cancer of rat adrenal chromaffin cells, a pheochromocytoma ([@bib9]). ", "Rapidly dividing PC12 cells are regarded as chromaffin cell--like, having dense-core secretory granules and the ability to release catecholamines upon stimulation. ", "The cells undergo a marked phenotypic change in response to nerve growth factor (NGF) and certain other substances: they stop dividing, extend numerous neural processes (neurites), and up-regulate several neural markers ([@bib9]; [@bib27]). ", "Thus, PC12 cells also could be considered models of sympathetic neurons and of neural differentiation.", "\n\nAlmost 2,000 publications concern calcium effects in this cell line. ", "Much is therefore known about protein expression, including Ca^2+^ channels and transporters, yet in neither undifferentiated nor differentiated PC12 cells is much known about the Ca^2+^ transport itself. ", "This is surprising, as these excitable cells are so often used as models for chromaffin cells or sympathetic neurons. ", "We have characterized Ca^2+^ transport in PC12 cells in order to answer the following questions. ", "What are the principal pathways for Ca^2+^ clearance? ", "Do they change in response to NGF? ", "Does this Ca^2+^ clearance resemble clearance in chromaffin cells or in sympathetic neurons? ", "We used Ca^2+^ photometry and electrophysiology to characterize Ca^2+^ buffering and transport in both undifferentiated and NGF-differentiated PC12 cells, and we focus on the four canonical transport mechanisms commonly found in mammalian cells: sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca^2+^ ATPases (SERCA), mitochondrial uniporter(s) (MtU), plasma membrane Ca^2+^ ATPases (PMCA), and Na^+^/Ca^2+^ exchangers (NCX).", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\n=====================\n\nAll chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise noted.", "\n\nCulture and Differentiation of PC12 Cells\n-----------------------------------------\n\nPC12 D19 cells were a gift from Sandra Bajjalieh in the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington (the lineage of these cells is traced in the online supplemental material). ", "Cells were cultured in Dulbecco\\'s Modified Eagle Medium with high glucose, L-glutamine, pyridoxine hydrochloride, and sodium pyruvate (Invitrogen), supplemented with 10% horse serum (Gemini Bioproducts), 5% FBS (Gemini Bioproducts), 44 mM sodium bicarbonate, and 25 mM HEPES, pH to 7.3 with NaOH. ", "Cells were maintained in a 5% CO~2~ atmosphere and passaged 1:20 with Ca^2+^- and Mg^2+^-free PBS (Invitrogen) weekly. ", "Cells were subcultured onto polyornithine-coated number 0 glass coverslips for experiments.", "\n\nTo differentiate cells, we subcultured them onto the coated coverslips at a low density and cultured them in the normal culture medium for 2 h. We then replaced this medium with medium supplemented with 50 ng/ml NGF (gift of M. Bothwell, University of Washington). ", "NGF medium was renewed every third day for a minimum of 15 d. Neurite extension was evident as early as day 3, but we waited longer in order to reach a stage of differentiation in which all neural markers would be up-regulated.", "\n\nCa^2+^ Photometry\n-----------------\n\nCytoplasmic Ca^2+^ measurements were done at elevated temperature by ratiometric fura-2 or fura-4F (Invitrogen) photometry. ", "Cells were loaded with the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester of the desired dye dispersed in 10% pluronic and diluted to 10 μM in modified Ringer\\'s solution (in mM: 130 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1 MgCl~2~, 2 CaCl~2~, 10 glucose, and 10 HEPES, pH 7.3) at room temperature for 20--25 min and transferred into a recording chamber perfused with the modified Ringer\\'s solution using a local perfusion device heated to 37°C. ", "To determine the \\[fura-2\\] in PC12 cells, we loaded cells with known concentrations of fura-2 salt using whole-cell patch configuration (see below). ", "By comparing the amount of light collected from resting cells so loaded to similarly sized cells loaded with fura-2-AM, we estimated that the average PC12 cell contains 300 nM fura-2 under our loading conditions. ", "This number was used in our mathematical model and in translating the rate of change of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ into absolute fluxes. ", "We used a 3-s or, in [Fig. ", "1 C](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} only, 30-s exposure to high-K^+^ depolarizing solution to impose a cytoplasmic Ca^2+^ load. ", "This solution contained in mM: 70 KCl, 67 NaCl, 2 CaCl~2~, 1 MgCl~2~, 10 glucose, and 10 HEPES, pH 7.3. ", "In control experiments, a nominally Ca^2+^-free solution (modified Ringer\\'s without CaCl~2~) was applied to the cells as they recovered from depolarization. ", "The composition of this clearance solution and of the high K^+^ solution was sometimes changed as noted. ", "Nominally Ca^2+^-free Ringer\\'s solution was adequate to prevent store-operated currents activated by thapsigargin from contaminating the measurements (Fig. ", "S1). ", "We recorded only from one cell on each coverslip to ensure that each recorded cell was \"naïve\" with respect to previous Ca^2+^ elevations.", "\n\nFura fluorescence was excited by 10 ms of 340-nm illumination followed immediately by 10 ms of 380-nm illumination (TILL Photonics), and emission at 505 nm was collected by a photodiode controlled by PatchMaster software (HEKA Electronics). ", "The first 2 ms of each collection was discarded to allow time for the optical transitions of the illuminator. ", "\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ was calculated from the background-corrected fluorescence ratio R = F~340~/F~380~ using the standard calibration equation: \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ = K\\*\\[(R − R~min~)/(R~max~ − R)\\], where R is the measured ratio, and the calibration parameters K\\*, R~min~, and R~max~ were experimentally determined as previously reported ([@bib5]). ", "Fura-2 and fura-4F required separate calibrations. ", "For Ca^2+^ transport measurements, which used fura-2, all points \\>1500 nM Ca^2+^ were discarded as unreliable.", "\n\nThe setup included a viewfinder that allowed us to exclude some regions of the field of view from the measurements. ", "We took advantage of this to restrict measurements to the soma or to a field of neurites (in NGF-differentiated cells). ", "Due to the larger volume of the somata, fura fluorescence collected from them was substantially larger than fluorescence collected from neurites. ", "To prevent contamination of signals collected from neurites with nearby somata, we recorded from neurites only when we could exclude all somata completely from the field of view. ", "It is likely that the neurites from several cells were in the same field of measurement.", "\n\nInhibition of Ca^2+^ Transporters\n---------------------------------\n\nSERCA were inhibited by adding 1 μM thapsigargin (TG) to the fura-loading medium. ", "After TG treatment, \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ became responsive to extracellular Ca^2+^, demonstrating activation of store-operated currents and indicating successful SERCA inhibition ([@bib26]). ", "The MtU was inhibited by applying 2 μM CCCP to the cells both during the KCl depolarization and throughout Ca^2+^ clearance ([@bib12]). ", "In later experiments, 5 μM oligomycin (EMD BioSciences) was added either concomitantly with CCCP or 30 s before depolarization and maintained through the rest of the experiment. ", "For the inhibition of MtU in neurites, cells were pretreated with 10 μM Ru360 (EMD BioSciences) for 30 min before Ca^2+^ measurement ([@bib23]). ", "For the inhibition of plasma membrane Ca^2+^ ATPases (PMCA), extracellular pH was raised to 9.0 during clearance by replacing the HEPES buffer in the nominally Ca^2+^-free modified Ringer\\'s with 20 mM Trizma, pH 9.0 ([@bib32]). ", "NCX were inhibited by replacing the NaCl in the nominally Ca^2+^-free modified Ringer\\'s with LiCl. ", "Any experiment in which only one transporter is blocked is referred to as a \"1-blocked\" experiment. ", "Our results are generally displayed as Ca^2+^ transport curves by plotting the rate of change of free Ca^2+^ (−d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt) as a function of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. To obtain the Ca^2+^ transport curve for the inhibited mechanism in a 1-blocked experiment, we subtracted the 1-blocked Ca^2+^ transport curve from the control Ca^2+^ transport curve. ", "In many experiments, we combined two of these treatments (2-blocked), three of these treatments (3-blocked), or all four (4-blocked). ", "When combining treatments, TG was always used to inhibit SERCA, CCCP to inhibit MtU (unless otherwise noted), pH 9.0 to inhibit PMCA, and LiCl to inhibit NCX. ", "In some experiments, we added a fifth inhibitor to the 4-blocked protocol, 10 μM tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ), to inhibit secretory pathway Ca^2+^ ATPases (SPCA), as well as SERCA. ", "The Ca^2+^ peak heights and rise times were unaffected by these inhibitors of Ca^2+^ transport. ", "Also, some cells were pretreated with 50 μM glycyl phenylalanyl β-napthylamide (GPN) for 20 min before Ca^2+^ measurements ([@bib8]).", "\n\nDetermination of the Ca^2+^ Binding Ratio of Cytoplasm (κ~i~)\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFor every free cytoplasmic Ca^2+^ ion, κ~i~ ions are bound reversibly to intracellular buffers. ", "κ~i~ was determined using simultaneous fura-2 photometry and standard whole-cell recording of inward Ca^2+^ currents (I~Ca~). ", "The intracellular solution contained (in mM): 125 cesium glutamate, 5 NaCl, 2 Mg⋅ATP, 0.3 Na~2~GTP, 1 MgCl~2~, 0.2 fura-2, and 20 HEPES, pH 7.2 with CsOH. ", "The extracellular solution contained (in mM): 140 NaCl, 2.8 KCl, 10 [d]{.smallcaps}-glucose, 1.2 MgCl~2~, 2 CaCl~2~, and 10 HEPES, pH 7.4 with NaOH. ", "PC12 cells were clamped at −80 mV and depolarized to 0 mV for 1 s to elicit Ca^2+^ influx through voltage-gated Ca^2+^ channels. ", "Whole-cell currents (with P/4 subtraction) and fura fluorescence (as above) were recorded, and κ~i~ was calculated using the equation:$$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}{\\kappa}_{{\\mathrm{i}}}=\\int (-{\\mathrm{I}}_{{\\mathrm{Ca}}}({\\mathrm{t}}){\\mathrm{dt}})/{\\mathrm{zFv}}{\\cdot}{\\Delta}[{\\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}],\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$where I~Ca~(t) is empirically measured current using the patch clamp, z is the valence of Ca^2+^, F is Faraday\\'s constant, v is cellular volume calculated from the capacitance of the cell assuming a sphere, and Δ\\[Ca^2+^\\] is the peak increase determined from the fura-2 measurements. ", "κ~i~ represents the contributions of all buffers in the cell, including fura-2. ", "To extract the contribution of endogenous buffers, we split κ~i~ into κ~i\\ endo~ and the known fura-2 component:$$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{gather*}{\\kappa}_{{\\mathrm{i}}}={\\kappa}_{{\\mathrm{i\\hspace{.167em}endo}}}+ \n\\\\\n[{\\mathrm{fura}}-2]{^\\ast}{\\mathrm{K}}_{{\\mathrm{D,\\hspace{.167em}fura}}-2}/({\\mathrm{K}}_{{\\mathrm{D,\\hspace{.167em}fura}}-2}+[{\\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}]_{1{\\mathrm{cyt}}})({\\mathrm{K}}_{{\\mathrm{D,\\hspace{.167em}fura}}-2}+[{\\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}]_{2{\\mathrm{cyt}}}),\\end{gather*}\\end{document}$$where κ~i,\\ endo~ is the endogenous Ca^2+^ binding ratio of the cytoplasm, and \\[Ca^2+^\\]~1cyt~ and \\[Ca^2+^\\]~2cyt~ represent \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ recorded before and after membrane depolarization ([@bib33]). ", "The concentration of fura-2 in the intracellular pipette solution is 200 μM and its dissociation constant for Ca^2+^ (K~D~) was taken as 224 μM.\n\nData Analysis\n-------------\n\nFluorescence intensities were recorded using PatchMaster, corrected for background, and converted into ratios and then free Ca^2+^ using IGOR Pro (Wavemetrics). ", "For each individual Ca^2+^ trace, we considered only the clearance phase that follows Ca^2+^ loading and used IGOR to calculate the derivative d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt for each data point during Ca^2+^ clearance. ", "The derivative was calculated as the slope of the line between the point immediately before the desired point and the point immediately after; points were 0.5 s apart. ", "The first two to three points on all traces were discarded. ", "During net clearance, d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt has a negative value by convention. ", "To simplify the presentation, we plot −d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt, so that as the rate of Ca^2+^ transport out of the cytoplasm falls, the curve falls. [", "Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows typical time courses of Ca^2+^ in cells that underwent KCl depolarization and clearance, and [Fig. ", "1 B](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the derivatives obtained from these single cells.", "\n\nThe error bars and statistics given for means represent SEM. ", "To combine data from multiple cells, we binned data points by the values of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. The bins were 100 nM wide from 0 to 1000 nM, and 200 nM wide above 1000 nM. We then averaged the binned data from a pool of cells---\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ for the abcissae and d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt for the ordinates---and report the average value in the figures. ", "Note that due to a large spread in peak Ca^2+^ values ([Fig. ", "5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), not every cell that we measured contributed to every bin. ", "All of these mean Ca^2+^ transport curves (d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt vs. \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~) are shown ± SEM of both x and y values. ", "At times, we performed mathematical operations on Ca^2+^ transport curves. ", "Most frequently, this involved addition and subtraction operations. ", "To add or subtract curves, we averaged the concentrations and performed the desired operation on the transport rates for each bin. ", "SEMs combined according to the standard formula for addition ([@bib10]).", "\n\nThroughout the manuscript, curves that were obtained directly from experimental data are shown with open symbols and solid lines; the lines may connect the symbols or may represent output of a model. ", "Points from mathematical operations performed on experimental results are shown with closed symbols and dotted lines. ", "With the exception of the control Ca^2+^ transport curves, curves that have appeared in previous figures are shown as lines and error bars without symbols. ", "In [Fig. ", "9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we bypassed some of our rules and switched to closed symbols in panels A, B, C, and D for clarity.", "\n\nOnline Supplemental Material\n----------------------------\n\nThe online supplemental material is available at <http://www.jgp.org/cgi/content/full/jgp.200709915/DC1>. ", "Figs. ", "S1 and S2 show the responsiveness of baseline \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ to extracellular Ca^2+^ after TG treatment and theoretical calculations of local depletion of Ca^2+^ near the plasma membrane when Ca^2+^ transporters are at work. ", "Additional supplementary text describes the provenance of the PC12 cells we used and lists the computer program used in the calculation of local Ca^2+^ depletion.", "\n\nRESULTS\n=======\n\nPreliminary Observation of Ca^2+^ Clearance\n-------------------------------------------\n\nPC12 cells were depolarized with 3-s pulses of 70 mM KCl to induce Ca^2+^ entry, and the cytoplasmic Ca^2+^ (\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~) was monitored using fura-2 preloaded into cells in its acetoxymethyl ester form. [", "Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the Ca^2+^ time course for an experiment on a single cell that exhibited average rates of Ca^2+^ clearance (black line, control). ", "During KCl treatment, \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ increased rapidly, and then upon removal of KCl it fell back more slowly to the baseline, representing Ca^2+^ clearance. ", "In this figure and elsewhere we have also drawn smooth curves (red, simulated control) derived from a mathematical model of the transport mechanisms described in [Appendix](#app1){ref-type=\"section\"}. ", "The black circles in [Fig. ", "1 B](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} (control) show the time derivative of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ during the clearance phase plotted versus \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ as a Ca^2+^ transport curve for the same cell. ", "As expected, the net clearance rate −d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt fell from its peak value (top right) as \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ fell. ", "Results from many cells were pooled and binned by the \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ values in the abscissa to obtain the black curve in [Fig. ", "1 C](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "This method of analysis allowed us to pool results from many cells despite differences in peak cytoplasmic Ca^2+^.\n\n![", "Four canonical Ca^2+^ transporters account for most Ca^2+^ clearance in undifferentiated PC12 cells. (", "A) Representative time course of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ in two single undifferentiated PC12 cells in response to KCl depolarization (black bar). ", "The control cell is shown in black, and the 4-blocked cell (see text) is in gray. ", "Colored lines superimposed on these two traces are simulated time courses of Ca^2+^ clearance using a kinetic model with four canonical transport mechanisms and residual transport discussed in [Appendix](#app1){ref-type=\"section\"}. (", "B) Transport curves of Ca^2+^ clearance, −d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt, calculated from the clearance phases of the cells in A and plotted against \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. In 4-blocked cells, transport is greatly slowed. (", "C) Mean clearance rates for control (black open circles, *n* = 88) and 4-blocked (gray open circles, *n* = 62) cells. (", "D) Representative time course of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ in single undifferentiated PC12 cells in response to 3-s (black line) and 30-s (blue line) KCl depolarizations. (", "E) Ca^2+^ clearance, plotted as in B, for the two cells shown in D. (F) Mean clearance rates for 3-s depolarized (black, *n* = 88), 30-s depolarized (blue, *n* = 12), and TG-treated and 30-s depolarized (green, *n* = 9) cells, shown as in C.](jgp1310307f01){#fig1}\n\nBefore resolving the mechanistic components of this clearance, we need to consider whether Ca^2+^ transport rates depend only on instantaneous \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ or are also influenced by the past history of Ca^2+^ exposure. ", "To look for history dependence, we lengthened the KCl pulse to 30 s ([Fig. ", "1, D--F](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, blue line). ", "As was typical of several repeats of this protocol, Ca^2+^ continued to increase well above the useful level for fura-2 for 8--10 s during the pulse and then \"sagged\" ([Fig. ", "1 D](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). [", "Fig. ", "1 D](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} compares 30-s and 3-s depolarizations. ", "After the 30-s depolarization, clearance was slower and Ca^2+^ ~cyt~ remained above baseline, even 70 s later. ", "Transport curves for these two cells are compared in [Fig. ", "1 E](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and mean values for pooled data from many cells are shown in [Fig. ", "1 F](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Clearance rates after 30 s are less that half those after 3 s. A possible explanation for the slowing is that the Ca^2+^ level in intracellular stores rises during prolonged Ca^2+^ elevation, altering their ability to continue to clear Ca^2+^ or even causing Ca^2+^ to be released from the stores, further blunting apparent Ca^2+^ clearance. ", "We tested whether this might involve the ER by pretreating the cells with thapsigargin (TG) to inhibit SERCA and to empty ER Ca^2+^ stores; however, TG did not change the Ca^2+^ clearance seen after a 30-s depolarization ([Fig. ", "1 F](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These experiments indicate that (a) Ca^2+^ clearance in PC12 cells is slower after long depolarizations, (b) SERCA pumps do not serve to clear Ca^2+^ after 30-s depolarization (in contrast to 3-s depolarization, see below), and (c) release of Ca^2+^ from the ER during clearance does not contribute to the apparent slowing of Ca^2+^ clearance after long depolarizations. ", "The unexplained slowing could be due to release of Ca from other stores that fill during the extended depolarization or to modifications (phosphorylations?) ", "of transporters induced by the massive, unphysiological Ca^2+^ elevation. ", "We chose to avoid these complications in the rest of this paper by focusing only on recovery after 3-s depolarizations and by using only \"naive\" cells that had never been exposed to previous KCl pulses.", "\n\nCa^2+^ Clearance in Undifferentiated PC12 Cells\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nWe dissected the contributions of various Ca^2+^ transporters to total Ca^2+^ clearance after 3-s depolarizations using the conditions described in Materials and methods to inhibit each mechanism. ", "SERCA was inhibited by pretreatment with 1 μM thapsigargin (TG), MtU was inhibited by acute application of 2 μM CCCP, PMCA was inhibited by acutely lowering extracellular proton concentration (pH raised to 9.0), and NCX was inhibited by replacing extracellular Na^+^ with Li^+^. We started by blocking all four mechanisms simultaneously to determine whether they accounted for the observed Ca^2+^ transport. ", "The results of these 4-blocked experiments are shown in [Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} as gray symbols. [", "Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows a sample time course of intracellular Ca^2+^, and [Fig. ", "1 B](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the derivatives obtained from that cell. ", "Although Ca^2+^ transport is much slower in the 4-blocked cell, \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ does eventually return to baseline in this cell. ", "Of the 62 cells treated with the 4-blocked protocol, 43 (∼70%) returned to baseline within 90 s, albeit with greatly slowed kinetics. ", "The remaining cells arrested before reaching the baseline, at an average \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ of ∼650 nM. This arrest is not due to Ca^2+^ entering through a store-operated pathway activated by TG because the clearance phase was performed in nominally Ca^2+^-free Ringer\\'s, and we observed that TG-treated cells maintained under this condition did not have elevated basal \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. The pooled 4-blocked transport curve from the 62 experiments is compared with that for 88 controls in [Fig. ", "1 C](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Blocking the four transporters inhibits over 90% of the Ca^2+^ transport above 300 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. Thus most Ca^2+^ transport in PC12 cells is accounted for by the four classical mechanisms. ", "We refer to the small remaining transport as \"residual Ca^2+^ transport.\" ", "It could represent additional minor Ca^2+^ clearance mechanisms, possible slow binding to some cytoplasmic buffers, and imperfect block of the classical transport mechanisms. ", "For example, pH 9.0 should block only 93% of the PMCA activity, leaving a residual of 7% ([@bib32]).", "\n\nWe then assessed the capacity of each of these classes of transporters by performing 3-blocked experiments in which we blocked three classes of transporters and examined the ability of the unblocked transporter to clear Ca^2+^. The results of these experiments are shown in [Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "In each panel, the control curve represents transport in the absence of inhibitors, and the remaining curves in [Fig. ", "2 (A and B)](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} show the transport when only one of the classical mechanisms is operating alone; these curves have been corrected for the small residual Ca^2+^ transport that remains in the 4-blocked experiments ([Fig. ", "1 C](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We call the results of these experiments \"capacity curves\" because they show what one transport mechanism could accomplish essentially alone. [", "Fig. ", "2 A](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the capacity of the two intracellular Ca^2+^ transporters. ", "Compared with overall transport, the SERCA makes little contribution except above 800 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. The MtU component is practically negligible, being comparable to the residual transport component of 4-blocked experiments ([Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). [", "Fig. ", "2 B](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the capacities of the two plasma-membrane transporters. ", "The PMCA and NCX each account for almost half of the total Ca^2+^ transport up to 900 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. In accordance with work on other cells, at higher concentrations, the PMCA appears to saturate, whereas the NCX rate continues to rise and accounts for ∼70% of the total Ca^2+^ transport. [", "Fig. ", "2 C](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the sum of the capacity curves for these four transporters plus the residual Ca^2+^ transport compared with the observed transport in the control. ", "Together, these data show that the Ca^2+^ transporting capacity of PC12 cells is dominated by the two plasma membrane transporters and that, up to 1000 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\], the transporters are operating near capacity.", "\n\n![", "Plasma membrane Ca^2+^ transporters have higher capacities than intracellular Ca^2+^ transporters in undifferentiated PC12 cells. ", "Clearance rate, −d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt, is plotted against \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ for cells treated with 3-blocked protocols that allow only one transporter to work at a time. ", "All gray data points are corrected for residual Ca^2+^ transport after 4-blocked experiments. ", "Black curves represent data from control cells, as shown in [Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} (*n* = 88). (", "A) Capacities of the intracellular transporters, SERCA (squares, *n* = 15) and MtU (triangles, *n* = 24). (", "B) Capacities of the plasma membrane transporters, PMCA (inverted triangles, *n* = 16) and NCX (diamonds, *n* = 16). (", "C) The sum of the four capacity (gray) curves in A and B plus the residual Ca^2+^ transport from [Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} is compared with the control curve. ", "The smooth curves superimposed on the gray data points of A and B and on the black points of C are calculated from the individual functions of a kinetic model with four canonical transport mechanisms and residual transport discussed in [Appendix](#app1){ref-type=\"section\"}.](jgp1310307f02){#fig2}\n\nAre Clearance Mechanisms Independent?", "\n-------------------------------------\n\nIf the four clearance mechanisms operated independently, any combination of them should be additive. ", "To verify additivity and to cross-check the conclusions of our 3-blocked measurements, we performed a series of 1-blocked experiments in which only one transporter was inhibited at a time. ", "The \"activity\" of that transporter was determined by subtracting the 1-blocked curve from the control curve. ", "We refer to the subtracted curves as \"activity curves\" ([Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "An activity curve differs from a capacity curve in that the former is intended to show what a given transporter accomplishes while working in concert with other Ca^2+^ transporters, whereas the latter shows the results of that transporter working alone. ", "The panels on the left show the 1-blocked transport curves in gray and the control curves in black. ", "The panels on the right show the activity curves for each mechanism, i.e., the differences between the two curves in the left panel, in gray, compared with the capacity curves obtained from the 3-blocked experiments ([Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) in black. ", "The activity curves are quite noisy as each point represents a small difference between two large numbers. ", "For SERCA pumps, the capacity and activity curves are not obviously different, transport remaining small until \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ rises above 1000 nM ([Fig. ", "3, A and B](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Likewise, for the MtU, the curves seem similar and small at all but high (≥800 nM) values of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ ([Fig. ", "3, C and D](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For PMCA, on the other hand, the calculated activity falls well below the capacity for five consecutive data points below 800 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ ([Fig. ", "3, E and F](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Under these 1-blocked conditions, the NCX was the most robust transporter of Ca^2+^, and it operated at capacity until ∼1000 nM Ca^2+^; where it fell below the capacity curve ([Fig. ", "3, G and H](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These calculations indicate that the canonical Ca^2+^ transporters transport at or a little below capacity over the tested range of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~, explaining why the sum of individual transport capacities slightly exceeds the observed total transport at higher values of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ ([Fig. ", "2 C](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The deviation from additivity for the NCX, for example, might imply that when the other transporters are operating, the NCX experiences a lower local \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ than the average value that fura-2 dye reports (see Discussion).", "\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"} (−d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt vs. \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~) are shown in black. ", "In each panel in the right column (B, D, F, and H), the activity of a given transporter, calculated as the difference between the control Ca^2+^ transport curve and the 1-blocked Ca^2+^ transport curve to the left, is shown in gray. ", "The capacity trace obtained from the 3-blocked experiments of [Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} is shown in black. (", "A and B) SERCA was inhibited with 1 μM TG (*n* = 12). (", "C and D) MtU was inhibited by treatment with 2 μM CCCP (*n* = 16). (", "E and F) PMCA was inhibited by raising extracellular pH to 9.0 (*n* = 16). (", "G and H) NCX was inhibited by replacing extracellular Na^+^ with Li^+^ (*n* = 16).](jgp1310307f03){#fig3}\n\nIn addition to the four canonical mechanisms of Ca^2+^ transport, SPCAs can transport Ca^2+^ into the Golgi and perhaps into distal secretory compartments. ", "SPCAs are not inhibited by TG but are reported to be inhibited by high concentrations of BHQ ([@bib31]). ", "We performed a 5-blocked experiment in which we blocked SPCA with added 10 μM BHQ after blocking the other four mechanisms of Ca^2+^ transport with the 4-block cocktail. ", "Surprisingly, adding BHQ slightly speeded Ca^2+^ clearance above 800 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ ([Fig. ", "4 A](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This might occur if SPCAs normally fill some compartment with Ca^2+^ that releases the Ca^2+^ when \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ is high; BHQ would prevent this compartment from being full, so that less Ca^2+^ is released into the cytoplasm during the clearance phase in the presence of BHQ. ", "The effect is small. ", "In a previous study, we observed that dense core secretory granules release Ca^2+^ after plasma membrane depolarization in pancreatic β cells and were disrupted by the dipeptide GPN ([@bib8]). ", "Therefore we wanted to see whether the BHQ-sensitive compartment in PC12 cells also was disturbed by pretreatment for 20 min with 50 μM GPN. ", "Below 800 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~, clearance was completely unaltered by GPN ([Fig. ", "4 B](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Unfortunately, we were unable to collect data from high Ca^2+^ ranges because these cells exhibited lower peak Ca^2+^ values than control cells did. ", "The experiment was therefore not conclusive.", "\n\n![", "Effects of BHQ and GPN on undifferentiated PC12 cells. ", "Ca^2+^ transport curves (−d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt vs. \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~) are shown. (", "A) The light gray data points show cells treated with 10 μM BHQ in addition to the 4-blocked protocol (*n* = 15). ", "The dark gray data points show residual transport in the 4-blocked cells of [Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} with a superimposed smooth curve calculated from the residual transport function in a kinetic model discussed in [Appendix](#app1){ref-type=\"section\"}. (", "B) The gray curve shows cells treated with GPN, whereas the black curve shows a truncated version of the control Ca^2+^ transport curve from [Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.](jgp1310307f04){#fig4}\n\nCa^2+^ Clearance from Somata of Differentiated PC12 Cells\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe next asked whether cellular Ca^2+^ clearance mechanisms are changed when PC12 cells are differentiated by \\>15 d culture in 50 ng/ml NGF (see Materials and methods). ", "With undifferentiated cells, the KCl-induced peak of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ sometimes rose above the reliable range of the fura-2 indicator; and with differentiated cells this happened more often. ", "Therefore we turned to the lower-affinity Ca^2+^ dye fura-4F for more reliable measurements of the height of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ peaks. ", "Both differentiated and undifferentiated cells showed a wide range of peak heights in response to KCl depolarization ([Fig. ", "5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The average, maximal, and range of peak heights were all markedly higher in NGF-differentiated cells. ", "Higher \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ peaks might be expected from the greater surface-to-volume ratio of differentiated cells and from a reported increase in Ca^2+^ current ([@bib3]).", "\n\n![", "NGF-differentiated PC12 cells have greater Ca^2+^ rises in response to depolarization than undifferentiated cells. ", "Peak \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ for PC12 cells loaded with fura-4F and depolarized with 70 mM KCl are shown for both undifferentiated (No NGF, *n* = 20) and differentiated (NGF, *n* = 13) cells. ", "Open gray circles represent individual cells, and closed black circles are means.](jgp1310307f05){#fig5}\n\n[Fig. ", "6 A](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} compares the Ca^2+^ transport curves for somata of NGF-differentiated (black line) and undifferentiated cells (gray line). ", "They are very similar, with that for undifferentiated cells lying slightly above that for differentiated cells. ", "When the 4-blocked protocol was applied to differentiated cells, we found that it abolished virtually all transport when \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ was \\<1000 nM but left some residual Ca^2+^ transport above this value ([Fig. ", "6 B](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Adding 10 μM BHQ on top of the 4-blocked protocol (i.e., a 5-blocked experiment) decreased residual Ca^2+^ transport by ∼50% ([Fig. ", "6 C](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thus, differentiation introduces a measurable component of Ca^2+^ clearance flux (out of the cytoplasm) that is not eliminated by TG but is BHQ sensitive. ", "This flux could represent SPCA transporters on non-ER organelles of the secretory pathway. ", "Unlike undifferentiated cells, the differentiated cells showed no depression of maximal Ca^2+^ rise after GPN treatment. ", "GPN pretreatment had no effect on Ca^2+^ transport ([Fig. ", "6 D](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that the putative SPCA-containing compartment is not lysosomal.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}) and NGF-differentiated (black curve, *n* = 48) PC12 control cells. (", "B) Ca^2+^ transport is shown for control (black curve, from A) and 4-blocked (gray curve, *n* = 62) NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. (", "C) Ca^2+^ transport is shown for NGF-differentiated PC12 cells treated with the 4-blocked protocol (light gray circles, from B) or with the 4-blocked protocol plus 10 μM BHQ (dark gray triangles, *n* = 16). ", "The difference between these two curves (gray circles) might represent SPCA activity. (", "D) Ca^2+^ transport is shown for NGF-differentiated cells treated with the 4-blocked protocol (circles, from B) or pretreated with 50 μM GPN and then treated with the 4-blocked protocol (triangles, *n* = 18).](jgp1310307f06){#fig6}\n\nWe determined the capacity of the four canonical transporters in differentiated cells by performing 3-blocked experiments, and we determined their activities when other transporters were active using 1-blocked experiments. ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the capacity curves nearly overlaid the noisier activity curves for SERCA, PMCA, and NCX in differentiated cells. ", "However, the component of transport attributed to MtU is clearly discrepant between the two measures. ", "Application of CCCP at the moment of the KCl treatment diminished subsequent Ca^2+^ transport by almost 50% at \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ values above 1000 nM ([Fig. ", "7 C](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "At face value, this result contrasted with our 3-blocked experiments, which suggested that the mitochondria might even release a little Ca^2+^ into the cytoplasm at these high values of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ and transported little net Ca^2+^ below 1000 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ ([Fig. ", "7 D](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Clearly in differentiated cells the 1-blocked (CCCP) experiments are not correctly extracting the mitochondrial component of flux seen with the three blocked experiments (high pH, TG, Li^+^).", "\n\n![", "Capacities and activities of Ca^2+^ transporters in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. ", "Results are shown as Ca^2+^ transport curves (−d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt vs. \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~). ", "In the left column (A, C, E, and G), data from 1-blocked experiments for each of the four canonical Ca^2+^ transport mechanisms (gray lines and symbols) are compared with control NGF-differentiated cells (black lines and circles) from [Fig. ", "6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "In the right column (B, D, F, and H), the capacity of each transporter, obtained from 3-blocked experiments and corrected for residual Ca^2+^ transport, is shown in black. ", "The activity of each Ca^2+^ transporter type, calculated as the difference between the two traces in the lefthand panel, is shown in gray: (A and B) SERCA (*n* = 33 for 1-blocked experiments, *n* = 17 for 3-blocked experiments); (C and D) MtU (*n* = 21 for 1-blocked experiments, *n* = 17 for 3-blocked experiments); (E and F) PMCA (*n* = 17 for 1-blocked experiments, *n* = 16 for 3-blocked experiments). (", "G and H) NCX (*n* = 19 for 1-blocked experiments, *n* = 16 for 3-blocked experiments).](jgp1310307f07){#fig7}\n\nWhy does CCCP block so much clearance activity in the 1-blocked experiments? ", "We suggest that even a short CCCP treatment stops not only the MtU but also the two ATP-requiring transporters. ", "CCCP collapses the mitochondrial proton gradient, stopping formation of new ATP by mitochondria and allowing cellular ATP to deplete if glycolysis cannot keep up with ATP demand. ", "Treatment with oligomycin can be used to keep the F~1~F~0~ ATPase from breaking down ATP once the proton gradient is gone ([@bib2]). ", "However, addition of 5 μM oligomycin, either coincident with CCCP or as a 30-s preincubation before CCCP was added, only weakly restored some missing Ca^2+^ transport ([Fig. ", "8 A](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Oligomycin had little effect on residual Ca^2+^ transport in 4-blocked experiments ([Fig. ", "8 B](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To determine which non-MtU transporters were affected by CCCP, we performed a series of 2-blocked experiments, treating the cells with both CCCP and one other inhibitor and allowing the other two mechanisms to function. ", "We compared these results to curves calculated from the 3-blocked experiments in [Fig. ", "7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "For example, in [Fig. ", "8 C](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we compare a 2-blocked experiment in which MtU and SERCA are inhibited (black line) with the calculated sum of the capacities of NCX, PMCA, and the residual Ca^2+^ transport (gray line). ", "The two curves are similar, suggesting that the fluxes allowed to operate in this experiment are not strongly affected by CCCP. ", "In [Fig. ", "8 D](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we inhibited both MtU and PMCA (black line) and compared the transport curve to the sum of the capacities of SERCA, NCX, and the residual Ca^2+^ transport. ", "Once again, the curves are quite similar with CCCP being only slightly lower. ", "However, when we inhibited NCX in addition to CCCP treatment, we obtained the unambiguous result that the remaining transport was far below that expected for the sum of SERCA, PMCA, and the residual Ca^2+^ transport ([Fig. ", "8 E](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In fact, the observed transport was virtually identical to residual Ca^2+^ transport. ", "These results indicate that both SERCA and PMCA are inhibited by CCCP treatment, as might be expected since both require ATP, and that when only one of these two transporters is working, a differentiated cell can supply almost enough ATP to keep up, but when both are operating it cannot.", "\n\n![", "CCCP inhibits primary active transporters in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. ", "Results are shown as Ca^2+^ transport curves (−d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt vs. \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~). (", "A) Data from control NGF-differentiated cells (from [Fig. ", "7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) are shown as black lines and circles, and data from 2 μM CCCP-treated cells ([Fig. ", "7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) are shown as a gray line. ", "CCCP-treated cells were also concomitantly treated with 5 μM oligomycin (gray lines and triangles, *n* = 28). ", "We obtained the same results when cells were treated with oligomycin for 30 s before application of CCCP as with continuing application of oligomycin (data not shown). (", "B) Residual Ca^2+^ transport in NGF-differentiated cells (gray line, from [Fig. ", "6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and NGF-differentiated cells treated with 5 μM oligomycin (black line and triangles, *n* = 16). (", "C--E) Ca^2+^ transport curves for 2-blocked experiments (black lines and symbols) and estimated results of these experiments based on transporter capacities shown in [Fig. ", "7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"} (gray lines and symbols). ", "Residual Ca^2+^ transport (from [Fig. ", "6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) is shown as a gray line in E. In C, cells were treated with CCCP and TG (*n* = 15) and compared with the sum of the transport curves for NCX, PMCA, and residual Ca^2+^ transport. ", "In D, cells were treated with CCCP and pH 9.0 (*n* = 16) and compared with the sum of the transport curves for NCX, SERCA, and residual Ca^2+^ transport. ", "In E, cells were treated with CCCP and Li^+^ (*n* = 20) and compared with the sum of the transport curves for SERCA, PMCA, and residual Ca^2+^ transport.](jgp1310307f08){#fig8}\n\nThe results in [Fig. ", "8](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"} cast suspicion on the capacity measurements made in [Fig. ", "7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}, since some were based on 3-blocked experiments that contained CCCP. ", "Therefore, we redetermined capacity for canonical transporters in differentiated cells using another series of 2-blocked experiments. (", "The capacity measurement for MtU was unaffected, however, because this was the one 3-blocked experiment that did not contain CCCP.) ", "For determination of the capacity of each transporter, we inhibited the other two non-MtU transporters. ", "We then corrected the resulting transport curve for the contributions of both MtU and residual Ca^2+^ transport. ", "We compared these fluxes with capacity curves obtained from 3-blocked experiments performed on undifferentiated cells ([Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Strikingly, differentiation left many aspects of Ca^2+^ clearance unchanged. ", "Not only are the overall control transport curves for undifferentiated and NGF-differentiated cells scarcely distinguishable from each other ([Fig. ", "6 A](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the capacity curves for SERCA are essentially the same in both undifferentiated and NGF-differentiated cells ([Fig. ", "9 A](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and they are small. ", "The mitochondria remain a negligible component showing no net uptake in differentiated cells ([Fig. ", "9 B](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the capacities of both PMCA and NCX change appreciably and reciprocally with differentiation. ", "PMCA capacity increases and NCX capacity decreases ([Fig. ", "9, C and D](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Finally, residual Ca^2+^ transport does not change appreciably after NGF differentiation ([Fig. ", "9 E](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As was the case for the undifferentiated cells, the sum of the four capacity traces and the residual Ca^2+^ transport trace for differentiated cells gives a reasonable estimate for observed total cellular Ca^2+^ transport ([Fig. ", "9 F](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}), although with some indication that transporters are working below capacity above 800 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~.\n\n![", "Comparison of Ca^2+^ transport capacities between undifferentiated and NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. ", "Experimental Ca^2+^ transport curves (−d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt vs. \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~) are shown as symbols. ", "Black symbols are from undifferentiated cells and red symbols are from NGF-differentiated cells. ", "Capacity data from undifferentiated cells are reproduced from [Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The capacity data for MtU and residual Ca^2+^ transport in differentiated cells are reproduced from [Figs. ", "8](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}, respectively. ", "Smooth black and red curves represent fitted functions from the mathematical model in [Appendix](#app1){ref-type=\"section\"} using the same color code. (", "A) Capacities and fits of SERCA. ", "The NGF-differentiated points result from 2-blocked experiments where PMCA and NCX were inhibited, corrected for MtU and residual Ca^2+^ transport (*n* = 11). (", "B) Capacities and fits of MtU. (C) Capacities and fits of PMCA. ", "The NGF-differentiated curve is the result of 2-blocked experiments in which SERCA and NCX were inhibited, corrected for MtU and residual Ca^2+^ transport (*n* = 16). (", "D) Capacities and fits of NCX. ", "The NGF-differentiated curve points result from 2-blocked experiments in which SERCA and PMCA were inhibited, corrected for MtU and residual Ca^2+^ transport (*n* = 12). (", "E) Capacities and fits of the residual Ca^2+^ transport. (", "F) The NGF-differentiated control values (black) are shown with the sum of the five capacity curves from NGF-differentiated cells (blue) from A--E and the sum of the fitted functions (red).](jgp1310307f09){#fig9}\n\nTo describe the changes between differentiated and undifferentiated cells quantitatively, we fitted the capacity curves with mathematical functions that describe Ca^2+^ transport due to each mechanism (see [Appendix](#app1){ref-type=\"section\"} for details). ", "The smooth lines in [Fig. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Fig. ", "4 A](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and [Fig. ", "9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"} show these functions using the parameters given in [Table I](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "A small increase in apparent cooperativity (reflected in the Hill coefficient, n~Hill~) was the most marked change in SERCA caused by differentiation. ", "PMCA underwent an almost twofold increase in maximal velocity (*M* ~max~), a decrease in Ca^2+^ affinity, and an increase in cooperativity. ", "NCX affinity for activation by cytoplasmic Ca^2+^ affinity fell as did the rate of transport. ", "Adding these theoretical capacity curves together also provided a reasonable estimate of total cellular Ca^2+^ transport ([Fig. ", "9 F](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "When combined into a mathematical simulation of Ca^2+^ decay, these fits also replicated the observed time course of Ca^2+^ clearance in control cells and in 4-blocked cells ([Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nParameters for Model of Ca^2+^ Clearance in PC12 Cells\n\n Mechanism Parameter Undifferentiated Differentiated Units\n ----------- -------------- ------------------ ---------------- --------------------------------\n SERCA M~max~ 61 58 μmol⋅Ca^2+^ l^−1^⋅s^−1^\n K~m~ 1.3 1.3 μM\n n~Hill~ 2.9 3.4 \n MtU Slope 8 −8 μmol⋅Ca^2+^ l^−1^⋅s^−1^⋅μM^−1^\n PMCA *M* ~ma~ ~x~ 77 141 μmol⋅Ca^2+^ l^−1^⋅s^−1^\n *K* ~m~ 0.71 0.97 μM\n *n* ~Hill~ 2.0 3.4 \n NCX *M* ~rate~ 560 470 μmol⋅Ca^2+^ l^−1^⋅s^−1^\n *K* ~CaAct~ 0.5 0.85 μM\n\nParameter values were obtained using the Virtual Cell model in [Appendix](#app1){ref-type=\"section\"} to fit the empirical data collected in this study. ", "Values are given for the MtU, but we regard these small numbers as being in the noise level and ill determined. ", "These adjusted parameters were used to generate the smooth traces shown in [Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figs. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Units of *M* ~max~ and *M* ~rate~ are micromoles of Ca^2+^ pumped from the cytoplasm of a liter of cells per second. ", "Because the cytoplasm contains Ca^2+^ buffers, these numbers are about 300 times higher than the observed rates of fall of free Ca^2+^ seen in transport curves and [Table II](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Referred to a unit area of the plasma membrane, the *M* ~max~ of 77 μmol⋅Ca^2+^ l^−1^⋅s^−1^ for PMCA for example is about equivalent to 27,000⋅Ca^2+^ ions pumped⋅μm^−2^⋅s^−1^ and might require 100-200 PMCA molecules μm^−2^ of membrane and consumption of 77 μmol⋅ATP l^−1^⋅s^−1^.\n\nCa^2+^ Clearance from the Neurites of Differentiated PC12 Cells\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe tried to measure Ca^2+^ transport in the extensive network of neurites that emerged from our cells upon NGF differentiation. ", "The Ca^2+^ signals from thin neurites were quite noisy compared with those from the much larger somata because the fluorescence was much dimmer. ", "Therefore, before taking the derivatives of these traces, we fitted the Ca^2+^ clearance phase for each field of neurites with a double exponential function ([Fig. ", "10 A](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and used these functions in our subsequent analysis instead of the original data. ", "Even so, the variability in the Ca^2+^ transport curves was higher than for somata ([Fig. ", "10 B](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}, black lines) and the results must be regarded as somewhat qualitative. ", "The control transport curve for neurites was statistically indistinguishable from the control curve for somata. ", "The 4-blocked protocol showed that the residual Ca^2+^ transport of neurites and somata also are similar ([Fig. ", "10 B](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}, gray lines). ", "We next compared the additional BHQ-sensitive transport. ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "10 C](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}, BHQ increased Ca^2+^ clearance in neurites relative to the 4-blocked protocol. ", "This effect is similar to that seen in undifferentiated PC-12 cells, but unlike that recorded from the somata of differentiated cells ([Fig. ", "10 C](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This was the first indication of differences in Ca^2+^ handling in the neurites versus the somata of differentiated PC12 cells.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}, broken gray line is 4-blocked from [Fig. ", "10](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}). (", "C) Ca^2+^ transport curves for the BHQ-dependent fluxes in NGF-differentiated cells. ", "The dotted gray line and triangles are from neurites (*n* = 10), the solid gray line are from cell somata ([Fig. ", "6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and the black line represents the residual Ca^2+^ transport for neurites (B). (", "D) Ca^2+^ transport capacity curves for SERCA. ", "The two different shades of gray lines and squares represent the SERCA data for neurites sorted into two classes (*n* = 11 each) (N). ", "The black line represents SERCA Ca^2+^ transport in soma from [Fig. ", "9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"} (S). (", "E--G) Ca^2+^ transport curves for MtU (E), PMCA (F), and NCX (G). ", "Gray line and symbols are from neurites (*n* = 16, 13, 11, respectively), and the black lines represent capacity data from somata ([Fig. ", "9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}). (", "H) The control total Ca^2+^ transport curve from neurites (black line, [Fig. ", "10 B](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}) is compared with the sum of the individual activities obtained from neurites (gray line).](jgp1310307f10){#fig10}\n\nThe SERCA transport data from 1-blocked experiments with TG-treated neurites clustered into two statistically distinct pools when \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ exceeded 400 nM. We split these two pools and plot both their ensemble Ca^2+^ transport curves in [Fig. ", "10 D](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"} (gray symbols and lines), along with the somatic Ca^2+^ capacity curve due to SERCA. ", "According to this dissection, in one population of neurites, Ca^2+^ is transported by SERCA pumps into the ER, aiding clearance, but in the other Ca^2+^ emerges from the TG-sensitive ER after depolarization, opposing Ca^2+^ clearance. ", "Possibly the latter would represent Ca^2+^-induced Ca^2+^ release. ", "Neglecting the two pools, the summed TG-sensitive transport in neurites is not statistically different from that in somata. ", "The Ca^2+^ transport data did not fall into multiple pools in any of the other 1-blocked experiments. ", "For MtU ([Fig. ", "10 E](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}), PMCA ([Fig. ", "10 F](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and NCX ([Fig. ", "10 G](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}), overall Ca^2+^ clearance in neurites was statistically indistinguishable from that in the cell soma, but the power of the test was poor because of the standard errors. ", "Adding the Ca^2+^ transport curves representing SERCA, MtU, PMCA, NCX, and residual Ca^2+^ transport together gave a reasonable approximation of total transport in neurites if we chose the SERCA Ca^2+^ transport curve that shows positive values of clearance ([Fig. ", "10 H](#fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results show that the Ca^2+^ transport due to MtU, PMCA, and NCX is similar in cell soma and neurites, but that due to SERCA may vary in different neurites.", "\n\nEndogenous Ca^2+^ Binding Ratio of the Cytoplasm in PC12 Cells\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFinally, we determined the endogenous Ca^2+^ binding ratio of PC12 cytoplasm. ", "Only a small fraction of Ca^2+^ in cells is free; the rest is bound to and buffered by a number of intracellular species. ", "The Ca^2+^ binding ratio (κ) is the number of bound Ca^2+^ ions per free Ca^2+^ ion. ", "To lower the free Ca^2+^ of a buffered cell by a given amount, the Ca^2+^ transport machinery of the cell must move 1 + κ times as many Ca^2+^ ions out of the cytoplasm as it would if there were no buffer. ", "We determined κ for PC12 cells by measuring Ca^2+^ currents and \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ simultaneously in cells under the whole-cell configuration. ", "Current measurements give the total amount of Ca^2+^ that entered the cell ([Fig. ", "11](#fig11){ref-type=\"fig\"}, gray line), and fura-2 measurements give the change in free Ca^2+^ that occurred as a result ([Fig. ", "11](#fig11){ref-type=\"fig\"}, black line). ", "Using this technique and [Eqs. ", "1](#fd1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} and [2](#fd2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} of Materials and methods, we determined that the endogenous κ in undifferentiated PC12 cells is 268 ± 85 (*n* = 9).", "\n\n{#fig11}\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nUsing Ca^2+^ photometry and a pharmacological dissection, we have measured the contributions of several Ca^2+^ transport mechanisms to Ca^2+^ dynamics in PC12 cells. ", "In these cells, the two plasma membrane transporters, NCX and PMCA, account for the majority of the clearance from cytoplasm. ", "As \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ rises above 900 nM, the PMCA tends to saturate, whereas the NCX continues to speed up, becoming dominant at the highest \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. This is in accord with the oft-repeated generalization that the PMCA is a high-affinity, low-capacity transporter, whereas the NCX is a low-affinity, high-capacity transporter. ", "The two organellar transporters, SERCA and MtU, contribute less. ", "SERCA pumps account for a small but significant component of clearance, and the MtU contributes little. ", "There is also a residual Ca^2+^ clearance activity even with our cocktail to block the four canonical mechanisms that is larger than we have seen in other cells. ", "The overall transport remains virtually unchanged by differentiation with NGF. ", "The NCX contribution is lowered, the PMCA contribution is raised, and the apparent Ca^2+^ affinity decreases for both transporters. ", "In differentiated cells, half of the residual Ca^2+^ transport is inhibited by addition of BHQ to the 4-block cocktail, suggesting SPCA activity. ", "The NGF-differentiated cells show more Ca^2+^ influx with depolarization and have a higher dependence on oxidative metabolism than undifferentiated cells. ", "Finally, neurites of differentiated cells show similar overall Ca^2+^-transporting activity to somata, but the SERCA component and a BHQ-sensitive cellular compartment show differences in detail.", "\n\nIn two cases, we found small differences between the transport capacity curves obtained from 3-blocked experiments and the activity curves obtained from 1-blocked experiments. ", "The capacity curves were slightly higher than the activity curves for the PMCA and NCX in undifferentiated cells ([Fig. ", "2 C](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "3, F and H](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A plausible explanation considers possible local Ca^2+^ gradients. ", "The PMCA and the NCX are the fastest transporters, and they are both in the plasma membrane. ", "When two of them are operating, \\[Ca^2+^\\] near the plasma membrane would be reduced below the mean cytoplasmic level reported by the fura dye, and both mechanisms will be slightly slowed. ", "When one of the two transporters (NCX or PMCA) is inhibited, the other will speed up since the local Ca^2+^ depletion is reduced. ", "This will have the effect that capacity curves will be overestimated and activity curves will be underestimated. ", "In the [Appendix](#app1){ref-type=\"section\"} and the online supplemental material (available at <http://www.jgp.org/cgi/content/full/jgp.200709915/DC1>) we develop calculations showing that the local \\[Ca^2+^\\] at the cell surface can be reduced 7--36% by pumping at the membrane under various assumptions. ", "As described there, the predicted reduction depends strongly on the actual diffusion coefficient for free calcium in the cytoplasm and on the equilibration time for the reaction between Ca^2+^ and buffering molecules (Fig. ", "S2). ", "Hence, the calculation shows plausibility of the concept but not the exact amount of the effect. ", "This effect, which occurs even without postulating restricted spaces in the cytoplasm, may need to be considered in other transport work.", "\n\nWe saw that the massive Ca^2+^ loads induced by 30-s depolarizations reduced total clearance rates compared with those after the 3-s depolarizations that we have emphasized in this paper. ", "It is already known that components of transporters can be regulated through changes of phosphorylation state ([@bib25]; [@bib4]). ", "The summed model equations we give describe the clearance after 3-s well. ", "We hope that they can be used for other physiological stimulus protocols but have not tested the limits of their use.", "\n\nStrategies for Ca^2+^ Clearance in Excitable Cells\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nWe can now compare Ca^2+^ transport properties of PC12 cells with those of other excitable cells including two rat cells from related catecholaminergic lineages: chromaffin cells ([@bib12]) and superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons ([@bib28]). [", "Table II](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"} summarizes the overall rates of Ca^2+^ clearance and the contributions of the four classical mechanisms to clearance measured at 1000 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ for a variety of excitable cells.", "\n\n###### \n\nRates of Ca^2+^ Clearance in Five Excitable Cell Types\n\n Rate of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ fall (nM/s) @ 1000 nM Ca^2+^ \n ---------------------- -------- -------- ------------------------------------------------------ ----- ------ ----- -----\n PC12 cells (undiff.) ", " 37 2.5 520 75 22 148 275\n PC12 cells (diff.) ", " 37 2.7 420 67 −22 214 153\n Chromaffin cells 27 2--3 575 0 440 80 55\n SCG neurons 33 2.2 320 110 \\<40 80 120\n β-cells 35 1.7 500 290 0 105 105\n Sperm 21--23 45--55 8 0 1.5 4.9 1.6\n\nTime constants of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ decay τ were obtained from exponential fits of Ca^2+^ clearance time courses. ", "The rates of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ fall at 1000 nM Ca^2+^ were obtained from smoothed transport curves. ", "Mitochondrial values from the present study are small and in the noise level. ", "The results for mouse sperm ([@bib30]), rat pancreatic β cells ([@bib5]), rat chromaffin cells ([@bib12]), and PC12 cells (this article) were collected in this laboratory. ", "The results for rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons are from [@bib28].", "\n\nInitial Ca^2+^ clearance in rat chromaffin cells is dominated by the mitochondria above 500 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. The Ca^2+^ accumulated by mitochondria later returns to the cytoplasm and exits the cell via the slower PMCA and NCX ([@bib12]). ", "In contrast, in undifferentiated PC12 cells, mitochondria take up little Ca^2+^ over most of the range of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ that we measured ([Fig. ", "3, C and D](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and each of the other mechanisms of transport is more than twice as fast as in chromaffin cells at 1000 nM \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~. Thus the balance of Ca^2+^ transport mechanisms is remarkably different between undifferentiated PC12 cells and chromaffin cells, although the overall Ca^2+^ clearance rate during initial clearance is about the same.", "\n\nNGF-differentiated PC12 cells are a somewhat closer mimic of the Ca^2+^ transport properties of SCG neurons, but significant differences remain. ", "Both have at most minor mitochondrial transport components. ", "The neurons have almost equal contributions from PMCA, NCX, and SERCA pumps, whereas differentiated PC12 cells have PMCA \\> NCX \\> SERCA. ", "It is possible that different isoforms of NCX are present in these different cells and/or that NCX is differentially regulated since the dependence on \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ looks different. ", "At high values of \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~, −d\\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~/dt for NCX rises with negative curvature (sublinear) in PC12 cells and with positive curvature (supralinear) in SCG neurons ([@bib28]).", "\n\n[Table II](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"} includes Ca^2+^ transport rates for two more cell types, pancreatic β cells and sperm, for comparison. ", "They differ from the others. ", "In β cells the overall transport rate is like the other cells, but SERCA pumps dominate for initial Ca^2+^ clearance ([@bib5]). ", "In sperm, overall transport is only 1/25 as fast as in the other cells, and SERCA pumps may make no contribution ([@bib30]). ", "We see at least two major lessons from these comparisons. ", "First, PC12 cells and by extension other cancer cells are not quantitative models for the normal differentiated cells whose initial lineage they are thought to share. ", "They may have many of the right molecules and be good systems for study of molecular mechanisms, but they are not close mimics of physiological responses that depend on the quantitative balance of signals. ", "Probably they have gone through many generations of selection as cancer and cultured cells that give them properties molded by a niche quite unlike that of the \"parent\" cell. ", "That said, PC12 cells do resemble SCG neurons in their mix of Ca^2+^ transporters. ", "Second, different differentiated cells differ markedly in the balance of Ca^2+^ transport mechanisms. ", "Presumably the mix of transporters is complementary to the sources of Ca^2+^ signals in each cell type. ", "Cells that signal largely by Ca^2+^ entry from the outside eventually will need to clear that Ca^2+^ to the outside, and cells that signal largely by Ca^2+^ release from intracellular stores eventually will have to replenish those stores. ", "The number and mix of transporters and the relative importance of organelles vs. the plasma membrane also help to determine whether a Ca^2+^ signal in that cell is local or widespread, fast or long lasting, large or small, and steady vs. oscillatory. ", "It seems to us that the relation between these factors and cellular physiology still needs much clarification.", "\n\nNonmitochondrial Ca^2+^ Transporters in PC12 Cells\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nStudies using PC12 cells as a model for neural differentiation have examined the expression patterns of various Ca^2+^ transporters and how NGF changes them. ", "NGF increases the N- and P/Q-type Ca^2+^ current (as well as Na^+^ current) in PC12 cells ([@bib3]); Ba^2+^ currents are tripled. ", "There is an increased transcription of N-type but not of P/Q-type channel genes ([@bib6]). ", "Such observations agree with our finding that NGF differentiation more than doubles the peak \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ evoked by KCl depolarization ([Fig. ", "6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "PC12 cells express SERCA2b and SERCA3 ([@bib21]), the general housekeeping and neuroendocrine-specific mammalian SERCA isoforms, respectively ([@bib31]), and NGF is reported to reduce overall SERCA protein levels ([@bib13]). ", "This accords with our finding that the SERCA component of transport activity falls a little with differentiation ([Table I](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "PMCAs 1b, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, and 4b are present in undifferentiated PC12 cells, and NGF causes up-regulation of PMCAs 1c, 2a, 2c, and 4a ([@bib11]). ", "Overall, PMCA protein is increased in NGF-differentiated cells ([@bib11]; [@bib13]). ", "This fits with our finding of a 70% increase in PMCA transport rate at 1000 nM Ca^2+^. Little is known about NCX isoforms in PC12 cells, except that an NCX-mediated Ca^2+^ influx was observed in Na^+^-loaded, NGF-differentiated PC12 cells ([@bib1]). ", "The large slowing of Ca^2+^ clearance upon removal of extracellular Na^+^ in our experiments indicates that NCX is the most significant component of the Ca^2+^ transport machinery of undifferentiated PC12 cells and its activity falls a little during NGF differentiation whereas the PMCA rises ([Table II](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nIn summary, the effects of differentiating PC12 cells on Ca^2+^ transport are subtle. ", "The overall transport rate remains the same. ", "New isoforms of some of the transporters appear and the balance of rates changes a little and the details of \\[Ca^2+^\\] dependence change appreciably ([Table I](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Presumably some of the changes of gene expression reflect groups of genes regulated by the neural differentiation program. ", "Some of the genes may be essential for differentiation since reducing expression of PMCAs 2 and 3 by antisense methods slows neurite extension and promotes cell death in NGF-treated PC12 cells ([@bib22]).", "\n\nMetabolism in PC12 Cells\n------------------------\n\nA striking difference between the differentiated and undifferentiated cells in our study was that treatment with CCCP slowed PMCA and SERCA pumps in differentiated cells but not in undifferentiated cells. ", "We suggest that the slowing arises because of rapid CCCP-induced ATP depletion in differentiated cells and reflects a switch to dependence on oxidative metabolism in those cells. ", "The published literature supports that interpretation. ", "Treatment of undifferentiated PC12 cells with the protonophore carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) depletes cellular ATP with a long half-time of 30--100 min ([@bib15]; [@bib14]), too slow to affect our experiments. ", "This is consistent with the general notion that undifferentiated, rapidly dividing (cancerous) cells rely chiefly on glycolysis for their ATP supply ([@bib20]). ", "Treatment with NGF changes metabolism of PC12 cells. ", "After 30 h of NGF, PC12 cells increase glucose consumption threefold, increase lactate and pyruvate production twofold, and increase CO~2~ production four- to sixfold ([@bib19]). ", "Levels of all nucleotides including ATP increase, and oxidative respiration increases ([@bib19]; [@bib7]). ", "This should make the cells more sensitive to CCCP. ", "They also become more neuron-like in the sense that production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis occurs in both somata and neurites of sympathetic neurons, with oxidative metabolism predominating ([@bib24]). ", "Our observation that oligomycin \"rescues\" the effect of CCCP only a little indicates that ATP pools in the differentiated cells turn over rapidly.", "\n\nSPCA and Organellar Ca^2+^ Transport\n------------------------------------\n\nThe results of our experiments using BHQ on top of the 4-block cocktail implicate SPCA as a mechanism of Ca^2+^ transport in PC12 cells. ", "Although BHQ is also a SERCA inhibitor, cells treated with BHQ were pretreated with TG, so most SERCA activity should have been inhibited already ([@bib31]). ", "SPCA was identified as a pump that imports Ca^2+^ and Mn^2+^ into the Golgi ([@bib31]) and subsequently found immunologically in membrane preparations enriched in dense-core secretory granules ([@bib18]). ", "The dense-core secretory granules of insulinoma cells possess a vanadate-sensitive but thapsigargin-insensitive Ca^2+^-importing ATPase, suggesting a non-SERCA P-type ATPase ([@bib17]), which could be SPCA. ", "The transgranular pH gradient should also be considered in our experiments. ", "It might contribute to Ca^2+^ accumulation by secretory granules and would be collapsed whenever we applied CCCP. ", "While dense core secretory granules can transport Ca^2+^ in the absence of a pH gradient, the transport can be blunted ([@bib16]). ", "All of our BHQ experiments were conducted in the presence of 2 μM CCCP, which would have collapsed the granular H^+^ gradient and perhaps led to underestimation of the importance of SPCA-containing compartments to overall Ca^2+^ dynamics. ", "Our data also do not rule out the possibility that the change in behavior of the BHQ-sensitive compartment(s) due to NGF results from the increased size of the Ca^2+^ peak in response to depolarization rather than from some molecular change(s) of transporters. ", "Identification of BHQ-sensitive compartments other than the ER and elucidation of the precise nature of the changes that they undergo during NGF differentiation are challenges for the future.", "\n\nSpatial Differences in Cellular Ca^2+^ Transport\n------------------------------------------------\n\nIn differentiated cells, individual dye-filled neurites were too dim to record from reliably. ", "Therefore, we selected fields of view containing up to 20 neurites. ", "The observed Ca^2+^ transport differed in several ways from that in somata. ", "First, the small BHQ-sensitive Ca^2+^ transport remaining in neurites of 4-blocked cells had the opposite sign from BHQ-sensitive transport in the soma. ", "Evidently BHQ-sensitive stores take up Ca^2+^ after depolarization in somata but release Ca^2+^ in neurites. ", "Perhaps there are different BHQ-sensitive stores in different regions of the cell. ", "Second, we find two behaviors of TG-sensitive stores. ", "In some fields of neurites the ER stores clear Ca^2+^ and in others they release Ca^2+^ during clearance. ", "Finally, the dichotomy in SERCA responses is accompanied by an overall excess of variability in the neurites. ", "We feel this is not accounted for fully by the intrinsic noisiness of the neurite data, or by any contamination with soma signals, or by the smaller statistical sample. ", "Rather, we believe that the excess variability reflects a variety of modes of Ca^2+^ transport present in different neurites.", "\n\nConclusions\n-----------\n\nPC12 cells provide a poor mimic of the balance of Ca^2+^ transporters observed in primary rat chromaffin cells. ", "Instead, the Ca^2+^ transporters of both differentiated and undifferentiated PC12 cells more closely resemble those in sympathetic neurons. ", "In particular, a high NCX activity distinguishes Ca^2+^ clearance in PC12 cells from Ca^2+^ clearance in chromaffin cells or sympathetic neurons, and the near absence of mitochondrial Ca^2+^ uptake in PC12 cells is in marked contrast with chromaffin cells where the MtU is by far the dominant transporter. ", "Differentiation with NGF causes some changes in the kinetic details of Ca^2+^ transport in PC12 cells. ", "Changes in Ca^2+^ transporter expression conceivably contribute to the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. ", "However, although there are switches in transporter isotypes and changes in the observed kinetic constants, there is little net change in total transport. ", "Hence, any effects of these changes must be local rather than global. ", "Indeed, we provided indirect evidence for differences in local gradients at the plasma membrane between undifferentiated and NGF-differentiated cells. ", "Further, undifferentiated PC12 cells are resistant to ATP depletion by CCCP, but differentiated PC12 cells may lose ATP rapidly in response to CCCP; this may lead to rapid inhibition of those Ca^2+^ transporters that directly consume ATP. ", "A BHQ-sensitive mechanism compatible with SPCA-containing Ca^2+^ stores apparently provides small contributions to Ca^2+^ release in undifferentiated cells and to Ca^2+^ clearance in differentiated cells. ", "As this store could be dense-core secretory granules, it merits further investigation.", "\n\nSupplemental Material\n=====================\n\n###### Supplemental Material Index\n\nWe thank Dr. Donner Babcock for his helpful comments on the manuscript. ", "We also thank Lea Miller for technical help and Eric Nguyen for programming.", "\n\nThis work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), AR17803 (to B. Hille) and F32 DK068982 (to J.G. Duman), the National Science Foundation of China, 30670503 (to L. Chen), and the Major State Basic Research Program of China, 2006CB70570 (to L. Chen). ", "The National Resource for Cell Analysis and Modeling (NRCAM, The Virtual Cell) is supported by the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) at the NIH.", "\n\nOlaf S. Andersen served as editor. ", "served as editor.", "\n\nModeling Four Transporters and Residual Transport\n=================================================\n\nWe modeled Ca^2+^ clearance in PC12 cells using mathematical functions for the four canonical Ca^2+^ transporters that we had used in earlier studies of sperm and pancreatic β-cells ([@bib30]; [@bib5]) plus a function for residual transport. ", "The functions for flux *M* were:$$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}M_{PMCA}=M_{{\\mathrm{max}}PMCA}{\\times}\\frac{1}{1+\\left(\\displaystyle\\frac{K_{CaPMCA}}{[Ca^{2+}]_{cyt}}\\right)^{n_{Hill}}}{\\times}\\frac{1}{1+\\left(\\displaystyle\\frac{K_{aPMCA}}{[H^{+}]_{o}}\\right)},\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$where *M* ~PMCA~ is a Hill function of the internal Ca^2+^ and a saturation function of the external H^+^. The acid dissociation constant *K* ~aPMCA~ is 13.8 nM, corresponding to pH 7.86.$$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{gather*}M_{NCX}=M_{rateNCX}{\\times}Allo{\\times} \n\\\\\n([Na]_{cyt}^{3}[Ca]_{o}e^{{\\eta}VF/RT}-[Na]_{o}^{3}[Ca]_{cyt}e^{({\\eta}-1)VF/RT})/Denom\\end{gather*}\\end{document}$$ $$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}Allo=1/\\left[1+\\left(\\frac{K_{CaAct}}{[Ca]_{cyt}}\\right)^{n_{Hill}}\\right],\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$where *M* ~NCX~ depends on the membrane potential *V* and the usual thermodynamic constants and *Denom* is a complex function with many terms ([@bib29]). ", "Values for all parameters except *M~rateNCX~* and *K~CaAct~* are taken without change from [@bib29] assuming *V* = −65 mV.$$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}M_{SERCA}=M_{{\\mathrm{max}}SERCA}/\\left[1+\\left(\\frac{K_{CaSERCA}}{[Ca]_{cyt}}\\right)^{n_{Hill}}\\right],\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$where *M* ~SERCA~ is a Hill function of the internal Ca^2+^.\n\n*M~MtU~* is a broken line:$$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{For}}\\hspace{.167em}[{\\mathrm{Ca}}]_{{\\mathrm{cyt}}}<0.3\\hspace{.167em}{\\mu}{\\mathrm{M}},\\hspace{.167em}M_{MtU}=0\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$ $$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{For}}\\hspace{.167em}[{\\mathrm{Ca}}]_{{\\mathrm{cyt}}}<0.3\\hspace{.167em}{\\mu}{\\mathrm{M}},\\hspace{.167em}M_{MtU}=Slope_{Mtu}{\\times}([Ca]_{cyt}-0.3)\\end{equation*}\\end{document}$$ $$\\documentclass[10pt]{article}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{pmc}\n\\usepackage[Euler]{upgreek}\n\\pagestyle{empty}\n\n\\oddsidemargin -1.0in\n\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{gather*}M_{Residual}=M_{{\\mathrm{maxRe}}sidual}/\\left[1+\\left(\\frac{K_{Ca{\\mathrm{Re}}sidual}}{[Ca^{2+}]_{cyt}}\\right)^{2}\\right]+ \n\\\\\nSlope_{{\\mathrm{Re}}sidual}{\\times}([Ca]_{cyt}-1.2),\\end{gather*}\\end{document}$$where *M* ~Residual~ is a Hill function of the internal Ca^2+^ plus a linear rising function that is added in only when internal Ca^2+^ is \\>1.2 μM. This purely empirical formulation used the following parameters: *M* ~maxResidual~ = 15.8 μmol⋅Ca^2+^ l^−1^⋅s^−1^; *K* ~CaResidual~ = 0.7 μM; and *Slope* ~Residual~ = 44 μmol⋅Ca^2+^ l^−1^⋅s^−1^μM^−1^.\n\nThe equations were entered into the Virtual Cell on-line modeling environment, solved for transport curves ([Figs. ", "2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and [9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and integrated together with the buffer equation ([Eq. ", "2](#fd2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) for simulations of Ca^2+^ time course during clearance ([Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Parameters for the individual functions ([Table II](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"}) were optimized by comparing predicted transport curves to measured transport curves for individual mechanisms. ", "The optimization was done by eye, giving no consideration to points \\>1500 nM Ca^2+^. The simulated Ca^2+^ decays in [Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} are from individual cells rather than from averages, so it was acceptable to scale the transport rates for best agreement. ", "For the control cell the scale factor is 1.0 (no scaling) and for the 4-blocked curve the M~Residual~ was multiplied by 1.65 and the four canonical transporters were multiplied by 0.0 (turned off).", "\n\nThe Virtual Cell model is available in the public domain at <http://www.vcell.org/> under the shared username hillelab. ", "The units of transport fluxes there are molecules transported per second per square micrometer and all concentrations are in micromolar. ", "These units were translated into the practical clearance units of [Table I](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"} by the conversion factors: for PMCA and NCX, 360 Ca^2+^ ions μm^2^s^−1^ = 1 μmol⋅Ca^2+^ l^−1^⋅s^−1^; for SERCA and MtU, 1,851 Ca^2+^ ions μm^2^s^−1^ = 1 μmol⋅Ca^2+^ l^−1^⋅s^−1^\n\nModeled transport curves were scaled by the same factors and further divided by 1 + κ~i~ ([Eq. ", "2](#fd2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) to account for the buffering effects of binding to endogenous buffers and fura.", "\n\nModeling Local Gradients\n========================\n\nWe asked whether transporters acting at the cell surface can deplete local \\[Ca^2+^\\] near the plasma membrane in comparison to the bulk \\[Ca^2+^\\] measured by dyes. ", "The problem was simulated by a multicompartmental planar-diffusion model making many approximations to simplify the calculations. ", "Cytoplasm from cell surface to cell center was represented by a 1-μm-long cylindrical (not conical) column 1 μm^2^ in cross section and divided into 50 equal thin slices 0.02 μm thick. ", "The first planar compartment was at the cell surface. ", "This model had approximately the same surface-to-volume ratio as our cells. ", "Calcium and a mobile, nonsaturable Ca^2+^ buffer were allowed to \"diffuse\" between compartments in successive time increments of 20 ns, using Euler integration. ", "The assumed calcium binding ratio κ for the buffer was 300 and the equilibration time for the reaction of Ca^2+^ with buffer was varied. ", "The correctness of the equations was verified by showing that a calculation for applying instantaneous point sources of Ca^2+^ or buffer at the origin resulted in diffusion profiles within 1% of the well-known analytical solution and that mass was conserved within 0.0001%.", "\n\nThe pump problem was simulated by starting with 1 μM Ca^2+^ throughout the \"cell\" and continuously removing calcium from the juxta-membrane compartment. ", "According to [Table II](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"} the PMCA and NCX together reduce free \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ in PC12 cells at a rate of 423 nM per second at 1000 nM Ca^2+^. For a cell with κ = 300, this requires removal of 127 μM total calcium per second (see [Table I](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Our model \"cell\" starts with 301 μM calcium, free and bound, and the two \"pumps\" (if linear) would clear the calcium with an appropriate time constant of 301/127 = 2.4 s. As is illustrated in the online supplemental material, activating the \"pumps\" established a local drop of free \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ near the membrane that stabilized within a few milliseconds (Fig. ", "S2 A). ", "It extended ∼200 nm into the cytoplasm while the cell center was hardly depleted. ", "The amplitude of the local drop increased if diffusion was slowed (Fig. ", "S2 B), and it increased if the equilibration time of the Ca buffer was slowed (Fig. ", "S2 C). ", "The spatial extent of the gradient decreased when the buffer reaction was speeded. ", "Making the calcium buffer mobile or immobile changed the calculations very little. ", "We express the local drop as a percent of the \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ at the cell center. ", "For example, with a buffer equilibration time constant of 1 ms, the relative surface drop of free \\[Ca^2+^\\]~cyt~ after 3 ms of pumping was 37%, 23%, and 18% using diffusion coefficients of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 × 10^−5^ cm^2^/s for free Ca^2+^ and buffer. ", "Similarly, with a diffusion coefficient of 0.2 × 10^−5^ cm^2^/s, the relative surface drop at 3 ms was 39%, 23%, and 8% for buffer equilibration time constants of 10, 1, or 0.1 ms.", "\n\n[^1]: Correspondence to Bertil Hille: <hille@u.washington.edu>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "5 Ways to Know Your Client Likes You\n\nRemember your first day on a new job? ", "It’s rough. ", "No matter how experienced, seasoned or polished you are, there’s a measure of uncomfortableness when you step into a new building for the first time. ", "You look for your desk or office in a gangly, awkward kind of way and try to act like you’ve been there a million times before. ", "Your actions give you away." ]

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[ "Introduction\n\nCapturing your problem is the most important step in QMS A new QMS or Quality management system in an organization overhauls to enhance its whole array of business activities. ", "Its implementation, undoubtedly, is immensely challenging, while involving a radical shift in employees’ mindset and sprawling new investments. ", "Every company possesses a unique set of quality-related problems which it seeks to address through QMS. ", "Therefore, it imperative that before implementing the new Quality solution, the top management captures its problems which require redressal. ", "This act is advised to prevent a host of wastages over business time, efforts and resources.", "\n\nReasons why problem-capturing is essential\n\nThe discussion below attempts to make sense as to why the capturing problem is critical to QMS.", "\n\nHelps set priorities, plans & goals\n\nA QMS needs a well-defined structure, based on specific objectives, plans, and goals. ", "The problem areas related to quality need to be highlighted so that QMS plans can integrate solutions for solving them. ", "The overarching QMS then assumes a realistic base, while doing away things that are unnecessary. ", "The employees can work with the QMS with more clarity and design result oriented action-plans, entailing processes and physical operations. ", "When the entire workforce reckons the reasons for implementing QMS, their work gains more traction, ensuring quality output from its tasks.", "\n\nClarifies QMS operations\n\nOnce quality problems are defined, elaborate and effective quality plans and sub-plans can be mapped for a productive implementation of QMS. ", "The vision for workers is thus clarified helping them produce better qualitative and quantitative results. ", "A QMS plan offers solutions to problems by suggesting standard processes and practices. ", "It also helps define processes, process owners, and the necessary tasks to capture data for quality metrics such as – Quality, Efficiency, Compliance, Maintenance, Reducing Production Costs etc.", "\n\nHelps in continual improvement\n\nWhen a QMS in part works specifically towards improving the lacking areas, it needs to look out for metrics and reports based on quantifiable data. ", "A QMS software could be of immense help to an organisation to track its progress on various processes at different levels of operations and manufacturing. ", "This, in turn help the management to scale the levels to which their existing problems are being solved, based on which future plans for improvement can be devised. ", "Periodic reviews become an inherent part of QMS contributing to the cause of continual improvement.", "\n\nReviews and audits become more focused\n\nAn audit is an essential QMS tool to take stock of a company’s progress of its quality related activities. ", "The awareness of the problem, sensitisation of staff over it and solutions-oriented tasks streamline QMS functioning. ", "Hence, audits can be conducted with more clarity, with a special focus on assessing the progress of an organisation in areas where it’s weak – the problem areas. ", "Their analysis helps the staff to see deficiencies in performance, and thereupon take corrective measures.", "\n\nGears up QMS towards better customer satisfaction\n\nAny organisation that serves customers quality products and services ought to rise. ", "On the other hand, if it ignores or fails to work upon the problematic quality areas would be unable to win customer trust. ", "Hence, it is essential for a workplace to understand its specific quality weaknesses before the adoption and implementation of QMS. ", "A system streamlined to work towards eradicating inefficient quality-related processes would eventually deliver output for better customer satisfaction.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nIgnoring quality related problems or their inefficient handling by the QMS would only result in an inferior-quality yield, thus leaving customers wanting. ", "In contrast, their effective dealing through a QMS would ensure customer satisfaction. ", "Hence, capturing problems is the most critical step before QMS implementation." ]

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[ "Designed to mitigate the audible headset noise that can occur in any air band handheld radio.", "\n\nWhat is the diameter of the hole for the wire?", "\nThis is intended for an aviation headset cord approximately .17\" diameter.", "\nDo you have any specs on these ferrite cores? ", "Do you know the mix or frequency range they work at?", "\nIf you are getting squealing noise or interference in your headset along with the A6 or A24 then you would use this, by coiling a section of your headset cable to eliminate the noise." ]

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[ "“In today’s world, passengers enter the cabin, take their seats and then detect that either the seat’s recline isn’t working, the seat fabric is dirty or the IFE [in-flight entertainment] doesn’t operate – and that means they have to change seats,” says Peter Schetschine, CEO of KID Systeme, explaining that the purpose of iCabin, a recently launched initiative, is to gather data from the cabin systems via sensors to make forecasts for maintenance purposes. “", "The clear advantage with predictive maintenance is that those things can be managed before the passenger gets on board,” he adds.", "\n\nKID Systeme, an Airbus subsidiary, is one of the key stakeholders in the iCabin consortium, which pools the combined expertise of Bühler Motor, Diehl, Jeppesen and Zodiac, with associated partners Etihad Airways Engineering, Boeing, Baden-Württemberg university and the Hamburg University of Technology. ", "Each participant brings competencies from their respective portfolios, ranging from actuation for seats, cabin management systems and connectivity to aircraft operations and integration.", "\n\n“While engines of modern aircraft are equipped with multiple sensors, and enabled for remote health monitoring and predictive maintenance methods,” explains Bernhard Randerath, Etihad’s vice-president of Design, Engineering and Innovation, “the cabin itself is lagging behind this trend. ", "Seat actuators, galley chillers or lavatory mechanisms aren’t monitored and networked in the same way.”", "\n\nThat’s where iCabin comes in. “", "iCabin will allow for the exchange of cabin system health and other in-service data between seats, galleys, lavatories and the cabin management system,” Randerath says, adding that doing so will allow for the application of predictive maintenance methods, resulting in operational cost reductions and improved passenger experience.", "\n\n“The sensors are so small, they allow you to bring intelligence to fabrics,” – Peter Schetschine, KID Systeme\n\nWith the iCabin concept, microsensors would be placed throughout the cabin – each yielding relevant data for airlines. “", "You can embed microsensors into seat fabrics and determine if the passenger is in the seat or not, or sensors that indicate if seat covers need cleaning. ", "The sensors are so small, they allow you to bring intelligence to fabrics. ", "Or, when the seat belt sign is illuminated, you can check whether the buckle is locked, helping crew supervise,” KID’s Schetschine says.", "\n\nSensors can even be embedded into galley chillers, ovens and storage devices. “", "If you have better warehousing in the galleys, crew have a better idea of what is stored and they can react faster,” he adds.", "\n\nHaving just kicked off this April, and with a timeline stretching until March 2021, it’s still early days for iCabin, but David Voskuhl, vice-president of Communications and PR at Diehl Aviation, says, “You can expect savings of at least 30 percent, maybe even more in the later stage of the implementation. ", "The target is a reduction of total ownership costs by creating a more standardized way of interlinking the involved items in the cabin.”", "\n\nWith major players on board, and a 3.9-million-euro backing from Germany’s Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, airlines worldwide will surely be doing their own monitoring as this ambitious project gets underway.", "\n\nFlight Monitor was originally published in the 8.4 September/October issue ofAPEX Experiencemagazine." ]

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[ "Pics: Stephan Kayyar\n\nDaijiworld Media Network - Kasargod (SP)\n\nKasargod, Mar 20: The state government has suspended superintendent of the open jail at Cheemeni here, reportedly for performing worship of a cow. ", "V G Suresh, jail superintendent, was suspended pending inquiry into the allegation.", "\n\nThe department of prisons had received complaint that Suresh had performed 'Gou Puja' or puja of cows. ", "This incident allegedly happened when cows gifted by Sri Ramachandrapur Math were being handed over to the jail. ", "Director general of prisons and correctional services, R Shreelekha, had submitted a report to the government after holding investigation into the complaint. ", "The leftist leaders of the state had criticized the officer for allowing performance of Gou Puja and raising slogans hailing the animal in the jail premises. ", "Even the chief miinister,Pinarayi Vijayan, and former chief minister, Achutanandan, had termed the puja as wrong.", "\n\nUnder the directions of IPS officer, R Shreelekha, northern range deputy inspector general, Shivadas Taiparambil, had investigated the case and submitted report to her.", "\n\nA cattle shed and a unit for raising and breeding goats has started functioning at this jail. ", "The said Math had gifted cows to the unit. ", "It is said that when the cows were being handed over, a programme was held in the presence of the spiritual head of the Math, Sri Raghaveshwara Swamiji, in which the cows were worshipped and some people had shouted slogans hailing the cow.", "\n\nThe government later had received complaint from certain quarters, alleging that the said officer had allowed to perform worship of the cow.", "\n\nIn the meanwhile, advocate and BJP district president, K Srikant, has said that this case reflects the anti-Hindu stance of the left front government led by Pinarayi Vijayan. ", "He took the stand that performing worship of the cow and hailing cow as holy mother were not wrong, and criticized those who view every ritual of Hindus from communal angle. ", "He pointed out that the government had not spent anything for cow worship, and the cows were given to the jail as gift. ", "He said that the government has been making arrangements for talks by Muslim scholars and Christian priests inside jails in the state. \"", "The government, which does not find fault with these, has been deriding only Hindu observations and rituals. ", "Chief minster, Pinarayi Vijayan, should lift the suspension of the jail superintendent and tender public apology for this mistake,\" he demanded." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMongo not working with node.js program\n\nI'm trying to create a simple node.js program to input, update and delete \"name and job\" records of people and show the same in browser. ", "I'm using node.js, mongo and jade. ", " \nFollowing is my server.js file (in the \"/base\" folder): \nvar express= require(\"express\"),\nhttp= require(\"http\"),\nbodyparser= require(\"body-parser\"),\nmongo= require(\"mongodb\");\n\nvar app= express();\ndb= new mongo.", "Db(\"newapp\", new mongo.", "Server(\"127.0.0.1\", \"27017\"), \n {safe:true}, {auto_reconnect: true});\n\nvar people= db.collection(\"people\");\n\napp.use(bodyparser.urlencoded({extended: true}));\n\napp.get(\"/\", function(req, res){\n people.find().toArray(function(err, docs){\n if(err) \n throw err;\n res.render(\"index.jade\", {people: docs}); \n });\n});\n\napp.post(\"/\", function(req, res){\n people.insert({name: req.body.name, job: req.body.job}, \n function(err, doc){\n if(err)\n throw err;\n res.redirect(\"/\");\n });\n});\n\napp.get(\"/update/:id\", function(req, res){\n people.findOne({_id: new mongo.", "ObjectID(req.params.id)}, \n function(err, doc){\n if(err) \n throw err;\n res.render(\"update.jade\", {person: doc});\n });\n});\n\napp.post(\"/update/:id\", function(req, res){\n people.update({_id: new mongo.", "ObjectID(req.params.id)},\n {\n name: req.body.name,\n job: req.params.job\n }, function(err, item){\n if(err)\n throw err;\n res.rediect(\"/\");\n });\n});\n\napp.get(\"/delete/:id\", function(req, res){\n people.remove({_id:new mongo.", "ObjectID(req.params.id)},\n function(err){\n if(err)\n throw err;\n res.redirect(\"/\");\n });\n});\n\napp.listen(\"3000\", function(){\n console.log(\"Now Listening on port: 3000\");\n});\n\nI have an index.jade file (in the \"/base/views/\" sub-folder):\nform(method=\"POST\")\n p Name:\n input(type=\"text\", name=\"name\")\n\n p Job: \n input(type=\"text\", name=\"job\")\n\n p: button Add\n\nif(typeof(people)!==\"undefined\")\n ul\n each person in people\n li\n h2= person.name+ \" (\"+ person.job+ \")\"\n p\n a(href=\"/update/#{person._id}\") Update\n a(href=\"/delete/#{person._id}\") Delete\n\nelse\n p No People\n\nMy update.jade file (in the \"/base/views/\" sub-folder) is:\nform(method=\"POST\")\n p Name:\n input(type=\"text\", name=\"name\", value=\"#{person.name}\")\n\n p Job: \n input(type=\"text\", name=\"job\", value=\"#{person.job}\")\n\n p: button Update\n\nWhen I do localhost:3000 in the browser, it says \nGET http://localhost:3000/ net::ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED\n\nAny help is much appreciated, thanks a lot!", "\n\nA:\n\nThe error was that I had not opened the database in the program. ", "db.open(function(err, db){....}); is the missing part.", "\nWorking code:\nvar express= require(\"express\"),\nhttp= require(\"http\"),\nbodyparser= require(\"body-parser\"),\nmongo= require(\"mongodb\");\n\nvar app= express(), \ndb= new mongo.", "Db(\"newapp\", new mongo.", "Server(\"localhost\", \"27017\"), \n {safe:true}, {auto_reconnect: true});\n\napp.use(bodyparser.urlencoded({extended: true}));\n\ndb.open(function(err, db){\n if(err)\n console.log(err);\n\n people= db.collection(\"people\");\n\n app.get(\"/\", function(req, res){\n var cursor= people.find();\n cursor.toArray(function(err, docs){\n if(err) \n throw err;\n res.render(\"index.jade\", {people: docs}); \n });\n });\n\n app.post(\"/\", function(req, res){\n people.insert({name: req.body.name, job: req.body.job}, \n function(err, doc){\n if(err)\n throw err;\n res.redirect(\"/\");\n });\n });\n\n app.get(\"/update/:id\", function(req, res){\n people.findOne({_id: new mongo.", "ObjectID(req.params.id)}, \n function(err, doc){\n if(err) \n throw err;\n res.render(\"update.jade\", {person: doc});\n });\n });\n\n app.post(\"/update/:id\", function(req, res){\n people.update({_id: new mongo.", "ObjectID(req.params.id)},{\n name: req.body.name,\n job: req.body.job\n }, function(err, item){\n if(err)\n throw err;\n res.redirect(\"/\");\n });\n });\n\n app.get(\"/delete/:id\", function(req, res){\n people.remove({_id: new mongo.", "ObjectID(req.params.id)},\n function(err){\n if(err)\n throw err;\n res.redirect(\"/\");\n });\n });\n});\n\napp.listen(3000, function(){\n console.log(\"Now Listening on port: 3000\");\n});\n\nThe index.jade (in views folder) is:\nform(method=\"POST\")\n p Name:\n input(type=\"text\", name=\"name\")\n\n p Job: \n input(type=\"text\", name=\"job\")\n\n p: button Add\n\nif(people!==NULL)\n ul\n each person in people\n li\n h2= person.name+ \" (\"+ person.job+ \")\"\n p\n a(href=\"/update/#{person._id}\") Update&nbsp\n a(href=\"/delete/#{person._id}\") Delete\n\nelse\n p No People\n\nThe update.js (in views folder) is:\nform(method=\"POST\")\n p Name:\n input(type=\"text\", name=\"name\", value=\"#{person.name}\")\n\n p Job: \n input(type=\"text\", name=\"job\", value=\"#{person.job}\")\n\n p: button Update\n\n" ]

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[ "Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/serrated adenomas. ", "A distinct form of colorectal neoplasia.", "\nWe present the clinicopathologic characteristics of 110 colorectal mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps (MHAP) that exhibited the architectural but not the cytologic features of a hyperplastic polyp. ", "They are compared with 60 traditional adenomas, 40 hyperplastic polyps, and five colonic polyps that contained admixed but well-defined hyperplastic and adenomatous glands (HP/AD). ", "The patients with MHAP ranged in age from 15 to 88 years (mean, 63 years). ", "Five patients had two or more (up to seven) lesions. ", "MHAP measured 0.2-7.5 cm in diameter. ", "They were distributed throughout the colorectum, but a slight preponderance of large lesions (more than 1.0 cm) occurred in the cecum and appendix. ", "All MHAP were characterized by a serrated glandular pattern simulating that seen in hyperplasia (27% of MHAP were initially diagnosed as hyperplastic polyps). ", "However, MHAP were distinguished by the presence of goblet cell immaturity, upper zone mitoses, prominence of nucleoli, and the absence of a thickened collagen table. ", "Although surface mitotic activity, nuclear pseudostratification, and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio were greater in MHAP than in hyperplastic polyps, they were slightly less than in traditional adenomas. ", "Thirty-seven percent of MHAP contained foci of significant dysplasia; 11% contained areas of intramucosal carcinoma. ", "We conclude that these lesions reflect a morphologically unique variant of adenoma and suggest that they be termed \"serrated adenoma\" in order to emphasize their neoplastic nature. ", "We further offer the hypothesis that MHAP may arise from the neoplastic transformation of a more differentiated cell in the crypt than the traditional adenoma." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to adjust the default width of taglist window in vim\n\nThe default width of taglist window is too narrow for me and sometimes I can't see the whole function name in the window so I'd like to adujct the width of the window. ", "I know use ctr-w > or ctr-w < I can adjust the window manually , but really want to change the default value of the taglisst window. ", "so how I can actually do it ? ", "thansk in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nlet Tlist_WinWidth = somenumber\n\n" ]

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[ "// Copyright 2006 Google Inc.\n//\n// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n//\n// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n// limitations under the License.", "\n\n\n// Known Issues:\n//\n// * Patterns only support repeat.", "\n// * Radial gradient are not implemented. ", "The VML version of these look very\n// different from the canvas one.", "\n// * Clipping paths are not implemented.", "\n// * Coordsize. ", "The width and height attribute have higher priority than the\n// width and height style values which isn't correct.", "\n// * Painting mode isn't implemented.", "\n// * Canvas width/height should is using content-box by default. ", "IE in\n// Quirks mode will draw the canvas using border-box. ", "Either change your\n// doctype to HTML5\n// (http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#the-doctype)\n// or use Box Sizing Behavior from WebFX\n// (http://webfx.eae.net/dhtml/boxsizing/boxsizing.html)\n// * Non uniform scaling does not correctly scale strokes.", "\n// * Filling very large shapes (above 5000 points) is buggy.", "\n// * Optimize. 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", " Only add one style sheet per document\n if (!", "doc.styleSheets['ex_canvas_']) {\n var ss = doc.createStyleSheet();\n ss.owningElement.id = 'ex_canvas_';\n ss.cssText = 'canvas{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;' +\n // default size is 300x150 in Gecko and Opera\n 'text-align:left;width:300px;height:150px}';\n }\n }\n\n // Add namespaces and stylesheet at startup.", "\n addNamespacesAndStylesheet(document);\n\n var G_vmlCanvasManager_ = {\n init: function(opt_doc) {\n if (/MSIE/.test(navigator.userAgent) && !", "window.opera) {\n var doc = opt_doc || document;\n // Create a dummy element so that IE will allow canvas elements to be\n // recognized.", "\n doc.createElement('canvas');\n doc.attachEvent('onreadystatechange', bind(this.init_, this, doc));\n }\n },\n\n init_: function(doc) {\n // find all canvas elements\n var els = doc.getElementsByTagName('canvas');\n for (var i = 0; i < els.length; i++) {\n this.initElement(els[i]);\n }\n },\n\n /**\n * Public initializes a canvas element so that it can be used as canvas\n * element from now on. ", "This is called automatically before the page is\n * loaded but if you are creating elements using createElement you need to\n * make sure this is called on the element.", "\n * @param {HTMLElement} el The canvas element to initialize.", "\n * @return {HTMLElement} the element that was created.", "\n */\n initElement: function(el) {\n if (!", "el.getContext) {\n el.getContext = getContext;\n\n // Add namespaces and stylesheet to document of the element.", "\n addNamespacesAndStylesheet(el.ownerDocument);\n\n // Remove fallback content. ", "There is no way to hide text nodes so we\n // just remove all childNodes. ", "We could hide all elements and remove\n // text nodes but who really cares about the fallback content.", "\n el.innerHTML = '';\n\n // do not use inline function because that will leak memory\n el.attachEvent('onpropertychange', onPropertyChange);\n el.attachEvent('onresize', onResize);\n\n var attrs = el.attributes;\n if (attrs.width && attrs.width.specified) {\n // TODO: use runtimeStyle and coordsize\n // el.getContext().setWidth_(attrs.width.nodeValue);\n el.style.width = attrs.width.nodeValue + 'px';\n } else {\n el.width = el.clientWidth;\n }\n if (attrs.height && attrs.height.specified) {\n // TODO: use runtimeStyle and coordsize\n // el.getContext().setHeight_(attrs.height.nodeValue);\n el.style.height = attrs.height.nodeValue + 'px';\n } else {\n el.height = el.clientHeight;\n }\n //el.getContext().setCoordsize_()\n }\n return el;\n }\n };\n\n function onPropertyChange(e) {\n var el = e.srcElement;\n\n switch (e.propertyName) {\n case 'width':\n el.getContext().clearRect();\n el.style.width = el.attributes.width.nodeValue + 'px';\n // In IE8 this does not trigger onresize.", "\n el.firstChild.style.width = el.clientWidth + 'px';\n break;\n case 'height':\n el.getContext().clearRect();\n el.style.height = el.attributes.height.nodeValue + 'px';\n el.firstChild.style.height = el.clientHeight + 'px';\n break;\n }\n }\n\n function onResize(e) {\n var el = e.srcElement;\n if (el.firstChild) {\n el.firstChild.style.width = el.clientWidth + 'px';\n el.firstChild.style.height = el.clientHeight + 'px';\n }\n }\n\n G_vmlCanvasManager_.init();\n\n // precompute \"00\" to \"FF\"\n var decToHex = [];\n for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++) {\n for (var j = 0; j < 16; j++) {\n decToHex[i * 16 + j] = i.toString(16) + j.toString(16);\n }\n }\n\n function createMatrixIdentity() {\n return [\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]\n ];\n }\n\n function matrixMultiply(m1, m2) {\n var result = createMatrixIdentity();\n\n for (var x = 0; x < 3; x++) {\n for (var y = 0; y < 3; y++) {\n var sum = 0;\n\n for (var z = 0; z < 3; z++) {\n sum += m1[x][z] * m2[z][y];\n }\n\n result[x][y] = sum;\n }\n }\n return result;\n }\n\n function copyState(o1, o2) {\n o2.fillStyle = o1.fillStyle;\n o2.lineCap = o1.lineCap;\n o2.lineJoin = o1.lineJoin;\n o2.lineWidth = o1.lineWidth;\n o2.miterLimit = o1.miterLimit;\n o2.shadowBlur = o1.shadowBlur;\n o2.shadowColor = o1.shadowColor;\n o2.shadowOffsetX = o1.shadowOffsetX;\n o2.shadowOffsetY = o1.shadowOffsetY;\n o2.strokeStyle = o1.strokeStyle;\n o2.globalAlpha = o1.globalAlpha;\n o2.font = o1.font;\n o2.textAlign = o1.textAlign;\n o2.textBaseline = o1.textBaseline;\n o2.arcScaleX_ = o1.arcScaleX_;\n o2.arcScaleY_ = o1.arcScaleY_;\n o2.lineScale_ = o1.lineScale_;\n }\n\n var colorData = {\n aliceblue: '#F0F8FF',\n antiquewhite: '#FAEBD7',\n aquamarine: '#7FFFD4',\n azure: '#F0FFFF',\n beige: '#F5F5DC',\n bisque: '#FFE4C4',\n black: '#000000',\n blanchedalmond: '#FFEBCD',\n blueviolet: '#8A2BE2',\n brown: '#A52A2A',\n burlywood: '#DEB887',\n cadetblue: '#5F9EA0',\n chartreuse: '#7FFF00',\n chocolate: '#D2691E',\n coral: '#FF7F50',\n cornflowerblue: '#6495ED',\n cornsilk: '#FFF8DC',\n crimson: '#DC143C',\n cyan: '#00FFFF',\n darkblue: '#00008B',\n darkcyan: '#008B8B',\n darkgoldenrod: '#B8860B',\n darkgray: '#A9A9A9',\n darkgreen: '#006400',\n darkgrey: '#A9A9A9',\n darkkhaki: '#BDB76B',\n darkmagenta: '#8B008B',\n darkolivegreen: '#556B2F',\n darkorange: '#FF8C00',\n darkorchid: '#9932CC',\n darkred: '#8B0000',\n darksalmon: '#E9967A',\n darkseagreen: '#8FBC8F',\n darkslateblue: '#483D8B',\n darkslategray: '#2F4F4F',\n darkslategrey: '#2F4F4F',\n darkturquoise: '#00CED1',\n darkviolet: '#9400D3',\n deeppink: '#FF1493',\n deepskyblue: '#00BFFF',\n dimgray: '#696969',\n dimgrey: '#696969',\n dodgerblue: '#1E90FF',\n firebrick: '#B22222',\n floralwhite: '#FFFAF0',\n forestgreen: '#228B22',\n gainsboro: '#DCDCDC',\n ghostwhite: '#F8F8FF',\n gold: '#FFD700',\n goldenrod: '#DAA520',\n grey: '#808080',\n greenyellow: '#ADFF2F',\n honeydew: '#F0FFF0',\n hotpink: '#FF69B4',\n indianred: '#CD5C5C',\n indigo: '#4B0082',\n ivory: '#FFFFF0',\n khaki: '#F0E68C',\n lavender: '#E6E6FA',\n lavenderblush: '#FFF0F5',\n lawngreen: '#7CFC00',\n lemonchiffon: '#FFFACD',\n lightblue: '#ADD8E6',\n lightcoral: '#F08080',\n lightcyan: '#E0FFFF',\n lightgoldenrodyellow: '#FAFAD2',\n lightgreen: '#90EE90',\n lightgrey: '#D3D3D3',\n lightpink: '#FFB6C1',\n lightsalmon: '#FFA07A',\n lightseagreen: '#20B2AA',\n lightskyblue: '#87CEFA',\n lightslategray: '#778899',\n lightslategrey: '#778899',\n lightsteelblue: '#B0C4DE',\n lightyellow: '#FFFFE0',\n limegreen: '#32CD32',\n linen: '#FAF0E6',\n magenta: '#FF00FF',\n mediumaquamarine: '#66CDAA',\n mediumblue: '#0000CD',\n mediumorchid: '#BA55D3',\n mediumpurple: '#9370DB',\n mediumseagreen: '#3CB371',\n mediumslateblue: '#7B68EE',\n mediumspringgreen: '#00FA9A',\n mediumturquoise: '#48D1CC',\n mediumvioletred: '#C71585',\n midnightblue: '#191970',\n mintcream: '#F5FFFA',\n mistyrose: '#FFE4E1',\n moccasin: '#FFE4B5',\n navajowhite: '#FFDEAD',\n oldlace: '#FDF5E6',\n olivedrab: '#6B8E23',\n orange: '#FFA500',\n orangered: '#FF4500',\n orchid: '#DA70D6',\n palegoldenrod: '#EEE8AA',\n palegreen: '#98FB98',\n paleturquoise: '#AFEEEE',\n palevioletred: '#DB7093',\n papayawhip: '#FFEFD5',\n peachpuff: '#FFDAB9',\n peru: '#CD853F',\n pink: '#FFC0CB',\n plum: '#DDA0DD',\n powderblue: '#B0E0E6',\n rosybrown: '#BC8F8F',\n royalblue: '#4169E1',\n saddlebrown: '#8B4513',\n salmon: '#FA8072',\n sandybrown: '#F4A460',\n seagreen: '#2E8B57',\n seashell: '#FFF5EE',\n sienna: '#A0522D',\n skyblue: '#87CEEB',\n slateblue: '#6A5ACD',\n slategray: '#708090',\n slategrey: '#708090',\n snow: '#FFFAFA',\n springgreen: '#00FF7F',\n steelblue: '#4682B4',\n tan: '#D2B48C',\n thistle: '#D8BFD8',\n tomato: '#FF6347',\n turquoise: '#40E0D0',\n violet: '#EE82EE',\n wheat: '#F5DEB3',\n whitesmoke: '#F5F5F5',\n yellowgreen: '#9ACD32'\n };\n\n\n function getRgbHslContent(styleString) {\n var start = styleString.indexOf('(', 3);\n var end = styleString.indexOf(')', start + 1);\n var parts = styleString.substring(start + 1, end).split(',');\n // add alpha if needed\n if (parts.length == 4 && styleString.substr(3, 1) == 'a') {\n alpha = Number(parts[3]);\n } else {\n parts[3] = 1;\n }\n return parts;\n }\n\n function percent(s) {\n return parseFloat(s) / 100;\n }\n\n function clamp(v, min, max) {\n return Math.min(max, Math.max(min, v));\n }\n\n function hslToRgb(parts){\n var r, g, b;\n h = parseFloat(parts[0]) / 360 % 360;\n if (h < 0)\n h++;\n s = clamp(percent(parts[1]), 0, 1);\n l = clamp(percent(parts[2]), 0, 1);\n if (s == 0) {\n r = g = b = l; // achromatic\n } else {\n var q = l < 0.5 ? ", "l * (1 + s) : l + s - l * s;\n var p = 2 * l - q;\n r = hueToRgb(p, q, h + 1 / 3);\n g = hueToRgb(p, q, h);\n b = hueToRgb(p, q, h - 1 / 3);\n }\n\n return '#' + decToHex[Math.floor(r * 255)] +\n decToHex[Math.floor(g * 255)] +\n decToHex[Math.floor(b * 255)];\n }\n\n function hueToRgb(m1, m2, h) {\n if (h < 0)\n h++;\n if (h > 1)\n h--;\n\n if (6 * h < 1)\n return m1 + (m2 - m1) * 6 * h;\n else if (2 * h < 1)\n return m2;\n else if (3 * h < 2)\n return m1 + (m2 - m1) * (2 / 3 - h) * 6;\n else\n return m1;\n }\n\n function processStyle(styleString) {\n var str, alpha = 1;\n\n styleString = String(styleString);\n if (styleString.charAt(0) == '#') {\n str = styleString;\n } else if (/^rgb/.test(styleString)) {\n var parts = getRgbHslContent(styleString);\n var str = '#', n;\n for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {\n if (parts[i].indexOf('%') !", "= -1) {\n n = Math.floor(percent(parts[i]) * 255);\n } else {\n n = Number(parts[i]);\n }\n str += decToHex[clamp(n, 0, 255)];\n }\n alpha = parts[3];\n } else if (/^hsl/.test(styleString)) {\n var parts = getRgbHslContent(styleString);\n str = hslToRgb(parts);\n alpha = parts[3];\n } else {\n str = colorData[styleString] || styleString;\n }\n return {color: str, alpha: alpha};\n }\n\n var DEFAULT_STYLE = {\n style: 'normal',\n variant: 'normal',\n weight: 'normal',\n size: 10,\n family: 'sans-serif'\n };\n\n // Internal text style cache\n var fontStyleCache = {};\n\n function processFontStyle(styleString) {\n if (fontStyleCache[styleString]) {\n return fontStyleCache[styleString];\n }\n\n var el = document.createElement('div');\n var style = el.style;\n try {\n style.font = styleString;\n } catch (ex) {\n // Ignore failures to set to invalid font.", "\n }\n\n return fontStyleCache[styleString] = {\n style: style.fontStyle || DEFAULT_STYLE.style,\n variant: style.fontVariant || DEFAULT_STYLE.variant,\n weight: style.fontWeight || DEFAULT_STYLE.weight,\n size: style.fontSize || DEFAULT_STYLE.size,\n family: style.fontFamily || DEFAULT_STYLE.family\n };\n }\n\n function getComputedStyle(style, element) {\n var computedStyle = {};\n\n for (var p in style) {\n computedStyle[p] = style[p];\n }\n\n // Compute the size\n var canvasFontSize = parseFloat(element.currentStyle.fontSize),\n fontSize = parseFloat(style.size);\n\n if (typeof style.size == 'number') {\n computedStyle.size = style.size;\n } else if (style.size.indexOf('px') !", "= -1) {\n computedStyle.size = fontSize;\n } else if (style.size.indexOf('em') !", "= -1) {\n computedStyle.size = canvasFontSize * fontSize;\n } else if(style.size.indexOf('%') !", "= -1) {\n computedStyle.size = (canvasFontSize / 100) * fontSize;\n } else if (style.size.indexOf('pt') !", "= -1) {\n computedStyle.size = fontSize / .75;\n } else {\n computedStyle.size = canvasFontSize;\n }\n\n // Different scaling between normal text and VML text. ", "This was found using\n // trial and error to get the same size as non VML text.", "\n computedStyle.size *= 0.981;\n\n return computedStyle;\n }\n\n function buildStyle(style) {\n return style.style + ' ' + style.variant + ' ' + style.weight + ' ' +\n style.size + 'px ' + style.family;\n }\n\n function processLineCap(lineCap) {\n switch (lineCap) {\n case 'butt':\n return 'flat';\n case 'round':\n return 'round';\n case 'square':\n default:\n return 'square';\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * This class implements CanvasRenderingContext2D interface as described by\n * the WHATWG.", "\n * @param {HTMLElement} surfaceElement The element that the 2D context should\n * be associated with\n */\n function CanvasRenderingContext2D_(surfaceElement) {\n this.m_ = createMatrixIdentity();\n\n this.mStack_ = [];\n this.aStack_ = [];\n this.currentPath_ = [];\n\n // Canvas context properties\n this.strokeStyle = '#000';\n this.fillStyle = '#000';\n\n this.lineWidth = 1;\n this.lineJoin = 'miter';\n this.lineCap = 'butt';\n this.miterLimit = Z * 1;\n this.globalAlpha = 1;\n this.font = '10px sans-serif';\n this.textAlign = 'left';\n this.textBaseline = 'alphabetic';\n this.canvas = surfaceElement;\n\n var el = surfaceElement.ownerDocument.createElement('div');\n el.style.width = surfaceElement.clientWidth + 'px';\n el.style.height = surfaceElement.clientHeight + 'px';\n el.style.overflow = 'hidden';\n el.style.position = 'absolute';\n surfaceElement.appendChild(el);\n\n this.element_ = el;\n this.arcScaleX_ = 1;\n this.arcScaleY_ = 1;\n this.lineScale_ = 1;\n }\n\n var contextPrototype = CanvasRenderingContext2D_.prototype;\n contextPrototype.clearRect = function() {\n if (this.textMeasureEl_) {\n this.textMeasureEl_.removeNode(true);\n this.textMeasureEl_ = null;\n }\n this.element_.innerHTML = '';\n };\n\n contextPrototype.beginPath = function() {\n // TODO: Branch current matrix so that save/restore has no effect\n // as per safari docs.", "\n this.currentPath_ = [];\n };\n\n contextPrototype.moveTo = function(aX, aY) {\n var p = this.getCoords_(aX, aY);\n this.currentPath_.push({type: 'moveTo', x: p.x, y: p.y});\n this.currentX_ = p.x;\n this.currentY_ = p.y;\n };\n\n contextPrototype.lineTo = function(aX, aY) {\n var p = this.getCoords_(aX, aY);\n this.currentPath_.push({type: 'lineTo', x: p.x, y: p.y});\n\n this.currentX_ = p.x;\n this.currentY_ = p.y;\n };\n\n contextPrototype.bezierCurveTo = function(aCP1x, aCP1y,\n aCP2x, aCP2y,\n aX, aY) {\n var p = this.getCoords_(aX, aY);\n var cp1 = this.getCoords_(aCP1x, aCP1y);\n var cp2 = this.getCoords_(aCP2x, aCP2y);\n bezierCurveTo(this, cp1, cp2, p);\n };\n\n // Helper function that takes the already fixed cordinates.", "\n function bezierCurveTo(self, cp1, cp2, p) {\n self.currentPath_.push({\n type: 'bezierCurveTo',\n cp1x: cp1.x,\n cp1y: cp1.y,\n cp2x: cp2.x,\n cp2y: cp2.y,\n x: p.x,\n y: p.y\n });\n self.currentX_ = p.x;\n self.currentY_ = p.y;\n }\n\n contextPrototype.quadraticCurveTo = function(aCPx, aCPy, aX, aY) {\n // the following is lifted almost directly from\n // http://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Canvas_tutorial:Drawing_shapes\n\n var cp = this.getCoords_(aCPx, aCPy);\n var p = this.getCoords_(aX, aY);\n\n var cp1 = {\n x: this.currentX_ + 2.0 / 3.0 * (cp.x - this.currentX_),\n y: this.currentY_ + 2.0 / 3.0 * (cp.y - this.currentY_)\n };\n var cp2 = {\n x: cp1.x + (p.x - this.currentX_) / 3.0,\n y: cp1.y + (p.y - this.currentY_) / 3.0\n };\n\n bezierCurveTo(this, cp1, cp2, p);\n };\n\n contextPrototype.arc = function(aX, aY, aRadius,\n aStartAngle, aEndAngle, aClockwise) {\n aRadius *= Z;\n var arcType = aClockwise ? '", "at' : 'wa';\n\n var xStart = aX + mc(aStartAngle) * aRadius - Z2;\n var yStart = aY + ms(aStartAngle) * aRadius - Z2;\n\n var xEnd = aX + mc(aEndAngle) * aRadius - Z2;\n var yEnd = aY + ms(aEndAngle) * aRadius - Z2;\n\n // IE won't render arches drawn counter clockwise if xStart == xEnd.", "\n if (xStart == xEnd && !", "aClockwise) {\n xStart += 0.125; // Offset xStart by 1/80 of a pixel. ", "Use something\n // that can be represented in binary\n }\n\n var p = this.getCoords_(aX, aY);\n var pStart = this.getCoords_(xStart, yStart);\n var pEnd = this.getCoords_(xEnd, yEnd);\n\n this.currentPath_.push({type: arcType,\n x: p.x,\n y: p.y,\n radius: aRadius,\n xStart: pStart.x,\n yStart: pStart.y,\n xEnd: pEnd.x,\n yEnd: pEnd.y});\n\n };\n\n contextPrototype.rect = function(aX, aY, aWidth, aHeight) {\n this.moveTo(aX, aY);\n this.lineTo(aX + aWidth, aY);\n this.lineTo(aX + aWidth, aY + aHeight);\n this.lineTo(aX, aY + aHeight);\n this.closePath();\n };\n\n contextPrototype.strokeRect = function(aX, aY, aWidth, aHeight) {\n var oldPath = this.currentPath_;\n this.beginPath();\n\n this.moveTo(aX, aY);\n this.lineTo(aX + aWidth, aY);\n this.lineTo(aX + aWidth, aY + aHeight);\n this.lineTo(aX, aY + aHeight);\n this.closePath();\n this.stroke();\n\n this.currentPath_ = oldPath;\n };\n\n contextPrototype.fillRect = function(aX, aY, aWidth, aHeight) {\n var oldPath = this.currentPath_;\n this.beginPath();\n\n this.moveTo(aX, aY);\n this.lineTo(aX + aWidth, aY);\n this.lineTo(aX + aWidth, aY + aHeight);\n this.lineTo(aX, aY + aHeight);\n this.closePath();\n this.fill();\n\n this.currentPath_ = oldPath;\n };\n\n contextPrototype.createLinearGradient = function(aX0, aY0, aX1, aY1) {\n var gradient = new CanvasGradient_('gradient');\n gradient.x0_ = aX0;\n gradient.y0_ = aY0;\n gradient.x1_ = aX1;\n gradient.y1_ = aY1;\n return gradient;\n };\n\n contextPrototype.createRadialGradient = function(aX0, aY0, aR0,\n aX1, aY1, aR1) {\n var gradient = new CanvasGradient_('gradientradial');\n gradient.x0_ = aX0;\n gradient.y0_ = aY0;\n gradient.r0_ = aR0;\n gradient.x1_ = aX1;\n gradient.y1_ = aY1;\n gradient.r1_ = aR1;\n return gradient;\n };\n\n contextPrototype.drawImage = function(image, var_args) {\n var dx, dy, dw, dh, sx, sy, sw, sh;\n\n // to find the original width we overide the width and height\n var oldRuntimeWidth = image.runtimeStyle.width;\n var oldRuntimeHeight = image.runtimeStyle.height;\n image.runtimeStyle.width = 'auto';\n image.runtimeStyle.height = 'auto';\n\n // get the original size\n var w = image.width;\n var h = image.height;\n\n // and remove overides\n image.runtimeStyle.width = oldRuntimeWidth;\n image.runtimeStyle.height = oldRuntimeHeight;\n\n if (arguments.length == 3) {\n dx = arguments[1];\n dy = arguments[2];\n sx = sy = 0;\n sw = dw = w;\n sh = dh = h;\n } else if (arguments.length == 5) {\n dx = arguments[1];\n dy = arguments[2];\n dw = arguments[3];\n dh = arguments[4];\n sx = sy = 0;\n sw = w;\n sh = h;\n } else if (arguments.length == 9) {\n sx = arguments[1];\n sy = arguments[2];\n sw = arguments[3];\n sh = arguments[4];\n dx = arguments[5];\n dy = arguments[6];\n dw = arguments[7];\n dh = arguments[8];\n } else {\n throw Error('Invalid number of arguments');\n }\n\n var d = this.getCoords_(dx, dy);\n\n var w2 = sw / 2;\n var h2 = sh / 2;\n\n var vmlStr = [];\n\n var W = 10;\n var H = 10;\n\n // For some reason that I've now forgotten, using divs didn't work\n vmlStr.push(' <g_vml_:group',\n ' coordsize=\"', Z * W, ',', Z * H, '\"',\n ' coordorigin=\"0,0\"' ,\n ' style=\"width:', W, 'px;height:', H, 'px;position:absolute;');\n\n // If filters are necessary (rotation exists), create them\n // filters are bog-slow, so only create them if abbsolutely necessary\n // The following check doesn't account for skews (which don't exist\n // in the canvas spec (yet) anyway.", "\n\n if (this.m_[0][0] !", "= 1 || this.m_[0][1] ||\n this.m_[1][1] !", "= 1 || this.m_[1][0]) {\n var filter = [];\n\n // Note the 12/21 reversal\n filter.push('M11=', this.m_[0][0], ',',\n 'M12=', this.m_[1][0], ',',\n 'M21=', this.m_[0][1], ',',\n 'M22=', this.m_[1][1], ',',\n 'Dx=', mr(d.x / Z), ',',\n 'Dy=', mr(d.y / Z), '');\n\n // Bounding box calculation (need to minimize displayed area so that\n // filters don't waste time on unused pixels.", "\n var max = d;\n var c2 = this.getCoords_(dx + dw, dy);\n var c3 = this.getCoords_(dx, dy + dh);\n var c4 = this.getCoords_(dx + dw, dy + dh);\n\n max.x = m.max(max.x, c2.x, c3.x, c4.x);\n max.y = m.max(max.y, c2.y, c3.y, c4.y);\n\n vmlStr.push('padding:0 ', mr(max.x / Z), 'px ', mr(max.y / Z),\n 'px 0;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.", "Microsoft.", "Matrix(',\n filter.join(''), \", sizingmethod='clip');\");\n\n } else {\n vmlStr.push('top:', mr(d.y / Z), 'px;left:', mr(d.x / Z), 'px;');\n }\n\n vmlStr.push(' \">' ,\n '<g_vml_:image src=\"', image.src, '\"',\n ' style=\"width:', Z * dw, 'px;',\n ' height:', Z * dh, 'px\"',\n ' cropleft=\"', sx / w, '\"',\n ' croptop=\"', sy / h, '\"',\n ' cropright=\"', (w - sx - sw) / w, '\"',\n ' cropbottom=\"', (h - sy - sh) / h, '\"',\n ' />',\n '</g_vml_:group>');\n\n this.element_.insertAdjacentHTML('BeforeEnd', vmlStr.join(''));\n };\n\n contextPrototype.stroke = function(aFill) {\n var W = 10;\n var H = 10;\n // Divide the shape into chunks if it's too long because IE has a limit\n // somewhere for how long a VML shape can be. ", "This simple division does\n // not work with fills, only strokes, unfortunately.", "\n var chunkSize = 5000;\n\n var min = {x: null, y: null};\n var max = {x: null, y: null};\n\n for (var j = 0; j < this.currentPath_.length; j += chunkSize) {\n var lineStr = [];\n var lineOpen = false;\n\n lineStr.push('<g_vml_:shape',\n ' filled=\"', !!", "aFill, '\"',\n ' style=\"position:absolute;width:', W, 'px;height:', H, 'px;\"',\n ' coordorigin=\"0,0\"',\n ' coordsize=\"', Z * W, ',', Z * H, '\"',\n ' stroked=\"', !", "aFill, '\"',\n ' path=\"');\n\n var newSeq = false;\n\n for (var i = j; i < Math.min(j + chunkSize, this.currentPath_.length); i++) {\n if (i % chunkSize == 0 && i > 0) { // move into position for next chunk\n lineStr.push(' m ', mr(this.currentPath_[i-1].x), ',', mr(this.currentPath_[i-1].y));\n }\n\n var p = this.currentPath_[i];\n var c;\n\n switch (p.type) {\n case 'moveTo':\n c = p;\n lineStr.push(' m ', mr(p.x), ',', mr(p.y));\n break;\n case 'lineTo':\n lineStr.push(' l ', mr(p.x), ',', mr(p.y));\n break;\n case 'close':\n lineStr.push(' x ');\n p = null;\n break;\n case 'bezierCurveTo':\n lineStr.push(' c ',\n mr(p.cp1x), ',', mr(p.cp1y), ',',\n mr(p.cp2x), ',', mr(p.cp2y), ',',\n mr(p.x), ',', mr(p.y));\n break;\n case 'at':\n case 'wa':\n lineStr.push(' ', p.type, ' ',\n mr(p.x - this.arcScaleX_ * p.radius), ',',\n mr(p.y - this.arcScaleY_ * p.radius), ' ',\n mr(p.x + this.arcScaleX_ * p.radius), ',',\n mr(p.y + this.arcScaleY_ * p.radius), ' ',\n mr(p.xStart), ',', mr(p.yStart), ' ',\n mr(p.xEnd), ',', mr(p.yEnd));\n break;\n }\n \n \n // TODO: Following is broken for curves due to\n // move to proper paths.", "\n \n // Figure out dimensions so we can do gradient fills\n // properly\n if (p) {\n if (min.x == null || p.x < min.x) {\n min.x = p.x;\n }\n if (max.x == null || p.x > max.x) {\n max.x = p.x;\n }\n if (min.y == null || p.y < min.y) {\n min.y = p.y;\n }\n if (max.y == null || p.y > max.y) {\n max.y = p.y;\n }\n }\n }\n lineStr.push(' \">');\n \n if (!", "aFill) {\n appendStroke(this, lineStr);\n } else {\n appendFill(this, lineStr, min, max);\n }\n \n lineStr.push('</g_vml_:shape>');\n \n this.element_.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeEnd', lineStr.join(''));\n }\n };\n\n function appendStroke(ctx, lineStr) {\n var a = processStyle(ctx.strokeStyle);\n var color = a.color;\n var opacity = a.alpha * ctx.globalAlpha;\n var lineWidth = ctx.lineScale_ * ctx.lineWidth;\n\n // VML cannot correctly render a line if the width is less than 1px.", "\n // In that case, we dilute the color to make the line look thinner.", "\n if (lineWidth < 1) {\n opacity *= lineWidth;\n }\n\n lineStr.push(\n '<g_vml_:stroke',\n ' opacity=\"', opacity, '\"',\n ' joinstyle=\"', ctx.lineJoin, '\"',\n ' miterlimit=\"', ctx.miterLimit, '\"',\n ' endcap=\"', processLineCap(ctx.lineCap), '\"',\n ' weight=\"', lineWidth, 'px\"',\n ' color=\"', color, '\" />'\n );\n }\n\n function appendFill(ctx, lineStr, min, max) {\n var fillStyle = ctx.fillStyle;\n var arcScaleX = ctx.arcScaleX_;\n var arcScaleY = ctx.arcScaleY_;\n var width = max.x - min.x;\n var height = max.y - min.y;\n if (fillStyle instanceof CanvasGradient_) {\n // TODO: Gradients transformed with the transformation matrix.", "\n var angle = 0;\n var focus = {x: 0, y: 0};\n\n // additional offset\n var shift = 0;\n // scale factor for offset\n var expansion = 1;\n\n if (fillStyle.type_ == 'gradient') {\n var x0 = fillStyle.x0_ / arcScaleX;\n var y0 = fillStyle.y0_ / arcScaleY;\n var x1 = fillStyle.x1_ / arcScaleX;\n var y1 = fillStyle.y1_ / arcScaleY;\n var p0 = ctx.getCoords_(x0, y0);\n var p1 = ctx.getCoords_(x1, y1);\n var dx = p1.x - p0.x;\n var dy = p1.y - p0.y;\n angle = Math.atan2(dx, dy) * 180 / Math.", "PI;\n\n // The angle should be a non-negative number.", "\n if (angle < 0) {\n angle += 360;\n }\n\n // Very small angles produce an unexpected result because they are\n // converted to a scientific notation string.", "\n if (angle < 1e-6) {\n angle = 0;\n }\n } else {\n var p0 = ctx.getCoords_(fillStyle.x0_, fillStyle.y0_);\n focus = {\n x: (p0.x - min.x) / width,\n y: (p0.y - min.y) / height\n };\n\n width /= arcScaleX * Z;\n height /= arcScaleY * Z;\n var dimension = m.max(width, height);\n shift = 2 * fillStyle.r0_ / dimension;\n expansion = 2 * fillStyle.r1_ / dimension - shift;\n }\n\n // We need to sort the color stops in ascending order by offset,\n // otherwise IE won't interpret it correctly.", "\n var stops = fillStyle.colors_;\n stops.sort(function(cs1, cs2) {\n return cs1.offset - cs2.offset;\n });\n\n var length = stops.length;\n var color1 = stops[0].color;\n var color2 = stops[length - 1].color;\n var opacity1 = stops[0].alpha * ctx.globalAlpha;\n var opacity2 = stops[length - 1].alpha * ctx.globalAlpha;\n\n var colors = [];\n for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {\n var stop = stops[i];\n colors.push(stop.offset * expansion + shift + ' ' + stop.color);\n }\n\n // When colors attribute is used, the meanings of opacity and o:opacity2\n // are reversed.", "\n lineStr.push('<g_vml_:fill type=\"', fillStyle.type_, '\"',\n ' method=\"none\" focus=\"100%\"',\n ' color=\"', color1, '\"',\n ' color2=\"', color2, '\"',\n ' colors=\"', colors.join(','), '\"',\n ' opacity=\"', opacity2, '\"',\n ' g_o_:opacity2=\"', opacity1, '\"',\n ' angle=\"', angle, '\"',\n ' focusposition=\"', focus.x, ',', focus.y, '\" />');\n } else if (fillStyle instanceof CanvasPattern_) {\n if (width && height) {\n var deltaLeft = -min.x;\n var deltaTop = -min.y;\n lineStr.push('<g_vml_:fill',\n ' position=\"',\n deltaLeft / width * arcScaleX * arcScaleX, ',',\n deltaTop / height * arcScaleY * arcScaleY, '\"',\n ' type=\"tile\"',\n // TODO: Figure out the correct size to fit the scale.", "\n //' size=\"', w, 'px ', h, 'px\"',\n ' src=\"', fillStyle.src_, '\" />');\n }\n } else {\n var a = processStyle(ctx.fillStyle);\n var color = a.color;\n var opacity = a.alpha * ctx.globalAlpha;\n lineStr.push('<g_vml_:fill color=\"', color, '\" opacity=\"', opacity,\n '\" />');\n }\n }\n\n contextPrototype.fill = function() {\n this.stroke(true);\n };\n\n contextPrototype.closePath = function() {\n this.currentPath_.push({type: 'close'});\n };\n\n /**\n * @private\n */\n contextPrototype.getCoords_ = function(aX, aY) {\n var m = this.m_;\n return {\n x: Z * (aX * m[0][0] + aY * m[1][0] + m[2][0]) - Z2,\n y: Z * (aX * m[0][1] + aY * m[1][1] + m[2][1]) - Z2\n };\n };\n\n contextPrototype.save = function() {\n var o = {};\n copyState(this, o);\n this.aStack_.push(o);\n this.mStack_.push(this.m_);\n this.m_ = matrixMultiply(createMatrixIdentity(), this.m_);\n };\n\n contextPrototype.restore = function() {\n if (this.aStack_.length) {\n copyState(this.aStack_.pop(), this);\n this.m_ = this.mStack_.pop();\n }\n };\n\n function matrixIsFinite(m) {\n return isFinite(m[0][0]) && isFinite(m[0][1]) &&\n isFinite(m[1][0]) && isFinite(m[1][1]) &&\n isFinite(m[2][0]) && isFinite(m[2][1]);\n }\n\n function setM(ctx, m, updateLineScale) {\n if (!", "matrixIsFinite(m)) {\n return;\n }\n ctx.m_ = m;\n\n if (updateLineScale) {\n // Get the line scale.", "\n // Determinant of this.m_ means how much the area is enlarged by the\n // transformation. ", "So its square root can be used as a scale factor\n // for width.", "\n var det = m[0][0] * m[1][1] - m[0][1] * m[1][0];\n ctx.lineScale_ = sqrt(abs(det));\n }\n }\n\n contextPrototype.translate = function(aX, aY) {\n var m1 = [\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [aX, aY, 1]\n ];\n\n setM(this, matrixMultiply(m1, this.m_), false);\n };\n\n contextPrototype.rotate = function(aRot) {\n var c = mc(aRot);\n var s = ms(aRot);\n\n var m1 = [\n [c, s, 0],\n [-s, c, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]\n ];\n\n setM(this, matrixMultiply(m1, this.m_), false);\n };\n\n contextPrototype.scale = function(aX, aY) {\n this.arcScaleX_ *= aX;\n this.arcScaleY_ *= aY;\n var m1 = [\n [aX, 0, 0],\n [0, aY, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]\n ];\n\n setM(this, matrixMultiply(m1, this.m_), true);\n };\n\n contextPrototype.transform = function(m11, m12, m21, m22, dx, dy) {\n var m1 = [\n [m11, m12, 0],\n [m21, m22, 0],\n [dx, dy, 1]\n ];\n\n setM(this, matrixMultiply(m1, this.m_), true);\n };\n\n contextPrototype.setTransform = function(m11, m12, m21, m22, dx, dy) {\n var m = [\n [m11, m12, 0],\n [m21, m22, 0],\n [dx, dy, 1]\n ];\n\n setM(this, m, true);\n };\n\n /**\n * The text drawing function.", "\n * The maxWidth argument isn't taken in account, since no browser supports\n * it yet.", "\n */\n contextPrototype.drawText_ = function(text, x, y, maxWidth, stroke) {\n var m = this.m_,\n delta = 1000,\n left = 0,\n right = delta,\n offset = {x: 0, y: 0},\n lineStr = [];\n\n var fontStyle = getComputedStyle(processFontStyle(this.font),\n this.element_);\n\n var fontStyleString = buildStyle(fontStyle);\n\n var elementStyle = this.element_.currentStyle;\n var textAlign = this.textAlign.toLowerCase();\n switch (textAlign) {\n case 'left':\n case 'center':\n case 'right':\n break;\n case 'end':\n textAlign = elementStyle.direction == 'ltr' ? '", "right' : 'left';\n break;\n case 'start':\n textAlign = elementStyle.direction == 'rtl' ? '", "right' : 'left';\n break;\n default:\n textAlign = 'left';\n }\n\n // 1.75 is an arbitrary number, as there is no info about the text baseline\n switch (this.textBaseline) {\n case 'hanging':\n case 'top':\n offset.y = fontStyle.size / 1.75;\n break;\n case 'middle':\n break;\n default:\n case null:\n case 'alphabetic':\n case 'ideographic':\n case 'bottom':\n offset.y = -fontStyle.size / 2.25;\n break;\n }\n\n switch(textAlign) {\n case 'right':\n left = delta;\n right = 0.05;\n break;\n case 'center':\n left = right = delta / 2;\n break;\n }\n\n var d = this.getCoords_(x + offset.x, y + offset.y);\n\n lineStr.push('<g_vml_:line from=\"', -left ,' 0\" to=\"', right ,' 0.05\" ',\n ' coordsize=\"100 100\" coordorigin=\"0 0\"',\n ' filled=\"', !", "stroke, '\" stroked=\"', !!", "stroke,\n '\" style=\"position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;\">');\n\n if (stroke) {\n appendStroke(this, lineStr);\n } else {\n // TODO: Fix the min and max params.", "\n appendFill(this, lineStr, {x: -left, y: 0},\n {x: right, y: fontStyle.size});\n }\n\n var skewM = m[0][0].toFixed(3) + ',' + m[1][0].toFixed(3) + ',' +\n m[0][1].toFixed(3) + ',' + m[1][1].toFixed(3) + ',0,0';\n\n var skewOffset = mr(d.x / Z) + ',' + mr(d.y / Z);\n\n lineStr.push('<g_vml_:skew on=\"t\" matrix=\"', skewM ,'\" ',\n ' offset=\"', skewOffset, '\" origin=\"', left ,' 0\" />',\n '<g_vml_:path textpathok=\"true\" />',\n '<g_vml_:textpath on=\"true\" string=\"',\n encodeHtmlAttribute(text),\n '\" style=\"v-text-align:', textAlign,\n ';font:', encodeHtmlAttribute(fontStyleString),\n '\" /></g_vml_:line>');\n\n this.element_.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeEnd', lineStr.join(''));\n };\n\n contextPrototype.fillText = function(text, x, y, maxWidth) {\n this.drawText_(text, x, y, maxWidth, false);\n };\n\n contextPrototype.strokeText = function(text, x, y, maxWidth) {\n this.drawText_(text, x, y, maxWidth, true);\n };\n\n contextPrototype.measureText = function(text) {\n if (!", "this.textMeasureEl_) {\n var s = '<span style=\"position:absolute;' +\n 'top:-20000px;left:0;padding:0;margin:0;border:none;' +\n 'white-space:pre;\"></span>';\n this.element_.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeEnd', s);\n this.textMeasureEl_ = this.element_.lastChild;\n }\n var doc = this.element_.ownerDocument;\n this.textMeasureEl_.innerHTML = '';\n this.textMeasureEl_.style.font = this.font;\n // Don't use innerHTML or innerText because they allow markup/whitespace.", "\n this.textMeasureEl_.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(text));\n return {width: this.textMeasureEl_.offsetWidth};\n };\n\n /******** STUBS ********/\n contextPrototype.clip = function() {\n // TODO: Implement\n };\n\n contextPrototype.arcTo = function() {\n // TODO: Implement\n };\n\n contextPrototype.createPattern = function(image, repetition) {\n return new CanvasPattern_(image, repetition);\n };\n\n // Gradient / Pattern Stubs\n function CanvasGradient_(aType) {\n this.type_ = aType;\n this.x0_ = 0;\n this.y0_ = 0;\n this.r0_ = 0;\n this.x1_ = 0;\n this.y1_ = 0;\n this.r1_ = 0;\n this.colors_ = [];\n }\n\n CanvasGradient_.prototype.addColorStop = function(aOffset, aColor) {\n aColor = processStyle(aColor);\n this.colors_.push({offset: aOffset,\n color: aColor.color,\n alpha: aColor.alpha});\n };\n\n function CanvasPattern_(image, repetition) {\n assertImageIsValid(image);\n switch (repetition) {\n case 'repeat':\n case null:\n case '':\n this.repetition_ = 'repeat';\n break\n case 'repeat-x':\n case 'repeat-y':\n case 'no-repeat':\n this.repetition_ = repetition;\n break;\n default:\n throwException('SYNTAX_ERR');\n }\n\n this.src_ = image.src;\n this.width_ = image.width;\n this.height_ = image.height;\n }\n\n function throwException(s) {\n throw new DOMException_(s);\n }\n\n function assertImageIsValid(img) {\n if (!", "img || img.nodeType !", "= 1 || img.tagName !", "= 'IMG') {\n throwException('TYPE_MISMATCH_ERR');\n }\n if (img.readyState !", "= 'complete') {\n throwException('INVALID_STATE_ERR');\n }\n }\n\n function DOMException_(s) {\n this.code = this[s];\n this.message = s +': DOM Exception ' + this.code;\n }\n var p = DOMException_.prototype = new Error;\n p.INDEX_SIZE_ERR = 1;\n p.DOMSTRING_SIZE_ERR = 2;\n p.HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR = 3;\n p.WRONG_DOCUMENT_ERR = 4;\n p.INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR = 5;\n p.NO_DATA_ALLOWED_ERR = 6;\n p.NO_MODIFICATION_ALLOWED_ERR = 7;\n p.NOT_FOUND_ERR = 8;\n p.NOT_SUPPORTED_ERR = 9;\n p.INUSE_ATTRIBUTE_ERR = 10;\n p.INVALID_STATE_ERR = 11;\n p.SYNTAX_ERR = 12;\n p.INVALID_MODIFICATION_ERR = 13;\n p.NAMESPACE_ERR = 14;\n p.INVALID_ACCESS_ERR = 15;\n p.VALIDATION_ERR = 16;\n p.TYPE_MISMATCH_ERR = 17;\n\n // set up externs\n G_vmlCanvasManager = G_vmlCanvasManager_;\n CanvasRenderingContext2D = CanvasRenderingContext2D_;\n CanvasGradient = CanvasGradient_;\n CanvasPattern = CanvasPattern_;\n DOMException = DOMException_;\n})();\n\n} // if\n" ]

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[ "/*\n *\tMetaCall SWIG Wrapper by Parra Studios\n *\tA complete infrastructure for supporting multiple language bindings in MetaCall.", "\n *\n *\tCopyright (C) 2016 - 2020 Vicente Eduardo Ferrer Garcia <vic798@gmail.com>\n *\n *\tLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n *\tyou may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n *\tYou may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n *\t\thttp://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n *\tUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n *\tdistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n *\tWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n *\tSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n *\tlimitations under the License.", "\n *\n */\n\n#ifndef METACALL_SWIG_WRAPPER_RB_PORT_I\n#define METACALL_SWIG_WRAPPER_RB_PORT_I 1\n\n/* -- Headers -- */\n\n#if defined(SWIG) && defined(SWIGRUBY)\n\n\t#if (!", "defined(NDEBUG) || defined(DEBUG) || defined(_DEBUG) || defined(__DEBUG) || defined(__DEBUG__))\n\t\t%module rb_portd\n\t#else\n\t\t%module rb_port\n\t#endif\n\n\t%{\n\t\t#include <rb_port/rb_port.h>\n\n\t\t#include <metacall/metacall_api.h>\n\t\t#include <metacall/metacall.h>\n\t\t#include <metacall/metacall_value.h>\n\n\t\t#include <ruby.h>\n\t%}\n\n\t%include <rb_port/rb_port.h>\n\n\t%init\n\t%{\n\t\tmetacall_initialize();\n\t%}\n\n\t%import <rb_port/rb_port_impl.i>\n\n\t%include <metacall/metacall_api.h>\n\n\t#ifdef METACALL_API\n\t#\tundef METACALL_API\n\t#\tdefine METACALL_API\n\t#endif\n\n\t%include <metacall/metacall.h>\n\n#endif /* SWIG && SWIGRUBY */\n\n#endif /* METACALL_SWIG_WRAPPER_RB_PORT_I */\n" ]

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[ "Am 22. ", "Februar 1924, dem Geburtstag August Bebels, beschloss in Magdeburg eine Delegiertenkonferenz unter Leitung des Oberpräsidenten der preußischen Provinz Sachsen, Otto Hörsing, die Gründung einer Republikschutzorganisation. ", "Sie fasste bereits bestehende sozialdemokratische und demokratische Schutzformationen wie die „Vereinigung Republik“ in Schleswig-Holstein und in Hamburg, den „Sozialdemokratischen Ordnungsdienst“ in Hessen-Kassel, die „Republikanische Notwehr“ in Magdeburg- Halle, die „Republikanischen Frontkämpferbünde“ der Lausitz, den „Neuen Stahlhelm, Bund republikanischer Frontkämpfer“ in Schlesien, die „Republikanischen Frontkämpferbünde“ Ostpreußens, die Organisation „Schwabenland“ in Württemberg u.a.m. ", "zusammen und vereinigte damit rund 500.000 Mann unter ihre Fahne.", "\n\nDer Gründungsappell richtete sich betont staatstragend an „Kriegsteilnehmer, Republikaner!“ ", "und geißelte all jene Kräfte, die immer wieder das republikanische Staatsgebäude unterminierten, deren Repräsentanten mit Mord bedrohten und in wüster Demagogie schamlosen Missbrauch mit den Begriffen „Vaterland“ und „Nation“ trieben. ", "Gegen diese Feinde die deutsche Republik zu schützen, erklärte das Reichsbanner als sein einziges Ziel. ", "Ausdrücklich wurde die seit dem verlorenen Krieg massiv anschwellende Hetze gegen die jüdischen Mitbürger gegeißelt, die nur von eigener Schuld ablenke, gefährliche Ziele verdecke und dem Ansehen Deutschlands schade. ", "Davon ausgehend, dass die Republik nur durch Republikaner zu Macht und Ansehen gebracht werden könne, wurde die Besetzung aller wichtigen Ämter in Justiz, Polizei, Reichswehr, Verwaltung und Schule mit überzeugten Republikanern verlangt.", "\n\nMit dem Namenszusatz „Bund der republikanischen Kriegsteilnehmer“ wurde all jenen Soldaten des Ersten Weltkrieges eine Heimstatt geboten, die – im Gegensatz zu den rechten Wehrverbänden, allen voran der bereits im November 1918 in Magdeburg gegründete „Stahlhelm Bund der Frontsoldaten“ – auf dem Boden der Weimarer Republik standen. ", "In der von Kriegserfahrungen und dem Trauma der Niederlage geprägten Nachkriegsgesellschaft hatte eine republikanische Vereinigung, die den Einsatz der Frontsoldaten würdigte, einen besonderen Stellenwert." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan't get Select box value in IE using JavaScript\n\nI'm trying to get the value of a select box using JavaScript. ", "This works in Firefox, Chrome and IE9 but not IE6,7,8. ", "It works if i use jQuery's val(), but i'm trying to get the value using vanilla JavaScript. ", "Why is this not working'.", "\n$('#get').click(function() {\n var x = document.getElementById('bbb').value;//works if i do $('#bbb').val()\n alert(x)\n})\n\nCheck http://jsfiddle.net/s7YAN/25/\n\nA:\n\nLooking at the jQuery source code, you notice that for .val(), they get the value of <select /> elements by getting the value of the selected <option /> element. ", "The code for the <option /> value-getter is as follows:\nfunction( elem ) {\n // attributes.value is undefined in Blackberry 4.7 but\n // uses .value. ", "See #6932\n var val = elem.attributes.value;\n return !", "val || val.specified ? ", "elem.value : elem.text;\n}\n\nSo the key is that they get the option element's text property if the value one is not truthy. ", "This is key because in your example, the <option /> elements don't have a value attribute. ", "So if your options were\n<option value=\"xyz\">xyz</option>\n<option value=\"abcdx\">abcdx</option>\n\nit would work. ", "It works in other browsers, even without the value attribute, because the spec says that the value property should default to the same as the textContent property. ", "But IE didn't implement that aspect of the spec until version 9, and only filled the value property from the value attribute.", "\nTo make your code work like you expect, without changing the markup, you should do it as in my revised version of your jsFiddle:\n$('#get').click(function() {\n var bbbEl = document.getElementById('bbb');\n var selectedOptionEl = bbbEl.options[bbbEl.selectedIndex];\n var x = selectedOptionEl.value || selectedOptionEl.text;\n alert(x);\n});\n\n(Note that you shouldn't use textContent, like the spec says, because IE6 at the very least didn't implement textContent at all, just text. ", "So you might have a mismatch, if you rely on the difference between them, viz. ", "that text is \"Same as textContent, except that spaces are collapsed.\")", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I detect the day of the week and the time, and then display data in a tableview based on the current day and time?", "\n\nI have a list of data that is a schedule. ", " Each item has a time that it takes place in. ", " I want to detect the current day and time and then display what items are available during that time. ", " All I really know is how to get todays date and time and that I need to create a method to look in my data at what is currently \"playing\". ", " Any suggestions?", "\n\nA:\n\nBy assuming that your schedule items are stored in an NSArray called scheduleItems and that these items have a date property, you could filter them with a predicate:\nNSPredicate *predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@\"date == %@\", \n [NSDate date]];\nNSArray *todaysItems = [scheduleItems filteredArrayUsingPredicate:predicate];\n\nThe problem is that this will give you every item where its date is exactly now. ", " You probably want to compare the date in a range:\nNSDate *today = ...;\nNSDate *tomorrow = ...;\nNSPredicate *predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@\"date BETWEEN %@\",\n [NSArray arrayWithObjects:today, tomorrow,nil]];\nNSArray *todaysItems = [scheduleItems fileteredArrayUsingPredicate:predicate];\n\nNote: this is not tested.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\n128 S.Ct. ", "989 (2008)\nG. Steven ROWE, Attorney General of Maine, Petitioner,\nv.\nNEW HAMPSHIRE MOTOR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION et al.", "\nNo. ", "06-457.", "\nSupreme Court of United States.", "\nArgued November 28, 2007.", "\nDecided February 20, 2008.", "\n*993 Paul Stern, Augusta, ME, for petitioner.", "\nBeth S. Brinkmann, Washington, DC, for respondents.", "\nDouglas Hallward-Driemeier, for United States as amicus curiae, by special leave of the Court, supporting the respondents.", "\nG. Steven Rowe, Attorney General, Paul Stern, Deputy Attorney General, Counsel of Record, Melissa Reynolds O'Dea, Christopher C. Taub, Peter B. LaFond, Assistant Attorneys General, Office of the Attorney General, Augusta, ME, for Petitioner.", "\nPaul T. Friedman, Ruth N. Borenstein, Lawrence R. Katzin, Morrison & Foerster LLP, San Francisco, CA, Beth S. Brinkmann, Counsel of Record, Brian R. Matsui, Morrison & Foerster LLP, Washington, DC, for Respondents.", "\nJustice BREYER delivered the opinion of the Court.", "\nWe here consider whether a federal statute that prohibits States from enacting any law \"related to\" a motor carrier \"price, route, or service\" pre-empts two provisions of a Maine tobacco law, which regulate the delivery of tobacco to customers within the State. ", "49 U.S.C. §§ 14501(c)(1), 41713(b)(4)(A); see Me.", "Rev.Stat. ", "Ann., ", "Tit. ", "22, §§ 1555-C(3)(C), 1555-D (second sentence) (2004). ", "We hold that the federal law pre-empts both provisions.", "\n\nI\n\nA\nIn 1978, Congress \"determin[ed] that `maximum reliance on competitive market forces'\" would favor lower airline fares and better airline service, and it enacted the Airline Deregulation Act. ", "Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 378, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031, 119 L.Ed.2d 157 (1992) (quoting 49 U.S.C.App. § ", "1302(a)(4) (1988 ed.)); ", "see 92 Stat. ", "1705. ", "In order to \"ensure that the States would not undo federal deregulation with regulation of their own,\" that Act \"included a pre-emption provision\" that said \"no State ... shall enact or enforce any law ... relating to rates, routes, or services of any air carrier.\" ", "Morales, supra, at 378, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031; 49 U.S.C.App. § ", "1305(a)(1) (1988 ed.).", "\nIn 1980, Congress deregulated trucking. ", "See Motor Carrier Act of 1980, 94 Stat. ", "793. ", "And a little over a decade later, in 1994, Congress similarly sought to pre-empt state trucking regulation. ", "See Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994, 108 Stat. ", "1605-1606; see also ICC Termination Act of 1995, 109 Stat. ", "899. ", "In doing so, it borrowed language from the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 and wrote into its 1994 law language that says: \"[A] State ... may not enact or enforce a law ... related to a price, route, or service of any motor carrier ... with respect to the transportation of property.\" ", "49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(1); see also § 41713(b)(4)(A) (similar provision for combined motor-air carriers).", "\nThe State of Maine subsequently adopted An Act To Regulate the Delivery and Sales of Tobacco Products and To Prevent the Sale of Tobacco Products to Minors, 2003 Me. ", "Acts p. 1089, two sections of which are relevant here. ", "The first section forbids anyone other than a Mainelicensed tobacco retailer to accept an order for delivery of tobacco. ", "Me.", "Rev.Stat. ", "Ann., ", "Tit. ", "22, § 1555-C(1). ", "It then adds that, when a licensed retailer accepts an order and ships tobacco, the retailer must \"utilize a delivery service\" that provides a *994 special kind of recipient-verification service. § ", "1555-C(3)(C). ", "The delivery service must make certain that (1) the person who bought the tobacco is the person to whom the package is addressed; (2) the person to whom the package is addressed is of legal age to purchase tobacco; (3) the person to whom the package is addressed has himself or herself signed for the package; and (4) the person to whom the package is addressed, if under the age of 27, has produced a valid government-issued photo identification with proof of age. ", "Ibid. ", "Violations are punishable by civil penalties. ", "See §§ 1555-C(3)(E) to C(3)(F) (first offense up to $1,500; subsequent offenses up to $5,000).", "\nThe second section forbids any person \"knowingly\" to \"transport\" a \"tobacco product\" to \"a person\" in Maine unless either the sender or the receiver has a Maine license. § ", "1555-D. It then adds that a \"person is deemed to know that a package contains a tobacco product\" (1) if the package is marked as containing tobacco and displays the name and license number of a Maine-licensed tobacco retailer; or (2) if the person receives the package from someone whose name appears on a list of un-licensed tobacco retailers that Maine's Attorney General distributes to various package-delivery companies. ", "Ibid. (", "emphasis added); see also §§ 1555-C(3)(B), 1555-D(1). ", "Violations are again punishable by civil penalties. § ", "1555-D(2) (up to $1,500 per violation against violator and/or violator's employer).", "\n\nB\nRespondents, several transport carrier associations, brought this lawsuit in federal court, claiming that federal law pre-empts several sections of Maine's statute. ", "The District Court held (among other things) that federal law pre-empts the portions of the two sections we have described, namely the \"recipient-verification\" provision (§ 1555-C(3)(C)) and the \"deemed to know\" provision (the second sentence of § 1555-D). ", "See 377 F.Supp.2d 197, 220 (D.Me.2005). ", "On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit agreed that federal law pre-empted the two provisions. ", "448 F.3d 66, 82 (2006). ", "We granted certiorari to review these determinations. ", "551 U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. ", "3037, 168 L.Ed.2d 725 (2007).", "\n\nII\n\nA\nIn Morales, this Court interpreted the pre-emption provision in the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. ", "See 504 U.S., at 378, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031. ", "And we follow Morales in interpreting similar language in the 1994 Act before us here. ", "We have said that \"when judicial interpretations have settled the meaning of an existing statutory provision, repetition of the same language in a new statute indicates, as a general matter, the intent to incorporate its judicial interpretations as well.\" ", "Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Dabit, 547 U.S. 71, 85, 126 S.Ct. ", "1503, 164 L.Ed.2d 179 (2006) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). ", "Here, the Congress that wrote the language before us copied the language of the air-carrier pre-emption provision of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. ", "Compare 49 U.S.C. §§ 14501(c)(1), 41713(b)(4)(A), with 49 U.S.C.App. § ", "1305(a)(1) (1988 ed.); ", "see also H.R. Conf. ", "Rep. No. ", "103-677, pp. ", "82-83, 85 (1994), U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News 1994, p. 1676 (hereinafter H.R. Conf. ", "Rep.). ", "And it did so fully aware of this Court's interpretation of that language as set forth in Morales. ", "See H.R. Conf. ", "Rep., at 83, U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News 1994, pp. ", "1676, 1755 (motor carriers will enjoy \"the identical intrastate preemption of prices, routes and services *995 as that originally contained in\" the Airline Deregulation Act); ibid. (", "expressing agreement with \"the broad preemption interpretation adopted by the United States Supreme Court in Morales\"); id., at 85.", "\nIn Morales, the Court determined: (1) that \"[s]tate enforcement actions having a connection with, or reference to\" carrier \"`rates, routes, or services' are pre-empted,\" 504 U.S., at 384, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031 (emphasis added); (2) that such pre-emption may occur even if a state law's effect on rates, routes or services \"is only indirect,\" id., at 386, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031 (internal quotation marks omitted); (3) that, in respect to pre-emption, it makes no difference whether a state law is \"consistent\" or \"inconsistent\" with federal regulation, id., at 386-387, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031 (emphasis deleted); and (4) that pre-emption occurs at least where state laws have a \"significant impact\" related to Congress' deregulatory and pre-emption-related objectives, id., at 390, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031. ", "The Court described Congress' overarching goal as helping assure transportation rates, routes, and services that reflect \"maximum reliance on competitive market forces,\" thereby stimulating \"efficiency, innovation, and low prices,\" as well as \"variety\" and \"quality.\" ", "Id., at 378, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031 (internal quotation marks omitted). ", "Morales held that, given these principles, federal law pre-empts States from enforcing their consumer-fraud statutes against deceptive airline-fare advertisements. ", "Id., at 391, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031. ", "See American Airlines, Inc. v. Wolens, 513 U.S. 219, 226-228, 115 S.Ct. ", "817, 130 L.Ed.2d 715 (1995) (federal law pre-empts application of a State's general consumer-protection statute to an airline's frequent flyer program).", "\nFinally, Morales said that federal law might not pre-empt state laws that affect fares in only a \"tenuous, remote, or peripheral... manner,\" such as state laws forbidding gambling. ", "504 U.S., at 390, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031 (internal quotation marks omitted). ", "But the Court did not say where, or how, \"it would be appropriate to draw the line,\" for the state law before it did not \"present a borderline question.\" ", "Ibid. (", "internal quotation marks omitted); see also Wolens, supra, at 226, 115 S.Ct. ", "817.", "\n\nB\nIn light of Morales, we find that federal law pre-empts the Maine laws at issue here. ", "Section 1555-C(3)(C) of the Maine statute forbids licensed tobacco retailers to employ a \"delivery service\" unless that service follows particular delivery procedures. ", "Me.", "Rev.Stat. ", "Ann., ", "Tit. ", "22, § 1555-C(3)(C). ", "In doing so, it focuses on trucking and other motor carrier services (which make up a substantial portion of all \"delivery services,\" § 1551(1-C)), thereby creating a direct \"connection with\" motor carrier services. ", "See Morales, 504 U.S., at 384, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031.", "\nAt the same time, the provision has a \"significant\" and adverse \"impact\" in respect to the federal Act's ability to achieve its pre-emption-related objectives. ", "Id., at 390, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031. ", "The Solicitor General and the carrier associations claim (and Maine does not deny) that the law will require carriers to offer a system of services that the market does not now provide (and which the carriers would prefer not to offer). ", "And even were that not so, the law would freeze into place services that carriers might prefer to discontinue in the future. ", "The Maine law thereby produces the very effect that the federal law sought to avoid, namely, a State's direct substitution of its own governmental commands for \"competitive market forces\" in determining (to a significant degree) the services that motor carriers will provide. ", "Id., at 378, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031 (internal quotation marks omitted).", "\n*996 We concede that the regulation here is less \"direct\" than it might be, for it tells shippers what to choose rather than carriers what to do. ", "Nonetheless, the effect of the regulation is that carriers will have to offer tobacco delivery services that differ significantly from those that, in the absence of the regulation, the market might dictate. ", "And that being so, \"treating sales restrictions and purchase restrictions differently for pre-emption purposes would make no sense.\" ", "Engine Mfrs. ", "Assn. ", "v. South Coast Air Quality Management Dist., ", "541 U.S. 246, 255, 124 S.Ct. ", "1756, 158 L.Ed.2d 529 (2004). ", "If federal law pre-empts state efforts to regulate, and consequently to affect, the advertising about carrier rates and services at issue in Morales, it must pre-empt Maine's efforts to regulate carrier delivery services themselves.", "\nSection 1555-D's \"deemed to know\" provision applies yet more directly to motor carrier services. ", "The provision creates a conclusive presumption of carrier knowledge that a shipment contains tobacco when it is marked as originating from a Maine-licensed tobacco retailer or is sent by anyone Maine has specifically identified as an unlicensed tobacco retailer. ", "That presumption means that the Maine law imposes civil liability upon the carrier, not simply for its knowing transport of (unlicensed) tobacco, but for the carrier's failure sufficiently to examine every package. ", "The provision thus requires the carrier to check each shipment for certain markings and to compare it against the Maine attorney general's list of proscribed shippers. ", "And it thereby directly regulates a significant aspect of the motor carrier's package pick-up and delivery service. ", "In this way it creates the kind of state-mandated regulation that the federal Act pre-empts.", "\nMaine replies that the regulation will impose no significant additional costs upon carriers. ", "But even were that so (and the carriers deny it), Maine's reply is off the mark. ", "As with the recipient-verification provision, the \"deemed to know\" provision would freeze in place and immunize from competition a service-related system that carriers do not (or in the future might not) wish to provide. ", "Supra, at 995-996. ", "To allow Maine to insist that the carriers provide a special checking system would allow other States to do the same. ", "And to interpret the federal law to permit these, and similar, state requirements could easily lead to a patchwork of state service-determining laws, rules, and regulations. ", "That state regulatory patchwork is inconsistent with Congress' major legislative effort to leave such decisions, where federally unregulated, to the competitive marketplace. ", "See H.R. Conf. ", "Rep., at 87. ", "If federal law pre-empts state regulation of the details of an air carrier's frequent flyer program, a program that primarily promotes carriage, see Wolens, supra, at 226-228, 115 S.Ct. ", "817, it must pre-empt state regulation of the essential details of a motor carrier's system for picking-up, sorting, and carrying goods—essential details of the carriage itself.", "\n\nC\nMaine's primary arguments focus upon the reason why it has enacted the provisions in question. ", "Maine argues for an exception from pre-emption on the ground that its laws help it prevent minors from obtaining cigarettes. ", "In Maine's view, federal law does not pre-empt a State's efforts to protect its citizens' public health, particularly when those laws regulate so dangerous an activity as underage smoking.", "\nDespite the importance of the public health objective, we cannot agree with Maine that the federal law creates an exception on that basis, exempting state laws *997 that it would otherwise pre-empt. ", "The Act says nothing about a public health exception. ", "To the contrary, it explicitly lists a set of exceptions (governing motor vehicle safety, certain local route controls, and the like), but the list says nothing about public health. ", "See 49 U.S.C. §§ 14501(c)(2) to (c)(3); see also § 41713(b)(4)(B). ", "Maine suggests that the provision's history indicates that Congress' primary concern was not with the sort of law it has enacted, but instead with state \"economic\" regulation. ", "See, e.g., H.R. Conf. ", "Rep., at 88; see also Columbus v. Ours Garage & Wrecker Service, Inc., 536 U.S. 424, 440, 122 S.Ct. ", "2226, 153 L.Ed.2d 430 (2002). ", "But it is frequently difficult to distinguish between a State's \"economic\"-related and \"health\" -related motivations, see infra, at 997, and, indeed, the parties vigorously dispute Maine's actual motivation for the laws at issue here. ", "Consequently, it is not surprising that Congress declined to insert the term \"economic\" into the operative language now before us, despite having at one time considered doing so. ", "See S.Rep. ", "No. ", "95-631, p. 171 (1978) (reprinting Senate bill).", "\nMaine's argument for an implied \"public health\" or \"tobacco\" exception to federal pre-emption rests largely upon (1) legislative history containing a list of nine States, with laws resembling Maine's, that Congress thought did not regulate \"intrastate prices, routes and services of motor carriers,\" see H.R. Conf. ", "Rep., at 86, U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News 1994, pp. ", "1676, 1758; and (2) the Synar Amendment, a law that denies States federal funds unless they forbid sales of tobacco to minors, see 42 U.S.C. §§ 300x-26(a)(1), (b)(1). ", "The legislative history, however, does not suggest Congress made a firm judgment about, or even focused upon, the issue now before us. ", "And the Synar Amendment nowhere mentions the particular state enforcement method here at issue; indeed, it does not mention specific state enforcement methods at all.", "\nMaine's inability to find significant support for some kind of \"public health\" exception is not surprising. \"", "Public health\" does not define itself. ", "Many products create \"public health\" risks of differing kind and degree. ", "To accept Maine's justification in respect to a rule regulating services would legitimate rules regulating routes or rates for similar public health reasons. ", "And to allow Maine directly to regulate carrier services would permit other States to do the same. ", "Given the number of States through which carriers travel, the number of products, the variety of potential adverse public health effects, the many different kinds of regulatory rules potentially available, and the difficulty of finding a legal criterion for separating permissible from impermissible public-health-oriented regulations, Congress is unlikely to have intended an implicit general \"public health\" exception broad enough to cover even the shipments at issue here.", "\nThis is not to say that this federal law generally pre-empts state public health regulation: for instance, state regulation that broadly prohibits certain forms of conduct and affects, say, truckdrivers, only in their capacity as members of the public (e.g., a prohibition on smoking in certain public places). ", "We have said that federal law does not pre-empt state laws that affect rates, routes, or services in \"too tenuous, remote, or peripheral a manner.\" ", "Morales, 504 U.S., at 390, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031 (internal quotation marks omitted). ", "And we have written that the state laws whose \"effect\" is \"forbidden\" under federal law are those with a \"significant impact\" on carrier rates, routes, or services. ", "Id., at 388, 390, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031 (emphasis added).", "\nIn this case, the state law is not general, it does not affect truckers solely in their *998 capacity as members of the general public, the impact is significant, and the connection with trucking is not tenuous, remote, or peripheral. ", "The state statutes aim directly at the carriage of goods, a commercial field where carriage by commercial motor vehicles plays a major role. ", "The state statutes require motor carrier operators to perform certain services, thereby limiting their ability to provide incompatible alternative services; and they do so simply because the State seeks to enlist the motor carrier operators as allies in its enforcement efforts. ", "Given these circumstances, from the perspective of pre-emption, this case is no more \"borderline\" than was Morales. ", "Id., at 390, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Wolens, 513 U.S., at 226, 115 S.Ct. ", "817.", "\nMaine adds that it possesses legal authority to prevent any tobacco shipments from entering into or moving within the State, and that the broader authority must encompass the narrower authority to regulate the manner of tobacco shipments. ", "But even assuming purely for argument's sake that Maine possesses the broader authority, its conclusion does not follow. ", "To accept that conclusion would permit Maine to regulate carrier routes, carrier rates, and carrier services, all on the ground that such regulation would not restrict carriage of the goods as seriously as would a total ban on shipments. ", "And it consequently would severely undermine the effectiveness of Congress' pre-emptive provision. ", "Indeed, it would create the very exception that we have just rejected, extending that exception to all other products a State might ban. ", "We have explained why we do not believe Congress intended that result. ", "Supra, at 996-998.", "\nFinally, Maine says that to set aside its regulations will seriously harm its efforts to prevent cigarettes from falling into the hands of minors. ", "The Solicitor General denies that this is so. ", "He suggests that Maine, like other States, can prohibit all persons from providing tobacco products to minors (as it already has, see Me.", "Rev. Stat. ", "Ann., ", "Tit. ", "22, § 1555-B(2) (Supp. ", "2007)); that it can ban all non-face-to-face sales of tobacco; that it might pass other laws of general (non-carrier-specific) applicability; and that it can, if necessary, seek appropriate federal regulation (see, e.g., H.R. 4081, 110th Cong., ", "1st Sess. (", "2007) (proposed bill regulating tobacco shipment); H.R. 4128, 110th Cong., ", "1st Sess., §§ ", "1411-1416, pp. ", "577-583 (2007) (proposed bill providing criminal penalties for trafficking in contraband tobacco)). ", "Regardless, given Morales, where the Court held that federal law pre-empts state consumer-protection laws, we find that federal law must also pre-empt Maine's efforts directly to regulate carrier services.", "\nFor these reasons, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.", "\nIt is so ordered.", "\nJustice GINSBURG, concurring.", "\nToday's decision declares key portions of Maine's Tobacco Delivery Law incompatible with the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (FAAAA). ", "The breadth of FAAAA's preemption language, 49 U.S.C. §§ 14501(c)(1) and 41713(b)(4)(A), coupled with our decisions closely in point, Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 112 S.Ct. ", "2031, 119 L.Ed.2d 157 (1992), and American Airlines, Inc. v. Wolens, 513 U.S. 219, 115 S.Ct. ", "817, 130 L.Ed.2d 715 (1995), impel that conclusion. ", "I write separately to emphasize the large regulatory gap left by an application of the FAAAA perhaps overlooked by Congress, and the urgent need for the National Legislature to fill that gap.", "\n*999 Tobacco use by children and adolescents, we have recognized, may be \"the single most significant threat to public health in the United States.\" ", "FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 161, 120 S.Ct. ", "1291, 146 L.Ed.2d 121 (2000). ", "But no comprehensive federal law currently exists to prevent tobacco sellers from exploiting the underage market. ", "Instead, Congress has encouraged state efforts. ", "Congress has done so by providing funding incentives for the States to pass legislation making it unlawful to \"sell or distribute any [tobacco] product to any individual under the age of 18.\" ", "Synar Amendment, 106 Stat. ", "394, 42 U.S.C. § 300x-26(a)(1). ", "See Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525, 552, 571, 121 S.Ct. ", "2404, 150 L.Ed.2d 532 (2001).", "\nState measures to prevent youth access to tobacco, however, are increasingly thwarted by the ease with which tobacco products can be purchased through the Internet. \"", "As cyberspace acts as a risk-free zone where minors can anonymously purchase tobacco, unrestricted online tobacco sales create a major barrier to comprehensive youth tobacco control.\" ", "Brief for Tobacco Control Legal Consortium et al. ", "as Amici Curiae 10 (footnote omitted). ", "See also Brief for California et al. ", "as Amici Curiae 9 (\"Illegal Internet tobacco sales have reached epidemic proportions.\").", "\nMaine and its amici maintain that, to guard against delivery of tobacco products to children, \"the same sort of age verification safeguards [must be] used when tobacco is handed over-the-doorstep as . . . ", "when it is handed over-the-counter.\" ", "Brief for Petitioner 8; Brief for California et al. ", "as Amici Curiae 11; Brief for Tobacco Control Legal Consortium et al. ", "as Amici Curiae 11-12; cf. ", "Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 16. ", "The FAAAA's broad preemption provisions, the Court holds, bar States from adopting this sensible enforcement strategy. ", "While I join the Court's opinion, I doubt that the drafters of the FAAAA, a statute designed to deregulate the carriage of goods, anticipated the measure's facilitation of minors' access to tobacco. ", "Now alerted to the problem, Congress has the capacity to act with care and dispatch to provide an effective solution.", "\nJustice SCALIA, concurring in part.", "\nI join the opinion of the Court, except those portions (ante, at 994-995, 996, and 997) that rely on the reports of committees of one House of Congress to show the intent of that full House and of the other— with regard to propositions that are apparent from the text of the law, unnecessary to the disposition of the case, or both.", "\n" ]

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[ "Gareth Williams\n\nDate of birth\n\n16 December 1981\n\nPlace of birth\n\nGlasgow\n\nNationality\n\nScottish\n\nWeight\n\n74 kg\n\nHeight\n\n1.80 m\n\nPosition\n\nMidfielder\n\nHaving broken into the Nottingham Forest first team in 1999-2000, Gareth spent most of 2000-01 continuing his development in the club's reserves, although he enjoyed a decent run of senior action from November to the turn of the year.", "\n\nA promising young midfield player, he is composed on the ball, passes accurately and has a high work rate.", "\n\nGareth joined Leicester City in July 2004 with a three-year contract.", "\n\nHe joined Watford in January 2007 with a contract to June 2009.", "\n\nClub history\n\nTeam\n\nJoined\n\nLeft\n\nLoan / Trialist\n\nNottingham Forest\n\n23 Dec 1998\n\n30 Jun 2004\n\nLeicester City\n\n05 Jul 2004\n\n31 Jan 2007\n\nWatford\n\n31 Jan 2007\n\n30 Jun 2009\n\nClub stats\n\nSeason\n\nTeam\n\nCompetition\n\nApps\n\nSubs\n\nGoals\n\nY\n\nR\n\n2000-01\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nFA Cup\n\n1\n\n2000-01\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nLeague Division 1\n\n11\n\n6\n\n2001-02\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nFA Cup\n\n1\n\n2001-02\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nLeague Cup\n\n2\n\n2001-02\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nLeague Division 1\n\n44\n\n1\n\n2002-03\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nLeague Cup\n\n1\n\n2002-03\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nLeague Division 1\n\n39\n\n1\n\n3\n\n3\n\n2002-03\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nLeague Division 1 Play-Offs\n\n2\n\n2003-04\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nFA Cup\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2003-04\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nLeague Cup\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2003-04\n\nNottingham Forest\n\nLeague Division 1\n\n38\n\n1\n\n6\n\n2\n\n2004-05\n\nLeicester City\n\nFA Cup\n\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2004-05\n\nLeicester City\n\nLeague Championship\n\n25\n\n8\n\n1\n\n2004-05\n\nLeicester City\n\nLeague Cup\n\n1\n\n2005-06\n\nLeicester City\n\nFA Cup\n\n1\n\n2005-06\n\nLeicester City\n\nLeague Championship\n\n26\n\n5\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2005-06\n\nLeicester City\n\nLeague Cup\n\n3\n\n1\n\n2006-07\n\nLeicester City\n\nFA Cup\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2006-07\n\nLeicester City\n\nLeague Championship\n\n12\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2006-07\n\nLeicester City\n\nLeague Cup\n\n1\n\n2006-07\n\nWatford\n\nPremier League\n\n2\n\n1\n\nPlease note: Career stats are based on performances in the Premier and Football Leagues and (in most cases all) internationals." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We present a quantum theory for the dynamic structure factors in non-equilibrium, correlated, two-component systems such as plasmas or warm dense matter. ", "The polarization function, which is needed as the input for the calculation of the structure factors, is calculated in non-equilibrium based on a perturbation expansion in the interaction strength. ", "To make our theory applicable for x-ray scattering, a generalized Chihara decomposition for the total electron structure factor in non-equilibrium is derived. ", "Examples are given and the influence of correlations and exchange on the structure and the x-ray scattering spectrum are discussed for a model non-equilibrium distribution, as often encountered during laser heating of materials, as well as for two-temperature systems.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'J. Vorberger'\n- 'D.A. Chapman'\ntitle: 'Quantum theory for the dynamic structure factor in correlated two-component systems in non-equilibrium – Application to x-ray scattering'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nA number of experimental methods exist for the creation and diagnostics of dense states of matter usually only found in massive compact astrophysical objects, but which may routinely be produced in the laboratory for, e.g., inertial confinement fusion experiments [@GR_2009; @GMMM_2010; @FLDG_2015; @KDBL_2015]. ", "Typically, the creation of such extreme states involves the rapid deposition of large amounts of energy into the system on time scales ranging from nano- to pico- or even femtoseconds. ", "The properties of these highly transient states generally depend on the duration of the driver, the density of the system and the efficacy of dissipative processes such as radiation, diffusion and equilibration. ", "Apart from fundamental research and laboratory astrophysics, applications in fields such as medical therapy and industrial processes also exist [@bauerle_book; @BS_2013; @VV_2003; @FW_2006].", "\n\nIn all such systems, highly non-equilibrium states are inevitably produced. ", "For instance, the ions may be heated using shock waves [@CNXF_1992; @NCXF_1995; @LNCD_2009] or the electrons may be heated using high-intensity sources of electromagnetic or particle radiation, e.g. optical or x-ray lasers or ion beams. ", "In either case, the species to which the heating mechanism does not couple efficiently are left in the initial state of the undriven system [@FSTB_1992; @GSL_1995; @KBBA_2000; @EHHS_2009; @WBEV_2016; @FBDD_2010; @WVBC_2012]. ", "Such systems have been modeled using a variety of numerical techniques including kinetic equations, particle-in-cell simulations and hybrid-fluid models [@KBBS_1999; @KB_2000; @KRVG_2000; @RKVG_2002; @CG_2011; @MZFG_2011; @KCDS_2011; @MR_2013; @MLZ_2015].", "\n\nSince non-equilibrium states of matter can be readily created in macroscopic volumes, spatial inhomogeneities and/or anisotropies may occur [@KCGR_2016], but very often isotropic Wigner distribution functions [@kremp_book], strongly deviating from the equilibrium Fermi-Dirac form, dominate the physics [@FBDD_2010; @CG_2011; @LASD_2015]. ", "Once a strongly non-equilibrium state has been produced, the system inexorably relaxes towards full thermal equilibrium. ", "This involves many intricately linked and interesting processes, such as the build up of correlations leading to new structural order, the establishment of well-characterized and distinct electron and ion temperatures through the formation of Fermi-Dirac-shaped distributions within the subsystems, ionization balance, and energy and temperature relaxation between different particle species [@SKB_1999; @MZFG_2011; @SBK_1988; @BSP_1998; @VCW_2014; @VGBS_2010].", "\n\nIn particular, current experiments combining high-power, short-pulse optical lasers with x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), to respectively create and probe warm dense matter (WDM), enable unprecedented insight into the complex microscopic structure of a variety of exotic states [@FBDD_2010; @FLDG_2015; @GRDR_2011; @HGDL_2012; @ZSHB_2014]. ", "Principally, the information on the system is contained in the total (bound and free) electron dynamic structure factor, which may be directly measured by spectrally or angularly resolving the radiation power scattering off the target under study. ", "Such a setup provides an ideal platform for comparing experimental data to theoretical models. ", "By fitting experimental spectra with theoretical calculations, estimates of the plasma conditions, such as the ionization balance, density and mean energy (temperature or Fermi energy for equilibrium systems), may be inferred in addition to the static and dynamic structure or information about collective modes [@GLNL_2007; @GGGV_2008; @KNCD_2008; @LNCD_2009; @RFGR_2012; @MDFF_2013; @KVGB_2013; @CVFD_2015; @FLDG_2015]. ", "X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) is therefore envisaged to shed light onto open problems in the understanding of the relaxation of particle momenta and energy, and also temperature equilibration [@CNXF_1992; @NCXF_1995; @WVBC_2012; @HBCD_2015; @DWP_1998; @VGBS_2010].", "\n\nWhile low lying bound state spectra have been investigated in non-equilibrium [@HS_2004; @VCW_2014], state of the art theories for the calculation of the total electron structure and scattering spectrum are valid in equilibrium only and can be applied to two-temperature systems only in very limited circumstances [@C_2000; @GRHG_2007; @WVG_2009; @FWR_2010; @WVGG_2011; @VDTG_2012; @VGK_2013; @VG_2015; @PRBS_2015]. ", "Until now, fully non-equilibrium calculations have been restricted to the weakly coupled electron gas [@CG_2011; @CVFD_2015] or to classical plasmas[@RR_1962].", "\n\nIn this paper, we present a theoretical model which allows the study of non-equilibrium two-component systems beyond the random phase approximation (RPA). ", "Although we do not consider inhomogeneous or anisotropic systems, we fully account for non-equilibrium Wigner distributions. ", "The evolution of the distribution functions is assumed to be known from other means, such as the solution of kinetic equations or simulations [@KBBS_1999; @KB_2000]. ", "In order to be able to analyze the scattered signal in non-equilibrium, we generalize the concept of the Chihara decomposition of the total electron structure factor. ", "This paper is organized as follows: In Section \\[sec2\\], expressions for the dynamic structure factors for a correlated two-component quantum system in non-equilibrium are derived. ", "Section \\[sec5\\] presents the approximation for the polarization function, which includes contributions from vertex and self energy terms. ", "The results for the non-equilibrium and equilibrium structure are presented and discussed in Section \\[sec6\\]. ", "In Section \\[sec3\\], a generalized Chihara-like decomposition is derived and expressions for the generalized screening cloud and free electron structure are presented. ", "Finally, examples for such a decomposition of the total structure are shown.", "\n\nTheoretical description of the dynamic structure factor for non-equilibrium systems\\[sec2\\]\n===========================================================================================\n\nThe dynamic structure factor (DSF) contains all the information about time-dependent long- and short-range order in interacting many-particle systems. ", "In a non-equilibrium system of particles obeying quantum statistics (such as fermions), the DSF is given by the Fourier transform of the correlation function of density fluctuations $L_{ab}^{>}$ [@pines_book; @kremp_book] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{see}\n S_{ab}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}=\n \\frac{1}{2\\pi n_{ab}}\\!", "\n \\int {\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{r}}{\\mathrm{d}}\\tau\\,\n e^{-i({\\mathbf{k}}\\cdot{\\mathbf{r}}-\\omega\\tau)}\n i\\hbar L^{>}_{ab}(12)\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The labels $a$ and $b$ identify the particle species of interest, with the geometric mean of their mean number densities $n_{ab} = \\sqrt{n_{a}n_{b}}$. The microscopic fluctuations of these density fields are given in the position-time basis by $\\delta\\rho_a(1)= \\psi_a^{\\dagger}(1)\\psi_a(1) -\\langle\\psi_a^{\\dagger}(1)\\psi_a(1)\\rangle$ with $1=\\{{\\mathbf{r}}_1,t_1,\\sigma_1\\}$, where the operators $\\psi_a^{\\dagger}(1)$ and $\\psi_a(1)$ create or annihilate a ket state given by the full set of state variables. ", "We therefore have $i\\hbar L_{ab}^{>}(12)=\\langle\\delta\\rho_a(1)\\delta\\rho_b(2)\\rangle$, in which $\\langle\\ldots\\rangle = \\text{Tr}{\\!\\left\\lbrace\\hat{\\varrho}\\dots\\right\\rbrace}$ denotes the ensemble average with respect to the non-equilibrium density operator $\\hat{\\varrho}$ [@kremp_book]. ", "In [Eq.", " (\\[see\\])]{}, we have introduced Wigner coordinates related to time and space; the difference coordinates $\\tau=t_1-t_2$ and ${\\bf r}={\\bf r}_1-{\\bf r}_2$, and the center-of-mass coordinates $t=\\frac{1}{2}(t_1+t_2)$ and ${\\bf R}=\\frac{1}{2}({\\bf r}_1+{\\bf r}_2)$. The former broadly represent the scale lengths of microscopic processes, such as density fluctuations, whilst the latter represent macroscopic processes, such as hydrodynamic evolution and spatial gradients. ", "We have suppressed the macroscopic space variable ${\\mathbf{R}}$ as we consider homogeneous systems only. ", "Equation represents a general form of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. ", "This is usually understood in the context of equilibrium systems, wherein the density fluctuations are directly connected to the imaginary (dissipative) part of the retarded density response of the system to the applied field. ", "In order to provide a valid description for non-equilibrium systems, we require a suitably general framework such as that provided by the Keldysh formalism using real time non-equilibrium Green’s functions [@K_1965]. ", "The equation of motion for $L_{ab}$ defined on the Keldysh contour ${\\cal C}$ is given by [@kremp_book]\n\n\\[L\\_ab\\_eqn\\_of\\_motion\\] L\\_[ab]{}(12) =& \\_[ab]{}(12)\\\n& + \\_[c,d]{} \\_[C]{} 34 \\_[ac]{}(13) V\\_[cd]{}(34) L\\_[db]{}(42).", "\n\nHere, $\\Pi_{ab}$ is the polarization function, which determines the response of the density field of species $a$ to changes in the effective field in the system due to species $b$. For fermions, one has $\\Pi_{ab}(12,1'2')= -i\\hbar\\,\\delta g_a(11')/\\delta U_b^{\\text{eff}}(2'2)$ [@kremp_book]. ", "The two-point function required in [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ab\\_eqn\\_of\\_motion\\])]{} is given by $\\Pi_{ab}(12) = \\Pi_{ab}(12,1'\\!\\to\\!1^{+},2'\\!\\to\\!2^{+})$, where $1^{+} = {\\!\\left\\lbrace{\\mathbf{r}}_{1},t_{1}^{+},\\sigma_{1}\\right\\rbrace}$ represents an event at point ${\\mathbf{r}}_{1}$ at an infinitesimally later time than $t_{1}$. The resulting time ordering is crucial for non-equilibrium systems, which do not obey the adiabatic theorem. ", "Interactions between the particles are mediated by the unscreened Coulomb interaction $V_{ab}(12) = V_{ab}{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{r}}_{1} - {\\mathbf{r}}_{2}\\right)}\\delta{\\!\\left(t_{1} - t_{2}\\right)}$. Thus, dynamic srceening is entirely determined by the response functions of the system and, in particular, the polarization functions.", "\n\nEquations for the correlation functions $L^{\\gtrless}_{ab}$ and the retarded and advanced functions $L^{{\\text{R/A}}}_{ab}$ can be obtained from [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ab\\_eqn\\_of\\_motion\\])]{} using the Keldysh techniques [@K_1965]. ", "In contrast to equilibrium systems, the correlation functions are needed in addition to retarded and advanced quantities. ", "This is due to the fact that the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger relation does not hold in non-equilibrium [@kremp_book].", "\n\nDensity response of fully interacting two-component systems\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nFor a system containing an arbitrary number of particle species, the DSF can easily be represented using a very general matrix notation. ", "We limit the present discussion to the important case of two-component (e.g. electron-ion) systems as the roles of interactions between the species are more clearly elucidated and the structure of the response functions can be solved for analytically. ", "Following the same general route as used in Ref.", " [@VGBS_2010], we rewrite the system of equations generated by [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ab\\_eqn\\_of\\_motion\\])]{} as\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{L_ab_def}\n L_{ee}\n = &\\,\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee} + {{\\cal R}}_{ee} + ({{\\cal R}}_{ee}V_{ee} + {{\\cal R}}_{ei}V_{ie})L_{ee}\n \\,,\n \\nonumber\\\\\n L_{ei}\n = &\\,\n {{\\cal L}}_{ei} + {{\\cal R}}_{ei} + ({{\\cal R}}_{ei}V_{ie} + {{\\cal R}}_{ee}V_{ee})L_{ei}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nEquivalent expressions for the functions $L_{ii}$ and $L_{ie}$ are generated by interchanging the species labels $e\\Leftrightarrow i$ in every term in [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ab\\_def\\])]{}. ", "Here, we have omitted writing both the dependencies on the spatio-temporal variables and also the integrations for brevity. ", "Each of these equations should be read to have a structure identical to [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ab\\_eqn\\_of\\_motion\\])]{}. ", "In [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ab\\_def\\])]{}, we have introduced the following auxiliary response functions which collect certain subsystem contributions $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{lcal_ab_def}\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}\n = &\\,\n \\Pi_{ee} + (\\Pi_{ee}V_{ee} + \\Pi_{ei}V_{ie}) {{\\cal L}}_{ee}\\,, \n \\nonumber\\\\\n {{\\cal L}}_{ei}\n = &\\,\n \\Pi_{ei} + (\\Pi_{ee}V_{ee} + \\Pi_{ei}V_{ie}){{\\cal L}}_{ei}\n \\,,\n \\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{rcal_ab_def}\n {{\\cal R}}_{ee}\n = &\\,\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}V_{ei}{{\\cal L}}_{ie} + {{\\cal L}}_{ei}V_{ii}{{\\cal L}}_{ie}\\,,\n \\nonumber\\\\\n {{\\cal R}}_{ei}\n = &\\,\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}V_{ei}{{\\cal L}}_{ii} + {{\\cal L}}_{ei}V_{ii}{{\\cal L}}_{ii}\\,. ", "\\end{aligned}$$ Again, the structure of the set of [Eqs.", " -]{} in the space-time domain has the form of [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ab\\_eqn\\_of\\_motion\\])]{} and the expressions for the ion-ion an ion-electron functions are found by interchanging of species labels.", "\n\nUpon transferring from the Keldysh contour to the physical time axis, the Langreth-Wilkins rules [@LW_1972] are used to obtain the correlation functions and corresponding retarded/advanced functions. ", "For the electron-electron density fluctuation correlation function required in [Eq.", " (\\[see\\])]{}, one finds\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{L_ee_>_def}\n L_{ee}^{>}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}{\\mathbf{r}}_{2},t_{1}t_{2})\n = &\\,\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{>}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}{\\mathbf{r}}_{2},t_{1}t_{2}) + {{\\cal R}}_{ee}^{>}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}{\\mathbf{r}}_{2},t_{1}t_{2})\n \\nonumber\\\\\n & \n + \\int {\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{r}}_{3} {\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{r}}_{4}\n \\int\\limits_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} {\\mathrm{d}}t_3\n \\left\\{\n \\vphantom{\\frac{1}{1}}\\!", "\n \\left[{{\\cal R}}^{>}_{ee}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}{\\mathbf{r}}_{3},t_1t_3)\\,V_{ee}({\\mathbf{r}}_{3} - {\\mathbf{r}}_{4})\n + {{\\cal R}}^{>}_{ei}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}{\\mathbf{r}}_{3},t_1t_3)\\,V_{ie}({\\mathbf{r}}_{3} - {\\mathbf{r}}_{4}) \\right] L^{{\\text{A}}}_{ee}({\\mathbf{r}}_{4}{\\mathbf{r}}_{2},t_3t_2)\n \\right.", "\n \\nonumber\\\\\n &+ \\left. ", "\n \\left[{{\\cal R}}^{{\\text{R}}}_{ee}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}{\\mathbf{r}}_{3},t_1t_3)\\,V_{ee}({\\mathbf{r}}_{3} - {\\mathbf{r}}_{4})\n + {{\\cal R}}^{{\\text{R}}}_{ei}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}{\\mathbf{r}}_{3},t_1t_3)\\,V_{ie}({\\mathbf{r}}_{3} - {\\mathbf{r}}_{4})\\right] \n L^{>}_{ee}({\\mathbf{r}}_{4}{\\mathbf{r}}_{2},t_3t_2)\n \\vphantom{\\frac{1}{1}}\n \\right\\}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nAll the dependencies on the spatial and temporal coordinates have been restored for clarity. ", "Note that the integration over $t_{4}$ is eliminated by the fact that the Coulomb potential is represented as being local in time. ", "Similar expressions for the ion-ion, electron-ion and ion-electron density fluctuation correlation functions can also be obtained and are detailed in Appendix A.\n\nWe now briefly discuss the importance of the Wigner coordinates for non-equilibrium systems. ", "Writing the internal coordinates of the integrations in [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ee\\_&gt;\\_def\\])]{} in terms of new difference and center-of-mass coordinates, the micro- and macroscopic scales become inextricably coupled which prevents straightforward Fourier transformation of $L_{ee}^{>}(12)$. Performing a gradient expansion with respect to the internal difference coordinates, the macroscopic spatio-temporal scales enter only parametrically at lowest order (the local approximation) [@kremp_book]. ", "Higher order corrections connected with evolving spatially inhomogeneous systems have recently been considered [@KCGR_2016]. ", "For the present work, we are motivated by experiments which probe the high-frequency (short time scale) response of small and relatively homogeneously heated systems and, thus a local approximation is sufficient. ", "In this case, equation yields convolution-like structures and is algebraic in Fourier space. ", "The framework presented in this work is reasonable for incorporating spatial inhomogeneity for shallow gradients.", "\n\nBased on the full set of results for the various correlation and retarded/advanced functions (Appendix A), the electronic density fluctuation correlation function of a fully interacting two-component system in frequency-momentum space is found to be $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{L_ee_>_result}\n L_{ee}^{>}\n = &\\,\n \\frac{(1 - {{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}){{\\cal Q}}_{ee}^{>} + {{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{>}{{\\cal Q}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}}{|1 - {{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}|^2}\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{Q_ee_X_def}\n {{\\cal Q}}_{ee}^{\\text{X}}\n = &\\,\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{\\text{X}} + {{\\cal R}}_{ee}^{\\text{X}}\n \\,,\n \\\\\n \\label{T_ee_X_def}\n {{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{\\text{X}}\n = &\\,\n {{\\cal R}}_{ee}^{\\text{X}}V_{ee} + {{\\cal R}}_{ei}^{\\text{X}}V_{ie}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ with the label $\\text{X} \\to \\,\\gtrless$ or ${\\text{R/A}}$, as required. ", "In [Eqs.", " -]{}, all functions now depend on the set of Fourier variables ${\\!\\left\\lbrace{\\mathbf{k}},\\omega\\right\\rbrace}$ and are parametrized by the macroscopic time $t$, e.g. $L_{ee}^{>} \\equiv L_{ee}^{>}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}$. The exception is the Coulomb potential, which depends only on the wave number, i.e. $V_{ab} \\equiv V_{ab}(k)$. The other correlation functions of interest for the ion-ion, electron-ion and ion-electron structure factors are given in Appendix A.\n\nIn [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ee\\_&gt;\\_result\\])]{}, the denominator term $|1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}|^{2}$ acts as a generalization of the two-component dielectric function, which gives the location of all collective excitations (quasi-particles and single-particle modes) and describes dynamic screening, exchange and correlations. ", "The numerator term can be interpreted as the spectral function of the system, which describes the occupations of the possible states (excitations) and their lifetimes. ", "The complex structure of [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ee\\_&gt;\\_result\\])]{} in terms of ${{\\cal L}}_{ab}$ is the result of the interplay of correlations both within and between the distinct electron and ion subsystems. ", "In particular, note that pure electron or pure ion subsystem correlations cannot be separated out due to contributions from the cross species terms $\\Pi_{ei}$ and $\\Pi_{ie}$.\n\nFinally, the correlation and retarded/advanced functions for the auxiliary quantities ${{\\cal L}}_{ab}$ must be considered. ", "These are found to be $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{lcal_ee_ei_<>}\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{>}\n =&\\,\n \\frac{(1 - \\Pi_{ei}^{{\\text{A}}}V_{ie})\\,\\Pi_{ee}^{>} + \\Pi_{ei}^{>}V_{ie}\\Pi_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}}\n {|1 - \\Pi_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}V_{ee} - \\Pi_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}V_{ie}|^2}\n \\,,\n \\nonumber\\\\\n {{\\cal L}}_{ei}^{>}\n =&\\,\n \\frac{(1 - \\Pi_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}V_{ee})\\,\\Pi_{ei}^{>} + \\Pi_{ee}^{>}V_{ee}\\Pi_{ei}^{{\\text{A}}}}\n {|1 - \\Pi_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}V_{ee} - \\Pi_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}V_{ie}|^2}\n \\,,\n \\\\\n \\label{lcal_ee_ei_R/A}\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}}\n =&\\,\n \\frac{\\Pi_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}}}{1 - \\Pi_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}}V_{ee} - \\Pi_{ei}^{{\\text{R/A}}}V_{ie}}\n \\,,\n \\nonumber\\\\\n {{\\cal L}}_{ei}^{{\\text{R/A}}}\n =&\\,\n \\frac{\\Pi_{ei}^{{\\text{R/A}}}}{1 - \\Pi_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}}V_{ee} - \\Pi_{ei}^{{\\text{R/A}}}V_{ie}}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Substituting these results into [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ee\\_&gt;\\_result\\])]{}, it is clear that the quantities of principal importance for providing a theoretical basis for the DSF are the correlation functions (and corresponding retarded/advanced functions) for the irreducible polarisabilities $\\Pi_{ab}$. Appropriate expressions for the latter are the focus of the next section.", "\n\nDiagonalised polarization approximation - linear response\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nIf only diagonal elements to the polarization function are considered, i.e. $\\Pi_{ei} = \\Pi_{ie} = 0$, a significant simplification to the fully interacting density response can be made that enables a more tractable treatment of many related phenomena. ", "Under this diagonalized polarization approximation (DPA), one has ${{\\cal L}}_{ei} = {{\\cal L}}_{ie} = 0$ and ${{\\cal R}}_{ee} = {{\\cal R}}_{ii} = 0$ and [Eq.", " (\\[L\\_ee\\_&gt;\\_result\\])]{} becomes $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Lee_no_pi_ei}\n L_{ee}^{>}\n = &\\,\n \\frac{{{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{>} + |{{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}\\!|^2V_{ei}^2{{\\cal L}}_{ii}^{>}}\n {|1-V_{ie}{{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}} V_{ei}{{\\cal L}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}|^{2}}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The physical interpretation of the DPA is that the average one-particle state of a particle of species $a$ does not depend on the effective external potential due to species $b$. This does not, however, imply that all correlations between species $a$ and $b$ are formally neglected; the self energy of species $a$ may still contain inter-species correlations. ", "However, the [*direct*]{} electron-ion coupling is now implied to be weak and a two fluid description may be used. ", "An important example for such a system is metallic hydrogen, which can be treated as a strongly coupled proton fluid coexisting with a highly degenerate electron gas, i.e. a Lorentz plasma [@KDBL_2015]. ", "Since strong coupling within independent subsystems may still be included in DPA, we remark that a clear distinction to the well-known random phase approximation (RPA), wherein [*all*]{} inter-particle interactions are taken to be weak, must be made, despite the resulting structure and response functions being identical in form.", "\n\nThe first term in the numerator of Eq.", "  is the pure electron gas contribution [@CG_2011]. ", "It is followed by the ionic structure contributions to the total electronic structure (a convolution of the electronic screening cloud with the bare ion structure). ", "The two subsystems are coupled via the denominator. ", "In the case of the DPA, as presented here, this coupling is given in linear response and mediated by average fields. ", "A consequence of this coupling is given by, e.g., the screening of the ionic plasmon mode that produces ion acoustic waves [@VG_2009; @VGBS_2010].", "\n\nIn DPA, the auxiliary functions ${{\\cal L}}_{aa}$ can be interpretted as the density response functions of independent electron and ion subsystems, which are coupled by Coulomb interactions through the functions ${{\\cal R}}_{ab}$. In this case, the DSF can then be tractably expressed in terms of the polarization functions only $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{See_DPA}\n S_{ee}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= &\\,\n \\frac{{\\!\\left|1 - \\Pi_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}V_{ii}(k)\\right|}^{2}}{{\\!\\left|\\varepsilon{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}\\right|}^{2}}\\frac{i\\hbar\\Pi_{ee}^{>}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}}{2\\pi n_{e}}\n \\nonumber \\\\\n & + \n \\frac{{\\!\\left|\\Pi_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}V_{ei}(k)\\right|}^{2}}{{\\!\\left|\\varepsilon{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}\\right|}^{2}}\\frac{i\\hbar\\Pi_{ii}^{>}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}}{2\\pi n_{i}},\\end{aligned}$$ where the retarded dielectric screening function of the system has the usual form $\\varepsilon = 1 - \\sum_{a}\\Pi_{aa}^{{\\text{R}}} V_{aa}$. Expressions of the general form of [Eq.", " (\\[See\\_DPA\\])]{} were derived by Rosenbluth and Rostocker [@RR_1962], although only for non-degenerate systems in RPA.", "\n\nPolarization functions of non-equilibrium systems\\[sec5\\]\n=========================================================\n\nThe equation of motion for the polarization function obeys a Bethe-Salpeter equation depending on the self-consistent single-particle Green’s functions and screened self energy [@kremp_book]. ", "This very general equation of motion cannot presently be numerically solved for arbitrary coupling strengths due to the presence of functional derivatives. ", "Instead, it is possible to establish a perturbation expansion with respect to the interaction strength (see [Fig.", " \\[pi\\_expansion\\]]{}), which leads to corrections to the RPA. ", "In this work, we retain the exact first order corrections accounting for self energy and exchange. ", "Such a method has been used before to various perturbation orders, even including the full vertex function [@GT_1970a; @GT_1970b; @HAS_1979; @GNS_1985; @CS_1988; @EV_1990; @FM_1992; @RA_1994; @HA_1997]. ", "However, all these previous calculations have been performed for equilibrium systems, which greatly simplifies matters since only retarded quantities are needed. ", "Furthermore, as we are motivated by current experiments producing and studying warm dense matter, we need dynamic corrections to the RPA covering a broad range of states including both degenerate and non-degenerate systems.", "\n\n![ ", "Diagrammatic representation of the expansion of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the polarization function $\\Pi$. Terms up to second order in the screened interaction $V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}$ (dashed lines) are shown. []{", "data-label=\"pi_expansion\"}](pi_expansion_2.pdf){width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\nAt first order in the interaction, there are two terms in addition to the RPA [@kremp_book; @VSK_2004] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{pi_series}\n \\Pi_{ab}^{1}(12) \n = \n \\delta_{ab} {\\!\\left(\\Pi_a^{0}(12) + \\Pi_a^{\\text{V}}(12) + \\Pi_a^{\\text{S}}(12)\\right)}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\Pi_a^{0}$ is the RPA contribution. ", "The additional first order terms are identified as a [*vertex*]{} correction $\\Pi_a^{\\text{V}}$ and a [*self energy*]{} correction $\\Pi_a^{\\text{S}}$.\n\nAs shown in [Fig.", " \\[pi\\_expansion\\]]{}, fifteen terms exist at second order. ", "The first two of these result from iteration of the screened ladder and are therefore pure second order vertex contributions, the next five correspond to pure second order self energy contributions, and a further six represent hybrid terms containing both vertex and self energy characteristics. ", "All of these additional terms contain $\\delta_{ab}$ and, thus, are all single species terms similar to [Eq.", " (\\[pi\\_series\\])]{}. ", "The final two second order terms are the [*fluctuation*]{} contributions and are the first to give non-vanishing contributions to $\\Pi_{ab}$ with $a\\neq b$. The dominance of single-species terms at this level of approximation may explain why the two fluid approach, which neglects direct electron-ion polarization, is so successful in describing many systems. ", "Furthermore, as cross-species terms are all of second order or higher, it is unlikely that a perturbative treatment of these will be sufficient and a full summation of the ladder will be required once [*direct*]{} electron-ion correlations need to be included.", "\n\nRandom phase approximation\n--------------------------\n\nThe RPA term has been considered in non-equilibrium before [@CG_2011]. ", "We give the correlation functions of the RPA contribution here for completeness $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{rpa_><}\n {\\Pi_{a}^{0}}^{\\gtrless}(12) \n = \n -i\\hbar s_{a} {g_{a}^{0}}^{\\gtrless}(12) \\, {g_{a}^{0}}^{\\lessgtr}(21)\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $s_{a} = 2\\sigma_{a} + 1$ gives the summation over the particle spin for fermions. ", "The free single particle correlation functions are averages over creation and annihilation operators $ig^<(12)=\\pm\\langle\\psi^{\\dagger}(2)\\psi(1)\\rangle$ and $ig^>(12)=\\pm\\langle\\psi(1)\\psi^{\\dagger}(2)\\rangle$. Fourier transformation of Eq. ", "with respect to the microscopic variables ${\\mathbf{r}}$ and $\\tau$ proceeds straightforwardly in local approximation, resulting in a convolution of the single particle correlation functions with respect to both the wave number ${\\mathbf{k}}$ and frequency $\\omega$. The correlation functions are given by the spectral function $a_a{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}$ and the Wigner distributions $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{gs}\n g_{a}^{\\gtrless}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= &\\,\n i\\,a_a{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}f_a^{\\gtrless}(\\hbar\\omega;t)\n \\,,\n \\\\\n \\label{gs_2}\n f_a^{\\gtrless}(\\hbar\\omega;t)\n = &\\,\n \\left\\{ \n \\begin{array}{ll}\n f_{a}(\\hbar\\omega;t) &\\quad\\gtrless \\rightarrow <\n \\\\\n -[1-f_{a}(\\hbar\\omega;t)]&\\quad\\gtrless \\rightarrow >\n \\end{array}\n \\right.", "\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The spectral function is provided by the Kadanoff-Baym ansatz [@kremp_book] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{gs_1}\n a_a{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= &\\,\n 2\\pi i\\,\\delta(\\hbar\\omega - E_{a}({\\mathbf{k}};t))\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $E_{a}({\\mathbf{k}};t) = E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{k}}) + \\text{Re}\\Sigma_{a}({\\mathbf{k}};t)$, $E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{k}}) = \\hbar^{2}k^{2}/2m_{a}$ is the kinetic energy of free (non-interacting) particles and $\\Sigma_{a}({\\mathbf{k}};t)$ is the static self energy. ", "The expression amounts to a relatively simple approximation since it does not account for the finite lifetime (damping) of the excitations and is therefore restricted to the quasi-particle picture. ", "Improvements to the Kadanoff-Baym ansatz (see, e.g., [@LSV_1986; @F_2009]) are beyond the scope of the present work.", "\n\nIn RPA, only free-particle dispersion relations are considered, i.e. $E_{a}({\\mathbf{k}}) = E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{k}})$. For convenience we therefore introduce the notation $f_a^{\\gtrless}({\\mathbf{k}};t) \\equiv f_a^{\\gtrless}(E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{k}});t)$. The Fourier transform of [Eq.", " (\\[rpa\\_&gt;&lt;\\])]{} follows as [@kremp_book; @CG_2011] $$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\Pi_a^{0}}^{\\gtrless}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= &\\, \n 2\\pi i \\int\\!\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}}{(2\\pi)^3}\\,\n f_a^{\\gtrless}({\\mathbf{q}}+{\\mathbf{k}};t)\n f_a^{\\lessgtr}({\\mathbf{q}};t)\n \\nonumber\\\\\n & \\times \n \\delta\\big( \\hbar\\omega - \\Delta E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}},{\\mathbf{k}}) \\big)\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\Delta E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}},{\\mathbf{k}}) = E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}+ {\\mathbf{k}}) - E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}})$ is the change in kinetic energy due to the momentum shift $\\hbar{\\mathbf{k}}$. Once the correlation functions are known, the retarded quantities may be obtained via the Kramers-Kronig relation [@kremp_book] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{pir}\n \\Pi^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}=&\\,\n -\\!\\int\\limits_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}\\omega'}{\\pi}\\,\n \\frac{\\text{Im}\\Pi^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega'; t\\right)}}}{\\omega+i\\epsilon-\\omega'}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ with $\\text{Im}\\Pi^{{\\text{R}}} = \\frac{i}{2}{\\!\\left(\\Pi^{<} - \\Pi^{>}\\right)}$ and $\\epsilon \\to 0^{+}$. Note that Eq.", "  holds for all combinations of particle labels, including the cross terms. ", "The explicit result for the RPA case is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{pi_rpa}\n {\\Pi_{a}^{0}}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}=\n \\int\\!\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}}{(2\\pi)^3}\n \\frac{f_a({\\mathbf{q}};t)-f_a({\\mathbf{q}}+{\\mathbf{k}};t)}\n {\\hbar\\omega + i\\epsilon - \\Delta E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}},{\\mathbf{k}})}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The complex expressions and can be split into their constituent real and imaginary parts using the well-known Dirac-Plemlj identity [@kremp_book].", "\n\nFirst order vertex correction\n-----------------------------\n\nThe first term beyond the RPA contribution in [Eq.", " (\\[pi\\_series\\])]{} is the vertex correction due to interactions between screening particles. ", "In the space and time domain one finds [@DSSK_1995] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{pi_vertex_def}\n \\Pi_{a}^{\\text{V}}(12)\n = &\\,\n -(i\\hbar)^{2}s_{a}\\int_{{\\cal C}} {\\mathrm{d}}3{\\mathrm{d}}4\\,{g_{a}^{0}}(13){g_{a}^{0}}(32)\n \\nonumber\\\\\n & \\times\n V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}(34) {g_{a}^{0}}(24) {g_{a}^{0}}(41)\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The time integration is over the Keldysh contour. ", "To lowest order, the dynamically screened interaction potential can be taken to be local in time, i.e. $V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}(34) = V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}({\\mathbf{r}}_3-{\\mathbf{r}}_4;t)\\delta(t_3-t_4)$. We have retained a macroscopic time dependence in the latter to account for any evolution in the plasma conditions that affect screening.", "\n\nThe convergence of the vertex term does not depend on screening (a bare Coulomb potential is also sufficient) since the term describes exchange and is therefore naturally restricted to short ranges. ", "Nevertheless, a screened potential seems more appropriate to use in systems such as WDM, where screening is known to be important (see, e.g. Ref.", " [@CVFD_2015]). ", "The vertex term is responsible for the appearance of the normal $e^4$-exchange term in equation of state theory [@VSK_2004].", "\n\nUsing the locality of the potential in time, we write $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{piv_keldysh}\n \\Pi_a^{\\text{V}}(12)\n = &\\,\n -(i\\hbar)^2 s_{a} \\int {\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{r}}_3 {\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{r}}_4\\, V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}({\\mathbf{r}}_3-{\\mathbf{r}}_4;t)\n \\nonumber\\\\\n & \\times\n \\int\\limits_{\\cal C}\\! {", "\\mathrm{d}}t_3\\,\n {\\cal G}_{13,41}(t_1,t_3){\\cal G}_{32,24}(t_3,t_2)\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ with ${\\cal G}_{13,41}(t_1,t_3)={g_{a}^{0}}({\\mathbf{r}}_1{\\mathbf{r}}_3,t_{1}t_3){g_{a}^{0}}({\\mathbf{r}}_4{\\mathbf{r}}_{1},t_3 t_1)$ and similarly for ${\\cal G}_{32,24}(t_3,t_2)$. The transition from the Keldysh contour onto the physical time axis is again performed using the Langreth-Wilkins rules. ", "Fourier transformation of [Eq.", " (\\[piv\\_keldysh\\])]{} proceeds with the definition of new internal Wigner coordinates. ", "All the macroscopic contributions are dropped to enforce the local approximation. ", "One finds for the correlation functions $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{piv<>}\n {\\Pi_a^{\\text{V}}}^{\\gtrless}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}=&\\,\n 2\\pi i s_{a} \\int \\! ", "\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}}{(2\\pi)^3}\\,\n f_a^{\\gtrless}({\\mathbf{q}}+ {\\mathbf{k}};t)f_a^{\\lessgtr}({\\mathbf{q}};t)\n \\nonumber\\\\ &\n \\times\n \\delta\\big( \\hbar\\omega - \\Delta E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}},{\\mathbf{k}}) \\big)\n \\nonumber\\\\ &\n \\times\n I_{a}^{\\text{V}}({\\mathbf{q}},{\\mathbf{k}},\\omega;t)\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where we have defined a vertex correction function $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{piv<>_inv_D}\n I_{a}^{\\text{V}}({\\mathbf{q}},{\\mathbf{k}},\\omega;t)\n = &\\,\n 2\\,{\\cal P}\\! ", "\\int \\! ", "\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}'}{(2\\pi)^3}\n V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}({\\mathbf{q}}- {\\mathbf{q}}';t)\n \\nonumber \\\\ &\n \\times\n \\frac{f_a({\\mathbf{q}}';t) - f_a({\\mathbf{q}}'+{\\mathbf{k}};t)}\n {\\hbar\\omega - \\Delta E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}',{\\mathbf{k}})}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Here, $\\cal P$ denotes a Cauchy principal value integration. ", "In order to obtain [Eq.", " (\\[piv&lt;&gt;\\])]{}, we have used the free single-particle correlation functions ${g_{a}^{0}}^{\\gtrless}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega\\right)}}$ as prescribed by Eqs.", " -.", "\n\nThe retarded function related to the vertex correction follows from [Eq.", " (\\[pir\\])]{} $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{pirwitt}\n {\\Pi_a^{\\text{V}}}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= &\\,\n -s_{a} \\int\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}\\,{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}'}{(2\\pi)^6}\n V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}({\\mathbf{q}}-{\\mathbf{q}}';t)\n \\nonumber \\\\ &\n \\times\n \\frac{f_a({\\mathbf{q}};t)-f_a({\\mathbf{q}}+{\\mathbf{k}};t)}\n {\\hbar\\omega + i\\epsilon - \\Delta E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}},{\\mathbf{k}}) }\n \\nonumber \\\\ &\n \\times\n \\frac{f_a({\\mathbf{q}}';t)-f_a({\\mathbf{q}}'+{\\mathbf{k}};t)}\n {\\hbar\\omega + i\\epsilon - \\Delta E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}',{\\mathbf{k}}) }\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ An expression identical in form to [Eq.", " (\\[pirwitt\\])]{} was obtained for the specific case of thermal equilibrium by De Witt [*et al.*]{}", " using the imaginary time Matsubara technique [@DSSK_1995].", "\n\nFor the most general case, where the momentum distributions are anisotropic [@WP_1979; @YHK_2011], numerical evaluation of is computationally expensive. ", "Fortunately, in dense systems such as WDM the collision rate between electrons and ions/neutral atoms is often sufficient to randomize the particle momenta whilst not significantly altering their kinetic energies. ", "Thus, an isotropic approximation is sufficient for our purpose. ", "It is convenient to use a bi-spherical coordinate system in which the wave vector ${\\mathbf{k}}$ is defined to be aligned with the positive $z$ axis. ", "The degree of coupling between the dummy integration vectors ${\\mathbf{q}}$ and ${\\mathbf{q}}'$ in is entirely determined by the form of the interaction $V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}$. For a simple screened potential such as the Debye interaction one has $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{debye_potential}\n V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}({\\mathbf{q}};t)\n =\n \\frac{Z_{a}^{2}e^{2} 4\\pi k_{\\text{C}}}{q^{2} + \\kappa_{e}^{2}(t)}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ in which $Z_{a}e$ is the charge of particles of species $a$, $k_{\\text{C}} = 1/4\\pi\\varepsilon_{0}$ is the Coulomb constant and $\\kappa_{e}(t)$ is the (time-dependent) inverse screening length of the electrons. ", "Under isotropic, non-equilibrium conditions, the latter can be written [@GVWG_2010] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{inverse_screening_length}\n \\kappa_{e}^{2}(t)\n =\n \\frac{4}{\\pi a_{\\text{B}}}\n \\int\\limits_{0}^{\\infty}{\\mathrm{d}}q \\, \n f_{e}(q;t)\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ with the Bohr radius $a_{\\text{B}} =\\hbar^2/m_e e^2 k_C \\approx 0.529\\,\\unit{\\AA}$.\n\nUsing [Eqs.", "  and ]{}, we are able to perform three of the six integrations in Eq.", "  analytically. ", "The result is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{piv<>_numerical}\n {\\Pi_{a}^{\\text{V}}}^{\\gtrless}(k,\\omega;t)\n = &~\n \\frac{im_{a}s_{a}}{2\\pi \\hbar^{2} k}\\!", "\n \\int\\limits_{q_{\\min}^{-}}^{\\infty} {\\mathrm{d}}q \\, q \\,\n f_a^{\\gtrless}(E_{a}(q) + \\hbar\\omega;t) \n \\nonumber\\\\ &\n \\times \n f_a^{\\lessgtr}(q;t) \n I_{a}^{\\text{V}}(q,k,\\omega;t)\\,,\n \\\\\n \\label{piv<>_numerical_2}\n I_{a}^{\\text{V}}(q,k,\\omega;t)\n = &~\n \\frac{2Z_{a}^{2}m_{a}}{\\pi k a_{\\text{B}}m_{e}}\n \\frac{1}{q}\n \\int\\limits_0^{\\infty} {\\mathrm{d}}q' \\, {\\cal P} \\! ", "\\int\\limits_{-1}^{1} \\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}\\zeta}{\\zeta - \\zeta_{0}} \\, \n \\nonumber\\\\ &\n \\times \n \\frac{f_a(q';t) - f_a(\\tilde{q}';t)}{\\sqrt{{\\!\\left|a^{2} - b^{2}\\right|}}}\\,. ", " \\end{aligned}$$ The shifted dummy wave number appearing in the second line of [Eq.", " (\\[piv&lt;&gt;\\_numerical\\_2\\])]{} is given by $\\tilde{q}' = \\sqrt{(q')^{2} + k^{2} - 2 q'k \\zeta}$. The summands $a$ and $b$ in the square root term are functions of the remaining integration variables $$\\begin{aligned}\n a\n = &\\,\n \\frac{1}{2}{\\!\\left(\\frac{q}{q'} + \\frac{q'}{q} + \\frac{\\kappa_{e}^{2}}{qq'}\\right)} - \\zeta \\xi_{0} \\,,\n \\\\\n b\n = &\\,\n \\sqrt{(1 - \\zeta^2)(1 - \\xi_{0}^2)}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ We also have the special values $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\xi_{0}\n = &\\,\n \\frac{m_a}{\\hbar^{2}kq}\\!\\left(\\frac{\\hbar^{2}k^{2}}{2m_a} - \\hbar\\omega\\right)\\,,\n \\\\\n \\zeta_{0} \n = &\\,\n \\frac{m_a}{\\hbar^{2}kq'}\\!\\left(\\frac{\\hbar^{2}k^{2}}{2m_a} - \\hbar\\omega\\right)\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The lower limit of the first integration in Eq.", "  $q_{\\min}$ is given by the condition $-1 \\leq \\xi_{0} \\leq 1$, which originates from integration over the $\\delta$ function in Eq.", "  $$\\begin{aligned}\n q_{\\min}^{\\mp}\n = &\\,\n \\frac{m_{a}}{\\hbar^{2}k}{\\!\\left|\\frac{\\hbar^{2}k^{2}}{2m_{a}} \\mp \\hbar\\omega\\right|}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn order to numerically evaluate [Eqs.", "  and ]{}, we use nested adaptive Gauss-Legendre quadratures. ", "For the principal value integration in $\\zeta$, the integration points are chosen to be symmetrically distributed around the simple pole at $\\zeta_{0}$. The second singularity at $a^2 = b^2$ is of an integrable form, but can still cause problems numerically.", "\n\nFirst order self energy correction\n----------------------------------\n\nThe second beyond RPA term in [Eq.", " (\\[pi\\_series\\])]{} accounts for the self energy of the particles arising from the influence of the self-consistent mean field. ", "For this contribution consisting of two terms, one finds the following representation in the space-time domain $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{piS0}\n \\Pi_a^{\\text{S}}(12)\n = &\n -i\\hbar s_{a}\n {g_{a}^{0}}(21)\\!", "\n \\int\\limits_{{\\cal C}} {\\mathrm{d}}3{\\mathrm{d}}4\\,\n {g_{a}^{0}}(13) \\Sigma_{a}(34){g_{a}^{0}}(42) \n \\nonumber\\\\ &\n -i\\hbar s_{a}\n {g_{a}^{0}}(12)\\!", "\n \\int\\limits_{{\\cal C}} {\\mathrm{d}}3{\\mathrm{d}}4\\,\n {g_{a}^{0}}(23) \\Sigma_{a}(34) {g_{a}^{0}}(41)\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Once again, the time integration is taken over the Keldysh contour. ", "In [Eq.", " (\\[piS0\\])]{}, we have defined $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{self_energy}\n \\Sigma_{a}(34)\n = &~\n i\\hbar\\,{g_{a}^{0}}(34)V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}(34)\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Strictly, in [Eq.", " (\\[self\\_energy\\])]{}, we use only the first term of the GW or $V^{\\text s}$ approximation. ", "In order to be consistent in our perturbation expansion of the polarization function, the self energy is then given by the Hartree-Fock (HF) approximation [@kremp_book] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{self_energy_hf}\n \\Sigma_{a}^{\\text{HF}}(34)\n = &~\n i\\hbar {g_{a}^{0}}(34)V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}({\\mathbf{r}}_{3} - {\\mathbf{r}}_{4})\\delta(t_{3} - t_{4})\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ written here with respect to a statically screened interaction such as the Debye potential . ", "Note that [Eq.", " (\\[self\\_energy\\_hf\\])]{} relates to the exchange part only since the Hartree term may be neglected for charged particle systems due to charge neutrality.", "\n\nGiven the temporal structure of [Eq.", " (\\[self\\_energy\\_hf\\])]{}, there is no clear way to unambiguously treat the time ordering in Eq.", " . ", "Thus, direct evaluation of the correlation functions using the Langreth-Wilkins rules is not possible. ", "Instead, the self energy terms of the polarization function are computed starting from equations similar to the RPA term $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{pishf}\n {\\Pi_a^{\\text{S}}}^{\\gtrless}(12)\n =&~\n -i\\hbar s_{a} {g_a^{\\text{HF}}}^{\\gtrless}(12){g_a^{0}}^{\\lessgtr}(21)\\nonumber\\\\\n &~\n -i\\hbar s_{a} {g_a^{0}}^{\\gtrless}(12){g_a^{\\text{HF}}}^{\\lessgtr}(21)\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where the HF correlation functions ${g_a^{\\text{HF}}}^{\\gtrless}$ contain only beyond RPA HF self energy contributions. ", "Self energy contributions are to be included in the spectral function $a_a{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}$ which directly determines the correlation functions. ", "The spectral function can be obtained from [@kremp_book] $$\\begin{aligned}\na_a{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= &~ i\\left[g_a^R{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}-g_a^A{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}\\right]\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where the retarded and advanced Green’s functions follow from the Dyson equation which is cut after the first iteration $$\\begin{aligned}\ng_a^{\\text{R/A}}(12)=&~ {g_a^0}^{\\text{R/A}}(12)\\\\\n+& \\int\\limits_{\\cal C}{\\mathrm{d}}3{\\mathrm{d}}4\\,\n {g_a^0}^{\\text{R/A}}(13)\\Sigma_a^{\\text{HF}}(34){g_a^0}^{\\text{R/A}}(42)\\,.\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Transforming this equation into momentum-frequency space in local approximation leads to $$\\begin{aligned}\n{g_a^{\\text{R/A}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}}=&~ \\frac{1}{\\hbar\\omega-E_a^0(k)\\pm i\\epsilon}\n+\\frac{\\Sigma_a^{\\text{HF}}({\\mathbf{k}};t)}{\\big[\\hbar\\omega-E_a^0(k)\\pm i\\epsilon\\big]^2}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ with $\\epsilon\\to 0^+$. The spectral function for the pure self energy contribution then follows as $$\\begin{aligned}\na_a^{\\text{HF}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= &~ \\Sigma^{\\text{HF}}({\\mathbf{k}};t)\n\\frac{4\\epsilon(\\hbar\\omega-E_0(k))}{\\left[\\big(\\hbar\\omega-E_0(k)\\big)^2+\\epsilon^2\\right]^2}\n\\,.", "\n\\label{a_hf_only}\\end{aligned}$$ This expression is the first term in a perturbation series of the spectral function and can be interpreted as the self energy multiplied by the negative derivative of the $\\delta$-function in Eq.", " . ", "The Fourier transform of [Eq.", " (\\[self\\_energy\\_hf\\])]{} can be shown to be $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{self_energy_hf_fourier}\n \\Sigma_{a}^{\\text{HF}}({\\mathbf{k}};t)\n = &~\n -\\int\\!\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}}{(2\\pi)^{3}}\\,\n f_{a}({\\mathbf{q}};t)V_{aa}^{\\text{sc}}({\\mathbf{k}}- {\\mathbf{q}};t)\\,\n \\nonumber \\\\\n = &\n \\frac{Z_a^2e^2 k_C}{2\\pi k}\n \\int\\limits_0^{\\infty}{\\mathrm{d}}q\\, q\\, f_a(q;t)\n \\nonumber\\\\\n & \\times\n \\ln{\\!\\left|\\frac{(q + k)^{2}+\\kappa_{e}^{2}(t)}{(q - k)^{2}+\\kappa_{e}^{2}(t)}\\right|}\\,.", "\n$$ Equation represents a further generalization of the finite-wavelength screening wave number discussed in Ref.", " [@CVFD_2015]. ", "The more familar form of the HF self energy, in which the unscreened Coulomb potential appears, is recovered from [Eq.", " (\\[self\\_energy\\_hf\\_fourier\\])]{} by setting $\\kappa_{e} = 0$.\n\nThe further evaluation proceeds similarly to the RPA case starting from Eq.", "  with the HF particle propagator featuring the spectral function . ", "The correlation functions for the self energy term of the polarization function is then given by\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{pis<>}\n \\lefteqn{{\\Pi_{a}^{\\text{S}}}^{\\gtrless}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= \n -4\\pi^2 i s_{a}\\!", "\n \\int\\!\\!\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}}{(2\\pi)^3}\\int\\!\\!\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}\\omega'}{2\\pi}\n \\Sigma_a^{HF}({\\mathbf{q}};t)\n \\frac{4\\epsilon\\big(\\hbar\\omega'-E_a^0({\\mathbf{q}})\\big)}\n {\\left[\\big(\\hbar\\omega'-E_a^0({\\mathbf{q}})\\big)^2+\\epsilon^2\\right]^2}\n }&\\\\\n &\\times\n \\left\\{f_a^{\\gtrless}(\\hbar\\omega'+\\hbar\\omega;t)f_a^{\\lessgtr}(\\omega';t) \n \\delta\\left(\\hbar\\omega'+\\hbar\\omega-E_a^0({\\mathbf{q}}+{\\mathbf{k}})\\right)\\right.&\\nonumber\\\\\n &\\left. ", "\\qquad+\n f_a^{\\gtrless}(\\omega';t) f_a^{\\lessgtr}(\\hbar\\omega'-\\hbar\\omega;t) \n \\delta\\left(\\hbar\\omega'-\\hbar\\omega-E_a^0({\\mathbf{q}}-{\\mathbf{k}})\\right)\n \\right\\}\\nonumber\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn [Eq.", " (\\[pis&lt;&gt;\\])]{}, one of the four integrations is trivial and a further one can be performed immediately with the help of the $\\delta$-functions. ", "The final result as it will be used for numerical evaluations is\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{pis<>_num}\n {\\Pi_{a}^{\\text{S}}}^{\\gtrless}(k,\\omega;t)\n = &\n -\\frac{i s_{a}}{(2\\pi)^2}\\!", "\n \\int\\limits_0^{\\infty}\\!\\!q^2{\\mathrm{d}}q\\int\\limits_{-1}^{1}\\!\\!{\\mathrm{d}}x\\,\n \\Sigma_a^{HF}(q;t)\n \\left\\{f_a^{\\gtrless}({\\mathbf{q}}+{\\mathbf{k}};t)\n f_a^{\\lessgtr}(E_a^0({\\mathbf{q}}+{\\mathbf{k}})-\\hbar\\omega;t) \n \\frac{4\\epsilon\\left(E_a^0(k)-\\hbar\\omega-\\frac{2qkx}{2m_a}\\right)}\n {\\left[\\big(E_a^0(k)-\\hbar\\omega-\\frac{2qkx}{2m_a}\\big)^2+\\epsilon^2\\right]^2}\n \\right.\\nonumber\\\\\n &+\\left.", "\n f_a^{\\gtrless}(E_a^0({\\mathbf{q}}-{\\mathbf{k}})+\\hbar\\omega;t) f_a^{\\lessgtr}({\\mathbf{q}}-{\\mathbf{k}};t) \n \\frac{4\\epsilon\\left(E_a^0(k)+\\hbar\\omega+\\frac{2qkx}{2m_a}\\right)}\n {\\left[\\big(E_a^0(k)+\\hbar\\omega+\\frac{2qkx}{2m_a}\\big)^2+\\epsilon^2\\right]^2}\n \\right\\}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn order to evaluate [Eq.", " (\\[pis&lt;&gt;\\_num\\])]{}, one needs to choose the free parameter $\\epsilon$ sufficiently small and run convergence tests. ", "This has been successfully done without any problems in the current work.", "\n\nThe derivation of the retarded polarization function from Eq.", "  proceeds using the Kramers-Kronig relation . ", "Specifically, one obtains two distinct contributions to the retarded self energy term despite their Feynman graphs being topologically equivalent (see [Fig.", " \\[pi\\_expansion\\]]{}):\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{pisr}\n {\\Pi_a^{\\text{S}}}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= &~\n s_{a}\\int\\!\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}}{(2\\pi)^3}\\,\n \\Sigma_{a}^{\\text{HF}}({\\mathbf{q}};t)\n \\left\\{\n \\frac{f_a({\\mathbf{q}}+{\\mathbf{k}};t) - f_a({\\mathbf{q}};t)}\n {{\\!\\left[\\hbar\\omega+i\\epsilon - E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}+{\\mathbf{k}}) + E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}})\\right]}^2}\n +\\frac{\\partial f_a({\\mathbf{q}};t)/\\partial E_{a}^{0}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{q}}\\right)}}}\n {\\hbar\\omega+i\\epsilon - E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}+{\\mathbf{k}}) + E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}})}\n \\right\\}\n \\nonumber\\\\\n +&~\n s_{a}\\int\\!\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{q}}}{(2\\pi)^3}\\,\n \\Sigma_{a}^{\\text{HF}}({\\mathbf{q}};t)\n \\left\\{\n \\frac{f_a({\\mathbf{q}}- {\\mathbf{k}};t) - f_a({\\mathbf{q}};t)}\n {{\\!\\left[\\hbar\\omega+i\\epsilon - E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}) + E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}- {\\mathbf{k}})\\right]}^2}\n -\\frac{\\partial f_a({\\mathbf{q}};t)/\\partial E_{a}^{0}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{q}}\\right)}}}\n {\\hbar\\omega+i\\epsilon - E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}) + E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}- {\\mathbf{k}})}\n \\right\\}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nComparison with the result obtained using the imaginary time Matsubara method is possible recognising that $\\partial f_{a}({\\mathbf{q}})/\\partial E_{a}^{0}({\\mathbf{q}}) = -\\beta f_{a}({\\mathbf{q}})[1 - f_{a}({\\mathbf{q}})]$ for an equilibrium Fermi-Dirac distribution. ", "It is immediately clear that the first term of Eq.", "  is exactly equivalent to the result given by DeWitt [*et al.*]{} [", "@DSSK_1995]. ", "The second term of Eq.", "  is not given in the latter paper, instead the first term is multiplied by two to account for the second diagrammatic contribution. ", "DeWitt [*et al.*]{} ", "were aiming to derive corrections to the EOS in the non-degenerate limit [@DSSK_1995]. ", "Indeed, analysis of [Eq.", " (\\[pisr\\])]{} for non-degenerate equilibrium systems for $k\\to0$ and $\\omega = 0$, recovers their important well-known result (see Appendix B) [@DSSK_1995] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{dewitt_result}\n {\\Pi_{a}^{\\text{S}}}^{{\\text{R}}}({\\mathbf{k}}\\to 0,0)\n \\stackrel{D_{a} \\ll 1}{=} &\\,\n -\\frac{n_{a}\\beta{\\!\\left(\\kappa_{\\text{D}a}\\lambda_{a}\\right)}^{2}}{2s_{a}}\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\kappa_{\\text{D}a}^{2} = Z_{a}^{2}e^{2}n_{a}\\beta4\\pi k_{\\text{C}}$ and $\\lambda_{a}^{2} = \\beta\\hbar^{2}/m_{a}$ are the square Debye wave number and de Broglie wavelength, respectively. ", "The retarded function related to the vertex correction gives an identical result under these special limits and conditions.", "\n\nFor the general case however, the correlation functions are required to fulfill the general time symmetry condition $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{time_reversal_symmetry}\n \\Pi^{>}({\\mathbf{k}},-\\omega;t) \n = \n \\Pi^{<}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Again, this holds for all combinations of species labels. ", "It is trivial to demonstrate that [Eq.", " (\\[pis&lt;&gt;\\_num\\])]{} obeys the condition . ", "In contrast, the time symmetry condition is not fulfilled if the retarded self energy correction is given by constructing the correlation functions from taking twice either of the two terms in [Eq.", " (\\[pisr\\])]{}.", "\n\nAnother important comparison for our result is provided by the results of Holas et al. [", "@HAS_1979]. ", "In the latter, the ground state ($T = 0$) electron gas was investigated for arbitrary frequencies. ", "Holas [*et al.*]{} ", "obtained two distinct contributions to the self energy, similar to our [Eq.", " (\\[pisr\\])]{}. ", "However, the terms featuring derivatives of Wigner distribution functions are missing in the expressions given by Holas [*et al.*]{}, ", "but these give finite contributions even for $T=0$ since the derivative of the step function yields a $\\delta$-function.", "\n\nIn evaluating the retarded self energy contribution to the polarization function [Eq.", " (\\[pisr\\])]{}, we numerically solve the Kramers-Kronig relation (\\[pir\\]) based on the result for the self energy correlation functions [Eq.", " (\\[pis&lt;&gt;\\_num\\])]{}, or choose a value for the parameter $\\epsilon$ and evaluate [Eq.", " (\\[pisr\\])]{} directly. ", "Naturally, properly converged (with respect to $\\epsilon$) calculations show identical results using either method.", "\n\n![ ", "Results for the RPA (solid red curve), (linearized) self energy (dashed blue curve) and vertex (dash-dotted green curve) contributions to the imaginary part of the retarded polarization function in a highly degenerate equilibrium electron gas $n_e=2\\!\\times\\!10^{23}\\,\\unit{cm^{-3}}$, $T = 0.1 \\,\\unit{eV}$, $k = k_{\\text{F}} = 0.964\\,a_{\\text{B}}^{-1}$. Results from Holas et al. [", "@HAS_1979] are shown for comparison (dotted curves with markers). []{", "data-label=\"sv_t=0\"}](fig1_new_jan){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\n![ ", "Results for the real part of the retarded vertex function (dash-dotted green line) and self energy (dashed blue line) in a non-degenerate electron gas at $n_e=10^{21}\\,\\unit{cm^{-3}}$, $T=100\\,\\unit{eV}$, $k=0.1 \\, a_{\\text{B}}^{-1}$ in equilibrium. ", "Current results (dash-dot-dotted line is the sum of vertex and self energy term) are compared to results from DeWitt et al. ", "via Eq.", " (\\[dewitt\\_result\\]) (dashed brown marker) [@DSSK_1995]. []{", "data-label=\"sv_thigh\"}](fig2_new_jan){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nFigures \\[sv\\_t=0\\] and \\[sv\\_thigh\\] provide a comparison between the expressions obtained in this work and literature values for the case of thermal equilibrium. ", "The dynamic vertex and self-energy terms for a strongly coupled degenerate electron gas are shown in Fig.", " \\[sv\\_t=0\\] together with results by Holas et al. [", "@HAS_1979]. ", "To avoid numerical issues arising from evaluating the model at zero temperature, we use a temperature of $T = 0.1\\,\\unit{eV}$. The degeneracy and coupling parameters for this example are $D_{e} = n_{e}\\Lambda_{e}^{3} = 2096$ and $\\Gamma_{ee}=\\langle E_{pot}\\rangle/\\langle E_{kin}\\rangle = 2.72$. We find excellent agreement with the results of Holas [*et al.*]{} ", "for the vertex term [@HAS_1979], but a significant difference for the self energy correction is seen. ", "We attribute this discrepancy to the lack of the second terms in the retarded function in Eq.", " (2.7) Holas [*et al.*]{}.", "\n\nFor the case of a non-degenerate electron gas as shown in Fig.", " \\[sv\\_thigh\\], the long-wavelength limit ($k\\to 0$) of the static ($\\omega = 0$) retarded polarization function has a known analytic result [@DSSK_1995]. ", "This limit Eq.", " (\\[dewitt\\_result\\]) is shown to be well-reproduced by our results in Fig.", " \\[sv\\_thigh\\]. ", "We further confirm that the real parts of the retarded self energy and vertex terms give the same value in the limits of small frequencies and momenta, as expected, despite showing different dynamic behaviours.", "\n\nResults for the non-equilibrium structure\\[sec6\\]\n=================================================\n\nComparison with equilibrium results\n-----------------------------------\n\nIn order to compare the present work to results from the literature, we are necessarily restricted to thermal equilibrium. ", "In this case, higher order contributions beyond RPA can be included into the structure factor and dielectric function in a variety of different ways [@RRRW_2000; @AADD_2010; @VGK_2013; @MDG_2012]. ", "In this work, we consider the fully dynamic properties of the correlations, but we are limited to systems with weak interactions. ", "A well-known alternative approach makes use of dynamic local field corrections (LFCs). ", "Static LFCs have many known properties in the classical non-degenerate and $T=0$ (fully degenerate) limits and for the ($\\omega=0$) and high-frequency ($\\omega\\to\\infty$)cases [@mahan_book; @kremp_book; @STLS_1968; @IKP_1984]. ", "For intermediate temperatures or arbitrary frequencies, interpolation formulas or expansions are often used [@D_1986; @HR_1987; @HK_1991; @SB_1993; @GRHG_2007; @FWR_2010; @VDTG_2012].", "\n\nFor a direct comparison of the DSF, we consider conditions of interest to experiments in the WDM regime. ", "Specifically, we choose the example of solid density aluminium, i.e. $n_{e}=1.8\\!\\times\\!10^{23}\\,\\unit{cm^{-3}}$, heated to $10\\,\\unit{eV}$, e.g. using a short-pulse laser-produced proton beam [@HGJG_2012; @PGGV_2010]. ", "Under these conditions, both the electron-electron coupling and degeneracy are moderate; $\\Gamma_{ee} = 1.22$ and $D_{e} = 1.9$. Subsequently, no single theory of the polarization function is valid without some restriction. ", "We consider wave numbers between $k = 0.5-1.5\\,a_{\\text{B}}^{-1}$ in order to demonstrate the effect of correlations over a range collectivity parameters $\\alpha = \\kappa_{e}/k$. As expected, all curves join the RPA result for high energies but different predictions for the electron structure are given for small energies. ", "The current approach of using dynamic vertex- and self energy contributions featuring a screened potential agrees well with results from static LFCs ($\\omega=0$). ", "The vertex and self energy expansion featuring a Coulomb potential gives the highest values. ", "This is an interesting comparison and the good proximity of our result (using a Debye potential) and of the LFCs shows that the fits of temperature dependence and frequency dependence used to calculate the LFCs work reasonably well in this regime.", "\n\n![ ", "Comparison of the DSF of an electron gas at the conditions expected in warm dense aluminium using the first-order corrections to the polarization function: $n_{e}=1.8\\times 10^{23}\\,\\unit{cm^{-3}}$, $T=10\\,\\unit{eV}$. Several wave numbers $k = 0.5-1.5\\,a_{\\text{B}}^{-1}$ are considered as well as the effect of using Coulomb and Debye potentials. []{", "data-label=\"see_gk\"}](fig3_new_jan){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nIncluding the vertex and self energy terms within the framework presented in this work using an unscreened Coulomb potential gives a considerably different electronic structure than using a screened potential. ", "This extends to the location and width of the plasmon peak. ", "The different approximation of electron-electron interactions is responsible and it is clear that compensation effects occur and that screening reduces the correlation strength and therefore the deviation from RPA.", "\n\nFor realistic situations, electron-ion collisions are still to be included. ", "This can be done in an efficient way in equilibrium using the extended Mermin approach of Fortmann et al. [", "@FWR_2010]. ", "In non-equilibrium, the evaluation of all the second order terms, including the cross species contributions responsible for electron-ion collisions, is needed and therefore a priority for future investigations.", "\n\nNon-equilibrium example: FEL-pumped electron distribution\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to provide an informative example of the effects of non-equilibrium in a realistic system of interest, we consider probing an iron WDM state as discussed in Ref. [", "@WNKD_2013] with x-rays from a high-intensity free-electron laser, such as LCLS or the Euro-XFEL machine. ", "It is well known that under such a high flux of energetic photons, excitations due to photo-ionization, Auger decay and collisional ionization leads to strongly non-equilibrium distributions functions featuring a quasi-thermal high energy tail and several roughly Gaussian-shaped bumps [@FBDD_2010; @MZFG_2011]. ", "Whilst the model outlined in this work is clearly suitable for distribution functions with arbitrarily complicated shapes, it is often reasonable to consider simple analytic models which adequately capture the relevant features. ", "One such example is the  model distribution function [@CG_2011; @CVWG_2012] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{nedf}\n f_{e}(k)\n =&\\,\n A_{c} {\\!\\left[\\exp{\\!\\left(\\beta_{c}{\\!\\left(\\frac{\\hbar^{2} k^{2}}{2m_{e}}-\\mu_e\\right)}\\right)} + 1\\right]}^{-1}\n \\nonumber\\\\ & \n +\n A_h \\exp{\\!\\left(-\\beta_h\\frac{\\hbar^{2}k^{2}}{2m_{e}}\\right)}\n \\nonumber\\\\ & \n +\n A_b \\exp{\\!\\left(-\\beta_b\\frac{(\\hbar k-p_b)^2}{2m_{e}}\\right)}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn order to accentuate non-equilibrium effects, we consider a relatively large fraction of electrons moved from the Fermi-shaped bulk component into high-energy, non-thermal states. ", "Specifically, the total number density of free electrons is fixed at $n_{e} = 10^{24}\\,\\unit{cm^{-3}}$ and the total fraction in the bulk $A_{c} = n_{c}/n_{e}$ is set at $A_{c} = 0.5$, with the remainder being located in the bump. ", "The momentum offset of the bump is set at $p_{b} = 5 \\hbar a_{\\text{B}}^{-1}$, which gives an energy in the range of K-shell Auger emission. ", "The amplitudes of the various components are adjusted to give the correct total density upon integrating over the momentum [@kremp_book].", "\n\n![ ", "Structure in a non-equilibrium electron gas in RPA with $n_e = 10^{24}$cm$^{-3}$ where half the density is in a distribution with $T_{c} = 4\\times 10^5\\,\\unit{K}$ and one half of the density is in a Gaussian bump with $T_b = 10^4\\,\\unit{K}$ and $p_b = 5\\, \\hbar /a_{\\text{B}}$. The wave number of the density fluctuations is $k = 0.5\\,a_{\\text{B}}^{-1}$. (a): Correlation and related retarded functions for the polarization function. (", "The equilibrium result is for $n_e$.) (b): Dynamic structure factor. []{", "data-label=\"see_detail_bal\"}](fig4_new){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\n![ ", "The change in the non-equilibrium structure due to the inclusion of vertex and self energy terms for the same conditions as in Fig. ", "\\[see\\_detail\\_bal\\] but a wave number of $k = 0.4\\,a_{\\text{B}}^{-1}$. (a): Correlation and retarded functions for the polarization function $i\\Pi_{e}^{>}({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega)$ in RPA and including vertex and self energy. (", "b): The dynamic structure factor in a non-equilibrium electron gas in RPA and including vertex and self energy corrections. []{", "data-label=\"see_detail_bal_2\"}](fig5_new_04){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nThe effect of the non-equilibrium distribution on the different polarization functions in RPA are displayed in the top panel of Fig.", " \\[see\\_detail\\_bal\\]. ", "The general trend is towards a reduction in the magnitude of the quantities as a function of frequency due to the lower density of electrons in the bulk of the distribution compared to equilibrium. ", "Moreover, small features around $\\hbar\\omega=\\pm 70 \\, \\unit{eV}$ appear due to the bump. ", "These are shown in greater detail for positive frequencies in the inset panel.", "\n\nThe bottom panel of Fig.", " \\[see\\_detail\\_bal\\] presents the results for the DSF resulting from this non-equilibrium state, which shows several distinct differences in comparison to the equilibrium calculation. ", "Firstly, we note that the plasmon peaks are strongly down-shifted. ", "This is due to the plasmon dispersion relation being largely determined by the density of the bulk component for the value of the momentum transfer studied in this example. ", "Indeed, an equilibrium calculation at the same temperature but half the electron density gives peaks at similar frequency shifts. ", "The location, but not the height or width, can be well approximated by this equilibrium calculation.", "\n\nWe also see a significant difference in the relative amplitudes of the plasmon peaks. ", "In equilibrium, this ratio is given by the detailed balance relation, which is intrinsically related to the temperature according to $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{detailed_balance}\n S_{ee}(-{\\mathbf{k}},-\\omega) \n = &\\\n e^{-\\beta\\hbar\\omega}\n S_{ee}({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega). ", "\\end{aligned}$$ Equation reflects the relative lack of availability of free states for electrons to occupy after scattering a photon, which increases as the system tends toward higher degeneracy. ", "The same simple relationship does not exist for non-equilibrium states in general. ", "Discrepancies between the plasmon damping and detailed balance may therefore act as a sensitive experimental indicator of departures from equilibrium.", "\n\nInterestingly, the high-frequency features of the polarization functions becomes substantially more prominent in the DSF, while at the same time step-like wings extend beyond the plasmon peaks. ", "These features arise since the magnitude of the dielectric function is dominated by the cold bulk, which decays rapidly at high frequencies, whilst the correlation function shows significant structure due to the electrons in the non-thermal bump. ", "The presence of these features is another characteristic signature which may be used to infer non-equilibrium physics in experimental data.", "\n\n![ ", "Dispersion relation of longitudinal plasma excitations for the parameters of Fig. ", "\\[see\\_detail\\_bal\\] (the curves are derived from the maximum of the spectral function, [**]{} not from the zeros of the dielectric function). ", "The discontinuity in the dispersion curve for the non-equilibrium case is due to an interaction of the plasmon and the beam acoustic excitation. ", "The red long dashed line connecting the end points of the discontinuity in the BAM represents the dispersion of an unperturbed acoustic mode (sound speed $c_s=4.74\\times 10^5 \\, \\unit{ms^{-1}}$) and is shown as a guide for the eye. ", "The read short dashed line indicates for which $k$-values this second maximum in the spectral function exists. []{", "data-label=\"see_disp\"}](fig6_new){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nIncluding the first order correlation corrections results in significant relative increases in the magnitudes of the different polarization functions compared to RPA (see top panel of Fig.", " \\[see\\_detail\\_bal\\_2\\]). ", "However, such clear difference are not observed in the dynamic structure, which shows only increases in the amplitudes at the resonance frequencies of the plasmon peaks. ", "This can be understood since the components of the dielectric function do not change significantly close to where $\\text{Re}\\,\\varepsilon_{ee}({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega) = 0$. It is interesting to note that the observed amplification and stabilisation of the plasmons is the opposite behavior compared to equilibrium, where correlations and exchange usually broaden the resonances. ", "In contrast, the step-like non-equilibrium shoulder is not strongly affected by the addition of the vertex and self energy terms.", "\n\nThe dispersion of the collective excitations of the non-equilibrium system considered in the present example is shown in panel (a) of Fig.", " \\[see\\_disp\\]. ", "For small momenta, only a single excitation (the plasmon) exists, the frequency of which is approximately given by the effective plasma frequency resulting from the electron density contained in the cold bulk of the distribution function. ", "The same is true for the highest momenta shown. ", "The dispersion roughly follows a Bohm-Gross-like relation in the long-wavelength limit and deviates from it once the damping enters the non-linear regime [@kremp_book]. ", "For wave numbers between $0.1 \\leq ka_{\\text{B}} \\leq 0.3$, a second collective excitation, known as the beam acoustic mode (BAM), is present. ", "The BAM has been described previously using different methods and for a range of different conditions [@OM_1968; @KMBC_2005; @VYDB_2005; @CG_2011]. ", "Due to the screening interaction between the plasmon mode and the BAM, which is mediated by the dielectric function, the dispersion branches do not cross; the plasmon mode gets pushed to higher frequencies and the BAM gets pushed to lower frequencies. ", "The result is that the upper branch ends up being the BAM excitation even though it was of plasmon character for small wave numbers. ", "Similarly, the lower mode starts out as a BAM but changes its character before the upper branch ceases to exist and re-emerges as the plasmon mode. ", "The dispersion relation for small wave numbers in the BAM case can be described by a modified Bohm-Gross relation taking into account the high energy tail of the distribution function which leads to the larger prefactor in the $k^2$-behavior [@CG_2011].", "\n\nIf the wave number used to study the DSF in Figs.", " \\[see\\_detail\\_bal\\] and \\[see\\_detail\\_bal\\_2\\] is reduced to a value where both the regular plasmon mode and the BAM exist (see vertical marker in panel (a) of Fig.", " \\[see\\_disp\\]), strong spectral signatures in the excitation spectrum emerge. ", "As shown in panel (b) of Fig.", " \\[see\\_disp\\], the resulting structure is quintessentially different to the previous example, where the plasmon peaks of the non-equilibrium system are approximated well by an equilibrium system with half the density. ", "This is due to the occurrence and interaction of plasmon and BAM. ", "Furthermore, whereas the amplitudes of the plasmon-like peaks are asymmetric (remnants of detailed balance), the BAM excitations are symmetrical. ", "In this case, the changes to the dynamic structure due to the inclusion of vertex and self energy contributions are not so easily described. ", "Particularly in the frequency range of the BAM, vertex and self energy terms have opposite signs. ", "Thus, one may conclude from this example that in a general non-equilibrium situation the influence of correlations and exchange on damping and location of collective modes cannot be predicted ad hoc, not even qualitatively. ", "Instead, the only reliable method for understanding the DSF is to calculate it directly from the distribution function.", "\n\nDecomposition of the dynamic structure factor in non-equilibrium\\[sec3\\]\n========================================================================\n\nThe decomposition of the equilibrium electron DSF according to Chihara [@C_1987; @C_2000] is the basis for the analysis of experimental x-ray scattering spectra and a cornerstone of interaction between theory and experiment (see, e.g., [@WVGG_2011; @VG_2015] amongst other works). ", "The Chihara formula uses the chemical picture to distinguish between free and bound electron contributions in a semi-classical framework. ", "The resulting three terms are: 1) The electron gas term describing the high-frequency response of the electrons in the continuum, 2) The ion term describing low-frequency (quasi-elastic) scattering from bound states and the screening cloud of free electrons which surrounds the ions, 3) The bound-free term describing Raman-like transitions from bound states into the continuum.", "\n\nThe utility of the Chihara formula is based on its identification of the different correlation contributions to the total structure factor, whilst not attempting to describe in detail each contribution from first principles. ", "The different contributions of the DSF can then be evaluated using a variety of different models or techniques and have recently focused heavily on incorporating ab initio simulation results (see, e.g., [@VG_2015; @FLDG_2015]). ", "In comparison, the fully quantum mechanical approach in the physical picture requires direct evaluation of the polarization functions and, thus, is currently significantly restricted in practice [@BSDH_2016], or relies on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation [@WSGR_2017]. ", "Treating the excitations of the electron gas on the same level as Raman transitions and rigorously describing the low-frequency response of the ions under strongly coupled conditions are particularly challenging within the present framework.", "\n\nThe original Chihara formula is also based on the assumption of equilibrium. ", "Naturally, a decomposition in a similar spirit to the Chihara formula would be of considerable use for the general case of non-equilibrium states. ", "Such a formalism would allow simplifications to be rigorously derived for special cases of interest, such as two-temperature states or systems with one or more non-equilibrium component. ", "The framework presented in this paper is ideally suited for this application.", "\n\nWe start by defining a generalized screening cloud (or generalized form factor) in the space and time domain $\\rho({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}t_{1},{\\mathbf{r}}_{2}t_{2})$ via the electron-ion and ion-ion correlation functions $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{leitot}\n L_{ei}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}t_{1},{\\mathbf{r}}_{2}t_{2})\n = &\\,\n \\int{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{r}}_{3}\\int\\limits_{\\cal C}\\! {", "\\mathrm{d}}t_3 \\,\\,\\rho({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}t_{1},{\\mathbf{r}}_{3}t_{3}) \n L_{ii}({\\mathbf{r}}_{3}t_{3},{\\mathbf{r}}_{2}t_{2})\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ As throughout the whole paper, we operate in the physical picture and do not explicitly distinguish between bound and free electrons. ", "Consequently, the electron-ion density fluctuation correlation function in [Eq.", " (\\[leitot\\])]{} includes all electrons. ", "Thus, the generalized screening cloud $\\rho$ includes bound electrons, free electrons, as well as dynamic effects like bound-free transitions.", "\n\nAfter transferring from the Keldysh contour to the physical time axis, enforcing the local approximation, and Fourier transforming with respect to the microscopic difference variables, we obtain for the correlation and retarded/advanced functions for $L_{ei}$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{L_ei_>_def}\n L_{ei}^{>}\n = &\\,\n \\rho^{>} L_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}} + \\rho^{{\\text{R}}} L_{ii}^{>}\n \\,,\n \\\\\n \\label{L_ei_R/A_def}\n L_{ei}^{{\\text{R/A}}}\n = &\\,\n \\rho^{{\\text{R/A}}} L_{ii}^{{\\text{R/A}}}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ As usual, all the terms depend on the variables ${\\!\\left\\lbrace{\\mathbf{k}},\\omega,t\\right\\rbrace}$. Using [Eqs.", "  and ]{} together with the appropriate relations (\\[app\\_L\\_ab\\_R/A\\]), we subsequently find\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{rg}\n \\rho^{>}\n = &\\,\n \\frac{1}\n {|(1 - {{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}){{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}|^2}\n \\Big\\{\n {{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{>} (1-{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}}) {{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}\n (1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}})\n +{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{A}}} (1-{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}}) {{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{>}\n \\nonumber\\\\\n &\n -{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}} (1-{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}}) {{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{>} (1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}})\n \\vphantom{\\frac{1}{1}}\n -{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{>}{{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}} (1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}})\n \\Big\\}\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$\n\nfor the greater correlation function and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{rra}\n \\rho^{{\\text{R/A}}}\n = &\\,\n \\frac{(1 - {{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R/A}}}){{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{R/A}}}}\n {(1 - {{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}}){{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R/A}}}}\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ for the retarded/advanced functions. ", "Applying the DPA, the familiar expressions for the screening cloud immediately follow $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho^{\\text{X}}\n =\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{\\text{X}}V_{ei}\\\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\text{X}$ again stands for $>$ or ${\\text{R/A}}$, as required. ", "Under this approximation, the functions $\\rho^{>}$ and $\\rho^{{\\text{R/A}}}$ describe the usual screening cloud of free electrons in non-equilibrium.", "\n\nIf the off-diagonal elements of the polarization functions are retained, as in [Eqs.", "  and ]{}, the generalized screening cloud includes the bound-electron (ionic) form factor, the screening cloud of free electrons, and also in principle any bound-free transitions. ", "The actual evaluation of the ion form factor or bound-free transitions in non-equilibrium depends on the ability to either solve the screened ladder for the polarization function or to incorporate solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation into the present formalism.", "\n\nIn the physical picture, the Chihara-like decomposition of the DSF may be obtained using the ansatz $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{neq_chihara_ansatz}\n L_{ee}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}t_{1},{\\mathbf{r}}_{2}t_{2})\n = &\\,\n L_{ee}^{\\dagger}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}t_{1},{\\mathbf{r}}_{2}t_{2})\n \\nonumber\\\\ \n & + \\int{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathbf{r}}_{3}\\int\\limits_{\\cal C}\\! {", "\\mathrm{d}}t_{3} \\,\n L_{ei}({\\mathbf{r}}_{1}t_{1},{\\mathbf{r}}_{3}t_{3})\\rho({\\mathbf{r}}_{3}t_3,{\\mathbf{r}}_{2}t_2)\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ with the electron-ion term given by Eq.", " . ", "The purpose of introducing the two distinct contributions in [Eq.", " (\\[neq\\_chihara\\_ansatz\\])]{} is to separate the contributions from electrons that respond on high-frequencies, through the first term $L_{ee}^{\\dagger}$, to those which are connected with the dynamic ion structure in the second term. ", "In doing so, we do not weaken the rigor of the physical picture, nor do we specifically invoke the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. ", "Instead, the frequency separation of the various contributions occurs naturally due to the strongly decaying nature of the ion structure factor at high-frequencies.", "\n\nThe corresponding correlation and retarded/advanced functions in Fourier space follow from [Eq.", " (\\[neq\\_chihara\\_ansatz\\])]{} as $$\\begin{aligned}\n L_{ee}^{>}\n = &\\,\n {L_{ee}^{\\dagger}}^{\\!\\!>}+\\rho^{>} L_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}} \\rho^{{\\text{A}}}\n +\\rho^{{\\text{R}}} L_{ii}^{>} \\rho^{{\\text{A}}}+\\rho^{{\\text{R}}} L_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}} \\rho^{>}\\,,\n \\nonumber\\\\\n = &\\,\n {L_{ee}^{\\dagger}}^{\\!\\!>}+\\rho^{>}\\left(L_{ei}^{{\\text{A}}}+L_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}\\right)\n +\\left|\\rho^{{\\text{R}}}\\right|^2 L_{ii}^{>}\\,,\n \\nonumber\\\\\n = &\\,\n {L_{ee}^{\\dagger}}^{\\!\\!", ">} \n + 2\\rho^{>} \\text{Re}\\,L_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}\n +\\left|\\rho^{{\\text{R}}}\\right|^2 L_{ii}^{>}\\,. ", " \\end{aligned}$$ Here, relation (\\[L\\_ei\\_R/A\\_def\\]) was used to obtain the second line. ", "We can use Eq.", "  to immediately derive the corresponding dynamic structure factors $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{noneq_chihara}\n S_{ee}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}= &\\,\n S_{ee}^{\\dagger}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}\\nonumber\\\\\n &+\\frac{i\\hbar}{\\pi}\\rho^{>}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}\\mbox{Re}L_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}\\nonumber\\\\\n &+\\left|\\rho^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}\\right|^2 S_{ii}{{\\!\\left({\\mathbf{k}},\\omega; t\\right)}}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ which is the desired non-equilibrium generalization of the Chihara formula in the physical picture. ", "This non-equilibrium generalisation of the Chihara formula offers the same degree of utilitarianism as the original equilibrium framework since one may supplement each component of the total DSF using complementary theoretical techniques. ", "On the other hand, we present here the exact expressions for all the constituent terms on the basis of the polarization function.", "\n\nThe first term in Eq.", "  represents the contribution of the electrons to the total structure. ", "The second term (for which there is no analog in the equilibrium Chihara formula) effectively gives a correction (mixing) term for the ionic contribution to dynamic screening at high frequencies. ", "As such, it is small everywhere except near the ion acoustic frequency and vanishes once the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is applied, as expected. ", "The third term is the usual ionic structure contribution convolved with the density of all the electrons (both bound and free) associated with the ions.", "\n\nThe contributions of the electrons to the total DSF (\\[noneq\\_chihara\\]) occur in both the high-frequency term $S_{ee}^{\\dagger}$, e.g. via the plasmon resonances, and in the generalized screening cloud $\\rho$. In the latter, the free electrons assume the role of a dynamic version of the pure static screening cloud (usually denoted $q_{a}(k)$). ", "Of course, the bound electrons also influence the structure of both terms and cannot formally be separated in the physical picture. ", "However, since Raman transitions are cut off at the binding energy, which is usually significantly larger than the energies characterizing the ion dynamics, then the effect of bound-free transitions may be expected to be naturally strongly localized in the high-frequency term $S_{ee}^{\\dagger}$. Conversely, the bound-bound transitions (including the elastic Rayleigh scattering) do not support high-frequency collective excitations and are therefore expected to be localized in the generalized screening cloud, which extends over a similar dynamic range to the ion density response. ", "The bound electron contribution to the generalized screening cloud $\\rho$ is expected to behave as a dynamic (complex) version of the ionic form factor contribution to the Rayleigh amplitude in the chemical picture. ", "Thus, the same conceptual separation of free- and bound-electron terms introduced by the chemical picture may be possible to envisage in the physical picture, despite being impractical to realize.", "\n\nThe Chihara-like decomposition for the retarded and advanced quantities related to Eq.", "  reads $$\\begin{aligned}\n L_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}}\n = \n {L_{ee}^{\\dagger}}^{\\!\\!{\\text{R/A}}}+\\rho^{{\\text{R/A}}} L_{ii}^{{\\text{R/A}}} \\rho^{{\\text{R/A}}}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ From the known expressions for the generalized screening cloud and the ion-ion and electron-ion structure, the retarded/advanced structure of the first term can be obtained to be\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{Lee_dagger_R/A}\n {L_{ee}^{\\dagger}}^{\\!\\!{\\text{R/A}}}\n = &\\,\n \\frac{1}\n {{{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R/A}}} (1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}})^{2}}\n \\left\\{\n {{\\cal Q}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}}{{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R/A}}} (1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}})\n \\right.", "\n \\left. - ({{", "\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{R/A}}})^{2} (1-{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R/A}}})\n \\right\\}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFor the case of the DPA, Eq.", "  reduces to $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{free_electron_gas}\n {L_{ee}^{\\dagger}}^{\\!\\!{\\text{R/A}}}\n =\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R/A}}}\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ as expected. ", "Since electron-ion terms in the polarization functions are neglected in Eq. , ", "it may now be considered to be a true free-electron gas contribution. ", "This strong simplification means that in many systems, for instance when the free electrons are highly degenerate, for which the electron-ion interaction is indeed weak, the approximation of a free-electron gas structure is valid. ", "However, caution is advised for a general warm dense matter state to always use this approximation as electron-ion correlations might influence the high-frequency electron feature.", "\n\nThe calculation of the correlation function for the high-frequency density response is rather lengthy but straightforward and one obtains\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Lee_dagger_>}\n {L_{ee}^{\\dagger}}^{\\!\\!", ">}\n = \n \\frac{1}{\\left|1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}\\right|^4\n \\left|{{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}\\right|^2}\n &\n \\Big\\{\\left|1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}\\right|^2\\left|{{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}\\right|^2\n \\left[{{\\cal Q}}_{ee}^{>}\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right)+{{\\cal Q}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{>}\\right]\n \\vphantom{\\frac{1}{1}}\n -{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{>}{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{A}}}\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right){{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}\\left|1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}\\right|^2\n \\nonumber\\\\\n &\n -{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{>}{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right){{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right)^2\n \\vphantom{\\frac{1}{1}}\n -{{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{A}}}}^2\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right){{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{>}\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{R}}}\\right)\n \\nonumber\\\\\n &\n -\\left|{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}\\right|^2\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right){{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{R}}}{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{>}\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right)\n \\vphantom{\\frac{1}{1}}\n +{{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}}^2\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right){{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{>}\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right)^2\n \\nonumber\\\\\n &\n +{{{\\cal Q}}_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}}^2{{\\cal T}}_{ii}^{>}{{\\cal Q}}_{ii}^{{\\text{A}}}\\left(1-{{\\cal T}}_{ee}^{{\\text{A}}}\\right)^2\n \\Big\\}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nOnce again, this greatly simplifies in DPA to $$\\begin{aligned}\n {L_{ee}^{\\dagger}}^{\\!\\!", ">}\n =\n {{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{>}\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ and is again a true free-electron gas contribution. ", "The degree of complexity underpinning the structure of the high-frequency behavior found in [Eqs.", "  and ]{} is a reflection of the fact that the cross species contributions to the polarization functions allow for a vastly wider range of routes for density excitations to couple. ", "It is therefore worth stating that a great deal of interesting and complicated physics may have been neglected in the analysis of x-ray scattering data when electron-ion correlations were neglected. ", "In fact, Fortmann et al. ", "pioneered and successfully applied an extended Mermin approach to the dynamic structure of the electron gas in equilibrium taking into account electron-electron as well as electron-ion correlations [@FWR_2010].", "\n\n{width=\"90.00000%\"}\n\n{width=\"90.00000%\"}\n\nExample for the Chihara decomposition in non-equilibrium\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs an example for a two-component material, we consider hydrogen at a total proton density of $n_p=10^{24} \\, \\unit{cm^{-3}}$, as shown in panel (a) in Fig. ", "\\[see\\_ht\\]. ", "The ions (protons) are in equilibrium at a temperature of $T=10^5\\,\\unit{K}$. The electrons are described by a distribution function composed of the sum of a bulk and a Gaussian bump as described in the figure caption. ", "As we want to qualitatively demonstrate the important features of the non-equilibrium Chihara decomposition of the total electron structure, we restrict us to the RPA approximation in the polarization function and subsequent quantities.", "\n\nPanel (b) of Fig. ", "\\[see\\_ht\\] shows the differences in the polarization correlation functions between equilibrium and non-equilibrium. ", "The magnitude of the non-equilibrium functions is smaller because of the reduced bulk density. ", "The extension in frequency space is comparable with the equilibrium case due to the high energy bump in the distribution function. ", "Panels (c) and (d) of Fig. ", "\\[see\\_ht\\] display the ion acoustic mode (c) and the electron part (d) of the total electron DSF. ", "The ion acoustic mode is exceptionally well developed due to the low ion temperature and the corresponding changes in the electronic screening of the ion-ion interactions. ", "It can further be seen, that the full ion acoustic peak is dominated by the total ion structure factor $i\\hbar L_{ii}^{>}$ multiplied by the non-equilibrium electron screening cloud $\\left|\\rho^{{\\text{R}}}\\right|^2$. Nevertheless, the non-equilibrium free electron gas structure $i{{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{>}$ and [*especially*]{} the electron-ion mix term $i2 \\rho^{>}\\mbox{Re}L_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}$ give important contributions. ", "This is a special attribute which appears only for non-equilibrium distribution functions as the latter term vanishes in equilibrium due to the scale separation of electrons and ions which, again only in equilibrium, gives rise to the application of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation [@MRWF_2017]. ", "The electron part of the total electron structure factor is given to high accuracy by the free electron structure factor $i{{\\cal L}}_{ee}^{>}$. The deviation from equilibrium is visible in the reduced height of the plasmon feature at $\\omega\\sim 2.6 \\, \\unit{ryd}$ and in the broad feature with a second maximum to the right of the plasmon peak.", "\n\nChihara decomposition in a two-temperature systems\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nDuring the relaxation process after energy intake due to a laser or particle beam, or due to a shock wave, there is usually a time span during which the non-equilibrium system may be modeled as a two-temperature system with a temperature ascribed to the electron subsystem and a different temperature to the ion subsystem. ", "Such states have been found in experiments to last for up to several hundred picoseconds and the general agreement in the description of the energy transfer and relaxation process between theory and experiment is not at an acceptable level currently [@CNXF_1992; @NCXF_1995; @WVBC_2012]. ", "XRTS has emerged as a possible diagnostic for such relaxation, shedding light on the time scales and mechanisms [@WVBC_2012]. ", "The underlying theory for the electronic structure naturally needs to capture the non-equilibrium physics adequately. ", "Figure \\[see\\_twotemp\\] demonstrates that the current formalism of this paper is well suited to describe two-temperature systems and that a description using an equilibrium structure theory will introduce errors.", "\n\nWe choose extreme conditions that might occur during inertial fusion. ", "In equilibrium (Fig.", " \\[see\\_twotemp\\], panel (a)), there is no problem with the decomposition of the total electron structure factor into free electron part and ion part. ", "With a reduction of the ion temperature in relation to the electron temperature and under proper coupling of the ion density modes and the electron screening, a screened ion acoustic mode forms (Fig. ", "\\[see\\_twotemp\\], panel (d), zeros of the real part of the dielectric function, black curve). ", "Once this is the case, the electron-ion cross term in the Chihara formula, comprised of the correlation function of the electron screening cloud and the electron-ion structure, does not vanish anymore and is of the same order as the free electron feature in the spectral range of the ion acoustic mode. ", "This constitutes a breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, on which the usual equilibrium Chihara decomposition is founded. ", "For very large temperature differences however, it seems to be the case that the [*relative*]{} error introduced by neglecting the $i2\\rho^{>}\\mbox{Re}L_{ei}^{{\\text{R}}}$ term is tolerable. ", "However, as large temperature differences between species often occur at the beginning of the relaxation process where it is most likely that either one or even both species have not yet fully established their own temperature, it seems prudent to always use the full non-equilibrium formalism.", "\n\nIn panel (b) of Fig. ", "\\[see\\_twotemp\\], we also try to fit the artificial signal (red curve) using the Chihara formula in Born-Oppenheimer approximation, i.e., without the electron-ion cross term in the second line of Eq.", " (\\[noneq\\_chihara\\]). ", "As can be observed, such procedure does not give a good fit of the low frequency behaviour (purple dashed curve). ", "One could try and fit the red curve with different ion temperatures but a full fit of the total ion acoustic signal would not be possible.", "\n\nSummary\n=======\n\nThis paper presents a comprehensive quantum theory for calculating the dynamic properties of correlated, two-component charged-particle systems in non-equilibrium states. ", "Of principal concern to the results is the description of the dynamic structure factor (DSF), which has been presented in a general way that incorporates all levels of inter-particle interactions. ", "The central role played by the polarization functions and, more fundamentally, by the Wigner distribution functions of the electrons and ions was demonstrated. ", "A highly generalized framework has nevertheless been provided, which formalises the correct approach to modeling such systems when better approximations for the polarization functions can be developed. ", "The specific case of the diagonalized polarization approximation (DPA), which arises from neglecting direct electron-ion terms in the polarization function and results in an effective two-fluid description in linear-response, has been discussed. ", "We showed that the DPA description leads to results that agree with previously published results for various quantities of interest, such as the DSF and the energy transfer rate.", "\n\nIn considering the polarization function for correlated systems, we appealed to a perturbation expansion of the fully self-consistent Bethe-Salpeter equation. ", "The resulting expression goes beyond the weakly coupled limit of the random phase approximation (RPA) by including terms of first-order in the interaction potential corresponding to vertex and self energy corrections. ", "We have demonstrated the evaluation of these terms for non-equilibrium states. ", "Comparison of the vertex and self energy terms with known results of equilibrium limiting cases from the literature shows good agreement in the non-degenerate limit. ", "In the highly degenerate case, the vertex term was shown to give excellent agreement with previous work. ", "However, the self energy term calculated in this work gives qualitatively different results. ", "For specific results for the dynamic structure factor, the (potentially time-dependent) non-equilibrium distribution functions of electrons and ions are needed as the fundamental inputs to the theory. ", "In equilibrium, the difference between screened and unscreened polarization function corrections has been demonstrated. ", "It was shown that screening plays an important role in the cancellation of large discrepancies from RPA in Coulomb systems. ", "In general, the exchange and correlation contributions were shown to produce the expected broadening and down-shifting of the quasi-particle excitations. ", "Moreover, our (statically screened) results showed excellent agreement with well-known local field correction schemes. ", "Of course, such agreement is not expected in general, especially at higher coupling strengths.", "\n\nA simple analytic form for the distribution function as expected in laser-driven experiments has been used to demonstrate non-equilibrium effects. ", "Our results show that the plasmon position, width and amplitude can be significantly affected by large numbers of non-thermal electrons. ", "In particular, we showed exactly how the principle of detailed balance is violated under non-equilibrium conditions. ", "For the specific example considered, a stiffening of the plasmon resonance was observed, suggesting that the effect of exchange and correlation cannot be predicted a priori in non-equilibrium. ", "The dispersion relation shows the formation of the beam acoustic mode, in line with previous studies of similar non-equilibrium systems.", "\n\nA generalized non-equilibrium electronic screening cloud, i.e. a non-equilibrium form factor, has been introduced. ", "This enables a Chihara-like decomposition of the total electron structure into a free electron part and a part describing the electrons associated with the ion structure, be it as bound electrons or as screening cloud. ", "Such decomposition cannot and does not rely on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in non-equilibrium and additional terms to the equilibrium decomposition arise due to this feature. ", "Such non-equilibrium decomposition will be of use for experiments trying to create and probe matter on femto-second time scales using ultra-short lasers, XFELs, and XRTS.", "\n\nThe example for laser-driven electrons in warm dense hydrogen shows the non-equilibrium coupling of the electrons to the ions. ", "This leads to an asymmetric change in the peak of the ion acoustic mode. ", "The electron-ion cross term is of similar order as the free electron feature for ion excitation frequencies. ", "The free-electron part of the total electron structure is given to high accuracy by the free electron structure. ", "For two-temperature systems, it was shown that an equilibrium treatment using two different temperatures should be used only for very small temperature differences. ", "For most situations, electron-ion cross terms play a role that cannot be neglected.", "\n\nThe current work offers many possibilities and challenges for future work. ", "For example, it demonstrates the formation of additional channels for electron-ion energy exchange, which may have a significant impact on predictions of temperature relaxation in dense, partially-ionized plasmas. ", "The coupling of micro- and macro-variables needs to be studied in order to take into account gradients in a rigorous way. ", "Most importantly, however, the electron-ion polarization function needs to be treated rigorously, i.e., the electron-ion problem in non-equilibrium needs to be solved in general, since this was shown to be necessary to properly incorporate processes such as bound-free transitions and electron-ion scattering in non-equilibrium systems.", "\n\nThe authors gratefully acknowledge fruitful discussions with and comments from D.O. Gericke (University of Warwick). ", "J.V. also acknowledges generous hospitality at SIMES, SLAC, Stanford (USA).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "1906–1917 Stanford rugby teams\n\nThe Stanford rugby teams of 1906 to 1917 represented Stanford University as the school's only football program during those years, replacing American football with rugby union. ", "The school had played American football from 1892 to 1905, but in 1906, concerned with the growing levels of violence in football, Stanford and other universities changed to rugby. ", "Stanford played twelve seasons of rugby, during which it played other college teams, club teams from the United States, Canada, and Australia, as well as the New Zealand national team and Australia national team. ", "Despite the team's success, it became clear that other schools were not adopting rugby in large numbers, and after rival California returned to football in 1915, Stanford faced a limited number of potential opponents; and after a year of playing neither sport officially due to World War I, the school returned to American football in 1919.", "\n\nSwitch to rugby\n\nAmerican football in the early 1900s had become increasingly violent; with no forward pass, the ball carrier would be typically pushed and pulled up the field by his own players in massive formations that often resulted in serious injuries. ", "In 1905, 18 deaths, three at the college level, were attributed to football; 159 serious injuries were also reported, 88 at the college level.", "\n\nReform was demanded by such voices as U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, who decried the brutality and foul play of the game, and called a meeting of school presidents to discuss the issue. ", "As a result, before the next season began, new rules were put in place to discourage such play. ", "The forward pass was also introduced to open up the game and reduce the role of dangerous mass formations. ", "Despite the planned changes, a number of universities banned the sport for the coming year, including Columbia, NYU, and Northwestern.", "\n\nSeveral universities on the West Coast, led by California and Stanford, replaced the sport with rugby. ", "At the time, the future of football was very much in doubt and these schools believed that rugby would eventually be adopted nationwide. ", "Other schools that made the switch included Nevada, St. Mary's, Santa Clara, and USC (in 1911). ", "However, due to the perception that West Coast football was inferior to the game played on the East Coast anyway, East Coast and Midwest teams shrugged off the loss of the teams and continued playing football. ", "With no nationwide movement, the available pool of rugby teams to play remained small. ", "The schools scheduled games against local club teams and reached out to rugby powers in Australia, New Zealand, and especially, due to its proximity, Canada. ", "The annual Big Game between Stanford and California continued as rugby, with the winner invited by the British Columbia Rugby Union to a tournament in Vancouver over the Christmas holidays, with the winner of that tournament receiving the Cooper Keith Trophy.", "\n\nReturn to football\nIn 12 seasons of rugby, Stanford was remarkably successful: the team had three undefeated seasons, three one-loss seasons, and an overall record of 94 wins, 20 losses, and 3 ties for a winning percentage of .816. ", "However, after a few years, the school began to feel the isolation of its newly adopted sport, which was not spreading as many had hoped. ", "Students and alumni began to clamor for a return to football to allow wider intercollegiate competition. ", "The pressure at rival California was stronger (especially as the school had not been as successful in the Big Game as they had hoped), and in 1915 California returned to football. ", "As reasons for the change, the school cited football rule changes, the overwhelming desire of students and supporters to play football, interest in playing other East Coast and Midwest schools, and a patriotic desire to play an \"American\" game.", "\n\nCalifornia's return to football increased the pressure on Stanford to also change back in order to maintain the rivalry. ", "Stanford played its 1915, 1916, and 1917 \"Big Games\" as rugby against Santa Clara and California's football \"Big Game\" in those years was against Washington, but both schools desired to restore the old traditions. ", "The onset of World War I gave Stanford an out: in 1918, the Stanford campus was designated as the Students' Army Training Corps headquarters for all of California, Nevada, and Utah, and the commanding officer, Sam M. Parker, decreed that football was the appropriate athletic activity to train soldiers and rugby was dropped.", "\n\nAfter the war, Stanford resumed its football program and relegated rugby to a minor sport. ", "Several Stanford rugby players who played during those years—including Daniel Carroll, Dink Templeton, Morris Kirksey, Erwin Righter, John Patrick, and Charles Doe—went on to win a gold medal for the United States in rugby at the 1920 Summer Olympics.", "\n\nSeason results\n\n1906 season\n\nIn its first season of rugby, Stanford retained head football coach James F. Lanagan as its first rugby coach. ", "Lanagan had coached the football team for three years, including an undefeated 1905 season. ", "With no experience playing or coaching rugby, Lanagan initially offered his resignation, but Stanford insisted he stay on, so he traveled to Vancouver, British Columbia to study the sport. ", "Stanford won its first five games, including two wins over a visiting club team from Vancouver. ", "As winners of the first Big Game against California played as rugby, Stanford competed against Vancouver-area club teams for the Cooper Keith Trophy, losing two games and tying one.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1907 season\n\nIn Stanford's second season of rugby, Jimmy Lanagan returned as coach and the team finished 8–4. ", "Stanford continued its series with Nevada, Vancouver, and Victoria and added games against Bay Area club team the Barbarians and a Los Angeles club called the Castaways. ", "Stanford won its second Big Game rugby match, earning a second straight tournament in British Columbia.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1908 season\n\nLanagan returned for his final year as Stanford's coach and the team finished 12–2, winning not only its third consecutive Big Game, but also going on to win the Cooper Keith Trophy in the end-of-season Vancouver tournament. ", "Stanford added two games against San Francisco's Olympic Club and played a final game against the Australian national team, the Wallabies.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1909 season\n\nFollowing Lanagan's departure, George Presley was named Stanford's new rugby coach. ", "Presley played one year of rugby under Lanagan in 1906 and had been an assistant coach in 1907 and 1908. ", "Presley also coached Stanford's baseball team. ", "Stanford won its first eight games—seven by shutout—but then lost Big Game for the first time in seven years.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1910 season\n\nIn Presley's second year as coach, Stanford was led by Ben Erb and Jim Arrell. ", "The season was almost identical to the previous year: the team won its first seven games by shutout, and then lost Big Game to undefeated California. ", "Stanford led in that game 6–0, but did not score again as California won 25–6. ", "This Big Game is recognized as the first intercollegiate game to feature card stunts.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1911 season\n\nIn the 1911 season, Stanford went 10–3 and added USC to the schedule, as the school dropped football in favor of rugby.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1912 season\n\nIn Presley's last year as coach, Stanford finished with a 5–3–1 record, its worst record of the rugby era. ", "Stanford avoided a fourth straight loss in the Big Game by tying California. ", "Despite an outstanding 30–8–1 overall record as coach, coach Presley was 0–3–1 against the Bears.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1913 season\n\nFloyd C. Brown succeeded George Presley as coach. ", "Like Presley, Brown had played for and served as an assistant under the previous coach. ", "Stanford finished with an 8–3 record, including its first Big Game win in five years, led by Danny Carroll, who had won a gold medal in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the Australia national rugby union team and who was now earning a degree in geology from Stanford. ", "Stanford played its final rugby game against USC, who returned to American football the next year, and suffered two blowout losses to the famed New Zealand All Blacks, who were on a North American tour.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1914 season\n\nBrown's second year as coach was the best in Stanford rugby history: the team was undefeated entering the Big Game at California, who was also undefeated. ", "A record crowd of 26,000 turned out to see Stanford defeat the Bears, 26–8. ", "This would be the last Big Game for several years as California returned to football for the 1915 season. ", "Despite Stanford's success in rugby, the previous year's humiliating defeats to the All Blacks and the switch by rivals USC and California to football intensified the sentiment for Stanford to switch back as well.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1915 season\n\nBy 1915, there was only one other U.S. college playing intercollegiate rugby: Santa Clara. ", "The rest of Stanford's schedule was made up of local club and all star teams. ", "The team played to a scoreless tie with the Olympic Club team to start the season, but recovered to win the rest of the games on the schedule.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1916 season\n\nIn their last full season of rugby, Stanford won all its games except the \"Big Game\" against Santa Clara, played for the second year at Ewing Field in San Francisco. ", "This was Stanford's first loss since 1913.", "\n\nSchedule\n\n1917 season\n\nLike the two coaches before him, Stanford's new head coach Jim Wylie was a former Stanford player. ", "He had also been a member of the New Zealand All Blacks team that had crushed Stanford's team in 1913. ", "But with World War I imminent, Stanford played just one game, the \"Big Game\" against Santa Clara, winning 15–11. ", "This was also Stanford rugby's last game as a major sport. ", "The following year, Stanford president Ray Lyman Wilbur canceled all intercollegiate athletic events due to students' enlisting in the military for the war, and due to Stanford's designation as the regional headquarters of the Students' Army Training Corps. ", "When Stanford reformed a team in 1919, the school returned to American football as its major gridiron sport.", "\n\nSchedule\n\nReferences\n\nRugby\nStanford" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLocaleResolver in Spring\n\nI am using session locale resolver for my application. ", "I am showing the languages in dropdown. ", "if the user selects on any of the language then repopulates all values from that language. ", "\n<property name=\"interceptors\">\n <list>\n <ref bean=\"localeChangeInterceptor\" />\n </list>\n</property>\n\n<bean id=\"localeChangeInterceptor\"\n class=\"org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.", "LocaleChangeInterceptor\">\n <property name=\"paramName\" value=\"languageCode\" />\n</bean>\n\n<bean id=\"localeResolver\"\n class=\"org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.", "SessionLocaleResolver\" />\n\nBut its is not reading it from the session. ", "Always it considers the defaultlanguage from browser setting.", "\nPlease help on this.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to obtain the locale in this way:\nLocale loc=RequestContextUtils.getLocale(request);\n\n" ]

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[ "Configuration OMS\n{\n \n $OMSPackageLocalPath = 'C:\\MMA\\MMASetup-AMD64.exe'\n $OMSWorkspaceId = Get-AutomationVariable -Name 'OMSWorkspaceId'\n $OMSWorkspaceKey = Get-AutomationVariable -Name 'OMSWorkspaceKey'\n\n\n Import-DscResource -ModuleName xPSDesiredStateConfiguration\n\n Node localhost {\n Service OMSService\n {\n Name = \"HealthService\"\n State = \"Running\"\n } \n\n xRemoteFile OMSPackage {\n Uri = \"https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=517476\"\n DestinationPath = $OMSPackageLocalPath\n }\n\n Package OMS {\n Ensure = \"Present\"\n Path = $OMSPackageLocalPath\n Name = 'Microsoft Monitoring Agent'\n ProductId = '8A7F2C51-4C7D-4BFD-9014-91D11F24AAE2'\n Arguments = '/C:\"setup.exe /qn ADD_OPINSIGHTS_WORKSPACE=1 OPINSIGHTS_WORKSPACE_ID=' + $OMSWorkspaceId + ' OPINSIGHTS_WORKSPACE_KEY=' + $OMSWorkspaceKey + ' AcceptEndUserLicenseAgreement=1\"'\n DependsOn = '[xRemoteFile]OMSPackage'\n }\n }\n} \n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ ";;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n;;; Copyright 2013 Alexey Radul.", "\n;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n;;; This file is part of DysVunctional Language.", "\n;;; \n;;; DysVunctional Language is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n;;; it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as\n;;; published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the\n;;; License, or (at your option) any later version.", "\n;;; \n;;; DysVunctional Language is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n;;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n;;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n;;; GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n;;; \n;;; You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\n;;; along with DysVunctional Language. ", " If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n(declare (usual-integrations))\n(declare (integrate-external \"syntax\"))\n(declare (integrate-external \"../support/pattern-case/pattern-case\"))\n;;;; Simplistic FOL to asm.js compiler\n\n;;; A url for verifying that the output is syntactically correct asm.js:\n;;; http://turtlescript.github.cscott.net/asmjs.html\n\n(define (fol->asm.js program #!", "optional base)\n (if (default-object? ", "base)\n (set! ", "base \"jsozzle\"))\n (let ((code (prepare-for-asm.js program))\n (file (pathname-new-type base \"js\")))\n (with-output-to-file file\n (lambda ()\n (display code)))))\n\n(define (prepare-for-asm.js program)\n (printable->string\n (asm.js-syntax->printable\n (tweak-for-mandelbrot-example\n (fol->asm.js-syntax\n ;; The \"real\" primitive does nothing at runtime, and Firefox 23.0\n ;; mysteriously does not compile calls to it in the Javascript.", "\n ((on-subexpressions (rule '(real (? ", "x)) x))\n program))))))\n\n;;; I apologize for this unfortunate procedure. ", " As of this writing,\n;;; the only function values that either DVL for FOL can export to the\n;;; outside world must accept a single real number as an argument.", "\n;;; Therefore, the only way to export a function of two real arguments\n;;; (such as `mandelbrot?", "`, which needs the real and imaginary\n;;; component of the point it is to test) is to curry it.", "\n;;; Unfortunately, asm.js does not support higher-order procedures, so\n;;; there is no direct translation for such a currying. ", " Instead, the\n;;; mandel.dvl example opts for compiling an expression which\n;;; represents a typical use of the `mandelbrot?", "` function. ", " This\n;;; turns into a recognizable `__main__` procedure when converted to\n;;; asm syntax, which I can tweak mid-flight to produce the desired\n;;; effect. ", " This blemish will be removed when the DVL and FOL foreign\n;;; interfaces are up to it, but in the meantime it seems better than\n;;; asking people to edit the compiler's output by hand.", "\n(define tweak-for-mandelbrot-example\n (rule '(module\n (?? ", "stuff)\n (function __main__ ()\n (var (? ", "v1) 0.)", "\n (var (? ", "v2) 0.)", "\n (statement (apply (? ", "op1) ((? ", "ct) .5 .7 0. ", "0.)))", "\n (assign (? ", "v1) (unary + (access heap_view 0)))\n (assign (? ", "v2) (unary + (access heap_view 1)))\n (? ", "return))\n (? ", "export))\n `(module\n ,@stuff\n (function __main__ (\"x\" \"y\")\n (assign \"x\" (unary + \"x\"))\n (assign \"y\" (unary + \"y\"))\n (var ,v1 0.)", "\n (var ,v2 0.)", "\n (statement (apply ,op1 (,ct \"x\" \"y\" 0. ", "0.)))", "\n (assign ,v1 (unary + (access heap_view 0)))\n (assign ,v2 (unary + (access heap_view 1)))\n ,return)\n ,export)))\n\n(define (fol->asm.js-syntax program)\n ;; TODO This inferred-type-map code is copied from common-lisp.scm.", "\n ;; Abstract.", "\n (define inferred-type-map (make-eq-hash-table))\n (for-each-fol-expression program\n (lambda (expr type)\n (hash-table/put! ", "inferred-type-map expr type)))\n (define (lookup-inferred-type expr)\n (or (hash-table/get inferred-type-map expr #f)\n (error \"Looking up unknown expression\" expr)))\n (define (compile-statement exp tail-position?)", "\n (define (compile-let-statement bindings body)\n `(,@(map compile-binding bindings)\n ,@(compile-statement body tail-position?)))", "\n (define (compile-binding b)\n (let ((name (car b))\n (exp (cadr b)))\n `(assign ,(js-identifier name) ,(compile-expression exp))))\n (define (compile-let-values-statement names subexpr body)\n `(,@(compile-statement subexpr #f) ; Not tail position\n ,@(map js-heap-read\n (map js-identifier names)\n (iota (length names)))\n ,@(compile-statement body tail-position?)))", "\n (define (compile-if-statement pred cons alt)\n `((if-stmt ,(compile-expression pred)\n ,(compile-statement cons tail-position?)", "\n ,(compile-statement alt tail-position?))))", "\n (define (compile-values-statement subforms)\n `(,@(map js-heap-write\n (map compile-expression subforms)\n (iota (length subforms)))\n ,@(if tail-position?", "\n '((return))\n '())))\n (case* exp\n (let-form => compile-let-statement)\n (let-values-form => compile-let-values-statement)\n (if-form => compile-if-statement)\n (values-form => compile-values-statement)\n (_ (if tail-position?", "\n (let ((type (lookup-inferred-type exp)))\n (if (js-scalar-type? ", "type)\n `((return ,(js-coerce (compile-expression exp) type)))\n `((statement ,(compile-expression exp))\n (return))))\n `((statement ,(compile-expression exp)))))))\n (define (compile-expression exp)\n (case* exp\n ((fol-var var) (js-identifier var))\n ((fol-const const)\n (cond ((number? ", "const)\n ;; All numbers in the program are currently floating point.", "\n (exact->inexact const))\n ((eq? ", "const #t) 1) ; asm represents booleans as ints\n ((eq? ", "const #f) 0) ; asm represents booleans as ints\n (else const)))\n ((lambda-form _ _ _) (error \"Escaping procedures not supported for asm.js\"))\n ((pair operator operands)\n (if (js-operator? ", "operator)\n `(,(if (< (length operands) 2)\n 'unary\n 'binary)\n ,(js-operator operator)\n ,@(map compile-expression operands))\n (js-coerce\n `(apply ,(js-identifier operator) ,(map compile-expression operands))\n (lookup-inferred-type exp))))))\n (define (local-variable-declarations body)\n (map (lambda (var)\n ;; TODO Using 'real here is wrong, but I would need\n ;; local-variable type information to fix it.", "\n (js-variable-declaration var 'real))\n (map js-identifier (local-names body))))\n (define compile-definition\n (rule `(define ((? ", "name) (?? ", "formals))\n (argument-types (?? ", "arg-types) (? ", "return))\n (? ", "body))\n `(function ,(js-identifier name) ,(map js-identifier formals)\n ,@(map js-parameter-type-setter\n (map js-identifier formals) arg-types)\n ,@(local-variable-declarations body)\n ,@(compile-statement body #t)))) ; Tail position\n (define (std-import pair)\n (let ((name (car pair))\n (source (cdr pair)))\n `(std-import ,name ,source)))\n (let ((defns (program->definitions program)))\n `(module\n fol_program\n ;; View the heap as a collection of 32-bit floats\n (view-heap heap_view \"Float32Array\")\n ,@(map std-import '((acos . \"", "Math.acos\")\n (asin . \"", "Math.asin\")\n (atan . \"", "Math.atan2\")\n (cos . \"", "Math.cos\")\n (sin . \"", "Math.sin\")\n (tan . \"", "Math.tan\")\n (exp . \"", "Math.exp\")\n (log . \"", "Math.log\")\n (sqrt . \"", "Math.sqrt\")\n (expt . \"", "Math.pow\")\n (abs . \"", "Math.abs\")))\n ,@(map compile-definition (filter procedure-definition? ", "defns))\n (return __main__))))\n\n(define (js-heap-read name index)\n `(assign ,name ,(js-coerce `(access heap_view ,index) 'real))) ; TODO Understand shifting\n\n(define (js-heap-write expr index)\n `(assign (access heap_view ,index) ; TODO Understand shifting\n ,expr))\n\n(define (js-scalar-type? ", "type)\n ;; Is this a FOL type that I represent as a asm scalar? ", " (Other FOL\n ;; types are represented by sets of asm values, possibly on the\n ;; heap.)", "\n (or (eq? ", "type 'real) (eq? ", "type 'bool)))\n\n(define (js-coerce exp type)\n (cond ((eq? ", "type 'real)\n `(unary + ,exp))\n ((eq? ", "type 'bool)\n ;; Booleans in asm.js are integers\n `(binary \"|\" ,exp 0))\n ((pair? ", "type)\n ;; Multiple values are passed out of band\n exp)))\n\n(define (js-parameter-type-setter name type)\n `(assign ,name ,(js-coerce name type)))\n\n(define (js-variable-declaration name type)\n `(var ,name\n ,(cond ((eq? ", "type 'real)\n 0.0)\n ((eq? ", "type 'bool)\n ;; Booleans in asm.js are integers\n 0)\n (else (error \"Cannot store type in asm.js variable\" type)))))\n\n(define (js-operator? ", "thing)\n (memq thing '(+ - * / = <= >= < >)))\n\n(define (js-operator thing)\n (if (eq? ", "thing '=)\n '==\n thing))\n\n(define (js-identifier thing)\n (if (eq? ", "thing '%%main)\n '__main__\n (string-replace (display->string thing) #\\- #\\_)))\n\n;;; The grammar that would be easy to translate to JS statements is\n;;; block = <expression>\n;;; | (let ((<data-var> <expression>) ...) <block>)\n;;; | (let-values (((<data-var> <data-var> <data-var> ...) <expression>))\n;;; <block>)\n;;; | (if <expression> <block> <block>)\n;;; | (values <expression> <expression> <expression> ...)\n;;;\n;;; expression = <data-var> | <number> | <boolean> | ()\n;;; | (<proc-var> <expression> ...)\n;;;\n;;; access, construction, and lambda not actually allowed\n;;;\n;;; Unfortunately, normalizing FOL to this would require pulling ifs\n;;; out of lets and if conditionals, which would lead to code\n;;; duplication. ", " So I'll try to translate FOL entirely to JS\n;;; expressions instead (except for 'return').", "\n\n(define (asm.js-syntax->printable syntax)\n (define (return-void? ", "thing)\n (and (pair? ", "thing)\n (null? (", "cdr thing))\n (eq? '", "return (car thing))))\n (define-algebraic-matcher module-form (tagged-list? '", "module) cadr cddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher std-import-form (tagged-list? '", "std-import) cadr caddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher view-heap-form (tagged-list? '", "view-heap) cadr caddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher function-def (tagged-list? '", "function) cadr caddr cdddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher variable-declaration-form (tagged-list? '", "var) cadr caddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher assign-form (tagged-list? '", "assign) cadr caddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher if-stmt-form (tagged-list? '", "if-stmt) cadr caddr cadddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher return-void-form return-void?)", "\n (define-algebraic-matcher return-form (tagged-list? '", "return) cadr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher statement-form (tagged-list? '", "statement) cadr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher apply-form (tagged-list? '", "apply) cadr caddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher unary-form (tagged-list? '", "unary) cadr caddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher binary-form (tagged-list? '", "binary) cadr caddr cadddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher heap-access-form (tagged-list? '", "access) cadr caddr)\n (define-algebraic-matcher string string? ", "id-project)\n (define (intersperse items sublist)\n (if (null? ", "items)\n '()\n (cons (car items)\n (append-map (lambda (item)\n (append sublist (list item)))\n (cdr items)))))\n (let loop ((code syntax))\n (case* code\n ((module-form name body)\n `(\"function \" ,name \"(stdlib, foreign, heap) {\" nl\n (indent\n \"\\\"use asm\\\";\" nl\n ,@(map loop body))\n \"}\" nl))\n ((std-import-form name source)\n `(\"var \" ,name \" = stdlib.\" ,", "source \";\" nl))\n ((view-heap-form name type)\n `(\"var \" ,name \" = new stdlib.\" ,", "type \"(heap);\" nl))\n ((function-def name args body)\n `(\"function \" ,name \"(\"\n (align\n ,@(intersperse args '(\",\" breakable-space))) \") {\" nl\n (indent\n ,@(map loop body))\n \"}\" nl))\n ((variable-declaration-form var exp)\n `(\"var \" ,(loop var) \" = \" ,(loop exp) \";\" nl))\n ((assign-form var exp)\n `(,(loop var) \" = \" ,(loop exp) \";\" nl))\n ((if-stmt-form pred cons alt)\n `(if \" (\" ,(loop pred) \") {\" nl\n (indent\n ,@(map loop cons))\n \"} else {\" nl\n (indent\n ,@(map loop alt))\n \"}\" nl))\n ((return-void-form)\n `(\"return;\" nl))\n ((return-form exp)\n `(\"return \" ,(loop exp) \";\" nl))\n ((statement-form exp)\n `(,(loop exp) \";\" nl))\n ((apply-form func args)\n `(,func \"(\" (align ,@(intersperse (map loop args) '(\",\" breakable-space))) \")\"))\n ;; TODO Try to use precedence rules to minimize the number of\n ;; emitted parens?", "\n ((unary-form op arg)\n `(\"(\" ,op ,(loop arg) \")\"))\n ((binary-form op left right)\n `(\"(\" ,(loop left) ,op ,(loop right) \")\"))\n ((heap-access-form view index)\n `(,view \"[\" ,index \"]\")) ; TODO understand shifting?", "\n ((string var) var)\n ((fol-var var) var)\n ((fol-const const) const))))\n\n(define (printable->string instructions)\n (define width 80)\n (define (forced-width instructions)\n (cond ((null? ", "instructions) 0)\n ((eq? (", "car instructions) 'nl) 0)\n ((eq? (", "car instructions) 'indent)\n (forced-width (cdr instructions)))\n ((eq? (", "car instructions) 'align)\n (forced-width (cdr instructions)))\n ((eq? (", "car instructions) 'breakable-space) 0)\n ((pair? (", "car instructions))\n (forced-width (append (car instructions) (cdr instructions))))\n (else\n (+ (string-length (display->string (car instructions)))\n (forced-width (cdr instructions))))))\n (with-output-to-string\n (lambda ()\n (let loop ((indent-level 0)\n (position 0)\n (instructions instructions))\n (define (at-new-line?)", "\n (= position 0))\n (define (show string)\n (if (at-new-line?)", "\n (begin\n (for-each (lambda (i)\n (display \" \"))\n (iota indent-level))\n (display string)\n (+ (string-length string) indent-level))\n (begin\n (display string)\n (string-length string))))\n (cond ((null? ", "instructions) position)\n ((eq? (", "car instructions) 'nl)\n (newline)\n (loop indent-level 0 (cdr instructions)))\n ((eq? (", "car instructions) 'indent)\n (loop (+ indent-level 2) position (cdr instructions)))\n ((eq? (", "car instructions) 'align)\n ;; TODO First indent if necessary?", "\n (loop position position (cdr instructions)))\n ((eq? (", "car instructions) 'breakable-space)\n (loop\n indent-level\n position\n (cons (if (> (+ position (forced-width (cdr instructions))) width)\n 'nl\n \" \")\n (cdr instructions))))\n ((pair? (", "car instructions))\n (loop\n indent-level ; Unindent from subloops\n ;; but preserve the position\n (loop indent-level position (car instructions))\n (cdr instructions)))\n (else ; displayable object\n (let ((string (display->string (car instructions))))\n (loop\n indent-level\n (+ position (show string))\n (cdr instructions)))))))))\n\n(define (display->string thing)\n (with-output-to-string\n (lambda ()\n (display thing))))\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nNo Action Bar shown when using AppCompat-Theme and Activity\n\nOkay, I'm gonna keep this as simple as possible:\nI have two styles, one for users of API 21 (Lollipop) and a default one for everything between API 14 and 21.", "\nWhen the parent theme inherits from the AppCompat library (e.g. Theme.", "AppCompat.", "Light) there is no action bar shown when using Activity classes.", "\nI know I can use ActionBarActivity for this. ", "The problem is that I use the theme Material.", "Light when running on version 21 which isn't compatible with ActionBarActivity. ", "What's the best solution for this problem?", "\n\nA:\n\nWhat's the best solution for this problem?", "\n\nPick one action bar implementation and stick with it. ", "Either use appcompat-v7 for all API levels, or use the native action bar for all API levels. ", "Note that the appcompat-v7 action bar backport looks a lot like the Theme.", "Material action bar, as part of the vision of appcompat-v7 is to bring the Material Design aesthetic to older devices.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nOpening a URL in a new tab\n\nI have an url like \nResponse.", "Redirect(\"~/webpages/frmCrystalReportViewer.aspx?VoucherNo=\" + txtVoucherNo.", "Text + \"&VoucherDate=\" + txtVoucherDate.", "Text + \" &strUserCode=\" + strUserCode.", "ToString() + \"&strCompanyCode=\" + strCompanyCode.", "ToString() + \"&formName=frmPaymentVoucher\");\n\nI want to open this url in new tab of browser.", "\nI tried below code...\nstring pageurl = \"~/webpages/frmCrystalReportViewer.aspx?VoucherNo=\" + txtVoucherNo.", "Text + \"&VoucherDate=\" + txtVoucherDate.", "Text + \" &strUserCode=\" + strUserCode.", "ToString() + \"&strCompanyCode=\" + strCompanyCode.", "ToString() + \"&formName=frmPaymentVoucher\";\nResponse.", "Write(\"<script>\");\nResponse.", "Write(\"window.open('\" + pageurl + \"','_blank')\");\nResponse.", "Write(\"</script>\");\n\nalso i tried below\nstring pageurl = \"~/webpages/frmCrystalReportViewer.aspx?VoucherNo=\" + txtVoucherNo.", "Text + \"&VoucherDate=\" + txtVoucherDate.", "Text + \" &strUserCode=\" + strUserCode.", "ToString() + \"&strCompanyCode=\" + strCompanyCode.", "ToString() + \"&formName=frmPaymentVoucher\";\n ScriptManager.", "RegisterStartupScript(Page, Page.", "GetType(), \"popup\", \"window.open('\" + pageurl + \"','_blank')\", true);\n\nalso i tried \n<asp:Button ID=\"btnPrint\" Text=\"Print\" runat=\"server\" OnClick=\"btnPrint_Click\" OnClientClick=\"aspnetForm.target ='_blank';\"/>\n\nbut all are not working.", "\nPlease tell me any another solution.", "\nThanks in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou are using URL with ~ and it won't recognize by javascript. ", "You should process url with ~ by using ResolveUrl method which \n\nconverts a URL into one that is usable on the requesting client(c)msdn\n\nIn your case: \nResponse.", "Write(String.", "Format(\"window.open('{0}','_blank')\", ResolveUrl(pageurl)));\n\nA:\n\nWith the help of JavaScript we can set the target property of form to _blank whenever we want to open the page in a new window. ", "Try the following\nI have an ASP.Net Button\n <asp:Button ID=\"btnPrint\" runat=\"server\" Text=\"PRINT BILL\" Onclick=\"btnPrint_Click\" OnClientClick=\"SetTarget();\" />\n\nI am calling the SetTarget() JavaScript function OnClientClick event of the ASP.Net Button Control as described below\n<script type = \"text/javascript\">\n function SetTarget() {\n document.forms[0].target = \"_blank\";\n }\n</script>\n\ncalling the btnPrint_Click method OnClick event Control as described below\n protected void btnPrint_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n Response.", "Redirect(\"ReportViewer1.aspx\");\n }\n\n" ]

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[ "Books\n\nThis is a book about discovering how to power walk and the astounding number of benefits that come with it. ", "It is not only learning how our bodies work, but also realising that our attitudes and beliefs, what we eat and drink and even how we breathe all create who we are.", "\n\n\"Thank you for taking the time to look at my book\"\n\nNina\n\nBooks\n\nHave a read about all the important things to know about Walking - written by the creator herself - Nina." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to match the camera to the current 3d view without the cropping?", "\n\nI want to set a camera so what the camera sees is exactly what I see in the viewport.", "\nI know that Ctrl+Alt+Numpad0 will move the camera to my 3D Viewport location, but it also severely crops the sides and sometimes does not show all geometry.", "\n3D Viewport:\n\nCamera view after pressing Ctrl+Alt+Numpad0:\n\nHitting Ctrl+Alt+Numpad0 crops the camera view, zooms out, and clips off the plane in the background.", "\nHow do I make it so that hitting Ctrl+Alt+Numpad0 actually sets the camera view to the 3D Viewport view, without distorting it, clipping geometry, or otherwise altering the view?", "\n\nA:\n\nJust use Ctrl + Alt + Numpad0 and then move the camera back on the Local Z axis (double tap Z for local). ", "You may also want to adjust your clipping on your camera. ", "To do that go to the camera settings in the property panel and move the end distance back until everything is there, i.e. not clipped...\n\n" ]

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[ "###\n### DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE. ", " THIS FILE HAS BEEN AUTOGENERATED\n###\n\nFROM circleci/golang:1.12.4-stretch\n\n# install java 8\n#\nRUN if grep -q Debian /etc/os-release && grep -q jessie /etc/os-release; then \\\n echo \"deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie-backports main\" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list \\\n && echo \"deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie-backports main\" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list \\\n && echo \"Acquire::Check-Valid-Until false;\" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/10-nocheckvalid \\\n && echo 'Package: *\\nPin: origin \"archive.debian.org\"\\nPin-Priority: 500' | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/preferences.d/10-archive-pin \\\n && sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get install -y -t jessie-backports openjdk-8-jre openjdk-8-jre-headless openjdk-8-jdk openjdk-8-jdk-headless \\\n ; elif grep -q Ubuntu /etc/os-release && grep -q Trusty /etc/os-release; then \\\n echo \"deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/openjdk-r/ppa/ubuntu trusty main\" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list \\\n && echo \"deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/openjdk-r/ppa/ubuntu trusty main\" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list \\\n && sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-key DA1A4A13543B466853BAF164EB9B1D8886F44E2A \\\n && sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-8-jre openjdk-8-jre-headless openjdk-8-jdk openjdk-8-jdk-headless \\\n ; else \\\n sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-8-jre openjdk-8-jre-headless openjdk-8-jdk openjdk-8-jdk-headless \\\n ; fi \\\n && sudo apt-get install -y bzip2 libgconf-2-4 # for extracting firefox and running chrome, respectively\n\n# install firefox\n#\nRUN FIREFOX_URL=\"https://download.mozilla.org/?product=firefox-latest-ssl&os=linux64&lang=en-US\" \\\n && ACTUAL_URL=$(curl -Ls -o /dev/null -w %{url_effective} $FIREFOX_URL) \\\n && curl --silent --show-error --location --fail --retry 3 --output /tmp/firefox.tar.bz2 $ACTUAL_URL \\\n && sudo tar -xvjf /tmp/firefox.tar.bz2 -C /opt \\\n && sudo ln -s /opt/firefox/firefox /usr/local/bin/firefox \\\n && sudo apt-get install -y libgtk3.0-cil-dev libasound2 libasound2 libdbus-glib-1-2 libdbus-1-3 \\\n && rm -rf /tmp/firefox.* \\", "\n && firefox --version\n\n# install geckodriver\n\nRUN export GECKODRIVER_LATEST_RELEASE_URL=$(curl https://api.github.com/repos/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/latest | jq -r \".assets[] | select(.name | test(\\\"linux64\\\")) | .browser_download_url\") \\\n && curl --silent --show-error --location --fail --retry 3 --output /tmp/geckodriver_linux64.tar.gz \"$GECKODRIVER_LATEST_RELEASE_URL\" \\\n && cd /tmp \\\n && tar xf geckodriver_linux64.tar.gz \\\n && rm -rf geckodriver_linux64.tar.gz \\\n && sudo mv geckodriver /usr/local/bin/geckodriver \\\n && sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/geckodriver \\\n && geckodriver --version\n\n# install chrome\n\nRUN curl --silent --show-error --location --fail --retry 3 --output /tmp/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb \\\n && (sudo dpkg -i /tmp/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb || sudo apt-get -fy install) \\\n && rm -rf /tmp/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb \\\n && sudo sed -i 's|HERE/chrome\"|HERE/chrome\" --disable-setuid-sandbox --no-sandbox|g' \\\n \"/opt/google/chrome/google-chrome\" \\\n && google-chrome --version\n\nRUN CHROME_VERSION=\"$(google-chrome --version)\" \\\n && export CHROMEDRIVER_RELEASE=\"$(echo $CHROME_VERSION | sed 's/^Google Chrome //')\" && export CHROMEDRIVER_RELEASE=${CHROMEDRIVER_RELEASE%%.*} \\", "\n && CHROMEDRIVER_VERSION=$(curl --location --fail --retry 3 http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/LATEST_RELEASE_${CHROMEDRIVER_RELEASE}) \\\n && curl --silent --show-error --location --fail --retry 3 --output /tmp/chromedriver_linux64.zip \"http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/$CHROMEDRIVER_VERSION/chromedriver_linux64.zip\" \\\n && cd /tmp \\\n && unzip chromedriver_linux64.zip \\\n && rm -rf chromedriver_linux64.zip \\\n && sudo mv chromedriver /usr/local/bin/chromedriver \\\n && sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/chromedriver \\\n && chromedriver --version\n\n# start xvfb automatically to avoid needing to express in circle.yml\nENV DISPLAY :99\nRUN printf '#!", "/bin/sh\\nXvfb :99 -screen 0 1280x1024x24 &\\nexec \"$@\"\\n' > /tmp/entrypoint \\\n && chmod +x /tmp/entrypoint \\\n && sudo mv /tmp/entrypoint /docker-entrypoint.sh\n\n# ensure that the build agent doesn't override the entrypoint\nLABEL com.circleci.preserve-entrypoint=true\n\nENTRYPOINT [\"/docker-entrypoint.sh\"]\nCMD [\"/bin/sh\"]\n" ]

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[ "Most mulched beds require an edge to keep the wood chips off the adjacent lawn or pavement.", "\nEdging materials and methods range from the creeping-weed-proof barrier of continuous laid\ncement to the more permeable and perhaps more friendly row of bricks on a bed of sand. ", "The\nchoice is yours and will spring from your personal style, but here are some things to consider\nwhen designing and laying your edge:\n\nSmothering your lawn will raise\nthe level of the new bed above the adjacent lawn or pavement; a raised edge can keep the\nmulch from sliding out of the bed.", "\n\nIf your bed borders a lawn, mowing will be made easier\nby using an edge roughly eight inches wide and sinking it nearly level with the ground on the\nlawn side. ", "This is sometimes called a mowing strip,\nand it can be used alone or set next to a raised edge (on the lawn side, naturally).", "\n\nIf your bed borders pavement, a raised edge may keep storm runoff in the pavement rather than directing it into the plantings where it can be absorbed. ", "This is a significant issue in heavy rains when streams of water might impede traffic on your sidewalk, in cold climates where winter freezing will wear the paving sooner, and when your paving is set on a sand base that might be damaged by heavy runoff. ", "Better in these cases to edge your bed with a drainage channel alongside the pavement.", "\n\nSmother or Edge First?", "\n\nYou may want to consider edging your new planting bed before smothering it, depending on\nthe desired height of your edging.", "\n\nTo edge first, dig a trench around the edge of your new bed and fill it with sand\n(a bed for bricks) or cement. ", "Make sure to calculate the depth of your trench based on how\ntall your edging materials are and how tall you want your bed edging to be relative to your\nmulch. ", "Lay the newspapers up to the ditch or even extend them across it, then set the edging\nbricks or cement. ", "Spread the mulch up to the edging.", "\n\nThis is an excellent option if you've decided to install a mowing strip, but bare mulch will tend to slide across a low edging onto the adjacent\npavement or lawn.", "\n\nTo smother first, lay your newspapers, spreading them to the outer edges of the new\nbed, and place edging materials on top of the papers. ", "Spread mulch up to the edging\nmaterials." ]

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[ "Impact of a stellar intruder on our solar system\n\nComputer models of a fly-by show amazing resemblance to outer solar system features\n\nThe solar system was formed from a protoplanetary disk consisting of gas and dust. ", "Since the cumulative mass of all objects beyond Neptune is much smaller than expected and the bodies there have mostly inclined, eccentric orbits it is likely that some process restructured the outer solar system after its formation. ", "Susanne Pfalzner from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany and her colleagues present a study showing that a close fly-by of a neighbouring star can simultaneously lead to the observed lower mass density in the outer part of the solar system and excite the bodies there onto eccentric, inclined orbits. ", "Their numerical simulations show that many additional bodies at high inclinations still await discovery, perhaps including a sometimes postulated planet X.\n\n\n\nThe findings are published in the present issue of „The Astrophysical Journal“.", "\n\nZoom Image Artist’s concept of a solar system in the making with a protoplanetary disk surrounding a young star. ", "Artist’s concept of a solar system in the making with a protoplanetary disk surrounding a young star. ", "© NASA JPL-Caltech © NASA JPL-Caltech\n\nA near catastrophy billions of years ago might have shaped the outer parts of the solar system, while leaving the inner regions basically untouched. ", "Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn and their collaborators found that a close fly-by of another star can explain many of the features observed in the outer solar system. „", "Our group has been looking for years at what fly-bys can do to other planetary systems never considering that we actually might live right in such a system”, says Susanne Pfalzner, the leading author of the project. “", "The beauty of this model lies in its simplicity.”", "\n\nThe basic scenario of the formation of the solar system has long been known: our Sun was born from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust. ", "In the process a flat disk was formed where not only large planets grew but also smaller objects like the asteroids, dwarf planets etc. ", "Due to the flatness of the disk one would expect that the planets orbit in a single plane unless something dramatic happened afterwards. ", "Looking at the solar system right to the orbit of Neptune everything seems fine: most planets move on fairly circular orbits and their orbital inclinations vary only slightly. ", "However, beyond Neptune things become very messy. ", "The biggest puzzle is the dwarf planet Sedna, which moves on an inclined, highly eccentric orbit and is so far outside, that it could not have been scattered by the planets there.", "\n\nJust outside Neptune’s orbit another strange thing happens. ", "The cumulative mass of all the objects dramatically drops by almost three orders of magnitude. ", "This happens at approximately the same distance where everything becomes messy. ", "It might be coincidental, but such conincidences are rare in Nature.", "\n\nSusanne Pfalzner and her co-workers suggest that a star was approaching the Sun at an early stage, ‘stealing’ most of the outer material from the Sun’s protoplanetary disk and throwing what was left over into inclined and eccentric orbits. ", "Performing thousands of computer simulations they checked what would happen when a star passes very close-by and perturbs the once larger disk. ", "It turned out that the best fit for today’s outer solar systems comes from a perturbing star which had the same mass as the Sun or somewhat lighter (0.5-1 solar masses) and flew past at approximately 3 times the distance of Neptune.", "\n\nHowever, the most surprising thing for the researchers was that a fly-by does not only explain the strange orbits of the objects of the outer solar system, but also gives a natural explanation for several unexplained features of our Solar System, including the mass ratio between Neptune and Uranus, and the existence of two distinct populations of Kuiper Belt objects.", "\n\n“It is important to keep exploring all the possible avenues for explaining the structure of the outer solar system. ", "The data are increasing but still too sparse, so theories have a lot of wiggle room to develop”, says Pedro Lacerda from the Queen’s University in Belfast, a co-author of the paper. “", "There is a certain danger that one theory crystallises as truth, not because it explains the data better but because of other pressures. ", "Our paper shows that a lot of what we currently know can be explained by something as simple as a stellar fly-by.”", "\n\nThe big question is the likelihood for such an event. ", "Nowadays, fly-bys even hundreds of times more distant are luckily rare. ", "However, stars like our Sun are typically born in large groups of stars which are much more densely packed. ", "Therefore, close fly-bys where significantly more common in the distant past. ", "Performing another type of simulations, the team found that there was a 20%-30% chance of experiencing a fly-by over the first billion years of the Sun’s life.", "\n\nThis is no final proof that a stellar fly-by caused the messy features of the outer Solar System, but it can reproduce many observational facts and seems relatively realistic. ", "So far it is the simplest explanation and if simplicity is a sign for validity this model is the best candidate so far.", "\n\n„In summary, our close fly-by scenario offers a realistic alternative to present models suggested to explain the unexpected features of the outer solar system“, concludes Susanne Pfalzner. „", "It should be considered as an option for shaping the outer solar system. ", "The strength of the fly-by hypothesis lies in the explanation of several outer solar system features by one single mechanism.“" ]

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[ "sweetpea-w-jt-and-zt\n\nSo it looks like Bryant McKinnie is loyal to his strippers. ", "Here is a “Throwback Thursday” picture from 2003 that was posted to his Instagram account. ", "The no infamous “Sweet Pea” that allegedly hit Jacoby Jones in the head with a bottle is pictured. ", "Sweet Pea seems to be the one in the blonde “wig” on the far left. ", "He Instagram account can be found here." ]

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[ "Terrorism in Uzbekistan\n\nTerrorism in Uzbekistan. ", "Prior to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) posed the greatest threat to the Karimov administration. ", "In 2002 the IMU was reclassified as terrorist by the United States. ", "Since the invasion, the IMU has been greatly weakened due to US military actions which cut off its supply of resources and killed its leader, Juma Namangani.", "\n\nThe largest terrorist attacks were the 1999 Tashkent bombings, the IMU invasions of 2000-2001, and the Tashkent attacks of March and July 2004.", "\n\nState terrorism \n\nAfter visiting Uzbekistan in 2002 the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture found torture and ill-treatment of prisoners to be systematic. ", "Human Rights Watch estimated in 2004 that there were over 6,000 Uzbeks in prison for practising Islam outside of the state-run religious establishment.", "\n\nAccording to HRW, \"In addition to hundreds of reports of beatings and numerous accounts of the use of electric shock, temporary suffocation, hanging by the ankles or wrists, removal of fingernails, and punctures with sharp objects, Human Rights Watch received credible reports in 2000 that police sodomized male detainees with bottles, raped them, and beat and burned them in the groin area. ", "Male and female detainees were regularly threatened with rape. ", "Police made such threats in particular against female detainees in the presence of male relatives to force the men to sign self-incriminating statements. ", "Police also regularly threatened to murder detainees or their family members and to place minor children in orphanages. ", "Self-incriminating testimony obtained through torture was routinely admitted by judges, who cited this as evidence, often the only evidence, to convict. ", "Courts did not initiate investigations into allegations of mistreatment by police.\"", "\n\nHuman rights organizations have detailed the improper \"imposition of capital punishment\" since Uzbekistan's independence.", "\n\n1999 \n\nOn February 16, 1999, six car bombs exploded in Tashkent, killing 16 and injuring more than 100, in what may have been an attempt to assassinate President Islam Karimov. ", "The IMU was blamed.", "\n\n2001 \n\nThe Uzbek government agreed on 7 October 2001 to allow US troops and planes to use Uzbekistan's airspace and stay at Karshi-Khanabad airbase, and to convene \"urgent\" bilateral security talks with the United States if Taliban fighters spread fighting north into Uzbekistan. ", "They agreed in a joint statement to seek to \"eliminate international terrorism and its infrastructure. ", "For these purposes, the Republic of Uzbekistan has agreed to provide the use of its airspace and necessary military and civilian infrastructure of one of its airports, which would be used in the first instance for humanitarian purposes.\" ", "A week earlier Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld visited Uzbekistan and met with President Islam Karimov. ", "Karimov agreed to assist the US in the War on Terror by lending Karshi-Khanabad for \"humanitarian\" search and rescue missions. ", "Taliban officials warned the Uzbek government that they would be attacked if they helped in the US invasion. ", "1,000 US troops were sent to Karshi-Khanabad between Rumsfeld's visit and the second agreement of 7 October. ", "At the same time the Taliban sent 10,000 troops to the Afghanistan-Uzbekistan border. ", "An spokesman for the Uzbek Foreign Ministry said, \"Concentrating 10,000 troops on the border would be a dangerous tactic for the Taliban, because they would become targets for US bombing raids.\" ", "State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said Uzbekistan is \"a country that we've worked with for many years in the past to help them with border security, to help them with anti-terrorism efforts and (there are) terrorism and threats coming at them from Afghanistan.\"", "\n\n2004\n\nMarch–April violence\nThe IMU launched a series of attacks in Tashkent and Bukhara in March and April 2004. ", "Gunmen and female suicide bombers took part in the attacks, which mainly targeted police. ", "The violence killed 33 militants, 10 policemen, and four civilians. ", "The government blamed Hizb ut-Tahrir, though the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) claimed responsibility.", "\n\nFurkat Kasimovich Yusupov was arrested in the first half of 2004, and charged as the leader of a group that had carried out the March 28 bombing on behalf of Hizb ut-Tahrir.", "\n\nEmbassy bombings\n\nOn July 30, 2004, suicide bombers struck the entrances of the US and Israeli embassies in Tashkent. ", "Two Uzbek security guards were killed in both bombings. ", "The IJU again claimed responsibility.", "\n\nForeign commentators on Uzbek affairs speculated that the 2004 violence could have been the work of the IMU, Al-Qaeda, Hizb ut-Tahrir, or some other radical Islamic organization.", "\n\nCooperation with other states in the region\n\nAftermath of Andijan massacre\n\nThe deaths of many people during unrest in the Uzbek city of Andijan on 12 and 13 May 2005 has been widely characterised as a massacre by state forces. ", "President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan, while on a state visit to Uzbekistan after that event, told Uzbek President Islam Karimov that the Uzbek government's actions in quelling unrest helped \"protect the peace of 26 million Uzbekistanis. ", "A different outcome would have destabilized the region today.\" ", "He said that because terrorists had taken over government buildings and prisons, Karimov could not have responded otherwise to the unrest, and other governments had taken similar action in the past. ", "The Uzbek government attributed the unrest to Islamic extremist groups classed as terrorist organizations in Uzbekistan. ", "The Uzbek government estimated that 187 people (94 terrorists, 60 civilians, 31 policemen and two others) died, and that 76 terrorists were injured. ", "Human rights groups dispute the government's estimate, accusing Uzbek security forces of killing about 700 civilians. ", "Ikrom Yakubov, a former major in the Uzbek secret police who defected, alleged that President Karimov himself ordered the troops to fire on the protestors, and that 1,500 were killed. ", " He also claimed that the instigation was a false flag operation, and that the Uzbek government itself had \"propped up\" the Islamic group Akramia, whom Uzbek authorities blamed for initiating the incident.", "\n\nExtradition of terrorist suspects\nOn 5 July 2005 Human Rights Watch called upon the Kazakh government to refrain from handing over Lutfullo Shamsudinov, the Andijan representative for the Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan, then in detention in Almaty, to the Uzbek government. ", "The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees had given Shamsudinov refugee status and planned to resettle him when Kazakh authorities detained him on 4 July. ", "Earlier that day President Karimov visited Kazakhstan along with other regional nations' representatives as part of a Shanghai Cooperation Organization meeting. ", "The Uzbek government requested Shamsudinov's extradition, charging him with five criminal acts including premeditated murder. ", "Holly Cartner of Human Rights Watch said \"Kazakhstan should step forward and protect this brave man. ", "Instead of that, the authorities seem ready to hand over a refugee to be tortured, in blatant violation of international law.\" ", "In response to statements made by a representative for the Almaty city prosecutor's office, in which the representative called Shamsudinov a terrorist, Cartner said, \"The terrorist accusation is a perversion of international concerns about terrorism and an attempt to block international support for Shamsudinov. ", "In reality, he is someone who worked tirelessly towards the rule of law in Uzbekistan.\"", "\n\nRussia also deported an asylum seeker to Uzbekistan, Rustam Muminov, and Kyrgyzstan deported five Andijan refugees - Jahongir Maqsudov, Yoqub Toshboev, Odiljon Rahimov, Rasuljon Pirmatov, and Fayoz Tojihalilov - to Uzbekistan in early August 2006. ", "An Uzbek court later found Muminov, accused of participating in the unrest in Andijan, guilty of membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir and sentenced him on 15 March to five years and six months in prison.", "\n\nExtradition of Huseyincan Celil \n\nUzbek government officials said on 5 May 2006 that evidence proved that Huseyincan Celil, a Canadian citizen, and Guler Dilaver, an Uyghur wanted for terrorism in China and Kyrgyzstan, were the same person. ", "When Uzbek police arrested him he had documentation identifying him as Celil, but the Interpol National Central Bureau in Tashkent supported the Uzbek government's position. ", "The Kyrgyz government wanted Dilaver extradited for his alleged involvement in the March 2000 killing of Nigmat Baizakov, head of the Uyghur Society in Kyrgyzstan, and the Chinese government wanted him for the May 2000 attack on a Xinjiang state delegation. ", "Celil was eventually extradited to China where he was tried and sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. ", "The case remains an irritant in Canada's relations with China.", "\n\nSecurity fence\nKazakh border officials began building a fence on the border with Uzbekistan on 19 October 2006. ", "The New York Times reported that the fence would be eight feet high with barbed wire and searchlights \"along heavily populated towns and cities on the southern ridge\" where drug smugglers operate. ", "The area is a \"flash point in a larger regional struggle against Islamic militants.\"", "\n\nThe governments of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan first created national border guard forces in 1992 and January 1998 respectively, far earlier than other post-Soviet Union nations. ", "The Kazakh government raised the force in status, ending the State Security Committee's control until the Committee regained control in 1998.", "\n\nOther Central Asian nations have had border disputes in the past. ", "Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan had serious \"issues\" regarding their mutual border until May 2004. ", "The Turkmen Foreign Ministry released a statement on 31 May 2004 saying disputes had been resolved.", "\n\nErik Roslyakov, second in command of Kazakhstan's southern border, said the fence would cover the Saryaghash and Maktaaral Districts. ", "A spokeswoman for Kazakhstan's border administration said the border patrol's \"task will now be easier. ", "We will be in a position to use our weapons, as it is the rule when one wants to catch [trespassers].\"", "\n\nPakistan \n\nSenator Mushahid Hussain Syed, Chairman of the Pakistani Senate's Foreign Relations Committee, gave a speech to the Institute of Strategic and Regional Studies, a think tank run by the Uzbek government, on 13 January 2007. ", "He discussed Pakistan-Uzbekistan relations and counter-terrorism cooperation between both countries, specifically how both countries, as neighbors of Afghanistan could work together to prevent it from becoming a center of terrorism and drug trafficking. ", "Sayed suggested an annual dialogue between state-run think tanks to discuss counter-terrorism.", "\n\nDrug trafficking \n\nDrug trafficking in Central Asia is a major source of funding for terrorist organizations, second only to direct donations of military equipment and financing from state sponsors of terrorism. ", "The government of Tajikistan asked Russia on 15 May 2004 to begin withdrawing some of its 20,000 troops from Tajikistan's border with Afghanistan. ", "The withdrawal of troops concerned the US government because the troop presence helped prevent cross-border drug trafficking. ", "On 28 May 2004, President Karimov and Tajik President Imomali Rakhmonov said drug trafficking in Afghanistan needed to be solved by forces within the country; drug traffickers were estimated to make $3.5 billion annually.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Threats of Islamic Extremism and formulation of Uzbekistan's foreign policy\n\n \nUzbekistan" ]

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[ "All about cooking, eating, and the occasional food fight\n\nFood Blogs\n\nSince this is a blog about food, I decided that I should get better aquainted with the food blogs that are out there. ", "There are many. ", "I found a nice list of some good ones in a posting at >tastingmenu:" ]

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[ "Motor Boys\n\nThe Motor Boys were the heroes of a popular series of adventure books for boys at the turn of the 20th century issued by the Stratemeyer Syndicate under the pseudonym of Clarence Young. ", " This series was published by Cupples & Leon and was issued with dustjackets and glossy frontispiece. ", "Howard Garis (author of the Uncle Wiggily stories) wrote many, if not all, of these stories.", "\n\nIllustrators\nCharles Nuttall - Volumes 1-9\nR. Richards - Volumes 10-15\nWalter S. Rogers - Volumes 16,17,22\nR. Emmett Owen - Volumes 18-21\n\nThe Motor Boys \n Bob Baker, son of a rich banker.", "\n Ned Slade, son of the proprietor of a large department store.", "\n Jerry Hopkins, son of a well–to–do widow.", "\n\nList of titles\nThe Motor Boys or, Chums Through Thick and Thin - 1906\nThe Motor Boys Overland or, A Long Trip for Fun and Fortune - 1906\nThe Motor Boys in Mexico or, The Secret of the Buried City - 1906\nThe Motor Boys across the Plains or, The Hermit of Lost Lake - 1907\nThe Motor Boys Afloat or, The Stirring Cruise of the Dartaway - 1908\nThe Motor Boys on the Atlantic or, The Mystery of the Lighthouse - 1908\nThe Motor Boys in Strange Waters or, Lost in a Floating Forest - 1909\nThe Motor Boys on the Pacific or, The Young Derelict Hunters - 1909\nThe Motor Boys in the Clouds or, A Trip for Fame and Fortune - 1910\nThe Motor Boys over the Rockies or, A Mystery of the Air - 1911\nThe Motor Boys over the Ocean or, A Marvelous Rescue in Mid-Air - 1911\nThe Motor Boys on the Wing or, Seeking the Airship Treasure - 1912\nThe Motor Boys after a Fortune or, The Hut on Snake Island - 1912\nThe Motor Boys on the Border or, Sixty Nuggets of Gold - 1913\nThe Motor Boys under the Sea or, From Airship to Submarine - 1914\nThe Motor Boys on Road and River or, Racing to Save a Life - 1915\nNed, Bob and Jerry at Boxwood Hall or, The Motor Boys as Freshman - 1916\nNed, Bob and Jerry on a Ranch or, The Motor Boys among the Cowboys - 1917\nNed, Bob and Jerry in the Army or, The Motor Boys as Volunteers - 1918\nNed, Bob and Jerry on the Firing Line or, The Motor Boys Fighting for Uncle Sam - 1919\nNed, Bob and Jerry Bound for Home or, The Motor Boys on the Wrecked Troopship - 1920\nThe Motor Boys on Thunder Mountain or, The Treasure Chest of Blue Rock - 1924\n\nNote\nThe name of the Motor Boys' boat, Dartaway, is also the name of the plane mentioned in The Rover Boys in the Air (1912).", "\n\nExternal links\n The Motor Boys on the Pacific on Project Gutenberg\n\nCategory:Book series introduced in 1906\nCategory:Stratemeyer Syndicate\nCategory:American children's novels\nCategory:Novel series\nCategory:Juvenile series\nCategory:Works published under a pseudonym\nCategory:1906 children's books" ]

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[ "[I]t is rather the essential “innocence” of intellectuals which is here in question: this private inner game of theoretical “convictions” and polemics against imaginary conceptual antagonists and mythic counterpositions, . . . ", "of passionate private languages and private religions, which, entering the field of force of the real social world, take on a murderous and wholly unsuspected power.", "\n\n—Fredric Jameson, Fables of Aggression\n\nAmong the stars twinkling in the academic firmament these days, none twinkles more formidably than the Marxist literary critic Fredric Jameson. ", "Having taught at Harvard, Yale, and at various campuses of the University of California, Professor Jameson is now ensconced at Duke University—that favored perch for so many academic twinklers today—where he is William A. Lane Professor of Comparative Literature and Director of the Graduate Program in Literature as well as the Duke Center for Critical Theory. ", "His influence in the academy is as widespread as his epigones are numerous. ", "Graduate students and fellow professors eagerly lap up and regurgitate his latest pronouncements on “late capitalism,” etc.; ", "recondite academic journals devote entire issues to pondering his work; and admiring acolytes publish commentaries that attempt to unravel the “demanding argument” of his “seminally important” books, describing him along the way as “the most important Marxist critic now writing.”", "\n\nLike most Marxists, Professor Jameson likes to refer to art and to intellectual work as a “mode of production”; certainly, there is no more polite term for his own prodigious output. ", "Since publishing Sartre: The Origins of a Style (1961; new edition 1984), a revision of his Ph.D. dissertation for Yale University, Professor Jameson has been a veritable factory for the production of books and articles that blend some degree of Marxist “engagement” with a finely honed exhibition of the most au courant critical rhetoric. ", "A partial list of his books includes Marxism and Form: Twentieth-Century Dialectical Theories of Literature (1971), The Prison House of Language: A Critical Account of Structuralism and Russian Formalism (1972), Fables of Aggression: Wyndham Lewis, the Modernist as Fascist (1979), The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (1981), and The Ideologies of Theory, a two-volume compilation of essays (Volume I, “Situations of Theory,” Volume II, “Syntax of History”) published in 1988. ", "Among his more recent publications are Signatures of the Visible, a collection of essays about the movies and mass culture, and Postmodernism: Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism.[1] The book about postmodernism is also a collection of essays, but its lengthy methodological reflections and Professor Jameson’s remark that it is intended to be “the third and last section of the penultimate subdivision of a larger project entitled The Poetics of Social Forms” help to suffuse it with the atmosphere—if not, finally, the reality—of systematic inquiry.", "\n\nIndeed, “atmosphere” has surely counted for rather a lot in the reception Professor Jameson’s work has enjoyed. ", "While his subject and vocabulary are always strictly a la mode, his syntax and organization have usually been almost decorously pedantic, even ponderous. ", "As the invocation of the “penultimate subdivision of a larger project” suggests, Professor Jameson loves the rigorous-sounding argot of formal academic prose. ", "His books are full of technicalities, wissenschaftlich grace notes—well, notes, anyway—and schematic diagrams replete with arrows and dotted lines connecting various abstract terms. ", "Whether his work actually possesses the conceptual rigor that such decorations connote is something we shall have occasion to consider; it is unlikely, at any rate, that anyone will accuse Professor Jameson of ignoring his own warning against “the mischief of premature clarification.”", "\n\nYet whatever one’s judgment about the clarity or fruitfulness of Professor Jameson’s work—to say nothing of his influence or his political ideas—it is difficult not to be impressed by his unflagging energy and earnestness. ", "Most of his books are at least partly attempts to come to terms with some fashionable new critical method or school of thought. ", "And if one must conclude that his efforts at exposition are often as bewildered as they are bewildering, there is no doubt that he possesses a tirelessly inquiring mind: no one would saturate himself so thoroughly in so many arcane theories merely to be fashionable. ", "While this does nothing to exempt his work from criticism, it does endow it with a certain pathos.", "\n\nIn any event, besides Sartre—and, of course, the writings of Marx himself—the formative influences on Professor Jameson’s prose and style of thought are such certified left-wing saints as Herbert Marcuse, Ernst Bloch, Louis Althusser, Walter Benjamin, and, above all, Georg Lukács and Theodor Adorno. ", "In the background is the figure of Hegel with his doctrine of necessary historical progress. ", "What it all adds up to is a heady brew of radical utopianism (from Marcuse and Bloch), seasoned with the pretense of scientific rigor (from Althusser) and an aestheticized Marxism (from Benjamin). ", "In addition, from Lukacs Professor Jameson learned a contempt for the evidence of experience (empiricism, he declared in The Political Unconscious, is “a contradiction in terms”) as well the talismanic charm that words like “reification,” “ideology,” and “dialectical” can have over susceptible minds. ", "And from Adorno he learned— indeed, he mastered—the joys of epistemological skepticism and difficult “dialectical” writing. (", "Compared to Adorno, Hegel reads like Dr. Johnson.) ", "More recently, Professor Jameson has drawn on the whole panoply of chic contemporary theorists, from the two Jacques (Derrida and Lacan) to Jean Baudrillard, Michel Foucault, Richard Rorty, and many, many others.", "\n\nThe case of Adorno is particularly instructive. ", "In the preface to Marxism and Form, Professor Jameson speaks admiringly of the German philosopher as “the finest stylist. . . ", "of them all,” a writer in whose sentences “the shifting of the world’s gears . . . ", "find[s] sudden and dramatic formulation. ", "It is not,” he portentously adds, “a question of taste, any more than the validity of dialectical thinking is a question of opinion.” ", "This is History speaking, you understand (Professor Jameson often employs a capital “H” for the word “history”), not simply the bleatings of a philosophically inclined professor of literature. ", "It may be useful, then, to make a quick reality check and sample a bit of Adorno’s prose. ", "In a typical passage from Negative Dialectics, his chief philosophical work, the finest stylist of them all writes that\n\nNo matter how nondimensional we may make Being, how we may compress it into a point by the permanent exercise of caution in both directions, the procedure does have its fundamentum in re. ", "Categorial vision, the growing awareness of a concept, reminds us that categorially constituted facts, which traditional epistemology knew as syntheses only, must always have a corresponding moment beyond the sensory hyle [i.e., matter]. ", "They always have something immediate about them, something resembling visuality. ", "A simple mathematical theorem would not apply without the synthesis of the figures between which the equation is set up, and neither . . . ", "would a synthesis be possible if the relation of elements were not in line with this synthesis…\n\nPerhaps that noise you hear is the world’s gears grinding away; but then again it may only be the gnashing of teeth. (", "Adorno does not, I regret to say, read any better in German.)", "\n\nIt is worth recalling this patch of Teutonic fog—and Professor Jameson’s judgment about its author—as one tries to evaluate some of the more extravagant claims made on Professor Jameson’s behalf. ", "For example, Terry Eagleton, the British literary critic who is Professor Jameson’s chief rival for the title of “most important Marxist critic now writing,”[2] has delivered himself of lavish praise for the Jamesonian style. “", "Jameson composes rather than writes his texts,” he wrote in one essay, “and his prose . .. ", "carries an intense libidinal charge, a burnished elegance and unruffled poise, which allows him to sustain a rhetorical lucidity through the most tortuous, intractable materials.” ", "In another essay, “Fredric Jameson: The Politics of Style,” Professor Eagleton goes even further:\n\nI must acknowledge that I take a book of his from the shelf as often in place of poetry or fiction as literary theory. ... ", "If ‘literary criticism’ is to be one day justified at the judgement seat of history—if we will be able to claim that it played a bit part in the averting of fascism or nuclear holocaust—Jameson may have the oppressive pleasure of knowing that that his is one of the forlornly few names we will stammeringly evoke.", "\n\nAmen. ", "Again, though, a reality check is in order. ", "How do you reckon the following passage from The Political Unconscious will measure up as a prophylactic against fascism?", "\n\nThe constitutive feature of the Balzacian narrative apparatus, however, is something more fundamental than either authorial omniscience or authorial intervention, something that may be designated as libidinal investment or authorial wish-fulfillment, a form of symbolic satisfaction in which the working distinction between biographical subject, Implied Author, reader, and characters is virtually effaced.", "\n\nTrue, libidinal charges and investments are high on the wish-lists of these Marxist critics; but does that transform their prose into a nuclear deterrent? ", "Consider: “The postmodern period, however,” Professor Jameson tells us in his new book on the subject, “eschews temporality for space and has generally grown skeptical about deep phenomenological experience in general, and the very concept of perception itself in particular (see Derrida).”", "\n\nPart of what has made Professor Jameson so appealing to his academic colleagues is his enthusiastic industriousness; one can go to his newest book and be sure of getting news about the latest literary-critical fad from the inside. ", "For while his books typically contain a good deal of summary and recapitulation of whatever intellectual theories are currently on their way up—The Prison House of Language, for example, is really little more than an introduction to the central texts and tenets of structuralism—Professor Jameson always takes the trouble to work through the material and to present it with his own distinctive twist. ", "In this sense, his books resemble daily weather reports: they’re often wrong, but they’re always up to date.", "\n\nThen, too, Professor Jameson’s version —or versions—of Marxism are pleasingly, well, sophisticated. ", "It’s rare that you find him arguing for economic determinism or the proletariat or the revolution in any straightforward way. ", "True, he is able to write, without irony, that “Only Marxism can give us an adequate account of the essential mystery of the cultural past” or that “Marxist critical insights” provide “something like an ultimate semantic precondition for the intelligibility of literary and cultural texts.” ", "But in fact he by no means allows himself to be hemmed in by what he often calls “properly Marxist” interpretations. ", "He regularly updates, supplements, massages ideas culled from Marx while mixing and matching interpretive categories drawn from later Marxist and quasi-Marxist thinkers. ", "If this makes for rather a thick stew, so be it. ", "His main task is not to explain but to interpret: to affirm “the priority of the political interpretation of literary texts,” emerging therefrom slightly but perceptibly to the left of his interlocutors. ", "And in this Professor Jameson has shown himself to be a something of a master.", "\n\nIn the end, it is not Marxism so much as a generalized left-leaning radicalism—what the critic Frederick Crews aptly summed up as Left Eclecticism—that informs Professor Jameson’s critical enterprise. ", "Marxism itself functions as a reservoir of slogans and political animus, but its fundamental tenets are often neglected in favor of other more recherche critical approaches and attitudes. ", "At the beginning of Signatures of the Visible, for example, Professor Jameson claims that “The visual is essentially the pornographic, which is to say that it has its end in rapt, mindless fascination.” ", "While certainly a fatuously provocative claim, there is nothing specifically Marxist about it. ", "Nor is there anything specifically Marxist about his claim that the movie Diva is an expression of “the political unconsciousness,” that Joseph Conrad’s novel Nostromo is “a textual apparatus for registering auditory perceptions of a particularly pure type,” or that Hemingway’s novels are not really about “such things as courage, love, and death” but “simply the writing of a certain type of sentence.” ", "Marxism isn’t the only form of political balderdash.", "\n\nEven when he deliberately invokes Marxist categories, Professor Jameson’s interpretations are often so thoroughly academicized that their political point dissolves in a vaguely leftist haze. ", "Consider his comments on Wuthering Heights: “Heathcliff,” he writes,\n\nis the locus of history in this romance: his mysterious fortune makes him a protocapitalist, in some other place, absent from the narrative, which then recodes the new economic energies as sexual passion. ", "The aging of Heathcliff then constitutes the narrative mechanism whereby the alien dynamism of capitalism is reconciled with the immemorial (and cyclical) time of the agricultural life of a country squiredom.... To see “Heathcliff” as a historical modification of the function of the donor thus allows us to glimpse the ideologeme—the conceptual antinomy but also the social contradiction— which generates the narrative, but which it is the latter’s mission to “resolve.”", "\n\nWhen applied to some authors, Professor Jameson’s procedure borders on the surreal. ", "We find the exquisite lyric poetry of Wallace Stevens, for example, dissected as “an extraordinary laboratory situation in which to observe the autonomization of culture as a process,” a process in which “the poetic ‘totality’ begins to trace a ghostly mimesis of the totality of the imperialist world system itself, with Third World materials in a similarly strategic, marginal, yet essential place.” ", "What happened to Stevens? ", "Thus does the author of Notes toward a Supreme Fiction become the author of Notes toward a Supreme Farce. ", "Even the bric-a-brac of Frank Gehry’s “deconstructivist” architecture is enlisted in this misty Left Eclecticism: “The problem, then, which the Gehry house tries to think is the relationship between that abstract knowledge [of “American space”] and conviction or belief and the superstate and the existential daily life of people in their traditional rooms and tract houses.” ", "Gehry’s house is a pretentious curiosity, to be sure, but it is not the tortured manifesto that Professor Jameson’s description would lead us to expect.", "\n\nAnother classic way in which Professor Jameson announces his political bona fides is through ritual expressions of anti-Americanism interlaced with admiring noises about China, the Third World, and so on. “", "I doubt,” he writes in the preface to Marxism and Form, “if there are many people left who feel that there is much in either art or in our society itself—at least in the extreme that it has reached in the United States today— which is worth salvaging.” ", "He later laments that “Unfortunately, no society has ever been quite so mystified in quite so many ways as our own.” ", "We must of course be grateful that, having escaped such widespread mystification himself, he has come bearing news of our distress.", "\n\nNevertheless, if things are bad in this country, at least there is hope in other parts of the world. ", "For example, in an essay called “Marxism and Historicism” (1979) Professor Jameson writes admiringly about the “structural coexistence of several modes of production” that the Chinese experience of “‘cultural revolution’” has made available to us, while in “Periodizing the 60s” (1984) he speaks of Maoism as the “richest of all the great new ideologies of the 60s.” ", "In that same essay, he rhapsodizes about the “voluntaristic acts” of guerrillas and other “new revolutionary subjects” who “transcend class categories.” ", "And in case the word “guerrilla” worries you, Professor Jameson offers assurances that Marxism dissociates itself from “what is often loosely called ‘terrorism’”; moreover, according to him, terrorism is largely “a symptomatic fantasy of the American political unconscious” that “for all practical purposes [came] to an end with the Chilean coup in 1973.” ", "I feel sure that the families of the 250 Marines who died in a terrorist attack in Lebanon in the early Eighties will be consoled by Professor Jameson’s assurances that “for all practical purposes” terrorism was over long ago, as will the friends and relatives of those who perished on the Pan Am plane that was destroyed by terrorists over Lockerbie, Scotland, a few years ago.", "\n\nPerhaps Professor Jameson’s most flexible tool of critical legerdemain is the word “dialectical.” ", "At bottom it is little more than a positive epithet, putting the reader on notice that whatever it qualifies (“dialectical thinking” “dialectical criticism” etc.) ", "has the Jameson Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval. ", "And as a mask for banality or an agent of mystification it is really quite wonderful. ", "Generally, describing something as “dialectical” means little more than that it appears one way when viewed from one perspective, quite differently when viewed from another perspective. ", "Sometimes, though, the term produces a convenient tautology, as when Professor Jameson solemnly informs us that “for Adorno—as indeed for Hegel, as for all dialectical thinkers to the degree that they are genuinely dialectical—thinking dialectically means nothing more or less than the writing of dialectical sentences.” ", "On other occasions it provides rhetorical effects of which even Polonius would be proud. ", "What, Professor Jameson asks, is dialectical criticism?", "\n\nIt can be described as a kind of leap-frogging affair in time, in which the drawbacks of a given historical situation turn out in reality to be its secret advantages, in which what looked like built-in superiorities suddenly prove to set the most ironclad limits on its future development. ", "It is a matter, indeed, of the reversal of limits, of the transformation from negative to positive and from positive to negative; and is basically a diachronic process.", "\n\n“. . . ", "basically a diachronic process” is an exquisite Polonian flourish, to be sure; and if the idea still isn't clear, Professor Jameson follows up with an “objective” illustration having to do with technological discrepancies between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II.", "\n\nFinally, however, what makes “dialectical” indispensible is the existential—or is it theological—charge with which Professor Jameson invests the term. ", "Describing dialectical criticism as “an operation of rectification, of almost ontological restitution,” he goes on to note that its only real competitor is religious criticism. (", "Religion, incidentally, he defines as “that set of imaginary propositions which must be believed to be true if the theoretical consequences of Marxism are to be avoided” and “anticipatory foreshadowings of historical materialism.”)", "\n\nAlas, the idea that dialectical criticism somehow entails an “ontological restitution” brings us more or less to the center of Professor Jameson’s critical enterprise. ", "For although he is as adept at dispensing skepticism and disenchantment as any critic now writing, there is a deep element of romantic utopianism in Professor Jameson’s thought. ", "The precise components of that utopianism are difficult to parse because he is careful to embroider it with all manner of Marxist warnings against “idealism,” “false consciousness,” and other forms of bourgeois illusion: the “dialectical” criticism he practices is nothing if not negative. ", "But like Marxism itself, the Jamesonian creed could not function without the promise of something like salvation, however dour or severe. ", "Thus it is that Professor Jameson insists on “the necessity of the reinvention of the Utopian vision in any contemporary politics,” identifying the Utopian impulse as “part of the legacy of the sixties which must never be abandoned.”", "\n\nThe basic scenario is a familiar one. ", "In brief, Professor Jameson argues that the “contradictions of capitalism” will be resolved and freedom will reign when a new, communistic “mode of production” allows us to transcend the limiting need for individuality, as well as private property, social hierarchies, power relations, etc. ", "Marxism, he writes in one typical passage, is “the anticipatory expression of a future society, . . . ", "the partisan commitment to that future or Utopian mode of production which seeks to emerge from the hegemonic mode of production of our own present.” ", "We should not, however, think that we as individuals can enter Utopia, for “a properly Marxist hermeneutic” requires that individual Utopias be “rewritten in terms of the collective\": “Dialectical thought,” we are told, is the “anticipation of the logic of a collectivity which has not yet come into being.”", "\n\nIn good Hegelian-Marxist fashion, the achievement of freedom is at the same time the realization of Necessity (again, Professor Jameson’s capital) and the fulfillment of History. ", "In one sense, this great social advance is at the same time a return to an earlier state insofar as “The primary energy of revolutionary activity derives from [a] memory of a prehistoric happiness.” ", "While the prehistoric state is variously identified with primitive communism and prenatal existence (“we have known, at the beginning of life, a plenitude of psychic gratification”), not much is said about it or the collective existence that it presages.", "\n\nWe do learn, however, that in this Utopian future the literature of “power societies” “will be read as children’s books, recapitulating the barely comprehensible memory of ancient dangers.” ", "Moreover, art generally—at least when it is genuine—has as its “underlying impulse . . . ", "our deepest fantasies about the nature of social life” and aims to “reawaken” the “drive towards collectivity.” ", "Hence we should “rid ourselves” of the habit of reading as an individual: rid ourselves, that is to say, of thinking about “my personal reading of an individual text written by a biographical individual names [sic] Spenser or Juvenal.”", "\n\nIn The Political Unconscious, Professor Jameson attempts to picture Utopia by means of allegory. ", "Drawing on Northrop Frye’s Anatomy of Criticism and medieval Christian theology, he elaborates a complex fourfold scheme of interpretation in which Dante’s theory of mystical or anagogic meaning is recast in terms of politics. ", "It cannot be said that this really helps to explain what the alternative to reading “as an individual” might be; but one suspects from his more recent work that it will have something to do with the movies and pop culture. ", "Much of Professor Jameson’s work since the mid-Eighties has been devoted to “transcoding” pop culture, and the results of his efforts are often deliriously “collective.” ", "In Signatures of the Visible, for example, Professor Jameson informs us that the pulp horror movie called The Shining gestures faintly toward an “anticipatory representation of the Utopian community of the future.” ", "Its star, Jack Nicholson, is, according to Professor Jameson, “possessed by . . . ", "History,” while the movie itself expresses “the longing for collectivity” and is at bottom a “depth analysis and ‘working out’ of the class fantasies of contemporary American society.” ", "Clearly, a large dollop of credulity is neccessary to appreciate the workings of the dialectic.", "\n\nIf all this seems obscure, rest assured that it is obscure. ", "But then we should recall that the real meaning of “utopia” is “no place.” ", "Whatever Professor Jameson’s personal commitment to Marxist doctrine, there can be little doubt that his habits of thought are deeply tinged by the gnostic contempt for everyday experience and faith in a secular apocalypse that has characterized Marxism from the beginning. ", "As the philosopher Leszek Kolakowski noted in the third volume of his magisterial study, Main Currents of Marxism, this is the ultimate source of Marxism’s Utopian dreams and its great seductiveness for suitably disposed intellectuals. “", "The influence that Marxism has achieved,” Kolakowski wrote,\n\nfar from being the result or proof of its scientific character, is almost entirely due to its prophetic, fantastic, and irrational elements. ", "Marxism is a doctrine of blind confidence that a paradise of universal satisfaction is awaiting us just around the corner. ", "Almost all the prophecies of Marx and his followers have already proved to be false, but this does not disturb the spiritual certainty of the faithful, any more than it did in the case of chiliastic sects. ... ", "In this sense Marxism performs the function of a religion, and its efficacy is of a relgious character. ", "But it is a caricature and a bogus form of religion, since it presents its temporal eschatology as a scientific system, which religious mythologies do not purport to be.", "\n\nThat the Marxist apocalypse is declared to be the inevitable result of inscrutable “scientific” laws only means that its partisans are potentially as dangerous as they are mystifying: the revolutionary is one whose possession of “the truth” is impervious to experience. ", "For him, “History” speaks with a voice beyond contradiction or appeal.", "\n\nWhile the prospect of utopia has receded somewhat in his recent work—in one place in Postmodernism, he comes close to identifying utopia with the status quo of postmodern society—Professor Jameson cannot be said to have abandoned his faith in History. ", "Nevertheless history sometimes seems to have failed him. ", "Confronting the increasing chaos of postmodern society, Professor Jameson’s primary response is one of bafflement and retreat. ", "Reading through his essays on postmodernism, one realizes that in many respects “postmodernism” has come to replace “dialectic” as a favored theoretical term. ", "Yet even more than its predecesor, “postmodernism” remains a word in search of a definition. ", "Professor Jameson doesn't provide one, and he knows it. ", "Thus he describes the theory of postmodernism as an “effort to take the temperature of the age without instruments.”", "\n\nOn the one hand, in addition to declaring himself a “relatively enthusiastic consumer” of postmodern culture, Professor Jameson champions postmodernism as a source of new “energies” and cultural dynamism. ", "On the other hand, he regards postmodernism as a synonym for “late capitalism,” “another systemic modification of capitalism.” “", "This whole global, yet American, postmodern culture,” he writes, “is the internal and super-structural expression of a whole new wave of American military and economic domination throughout the world: in this sense, as throughout class history, the underside of culture is blood, torture, death, and terror.” ", "And yet he dismisses the modernist critique of postmodernism as a return to bourgeois individualism and “quaint romantic values” like genius: “woe to the country,” he writes in a moment of rare directness, “that needs geniuses, prophets, Great Writers, or demiurges!”", "\n\nWhat is the alternative? ", "Professor Jameson is too busy boning up on cyberpunk, MTV, and performance art to formulate a compelling response. ", "In the end, Postmodernism may be said to represent Professor Jameson’s substitution of capitulation for an analysis of culture: he is fond of postmodern architecture and music, he confides, and “Food and fashion have also greatly improved, as has the life world generally.” ", "Perhaps it is just that life in Durham, North Carolina, as the William A. Lane Professor of Comparative Literature is not so bad. ", "In any event, one suspects that Professor Jameson’s seemingly insatiable appetite for intellectual novelty has finally given him a bad case of conceptual indigestion. ", "What we are presented with in his new books is the spectacle of an intellectual whose longstanding commitment to gnostic pieties and fashionable politicized aes-theticism has at last led him to abandon seriousness altogether.", "\n\nOf course, it might simply be an instance of the dialectic inverting things. ", "But one somehow doubts that in this instance Professor Jameson would be so quick to agree. ", "As he noted in his book on Wyndham Lewis, the intellectual’s “private inner game of theoretical ‘convictions’ and polemics against imaginary conceptual antagonists and mythic counterpositions” can indeed have grim consequences in what he would surely disdain to call the real world. ", "Perhaps it is a simple case of fatigue. ", "Or maybe it is an illustration of Raymond Aron’s old point that Marxism is the opiate of the intellectuals.", "\n\nSignatures of the Visible is published by Routledge, Chapman & Hall (256 pages, $25) and Postmodernism: Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism is published by Duke University Press (440 pages, $34.95). ", "Go back to the text. ", "See my “The Contradictions of Terry Eagleton” in The New Criterion for September 1990, pages 17-23. ", "Go back to the text." ]

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[ "Unboxing Tales of Xillia's Special Edition\n\nOur review of PS3's Tales of Xillia comes next week, but in the meantime, take a look at all of the goodies in the special edition of the game." ]

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[ "\"\"The dual substance of Christ- the yearning, so human, so superhuman, of man to attain God... has always been a deep inscrutable mystery to me.\" \"", "My principle anguish and source of all my joys and sorrows from my youth onward has been the incessant, merciless battle between the spirit and the flesh... and my soul is the arena where these two armies have clashed and met.\"\" \"", "NIKOS KAZANTZAKIS\" \"From the book \"The Last Temptation Of Christ\"\" \"This film is not based upon the Gospels but upon this fictional exploration of the eternal spiritual conflict.\" \"", "THE LAST TEMPTATION OF CHRIST\" \"The feeling begins.\" \"", "Very tender, very loving.\" \"", "Then the pain starts.\" \"", "Claws slip underneath the skin and tear their way up just before they reach my eyes, they dig in.\" \"", "And I remember.\" \"", "First I fasted for three months.\" \"", "I even whipped myself before I went to sleep.\" \"", "At first it worked.\" \"", "Then the pain came back.\" \"", "And the voices.\" \"", "They call me by name.\" \"", "Jesus.\" \"", "Who is it?\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "Why are you following me?\" \"", "Are you ready?\" \"", "No more crosses.\" \"", "We're ready.\" \"", "Where is your mind?\" \"", "Do you hear what I'm saying?\" \"", "The Messiah won't come that way.\" \"", "What do you mean by that?\" \"", "Who told you?\" \"", "You're a disgrace!\" \"", "Romans can't find anyone to make crosses, except for you!\" \"", "You do it!\" \"", "You're worse than them!\" \"", "You're a Jew killing Jews.\" \"", "You're a coward!\" \"", "How will you ever pay for your sins?\" \"", "With my life, Judas.\" \"", "I don't have anything else.\" \"", "Don't turn away.\" \"", "Look at me.\" \"", "With your life.\" \"", "What do you mean?\" \"", "Please, Judas.\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Are you still taking the cross?\" \"", "Yes, I am.\" \"", "No, you're not.\" \"", "I won't let you!\" \"", "I won't let you.\" \"", "Please, I beg you, don't get in the way.\" \"", "What way?\" \"", "What's happened to you?\" \"", "I'm struggling.\" \"", "With who?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "I'm struggling.\" \"", "I struggle.\" \"", "You collaborate.\" \"", "Traitor!\" \"", "You are the people of Israel.\" \"", "Your children are watching.\" \"", "You are the people of God.\" \"", "He is judging us.\" \"", "He is watching you.\" \"", "There he is.\" \"", "Kill him!\" \"", "Don't touch him.\" \"", "Get away from him!\" \"", "Don't you defend him.\" \"", "He's my son.\" \"", "God is with us.\" \"", "He's judging us.\" \"", "Fight!\" \"", "God help us!\" \"", "God give us strength!\" \"", "Come.\" \"", "Come with me.\" \"\"", "This man, naked before you now, is condemned for sedition...\" \"\"...for lifting his hand against Rome.\" \"", "SEDITIO\" \"\"He rallied the people to revolution.\" \"\"", "He promised that a Messiah would come from among the people...\" \"\"...to rise up and destroy Rome.\"\" \"", "Rome is nothing.\" \"\"", "Murder...\" \"\"...betrayal...\" \"\"...\" \"looting and so on, and so therefore, he is condemned to die.\" \"\"", "Rome condemns him.\" \"\"", "And all the gods of Rome condemn him.\"\" \"", "God is our shield.\" \"", "He is our shield.\" \"", "He is our heart.\" \"", "He is our heart.\" \"", "He is our shield.\" \"", "He is our shield.\" \"", "He will not abandon you.\" \"", "He will not abandon you.\" \"", "God!\" \"", "God loves me, I know he loves me.\" \"", "I want him to stop.\" \"", "I can't take the pain.\" \"", "The voices and the pain.\" \"", "I want him to hate me.\" \"", "I fight him.\" \"", "I make crosses so he'll hate me.\" \"", "I want him to find somebody else.\" \"", "I want to crucify every one of his messiahs.\" \"", "You're sure it's God?\" \"", "You're sure it's not the devil?\" \"", "I'm not sure.\" \"", "I'm not sure of anything.\" \"", "If it's the devil, the devil can be cast out.\" \"", "But what if it's God?\" \"", "You can't cast out God, can you?\" \"", "Who's that?\" \"", "Who's following me?\" \"", "ls that you?\" \"", "Magdalene.\" \"", "Magdalene.\" \"", "Thank you, Lord for bringing me where I did not want to go.\" \"", "He must be one of God's angels.\" \"", "He came down to show me the way.\" \"", "Who's out there?\" \"", "Who is it?\" \"", "What are you doing here?\" \"", "I want you to forgive me.\" \"", "I've done too many bad things.\" \"", "I'm going to the desert, and I need you to forgive me before I go, please.\" \"", "I see.\" \"", "You sit out there all day with the others and then come in here with your head down, saying, \"Forgive me.\"\" \"\"", "Forgive me.\"\" \"", "It's not that easy.\" \"", "Just because you need forgiveness, don't ask me to do it.\" \"", "I'm sorry\" \"Get out!\" \"", "Go away!\" \"", "Look, Mary look at this.\" \"", "God can change this.\" \"", "God can save your soul.\" \"", "He already broke my heart, he took you away from me.\" \"", "And I hate both of you.\" \"", "Hate me, blame me.\" \"", "It's all my fault, but not God's.\" \"", "Don't say that about God.\" \"", "Who made me feel this way about God?\" \"", "I know, that's why I'm here.\" \"", "It's why I want you to forgive me.\" \"", "I'll pay my debt.\" \"", "I know there are some things I've done, and to you.\" \"", "Pay or go away.\" \"", "Don't you remember?\" \"", "No, I don't remember.\" \"", "Why should I?\" \"", "Nothing's changed.\" \"", "Say the truth.\" \"", "If you want to save my soul this is where you'll find it.\" \"", "You know that.\" \"", "You're the same as all the others, only you can't admit it.\" \"", "You're pitiful.\" \"", "I hate you.\" \"", "Here's my body.\" \"", "Save it.\" \"", "Save it.\" \"", "Is that the way you show you're a man?\" \"", "Turn away, don't look at me.\" \"", "You never had the courage to be a man.\" \"", "Don't look at me!\" \"", "If you weren't hanging on to your mother, you were hanging on to me.\" \"", "Now you're hanging on to God going to the desert to hide because you're scared.\" \"", "Go.\" \"", "Whenever I see you, my heart breaks.\" \"", "I do remember when we were children.\" \"", "Never have I felt so much tenderness toward anyone as I felt toward you then.\" \"", "All I ever wanted was you.\" \"", "Nothing else.\" \"", "What do you think I wanted?\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Stay.\" \"", "Is it so bad sharing a prostitute's room?\" \"", "I won't touch you.\" \"", "You'll still be a virgin for the desert.\" \"", "Mary, I'm sorry.\" \"", "I can't stay.\" \"", "Welcome.\" \"", "This way.\" \"", "Do you always pray this late at night?\" \"", "It's a funeral.\" \"", "The master of the monastery died.\" \"", "Shall I pray with you?\" \"", "Sleep.\" \"", "You must be tired.\" \"", "I know who you are.\" \"", "That was the man who brought me here last night.\" \"", "Last night?\" \"", "He was dead last night.\" \"", "The master's soul has gone to heaven.\" \"", "His body's work is completed.\" \"", "It walked under the sun and the moon over sand and stone sinned, felt pain yearned for heaven.\" \"", "We commend his remains to our God.\" \"", "Flesh the master no longer needs you.\" \"", "Melt away.\" \"", "First came the wings, then the angel.\" \"", "His spirit actually appeared to you.\" \"", "He treated you like a royal visitor.\" \"", "He recognized you for something.\" \"", "He couldn't have recognized me for anything.\" \"", "I only came here to serve God.\" \"", "That's all.\" \"", "That's all God wants from me.\" \"", "I'm sure of it.\" \"", "Think of how you're blessed.\" \"", "God actually makes himself known to you.\" \"", "I don't know what God wants from me.\" \"", "All my life I've wanted to hear God's voice.\" \"", "I've dedicated my life to him.\" \"", "Sometimes I think I feel him, but I'm never really sure.\" \"", "But you always know.\" \"", "God took you by the hand and brought you here.\" \"", "You think it's a blessing to know what God wants?\" \"", "I'll tell you what he wants.\" \"", "He wants to push me over!\" \"", "Can't he see what's inside of me?\" \"", "All my sins.\" \"", "We all sin.\" \"", "Not my sins.\" \"", "I'm a liar.\" \"", "A hypocrite.\" \"", "I'm afraid of everything.\" \"", "I don't tell the truth.\" \"", "I don't have the courage.\" \"", "When I see a woman, I blush and look away.\" \"", "I want her, but I don't take her, for God, and that makes me proud.\" \"", "Then my pride ruins Magdalene.\" \"", "I don't steal, I don't fight I don't kill.\" \"", "Not because I don't want to, but because I'm afraid.\" \"", "I want to rebel against you, against everything against God, but I'm afraid.\" \"", "You want to know who my mother and father are?\" \"", "You want to know who my God is?\" \"", "Fear.\" \"", "You look inside me and that's all you'll find.\" \"", "But the more devils we have inside of us, the more of a chance we have to repent.\" \"", "Lucifer is inside me.\" \"", "He says to me, \"You're not the son of King David.\" \"\"", "You're not a man, you're the Son of man.\" \"\"", "And more, the Son of God.\" \"", "And more than that, God.\"\" \"", "Do you want to ask me anything else?\" \"", "Everything is from God.\" \"", "Everything has two meanings.\" \"", "Jesus, my sweet Jesus.\" \"", "I forgive you.\" \"", "Leave me!\" \"", "They've gone.\" \"", "You have to leave, too.\" \"", "No, I have to stay.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You've been purified.\" \"", "God has just blessed you.\" \"", "The snakes came from inside you.\" \"", "Now you have to leave, too.\" \"", "You have to go back and speak to people and share your heart.\" \"", "Speak to who?\" \"", "To anyone who will listen.\" \"", "And say what?\" \"", "Just open your mouth.\" \"", "Do you love mankind?\" \"", "I see men and I feel sorry for them, that's all.\" \"", "That's enough.\" \"", "I've got orders to kill you.\" \"", "Go ahead.\" \"", "Tonight I was purified.\" \"", "I can't fight with God anymore.\" \"", "Here's my neck.\" \"", "Cut it, I'm ready.\" \"", "What are you?\" \"", "What kind of a man are you?\" \"", "What you want, I want.\" \"", "That's why he brought us together, it's God's plan.\" \"", "I come to kill you and you help me, that's God's plan?\" \"", "These voices you hear, it's God's voice?\" \"", "Only you understand it?\" \"", "You'd better make me understand it, too.\" \"", "I'll tell you as much as I know.\" \"", "The fainting spells, the voices, the visions.\" \"", "Power.\" \"", "Magic.\" \"", "Is there some secret?\" \"", "Tell me your secret.\" \"", "Pity.\" \"", "Pity for who?\" \"", "Yourself?\" \".\" \"", "Pity for men.\" \"", "Our enemies are men.\" \"", "I feel pity for everything.\" \"", "Donkeys...\" \"...grass, sparrows.\" \"", "And ants?\" \"", "You feel pity for them, too?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Everything's a part of God.\" \"", "When I see an ant, when I look at his shiny black eye you know what I see?\" \"", "I see the face of God.\" \"", "You're not afraid of dying?\" \"", "Why should I be?\" \"", "Death isn't a door that closes, it opens.\" \"", "It opens and you go through it.\" \"", "If I don't kill you, what happens?\" \"", "I'll speak to people.\" \"", "What are you going to say?\" \"", "I'll just open my mouth and God will do the talking.\" \"", "Maybe God didn't send you here to kill me.\" \"", "Maybe he sent you here to follow me.\" \"", "Just so there's no mistake.\" \"", "I'll go with you until I understand.\" \"", "But if you stray this much from the path, I'll kill you.\" \"", "It's Magdalene.\" \"", "She deserves it.\" \"", "Get out of there.\" \"", "Get out of the way!\" \"", "This is not your business.\" \"", "Do you want to get hurt?\" \"", "Did you hear what he said, idiot?\" \"", "Move!\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I don't want this.\" \"", "Listen to him.\" \"", "He doesn't want this.\" \"", "Well, we want it.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "We don't have to tell you why!\" \"", "I've had enough.\" \"", "We live in a whorehouse.\" \"", "She's a Jew.\" \"", "She works on the Sabbath.\" \"", "She goes with Romans on the Sabbath.\" \"", "She broke Moses' law.\" \"", "She dies.\" \"", "Who has never sinned?\" \"", "Who?\" \"", "Which one of you people has never sinned?\" \"", "Whoever that is, come up here!\" \"", "And throw these!\" \"", "I have nothing to hide.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "Take this.\" \"", "It's bigger.\" \"", "Be careful, Zebedee.\" \"", "There is a God.\" \"", "He's seen you cheat your workers.\" \"", "He's seen you with that widow, what's her name?\" \"", "Judith.\" \"", "Judith.\" \"", "Aren't you afraid God will paralyze you if you lift that stone?\" \"", "That your arm will wither?\" \"", "That you'll lose all strength?\" \"", "God has so many miracles.\" \"", "What ifl say the wrong thing?\" \"", "What ifl say the right thing?\" \"", "Come closer.\" \"", "Come closer!\" \"", "We're all a family.\" \"", "Come closer, so you can hear.\" \"", "I have something to tell you.\" \"", "Who is he?\" \"", "It's Jesus from Nazareth.\" \"", "Nothing good can come out of Nazareth, even the Scriptures say so.\" \"", "I'm sorry, but the easiest way to make myself clear is to tell you a story.\" \"", "A farmer was planting in his field.\" \"", "Some seed fell on the ground and the birds ate it.\" \"", "Some seed fell on rocks and dried up.\" \"", "But some seed....\" \"Some seed fell on rich soil and grew into enough wheat to feed a whole nation.\" \"", "Can you hear me?\" \"", "We can hear you fine.\" \"", "I'm the farmer.\" \"", "The farmer is me.\" \"", "And 2 and 2 makes 4.\" \"", "Another lunatic!\" \"", "Rabbi tell me, if you're the farmer and we're the stones, what's the seed?\" \"", "What's the seed?\" \"", "Love.\" \"", "Love one another.\" \"", "That's easy to say, maybe that's good advice, but for some other world.\" \"", "These people are starving.\" \"", "First you feed them, then you talk!\" \"", "I used to think God was angry, too, but not anymore!\" \"", "He used to jump on me like a wild bird and dig his claws into my head.\" \"", "But then one morning, he came to me.\" \"", "He blew over me like a cool breeze and said, \"Stand up.\"\" \"", "And here I am.\" \"", "And you will go to hell.\" \"", "These are children's stories.\" \"", "How can they help us?\" \"", "What are you hungry for?\" \"", "What are you thirsty for?\" \"", "For justice!\" \"", "And bread!\" \"", "Bread, too.\" \"", "You're thirsty for justice, for people to treat you fairly for people to treat you with respect.\" \"", "What I'm telling you is whoever's hungry for justice, they are the ones who'll be blessed.\" \"", "They'll be filled with bread.\" \"", "They'll never be hungry again.\" \"", "They'll have the real value, the value of love.\" \"", "To love, share and comfort.\" \"", "They'll have the courage to do the good.\" \"", "And you.\" \"", "You're mourning.\" \"", "Mourners will be blessed.\" \"", "You'll have God to comfort you.\" \"", "You won't need men to do it.\" \"", "And the meek.\" \"", "They're the ones who'll be blessed.\" \"", "And the suffering, they'll be blessed, too.\" \"", "And the peacemakers and the merciful and the sick, and the poor, and the outcasts you'll all be blessed because heaven is yours!\" \"", "And believe me believe me, those who are laughing now will be crying later.\" \"", "Those whose stomachs are filled now will be hungry later.\" \"", "And the rich will be poor forever!\" \"", "Kill them!\" \"", "I didn't say death!\" \"", "I said love!\" \"", "I said love!\" \"", "Enough.\" \"", "Come.\" \"", "No, Father, I'm staying.\" \"", "We have to work.\" \"", "I need you!\" \"", "Come.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Father, I'm staying, too.\" \"", "Not the two of you.\" \"", "Come on!\" \"", "Let me come with you, I can help.\" \"", "Stay here.\" \"", "You'll know when.\" \"", "Tell people about me.\" \"", "James.\" \"", "Andrew.\" \"", "Move over, John.\" \"", "Move over, James.\" \"", "I was just comfortable.\" \"", "Peter wants to lay down.\" \"", "Peter, there's no more room.\" \"", "I'm cold.\" \"", "I want to be by the fire.\" \"", "Go over by Philip.\" \"", "We're all cold.\" \"", "Shut up.\" \"", "Rabbi, can I talk to you?\" \"", "I'm not like these other men.\" \"", "I mean, they're good enough, they're good men.\" \"", "But they're weak.\" \"", "One's worse than the other.\" \"", "Where'd you find them?\" \"", "Look at me.\" \"", "If I love somebody, I would die for them.\" \"", "If I hate somebody, I'd kill them.\" \"", "I could even kill somebody I loved if they did the wrong thing.\" \"", "Did you hear me?\" \"", "Do you understand what I said?\" \"", "Yes, I understand.\" \"", "The other day you said, if a man hit you, you'd turn the other cheek.\" \"", "I didn't like that.\" \"", "Only an angel could do that, or a dog.\" \"", "I'm sorry but I'm neither.\" \"", "I'm a free man.\" \"", "I don't turn my cheek to anyone.\" \"", "We both want the same thing.\" \"", "We do?\" \"", "Do you want freedom for Israel?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I want freedom for the soul.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "That's what I can't accept.\" \"", "That's not the same thing!\" \"", "First you free the body, then the spirit!\" \"", "The Romans come first.\" \"", "You don't build a house from the roof down but from the foundation up.\" \"", "The foundation is the soul.\" \"", "The foundation is the body.\" \"", "That's where you must begin.\" \"", "If you don't change the spirit first, change what's inside then you'll only replace the Romans with someone else, and nothing changes.\" \"", "Even if you're victorious, you'll still be filled with the poison.\" \"", "You've got to break the chain of evil.\" \"", "How do you change then?\" \"", "With love.\" \"", "Who's there?\" \"", "It's me, Andrew.\" \"", "Is everything....\" \"It's all right.\" \"", "Go back to sleep.\" \"", "Judas and I are talking.\" \"", "There's an example.\" \"", "You know, the Zealots ordered me to kill you.\" \"", "Why did you change your mind?\" \"", "I decided to wait.\" \"", "For what?\" \"", "I thought maybe you were the One.\" \"", "To unite us.\" \"", "I didn't want to destroy that.\" \"", "How do we know?\" \"", "How could I be the Messiah?\" \"", "When those people were torturing Magdalene, I wanted to kill them.\" \"", "And then I opened my mouth and out comes the word \"Iove.\" ", "Why?\" \"", "I don't understand.\" \"", "I can't look to the others for answers, all they do is follow you.\" \"", "We'll go to Judea and see John the Baptist.\" \"", "Every day he tells hundreds of people the Messiah is coming.\" \"", "He'll know.\" \"", "He'll know.\" \"", "I'm afraid.\" \"", "Stay with me.\" \"", "Behold!\" \"", "I will raise up evil against you out of your own house and I will take your wives, before your eyes and give them to your neighbor, and he shall lie with your wives in the sight of this sun.\" \"", "You may listen and listen again but you will never understand.\" \"", "You may look, but you will never know.\" \"", "These people's wits are dulled.\" \"", "Their ears are deafened and their eyes blinded so they cannot see with their eyes, nor hear with their ears so that they may turn and be healed.\" \"", "The Lord of Hosts says: \"On this day...\"\" \"He sounds like the Messiah.\" \"", "No.\" \"\"...\" \"", "I will crush the horns of the new moon and I will spill darkness over the world.\" \"\"", "I will reverse your laughter, turn it into tears....\"\" \"Go in front.\" \"", "Let him see you.\" \"\"", "Listen, it is the thunder of many peoples....\"\" \"Even from behind, I knew I had seen him before.\" \"", "Where?\" \"", "Was it a dream?\" \"", "Yes, it was.\" \"", "But in the dream, he was dressed in white.\" \"\"", "You will have the smell of decay...\" \"\"...and branding, instead of beauty.\" \"", "Your men shall fall by the sword...\" \"\"...and your women shall sit on the ground, stripped bare.\"\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "Do you recognize me?\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "Do you know the Prophets?\" \"", "What does Isaiah say?\" \"", "He says, \"Prepare the way of the Lord.\"\" \"", "Are you telling me that's you?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Tell me.\" \"", "Why are you here?\" \"", "To be baptized.\" \"", "No, I don't dare.\" \"", "If you're the Master, then you have to baptize me.\" \"", "Baptize me.\" \"", "Love.\" \"", "What does it mean?\" \"", "Love is sweet as honey.\" \"", "But it's also blood.\" \"", "Love is action.\" \"", "You want a new crop, you burn the earth.\" \"", "But isn't love enough?\" \"", "No!\" \"", "Look at the world.\" \"", "Look around you.\" \"", "Plague, war, corruption false prophets, false idols, worship of gold.\" \"", "Nothing is of value.\" \"", "The tree is rotten.\" \"", "You have to take the axe and cut it down.\" \"", "If I was a woodcutter, I'd cut.\" \"", "If I was a fire, I'd burn.\" \"", "But I'm a heart and I love and that's all I can do.\" \"", "I'm a heart, also.\" \"", "But I can't love what's unjust.\" \"", "What I can't love, I attack.\" \"", "God demands it.\" \"", "Anger?\" \"", "Yes, God demands anger.\" \"", "Anger?\" \"", "But we're all brothers.\" \"", "You think love is God's only way?\" \"", "Go to the Dead Sea, look in the bottom.\" \"", "You'll see two whores, Sodom and Gomorrah.\" \"", "That's God's way.\" \"", "On the day of the Lord blood will flow from wood.\" \"", "The stones of the houses will come alive and kill their owners.\" \"", "That day is here.\" \"", "He gave me the axe.\" \"", "Now I give it to you.\" \"", "That's not the answer.\" \"", "Then what is the answer?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Well, if you won't listen to me, who will you listen to?\" \"", "God.\" \"", "The God of Israel is the God of the desert.\" \"", "If you want to speak to him, then you'll have to go to the desert.\" \"", "I'll go to ldumaea.\" \"", "Thank you, Baptist.\" \"", "Be careful.\" \"", "God isn't alone out there.\" \"", "I feel sorry for you.\" \"", "You were lonely.\" \"", "You cried.\" \"", "So I came.\" \"", "I didn't call for you.\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "Your spirit.\" \"", "My spirit?\" \"", "You're afraid ofbeing alone.\" \"", "You're just like Adam.\" \"", "He called me and I took one of his ribs and made it into a woman.\" \"", "You're here to trick me.\" \"", "Trick you?\" \"", "To love and care for a woman, to have a family, is this a trick?\" \"", "Why are you trying to save the world?\" \"", "Aren't your own sins enough for you?\" \"", "What arrogance to think you can save the world.\" \"", "The world doesn't have to be saved.\" \"", "Save yourself.\" \"", "Find love.\" \"", "I have love.\" \"", "Look in my eyes.\" \"", "Look at my breasts.\" \"", "Do you recognize them?\" \"", "Just nod your head and we'll be in my bed together.\" \"", "Jesus.\" \"", "After ten days the hunger went away.\" \"", "Welcome, Jesus.\" \"", "Congratulations.\" \"", "You're past the small temptations of a woman and a family.\" \"", "We're both bigger than that.\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "You don't recognize me?\" \"", "I'm you, I'm your heart.\" \"", "Your heart is so greedy.\" \"", "It pretends to be humble but it really wants to conquer the world.\" \"", "I never wanted a kingdom on earth.\" \"", "The kingdom of heaven is enough.\" \"", "You're a liar.\" \"", "When you were making crosses for the Romans your head was exploding with dreams ofpower.\" \"", "Power over everyone.\" \"", "You said it was God, but you really wanted power.\" \"", "Now you can have what you want.\" \"", "Any country you want.\" \"", "All of them.\" \"", "You could even have Rome.\" \"", "Liar.\" \"", "Step into my circle so I can pull your tongue out.\" \"", "Archangel, move back.\" \"", "Move back, you're blinding me.\" \"", "Jesus.\" \"", "I'm the one you've been waiting for.\" \"", "Remember when you were a little boy you cried:\" \"\"Make me a god, God.\" \"\"", "God.\" \"\"", "God, make me a god. \"\" \"", "But I was just a child then.\" \"", "You are God.\" \"", "The Baptist knew it.\" \"", "Now it's time you admit it.\" \"", "You are his son.\" \"", "The only Son of God.\" \"", "Join me.\" \"", "Together we'll rule the living and the dead.\" \"", "You'll give life and you'll take life.\" \"", "You'll sit in judgement, and I'll sit next to you.\" \"", "Imagine how strong we'd be together.\" \"", "Satan?\" \"", "We'll see each other again.\" \"", "Don't be afraid.\" \"", "You are the One.\" \"", "My work is done.\" \"", "Now I can die.\" \"", "The Lord wants me to tell you to stand up.\" \"", "His day is here.\" \"", "Take this axe.\" \"", "Take this message to everyone.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "What do you want?\" \"", "I'm a foreigner.\" \"", "From Galilee.\" \"", "I'm tired.\" \"", "You don't know how good this tastes.\" \"", "Some more wine, please.\" \"", "Mary Martha I want to say that you're both blessed.\" \"", "I came here, you didn't know me.\" \"", "You took me in, fed me, restored me and God came down and went into my heart.\" \"", "Go on.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I've talked too much already.\" \"", "Silence is better.\" \"", "No, it's not.\" \"", "Do you have a wife?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "How can you live like that in the desert?\" \"", "Tell me the truth.\" \"", "Don't you miss all this?\" \"", "Having a home, a real life.\" \"", "I admit it.\" \"", "I'd like it, but I'll never have it.\" \"", "Listen, if you really want God, don't spend your time in the desert.\" \"", "He's not there, he's right here.\" \"", "Read your Scriptures.\" \"", "God does not want you to fast and pray.\" \"", "He wants you to make children.\" \"", "Mary, you're making him uncomfortable.\" \"", "He's a guest.\" \"", "He knows what I'm talking about.\" \"", "Come and help me.\" \"", "It's not right to tease these men.\" \"", "I wasn't teasing.\" \"", "Remember the Baptist?\" \"", "It's nothing to tease about.\" \"", "The Baptist?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "He's dead.\" \"", "He was killed by Herod.\" \"", "You didn't know?\" \"", "They say the king was drunk and cut off the Baptist's head to satisfy him.\" \"", "Now they say they're going to kill everyone who was baptized.\" \"", "No one forced you to be baptized.\" \"", "You were baptized, too.\" \"", "You begged for it.\" \"", "So be quiet.\" \"", "I can just imagine in Galilee right now.\" \"", "The sea.\" \"", "They say the fishing's so good you just touch the nets and the fish jump in.\" \"", "Don't talk about fish.\" \"", "It reminds me of my sheep.\" \"", "I don't know what's happened to them.\" \"", "Maybe we should wait for him in Galilee.\" \"", "No, we promised the Master we would wait here.\" \"", "That was over a month ago.\" \"", "Thousands of people are waiting to see and to hear him and he's gone.\" \"", "The whole movement.\" \"", "We look like fools.\" \"", "Nathaniel's right.\" \"", "He makes sense.\" \"", "Let's return to Galilee.\" \"", "If we go back to Galilee, like Peter says\" \"Brothers!\" \"", "I don't understand you.\" \"", "Think of the last words the Baptist said.\" \"", "He said, \"Jesus of Nazareth, leave the desert.\" \"", "I am finished.\" \"\"", "You return to mankind.\"\" \"", "How do we know he really said that?\" \"", "Everybody says he did.\" \"", "But how do we know?\" \"", "Even if he didn't, the words are important.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Because people believe them.\" \"", "And what if our Master's....\" \"What if he's the One?\" \"", "What \"One\"?\" \"", "The One.\" \"", "What do you mean?\" \"", "The Messiah?\" \"", "We don't know the Baptist said that.\" \"", "Nobody knows.\" \"", "He's not like Elijah.\" \"", "He's saying that the world of God is here now.\" \"", "He just meant, \"Continue my work.\" \"\"", "Continue to do the work I've been doing.\"\" \"", "Right here Elijah ascended to heaven.\" \"", "Doesn't that mean something to you?\" \"", "We're waiting here.\" \"", "We're waiting here.\" \"", "I don't think we should go back to Galilee.\" \"", "I think we should wait here.\" \"", "That's what I love about you, Peter.\" \"", "You're as steady and as solid as a rock.\" \"", "Nobody can change your mind.\" \"", "What good are you?\" \"", "Master.\" \"", "Rabbi.\" \"", "John heard your footsteps in his heart in a way, and we were preparing to welcome you.\" \"", "Were you baptized?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "John baptized with water and they killed him.\" \"", "Now I baptize with fire.\" \"", "Is that what the Baptist told you?\" \"", "I have an invitation for you.\" \"", "Is there a celebration?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I'm not inviting you to a celebration.\" \"", "I'm inviting you to a war.\" \"", "This is my heart.\" \"", "Take it.\" \"", "God is inside of us.\" \"", "The devil is outside us, in the world all around us.\" \"", "We'll pick up an axe and cut the devil's throat.\" \"", "We'll fight him wherever he is.\" \"", "In the sick in the rich even in the temple.\" \"", "I'll lead you.\" \"", "If you have sheep give them away.\" \"", "If you have a family leave them.\" \"", "I believed in love.\" \"", "Now I believe in this!\" \"", "Who's with me?\" \"", "Adonai.\" \"", "Today and tomorrow I cast out devils and work cures.\" \"", "On the third day I shall be perfected.\" \"", "Out!\" \"", "Satan, leave!\" \"", "Satan, out!\" \"", "Leave him!\" \"", "Moses, Elijah, Isaiah touch my mouth touch my lips.\" \"", "Go to the temple.\" \"", "Let the high priests see you.\" \"", "Look!\" \"", "He was blind and Jesus healed him.\" \"", "Look.\" \"", "He was blind and Jesus healed him.\" \"", "Look.\" \"", "You don't belong at a wedding.\" \"", "We're here to celebrate purity.\" \"", "I'm sorry, but these people are my guests.\" \"", "Let me explain something to you.\" \"", "What do you think heaven's like?\" \"", "It's like a wedding.\" \"", "God's the bridegroom and man's spirit's the bride.\" \"", "The wedding takes place in heaven and everyone's invited.\" \"", "God's world is big enough for everyone.\" \"", "Nazarene, that's against the law.\" \"", "Then the law's against my heart.\" \"", "Don't touch me.\" \"", "You are now sacred to me through this ring.\" \"\"", "You are now sacred to me, through this ring.\"\" \"", "According to the law of Moses and Israel.\" \"\"", "According to the law of Moses and Israel.\"\" \"", "My cousins are very upset.\" \"", "They only brought enough wine for 3 days.\" \"", "Now another day's gone past and it's gone.\" \"", "What's in those?\" \"", "Water.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "It's wine.\" \"", "No, it's water.\" \"", "I put it there myself.\" \"", "It's wine.\" \"", "It's water.\" \"", "Go over there and make sure.\" \"", "Do it.\" \"", "You're right.\" \"", "It is wine.\" \"", "Brothers!\" \"", "My old friends!\" \"", "Listen to me.\" \"", "It's me the Prophets preached about.\" \"", "God talked to me in the desert.\" \"", "He gave me a secret and told me to bring it to you.\" \"", "Didn't you hear me coming?\" \"", "I ran here to Nazareth, where I grew up, to bring you the news.\" \"", "The world of God is here now.\" \"", "You work miracles.\" \"", "Make a miracle for us.\" \"", "Make us believe in you.\" \"", "Otherwise go away.\" \"", "The Messiah doesn't need miracles.\" \"", "He is the miracle.\" \"", "Now he's here.\" \"", "Are you ready for me?\" \"", "I'm here to tear down everything around you.\" \"", "You know what I'll replace it with?\" \"", "Something new.\" \"", "God.\" \"", "The world of God.\" \"", "So take your bread and give it to the poor.\" \"", "What difference does it make what you own?\" \"", "You have gold and silver.\" \"", "It's going to rot.\" \"", "That rot is going to eat away your hearts.\" \"", "All of you!\" \"", "There will be a flood and a fire.\" \"", "Everything will be destroyed.\" \"", "But there will be a new ark riding on that fire!\" \"", "And I hold the keys and I open the door.\" \"", "And I decide who goes in and who doesn't.\" \"", "You're my brothers from Nazareth and you're the first I invite on the ark.\" \"", "Don't wait.\" \"", "Don't waste your life.\" \"", "Come with me.\" \"", "You're the son of Mary, right?\" \"", "Who are you to tell us about God?\" \"", "He made better crosses than speeches.\" \"", "Go get someone from his family to take him away.\" \"", "He's insane.\" \"", "What are you laughing at?\" \"", "Everything you have will burn.\" \"", "Soon!\" \"", "Get out now!\" \"", "Come with me to Jerusalem!\" \"", "See?\" \"", "This is what happens when a man doesn't get married.\" \"", "The semen backs up into his brain.\" \"", "Go home!\" \"", "You're a demon.\" \"", "You're possessed.\" \"", "You're a lunatic!\" \"", "This is my home!\" \"", "You should be ashamed.\" \"", "Kill him!\" \"", "He's going to burn us.\" \"", "Don't touch him!\" \"", "If I could touch every stone if I could breathe on every branch, they'd get up and follow me!\" \"", "So what's wrong with you?\" \"", "Come with me to Jerusalem!\" \"", "Jerusalem is falling!\" \"", "I feel it.\" \"", "I know it.\" \"", "You see these people?\" \"", "They're poor.\" \"", "They're blind.\" \"", "They're crippled.\" \"", "They're going to be our army.\" \"", "We're going to need better men than this.\" \"", "God will give them to me.\" \"", "We're going to build a new Jerusalem.\" \"", "Son.\" \"", "Come back with me.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "Your mother.\" \"", "I don't have a mother.\" \"", "I don't have any family.\" \"", "I have a Father, in heaven.\" \"", "Don't say that to me.\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "I mean, really.\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "Why are you crying?\" \"", "Didn't you see them?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "When he spoke to you, there were thousands of blue wings behind him.\" \"", "I swear to you, Mary, there were armies of angels.\" \"", "There were?\" \"", "Thousands.\" \"", "I'd be happier if there weren't.\" \"", "When was he buried?\" \"", "Three days ago.\" \"", "Roll away the stone.\" \"", "Lazarus.\" \"", "Lazarus.\" \"", "In the name of the Prophets in the name of Jeremiah and my Father in the name of the most holy God I call you here.\" \"", "I call you here!\" \"", "Lazarus.\" \"", "Lazarus.\" \"", "Adonai.\" \"", "God, help me.\" \"", "We came here to pray.\" \"", "Look at this.\" \"", "The money-changers?\" \"", "It's for the temple tax, for the feast.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "How's the exchange today?\" \"", "Fair.\" \"", "At this stall it's always fair.\" \"", "Making a good profit?\" \"", "Fair.\" \"", "This is my Father's house!\" \"", "It is a place of worship not a market!\" \"", "Nazarene, what are you doing?\" \"", "What are you doing?\" \"", "God doesn't need a palace.\" \"", "He doesn't need cypress trees or dead animals!\" \"", "He doesn't need shekels!\" \"", "You expect people to pay the tax with Roman coins.\" \"", "They have images of false gods on them!\" \"", "You want pagan gods in the temple?\" \"", "All foreign coins have to be exchanged for shekels.\" \"", "That is the law.\" \"", "I'm throwing away the law.\" \"", "I have a new law and a new hope.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Has God changed his mind about the old law?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "He just thinks our hearts are ready to hold more, that's all.\" \"", "This chaos is your new law?\" \"", "How can you presume\" \"How can I presume?\" \"", "I'm the end of the old law and the beginning of the new one.\" \"", "Watch what you're saying.\" \"", "Maybe we should go.\" \"", "When I say, \"I,\" Rabbi I'm saying \"God.\"\" \"", "That's blasphemy.\" \"", "Didn't they tell you?\" \"", "I'm the saint of blasphemy.\" \"", "Don't make any mistakes.\" \"", "I didn't come here to bring peace.\" \"", "I came to bring a sword.\" \"", "Talking like that will get you killed.\" \"", "Me killed?\" \"", "Listen to me.\" \"", "This temple will be destroyed in three days.\" \"", "Torn down to the ground!\" \"", "There won't be one stone left to build with!\" \"", "You think God belongs only to you?\" \"", "He doesn't.\" \"", "God's an immortal spirit who belongs to everybody to the whole world!\" \"", "You think you're special?\" \"", "God is not an Israelite!\" \"", "Magician, heal me.\" \"", "Cure us.\" \"", "Make us rich.\" \"", "Heal me!\" \"", "Do a miracle.\" \"", "You want me to enter the world of God crippled like this?\" \"", "Don't touch me!\" \"", "You're filled with hate!\" \"", "Get away!\" \"", "God won't help you.\" \"", "You cure us, or you won't leave this city alive.\" \"", "You don't make demands on God!\" \"", "Judas!\" \"", "What are you doing with this magician?\" \"", "You had orders to kill him and you haven't done it.\" \"", "Now he acts like a prophet and you follow him.\" \"", "Did you hear what he said back there, Saul?\" \"", "Yes, I heard him.\" \"", "We took an oath against Rome.\" \"", "I don't see anything against Rome here.\" \"", "All I see are Jews against Jews.\" \"", "Then you're not listening.\" \"", "Lazarus.\" \"", "How do you feel?\" \"", "I like the light.\" \"", "What was it like?\" \"", "Which is better, death or life?\" \"", "I was a little surprised.\" \"", "There wasn't that much difference.\" \"", "Give me your hand.\" \"", "I'm not surprised.\" \"", "How could they let Lazarus live?\" \"", "He was proof of your greatest miracle.\" \"", "Now there's no more proof.\" \"", "That's what the Zealots want.\" \"", "Their revolution, not yours.\" \"", "You want to go back to them?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You're the one I follow.\" \"", "You are the strongest, aren't you?\" \"", "Of all my friends you're the strongest.\" \"", "Judas, my brother I've something to tell you.\" \"", "I have a terrible secret from God.\" \"", "You know why I came to Jerusalem?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "This is where the revolution is going to begin.\" \"", "Last night Isaiah came to me.\" \"", "He had a prophecy.\" \"", "I saw it written.\" \"", "It said:\" \"\"He has borne our faults...\" \"\"...he was wounded for our transgressions...\" \"\"...yet he opened not his mouth.\" \"\"", "Despised and rejected by all...\" \"\"...he went forward without resisting, like a lamb led to the slaughter. \"\" \"", "I don't understand.\" \"", "Judas, I am the lamb.\" \"", "I'm the one who's going to die.\" \"", "Die?\" \"", "You mean you're not the Messiah?\" \"", "I am.\" \"", "That can't be.\" \"", "If you're the Messiah, why do you have to die?\" \"", "Listen.\" \"", "At first, I didn't understand\" \"No, you, listen!\" \"", "Every day you have a different plan!\" \"", "First it's love, then it's the axe, and now you have to die.\" \"", "What good could that do?\" \"", "I can't help it.\" \"", "God only talks to me a little at a time.\" \"", "He tells me as much as I need to know.\" \"", "We need you alive!\" \"", "Now I finally understand.\" \"", "All my life I've been followed by voices by footsteps by shadows.\" \"", "And do you know what the shadow is?\" \"", "The cross.\" \"", "I have to die on the cross and I have to die willingly.\" \"", "We have to go back to the temple.\" \"", "After you die on the cross, what happens then?\" \"", "I come back to judge the living and the dead.\" \"", "I don't believe you.\" \"", "You have to.\" \"", "I'm worried he's going to change his mind again.\" \"", "No, he won't.\" \"", "This time we're not going to the temple to pray.\" \"", "He said he'll destroy the temple in three days, and he'll do it.\" \"", "And what if he doesn't?\" \"", "What then?\" \"", "What if he doesn't?\" \"", "You won't have to worry because we'll all be dead.\" \"", "We're setting up a new government, building a new Jerusalem.\" \"", "We can ask for anything we want.\" \"", "First, I'd like more sheep.\" \"", "You know, my other sheep, I don't even know where they are now.\" \"", "This time I want a large herd, and I'll get other shepherds to care for them.\" \"", "I would just like to be able to worship in the temple.\" \"", "I mean really worship, without Roman banners and soldiers.\" \"", "That's what I'd like.\" \"", "Of course.\" \"", "But what else?\" \"", "I'll do anything the Master asks, anything but get crucified.\" \"", "You're a coward, Thomas.\" \"", "Yes, I am.\" \"", "You know why?\" \"", "Have you ever seen anyone on a cross after two days?\" \"", "You know what they look like?\" \"", "They don't even have eyes.\" \"", "The crows come and suck out your eyes.\" \"", "And after that, you know what?\" \"", "Dogs come and rip your feet off.\" \"", "Don't talk that way.\" \"", "I've made my decision.\" \"", "You make yours.\" \"", "And if you can't, then get out now before we get to Jerusalem.\" \"", "I'm ready.\" \"", "I have my knife.\" \"", "Master, I've been talking with the others and listening and....\" \"Some of them wanted me to ask you:\" \"Will there be angels there to meet us?\" \"", "Or anyone besides who's here?\" \"", "Master.\" \"", "King of the Jews!\" \"", "King of the Jews!\" \"", "King of the Jews!\" \"", "Jesus!\" \"", "Lord, I hope this is what you want.\" \"", "Let me die here.\" \"", "Please let it happen fast while I have the strength.\" \"", "I am here to set fire to the world.\" \"", "In the desert, the Baptist warned us, God is coming.\" \"", "Well, I'm telling you it's too late.\" \"", "He's already here.\" \"", "I'm here.\" \"", "I'm going to baptize everybody with fire!\" \"", "He's leading us!\" \"", "Follow him!\" \"", "They're all with you, waiting for your signal.\" \"", "Give it!\" \"", "Now!\" \"", "Do it now!\" \"", "Please!\" \"", "I'm waiting, too.\" \"", "Give me an axe, not the cross.\" \"", "Let me die like this.\" \"", "Give the sign now or we're finished.\" \"", "They'll kill us\" \"We came to fight, not to die!\" \"", "Master, we knew it would be like this.\" \"", "This is the way.\" \"", "Do it.\" \"", "Judas, help me!\" \"", "Stay with me.\" \"", "Don't leave me.\" \"", "I wish there was another way.\" \"", "I'm sorry, but there isn't.\" \"", "I have to die on the cross.\" \"", "I won't let you die.\" \"", "You have no choice, neither do I.\" \"Remember, we're bringing God and man together.\" \"", "They'll never be together unless I die.\" \"", "I'm the sacrifice.\" \"", "Without you, there can be no redemption.\" \"", "Forget everything else.\" \"", "Understand that.\" \"", "No, I can't.\" \"", "Get somebody stronger.\" \"", "You promised me.\" \"", "Remember, you once told me that if I moved one step from revolution, you'd kill me.\" \"", "Remember?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "I've strayed, haven't I?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Then you must keep your promise.\" \"", "You have to kill me.\" \"", "If that's what God wants, let God do it.\" \"", "I won't.\" \"", "He will do it through you.\" \"", "The temple guards will be looking for me where there aren't any crowds.\" \"", "We'll go to Gethsemane.\" \"", "You'll make sure that they find me there.\" \"", "I am going to die.\" \"", "But after three days I'll come back, in victory.\" \"", "You can't leave me.\" \"", "You have to give me strength.\" \"", "If you were me, could you betray your master?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "That's why God gave me the easier job to be crucified.\" \"", "What about the others?\" \"", "I'll tell them tonight.\" \"", "Listen to me.\" \"", "Take this bread.\" \"", "Share it together.\" \"", "This bread is my body.\" \"", "Now drink this wine.\" \"", "Pass the cup.\" \"", "This wine is my blood.\" \"", "Do this to remember me.\" \"", "We're not finished.\" \"", "Let him go.\" \"", "All of you I want to tell you something.\" \"", "Wait for me here.\" \"", "Father in heaven.\" \"", "Father on earth.\" \"", "The world that you've created, that we can see, is beautiful.\" \"", "But the world you've created, that we can't see, is beautiful, too.\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Father.\" \"", "I don't know which is more beautiful.\" \"", "This is my body, too.\" \"", "Together we're going to die.\" \"", "Please, Father.\" \"", "I've been with you for so long.\" \"", "I never asked you to choose me.\" \"", "I always did as you said.\" \"", "You made many miracles for others.\" \"", "You opened the Red Sea for Moses.\" \"", "You saved Noah.\" \"", "You took Elijah to heaven in a fiery chariot and now you're asking me to be crucified.\" \"", "Can I ask you one last time?\" \"", "Do I have to die?\" \"", "Is there any other way?\" \"", "You're offering me a cup, but I don't want to drink what's in it.\" \"", "Please, take it away.\" \"", "Please, stop.\" \"", "Please, Father.\" \"", "Father.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Is this your answer?\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Just please give me the strength.\" \"", "Couldn't you stay awake with me for just an hour?\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "It doesn't matter.\" \"", "It's too late.\" \"", "Welcome, Rabbi.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You live by this, you die by it.\" \"", "Take me with you.\" \"", "I'm ready.\" \"", "So, you are the King of the Jews?\" \"\"", "King\" is your word.\" \"", "Well, you are Jesus of Nazareth, aren't you?\" \"", "Yes, I am.\" \"", "That's what they're saying you are.\" \"", "The King, the Messiah.\" \"", "It's also said that you do miracles.\" \"", "Is this good magic or bad magic?\" \"", "Could we have some kind of a demonstration?\" \"", "I mean, can you do a trick for me, now?\" \"", "No, I'm not a trained animal.\" \"", "I'm not a magician.\" \"", "That's disappointing.\" \"", "This means that you're just another Jewish politician.\" \"", "Do you want to know something?\" \"", "You're more dangerous than the Zealots.\" \"", "Do you know that?\" \"", "Say something.\" \"", "You had better say something.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Tell me what you tell people on the streets.\" \"", "Yes?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "The prophet Daniel had a vision:\" \"A tall statue that had a gold head and silver shoulders.\" \"", "The stomach was bronze, the legs were iron, the feet were clay.\" \"", "A stone was thrown.\" \"", "The clay feet broke and the statue collapsed.\" \"", "You see, God threw the stone.\" \"", "The stone is me.\" \"", "And Rome\" \"And Rome is the statue, yes.\" \"", "So your kingdom, or your world, will replace Rome.\" \"", "Where is it?\" \"", "My kingdom?\" \"", "It's not here.\" \"", "Not on earth.\" \"", "It wouldn't be, would it?\" \"", "It's one thing to want to change the way that people live but you want to change how they think, how they feel.\" \"", "All I'm saying is that change will happen with love, not with killing.\" \"", "Either way, it's dangerous.\" \"", "It's against Rome.\" \"", "It's against the way the world is.\" \"", "And killing or loving, it's all the same.\" \"", "It simply doesn't matter how you want to change things.\" \"", "We don't want them changed.\" \"", "You do understand what has to happen?\" \"", "We have a space for you up on Golgotha.\" \"", "Three thousand skulls there by now.\" \"", "Probably more.\" \"", "Guard.\" \"", "I do wish you people would go out and count them some time.\" \"", "Maybe you'd learn a lesson.\" \"", "Probably not.\" \"", "I know you.\" \"", "I saw you with him.\" \"", "You must be mistaken.\" \"", "It wasn't me.\" \"", "It must have been someone else.\" \"", "No, I'm right.\" \"", "He is one of his followers.\" \"", "He doesn't know what he's talking about.\" \"", "He is one of his followers.\" \"", "It's him!\" \"", "Get him!\" \"", "Mother?\" \"", "Magdalene?\" \"", "Where are you?\" \"", "Mother, I'm sorry for being a bad son.\" \"", "Father, stay with me.\" \"", "Don't leave me.\" \"", "Father, forgive them.\" \"", "Father!\" \"", "Why have you forsaken me?\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "I'm the angel who guards you.\" \"", "Your Father is the God of mercy, not punishment.\" \"", "He saw you and said, \"Aren't you his guardian angel?\" \"\"", "Well, go down and save him.\" \"", "He's suffered enough.\"\" \"", "Remember when he told Abraham to sacrifice his son?\" \"", "Abraham was just about to kill the boy with his knife when God stopped him.\" \"", "So, if he saved Abraham's son, don't you think he'd want to save his own?\" \"", "He's tested you and he's happy with you.\" \"", "He doesn't want your blood.\" \"", "He said, \"Let him die in a dream.\" \"", "But let him live his life.\"\" \"", "All the pain.\" \"", "That was real.\" \"", "Yes, but there won't be any more.\" \"", "You've done enough.\" \"", "I don't have to be sacrificed?\" \"", "No, you don't.\" \"", "I'm not the Messiah?\" \"", "No, you're not.\" \"", "What about the others?\" \"", "Don't look back there.\" \"", "God gave you life.\" \"", "Look ahead.\" \"", "Where are the disciples?\" \"", "They became frightened and ran away.\" \"", "Is this the world of God?\" \"", "The one I spoke about?\" \"", "No, this is earth.\" \"", "Why has it changed so much?\" \"", "It hasn't changed.\" \"", "You have.\" \"", "Now you can see its real beauty.\" \"", "Harmony between earth and the heart, that's the world of God.\" \"", "Maybe you'll find this hard to believe but sometimes we angels look down on men and envy you.\" \"", "Really envy you.\" \"", "What's that?\" \"", "A wedding ceremony.\" \"", "Who's getting married?\" \"", "You are.\" \"", "What's wrong?\" \"", "Why are you crying?\" \"", "I'm thanking God for bringing you here.\" \"", "We could have a child.\" \"", "We could have a child.\" \"", "Where are you going?\" \"", "Who are you going to kill?\" \"", "Are you going to kill God?\" \"", "Didn't you hear me, Jesus?\" \"", "There is nothing you can do.\" \"", "God's killed her.\" \"", "God's killed her.\" \"", "God took her away when she was happy.\" \"", "Now she's immortal.\" \"", "She won't see her love die or body decay.\" \"", "I was there the whole time he was killing her and saw what happened.\" \"", "But it wasn't right.\" \"", "It wasn't right for God to take her.\" \"", "You didn't complain when God let you live.\" \"", "You can't complain now because he let her die.\" \"", "Trust God's way.\" \"", "Listen.\" \"", "There's only one woman in the world.\" \"", "One woman with many faces.\" \"", "This one falls, the next one rises.\" \"", "Mary Magdalene died but Mary, Lazarus's sister she lives.\" \"", "She's Magdalene with a different face.\" \"", "She's carrying your greatest joy inside her.\" \"", "Your son.\" \"", "Come with me.\" \"", "This is the way the Savior comes.\" \"", "Gradually, from embrace to embrace.\" \"", "From son to son.\" \"", "This is the road.\" \"", "I understand.\" \"", "Mary.\" \"", "Look.\" \"", "Rabbi, I just want to see if it's really you.\" \"", "He's real, like us.\" \"", "Don't you see?\" \"", "Come in.\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "Master, I want to tell you one thing.\" \"", "I'm sorry about Magdalene.\" \"", "I won't ever leave you alone again.\" \"", "I'll always protect you.\" \"", "I don't want you to take the wrong road and get lost again.\" \"", "Come inside.\" \"", "I'll cook for you and your friend.\" \"", "Are you satisfied with me?\" \"", "Do you have any complaints?\" \"", "None.\" \"", "I'm ashamed when I think of it.\" \"", "Of what?\" \"", "Of all the mistakes I've made.\" \"", "Of all the wrong ways I looked for God.\" \"", "Where's Mary?\" \"", "She won't be back till this evening.\" \"", "Come inside.\" \"", "It's too hot out here.\" \"", "Come inside.\" \"", "There's only one woman in the world.\" \"", "Go inside.\" \"", "We don't have to get involved.\" \"", "Come on, stay out of it.\" \"", "Here, watch your brother.\" \"", "Remember to thank God for the food and leave some for me.\" \"", "I'll be back soon.\" \"", "Aren't you going to eat?\" \"", "I want to hear what he says.\" \"", "You don't have to go there.\" \"", "I lied, I stole, I cheated I gambled, I whored, I drank and persecuted, tortured and murdered.\" \"", "Yes, murdered!\" \"", "I killed anyone who broke the law of Moses.\" \"", "And I loved it, I enjoyed it, I relished it, I reveled in it.\" \"", "Because I thought I was doing God's will.\" \"", "I thought I was doing God's will.\" \"", "And the high priest of Jerusalem sent me to Damascus to scourge that city.\" \"", "And on the road to Damascus, just outside the city, in the middle of the day I was struck by a white light that blinded me!\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "And I heard a voice say:\" \"\"Saul, why are you persecuting me?\" \"\"", "Why are you against me?\"\" \"\"", "Who are you?\" ", "I said.\" \"", "And the voice said:\" \"\"Jesus.\"\" \"", "And he made me see.\" \"", "I was led helpless like a child, into a city that I was sent to scourge.\" \"", "And God sent me Ananias instead and he put his hands on me and I opened my eyes and I was baptized and became Paul.\" \"", "And now I bring the good news to you.\" \"", "It's about Jesus of Nazareth.\" \"", "He was not the son of Mary.\" \"", "He was the Son of God.\" \"", "His mother was a virgin.\" \"", "And the angel Gabriel came down and put God's seed in her womb.\" \"", "That's how he was born.\" \"", "And he was punished for our sins.\" \"", "Then he was tortured and crucified.\" \"", "But three days later he rose up from the dead and went up to heaven.\" \"", "Death was conquered!\" \"", "Amen.\" \"", "Do you understand what that means?\" \"", "He conquered death.\" \"", "All of our sins were forgiven and now the world of God is open to every one of us.\" \"", "To everybody!\" \"", "Did you ever see this Jesus of Nazareth after he came back from the dead?\" \"", "I mean, with your own eyes?\" \"", "No, but I saw a light that blinded me and I heard his voice.\" \"", "You're a liar.\" \"", "His disciples saw him.\" \"", "They were hiding in an attic, the doors locked, and he appeared to them.\" \"", "Liar.\" \"", "He's a liar!\" \"", "Wait a minute.\" \"", "Wait a minute, I want to talk to you.\" \"", "I was never crucified.\" \"", "I never came back from the dead.\" \"", "I'm a man.\" \"", "Quiet!\" \"", "Why are you telling these lies?\" \"", "What are you talking about?\" \"", "I'm the son of Mary and Joseph.\" \"", "I'm the one who preached in Galilee.\" \"", "I had followers, we marched on Jerusalem.\" \"", "Pilate condemned me and God saved me.\" \"", "No, he didn't.\" \"", "Who are you talking about?\" \"", "Don't try to tell me what happened, because I know.\" \"", "I live like a man now.\" \"", "I work, eat, have children.\" \"", "I enjoy my life.\" \"", "For the first time, I'm enjoying it.\" \"", "Do you understand me?\" \"", "So don't go around telling lies about me, or I'll tell everybody the truth!\" \"", "Wait just a minute.\" \"", "What's the matter with you?\" \"", "Look around you.\" \"", "Look at all these people.\" \"", "Look at their faces.\" \"", "Do you see how unhappy they are?\" \"", "Do you see how they're suffering?\" \"", "Their only hope is the resurrected Jesus.\" \"", "I don't care whether you're Jesus or not.\" \"", "The resurrected Jesus will save the world and that's what matters.\" \"", "Those are lies.\" \"", "You can't save the world by lying.\" \"", "I created the truth out of what people needed and what they believed.\" \"", "If I have to crucify you to save the world, then I'll crucify you.\" \"", "And if I have to resurrect you, then I'll do that, too.\" \"", "I won't let you.\" \"", "I'll tell everyone the truth.\" \"", "Go ahead.\" \"", "Go on.\" \"", "Tell them now.\" \"", "Who's going to believe you?\" \"", "You started all this, now you can't stop it.\" \"", "All those people who believe me will kill you.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "That wouldn't happen.\" \"", "How do you know?\" \"", "You see, you don't know how much people need God.\" \"", "You don't know how happy he can make them.\" \"", "Happy to do anything.\" \"", "He can make them happy to die and they'll die.\" \"", "All for the sake of Christ.\" \"", "Jesus Christ.\" \"", "Jesus of Nazareth.\" \"", "The Son of God.\" \"", "The Messiah.\" \"", "Not you.\" \"", "Not for your sake.\" \"", "You know, I'm glad I met you.\" \"", "Because now I can forget all about you.\" \"", "My Jesus is much more important and much more powerful.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "It's a good thing I met you.\" \"", "Don't ever leave me.\" \"", "I'm happy here.\" \"", "I remember when Mary and I planted these vines.\" \"", "You know, this will all pass.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Are you leaving me?\" \"", "We have to move on.\" \"", "You've grown old.\" \"", "You've done well.\" \"", "We've both done well.\" \"", "Get inside.\" \"", "Get inside, fast!\" \"", "Jerusalem is on fire!\" \"", "It's burning!\" \"", "The Romans are killing everyone.\" \"", "Move out of the way.\" \"", "We were sent here.\" \"", "God told us you would show yourself to us.\" \"", "He said you were dying.\" \"", "Peter?\" \"", "ls that you?\" \"", "I can't tell.\" \"", "What happened to you?\" \"", "I got old.\" \"", "You got old.\" \"", "This one I know.\" \"", "No matter how old you get, I know you, Nathaniel.\" \"", "You were the best shepherd because you had no sheep.\" \"", "Rabbi.\" \"", "I missed you.\" \"", "And you?\" \"", "They cut you.\" \"", "Your face.\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "John.\" \"", "The Romans tortured me, cut my face.\" \"", "I tried to tell them all about you.\" \"", "Then I saw Jerusalem burn.\" \"", "I even saw the Ark of the Covenant stolen from the temple.\" \"", "They destroyed the temple, just like you said.\" \"", "The Ark?\" \"", "There's someone else outside.\" \"", "Be careful.\" \"", "He's still angry.\" \"", "Judas.\" \"", "Judas, come in.\" \"", "Didn't you hear me?\" \"", "I missed you so much.\" \"", "He hears you.\" \"", "He just won't say anything.\" \"", "He's been fighting in Jerusalem.\" \"", "Look at his hands.\" \"", "There's still blood on them.\" \"", "Judas, the Master is speaking to you.\" \"", "Answer him.\" \"", "Traitor!\" \"", "Your place was on the cross.\" \"", "That's where God put you.\" \"", "When death got too close, you got scared and you ran away and you hid yourself in the life of some man.\" \"", "We did what we were supposed to do!\" \"", "You didn't!\" \"", "You're a coward!\" \"", "Don't you have any respect?\" \"", "For him?\" \"", "You don't understand.\" \"", "Understand?\" \"", "You broke my heart.\" \"", "Sometimes I curse the day I ever met you.\" \"", "We held the world in our hands.\" \"", "Remember what you told me?\" \"", "You took me in your arms.\" \"", "Do you remember?\" \"", "And you begged me, \"Betray me, betray me.\" \"\"", "I have to be crucified.\" \"\"", "I have to be resurrected so I can save the world.\" \"\"", "I am the lamb,\" you said.\" \"\"", "Death is the door.\" \"\"", "Judas, my brother, don't be afraid.\" \"", "Help me go through the door.\"\" \"", "And I loved you so much.\" \"", "I went and betrayed you.\" \"", "And you you....\" \"What are you doing here?\" \"", "What business do you have here with women, with children?\" \"", "What's good for man isn't good for God.\" \"", "Why weren't you crucified?\" \"", "Look at his wounds, Judas.\" \"", "They're bleeding.\" \"", "You're hurting him.\" \"", "That's enough.\" \"", "He was going to be the New Covenant.\" \"", "Now there's no more Israel.\" \"", "No, you don't understand.\" \"", "The guardian angel.\" \"", "God sent a guardian angel to save me.\" \"", "What angel?\" \"", "Look at her.\" \"", "Satan.\" \"", "I told you we would meet again.\" \"", "If you die this way, you die like a man.\" \"", "You turned against God, your Father.\" \"", "There's no sacrifice.\" \"", "There's no salvation.\" \"", "There's nothing you can do.\" \"", "You lived this life.\" \"", "You accepted it.\" \"", "It's over now.\" \"", "You just finish it and die.\" \"", "Die like a man.\" \"", "Father.\" \"", "Will you listen to me?\" \"", "Are you still there?\" \"", "Will you listen to a selfish, unfaithful son?\" \"", "I fought you when you called.\" \"", "I resisted.\" \"", "I thought I knew more.\" \"", "I didn't want to be your son.\" \"", "Can you forgive me?\" \"", "I didn't fight hard enough.\" \"", "Father give me your hand.\" \"", "I want to bring salvation!\" \"", "Father, take me back!\" \"", "Make a feast!\" \"", "Welcome me home!\" \"", "I want to be your son!\" \"", "I want to pay the price!\" \"", "I want to be crucified and rise again!\" \"", "I want to be the Messiah!\" \"", "It is accomplished!\" \"", "It is accomplished.\" \"", "Subtitles by SOFTITLER\"" ]

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[ "Genetic Moderation of Intervention Efficacy: Dopaminergic Genes, The Incredible Years, and Externalizing Behavior in Children.", "\nThis study investigated whether children scoring higher on a polygenic plasticity index based on five dopaminergic genes (DRD4, DRD2, DAT1, MAOA, and COMT) benefited the most from the Incredible Years (IY) parent program. ", "Data were used from a randomized controlled trial including 341 Dutch families with 4- to 8-year-old children (55.7% boys) showing moderate to high levels of problem behavior. ", "IY proved to be most effective in decreasing parent-reported (but not observed) externalizing behavior in boys (but not girls) carrying more rather than fewer dopaminergic plasticity alleles; this Gene × Intervention effect was most pronounced in the case of boys whose parents' manifested the most positive change in parenting in response to the intervention. ", "These results proved robust across a variety of sampling specifications (e.g., intention to treat, ethnicity)." ]

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[ "Courtney knew at a young age that she wanted to wait tables and so she decided to study musical theater at NYU and has been pursuing her dream ever since. ", "She has performed stand-up comedy at New York Comedy Club, Broadway Comedy Club and The Comedy Store. ", "She has also done the obligatory Law & Order appearance and commercials, as well as written for and performed in the NY Fringe Festival and her own web series, Quarterz, but she really felt she had \"made it\" after landing the role of Clown #2 on Nick, Jr. She currently lives in Los Angeles with her dog and crippling self-loathing. ", "Follow her on Twitter @RIPDaveThomas (seriously)." ]

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[ "Titan Medical Inc. Announces Closing of Previously Announced Public Offering\n\nTORONTO, ON--(Marketwired - February 12, 2016) -\n\nNOT FOR DISTRIBUTION TO UNITED STATES NEWSWIRE SERVICES OR FOR DISSEMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES\n\nTitan Medical Inc. (\"Titan\" or the \"Company\")\n(TSX: TMD)\n(OTCQX: TITXF) is pleased to announce that it has closed its previously announced public offering (the \"Offering\") made pursuant to an agency agreement (the \"Agency Agreement\") dated February 9, 2016 between the Company and Bloom Burton & Co. Limited (the \"Agent\"). ", "The Company has sold 11,670,818 units (each, a \"Unit\") under the Offering at a price of CDN $0.90 per Unit for gross proceeds of approximately CDN $10,503,000.", "\n\nEach Unit consists of one common share (each, a \"Share\") of the Company and one common share purchase warrant (each, a \"Warrant\"). ", "Each whole Warrant entitles the holder thereof to acquire one Share of the Company at an exercise price of CDN $1.00 for a period of 60 months following the Closing Date (as defined below). ", "The Shares will trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (the \"TSX\") under the symbol TMD. ", "The Company has also received conditional approval from the TSX to list the Warrants under the symbol TMD.WT.G. Trading will be subject to the fulfilment of certain customary listing requirements and is expected to commence on or about February 17, 2016.", "\n\nThe Offering closed on February 12, 2016 (the \"Closing Date\"). ", "The Units were qualified for sale by way of a prospectus supplement dated February 9, 2016 to the Company's short form base shelf prospectus dated August 18, 2015 (together, the \"Prospectus\"), which has been filed in the Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta and Ontario.", "\n\nThe Company intends to use the net proceeds from this offering to complete, in Q1 2016, the build of the previously identified 5 first-in-human units of its SPORT™ Surgical System, and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.", "\n\nRoth Capital Partners acted as special selling group member in connection with the Offering.", "\n\nFor further details regarding the Offering, please see the Company's press releases dated February 5, 2016, and February 9, 2016, the Agency Agreement and the Prospectus, copies of which are available under the Company's profile at www.sedar.com.", "\n\nThe securities described herein have not been, and will not be, registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the \"U.S. Securities Act\"), or any state securities laws, and accordingly, may not be offered or sold to, or for the account or benefit of, persons in the United States or \"U.S. persons,\" as such term is defined in Regulation S promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act (\"U.S. Persons\"), except in compliance with the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act and applicable state securities requirements or pursuant to exemptions therefrom. ", "This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any of the Company's securities to, or for the account or benefit of, persons in the United States or U.S. Persons.", "\n\nRelated Party Transactions\n\nAn aggregate of 325,555 Units representing gross proceeds of approximately $293,000 were issued to certain president's list subscribers (including certain insiders of the Company) on a non-brokered basis. ", "Pursuant to Multilateral Instrument 61‐101 - Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions (\"MI 61‐101\"), such insider subscriptions are a \"related party transaction.\" ", "The Company is exempt from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61‐101 in connection with the insider subscriptions in reliance on sections 5.5(a) and 5.7(a) of MI 61‐101, as the aggregate value of the insider subscriptions does not exceed 25% of the market capitalization of the Company.", "\n\nDue to the limited time between the launch and the close of the Offering, there were less than 21 days between the date the Company filed its material change report in respect of the Offering and the Closing Date.", "\n\nAbout Titan Medical Inc.\n\nTitan Medical Inc. is a Canadian public company focused on the design and development of a robotic surgical system for application in minimally invasive surgery (\"MIS\"). ", "The Company's Single Port Orifice Robotic Technology, SPORT™ Surgical System, currently under development, is comprised of a surgeon-controlled robotic platform that includes a 3D vision system and interactive instruments for performing MIS procedures, and a surgeon workstation that provides the surgeon with an interface to the robotic platform for controlling the interactive instruments and providing a 3D endoscopic view of inside a patient's body during MIS procedures. ", "The SPORT™ Surgical System is being designed to expand robotic surgery into both simple and complex areas of surgical specialties and procedures that are currently under-serviced. ", "It is also being designed to allow surgeons to perform procedures within small- to medium-size surgical spaces for general abdominal, gynecologic, and urologic indications. ", "For more information, visit the Company's website at www.titanmedicalinc.com.", "\n\nForward-Looking Statements\n\nThis news release contains \"forward-looking statements\" which reflect the current expectations of management of the Company's future growth, results of operations, performance and business prospects and opportunities. ", "Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding receipt of applicable regulatory approvals, the estimated Warrant listing date and the proposed use of proceeds. ", "Wherever possible, words such as \"may\", \"would\", \"could\", \"will\", \"anticipate\", \"believe\", \"plan\", \"expect\", \"intend\", \"estimate\", \"potential for\" and similar expressions have been used to identify these forward-looking statements. ", "These statements reflect management's current beliefs with respect to future events and are based on information currently available to management. ", "Forward-looking statements involve significant risks, uncertainties and assumptions. ", "Many factors could cause the Company's actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements that may be expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, those listed in the \"Risk Factors\" section of the Company's Annual Information Form dated March 31, 2015 (which may be viewed at www.sedar.com). ", "Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should assumptions underlying the forward looking statements prove incorrect, actual results, performance or achievements may vary materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this news release. ", "These factors should be considered carefully and prospective investors should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements. ", "Although the forward-looking statements contained in the news release are based upon what management currently believes to be reasonable assumptions, the Company cannot assure prospective investors that actual results, performance or achievements will be consistent with these forward-looking statements.", "\n\nNeither TSX nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release." ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 1995-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n *\n * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \"License\"). ", " You may not use\n * this file except in compliance with the License. ", " You can obtain a copy\n * in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at\n * https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html\n */\n\n#ifndef HEADER_ASN1_H\n# define HEADER_ASN1_H\n\n# include <time.h>\n# include <openssl/e_os2.h>\n# include <openssl/opensslconf.h>\n# include <openssl/bio.h>\n# include <openssl/safestack.h>\n# include <openssl/asn1err.h>\n# include <openssl/symhacks.h>\n\n# include <openssl/ossl_typ.h>\n# if OPENSSL_API_COMPAT < 0x10100000L\n# include <openssl/bn.h>\n# endif\n\n# ifdef OPENSSL_BUILD_SHLIBCRYPTO\n# undef OPENSSL_EXTERN\n# define OPENSSL_EXTERN OPENSSL_EXPORT\n# endif\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\nextern \"C\" {\n#endif\n\n# define V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL 0x00\n# define V_ASN1_APPLICATION 0x40\n# define V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC 0x80\n# define V_ASN1_PRIVATE 0xc0\n\n# define V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED 0x20\n# define V_ASN1_PRIMITIVE_TAG 0x1f\n# define V_ASN1_PRIMATIVE_TAG /*compat*/ V_ASN1_PRIMITIVE_TAG\n\n# define V_ASN1_APP_CHOOSE -2/* let the recipient choose */\n# define V_ASN1_OTHER -3/* used in ASN1_TYPE */\n# define V_ASN1_ANY -4/* used in ASN1 template code */\n\n# define V_ASN1_UNDEF -1\n/* ASN.1 tag values */\n# define V_ASN1_EOC 0\n# define V_ASN1_BOOLEAN 1 /**/\n# define V_ASN1_INTEGER 2\n# define V_ASN1_BIT_STRING 3\n# define V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING 4\n# define V_ASN1_NULL 5\n# define V_ASN1_OBJECT 6\n# define V_ASN1_OBJECT_DESCRIPTOR 7\n# define V_ASN1_EXTERNAL 8\n# define V_ASN1_REAL 9\n# define V_ASN1_ENUMERATED 10\n# define V_ASN1_UTF8STRING 12\n# define V_ASN1_SEQUENCE 16\n# define V_ASN1_SET 17\n# define V_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING 18 /**/\n# define V_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING 19\n# define V_ASN1_T61STRING 20\n# define V_ASN1_TELETEXSTRING 20/* alias */\n# define V_ASN1_VIDEOTEXSTRING 21 /**/\n# define V_ASN1_IA5STRING 22\n# define V_ASN1_UTCTIME 23\n# define V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME 24 /**/\n# define V_ASN1_GRAPHICSTRING 25 /**/\n# define V_ASN1_ISO64STRING 26 /**/\n# define V_ASN1_VISIBLESTRING 26/* alias */\n# define V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING 27 /**/\n# define V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING 28 /**/\n# define V_ASN1_BMPSTRING 30\n\n/*\n * NB the constants below are used internally by ASN1_INTEGER\n * and ASN1_ENUMERATED to indicate the sign. ", "They are *not* on\n * the wire tag values.", "\n */\n\n# define V_ASN1_NEG 0x100\n# define V_ASN1_NEG_INTEGER (2 | V_ASN1_NEG)\n# define V_ASN1_NEG_ENUMERATED (10 | V_ASN1_NEG)\n\n/* For use with d2i_ASN1_type_bytes() */\n# define B_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING 0x0001\n# define B_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING 0x0002\n# define B_ASN1_T61STRING 0x0004\n# define B_ASN1_TELETEXSTRING 0x0004\n# define B_ASN1_VIDEOTEXSTRING 0x0008\n# define B_ASN1_IA5STRING 0x0010\n# define B_ASN1_GRAPHICSTRING 0x0020\n# define B_ASN1_ISO64STRING 0x0040\n# define B_ASN1_VISIBLESTRING 0x0040\n# define B_ASN1_GENERALSTRING 0x0080\n# define B_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING 0x0100\n# define B_ASN1_OCTET_STRING 0x0200\n# define B_ASN1_BIT_STRING 0x0400\n# define B_ASN1_BMPSTRING 0x0800\n# define B_ASN1_UNKNOWN 0x1000\n# define B_ASN1_UTF8STRING 0x2000\n# define B_ASN1_UTCTIME 0x4000\n# define B_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME 0x8000\n# define B_ASN1_SEQUENCE 0x10000\n/* For use with ASN1_mbstring_copy() */\n# define MBSTRING_FLAG 0x1000\n# define MBSTRING_UTF8 (MBSTRING_FLAG)\n# define MBSTRING_ASC (MBSTRING_FLAG|1)\n# define MBSTRING_BMP (MBSTRING_FLAG|2)\n# define MBSTRING_UNIV (MBSTRING_FLAG|4)\n# define SMIME_OLDMIME 0x400\n# define SMIME_CRLFEOL 0x800\n# define SMIME_STREAM 0x1000\n struct X509_algor_st;\nDEFINE_STACK_OF(X509_ALGOR)\n\n# define ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT 0x08/* Set if 0x07 has bits left value */\n/*\n * This indicates that the ASN1_STRING is not a real value but just a place\n * holder for the location where indefinite length constructed data should be\n * inserted in the memory buffer\n */\n# define ASN1_STRING_FLAG_NDEF 0x010\n\n/*\n * This flag is used by the CMS code to indicate that a string is not\n * complete and is a place holder for content when it had all been accessed.", "\n * The flag will be reset when content has been written to it.", "\n */\n\n# define ASN1_STRING_FLAG_CONT 0x020\n/*\n * This flag is used by ASN1 code to indicate an ASN1_STRING is an MSTRING\n * type.", "\n */\n# define ASN1_STRING_FLAG_MSTRING 0x040\n/* String is embedded and only content should be freed */\n# define ASN1_STRING_FLAG_EMBED 0x080\n/* String should be parsed in RFC 5280's time format */\n# define ASN1_STRING_FLAG_X509_TIME 0x100\n/* This is the base type that holds just about everything :-) */\nstruct asn1_string_st {\n int length;\n int type;\n unsigned char *data;\n /*\n * The value of the following field depends on the type being held. ", " It\n * is mostly being used for BIT_STRING so if the input data has a\n * non-zero 'unused bits' value, it will be handled correctly\n */\n long flags;\n};\n\n/*\n * ASN1_ENCODING structure: this is used to save the received encoding of an\n * ASN1 type. ", "This is useful to get round problems with invalid encodings\n * which can break signatures.", "\n */\n\ntypedef struct ASN1_ENCODING_st {\n unsigned char *enc; /* DER encoding */\n long len; /* Length of encoding */\n int modified; /* set to 1 if 'enc' is invalid */\n} ASN1_ENCODING;\n\n/* Used with ASN1 LONG type: if a long is set to this it is omitted */\n# define ASN1_LONG_UNDEF 0x7fffffffL\n\n# define STABLE_FLAGS_MALLOC 0x01\n/*\n * A zero passed to ASN1_STRING_TABLE_new_add for the flags is interpreted\n * as \"don't change\" and STABLE_FLAGS_MALLOC is always set. ", "By setting\n * STABLE_FLAGS_MALLOC only we can clear the existing value. ", "Use the alias\n * STABLE_FLAGS_CLEAR to reflect this.", "\n */\n# define STABLE_FLAGS_CLEAR STABLE_FLAGS_MALLOC\n# define STABLE_NO_MASK 0x02\n# define DIRSTRING_TYPE \\\n (B_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING|B_ASN1_T61STRING|B_ASN1_BMPSTRING|B_ASN1_UTF8STRING)\n# define PKCS9STRING_TYPE (DIRSTRING_TYPE|B_ASN1_IA5STRING)\n\ntypedef struct asn1_string_table_st {\n int nid;\n long minsize;\n long maxsize;\n unsigned long mask;\n unsigned long flags;\n} ASN1_STRING_TABLE;\n\nDEFINE_STACK_OF(ASN1_STRING_TABLE)\n\n/* size limits: this stuff is taken straight from RFC2459 */\n\n# define ub_name 32768\n# define ub_common_name 64\n# define ub_locality_name 128\n# define ub_state_name 128\n# define ub_organization_name 64\n# define ub_organization_unit_name 64\n# define ub_title 64\n# define ub_email_address 128\n\n/*\n * Declarations for template structures: for full definitions see asn1t.h\n */\ntypedef struct ASN1_TEMPLATE_st ASN1_TEMPLATE;\ntypedef struct ASN1_TLC_st ASN1_TLC;\n/* This is just an opaque pointer */\ntypedef struct ASN1_VALUE_st ASN1_VALUE;\n\n/* Declare ASN1 functions: the implement macro in in asn1t.h */\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(type) DECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS_name(type, type)\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_ALLOC_FUNCTIONS(type) \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_ALLOC_FUNCTIONS_name(type, type)\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS_name(type, name) \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_ALLOC_FUNCTIONS_name(type, name) \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_ENCODE_FUNCTIONS(type, name, name)\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS_fname(type, itname, name) \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_ALLOC_FUNCTIONS_name(type, name) \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_ENCODE_FUNCTIONS(type, itname, name)\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_ENCODE_FUNCTIONS(type, itname, name) \\\n type *d2i_##name(type **a, const unsigned char **in, long len); \\\n int i2d_##name(type *a, unsigned char **out); \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_ITEM(itname)\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_ENCODE_FUNCTIONS_const(type, name) \\\n type *d2i_##name(type **a, const unsigned char **in, long len); \\\n int i2d_##name(const type *a, unsigned char **out); \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_ITEM(name)\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_NDEF_FUNCTION(name) \\\n int i2d_##name##_NDEF(name *a, unsigned char **out);\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS_const(name) \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_ALLOC_FUNCTIONS(name) \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_ENCODE_FUNCTIONS_const(name, name)\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_ALLOC_FUNCTIONS_name(type, name) \\\n type *name##_new(void); \\\n void name##_free(type *a);\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_PRINT_FUNCTION(stname) \\\n DECLARE_ASN1_PRINT_FUNCTION_fname(stname, stname)\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_PRINT_FUNCTION_fname(stname, fname) \\\n int fname##_print_ctx(BIO *out, stname *x, int indent, \\\n const ASN1_PCTX *pctx);\n\n# define D2I_OF(type) type *(*)(type **,const unsigned char **,long)\n# define I2D_OF(type) int (*)(type *,unsigned char **)\n# define I2D_OF_const(type) int (*)(const type *,unsigned char **)\n\n# define CHECKED_D2I_OF(type, d2i) \\\n ((d2i_of_void*) (1 ? ", "d2i : ((D2I_OF(type))0)))\n# define CHECKED_I2D_OF(type, i2d) \\\n ((i2d_of_void*) (1 ? ", "i2d : ((I2D_OF(type))0)))\n# define CHECKED_NEW_OF(type, xnew) \\\n ((void *(*)(void)) (1 ? ", "xnew : ((type *(*)(void))0)))\n# define CHECKED_PTR_OF(type, p) \\\n ((void*) (1 ? ", "p : (type*)0))\n# define CHECKED_PPTR_OF(type, p) \\\n ((void**) (1 ? ", "p : (type**)0))\n\n# define TYPEDEF_D2I_OF(type) typedef type *d2i_of_##type(type **,const unsigned char **,long)\n# define TYPEDEF_I2D_OF(type) typedef int i2d_of_##type(type *,unsigned char **)\n# define TYPEDEF_D2I2D_OF(type) TYPEDEF_D2I_OF(type); TYPEDEF_I2D_OF(type)\n\nTYPEDEF_D2I2D_OF(void);\n\n/*-\n * The following macros and typedefs allow an ASN1_ITEM\n * to be embedded in a structure and referenced. ", "Since\n * the ASN1_ITEM pointers need to be globally accessible\n * (possibly from shared libraries) they may exist in\n * different forms. ", "On platforms that support it the\n * ASN1_ITEM structure itself will be globally exported.", "\n * Other platforms will export a function that returns\n * an ASN1_ITEM pointer.", "\n *\n * To handle both cases transparently the macros below\n * should be used instead of hard coding an ASN1_ITEM\n * pointer in a structure.", "\n *\n * The structure will look like this:\n *\n * typedef struct SOMETHING_st {\n * ...\n * ASN1_ITEM_EXP *iptr;\n * ...\n * } SOMETHING;\n *\n * It would be initialised as e.g.:\n *\n * SOMETHING somevar = {...,ASN1_ITEM_ref(X509),...};\n *\n * and the actual pointer extracted with:\n *\n * const ASN1_ITEM *it = ASN1_ITEM_ptr(somevar.iptr);\n *\n * Finally an ASN1_ITEM pointer can be extracted from an\n * appropriate reference with: ASN1_ITEM_rptr(X509). ", "This\n * would be used when a function takes an ASN1_ITEM * argument.", "\n *\n */\n\n# ifndef OPENSSL_EXPORT_VAR_AS_FUNCTION\n\n/* ASN1_ITEM pointer exported type */\ntypedef const ASN1_ITEM ASN1_ITEM_EXP;\n\n/* Macro to obtain ASN1_ITEM pointer from exported type */\n# define ASN1_ITEM_ptr(iptr) (iptr)\n\n/* Macro to include ASN1_ITEM pointer from base type */\n# define ASN1_ITEM_ref(iptr) (&(iptr##_it))\n\n# define ASN1_ITEM_rptr(ref) (&(ref##_it))\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_ITEM(name) \\\n OPENSSL_EXTERN const ASN1_ITEM name##_it;\n\n# else\n\n/*\n * Platforms that can't easily handle shared global variables are declared as\n * functions returning ASN1_ITEM pointers.", "\n */\n\n/* ASN1_ITEM pointer exported type */\ntypedef const ASN1_ITEM *ASN1_ITEM_EXP (void);\n\n/* Macro to obtain ASN1_ITEM pointer from exported type */\n# define ASN1_ITEM_ptr(iptr) (iptr())\n\n/* Macro to include ASN1_ITEM pointer from base type */\n# define ASN1_ITEM_ref(iptr) (iptr##_it)\n\n# define ASN1_ITEM_rptr(ref) (ref##_it())\n\n# define DECLARE_ASN1_ITEM(name) \\\n const ASN1_ITEM * name##_it(void);\n\n# endif\n\n/* Parameters used by ASN1_STRING_print_ex() */\n\n/*\n * These determine which characters to escape: RFC2253 special characters,\n * control characters and MSB set characters\n */\n\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_2253 1\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_CTRL 2\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_MSB 4\n\n/*\n * This flag determines how we do escaping: normally RC2253 backslash only,\n * set this to use backslash and quote.", "\n */\n\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_QUOTE 8\n\n/* These three flags are internal use only. */", "\n\n/* Character is a valid PrintableString character */\n# define CHARTYPE_PRINTABLESTRING 0x10\n/* Character needs escaping if it is the first character */\n# define CHARTYPE_FIRST_ESC_2253 0x20\n/* Character needs escaping if it is the last character */\n# define CHARTYPE_LAST_ESC_2253 0x40\n\n/*\n * NB the internal flags are safely reused below by flags handled at the top\n * level.", "\n */\n\n/*\n * If this is set we convert all character strings to UTF8 first\n */\n\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_UTF8_CONVERT 0x10\n\n/*\n * If this is set we don't attempt to interpret content: just assume all\n * strings are 1 byte per character. ", "This will produce some pretty odd\n * looking output!", "\n */\n\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_IGNORE_TYPE 0x20\n\n/* If this is set we include the string type in the output */\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_SHOW_TYPE 0x40\n\n/*\n * This determines which strings to display and which to 'dump' (hex dump of\n * content octets or DER encoding). ", "We can only dump non character strings or\n * everything. ", "If we don't dump 'unknown' they are interpreted as character\n * strings with 1 octet per character and are subject to the usual escaping\n * options.", "\n */\n\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_ALL 0x80\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_UNKNOWN 0x100\n\n/*\n * These determine what 'dumping' does, we can dump the content octets or the\n * DER encoding: both use the RFC2253 #XXXXX notation.", "\n */\n\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_DER 0x200\n\n/*\n * This flag specifies that RC2254 escaping shall be performed.", "\n */\n#define ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_2254 0x400\n\n/*\n * All the string flags consistent with RFC2253, escaping control characters\n * isn't essential in RFC2253 but it is advisable anyway.", "\n */\n\n# define ASN1_STRFLGS_RFC2253 (ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_2253 | \\\n ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_CTRL | \\\n ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_MSB | \\\n ASN1_STRFLGS_UTF8_CONVERT | \\\n ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_UNKNOWN | \\\n ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_DER)\n\nDEFINE_STACK_OF(ASN1_INTEGER)\n\nDEFINE_STACK_OF(ASN1_GENERALSTRING)\n\nDEFINE_STACK_OF(ASN1_UTF8STRING)\n\ntypedef struct asn1_type_st {\n int type;\n union {\n char *ptr;\n ASN1_BOOLEAN boolean;\n ASN1_STRING *asn1_string;\n ASN1_OBJECT *object;\n ASN1_INTEGER *integer;\n ASN1_ENUMERATED *enumerated;\n ASN1_BIT_STRING *bit_string;\n ASN1_OCTET_STRING *octet_string;\n ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING *printablestring;\n ASN1_T61STRING *t61string;\n ASN1_IA5STRING *ia5string;\n ASN1_GENERALSTRING *generalstring;\n ASN1_BMPSTRING *bmpstring;\n ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING *universalstring;\n ASN1_UTCTIME *utctime;\n ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *generalizedtime;\n ASN1_VISIBLESTRING *visiblestring;\n ASN1_UTF8STRING *utf8string;\n /*\n * set and sequence are left complete and still contain the set or\n * sequence bytes\n */\n ASN1_STRING *set;\n ASN1_STRING *sequence;\n ASN1_VALUE *asn1_value;\n } value;\n} ASN1_TYPE;\n\nDEFINE_STACK_OF(ASN1_TYPE)\n\ntypedef STACK_OF(ASN1_TYPE) ASN1_SEQUENCE_ANY;\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_ENCODE_FUNCTIONS_const(ASN1_SEQUENCE_ANY, ASN1_SEQUENCE_ANY)\nDECLARE_ASN1_ENCODE_FUNCTIONS_const(ASN1_SEQUENCE_ANY, ASN1_SET_ANY)\n\n/* This is used to contain a list of bit names */\ntypedef struct BIT_STRING_BITNAME_st {\n int bitnum;\n const char *lname;\n const char *sname;\n} BIT_STRING_BITNAME;\n\n# define B_ASN1_TIME \\\n B_ASN1_UTCTIME | \\\n B_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME\n\n# define B_ASN1_PRINTABLE \\\n B_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING| \\\n B_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING| \\\n B_ASN1_T61STRING| \\\n B_ASN1_IA5STRING| \\\n B_ASN1_BIT_STRING| \\\n B_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING|\\\n B_ASN1_BMPSTRING|\\\n B_ASN1_UTF8STRING|\\\n B_ASN1_SEQUENCE|\\\n B_ASN1_UNKNOWN\n\n# define B_ASN1_DIRECTORYSTRING \\\n B_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING| \\\n B_ASN1_TELETEXSTRING|\\\n B_ASN1_BMPSTRING|\\\n B_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING|\\\n B_ASN1_UTF8STRING\n\n# define B_ASN1_DISPLAYTEXT \\\n B_ASN1_IA5STRING| \\\n B_ASN1_VISIBLESTRING| \\\n B_ASN1_BMPSTRING|\\\n B_ASN1_UTF8STRING\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS_fname(ASN1_TYPE, ASN1_ANY, ASN1_TYPE)\n\nint ASN1_TYPE_get(const ASN1_TYPE *a);\nvoid ASN1_TYPE_set(ASN1_TYPE *a, int type, void *value);\nint ASN1_TYPE_set1(ASN1_TYPE *a, int type, const void *value);\nint ASN1_TYPE_cmp(const ASN1_TYPE *a, const ASN1_TYPE *b);\n\nASN1_TYPE *ASN1_TYPE_pack_sequence(const ASN1_ITEM *it, void *s, ASN1_TYPE **t);\nvoid *ASN1_TYPE_unpack_sequence(const ASN1_ITEM *it, const ASN1_TYPE *t);\n\nASN1_OBJECT *ASN1_OBJECT_new(void);\nvoid ASN1_OBJECT_free(ASN1_OBJECT *a);\nint i2d_ASN1_OBJECT(const ASN1_OBJECT *a, unsigned char **pp);\nASN1_OBJECT *d2i_ASN1_OBJECT(ASN1_OBJECT **a, const unsigned char **pp,\n long length);\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_ITEM(ASN1_OBJECT)\n\nDEFINE_STACK_OF(ASN1_OBJECT)\n\nASN1_STRING *ASN1_STRING_new(void);\nvoid ASN1_STRING_free(ASN1_STRING *a);\nvoid ASN1_STRING_clear_free(ASN1_STRING *a);\nint ASN1_STRING_copy(ASN1_STRING *dst, const ASN1_STRING *str);\nASN1_STRING *ASN1_STRING_dup(const ASN1_STRING *a);\nASN1_STRING *ASN1_STRING_type_new(int type);\nint ASN1_STRING_cmp(const ASN1_STRING *a, const ASN1_STRING *b);\n /*\n * Since this is used to store all sorts of things, via macros, for now,\n * make its data void *\n */\nint ASN1_STRING_set(ASN1_STRING *str, const void *data, int len);\nvoid ASN1_STRING_set0(ASN1_STRING *str, void *data, int len);\nint ASN1_STRING_length(const ASN1_STRING *x);\nvoid ASN1_STRING_length_set(ASN1_STRING *x, int n);\nint ASN1_STRING_type(const ASN1_STRING *x);\nDEPRECATEDIN_1_1_0(unsigned char *ASN1_STRING_data(ASN1_STRING *x))\nconst unsigned char *ASN1_STRING_get0_data(const ASN1_STRING *x);\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_BIT_STRING)\nint ASN1_BIT_STRING_set(ASN1_BIT_STRING *a, unsigned char *d, int length);\nint ASN1_BIT_STRING_set_bit(ASN1_BIT_STRING *a, int n, int value);\nint ASN1_BIT_STRING_get_bit(const ASN1_BIT_STRING *a, int n);\nint ASN1_BIT_STRING_check(const ASN1_BIT_STRING *a,\n const unsigned char *flags, int flags_len);\n\nint ASN1_BIT_STRING_name_print(BIO *out, ASN1_BIT_STRING *bs,\n BIT_STRING_BITNAME *tbl, int indent);\nint ASN1_BIT_STRING_num_asc(const char *name, BIT_STRING_BITNAME *tbl);\nint ASN1_BIT_STRING_set_asc(ASN1_BIT_STRING *bs, const char *name, int value,\n BIT_STRING_BITNAME *tbl);\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_INTEGER)\nASN1_INTEGER *d2i_ASN1_UINTEGER(ASN1_INTEGER **a, const unsigned char **pp,\n long length);\nASN1_INTEGER *ASN1_INTEGER_dup(const ASN1_INTEGER *x);\nint ASN1_INTEGER_cmp(const ASN1_INTEGER *x, const ASN1_INTEGER *y);\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_ENUMERATED)\n\nint ASN1_UTCTIME_check(const ASN1_UTCTIME *a);\nASN1_UTCTIME *ASN1_UTCTIME_set(ASN1_UTCTIME *s, time_t t);\nASN1_UTCTIME *ASN1_UTCTIME_adj(ASN1_UTCTIME *s, time_t t,\n int offset_day, long offset_sec);\nint ASN1_UTCTIME_set_string(ASN1_UTCTIME *s, const char *str);\nint ASN1_UTCTIME_cmp_time_t(const ASN1_UTCTIME *s, time_t t);\n\nint ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_check(const ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *a);\nASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_set(ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *s,\n time_t t);\nASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_adj(ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *s,\n time_t t, int offset_day,\n long offset_sec);\nint ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_set_string(ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *s, const char *str);\n\nint ASN1_TIME_diff(int *pday, int *psec,\n const ASN1_TIME *from, const ASN1_TIME *to);\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)\nASN1_OCTET_STRING *ASN1_OCTET_STRING_dup(const ASN1_OCTET_STRING *a);\nint ASN1_OCTET_STRING_cmp(const ASN1_OCTET_STRING *a,\n const ASN1_OCTET_STRING *b);\nint ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set(ASN1_OCTET_STRING *str, const unsigned char *data,\n int len);\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_VISIBLESTRING)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_UTF8STRING)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_NULL)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_BMPSTRING)\n\nint UTF8_getc(const unsigned char *str, int len, unsigned long *val);\nint UTF8_putc(unsigned char *str, int len, unsigned long value);\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS_name(ASN1_STRING, ASN1_PRINTABLE)\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS_name(ASN1_STRING, DIRECTORYSTRING)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS_name(ASN1_STRING, DISPLAYTEXT)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_T61STRING)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_IA5STRING)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_GENERALSTRING)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_UTCTIME)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME)\nDECLARE_ASN1_FUNCTIONS(ASN1_TIME)\n\nDECLARE_ASN1_ITEM(ASN1_OCTET_STRING_NDEF)\n\nASN1_TIME *ASN1_TIME_set(ASN1_TIME *s, time_t t);\nASN1_TIME *ASN1_TIME_adj(ASN1_TIME *s, time_t t,\n int offset_day, long offset_sec);\nint ASN1_TIME_check(const ASN1_TIME *t);\nASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *ASN1_TIME_to_generalizedtime(const ASN1_TIME *t,\n ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME **out);\nint ASN1_TIME_set_string(ASN1_TIME *s, const char *str);\nint ASN1_TIME_set_string_X509(ASN1_TIME *s, const char *str);\nint ASN1_TIME_to_tm(const ASN1_TIME *s, struct tm *tm);\nint ASN1_TIME_normalize(ASN1_TIME *s);\nint ASN1_TIME_cmp_time_t(const ASN1_TIME *s, time_t t);\nint ASN1_TIME_compare(const ASN1_TIME *a, const ASN1_TIME *b);\n\nint i2a_ASN1_INTEGER(BIO *bp, const ASN1_INTEGER *a);\nint a2i_ASN1_INTEGER(BIO *bp, ASN1_INTEGER *bs, char *buf, int size);\nint i2a_ASN1_ENUMERATED(BIO *bp, const ASN1_ENUMERATED *a);\nint a2i_ASN1_ENUMERATED(BIO *bp, ASN1_ENUMERATED *bs, char *buf, int size);\nint i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(BIO *bp, const ASN1_OBJECT *a);\nint a2i_ASN1_STRING(BIO *bp, ASN1_STRING *bs, char *buf, int size);\nint i2a_ASN1_STRING(BIO *bp, const ASN1_STRING *a, int type);\nint i2t_ASN1_OBJECT(char *buf, int buf_len, const ASN1_OBJECT *a);\n\nint a2d_ASN1_OBJECT(unsigned char *out, int olen, const char *buf, int num);\nASN1_OBJECT *ASN1_OBJECT_create(int nid, unsigned char *data, int len,\n const char *sn, const char *ln);\n\nint ASN1_INTEGER_get_int64(int64_t *pr, const ASN1_INTEGER *a);\nint ASN1_INTEGER_set_int64(ASN1_INTEGER *a, int64_t r);\nint ASN1_INTEGER_get_uint64(uint64_t *pr, const ASN1_INTEGER *a);\nint ASN1_INTEGER_set_uint64(ASN1_INTEGER *a, uint64_t r);\n\nint ASN1_INTEGER_set(ASN1_INTEGER *a, long v);\nlong ASN1_INTEGER_get(const ASN1_INTEGER *a);\nASN1_INTEGER *BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(const BIGNUM *bn, ASN1_INTEGER *ai);\nBIGNUM *ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(const ASN1_INTEGER *ai, BIGNUM *bn);\n\nint ASN1_ENUMERATED_get_int64(int64_t *pr, const ASN1_ENUMERATED *a);\nint ASN1_ENUMERATED_set_int64(ASN1_ENUMERATED *a, int64_t r);\n\n\nint ASN1_ENUMERATED_set(ASN1_ENUMERATED *a, long v);\nlong ASN1_ENUMERATED_get(const ASN1_ENUMERATED *a);\nASN1_ENUMERATED *BN_to_ASN1_ENUMERATED(const BIGNUM *bn, ASN1_ENUMERATED *ai);\nBIGNUM *ASN1_ENUMERATED_to_BN(const ASN1_ENUMERATED *ai, BIGNUM *bn);\n\n/* General */\n/* given a string, return the correct type, max is the maximum length */\nint ASN1_PRINTABLE_type(const unsigned char *s, int max);\n\nunsigned long ASN1_tag2bit(int tag);\n\n/* SPECIALS */\nint ASN1_get_object(const unsigned char **pp, long *plength, int *ptag,\n int *pclass, long omax);\nint ASN1_check_infinite_end(unsigned char **p, long len);\nint ASN1_const_check_infinite_end(const unsigned char **p, long len);\nvoid ASN1_put_object(unsigned char **pp, int constructed, int length,\n int tag, int xclass);\nint ASN1_put_eoc(unsigned char **pp);\nint ASN1_object_size(int constructed, int length, int tag);\n\n/* Used to implement other functions */\nvoid *ASN1_dup(i2d_of_void *i2d, d2i_of_void *d2i, void *x);\n\n# define ASN1_dup_of(type,i2d,d2i,x) \\\n ((type*)ASN1_dup(CHECKED_I2D_OF(type, i2d), \\\n CHECKED_D2I_OF(type, d2i), \\\n CHECKED_PTR_OF(type, x)))\n\n# define ASN1_dup_of_const(type,i2d,d2i,x) \\\n ((type*)ASN1_dup(CHECKED_I2D_OF(const type, i2d), \\\n CHECKED_D2I_OF(type, d2i), \\\n CHECKED_PTR_OF(const type, x)))\n\nvoid *ASN1_item_dup(const ASN1_ITEM *it, void *x);\n\n/* ASN1 alloc/free macros for when a type is only used internally */\n\n# define M_ASN1_new_of(type) (type *)ASN1_item_new(ASN1_ITEM_rptr(type))\n# define M_ASN1_free_of(x, type) \\\n ASN1_item_free(CHECKED_PTR_OF(type, x), ASN1_ITEM_rptr(type))\n\n# ifndef OPENSSL_NO_STDIO\nvoid *ASN1_d2i_fp(void *(*xnew) (void), d2i_of_void *d2i, FILE *in, void **x);\n\n# define ASN1_d2i_fp_of(type,xnew,d2i,in,x) \\\n ((type*)ASN1_d2i_fp(CHECKED_NEW_OF(type, xnew), \\\n CHECKED_D2I_OF(type, d2i), \\\n in, \\\n CHECKED_PPTR_OF(type, x)))\n\nvoid *ASN1_item_d2i_fp(const ASN1_ITEM *it, FILE *in, void *x);\nint ASN1_i2d_fp(i2d_of_void *i2d, FILE *out, void *x);\n\n# define ASN1_i2d_fp_of(type,i2d,out,x) \\\n (ASN1_i2d_fp(CHECKED_I2D_OF(type, i2d), \\\n out, \\\n CHECKED_PTR_OF(type, x)))\n\n# define ASN1_i2d_fp_of_const(type,i2d,out,x) \\\n (ASN1_i2d_fp(CHECKED_I2D_OF(const type, i2d), \\\n out, \\\n CHECKED_PTR_OF(const type, x)))\n\nint ASN1_item_i2d_fp(const ASN1_ITEM *it, FILE *out, void *x);\nint ASN1_STRING_print_ex_fp(FILE *fp, const ASN1_STRING *str, unsigned long flags);\n# endif\n\nint ASN1_STRING_to_UTF8(unsigned char **out, const ASN1_STRING *in);\n\nvoid *ASN1_d2i_bio(void *(*xnew) (void), d2i_of_void *d2i, BIO *in, void **x);\n\n# define ASN1_d2i_bio_of(type,xnew,d2i,in,x) \\\n ((type*)ASN1_d2i_bio( CHECKED_NEW_OF(type, xnew), \\\n CHECKED_D2I_OF(type, d2i), \\\n in, \\\n CHECKED_PPTR_OF(type, x)))\n\nvoid *ASN1_item_d2i_bio(const ASN1_ITEM *it, BIO *in, void *x);\nint ASN1_i2d_bio(i2d_of_void *i2d, BIO *out, unsigned char *x);\n\n# define ASN1_i2d_bio_of(type,i2d,out,x) \\\n (ASN1_i2d_bio(CHECKED_I2D_OF(type, i2d), \\\n out, \\\n CHECKED_PTR_OF(type, x)))\n\n# define ASN1_i2d_bio_of_const(type,i2d,out,x) \\\n (ASN1_i2d_bio(CHECKED_I2D_OF(const type, i2d), \\\n out, \\\n CHECKED_PTR_OF(const type, x)))\n\nint ASN1_item_i2d_bio(const ASN1_ITEM *it, BIO *out, void *x);\nint ASN1_UTCTIME_print(BIO *fp, const ASN1_UTCTIME *a);\nint ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME_print(BIO *fp, const ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *a);\nint ASN1_TIME_print(BIO *fp, const ASN1_TIME *a);\nint ASN1_STRING_print(BIO *bp, const ASN1_STRING *v);\nint ASN1_STRING_print_ex(BIO *out, const ASN1_STRING *str, unsigned long flags);\nint ASN1_buf_print(BIO *bp, const unsigned char *buf, size_t buflen, int off);\nint ASN1_bn_print(BIO *bp, const char *number, const BIGNUM *num,\n unsigned char *buf, int off);\nint ASN1_parse(BIO *bp, const unsigned char *pp, long len, int indent);\nint ASN1_parse_dump(BIO *bp, const unsigned char *pp, long len, int indent,\n int dump);\nconst char *ASN1_tag2str(int tag);\n\n/* Used to load and write Netscape format cert */\n\nint ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING_to_string(ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING *s);\n\nint ASN1_TYPE_set_octetstring(ASN1_TYPE *a, unsigned char *data, int len);\nint ASN1_TYPE_get_octetstring(const ASN1_TYPE *a, unsigned char *data, int max_len);\nint ASN1_TYPE_set_int_octetstring(ASN1_TYPE *a, long num,\n unsigned char *data, int len);\nint ASN1_TYPE_get_int_octetstring(const ASN1_TYPE *a, long *num,\n unsigned char *data, int max_len);\n\nvoid *ASN1_item_unpack(const ASN1_STRING *oct, const ASN1_ITEM *it);\n\nASN1_STRING *ASN1_item_pack(void *obj, const ASN1_ITEM *it,\n ASN1_OCTET_STRING **oct);\n\nvoid ASN1_STRING_set_default_mask(unsigned long mask);\nint ASN1_STRING_set_default_mask_asc(const char *p);\nunsigned long ASN1_STRING_get_default_mask(void);\nint ASN1_mbstring_copy(ASN1_STRING **out, const unsigned char *in, int len,\n int inform, unsigned long mask);\nint ASN1_mbstring_ncopy(ASN1_STRING **out, const unsigned char *in, int len,\n int inform, unsigned long mask,\n long minsize, long maxsize);\n\nASN1_STRING *ASN1_STRING_set_by_NID(ASN1_STRING **out,\n const unsigned char *in, int inlen,\n int inform, int nid);\nASN1_STRING_TABLE *ASN1_STRING_TABLE_get(int nid);\nint ASN1_STRING_TABLE_add(int, long, long, unsigned long, unsigned long);\nvoid ASN1_STRING_TABLE_cleanup(void);\n\n/* ASN1 template functions */\n\n/* Old API compatible functions */\nASN1_VALUE *ASN1_item_new(const ASN1_ITEM *it);\nvoid ASN1_item_free(ASN1_VALUE *val, const ASN1_ITEM *it);\nASN1_VALUE *ASN1_item_d2i(ASN1_VALUE **val, const unsigned char **in,\n long len, const ASN1_ITEM *it);\nint ASN1_item_i2d(ASN1_VALUE *val, unsigned char **out, const ASN1_ITEM *it);\nint ASN1_item_ndef_i2d(ASN1_VALUE *val, unsigned char **out,\n const ASN1_ITEM *it);\n\nvoid ASN1_add_oid_module(void);\nvoid ASN1_add_stable_module(void);\n\nASN1_TYPE *ASN1_generate_nconf(const char *str, CONF *nconf);\nASN1_TYPE *ASN1_generate_v3(const char *str, X509V3_CTX *cnf);\nint ASN1_str2mask(const char *str, unsigned long *pmask);\n\n/* ASN1 Print flags */\n\n/* Indicate missing OPTIONAL fields */\n# define ASN1_PCTX_FLAGS_SHOW_ABSENT 0x001\n/* Mark start and end of SEQUENCE */\n# define ASN1_PCTX_FLAGS_SHOW_SEQUENCE 0x002\n/* Mark start and end of SEQUENCE/SET OF */\n# define ASN1_PCTX_FLAGS_SHOW_SSOF 0x004\n/* Show the ASN1 type of primitives */\n# define ASN1_PCTX_FLAGS_SHOW_TYPE 0x008\n/* Don't show ASN1 type of ANY */\n# define ASN1_PCTX_FLAGS_NO_ANY_TYPE 0x010\n/* Don't show ASN1 type of MSTRINGs */\n# define ASN1_PCTX_FLAGS_NO_MSTRING_TYPE 0x020\n/* Don't show field names in SEQUENCE */\n# define ASN1_PCTX_FLAGS_NO_FIELD_NAME 0x040\n/* Show structure names of each SEQUENCE field */\n# define ASN1_PCTX_FLAGS_SHOW_FIELD_STRUCT_NAME 0x080\n/* Don't show structure name even at top level */\n# define ASN1_PCTX_FLAGS_NO_STRUCT_NAME 0x100\n\nint ASN1_item_print(BIO *out, ASN1_VALUE *ifld, int indent,\n const ASN1_ITEM *it, const ASN1_PCTX *pctx);\nASN1_PCTX *ASN1_PCTX_new(void);\nvoid ASN1_PCTX_free(ASN1_PCTX *p);\nunsigned long ASN1_PCTX_get_flags(const ASN1_PCTX *p);\nvoid ASN1_PCTX_set_flags(ASN1_PCTX *p, unsigned long flags);\nunsigned long ASN1_PCTX_get_nm_flags(const ASN1_PCTX *p);\nvoid ASN1_PCTX_set_nm_flags(ASN1_PCTX *p, unsigned long flags);\nunsigned long ASN1_PCTX_get_cert_flags(const ASN1_PCTX *p);\nvoid ASN1_PCTX_set_cert_flags(ASN1_PCTX *p, unsigned long flags);\nunsigned long ASN1_PCTX_get_oid_flags(const ASN1_PCTX *p);\nvoid ASN1_PCTX_set_oid_flags(ASN1_PCTX *p, unsigned long flags);\nunsigned long ASN1_PCTX_get_str_flags(const ASN1_PCTX *p);\nvoid ASN1_PCTX_set_str_flags(ASN1_PCTX *p, unsigned long flags);\n\nASN1_SCTX *ASN1_SCTX_new(int (*scan_cb) (ASN1_SCTX *ctx));\nvoid ASN1_SCTX_free(ASN1_SCTX *p);\nconst ASN1_ITEM *ASN1_SCTX_get_item(ASN1_SCTX *p);\nconst ASN1_TEMPLATE *ASN1_SCTX_get_template(ASN1_SCTX *p);\nunsigned long ASN1_SCTX_get_flags(ASN1_SCTX *p);\nvoid ASN1_SCTX_set_app_data(ASN1_SCTX *p, void *data);\nvoid *ASN1_SCTX_get_app_data(ASN1_SCTX *p);\n\nconst BIO_METHOD *BIO_f_asn1(void);\n\nBIO *BIO_new_NDEF(BIO *out, ASN1_VALUE *val, const ASN1_ITEM *it);\n\nint i2d_ASN1_bio_stream(BIO *out, ASN1_VALUE *val, BIO *in, int flags,\n const ASN1_ITEM *it);\nint PEM_write_bio_ASN1_stream(BIO *out, ASN1_VALUE *val, BIO *in, int flags,\n const char *hdr, const ASN1_ITEM *it);\nint SMIME_write_ASN1(BIO *bio, ASN1_VALUE *val, BIO *data, int flags,\n int ctype_nid, int econt_nid,\n STACK_OF(X509_ALGOR) *mdalgs, const ASN1_ITEM *it);\nASN1_VALUE *SMIME_read_ASN1(BIO *bio, BIO **bcont, const ASN1_ITEM *it);\nint SMIME_crlf_copy(BIO *in, BIO *out, int flags);\nint SMIME_text(BIO *in, BIO *out);\n\nconst ASN1_ITEM *ASN1_ITEM_lookup(const char *name);\nconst ASN1_ITEM *ASN1_ITEM_get(size_t i);\n\n# ifdef __cplusplus\n}\n# endif\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 25, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 16 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1211, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1179 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3765, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3751 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 7408, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 7392 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 9513, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 9510 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 9694, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 9690 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 10768, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 10751 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 12212, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 12198 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 12331, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 12324 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 14431, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 14424 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 15497, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 15485 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 16181, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 16160 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 16330, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 16316 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 16408, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 16392 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 18608, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 18601 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 18670, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 18663 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 19118, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 19113 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 20018, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 20006 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 20036, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 20024 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 20067, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 20038 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 20186, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 20176 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 20246, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 20206 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 20315, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 20303 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 20668, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 20658 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 21252, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 21245 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 21505, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 21498 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 21569, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 21562 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 22228, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 22218 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23358, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 23351 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23430, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 23423 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23601, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 23566 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23615, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 23606 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23881, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 23850 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23963, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 23957 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 24100, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 24091 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 24352, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 24346 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 24421, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 24418 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 24502, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 24495 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 24860, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 24845 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 25575, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 25565 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 26021, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 26017 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 26263, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 26259 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 27724, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 27696 }, { "analysis_explanation": 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[ "nator of 25/7 and (h/18)/((-6)/4)?", "\n63\nLet z = 101291/2 + -49443. ", "Let v = z - 1242. ", "Calculate the common denominator of 137/18 and v.\n18\nLet n = -12284 - -270301/22. ", "Calculate the common denominator of 23/44 and n.\n44\nLet n = -3 + 11. ", "What is the least common multiple of (n/12)/(4/42) and 1?", "\n7\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 55 and (-9)/42 - 32565/(-70).", "\n5115\nLet u = -2058 + 2063. ", "Suppose 7 = 4*v + 3. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of v and u?", "\n5\nLet r be (-1 + 4 + -9)*(0 + 1). ", "Calculate the common denominator of 305/r - 2*3/(-18) and (-34)/(-12) - 1/3.", "\n2\nSuppose -282 = -3*u + 3*j, 2*u + j - 203 = -0*j. ", "Suppose 13*d - 4*d = u. Suppose 0 = 5*f - 4 - 21. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of f and d?", "\n55\nSuppose 16*t = 26*t + 20. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of t*2/6 + (-105)/(-9) and 18?", "\n198\nLet k = 8441/6 - 1411. ", "Calculate the common denominator of -115/24 and k.\n24\nLet r = 37351/10 - 3729. ", "Calculate the common denominator of r and 97/8.", "\n40\nLet v = 19 - 16. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of 15 - 6/(v + -1) and 10.", "\n60\nLet o = -13 + 9. ", "Let k be (-8384)/18 + o/18. ", "Let l = -1849/4 - k. What is the common denominator of -13/20 and l?", "\n20\nSuppose -72*s + 1855 = -2177. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of 21 and s?", "\n168\nLet h = -4228 - -946989/224. ", "Calculate the common denominator of h and -33/280.", "\n1120\nLet k be (-286)/8 - 2/8. ", "Let a = 42 + k. What is the lowest common multiple of 34 and a?", "\n102\nSuppose 859 - 874 = -3*u. ", "Let b(p) = 6*p + 6. ", "Let h(v) = -v - 1. ", "Let f(i) = -b(i) - 4*h(i). ", "What is the lowest common multiple of f(-4) and u?", "\n30\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 94 and (9/(-4))/(45529/(-4136) + 11)?", "\n282\nSuppose 5*k + 4 = k. What is the lowest common multiple of 18 and ((-2)/1 + -2)*k?", "\n36\nSuppose -2*r = -5*r + 6. ", "Let d = -32 - -35. ", "Suppose 16 = 2*k - 4*z, -z + 6*z = -d*k - 9. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of r and k?", "\n2\nLet t = -7/23 + 375/1081. ", "What is the common denominator of t and 5?", "\n47\nLet x = 93436/403419 - 8/4637. ", "Let c = -15444 - -370715/24. ", "What is the common denominator of c and x?", "\n696\nSuppose 0 = -13*b + 1102 - 972. ", "Suppose f = 0, 0 = g - 2*f - 3 - 4. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of g and b.\n70\nSuppose -j + 4 = -24. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of j and 11.", "\n308\nLet r(f) be the third derivative of -f**4/24 + 4*f**3/3 + 2*f**2. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of r(4) and 14.", "\n28\nSuppose 4*n - 412 = -p, 4*p + 4*n = -521 + 2193. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of p and 12?", "\n420\nWhat is the least common multiple of 14 and (48 + 1)/(-4 + 5)?", "\n98\nLet d be (24/15)/4 - 797/520. ", "Let a = 1/130 + d. Calculate the common denominator of a and -40/13.", "\n104\nLet t be (1 - 4/6) + (-35546)/106386. ", "Let p = 43045/20264 - t. What is the common denominator of p and -115/14?", "\n56\nSuppose 236 = -3*o - 4. ", "Let i be o/(-45) - 6/(-27). ", "Suppose -i*q + 24 = q. What is the lowest common multiple of q and 5?", "\n40\nLet h = -22233 + 171883322/7731. ", "Let n = h + -533417/170082. ", "Find the common denominator of n and -1 - (-2 + 510/(-84)).", "\n154\nSuppose y + 37 = 2*x, -x + y + 11 = -10. ", "Let l(k) = k**3 + 3*k**2 - 5*k - 5. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of l(-3) and x.\n80\nLet m = -1088 - -1352. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of 32 and m.\n1056\nLet r = 35 + -28. ", "Let a be 2 - r*(-8)/12. ", "Let y = 1/6 - a. Calculate the common denominator of 5/4 and y.\n4\nLet w = -83 - -91. ", "Suppose -44 = -3*i - 14. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of w and i?", "\n40\nLet b(i) = i**3 + 6*i**2 + 5*i + 6. ", "Let t(k) = k**2 + 9*k + 3. ", "Let q be t(-8). ", "What is the least common multiple of b(q) and 5?", "\n30\nSuppose -3*r - s - 19811 = 0, 2*r - s + 13205 = -4*s. ", "Let z = r - -66853/10. ", "Let w = z - 9293/110. ", "Find the common denominator of -11 and w.\n11\nFind the common denominator of 23/4 and 392/(-1078) + 1951/2794.", "\n508\nLet r be 2 + -1 + (-2 - 150/(-228)). ", "Let p = r + 1261/798. ", "Calculate the common denominator of 53/33 and p.\n231\nLet x = 15930 - 11009. ", "Let c = x - 162376/33. ", "Calculate the common denominator of 173/30 and c.\n330\nLet c(g) = 2*g**2 - 12*g - 9. ", "Let t be c(9). ", "What is the common denominator of (-18)/t*158/(-8) and -11/4?", "\n20\nLet t = -27 - -41. ", "Let x(u) = -u + 9. ", "Let q be x(7). ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of t and (14/8)/(q/16).", "\n14\nLet u be -2*(3/((-9)/6))/2. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of 15 and 6/(u/18*2)?", "\n135\nFind the common denominator of (7/(-28))/((-11)/224) and -23/45.", "\n495\nLet t = 205174 - 359117. ", "Let v be 4 + -4 + t/16. ", "Let i = v + 9617. ", "What is the common denominator of i and -85/8?", "\n16\nSuppose 0 = -6*h + h + 165. ", "Suppose 0*n + 25 = 5*t + 4*n, -7 = -3*t - 4*n. ", "What is the least common multiple of t and h?", "\n99\nSuppose 17*v - v = 528. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of v and 18.", "\n198\nLet u = -7527 - -11325. ", "Find the common denominator of -53/5 and (u/(-40))/(-9) + (-6)/(-8).", "\n10\nWhat is the common denominator of ((-3)/(-120))/(-5*2/(-330)) and -71/30?", "\n120\nLet p = 8657 - 138575/16. ", "Let c = p - -19/16. ", "Calculate the common denominator of c and 3/18 - 2/6.", "\n12\nSuppose -106 = -2*i + 2*n, 0*n - 5*n + 295 = 5*i. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of 88 and i.\n616\nLet f(y) = 42*y - 373. ", "Let m be f(9). ", "Let p(v) = -5*v - v**3 + 6*v**2 + 11 + 3*v - 2*v. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of p(m) and 6.", "\n48\nLet t(c) = -c**3 - 56*c**2 - 55*c + 11. ", "Let d = 5 + 3. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of d and t(-55)?", "\n88\nLet c = -25644/7 - -3655. ", "Calculate the common denominator of c and -5/49.", "\n49\nLet z(d) = -d**2 - 11*d - 22. ", "Let v be 6/9 + 23/(-3). ", "What is the lowest common multiple of z(v) and (1/(-4))/(2/(-88))?", "\n66\nLet n be 6*((-14)/(-4) + -3). ", "Suppose n*v + 3*i = 15, 0*i + 3 = i. Calculate the smallest common multiple of v and 68/7 + 4/14.", "\n10\nLet l = 44 + -40. ", "Calculate the common denominator of -121/12 and l/10 + (-1142)/840*-2.", "\n84\nLet h be 2548/102720 - (-3)/5 - 4. ", "Let f = h + -20/321. ", "Calculate the common denominator of f and -55/4.", "\n16\nLet u = 155381/33 + -4709. ", "Let l = 2136203/69 - 30960. ", "Calculate the common denominator of u and l.\n759\nSuppose -2 = o, 1182 = 2*l - 2*o + 198. ", "Let h be (125/5)/(-5) - 19. ", "Calculate the common denominator of -24 and (-5)/15 + l/h.\n4\nLet y(j) = -j**3 - 18*j**2 - 18*j - 11. ", "Let a be y(-17). ", "Let d = a + -2. ", "Suppose 0*h = d*h - 88. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of 14 and h.\n154\nLet n = 54601 + -11193227/205. ", "What is the common denominator of n and 38/7?", "\n1435\nLet y be 18*4*(-2)/(-12). ", "Suppose -5*z = y - 62. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of z and 5.", "\n10\nLet m(a) = a + 6. ", "Suppose -10 = -5*o - 2*c, 2*o + 3*c + 35 = 7*o. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of m(-3) and o.\n12\nLet x(c) = -c**2 + 17*c. ", "Let u be x(17). ", "Let p = 955/8 - 4627/40. ", "Calculate the common denominator of p and (3 + 0 + u)/(-32 + 22).", "\n10\nLet m be (4/(336/7526))/(12787/(-338)). ", "Let b = -2/14133 + m. Find the common denominator of b and -101/2.", "\n38\nLet q(a) = 20*a + 17. ", "Let y(s) = 5*s + 4. ", "Let o(u) = -2*q(u) + 9*y(u). ", "Suppose -3*x - 2*x + 20 = 0. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of o(2) and x?", "\n12\nWhat is the least common multiple of 10 and ((-255)/20*-2)/((-15)/(-100))?", "\n170\nSuppose 3*a = 4*a + 3*a. ", "Suppose a = -2*c + 4*x + 28 - 4, 0 = -5*x - 15. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of c and 9.", "\n18\nSuppose 2*r + 479 = -341. ", "Find the common denominator of r/(-132) + (-3)/9 and (65/78)/(10/14).", "\n66\nFind the common denominator of ((-22)/480)/((-16)/(-3960)*27) and 31/48.", "\n288\nLet p(w) = 2*w - 2. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of 30 + -2 + 182/13 and p(6).", "\n210\nLet d = -1469 + 44059/30. ", "Find the common denominator of 35/24 and d.\n120\nFind the common denominator of (-14)/(-4)*(-165)/(-140) and -119/40.", "\n40\nLet c be -5 - (-1116)/15 - 6/(-10). ", "Suppose o = 6*o - c. What is the lowest common multiple of 20 and o?", "\n140\nLet r = 15123/70 - 5091/14. ", "Let c = r - -149. ", "Calculate the common denominator of 26/45 and c.\n45\nSuppose 17*u - 401 - 279 = 0. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of 132 and u.\n1320\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 150 and (4/(-10)*1)/((-26)/4290).", "\n1650\nLet w = -2955 + 26621/9. ", "Let c(d) = -7*d - 32. ", "Let i be c(-12). ", "Calculate the common denominator of w and 714/416 - 8/i.\n144\nLet r(t) = 6*t**3 - 4*t**2 + 3*t - 2. ", "Let x be r(2). ", "Let p be (x/4 - 0)*1. ", "Suppose b + 5 = p. Calculate the smallest co" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCalculate amount of weeks after a certain date\n\nIm currently trying to calculate the amount of periods (each period is 1 week, after a certain date or day). ", "Lets say first period start on 01-01-2013 (tuesday) until 29-01-2013 (tuesday)(4 periods in total).", "\nI have a table that looks like: \nid | startDate (datetime) | endDate (datetime)\n\nI have two input fields where a user can fill in a start date and end date. ", "I would like to fill any date between 01-01-2013 and 29-01-2013 and decide how many times it passes a tuesday (the date the period starts) again. ", "\nSo if I would select 01-01-2013 until 07-01-2013 would result in: 1, but if i would select 06-01-2013 till 09-01-2013 this would result in 2 and 06-01-2013 till 16-01-2013 would result in 3 etc.", "\nTo be clear, I dont want to know the amount of weeks between the two dates, only the amount of times it 'crosses' the same day (tuesday) that was given in the database. ", "Every period is 1 week. ", "Is there anyone that could help me out?", "\n\nA:\n\nUse PHP's date() function. ", "\n$startday = strtotime($start_date_from_db);//date from db;\n$endday = strtotime($end_date_from_db);//date from db;\n$counter = 0;\nfor($i=$startday; $i<=$endday; $i+=86400) {\n $current_day = date('w', $i);\n if($current_day == 2) { //0 for sunday, 1 for monday, 2 for tuesday\n $counter++;\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nControl Panel Settings from Command Line\n\nI'm looking for a way to make a Registry Change take affect right away.", "\nSpecifically the value I want to touch is:\nHKEY_CURRENT_USER/Control\\ Panel/Desktop/WindowArrangementActive\nWhen you change this setting directly from the Control Panel it takes effect immediately, but when I'm changing it manually, it is not registered before rebooting.", "\nI'm trying to make a script to disable/enable window snapping in Windows 10.", "\nI've currently tried running the following command after the change with no luck:\nRUNDLL32.EXE USER32.DLL,UpdatePerUserSystemParameters ,1 ,True\n\nA:\n\nI ended up getting the job done in C# using the SystemParametersInfo:\n[DllImport(\"user32.dll\", EntryPoint = \"SystemParametersInfo\")]\npublic static extern bool SystemParametersInfo(int uiAction, int uiParam, IntPtr pvParam, int fWinIni);\n\nand calling it with the following params:\nSystemParametersInfo(0x0083, 0, IntPtr.", "Zero, 0x001A);\n\nThe final param is the one informing the system that the variable has changed in accordance with this documentation by Microsoft:\nhttps://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms725497(v=vs.85).aspx\n\n" ]

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[ "/**\n * @file nsskey.h\n * @author Ambroz Bizjak <ambrop7@gmail.com>\n * \n * @section LICENSE\n * \n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n * 1. ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n * 2. ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n * 3. ", "Neither the name of the author nor the\n * names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products\n * derived from this software without specific prior written permission.", "\n * \n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND\n * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED\n * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE\n * DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY\n * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES\n * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;\n * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND\n * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS\n * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n * \n * @section DESCRIPTION\n * \n * Function for opening a NSS certificate and its private key.", "\n */\n\n#ifndef BADVPN_MISC_NSSKEY_H\n#define BADVPN_MISC_NSSKEY_H\n\n#include <stdlib.h>\n\n#include <prerror.h>\n#include <cert.h>\n#include <keyhi.h>\n#include <pk11func.h>\n\n#include <base/BLog.h>\n\n#include <generated/blog_channel_nsskey.h>\n\n/**\n * Opens a NSS certificate and its private key.", "\n * \n * @param name name of the certificate\n * @param out_cert on success, the certificate will be returned here. ", "Should be\n * released with CERT_DestroyCertificate.", "\n * @param out_key on success, the private key will be returned here. ", "Should be\n * released with SECKEY_DestroyPrivateKey.", "\n * @return 1 on success, 0 on failure\n */\nstatic int open_nss_cert_and_key (char *name, CERTCertificate **out_cert, SECKEYPrivateKey **out_key) WARN_UNUSED;\n\nstatic SECKEYPrivateKey * find_nss_private_key (char *name)\n{\n SECKEYPrivateKey *key = NULL;\n\n PK11SlotList *slot_list = PK11_GetAllTokens(CKM_INVALID_MECHANISM, PR_FALSE, PR_FALSE, NULL);\n if (!", "slot_list) {\n return NULL;\n }\n \n PK11SlotListElement *slot_entry;\n for (slot_entry = slot_list->head; !", "key && slot_entry; slot_entry = slot_entry->next) {\n SECKEYPrivateKeyList *key_list = PK11_ListPrivKeysInSlot(slot_entry->slot, name, NULL);\n if (!", "key_list) {\n BLog(BLOG_ERROR, \"PK11_ListPrivKeysInSlot failed\");\n continue;\n }\n \n SECKEYPrivateKeyListNode *key_node;\n for (key_node = PRIVKEY_LIST_HEAD(key_list); !", "key && !", "PRIVKEY_LIST_END(key_node, key_list); key_node = PRIVKEY_LIST_NEXT(key_node)) {\n char *key_name = PK11_GetPrivateKeyNickname(key_node->key);\n if (!", "key_name || strcmp(key_name, name)) {\n PORT_Free((void *)key_name);\n continue;\n }\n PORT_Free((void *)key_name);\n \n key = SECKEY_CopyPrivateKey(key_node->key);\n }\n \n SECKEY_DestroyPrivateKeyList(key_list);\n }\n \n PK11_FreeSlotList(slot_list);\n \n return key;\n}\n\nint open_nss_cert_and_key (char *name, CERTCertificate **out_cert, SECKEYPrivateKey **out_key)\n{\n CERTCertificate *cert;\n cert = CERT_FindCertByNicknameOrEmailAddr(CERT_GetDefaultCertDB(), name);\n if (!", "cert) {\n BLog(BLOG_ERROR, \"CERT_FindCertByName failed (%d)\", (int)PR_GetError());\n return 0;\n }\n \n SECKEYPrivateKey *key = find_nss_private_key(name);\n if (!", "key) {\n BLog(BLOG_ERROR, \"Failed to find private key\");\n CERT_DestroyCertificate(cert);\n return 0;\n }\n \n *out_cert = cert;\n *out_key = key;\n return 1;\n}\n\n#endif\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOverlaying a UIView on top of my existing view?", "\n\nI have a view i want to overlay on top of another. ", "It will be smaller and not take up the whole screen, and so it's important that the view behind can still be seen. ", "How do i do this?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you lay another view on top of an existing view and set the rect containing the new view to some size smaller than the screen, the view in back will still be seen. ", " Just call initWithFrame:(your CGRect size) then your [mainView addSubview:newview]. ", " This should add your new view on top of your existing one.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Chinese Wand Exercise\n\nChinese Wand Exercise is an obscure ancient exercise system, related to the martial art Kung Fu. ", " The \"wand\" in Chinese Wand Exercise is a 48-50\" long dowel, 1\" in diameter, (wood or bamboo, for example), used as a fulcrum for balance, form and posture. \"", "It’s the pyramid effect, with you as center.\"", "\t\"Seventeen gentle bending, twisting and lunging movements flow in exact order, specially designed to get the blood circulating more efficiently throughout the body. ", "These exercises are done in gradual, easy ‘Stages’ while using an original Chinese deep-breathing technique\" and chi energy, and can be easy or more challenging as the individual chooses.", "\n\nTogether they exercise every major muscle in the body and take no more than 20 minutes to complete. ", "The relative ease of the 17 moves (11 standing and six floor exercises) engage all the organs and muscles of the body together in harmony rather than separating out one part of the body from another. ", "This produces a more efficient way of staying fit and healthy by increasing and balancing the chi energy.", "\n\n\"Chinese Wand prevents illness and delays the aging process of many cells.\" ", "Together, they exercise the entire body safely and gently. ", "Chinese Wand was known as a \"preventive\" of disease while acupuncture was the \"treatment.\"", "\n\nHistory in China\n\nAlthough awareness of its existence is recent, Chinese Wand is said to be thousands of years old. ", "It was passed down through Grand Masters and kept private for the use of the succeeding Chinese rulers and their families. ", "They were devised for the emperor to slow down the aging process and maintain perfect health.", "\n\nThe exercises were derived from studying animals at play in nature, hence some of the names of the forms: \"Springing of the Tiger,\" \"Raising of the Bird’s Wing,\" \"Panda Rolls,\" to name a few. ", "Chinese wand is not by itself taught as a method of self-defense.", "\n\nThe source of all current information stems from Bruce L. Johnson, who is currently the only known living Grand Master of Chinese Wand.", "\n\nComing To America\n\nAccording to Johnson, when he was 19 he learned the exercises from 93-year-old Grand Master Ch’eng in 1945. ", "He and two Navy buddies, all wrestlers, were exploring Shanghai and were amazed by an 80-year-old rickshaw man's ability to pull a wide rickshaw with the three muscular seamen up and down the steep hills of Shanghai. ", "Johnson pursued the slight Chinese man who eventually led him to the slender, regal Grand Master. ", "Upon meeting Dr. Ch’eng at his home in Shanghai, the tall, 235-pound 19-year-old was unable to take down the 130 lb. ", " Ch’eng who, seemingly inexplicably, fended him off and left him lying on the floor after each of three increasingly aggressive advances. ", "He used an ancient \"spinning\" technique. ", "Johnson, convinced that he had to learn everything this man could teach, was soon accepted as a student by Ch’eng, who was no doubt impressed and amused by the young headstrong man's potential and enthusiasm for learning all he could. ", " Eventually Dr. Ch’eng, having lost his sons in the war between China and Japan, trusted Johnson enough to pass on the knowledge and techniques he would need to become the next Grand Master.", "\n\nBiography of Grand Master Bruce L. Johnson\n\nMinnesota-raised Bruce Leroy Johnson, (June 21, 1926- December 11, 2014) was a sickly child who overcame his early beginnings through exercise and body-building. ", " Health and physical fitness became a lifelong passion, as well as a quest to stay young and embrace Nature.", "\n\nAfter high school, during World War II, the handsome blue-eyed, black-haired (of Swedish and Iroquois descent) Johnson became a Navy heavyweight wrestling champion who excelled in physical exploits and competitions. ", " He also was a navy ranger, and one of the first to reach the shores of Iwo Jima. ", "His mother's sister was married to revered World War II journalist and author, Ernie Pyle, with whom Bruce had a close relationship and who was killed only a few miles from where Johnson was, on the island of Ie Shima. ", "He is often called upon to accept memorial awards on behalf of his uncle.", "\n\nJohnson studied at the Kodokan Institute in Tokyo, Japan where he earned three black belts in Judo.", "\n\nBack in the states after World War II, Johnson tried to introduce the merits of the exercise system. ", "But because of McCarthyism and the fear of Communism, there was little enthusiasm about anything Asian. ", "Few showed interest in learning the unusual, oriental exercises.", "\n\nMeanwhile, wanderlust led Johnson around the world finding work, often on ships. ", "He was a bodyguard for King Farouk for a time. ", "Wherever he went in the world, he sought out others who might have heard of Chinese Wand, even placing ads in local papers. ", "But he never found anyone. ", "As far as he knew, he was the only one who knew about it. ", " Johnson spent time in Hollywood and found a small group of health food and fitness enthusiasts such as Mae West, Jimmy Durante, and others who became students. ", "It has been rumored that he might have been the inspiration for the song \"Nature Boy\" (popularized by Nat King Cole) when he claimed he spent time with the songwriter, Eden Ahbez. ", "Later, he taught celebrities such as James Coburn who was photographed in People Magazine doing the exercises.", "\n\nJohnson became friends with Bruce Lee, and the two did demonstrations of strength and speed together. \"", "Bruce [Lee] was the only man who could ever ‘handle’ me - of course, he never knew Dr. Cheng.\" ", "Lee was quoted in Johnson’s book as saying, \"All things are possible with the great Masters.\"", "\n\nIn 1965, Johnson became a hero when he rescued three children from a shark in the Bahamas by swimming out and averting its attention . ", "A fourth child was killed. ", "Armed with only a pointed shell he grabbed on the beach, he fought the beast a full five minutes underwater, his leg in its mouth until he jabbed its eye with the shell and was able to escape, barely making it to shore. ", "He won international acclaim and was honored by heads of three governments.", "\n\nHe caused another sensation in 1966 when he and a friend (who later became his wife) volunteered to spend an unspecified amount of time on an uninhabited Fiji Island with no supplies, only bathing suits and camera equipment. ", "Learning too late that the island was far from idyllic limited their stay to 40 days, but caused national publicity.", "\n\nDramatic adventures seemed to follow the elusive Johnson who often found himself at the right place in time to rescue others from extreme danger (over 50 documented at the risk of his own life) including fires, mangled cars, even abusive husbands.", "\n\nJohnson rarely spoke of his powers as a mystic. ", "Students would sometimes notice supernatural transformations in his appearance as he taught the class. ", " He was inclined to believe that Dr. Ch’eng was teaching through him. ", "One famous psychic of his day, Peter Hurkos, upon meeting Johnson said, \"Who is that beautiful Chinese man coming out of you?\"", "\n\nOthers saw Johnson transform: after a class in Eureka, California, a young student \"asked him if he knew that he had become transformed into a Chinese person while he was performing the wand exercises. . ", ".Did you see it too?...\" ", "another classmate added.", "\n\nIt has also been said that the late Dr. Ch'eng's formidable, otherworldly presence was physically tangible, gentle, even erotic.", "\n\nEnthusiasm for Chinese Wand was minimal until a nationwide curiosity in Eastern philosophy erupted in the 1960s, beginning with the Beatles’ trip to India and the subsequent publicity. ", "Interest in meditation techniques, yoga, martial arts, and other esoteric practices spiked. ", " At last, Johnson was able to develop classes. ", "Eventually, he self-published a book in 1975.", "\n\nIn December 1976, Johnson, who also worked as a professional diver, was seriously injured in an underwater accident and sustained a near-fatal brain stem infarct causing stroke-like symptoms. ", "Initially told he would never walk again, he once again defied odds and within a matter of months, was walking and looking as healthy as ever.", "\n\nAlthough still reeling from lingering and painful after-effects of the trauma, he managed to generate interest from a major publisher (William Morrow, New York) who published his book in hardcover in 1977.", "\n\nDuring the time he was striving to regain his health, he underwent a Christian \"born-again\" experience that eventually influenced his thinking and upended his belief system. ", "He slowly rejected a holistic awareness of consciousness and abandoned his lifelong allegiance to preserving and re-introducing the teachings of Dr. Ch’eng and the art of Chinese Wand. ", " The spreading of a popular desire to learn the more violent aspects of martial arts and the potential \"danger\" of involvement with the supernatural conflicted with his newfound ultra-conservative Christian views. ", "Efforts to promote Chinese Wand diminished and eventually disappeared from public view.", "\n\n\"--Oriental philosophy is at their [martial arts] heart,\" Johnson says. \"", "These things are not from God, as God is not in the business of mystical energies or the occult. . ", ".I no longer practice the martial arts …as a Christian, I cannot in good conscience, teach or recommend the martial arts to others.\"", "\n\nChinese Wand Today\n\nEven though Johnson's book is no longer in print, the web and YouTube videos are generating a resurgence of the practice in the U.S. and the U.K. in particular. ", "A new generation of students are learning what they can from Johnson's book, sometimes by changing the name slightly (e.g. `Chi Stix', 'Stick Yoga,' or `Jian Gan - Chinese Health Wand') to avoid copyright infringement on Johnson's original text.", "\n\nSadly, it appears that Johnson did not train anyone to carry on this unique art as the next Grand Master. ", "Because of this, apart from the basic exercises, the remaining 190 exercises, more esoteric practices and knowledge, are probably lost.", "\n\n\t\"I am the last of the Grand Masters [of Chinese Wand]. ", "When I go, the secret goes with me.\"", "\n\nThe Future\n\nAlthough Johnson is the last Grand Master his book opened the art up to the wider population. ", "He wanted his book to be in every nursing home, every hospital, every physical therapy room, every doctor's office for the doctor to prescribe the exercises to patients - in every home so families could practice together; he also hoped that workers in offices and factories could practice the exercises together to increase productivity and health of workforce and that physical fitness instructors in schools and colleges would adopt the system.", "\n\nSome in the Chinese martial arts and Qigong community are now taking a serious interest in the Chinese Wand and promoting its use as a social exercise the way Johnson envisaged. ", "A new book on the subject examines the esoteric aspects of the art and its origins and influences - and encourages dialogue within China itself.", "\nThe link with China was very much in Johnson's thoughts. ", "He was curious whether someone was still practicing in a remote region of China and intended to take the art back to China himself:-\n\n\"In China they now do Tai Chi, but my one ambition is to return there and bring their ancient Chinese exercises full circle.\"", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Physical exercise" ]

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[ "USDM FA20 DIT Engine Specifications\n\nThe Subaru FA20F motor is a direct-injected turbo engine found in the 2015+ WRX. ", "It features a four-cylinder horizontally-opposed \"Boxer\" layout with a twin-scroll turbocharger. ", "The 2014+ Forester XT uses essentially the same engine, but with small changes and a different designation (FA20E).", "\n\nOverview\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Engine Code FA20F FA20F Displacement 122ci 1998cc (2.0L) Layout H4 BOXER H4 BOXER Power 268 BHP @ 5600 RPM (WRX)\n\n250 BHP @ 5600 RPM (XT) 197 kW @ 5600 RPM (WRX)\n\n184 kW @ 5600 RPM (XT) Torque 258 Lb-Ft @ 2000 RPM (WRX / XT) 350 Nm @ 2000 RPM (WRX / XT) Rev Limit 6700 RPM 6700 RPM Assembly Oizumi, Japan Oizumi, Japan Firing Order 1-3-2-4 1-3-2-4 Spark Plug NGK ILKAR8H6 NGK ILKAR8H6 Fuel Pump Flow 40.4 Gallons (US)/Hr 153 L/Hr\n\nFA20 Turbo Block Specs\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Block Material Cast Aluminum Cast Aluminum Block Design Open Deck Open Deck # of Cylinders 4 4 Bore Diameter 3.386\" 86mm Bore Spacing 4.449\" 113mm Cylinder Liners Cast-In Iron Cast-In Iron # of Main Bearings 5 5 Cylinder Block Height * 8.071\" (R)\n\n8.073\" (L) 205.0mm (R)\n\n205.05mm (L) Min. ", "Cyl. ", "Block Height 8.067\" 204.9mm Cyl. ", "Block Warpage Limit 0.00098\" 0.025mm Cyl. ", "Liner ID 3.3860 - 3.3864\" (A)\n\n3.3856 - 3.3860\" (B) 86.005 - 86.015mm (A)\n\n85.995 - 86.005mm (B) Cyl. ", "Liner Cylindricality Limit 0.0012\" 0.030mm Cyl. ", "Liner Out-of-Roundness Limit 0.0012\" 0.030mm Bore ID Limit 3.4057\" 86.505mm\n\n* - Difference in Cylinder Block Height is due to the water pump being placed on one side of the block and the resulting thermal expansion difference\n\nMeasuring for Cylindricality and Out-Of-Roundness\n\nTake measurements in the thrust and pin directions (A + B) at the specified heights. ", "Verify that the block is at 68°F (20°C) for all measurements.", "\n\n$$Cylindricatlity =\\dfrac {x_{\\max }-x_{\\min }}{2}$$\n\n$$x_{\\max } = \\textrm{largest value of all the cylinder liner ID measurements}$$\n\n$$x_{\\min } = \\textrm{smallest value of all the cylinder liner ID measurements}$$\n\nCalculate the Out-Of-Roundness at each height measurement (H1 - H4).", "\n\n$$OOR =\\dfrac {x_{\\max }-x_{\\min }}{2}$$\n\n$$x_{\\max } = \\textrm{larger measurement value at H1}$$\n\n$$x_{\\min } = \\textrm{smaller measurement value at H1}$$\n\nFA20 Turbo Piston Specs\n\nThe figures below are the OEM Subaru specifications for the stock OEM Subaru pistons. ", "If you are rebuilding the engine using an aftermarket forged piston you will need to run considerably higher tolerances to accommodate the greater thermal expansion. ", "Please consult your piston supplier for appropriate clearances.", "\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Piston Material Hypereutectic Cast Aluminum\n\nwith Anti-Friction Skirt Coating Hypereutectic Cast Aluminum\n\nwith Anti-Friction Skirt Coating Static Compression Ratio 10.6:1 10.6:1 Piston Weight 360g 360g Piston Wrist Pin Diameter\n\n(Gudgeon Pin) 0.866\" 22mm Piston Wrist Pin Offset 0.039\" 1mm Piston Wrist Pin Weight 136g 136g Piston Crown Volume 0.8cc 0.8cc Compression Height 1.291\" 32.8mm Piston Outer Diameter 3.3852 - 3.3856\" (A)\n\n3.3856 - 3.3860\" (B)\n\n3.3947 - 3.3955\" (0.25mm OS)\n\n3.4045 - 3.4053\" (0.50mm OS) 85.985 - 85.995mm (A)\n\n85.975 - 87.985mm (B)\n\n86.225 - 86.245mm (0.25mm OS)\n\n86.475 - 86.495mm (0.50mm OS) Piston to Wall Clearance 0.00039” - 0.00118” 0.01mm – 0.03mm Piston Gauge Height 1.57\" 40mm Piston Pin Clearance 0.0002 - 0.0003\" 0.004 - 0.008mm Top Comp. ", "Ring Axial Height 0.0394\" 1.0mm Top Compression Ring Gap 0.0079 - 0.0098\" 0.20 - 0.25mm Second Comp. ", "Ring Axial Height 0.0472\" 1.2mm Second Compression Ring Gap 0.0157 - 0.0197\" 0.40 - 0.50mm Oil Control Ring Gap 0.0039 - 0.0138\" 0.10 - 0.35mm Top Compression Ring Clearance 0.0016 - 0.0031\" 0.040 - 0.080mm Second Compression Ring Clearance 0.0018 - 0.0033\" 0.045 - 0.085mm Piston to Pin Clearance 0.0002 - 0.0003\" 0.004 - 0.008mm Pin to Rod Bushing Clearance 0.0002 - 0.0010\" 0.004 - 0.026mm\n\nPiston Measuring\n\nFA20 Turbo Rod Specs\n\nThe figures below are the OEM Subaru specifications for the stock OEM Subaru rods. ", "If you are rebuilding the engine using an aftermarket forged rod you may need to run greater clearances for the power level.", "\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Con Rod Material Forged Steel Forged Steel Con Rod Design Asymmetrical I-Beam\n\nwith Cracked Caps\n\nand Rod Bolts Asymmetrical I-Beam\n\nwith Cracked Caps\n\nand Rod Bolts Con Rod Weight 492g 492g Con Rod Length 5.090\" 129.29mm Big End Bore 2.087\" 53.01mm Big End Width 0.843\" 21.41mm Pin Bore 0.8671\" 22.02mm Rod Bolt Torque 18.44 ft-lbs 25Nm\n\nFA20 Turbo Crankshaft Specs\n\nThe figures below are the OEM Subaru specifications for the stock OEM Subaru crankshaft. ", "If you are rebuilding the engine using an aftermarket crankshaft you may need to run different clearances.", "\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Design / Material 8CW Flat-Plane Nitrided Forged Steel 8CW Flat-Plane Nitrided Forged Steel Stroke 3.386\" 86mm Rod Bearing Thickness\n\n(Center) 0.0587 - 0.0594\" (Std)\n\n0.0595 - 0.0596\" (0.0012\" US)\n\n0.0599 - 0.0600\" (0.0020\" US)\n\n0.0638 - 0.0640\" (0.0098\" US) 1.492 - 1.508mm (Std)\n\n1.511 - 1.515mm (0.03mm US)\n\n1.521 - 1.525mm (0.05mm US)\n\n1.621 - 1.625mm (0.25mm US) Crankshaft Pin OD\n\n(Rod Bearing Journal) 1.9676 - 1.9685\" (Std)\n\n1.9664 - 1.9673\" (0.0012\" US)\n\n1.9656 - 1.9665\" (0.0020\" US)\n\n1.9577 - 1.9587\" (0.0098\" US) 49.976 - 50.000mm (Std)\n\n49.946 - 49.970mm (0.03mm US)\n\n49.926 - 49.950mm (0.05mm US)\n\n49.726 - 49.750mm (0.25mm US) Crankshaft Pin\n\nCylindricality 0.0002\" 0.006mm Crankshaft Pin\n\nOut-of-Roundness 0.0002\" 0.005mm Crankshaft Pin\n\nGrinding Limit (dia.) ", "1.9577\" 49.726mm Rod Bearing Oil Clearance 0.0010 - 0.0022\" 0.025 - 0.055mm Main Bearing Thickness\n\nPosition #1 - 4\n\n(Center) 0.0982 - 0.0989\" (Std)\n\n0.0992 - 0.0993\" (0.0012\" US)\n\n0.0996 - 0.0997\" (0.0020\" US)\n\n0.1035 - 0.1036\" (0.0098\" US) 2.495 - 2.513mm (Std)\n\n2.519 - 2.522mm (0.03mm US)\n\n2.529 - 2.532mm (0.05mm US)\n\n2.629 - 2.632mm (0.25mm US) Main Bearing Thickness\n\nPosition #5 Only\n\n(Center) 0.0981 - 0.0989\" (Std)\n\n0.0991 - 0.0992\" (0.0012\" US)\n\n0.0995 - 0.0996\" (0.0020\" US)\n\n0.1034 - 0.1035\" (0.0098\" US) 2.493 - 2.511mm (Std)\n\n2.517 - 2.520mm (0.03mm US)\n\n2.527 - 2.530mm (0.05mm US)\n\n2.627 - 2.630mm (0.25mm US) Main Journal OD 2.6766 - 2.6775\" (Std)\n\n2.6754 - 2.6763\" (0.0012\" US)\n\n2.6746 - 2.6755\" (0.0020\" US)\n\n2.6667 - 2.6677\" (0.0098\" US) 67.985 - 68.009mm (Std)\n\n67.955 - 67.979mm (0.03mm US)\n\n67.935 - 67.959mm (0.05mm US)\n\n67.735 - 67.759mm (0.25mm US) Crankshaft Bending Limit 0.0014\" 0.035mm Crankshaft Main Journal\n\nCylindricality 0.0002\" 0.006mm Crankshaft Main Journal\n\nOut-of-Roundness 0.0002\" 0.005mm Crankshaft Main Journal\n\nGrinding Limit (dia.) ", "2.6667\" 67.735mm Thrust Clearance 0.00512 - 0.01213\" 0.130 - 0.308mm Main Oil Clearance 0.00051 - 0.00122\" 0.013 - 0.031mm\n\nFA20 Turbo Head Specs\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Head Design DOHC 16-Valve\n\nwith Dual AVCS DOHC 16-Valve\n\nwith Dual AVCS Combustion Chamber Volume 40.3cc 40.3cc Rocker Type Roller Rocker (INT/EXH) Roller Rocker (INT/EXH) Rocker Ratio 1.59:1 (INT/EXH) 1.59:1 (INT/EXH) Spring Retainer Material Hi-Strength Steel Hi-Strength Steel Spring Retainer Weight 11.38g 11.38g Intake Camshaft Clearance\n\n(Note: Measure at 68° F / 20° C) 0.0051\" (Std)\n\n0.0039\" (Min) - 0.0059\" (Max) 0.13mm (Std)\n\n0.10mm (Min) - 0.15mm (Max) Exhaust Camshaft Clearance\n\n(Note: Measure at 68° F / 20° C) 0.0087\" (Std)\n\n0.0079\" (Min) - 0.0095\" (Max) 0.22mm (Std)\n\n0.20mm (Min) - 0.24mm (Max) Cylinder Head Warp Limit 0.00079\" 0.020mm Grinding / Surfacing Limit 3.874\" Height\n\n0.004\" Removed 98.4mm Height\n\n0.1mm Removed Cylinder Head Height 3.878\" 98.5mm Valve Length 4.132\" (INT)\n\n3.854\" (EXH) 104.95mm (INT)\n\n97.9mm (EXH) Valve Angle 14° (INT/EXH)\n\n28° Included 14° (INT/EXH)\n\n28° Included Intake Valve Specs 1.38\" (Face Diameter)\n\n0.217\" (Stem Diameter)\n\n45.5g (Weight) 35mm (Face Diameter)\n\n5.5mm (Stem Diameter)\n\n45.5g (Weight) Exhaust Valve Specs 1.14\" (Face Diameter)\n\n0.217\" (Stem Diameter)\n\n37.0g (Weight) 29mm (Face Diameter)\n\n5.5mm (Stem Diameter)\n\n37.0g (Weight) Valve Head Edge / Margin Thickness 0.031 - 0.047\" (INT)\n\n0.039 - 0.055\" (EXH) 0.8 - 1.2mm (INT)\n\n1.0 - 1.4mm (EXH) Valve Stem Diameter 0.2148 - 0.2154\" (INT)\n\n0.2144 - 0.2150\" (EXH) 5.455 - 5.470 (INT)\n\n5.445 - 5.460mm (EXH) Valve Guide ID 0.2165 - 0.2170\" (INT/EXH) 5.500 - 5.512mm (INT/EXH) Valve Stem to Guide Clearance 0.0012 - 0.0022\" (INT)\n\n0.0016 - 0.0026\" (EXH) 0.030 - 0.057mm (INT)\n\n0.040 - 0.067mm (EXH) Valve Guide Protrusion Limit 0.449 - 0.465\" 11.4 - 11.8mm Valve Shim ID 0.2165 - 0.2189\" 5.500 - 5.560mm Valve Spring Type Single-Coil Steel Single-Coil Steel Valve Spring Dims\n\n6-Speed Trans 1.617\" (Free Length)\n\n1.299\" (Set Length)\n\n0.866\" (Comp. ", "Height) 41.06mm (Free Length)\n\n33.0mm (Set Length)\n\n22.0mm (Comp. ", "Height) Valve Spring Dims\n\nCVT Trans 1.641\" (Free Length)\n\n1.299\" (Set Length)\n\n0.866\" (Comp. ", "Height) 41.68mm (Free Length)\n\n33.0mm (Set Length)\n\n22.0mm (Comp. ", "Height) Valve Spring Tension\n\n6-Speed Trans 40.92 - 47.22 Lbs (Set)\n\n124.11 - 137.15 Lbs (Comp) 18.56 - 21.41 kgf (Set)\n\n56.29 - 62.20 kgf (Comp)\n\n182 - 210 N (Set)\n\n552 - 610 N (Comp) Valve Spring Tension\n\nCVT Trans 40.92 - 47.22 Lbs (Set)\n\n112.87 - 124.56 Lbs (Comp) 18.56 - 21.41 kgf (Set)\n\n51.19 - 56.49 kgf (Comp)\n\n182 - 210 N (Set)\n\n502 - 554 N (Comp) Valve Seating Width 0.031 - 0.063\" (INT)\n\n0.043\" - 0.067\" (EXH) 0.8 - 1.6mm (INT)\n\n1.1 - 1.7mm (EXH) Valve Seating Angle 45° 45°\n\nIntake Valve Shim Thickness Formula\n\n$$R = A + 1.69 × (B – 0.13mm (0.0051\"))$$\n\nA = Current Valve Shim Thickness\n\nB = Measured Cam Clearance\n\nR = Required Valve Shim Thickness\n\nExhaust Valve Shim Thickness Formula\n\n$$R = A + 1.87 × (B – 0.22mm (0.0087\"))$$\n\nA = Current Valve Shim Thickness\n\nB = Measured Cam Clearance\n\nR = Required Valve Shim Thickness\n\nFA20 Turbo Camshaft Specs\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Camshaft Duration\n\nSeat-to-Seat 236° (INT)\n\n246° (EXH) 236° (INT)\n\n246° (EXH) Camshaft Lift 0.403\" (INT)\n\n0.399\" (EXH) 10.24mm (INT)\n\n10.14mm (EXH) AVCS Cam Phasing Range 68° (INT)\n\n54° (EXH) 68° (INT)\n\n54° (EXH) Intake Valve Timing\n\n(Open) 42° BTDC - 26° ATDC 42° BTDC - 26° ATDC Intake Valve Timing\n\n(Close) 14° ABDC - 82° ABDC 14° ABDC - 82° ABDC Exhaust Valve Timing\n\n(Open) 66° BBDC - 11° BBDC 66° BBDC - 11° BBDC Exhaust Valve Timing\n\n(Close) 0° ATDC - 55° ATDC 0° ATDC - 55° ATDC Base Circle Diameter 1.339\" 34mm Camshaft Journal OD 1.0215 - 1.0222\" 25.946 - 25.963mm Thrust Clearance 0.0027 - 0.0047\" 0.068 - 0.116mm Oil Clearance 0.0015 - 0.0028\" 0.037 - 0.072mm Lobe Height 1.588 - 1.592\" (Std. ", "INT)\n\n1.652 - 1.656\" (Fuel Pump Drive INT)\n\n1.583 - 1.587\" (EXH) 40.34 - 40.44mm (Std. ", "INT)\n\n41.95 - 42.05mm (Fuel Pump Drive INT)\n\n40.20 - 40.30mm (EXH)\n\nFA20 Turbo Cooling System Specs\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Water Pump Flow Rate 65.5 Gal(US)/min 248 L/min Thermostat Open Temp 187 - 194 °F 86 - 90 °C Radiator Cap Pressure 14 - 18 PSI 93 - 123 kPa\n\n0.95 - 1.25 kg/cm²\n\nFA20 Turbo Oil System Specs\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Oil Pump Dimensions\n\nDiameter x Thickness 3.03\" x 0.55\" 77mm x 14mm Oil Pressure\n\nat 248 °F / 120°C 5.1 PSI (600 RPM)\n\n46.6 PSI (6700 RPM) 35 kPa / 0.4 kg/cm² (600 RPM)\n\n321 kPa / 3.3 kg/cm² (6700 RPM) Oil Flow Volume\n\nat 248 °F / 120°C 7.8 Qt/min (US) (600 RPM)\n\n63.6 Qt/min (US) (6700 RPM) 7.4 L/min (600 RPM)\n\n60.2 L/min (6700 RPM) Relief Valve Pressure 102 PSI 700 kPa\n\n7.1 kg/cm² Oil Viscosity 5W30 Synthetic 5W30 Synthetic\n\nFA20 Diagnostics + Misc. ", "Specs\n\nSpecification Standard Metric Base Ignition Timing 10°±10° at 700 RPM 10°±10° at 700 RPM Idle Speed 700±100 RPM (A/C OFF)\n\n700 - 865±50 RPM (A/C ON) 700±100 RPM (A/C OFF)\n\n700 - 865±50 RPM (A/C ON) Compression Pressure\n\n200 - 300 RPM (Cranking) 196 - 254 PSI 1350 - 1750 kPa\n\n14 - 18 kg/cm² Intake Manifold Vacuum at Idle -17.72 inHg (A/C OFF) -60.0 kPa (A/C OFF)\n\n-450 mmHg (A/C OFF)\n\nRecommended Articles\n\nPreventing Subaru Ringland Failure in the WRX, STI, etc.", "\n\nSubaru AVCS Explained\n\nSubaru Equal vs. Unequal Length Headers\n\nCar Overheating? ", "Learn to Diagnose, Fix, and Prevent It\n\nShare This Page on Forums Think others will like this article? ", "Click on the button below to copy the article's link, go to your favorite forums, and create a post. ", "Copy Article Link\n\nGet Notified of New Content Join our email list to be notified when we release new content. ", "We respect your inbox and send only 1 - 4 emails per month. ", "We will never spam, sell, or do annoying things with it ... ever.", "\n\nShare This Page For just one share a month, you too can save a car-tard from themselves." ]

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[ "Destinations\n\nFeatures\n\nHotels\n\nTours\n\nPlans for Thai entry tax criticised\n\nPlans for a 500 baht (£10) per person entry charge were announced earlier this week – those arriving overland from a neighbouring country, or those that stay for less than three days, would pay a reduced 30 baht (60p) fee.", "\n\nIt is hoped the tax, which could be introduced in January, will help the Thai government clear tourists’ unpaid medical bills and help attract more “quality” holidaymakers.", "\n\nBut Derek Moore, chairman of the Association of Independent Tour Operators (AITO), said the proposal was another instance of governments viewing travellers as an “easy target”.", "\n\n“Imposing such a tax is cavalier and shows a lack of understanding in tourism,” he told Travel Weekly, the travel news publication. “", "It almost reminds me of the behaviour of the British government over Air Passenger Duty, which sees a tax on travel as fair game.”", "\n\nA spokeswoman for Premier Holidays said it had raised the issue with the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). “", "It’s only £10 but it all adds up – that’s £40 for a family of four,” she said. “", "We are working with the Thai tourist board to make sure it doesn’t come in.”", "\n\nTAT insisted that the proposal is “one of several ideas” being considered by the government. ", "It claims that foreign tourists travelling without the correct insurance cost the country around 200 million baht (£4m) each year in unpaid medical bills.", "\n\nIt added that the proposal also formed part of the government’s plans to target “quality” tourists and encourage more high-spending, long-stay visitors.", "\n\nThere has also been discussion about the introduction of compulsory travel insurance for tourists entering the country - another idea proposed to help resolve the problem of unpaid hospital bills - but this has yet to be implemented." ]

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[ "Selective synthesis of [2-(11)C]2-iodopropane and [1-(11)C]iodoethane using the loop method by reacting methylmagnesium bromide with [11C]carbon dioxide.", "\n[2-(11)C]2-iodopropane ([2-(11)C]i-PrI) and [1-(11)C]iodoethane ([1-(11)C]EtI) were selectively synthesized using the loop method by reacting methylmagnesium bromide (MeMgBr) with [11C]carbon oxide ([11C]CO2), followed by treatment with LiAlH4 and then HI. ", "The loop method, in which a low amount of MeMgBr was used for the Grignard reaction, diminished the formation of non-radioactive iodomethane (MeI) and improved the specific activity of [2-(11)C]i-PrI and [1-(11)C]EtI. By examining the reaction temperature and time of MeMgBr with [11C]CO2 in the loop, we determined the optimal respective conditions of forming [2-(11)C]i-PrI and [1-(11)C]EtI. Moreover, [2-(11)C]i-PrI and [1-(11)C]EtI could be simultaneously synthesized at a designated ratio in one production run. ", "These substances were obtained by gas chromatographic purification as two radiochemically pure products. ", "All the processes from the production of [11C]CO2 to the purification of [11C]RI were automated. ", "When we started from about 37 GBq of [11C]CO2, 3.9-5.3 GBq of [1-(11)C]EtI or 3.7-4.4 GBq of [2-(11)C]i-PrI was obtained with a specific activity of 37-99 GBq/micromol at EOS (n=3). ", "This amount of radioactivity is sufficient for the synthesis of [11C]radioligands." ]

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[ "Sagittal plane knee motion in the ACL-deficient knee during body weight shift exercises on different support surfaces.", "\nExperimental design with group comparisons. ", "To compare anterior tibial translation and muscle activity among different exercises for early weight-bearing and neuromuscular training in individuals with a unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and in uninjured controls. ", "The effects of exercise and activity on tibial translation must be taken into consideration during rehabilitation after ACL injury. ", "Twelve patients with an ACL-deficient knee and 12 age- and gender-matched controls participated in the study. ", "Sagittal tibial translation and muscle activity were registered during the Lachman test (static translation) and 4 body weight shift exercises (dynamic translation). ", "A Student t test with Bonferroni correction and analysis of variance were used for the statistical analysis. ", "Forward-backward body weight shift exercise resulted in smaller anterior tibial translation compared to body weight shift from side to side. ", "Analysis of EMG activity could not explain this difference in anterior tibial translation. ", "The amount of anterior tibial translation or EMG activity did not change when the exercises were performed on a trampoline compared to a firm surface. ", "Forward-backward weight shifting may be preferable in initial rehabilitation after ACL injury compared to body weight shift from side to side." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPygame - What happens if you blit a surface with a rect smaller than the surface?", "\n\nIn this blit call\nscreen = pygame.", "Surface(640, 480)\nbgsurf = pygame.", "Surface(640, 480)\nnew_rect = pygame.", "Rect(0, 0, 80, 80)\n\nscreen.blit(bgsurf, new_rect, new_rect)\n\nhow pygame decides which portion of bgsurf it will copy to the screen in the new_rect area?", "\n\nA:\n\nFrom the pygame docs:\n\nblit(source, dest, area=None, special_flags = 0) -> Rect\nDraws a source Surface onto this Surface. ", "The draw can be positioned\nwith the dest argument. ", "Dest can either be pair of coordinates\nrepresenting the upper left corner of the source. ", "A Rect can also be\npassed as the destination and the topleft corner of the rectangle will\nbe used as the position for the blit. ", "The size of the destination\nrectangle does not effect the blit.", "\nAn optional area rectangle can be passed as well. ", "This represents a\nsmaller portion of the source Surface to draw.", "\n\nSo as you can see, pygame would blit the whole surface at (0,0).", "\nIf you want to blit a part of surface, you need to pass in the area Rect.", "\nEDIT:\nIn your case, it will blit the subsurface given by new_rect onto screen where the top-left corner will be placed at (0,0).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "![](", "amjdentsci81170-0040){#sp1 .568}\n\n![](", "amjdentsci81170-0041){#sp2 .569}\n\n[^1]: Translated by Arnold Wietfeld.", "\n" ]

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[ "Wikileaks, though technically not a wiki, provides an easy means to disseminate information that some find it desirable to share against the wishes of those who find it desirable to keep secret. ", "Aside from the morality of the leaking itself, such a service provides a look into the activities of...\n\nThe power of positive thinking.", "\n\nWhen the mysterious mind behind PC gaming gems like Day of the Tentacle and Grim Fandango beckons, you answer. ", "Such was the case in 2002, when I had the pleasure of getting up close and personal with Tim Schafer and his bizarre platformer Psychonauts in the cozy confines of a behind-closed-doors meeting. ", "I was absorbed into his art project for a good half-hour, so impressed with his twisted take on this tired genre that I took part in giving it Best of E3 awards from both GR and the E3 Game Critics. ", "Psychonauts left E3 2002 with more props than the back lot of MGM. ", "There was much rejoicing.", "\n\nAnd then, *poof* - it vanished.", "\n\nWell, not literally, but when a game is mysteriously dropped by Microsoft with little warning or explanation, it's a safe bet that it will turn into vaporware. ", "As the years slipped by with nary a peep from Schafer's one-time killer app, we assumed it pulled a Duke Nukem Forever. ", "Was our dream just an Indrema?", "\n\nTo our collective amazement, Psychonauts was not dead, but resting, and it turns out that wonderful things can happen to your brain when you get enough sleep. ", "Thanks to a wake-up call by the kind folks at Majesco, this mind-warping journey has come to a glorious head, and after all this time, we're still psyched.", "\n\nTo be more specific, we're finally Razputin, a goggled, psychically gifted kid who crashes a local summer camp that trains others of his kind to be Psychonauts, international psychic super-agents. ", "Just as Raz starts getting in touch with his unique abilities, the camp is rocked by strange, nefarious events involving world domination, a giant mutant lungfish and lots of missing brains. ", "As luck would have it, Raz must go from overexcited newbie to reluctant hero in an effort to save innocent lives'and he has to do it before dad shows up to take him home.", "\n\nIf the premise sounds a little off-kilter, just you wait. ", "Psychonauts is as much adventure as it is action, a fact made clear early on as Raz explores the camp and interacts with its large cast of wackos. ", "You'll meet counselors like militant Coach Oleander, Morrisey look-alike Sasha Nein and a sassy Brazillian levitation teacher named Milla Vodello. ", "The camp's creepy janitor, Ford Cruller, has a penchant for being in several places at the same time. ", "The other campers are flush with idiosyncrasies, happy children burdened with enough psychic energy to put John Edward out of business forever.", "\n\nBut the lunacy runs much, much deeper than that. ", "An abundance of funny cut-scenes and voiced dialogue help power the game's brilliant script, which focuses as much on character development as it does plot. ", "Thanks to the great writing, Raz is a shockingly likeable hero, a rarity in a platformer. ", "If a game lives or dies by its characters and story, Psychonauts might as well be immortal.", "\n\nThough the plot is based around events shaping the real world, much of your time is spent exploring the minds of its characters - literally. ", "In a move that would make Freud green with envy, Raz can hop into people's heads to help sort out their problems. ", "No two minds are alike, and in Psychonauts each one gets its own, unique level.", "\n\nDrawing influence from Tim Burton, Pixar Studios and Schafer's own warped cortex, the style of Psychonauts is wildly imaginative. ", "Forget the typical snow level, lava level, water level flow of most platformers. ", "Here, you're thrown into an assortment of delightfully disjointed environments based on the mental demons plaguing the game's characters. ", "Coach Oleander's mind is a war-torn battlefield rife with exploding shells and barbed wire, while Sasha Nein prefers the rigid organization provided by a giant mechanical cube. ", "In a hysterical homage to Godzilla, you terrorize the denizens of Lungfishopolis as the gargantuan \"Gogglor.\" ", "You wind your way through a deranged 1950's mobious strip while inside the head of a lunatic obsessed with a shadowy figure named \"The Milkman\" in perhaps the coolest platforming level I've ever played. ", "It just goes on and on; the creativity is off the charts and serves as the game's finest feature.", "\n\nThe varied level design also makes the game less repetitive than most platformers, although the basics are still pretty much the basics. ", "Most levels require plenty of jumping, hanging and swinging while collecting all kinds of stuff. ", "Psychonauts has multiple variations on the Mario coin, from artsy-fartsy \"Figments of Imagination\" found in people's minds to Arrowheads that function as currency. ", "You can buy a few upgrades and items at the local shop, but it's not a very deep system. ", "You'll also snag psi-cards to increase your rank (which unlocks some extra powers), reunite weeping \"emotional baggage\" with their appropriate luggage tags and clear mental cobwebs using a vacuum.", "\n\nUltimately, the wealth of collectables is a bit overbearing. ", "Searching for pickups can often be a chore, and though you don't really need to scrounge up every arrowhead, it's hard not to feel compelled to try since there's shiny junk everywhere. ", "Someone should have posted a \"do not litter\" sign.", "\n\nWhile incessantly picking things up isn't much fun, Psychonauts gives you nine interesting ways to put \"em down. ", "Normal punches work well, but the best tools are found in your psychic powers, which are key to surviving enemy attacks and solving puzzles. ", "They're all fairly straightforward - Psi-Blast is your laser, Levitation helps you jump higher, Invisibility lets you sneak by undetected, etc. - ", "but all play a major role in getting through each level. ", "The coolest power is Clairvoyance, which lets you see Raz through the eyes of another. ", "This results in some terrific puzzle solutions, not to mention a ton of groovy little representations of Raz, since everything sees you differently.", "\n\nThe bulk of the gameplay, however, is fairly identical to most games of the genre. ", "You lead Raz to the Promised Land by jumping on platforms, whacking relatively mindless enemies and trying to reach the end of each level. ", "Occasionally the experience is marred by frustrating platforming bits where you keep dying because you can't make a certain jump, but Psychonauts suffers more from being too easy rather than too difficult. ", "Decent gamers will rarely have to replay any level more than once or twice, and the puzzles are patently easy to solve. ", "Considering the difficulty of Schafer's PC adventure games, this is a walk in the park.", "\n\nThe undemanding action isn't helped by the game's short length. ", "Most gamers will beat it in about 12 hours, and other than going back and collecting every missing fragment, there's not much replay value. ", "For a game four years in the making, it sure is brief.", "\n\nAnd it sure is gorgeous. ", "The visual quality matches the impeccable style with a smooth framerate, outstanding textures and manic attention to detail. ", "The environments were obviously crafted with great care and stand out as the brightest feather in the cap. ", "Really the only graphical letdown is found in the cut-scenes, as the character modeling is a little outdated.", "\n\nThe sound, though, is right on time. ", "The voice-acting is terrific and lends each character a distinct personality, although part of that is due to the script. ", "The same goes for the music, which changes styles as deftly as the game itself. ", "It's all Elfman-inspired hysteria and it never grows tiresome.", "\n\nAnd for the most part, neither does Psychonauts. ", "Though its gameplay is hardly innovative and its length is questionable, it is well worth the four-year wait. ", "This stylish adventure is just what we hoped it would be - a deranged, oddball jaunt through a fun, bizarre world - proving that a creative mind is indeed a terrible thing to waste. ", "Besides, they make sweet levels." ]

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[ "Great Greenway Park home. ", "Features a 3 car garage, tile floors in kitchen, Newer Furnace, New Water Heater, Main floor laundry with washer and dryer included. ", "Private backyard with Patio great for entertaining. ", "Don't miss out. ", "Please remove shoes due to new carpet.", "\n\nPrice\n\nSold Price:$274,900Sold Date:11/07/2014\n\nSubdivision: Greenway Park\n\nCounty:\nBroomfield\n\nBeds: 3\n\nBaths: 2 Full/1 Half\n\nSq ft:2,101 (approx)\n\n#: 3498234\n\nStatus: Sold\n\nDescription\n\nGreat Greenway Park home. ", "Features a 3 car garage, tile floors in kitchen, Newer Furnace, New Water Heater, Main floor laundry with washer and dryer included. ", "Private backyard with Patio great for entertaining. ", "Don't miss out. ", "Please remove shoes due to new carpet.", "\n\nListing Information\n\nProperty Type: Single Family-Detached\n\nStyle:Multi Level\n\nBedrooms:3\n\nBathrooms:2 Full/1 Half\n\nLot Size:0.12 Acres\n\nTotal Square Feet:2,101 (approx)\n\nPrice per Sq. ", "Ft.:$171.28\n\nYear Built:1996\n\nConstruction:Brick, Block\n\nLocale:Greenway Park\n\nFinished Square Feet:1,605 Sq. ", "Ft. (", "approx)\n\nNeighborhood\n\nSchool Information\n\nDistrict: Jefferson R-1\n\nElementary:RYAN\n\nMiddle:MANDALAY\n\nHigh:STANDLEY LAKE\n\nRoom Information\n\nBathrooms\n\nFull Baths: 2\n\n1/2 Baths: 1\n\nInterior Features\n\nAppliances:Dishwasher, Dryer, Refrigerator, Washer\n\nFlooring:Tile, Carpet\n\nHeating:Gas Heat,Forced Air\n\nBasement:Slab, Partial\n\nFireplaces:1,Gas logs, Living Room\n\nExterior / Lot Features\n\nParking:3 Parking Spaces\n\nExterior:Brick\n\nZoning:R-3-PUD\n\nFence:Fenced (any type)\n\nAdditional Exterior/Lot Features:Cul-De-Sac\n\nFinancial Considerations\n\nPrimary Association Fee:$93 Monthly\n\nTax/Property ID:\nR2411070\n\nTax Amount:$813\n\nTax Year:\n2013\n\nListing Price History\n\nBroomfield Real Estate\n\nBroomfield is located in Colorado.", "\nBroomfield, Colorado 80020 has a population of 65,065.", "\n\nThe median household income in Broomfield, Colorado 80020 is\n$80,430.", "\nThe median household income for the surrounding county is $80,430\ncompared to the national median of $53,482.", "\nThe median age of people living in Broomfield 80020 is\n37.4 years." ]

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[ "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,195,732 (Bell), which is assigned to the assignee of this application, discloses a highly successful roll support and spacing member. ", "The structure disclosed in the Bell patent is formed from an elongated bar of expanded foam material such as polystyrene. ", "The structure is used for palletizing rolls of web material, such as film or the like, and cushions the rolls to protect against damage in handling and shipment. ", "The elongated bars include a plurality of spaced, semi-cylindrical roll indentations along at least one of their surfaces to receive the rolls of web material. ", "In order to effectively protect the rolls of web material, the semi-cylindrical indentations provide a relatively snug fit against the respective roll. ", "The relatively snug fit prevents severely uneven load distribution which can flatten rolls. ", "In some circumstances, flattened rolls are unusable to the end user. ", "In addition, relatively even load distribution over the indentation is important to eliminate denting or scratching of the roll. ", "Scratches on rolls often cause zippering when the roll is run on a web machine, thus rendering the roll completely unusable. ", "The elongated bars of expanded foam also include a plurality of recesses located within or adjacent the side portions of the semi-cylindrical roll indentations to provide flexural cushioning. ", "The flexural cushioning recesses in the semi-cylindrical roll indentations provide for the requisite balance between strength and flexibility, and prevent the foam bars from cracking in use. ", "In such construction, the bars are permitted to conform to different diameter rolls without causing breakage to the bars or load collapse. ", "The bars of the Bell patent permit limited relative movement among the rolls of the stack while, at the same time, are of sufficient strength to prevent crushing and collapse of the stack.", "\nIn use, the elongated bars of the Bell patent may be placed between the bottom layer of rolls and the supporting pallet, between subsequent layers of rolls in the stack, and on top of the top layer of the stack. ", "In one form of stacking arrangement, each layer contains a number of rolls of web material arranged in parallel and axial orientation. ", "The supporting bars may be arranged parallel to one another and spaced apart with the end portions of each roll supported on a semi-cylindrical roll indentation provided on adjacent spaced bars. ", "For example, a semi-cylindrical roll indentation provided by an interiorly located bar normally supports the end portions of two rolls of web material. ", "Also, the Bell patent discloses one embodiment which provides an integral lip along one of the outside edges of the semi-cylindrical roll indentation to protect an otherwise exposed axial end of a roll from nicks or other damage.", "\nAlthough the expanded foam roll support and spacing members as disclosed in the Bell patent have been highly successful, many companies (including the assignee of this application) have more recently also begun to manufacture somewhat similar roll support and spacing members made from molded pulp. ", "It is important that such molded pulp roll support and spacing members have sufficient strength to prevent crushing and collapse of the stack, and also have sufficient flexibility to permit limited relative movement among the rolls of the stack. ", "Heretofore, molded pulp roll support and spacing members have also normally included recesses in the semi-cylindrical roll indentations. ", "The recesses are important to provide the molded pulp roll support and spacing members with the delicate balance between strength and flexibility necessary for adequate cushioning of the rolls.", "\nRecesses in the semi-cylindrical roll indentations of molded pulp roll support and spacing members have been deemed critical for several reasons. ", "First, the recesses strengthen the dried molded pulp member to prevent crushing of the member under heavy loads. ", "If crushing occurs, stacks can loosen. ", "Also, load distribution on the rolls of web material is compromised, and the rolls of web material can flatten. ", "In addition, the presence of recesses in the semi-cylindrical indentations maintains the strength of the cushioning roll indentations for the rolls even when the diameter of the rolls is reasonably inconsistent (e.g. 1 to 2 inch variance in roll diameter among rolls). ", "Secondly, the recesses help to maintain the shape and dimension of the semi-cylindrical roll indentations during the fabrication process. ", "As mentioned, it is important for performance that the shape and dimensions of the semi-cylindrical roll indentations be maintained within suitable tolerances. ", "The recesses help in this regard by supporting the wet molded pulp member during the drying process to prevent sagging or other similar distortions.", "\nRecesses and/or ridges in the semi-cylindrical roll indentations, however, often mark, dent or scratch the roll (e.g. nicks, creases, etc.) ", "especially under heavy loads." ]

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[ "Santi Pietro e Paolo d'Agrò\n\nSanti Pietro e Paolo d’Agrò is a church in Casalvecchio Siculo, in the Metropolitan City of Messina on Sicily (Italy). ", "It is one of the foremost examples on Sicily of Norman architecture.", "\n\nHistory\nThe church was constructed during the 12th century as part of a Basilian monastery.", "\n\nArchitecture\nThe church is about wide, long and high. ", "Its exterior is characterised by its block-like form, but the facade is richly decorated. ", "Inside, the church has the plan of a basilica with three aisles. ", "Two domes rise from the central nave, one above its centre and one above the choir.", "\n\nThe architecture of the church displays influences from a vast variety of sources, and constitutes \"a mixed architectural heritage, attributable to Sicily's heterogeneous population, Muslims, Byzantines, and Normans.\" ", "The block-like form of the exterior is reminiscent of North African contemporary architecture while the floor plan of the church is similar to the way churches were built in the Byzantine architectural tradition. ", "Its principle of construction at the same time is essentially that of Western European Gothic architecture. ", "In its details and decorations, too, the church exhibits a wealth of influences (e.g. in the use of muqarnas vaulting). ", "For these reasons, the church has been called \"one of the most sophisticated and coherent works of architecture to emerge from the Norman rule of the island\".", "\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\n Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Norman architecture in Italy\nCategory:Churches with Norman architecture\nCategory:Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan City of Messina" ]

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[ "Gerontodermatology: the fragility of the epidermis in older adults.", "\nThe proportion of adults over 60 years of age is rapidly increasing and is estimated to reach approximately one-sixth of the global population by 2030. ", "An ageing population is a real challenge for healthcare resources, including dermatologists and geriatricians, as age-related changes in skin integrity and barrier function make older adults more susceptible to developing skin pathologies such as pruritus, dermatitis and infections. ", "Fragile skin arises from several interlinked causes, including age-related changes in skin barrier integrity, previous and current lifestyle choices, skin pathologies and medical interventions. ", "Dermo-cosmetics can play a key role in enhancing skin care regimens and preventing pathologies in this age group. ", "In vitro studies, clinical, and in-daily clinical practice studies of dermo-cosmetics have shown them to be effective in many skin conditions in older adults, like xerosis and pruritus. ", "Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), a common condition arising from contact with irritants such as urine and faeces which can significantly impact the quality of life of sufferers, can also be improved with a barrier cream in incontinent patients aged 70 years and older. ", "This supplement focuses on the increased fragility of older skin, the development of common skin pathologies and the efficacy and tolerance of dermo-cosmetic products in older adults." ]

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[ "git rev-parse HEAD>current_version.txt\nset /P CURRENT=<current_version.txt\necho %CURRENT%\n\nmkdir build\n::if %errorlevel% neq 0 exit /b %errorlevel%\n\ncd build\nif %errorlevel% neq 0 exit /b %errorlevel%\n\nset QTDIR=C:\\qt-everywhere-opensource-src-4.8.6_64\nset OGRE_HOME=C:\\Ogre64\\Build\\sdk\ncall \"C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio 12.0\\Common7\\Tools\\VsDevCmd.bat\"\n\ncmake .. -G\"Visual Studio 12 2013 Win64\" -T v120_xp -DZLIB_INCLUDE_DIR=C:/zlib-1.2.8 -DBOOST_ROOT=C:\\boost_1_55_0_64 -DBOOST_LIBRARYDIR=C:\\boost_1_55_0_64\\lib64-msvc-12.0 -DOGRE_DIR=C:\\Ogre64\\Build\\sdk -DOIS_HOME=C:\\Ogre64\\Dependencies\\Build\\ogredeps -DZLIB_LIBRARY=C:/zlib-1.2.8/contrib/vstudio/vc11/x64/ZlibDllReleaseWithoutAsm/zlibwapi.lib\nif %errorlevel% neq 0 exit /b %errorlevel%\n" ]

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[ "Euplexia euplexina\n\nEuplexia euplexina is a moth of the family Noctuidae. ", "It is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is found on La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife.", "\n\nAdults are on wing year round, but are rare in summer.", "\n\nThe larvae feed on various ferns, including Dryopteris oligodonta, Pteridium aquilinum and Dryopteris guanchica and herbaceous plants, including Argyranthemum broussonetii and Urtica morifolia. ", "Young larvae are green, becoming browner when older. ", "Pupation takes place in a cocoon in soil litter.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Images of Euplexia euplexina\n Images of Euplexia euplexina\n Original description of Euplexia euplexina\n\nCategory:Euplexia\nCategory:Moths described in 1957" ]

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[ "Hladiny moří podle panelu stoupaly v letech 2006 až 2015 dvakrát rychleji, než to bylo v průměru během 20. ", "století. ", "Podle nejhorších předpovědí by hladina vody mohla být až o dva metry výše. ", "V ohrožení budou města jako New York, Šanghaj a metropole v deltách Gangy a Mekongu.", "\n\nPři jiném pohledu dat – přepočet na osobu však zemi zařadí mezi jednu z těch ekologičtějších. ", "Více plastů na obyvatele produkuje například Německo, Irsko, Spojené státy, ale třeba také Grónsko. ", "Data pro Českou republiku projekt Our world in data neeviduje. ", "Celková produkce plastu roste. ", "V roce 2010 bylo vyrobeno 313 miliard tun plastu, v roce 2015 pak dokonce 381 miliard tun.", "\n\nVyhazujeme i velké množství potravin. ", "Podle Centra pro výzkum veřejného mínění představoval potravinový odpad v roce 2017 zhruba třetinu veškerého odpadu, který české domácnosti vyhodily. ", "Ročně to je necelých 830 tisíc tun jídla, pro 59 procent Čechů je důvodem to, že se potraviny zkazí. ", "V Evropě se vyhodí ročně kolem 90 milionů tun jídla. ", "Na celém světě končí ročně v odpadu 1,6 miliardy tun jídla za 750 miliard dolarů.", "\n\nCelosvětově roste spotřeba elektrické energie . ", "Zatímco v roce 1990 byla celková spotřeba elektřiny podle Mezinárodní energetické agentury 10 901 terawatthodin, v roce 2016 šlo již o 23 107 terawatthodin. ", "Každý obyvatel Země tak průměrně spotřebuje ročně 3,11 megawatthodiny elektrické energie. ", "Ta je stále nejvíce vytvářena uhelnými elektrárnami, které tvoří 38,3 % celé produkce elektřiny. ", "Rostoucí poptávka po energiích si vybírá svou daň v životním prostředí, kdy právě uhelné elektrárny v roce 1990 produkovaly 5 gigatun oxidu uhličitého, v roce 2018 pak do vzduchu vypustily do vzduchu už více než 10,1 gigatuny oxidu uhličitého.", "\n\nPodle americké vesmírné agentury NASA stoupá globální povrchová teplota Země od poloviny 70. ", "let minulého století. ", "Index globální teploty vyjadřuje, o kolik se planeta oteplila ve srovnání s normálem z let 1951–1980. ", "V České republice je oteplení evidentní. ", "Z dat Českého hydrometeorologického ústavu vyplývá, že poslední desetiletí je v Česku o 1,5 stupně teplejší než šedesátá léta minulého století. ", "Podle NASA se osmnáct nejteplejších let vůbec odehrálo za posledních devatenáct let." ]

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[ "Shua-Ermani\n\nShua-Ermani (, , Astæukkag Еrman) is a settlement in the Dzau district of South Ossetia.", "\n\nSee also\n Dzau district\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Dzau District" ]

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[ "Methoxytyrosine formation as an indicator of catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in rat liver in vivo.", "\nThe O-methyl derivative methoxytyrosine accumulated rapidly in rat liver after an intraperitoneal injection of L-dopa (50 mg/kg) in combination with 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine, an inhibitor of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. ", "Methoxytyrosine levels reached a plateau 40--60 min after i.p. ", "injection of L-dopa, of which the tissue concentration declined monoexponentially. ", "Injection of various doses of L-dopa revealed that methoxytyrosine formation was saturable and followed enzyme kinetics in rat liver. ", "The catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors pyrogallol, tropolone and alpha-propyldopacetamide as well as the inhibitor of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase benserazide inhibited the formation of methoxytyrosine dose-dependently and concomitantly increased the tissue concentration of dopa. ", "The accumulation of methoxytyrosine from exogeneously applied L-dopa appears to be a reliable indicator of the in vivo activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase." ]

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[ "Wólka Małkowa\n\nWólka Małkowa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tryńcza, within Przeworsk County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. ", "It lies approximately south-west of Tryńcza, north of Przeworsk, and east of the regional capital Rzeszów.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Przeworsk County" ]

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[ "Seattle Festival Guide\n\nTucked away in the Pacific Northwest, Seattle boasts a vibrant festival scene that's jam-packed with all kinds of art, music and cultural festivals throughout the year including Bumbershoot, Seattle Fringe Festival, Capitol Hill Block Party, Northwest Folklife Festival, and the Seattle International Film Festival.", "\n\nHome to the Pike Place Market, the Space Needle and excellent coffee, Seattle's a hip city with stunning views thanks to its unbeatable location. ", "If it seems like everyone you know is moving out West, it's because they are; Seattle is one of the top 15 most populated metropolitan areas in the country and consistently ranks as one of the fastest-growing major cities.", "\n\nSeattle makes its case as being the cultural center of the Pacific Northwest with a diverse community that possesses extraordinary talent. ", "From opera and ballet, to theatre and pure visual spectacle, this urban paradise has it all. ", "The city celebrates its cultural diversity with events like the Betsuin Bon Odori Festival, Dragon Fest and dozens of other festivals that revolve around Seattle's innovative arts community.", "\n\nWhen it comes to music, you can't beat Seattle's storied history with some of the all-time greats. ", "The likes of Jimi Hendrix, Ray Charles, Chris Cornell, and many other legends have graced Seattle's music scene. ", "But perhaps the most noteworthy is Nirvana, a grunge band led by the late Kurt Cobain, who became an overnight sensation when \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" entered heavy rotation on music television stations. ", "This, along with the massive success of other Seattle-based bands like Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and Alice in Chains, entered alternative rock into the mainstream. ", "Almost any music festival you attend here will have ties to the Emerald City's incredibly music history.", "\n\nWhile Portland remains proud of its ridiculous number of food trucks parked around the city, Seattle lets their food do all the talking for them. ", "For one, Seattle is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington with direct access to the Pacific Ocean. \"", "Catch of the day\" is an understatement, because Seattleites reel in scores of fresh seafood looking to earn a spot on your plate. ", "Crisp-skinned salmon, slurp-tastic oysters and many other delectable dishes await you at seemingly every restaurant in the city. ", "Seafood is not all they're good at, though. ", "The Seattle Dog, for example, is a unique combination of cream cheese, grilled onions, peppers, and mustard (among other variations) lathered on top of a hot dog. ", "Seriously. ", "All you need to do is roll up to one of many food festivals throughout the year, like Bite of Seattle, to get a sense of Seattle's exquisite culinary scene.", "\n\nYou could definitely make a day trip to Portland, Oregon, and be spoiled by the city's insane craft beer scene, but that doesn't mean Seattle is lacking in sudsy goodness. ", "Put on some flannel and you'll blend right in at any brewery, tap room, bar or bottle shop you stumble upon. ", "You can't go wrong when delicious beers from local breweries like Reuben's Brews, Stoup Brewing, and Holy Mountain Brewing cascade down your throat. ", "The good stuff doesn't just pour from their taps either; Seattle features a stellar lineup of beer festivals with kegs upon kegs of amazing brews. ", "The renowned Seattle International Beerfest takes advantage of rare sunny skies and more than 200 craft beers from around the world.", "\n\nIf we've buttered you up with talks of suds, then we certainly can't ignore Seattle's coffee culture. ", "Yes, java heads, there is such a thing as coffee culture, and it's absolutely delightful here. ", "Look no further than the original Starbucks retail store, located in Pike Place Market. ", "It goes without saying that Starbucks is the largest coffee retailer in Seattle, but that doesn't mean your options are limited to chains. ", "The city is blessed with hundreds of indie coffeehouses, too. ", "You won't be shocked to hear that Seattle boasts nearly one thousand coffee shops per capita and, hopefully sometime soon, it will snatch the crown from San Francisco.", "\n\nStill not convinced of Seattle's cultural prowess? ", "Then take a gander at the multitude of festivals happening in the city throughout the year; it's essentially your fault if you're still bored." ]

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[ "In the medical field, implantable leads are used with a wide variety of medical devices. ", "For example, implantable leads are commonly used to form part of implantable cardiac pacemaker systems that provide therapeutic stimulation to the heart by delivering pacing, cardioversion or defibrillation pulses. ", "The pulses can be delivered to the heart via electrodes disposed on the leads, e.g., typically near distal ends of the leads. ", "In that case, the leads can position the electrodes with respect to various cardiac locations so that the pacemaker can deliver pulses to the appropriate locations. ", "Leads are also used for sensing purposes, or both sensing and stimulation purposes.", "\nIn addition, implantable leads are used with neurological devices such as deep-brain stimulation devices, and spinal cord stimulation devices. ", "For example, leads can be stereotactically probed into the brain to position electrodes for deep brain stimulation. ", "Leads are also used with a wide variety of other medical devices including, for example, devices that provide muscular stimulation therapy, devices that sense chemical conditions in a patient's blood, gastric system stimulators, implantable nerve stimulators, implantable lower colon stimulators, e.g., in graciloplasty applications, implantable drug or beneficial agent dispensers or pumps, implantable cardiac signal loops or other types of recorders or monitors, implantable gene therapy delivery devices, implantable incontinence prevention or monitoring devices, implantable insulin pumps or monitoring devices, implantable hearing restoration devices, and the like. ", "In short, medical leads can be used for sensing purposes, stimulation purposes, drug delivery, and the like.", "\nA number of challenges exist with respect to medical leads. ", "In particular, new and improved lead designs are often needed to facilitate medical implantation to specific locations within a patient. ", "For example, as more advanced and complex pacing techniques are developed, it becomes desirable to facilitate lead implantation at new cardiac locations. ", "Some recent advancements in pacing have made use of non-conventional locations for delivery of pacing pulses, such as left ventricular locations, atrial roof locations and epicardium locations to name a few. ", "Other non-conventional locations for delivery of therapeutic pulses to the heart or other body locations will likely be discovered and used in the future." ]

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[ "Adblock is running! ", "Adblocker plugins can interfere with the Adaptive streaming APIs. ", "For an enjoyable experience add us to your Adblock tool as an Exception. ", "Hide\n\nAdvertisement Resume Advertisement Replay Continue to the video Advertisement\n\nMassive Load Awards Her Awesome Blowjob 7:14\n\n\nEmbed This Video On Your Site With This Html : Copy Embed code <iframe src=\"https://www.youjizz.com/videos/embed/2273681\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width:100%; height:570px;\" scrolling=\"no\" allowtransparency=\"true\"></iframe>\n\nReport this video: Reason Broken Spam Not Porn Other\n\nPornstar :\n\nSubmit Tags :\n\nSubmit" ]

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[ "Writing on perfume so fine and evocative I could smell the accords in imagination!", "\n\nAftel’s book is a delight, to all who might be interested in perfumery, the mysteries of olfaction, and, particularly how psyche and aroma connect. ", "Her book is far from a leaf through, light on substance pretty picture coffee table book. ", "Instead, dense and engagingly written text, lightened and deepened by beautiful line drawings – which are actually so much more satisfying (for this reader) than the usual photographer and bottles of perfume artfully arranged number.", "\n\nThere is something enormously pleasing about the original slow work involved in making, for example, botanical line drawings, woodcuts and the like, which are then here reproduced.", "\n\nAftel is a fascinating writer, too. ", "Originally a psychotherapist she brings that listening delight to teasing out the useful story of ‘the other’ the uncovering of hidden meaning, to the way she sees her present vocation – perfumer. ", "And, her interest is in natural perfumes, rather than those of novel synthesised chemistry created in a lab.", "\n\nThose of us who are pulled, for many reasons, by perfume using plants, know that this is slow, reflective perfumery. ", "At its best we are drawn into a realisation of the complexity of growing the plants, of extractions to yield their aromatics, of a weight of history behind them\n\nAnd Aftel brings all this along with her in her book, connecting ‘’Per fumem” to its original, sacred roots, and the making of perfume from extracting essential oils from plants to an original pairing with alchemy.", "\n\nC. Gesner, The newe jewell of health\n\nAlong the way as well as philosophical, psychological and historical reflections, there is much practical information for the budding kitchen perfumer, including methods, aromatic suggestions, information about what will harmoniously marry with what, and what might connect with interesting, piquant oppositions.", "\n\nThis is a book to enjoyably read and re-read – not to mention, embark on given formulations and sail out on one’s own to assay others.", "\n\nEnfleurage, in times of yore\n\nThe book concludes with a list of potential suppliers, though as this was originally published in 2001 I note some of the listed suppliers have long disembarked from their perfumed barges and vanished into the wild blue yonder,\n\nThere is also an extensive bibliography and reference section, to take the eager reader onwards into further aromatic journeys, be these deeper into an exploration of alchemy, or neurobiology and olfaction, or, even weighty tomes exploring the history and design of perfume bottles!", "\n\nThis is very much a deep, broad, wide read on the subject, but beckoning the lured reader on the further exploration\n\n8 thoughts on “Mandy Aftel – Essence and Alchemy”\n\nIndeed. ", "I’ve not bought commercial perfumes for decades because they smell of strange chemistry to me, rather than ‘real’ or harmonious. ", "I have the same reaction to processed food. ", "I think many people have become ‘sensitised’ to artificial isolates But I only do it for personal use, or face to face friends etc that I might make something for. ", "Any kind of moving into commercial areas becomes a minefield set around with regulations which have come in force, due to (in my opinion) precisely the everywhere use of synthetic cocktails of fragrance products. ", "This means that specific chemistry within a plant happily and safely used for thousands of years becomes ‘suspect’ – because the isolate has been shown to have sensitivity or other issues. ", "And so even those only using botanicals commercially will find that they are not allowed to use a specific botanical above a certain percentage (often remarkably low) within a product because one or more of the naturally occurring chemical components within the several hundreds which make up the plant, is subject to regulations brought about by the use of its synthetic isolate in something or other. ", "It’s all very sad Probably an answer far more charged and complex than you might idly have been expecting. ", "Clearly, a big button push for me. ", "I’m just increasingly aware of the numbers of people who seem to be suffering with some kind of toxic overload of ‘novel’ chemistry which the air is staggeringly full of with the advent of some kind of artificially fragranced everything – from aromas pumped out in shops to make us buy more (it works – even in shops selling nothing cosmetic at all!) ", "to highly perfumed washing powders, conditioners, etc etc etc\n\nYou’ll get no argument from me, as someone who has more than once fainted in shops while walking through the perfume department (seriously) and who regularly ends up choking as people in public toilets spray all their artificially scented stuff lavishly around. ", "The tragic thing is I never find it smells as nice as naturally scented stuff anyway. ", "And I’ve had issues with skin sensitivity for years, mainly because of my thyroid admittedly, but not helped at all by highly perfumed washing powders etc.", "\n\nIt’s becoming more and more common. ", "I don’t think I’m imagining this – I think I read that in the States there have been some groups trying to stop the ubiquitous use of artificial aromatics in public places, because there are a sizeable minority of people with adverse reactions to the. ", "You can, after all, choose to avoid consuming stuff with ingredients which are problematic for you – but you can’t avoid breathing in what might be pumping around in the air con, of wafting past you by someone who is sprayed with a multiplicity of highly fragranced artificialness from top to toe. ", "And wearing clothes doused in yet more olfactory overload stuff. ", "Headaches induced by strong (artificial) aromas are quite common. ", "Each individual constituent may be below a certain limit, but with novel chemistry and novel limitless combinations of them all, possible, the cumulative effects are ignored\n\nIt’s a wonderful book Madame Bibi. ", "I’m eagerly awaiting a more recent, more coffee table book from her to arrive from the States, where I found a better price via marketplace. ", "I don’t mind drooling over beautiful illustrations, but I do want a writer to have something interesting and unusual to say, and in a voice which engages me. ", "Aftel is certainly one of those!" ]

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[ "The Federal Government is moving to stop telecommunications companies from making huge profits from people using their mobile phones overseas.", "\n\nNumerous consumers have complained about excessive charges, with one ABC listener reporting being initially billed $11,000 for a document download.", "\n\nSenator Conroy says the profit for international roaming stood at 1,000 per cent when Australia started a joint study with New Zealand into the problem.", "\n\nThat has now fallen to 300 per cent, but Senator Conroy says a paper out today proposes price caps and other measures to bring it down even further.", "\n\n\"We're announcing two things today. ", "We're releasing adiscussion paper which we've worked on for the last couple of years with the New Zealand government which is saying we need to act now,\" he told ABC News 24's Breakfast program.", "\n\n\"We've done a study and what we found was at the beginning of the study the mark-up, the margin for international cost calls between here and New Zealand was 1,000 per cent.", "\n\n\"With the spotlight on, it's come down to 300 per cent but that is not good enough.\"", "\n\nSenator Conroy says Australians are being \"ripped off\" and Australia and New Zealand are negotiating an agreement to introduce legislation looking at possible price caps to \"stop this rort\".", "\n\n\"I'm directing the ACMA to put in place a standard which will see mobile phone companies notifying their customers when they're overseas of the cost of a call, the cost of sending a text, the cost of going online, and giving them the option to opt out,\" he said.", "\n\n\"As many Australians will know, you've come back from overseas and gone 'oh my God!'\"", "\n\nSorry, this video has expired Stephen Conroy and his New Zealand counterpart Amy Adams speak to reporters\n\nSenator Conroy says in one example, an Australian woman who was ill racked up a $4,000 phone bill while in New Zealand.", "\n\n\"That is more than the cost of the holiday - and she desperately needed the holiday,\" he said.", "\n\n\"You're talking about thousands of dollars in some cases for doing the simplest of things.", "\n\n\"And some people in the community have gone into the shop of the telcos and said 'please, can you turn this off' and they get back and they still have a phone bill.", "\n\n\"In those examples the telcos usually are reasonable, but the fact you can run up these bills without Australians' knowledge of the costs is not good enough.\"" ]

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[ "People are generally aware of the most common causes of hallucinations, like schizophrenia and a really high fever. ", "But lesser known are the more rare causes; here are six you probably haven't heard about.", "\n\nMany Kids Being Diagnosed with ADHD\n\nAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) cases among American children have soared in the past decade, according to a new study. ", "Researchers also found that the rates of ADHD diagnosis amongst white children and black girls have increased dramatically.", "\n\nADHD or Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder is characterized with the inability in paying attention, controlling behavior and being overtly active, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ", "The condition is rapidly increasing in the U.S., with one out of every ten children showing symptoms of ADHD. ", "The condition can't be cured but, can be successfully controlled.", "\n\nThe study included 850,000 children aged between 5 and 11 years from various races and ethnicities. ", "All the study participants were cared at care at Kaiser Permanente Southern California between 2001 and 2010. ", "More than 39,000 or 4.2 percent children were diagnosed with ADHD within 11 years.", "\n\nResearchers found that children belonging to white or black communities were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than Asians or Pacific Islanders.", "\n\nNew ADHD cases increased from 2.5 percent in 2001 to 3.1 percent in 2010, an increase of about 24 percent, the study says. ", "During the same period, ADHD diagnosis for black girls rose by 90 percent.", "\n\n\"Our study findings suggest that there may be a large number of factors that affect ADHD diagnosis rates, including cultural factors that may influence the treatment-seeking behavior of some groups,\" said Darios Getahun, MD, from Kaiser Permanente Southern California's Department of Research & Evaluation and study lead author of the study.", "\n\nIn the present study, boys were about three times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls. ", "Also, children belonging to higher socio-economic class had more likelihood of being diagnosed with ADHD than kids from families earning $30,000 or less.", "\n\n\"While the reasons for increasing ADHD rates are not well understood, contributing factors may include heightened awareness of ADHD among parents and physicians, which could have led to increased screening and treatment. ", "This variability may indicate the need for different allocation of resources for ADHD prevention programs, and may point to new risk factors or inequalities in care,\" said Dr. Getahun in a press release from Kaiser Permanente." ]

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