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"\n\nSinotruk Hubei Huawin Special Vehicle Co., LTD\n\nSINOTRUK was established following the reform and restructuring in 2001, became a Hong Kong listed company in 2007; and in 2009, SINOTRUK forged a strategic partnership with Germany MAN which holding a 25%+1 stake in SINOTUK (Hong Kong) Limited, and introduced D08, D20 and D26 engine technologies, medium & heavy duty truck axle technologies.",
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"No-Fuss Victoria Brides Advice Around The Uk\n\nRead Christian singles and Christian dating advice with Biblical principles and guidance for men and women in relationships searching for assist and tips from the Bible. ",
"If you think it’s okay to judge your girlfriend’s actions, you are useless incorrect. ",
"Judging her is simply victoria brides going to weaken your connection and construct mistrust. ",
"If you happen to hit her the place it hurts with private judgement, she’s not going to wish to tell you anything for worry of one other assault, whether or not you meant it or not.",
"\n\nMost men inform me they don’t know learn how to be who their wife needs them to be or needs them to be. ",
"And, most men don’t, anymore than our wives know easy methods to be the wife we need. ",
"I imagine if we wish to develop sturdy victoriabrides marriages we will each, husbands and wives, must continue to learn. ",
"It’s by no means too late to start! ",
"Ephesians 5 calls it a mystery, but the best marriages work via the onerous work, to get to the larger achieve. ",
"Nice marriages are price it.",
"\n\nInside Products For victoria brides\n\nFinding No-Fuss Solutions In victoria brides review\n\nIn case you have let yourself go, it may very well be on the heart of a variety of your issues. ",
"Many of us don’t wish to admit it, however it’s a very human urge to need to be interested in your mate. ",
"However, numerous victoriabrides instances, once the relationship has gotten well beyond the comfortable section, one or each folks in the marriage lose curiosity in retaining themselves in form. ",
"As a lot as we would like it to be, love does not take away our want for attraction.",
"\n\nIn fact one of many biggest elements that has Russian women signing up in droves to the dating businesses is simple demographics. ",
"There are roughly 88 males per one hundred women in Russia, and this huge discrepancy creates plenty of social issues. ",
"Most notably it provides all the connection power to the boys, permitting them to be very choosy, and very demanding. ",
"The old stereotype of the Russian alcoholic who mistreats, beats, and cheats on their associate victoria brides is not without its actual life examples. ",
"The wife then again, as a result of she has little likelihood of finding one other man, is forced to put up with it – especially if they have kids collectively. ",
"A divorcee with youngsters merely can’t compete as the subsequent technology of sculpted cheekbones and sultry pouts renders them as a has-been.",
"\n\nThe servant of Abraham was marked by his keen obedience and his attention to the directions given him. ",
"He diligently pursued his job, not eating or resting until it was accomplished. ",
"There was a sense of urgency, maybe a realization that his grasp believed there won’t be a lot time left. ",
"Not less than he was satisfied that his grasp felt the matter was one in every of urgency. ",
"The servant’s diplomacy was evident in his dealings with Rebekah and her relatives. ",
"Perhaps the two most striking options victoria brides of this servant are his knowledge and devotion. ",
"Abraham had obviously given this man nice authority, for he was in charge of all he possessed (24:2). ",
"On this process he was also given an excessive amount of freedom to use his own discretion to find a godly wife. ",
"Solely two lines of boundary had been drawn: he could not take a wife from the Canaanites, and he could not take Isaac back to Mesopotamia. ",
"The plan which the servant devised to find out the character of the ladies on the spring was a masterpiece.",
"\n\nSimplify her life that approach and in many other other ways. ",
"If one thing is bothering her, then be her rock and resolve it for her, and if she mentions one thing is miserable her, sympathize with victoria brides reviews her and offer her a caring ear and a shoulder to cry on. ",
"Sometimes individuals just need you to hear as an alternative of simply proposing an instantaneous resolution to their problems.",
"\n\nSo what does this mean for you as you put together for a giant date? ",
"Practicing self-compassion will help you to cease ruminating on earlier dating experiences that didn’t go well. ",
"It means you may perceive that everyone is frustrated by dating and relationships sometimes. ",
"It means that any concern or trepidation you’re feeling victoria brides reviews prior to a date isn’t a sign of one thing being flawed with you, but moderately an awareness of a sense all of us take care of from time to time. ",
"In truth, these experiences are issues that join us all.",
"\n\nThere are many words on the efficient finish of our checklist like zombie, band, tattoo, literature, finding out, vegetarian (yes!), ",
"and steel (double sure!) ",
"which might be all clearly referencing something vital to the sender, the recipient, or, ideally, both. ",
"Talking about specific things that interest you or that you just might have in frequent with somebody is a time-honored way to make a connection, and now we have proof right here that it works. ",
"We’re presenting only a smattering: in truth every area of interest” phrase that we have now vital information on has a constructive impact on messaging.",
"\n\nDistinctive features: eHarmony’s promoting point is its tailor-made strategy. ",
"Your profile is created from a detailed questionnaire where you rate your persona and look, plus what you need victoria brides reviews in a accomplice and relationship. ",
"RUSSIAN BRIDE is the 3yo daughter of Danehill son Annenkov, who received in France over 2100m & 2400m before racing in Australia and successful from 1600m to 2000m.\n\nA Spotlight On No-Hassle Secrets Of victoria brides review\n\nOthers say taking part in another relationship, or dating mutiple people, is necessary before trying again to enjoy good times with an ex. ",
"You’ll victoria brides study our prime strategies to enhance your career, confidence, lifestyle, and love-life from prime experts like life and business-hackers."
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"One form of an access control device may be a key or card. ",
"Limiting access to the key or card, together with knowledge of who has been allowed access to the key or card, may be useful to such entities. ",
"In addition to limiting access and maintaining a record of who has an access control device, business and government agencies may wish to control access to items which are valuable. ",
"Storage and limiting access to access control devices and valuable objects (collectively referred to hereinafter as “assets”) is a traditional problem for business and government entities. ",
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"A Montana Supreme Court candidate is apparently still angry that she was unable to kill a sex column in a student newspaper seven years ago.",
"\n\nHigh court nominee Kristen Juras, a law professor at the University of Montana, revived the controversy earlier this month in a Facebook post that inaccurately linked the column’s demise to a federal investigation into the handling of sexual assault cases by the university, reported the Montana Standard.",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nShe then posted a bizarre video of herself explaining the controversy in a song set to the tune of Dr. Hook and the Medicine Show’s “Cover of the Rolling Stone.”",
"\n\nJuras pressed the university to discontinue the sex advice column, which was written by a student and published by the Montana Kaimin during the spring 2009 semester, because she did not feel its content — which she believed promoted “a hook-up culture” — was appropriate for students.",
"\n\nShe asked the university’s president and the dean of the journalism school to discontinue the column, which she claimed had been rejected for publication by “all of the major newspapers” — although it was not syndicated and not available for republication.",
"\n\n“There were articles on how to perform oral sex, better positions than missionary,” Juras told the Standard. “",
"It was never a question of can you publish an article on oral sex in the Kaimin – of course you can. ",
"The question is should you. ",
"I was not at all opposed to some column on sex, obviously it’s a relevant topic to college students.”",
"\n\nJuras said she brought up the seven-year-old controversy because she had been asked about it during her Supreme Court campaign, and she claimed in the post that the column was discontinued in the wake of the U.S. Department of Justice investigation of sexual assault and harassment complaints by the university.",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nIn fact, the column was discontinued in 2009, when its author graduated, but a sex column has existed in some form in the newspaper since then.",
"\n\nBess Davis Pallares, who wrote the column as a student, said she was disturbed by Juras’ understanding of consent.",
"\n\n“Montana doesn’t need another judge who conflates consensual sex and rape,” Pallares said. “",
"It’s very important to me that people understand the timeline there and to just be reminded that a column about consensual sex has absolutely nothing to do with rape culture on campuses.”",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe Kaimin‘s current editorial board issued an editorial urging voters to choose “anyone but Juras” for the Supreme Court seat.",
"\n\n“Her claims signify a level of cognitive dissonance extremely concerning for a Supreme Court candidate,” the editorial board wrote. “",
"That a law professor would take such significant offense to a fairly tame sex column, then use it as a rallying point in her campaign for public office is disconcerting.”",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe executive director of the Student Press Law Center said he was disturbed by Juras trying to spike the column and then making inaccurate claims about years later in a lighthearted video in the midst of a political campaign.",
"\n\n“Silencing a newspaper columnist is a matter of serious gravity, and to treat it like it’s a joke isn’t much of a reflection of judicial temperament,” said Frank LoMonte, the executive director.",
"\n\nWatch Juras sing about the controversy in this video posted online by MT Cowgirl:"
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"Q:\n\nCombine two discrete functions with non-overlapping domains\n\nSet $S$ consists of at least 2 non-overlapping subsets $S_1$ and $S_2$. \n$S_1$ is the domain of a discrete function $F$. $S_2$ is the domain of a different discrete function $G$. Is there a way to combine the two domains, so that the combined function could take any input from the new domain and give the same output as if the original function were used? ",
"For example: \nFor all $x \\in \\mathbb N^0$:\nIf $x$ is odd, $F(x)=x+1$ \nIf $x$ is even, $G(x)=\\frac x2$ \nIs it possible to get rid of the 'ifs' and make a single function that would take any non-negative integer $x$ as input and give proper $y$ as the output, as if those were two different functions used? ",
"Clarification edit: ideally the combination of $F$ and $G$ should become a single closed algebraic formula. ",
"Thank you.",
"\n\nA:\n\nBelow, I will specify a clarification that is needed here from you, but first let me construct what you probably already see, even with the flaw you find in it (which I will address below). ",
" In general, the answer is Yes if $F$ and $G$ take values in the same scalar field (say, the reals): let $S = S_{1} \\cup S_{2}$, and make a new function, $H(x)$, take the value of the $F$ or the $G$, accordingly as $x$ comes from $S_{1}$ or $S_{2}$.\nNow, it sounds like you want a closed algebraic formula for $H$, instead of the \"if\"s. ",
" Not sure this can be achieved completely, but the \"if\"s can be \"packed away\" into the algebra. ",
" Let $I_{S_{1}}(x)$ be the indicator (aka membesrhip) function of $S_{1}$. I.e., for $x \\in S$, put $I_{S_{1}}(x) = 1$ if $x \\in S_{1}$, and $=0$ otherwise. ",
" Similarly introduce $I_{S_{2}}(x)$. Then we can write\n$$\nH(x) = I_{S_{1}}(x) F(x) + I_{S_{2}}(x) G(x) \\quad \\mbox{ for } x \\in S.\n$$\n\n"
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"With deeply divisive lines drawn between Democrats and Republicans, it is easy to forget that a number of third parties exist outside of our two-party framework. ",
"Although third parties are typically seen as extra entities and often poll at low, single-digit percentages on the national level, 2016 Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson is making waves in the impending presidential election.",
"\n\nJohnson is a businessman and former governor of New Mexico. ",
"And while Libertarians have only exceeded 0.5 percent of the national votes twice in its 45-year history, a recent NBC poll had Johnson holding 10 percent of the vote.",
"\n\nThe Libertarian party strives for the least amount of government necessary to allow people to do what they please, a mentality summarized in the party’s slogan “minimum government, maximum freedom.”",
"\n\nNYU alumnus and former NYU College Libertarian Vice President Ari Kaplan became interested in libertarianism when a few high school friends introduced him to it. ",
"Although he said he most closely identifies with utilitarianism, he discovered the club when he wanted to talk with people who shared the same overall beliefs that he held.",
"\n\n\n“Libertarianism is the political and moral belief of liberty,” Kaplan said. “",
"It’s whatever allows people the most liberty. ",
"People can do whatever they want with their body and with anyone else’s as long as they don’t harm anyone else.”",
"\n\nKaplan believes that Libertarianism is about people’s values, and he most strongly advocates for a society that provides the highest level of happiness for others.",
"\n\nCAS junior and Chairperson of NYU College Libertarians Weston Richey said Johnson’s popularity is a reaction to the intense bipartisanism of U.S. politics.",
"\n\n“When we’re presented with what are essentially two choices that are deeply unsatisfying, it serves as a kind of prod for us to explore the many, many alternatives,” Richey said. “",
"When we aren’t satisfied with a binary choice, we often are simply forced to carve out a third, fourth or fifth option. ",
"I think that it’s exactly that process that has made so many people identify as Libertarian in recent years.”",
"\n\nThey that voting Libertarian in this election makes a statement that votes are only worth anything if they are cast honestly and represent a sort of society people think is most beneficial for the overall electorate.",
"\n\nCAS junior Louis Bartholomew holds similar views with Richey, and said that the Democratic and Republican messages no longer fit his ideas of himself and of fellow voters, which creates access for libertarianism to gain more ground in mainstream politics.",
"\n\n“As of today, both major parties do not support free trade. ",
"They have little to nothing to say of substance on criminal justice reform,” Bartholomew said. “",
"Neither of them seem to understand that on the current course of spending our generation will only have access to a fraction of social security and other social services that our parents and grandparents enjoyed, which is to say that future generations will have to pay for the excesses of former generations.”",
"\n\nThis general distaste for the ideals of the country’s two main parties has mobilized the NYU College Libertarians in supporting Johnson, although the club has not officially endorsed him.",
"\n\n“Though no politician is perfect, I think Johnson represents the best chance for my views to be heard,” Bartholomew said. “",
"And just as the answer to ‘What is Aleppo?’ ",
"seemed very obvious to many people, the question, ‘Who is the viable alternative to Trump and Clinton?’ ",
"is equally obvious: Johnson.”",
"\n\nEmail Rachel Rivers at [email protected]"
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"Rod Rosenstein fires back at critics as he prepares to leave the Justice Department\n\nDeputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein took swipes at his critics as he prepares to leave the Justice Department.",
"\n\nDuring a speech, Rosenstein aimed pointed remarks at former FBI Director James Comey, lawmakers, political pundits, and the media.",
"\n\nThe candid remarks laid bare his feelings after spending the past two years entangled in some of the Trump administration's most dramatic and consequential moments.",
"\n\n\"There is a story about firefighters who found a man on a burning bed,\" Rosenstein said. \"",
"When they asked how the fire started, he replied, 'I don't know. ",
"It was on fire when I lay down on it.' ",
"I know the feeling.\"",
"\n\nWASHINGTON (AP) — Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein is taking swipes at his critics as he prepares to leave the Justice Department, using one of his final speeches to defend his handling of the special counsel's Russia investigation and condemn decisions made before he took the job.",
"\n\nRosenstein, in an appearance Thursday night before a lawyers' group, aimed pointed remarks at former FBI Director James Comey, lawmakers, political pundits and the media.",
"\n\nThe unusually candid remarks laid bare his pent-up feelings after spending the past two years entangled in some of the Trump administration's most dramatic and consequential moments.",
"\n\nThe No. ",
"2 Justice Department official appointed special counsel Robert Mueller to investigate ties between President Donald Trump's campaign and Russia — an inquiry that Trump repeatedly called \"a witch hunt. ",
"Last week, Rosenstein backed Attorney General William Barr's decision to clear Trump on obstruction even though Mueller refused to do so.",
"\n\nIn his speech, Rosenstein tried to distance himself from some actions in the early days of the Russia investigation that he suggested he did not agree with. ",
"He appeared to take particular umbrage with the disclosures, both public and private, related to the counterintelligence investigation, including Comey's public acknowledgement of its existence at a March 2017 congressional hearing.",
"\n\nAttorney General William Barr, left, and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein speak at a news conference to discuss Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report on Russian interference in the 2016 US presidential race, in Washington, April 18, 2019. ",
"REUTERS/Jonathan Ernst\n\n\"There is a story about firefighters who found a man on a burning bed,\" Rosenstein said, according to his prepared remarks at the Armenian Bar Association's Public Servants Dinner in New York. \"",
"When they asked how the fire started, he replied, 'I don't know. ",
"It was on fire when I lay down on it.' ",
"I know the feeling.\"",
"\n\nHe noted that the FBI had disclosed classified material to lawmakers and their staff and observed how \"someone\" had selectively leaked details of the Russia investigation to the media. ",
"Rosenstein also appeared to frown on Comey's public confirmation of the investigation and the fact that it might result in criminal charges — an announcement made with the Justice Department's approval, though before Rosenstein was confirmed.",
"\n\n\"Then the former FBI director alleged that the president pressured him to close the investigation, and the president denied that the conversation occurred,\" Rosenstein said. \"",
"So that happened.\"",
"\n\nRosenstein also suggested that former President Barack Obama and his team could have done more to warn Americans about Russian election interference in 2016.",
"\n\n\"The previous administration chose not to publicize the full story about Russian computer hackers and social media trolls, and how they relate to a broader strategy to undermine America,\" Rosenstein said.",
"\n\nRosenstein is expected to leave his position now that Mueller has submitted his report. ",
"The Senate Judiciary Committee held a confirmation hearing this month for Jeffrey Rosen, a longtime litigator and current deputy transportation secretary who has been nominated by Trump to succeed Rosenstein.",
"\n\nRosenstein did pay tribute to Trump by quoting him on adherence to the rule of law. ",
"But Rosenstein also broke with the president in several notable ways. ",
"He said that \"there is not Republican justice and Democrat justice,\" contrasting himself with a president who referred to the Mueller team as being compromised of \"angry Democrats\" and who, according to Mueller's report, has viewed the Justice Department as a tool for punishing political adversaries.",
"\n\nHe also made clear that the Mueller investigation had exposed a sophisticated Russian operation to meddle in American politics, something Trump has been slow to acknowledge.",
"\n\n\"There was overwhelming evidence that Russian operatives hacked American computers and defrauded American citizens, and that is only the tip of the iceberg of a comprehensive Russian strategy to influence elections, promote social discord, and undermine America, just like they do in many other countries,\" Rosenstein said.",
"\n\nIn his speech, Rosenstein lashed out at \"mercenary critics\" who \"get paid to express passionate opinions\" and who, he said, have attacked him without any information. ",
"He said politicians in Washington feel the \"need to evaluate everything in terms of the immediate political impact.\"",
"\n\nThe news media wasn't spared his criticism.",
"\n\n\"A republic that endures is not governed by the news cycle,\" he said. \"",
"Some of the nonsense that passes for breaking news today would not be worth the paper was printed on, if anybody bothered to print it. ",
"It quickly fades away. ",
"The principles are what abide.\""
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"\nFederal Agency Begins Inquiry into Auto Lenders’ Use of GPS Tracking - JumpCrisscross\nhttps://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/19/business/dealbook/gps-devices-car-loans.html?em_pos=small&emc=edit_dk_20170221&nl=dealbook&nl_art=17&nlid=65508833&ref=headline&te=1\n======\ndsfyu404ed\nSubprime auto lending is a result of subprime home loans going out of vogue.",
"\nIt's trashed the used car market and does not make things easier for anyone\ntrying to live within their means.",
"\n\nMaybe we should stop playing whack-a-mole and address the underlying issue.",
"\n\n>In Nevada, one woman testified to the Legislature that her car had been shut\ndown on a freeway.",
"\n\nRemote control technologies stacks (e.g. OnStar) are also arguably critical\ninfrastructure and need to be viewed as such from a\nsecurity/reliability/control perspective. ",
"Lenders don't get to monkey around\nwith the power grid.",
"\n\n------\nLorenPechtel\nEvery actual gripe I see is from people who didn't pay their bill and then got\nupset when their car stopped working.",
"\n\n~~~\nimbeau\nIt's easy to blame the people who can't afford to pay their bills but it\nmisses the point.",
"\n\nFirst, someone who misses their car payment shouldn't find themselves in\nphysical danger. ",
"Having your car shut down while it is running is incredibly\ndangerous and unjustified.",
"\n\nSecond, most of these people are being preyed on by lenders who know they\ncannot pay the loan on their car. ",
"The business model is no longer helping\nsomeone find a vehicle, but rather renting them a vehicle in the short term\nand expecting them to default so you can sell the same car over and over\nagain.",
"\n\nIt's much easier and more comforting to blame the victims of this fraudulent\nbusiness model than it is to examine and fix the underlying issue with\npredatory loans in this country.",
"\n\n------\nwalrus01\nSub prime auto lending:\n[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4U2eDJnwz_s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4U2eDJnwz_s)\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nWhat does the `width` field mean in PostgreSQL's EXPLAIN?",
"\n\nFor example, from the EXPLAIN documentation:\n\nEXPLAIN SELECT * FROM tenk1;\n\n QUERY PLAN\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n Seq Scan on tenk1 (cost=0.00..458.00 rows=10000 width=244)\n\nWhat does width=244 mean?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThis is the \"Estimated average width (in bytes) of rows output by this plan node\"\nBasically each row returned will be 244 bytes.",
"\nSee Explain for more details.",
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"\nQ: Does Direct Access allow end users to transparently work this way? ",
" \nI'm in the process of setting up a test lab, learning PKI, and IPV6 since they are requirements of DA.",
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"WASHINGTON — When WTOP spoke with Bill Madden on Monday, he was two hours away from opening a new pub-inspired…\n\nWASHINGTON — When WTOP spoke with Bill Madden on Monday, he was two hours away from opening a new pub-inspired taproom in D.C.’s Glover Park.",
"\n\nFor Madden, CEO and executive brewer of Mad Fox Brewing Company, it’s been two years of permits, construction and structural issues to work around. ",
"The business sits in a very old building that once housed restaurants Town Hall and Mayfair & Pine.",
"\n\nSo it might be understandable if Madden was a little edgy. ",
"Instead, he sounded calm and optimistic about opening Mad Fox Brewing’s Taproom at 2218 Wisconsin Ave., ",
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"We’re just really anxious to get it open.”",
"\n\nThe Mad Fox Taproom was originally slated to open in fall 2013. ",
"It’s the second location for Madden, whose Falls Church brewpub has earned local recognition from The Washington Post, Washington City Paper and Northern Virginia Magazine. ",
"In its Best of D.C. edition, a City Paper poll named Mad Fox the “Best New Bar.” ",
"The brewery’s Slobberknocker Barleywine won Best Imperial IPA in the Nova. ",
"publication.",
"\n\nMad Fox Brewing Company launched five years ago in Falls Church, Virginia, where the brewery is housed. ",
"That location has a 63-foot bar with up to 10 standard, house-brewed beers on tap.",
"\n\nWhen patrons walk into the Glover Park location, they’re greeted by exposed brick and large windows, which give the spot its atmospheric vibe.",
"\n\nThe Glover Park location has an expanded draft system that offers up to 32 beers at one time. ",
"Madden said there will be 16 draft lines of its own beer. ",
"The menu features delectable options, such as grilled pretzels and chicken cracklings, and more straightforward fare — hamburgers, grilled rib eye steak and crab salad.",
"\n\nCurrently, Mad Fox will not host any events to commemorate the opening, but maybe that could change.",
"\n\n“We’re focused on getting our beer on tap and getting the spot open,” Madden said. “",
"We want to get open and get our legs underneath us, and we’ll go from there.”"
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"Fleet Foxes aren’t on a hiatus per se, but they’ve certainly remained out of sight for quite some time now. ",
"The last we heard from the Seattle indie-folkies was their excellent sophomore album, 2011’s Helplessness Blues. ",
"Sure, it’s only been three years, but three years easily feels like a lifetime in music land. ",
"Consider this: in that time, former drummer J. Tillman has not only launched his project Father John Misty, but is already prepping his second LP.",
"\n\nFor those of us itching to hear from the Fleet Foxes camp — we’ll take any bit of news, really — today’s our lucky day. ",
"Frontman Robin Pecknold has shared a short update via the band’s Facebook page, explaining the reasons for their radio silence (spoiler: he went back to school), as well as assuring that new music is on its way. ",
"Read the full message below:\n\n\n\nFor anyone who’s curious, this is a short Fleet Foxes update – been a while! ",
"So, after the last round of touring, I decided to go back to school. ",
"I never got an undergraduate degree, and this felt like the right time to both see what that was about and to try something new after a while in the touring / recording lifestyle. ",
"I moved to New York and enrolled at Columbia, and I’ve mostly been doing that, but I’m working on songs and excited for whatever happens next musically, even if it’s down the line. ",
"Hope all is well out there. ",
"Best,\n\nRobin\n\nRevisit the good ole days with their video for Helplessness Blues single “Grown Ocean”:"
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[
"Ten Percent Society\n\nThe Ten Percent Society is the name of the first gay rights organization in North Dakota created by students and faculty at the University of North Dakota in 1982. ",
"The organization gained its name from a widely held (but false) belief that scientist Alfred Kinsey's research in the 1940s and 1950s had stated that ten percent of the population was gay. ",
"While the organization had little early success, it started to foster an increased tolerance for gay people and a more active LGBT rights movement in North Dakota.",
"\n\nLGBT rights in North Dakota\n\nIn 1975, the North Dakota State legislature legalized private, adult, consensual and noncommerical homosexuality as part of a larger revision of the criminal code. ",
" It was during this decade, that a LGBT community was slowly becoming more visible in Fargo, North Dakota as well as Grand Forks, North Dakota.",
"\n\nIn 1982, University of North Dakota students, faculty and staff formed the \"Ten Percent Society\" to provide a social network for LGBT people and campaign for LGBT rights. ",
" A similar group was formed at North Dakota State University in Fargo, North Dakota.",
"\n\nToday, the Ten Percent Society is still a recognized student organization at the University of North Dakota .",
"\n\nSee also\n\nLGBT rights in the United States\nList of LGBT rights organizations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUND Ten Percent Society\nNorth Dakota Human Rights Coalition\n\nCategory:LGBT political advocacy groups in North Dakota\nCategory:History of LGBT civil rights in the United States\nCategory:University of North Dakota"
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"Management of intravascular devices to prevent infection.",
"\nIntravenous therapy is an essential part of clinical care used in a wide variety of healthcare settings. ",
"Thus, intravenous catheters have become indispensable to clinical practice. ",
"However, catheter-related-bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs) are a major source of morbidity and mortality, especially in hospital patients. ",
"Strategies to prevent infection need to change and develop to reflect the advances in technology and delivery of health care. ",
"Current guidance recommends a number of strategies to reduce the incidence of CR-BSIs. ",
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"Five patients with abnormal pulmonary arteriograms resulting from diseases other than pulmonary embolism are presented. ",
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"Different HCV PCR assays for use on open polyvalent PCR platforms are currently commercially available but studies evaluating the performances of these nucleic acid tests are needed. ",
"In the present study, we evaluated the analytical and clinical performances of a recently developed HCV RNA PCR assay for detection and quantification of HCV viremia. ",
"In this study the Biocentric Generic HCV PCR was compared to the Roche Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HCV RNA assay. ",
"Analytical and clinical performances was evaluated on reference materials and HCV plasma samples collected in 141 patients attending at the Montpellier University Hospital in France. ",
"Field evaluation was performed on samples collected in 185 patients attending at Medical Laboratory, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia. ",
"The lower limit of detection ranged from 50 HCV RNA IU/ml to 300 HCV RNA IU/ml using four different Diasorin and Qiagen automated or manual extraction methods. ",
"The specificity (CI) and sensitivity of the assay were 100% (92.5-100), and 98.7% (92.3-99.9), respectively, in France, and 100% (95.5-100), and 100% (94.4-100%), respectively, in Cambodia. ",
"Bland-Altman analysis shown good agreement between the two assays including for genotypes 6 HCV, which represent the majority of HCV isolates in Cambodia. ",
"The Biocentric Generic HCV assay has shown overall satisfactory analytical performances and a close agreement to the Cobas HCV assay on clinical specimens collected in France and Cambodia. ",
"There is an urgent need to further evaluate commercial assays dedicated to HCV detection and quantification using open polyvalent PCR platforms in different settings."
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"The present invention relates to a semiconductor device, and more particularly to an overlay vernier key and a method for fabricating the same.",
"\nIn manufacturing a semiconductor device having a laminate structure, an overlay is an index indicating an alignment state between a layer formed in a previous process and a layer formed in a current process. ",
"The overlay is very important when developing a highly integrated semiconductor device. ",
"In order to detect and correct the alignment state between the layer formed in the previous process and the layer formed in the current process, the overlay between the layers are measured by forming an overlay vernier key in a scribe lane region. ",
"The overlay vernier key is a pattern which is formed for aligning an exposure mask at an accurate position when forming a predetermined pattern on a semiconductor substrate. ",
"The overlay vernier key is formed simultaneously with a pattern formed in a device forming region.",
"\nFIG. ",
"1A is a schematic view showing a conventional structure of an overlay vernier key. ",
"FIG. ",
"1B illustrates an overlay measuring signal detected when measuring a conventional overlay vernier key.",
"\nReferring to FIG. ",
"1A, an overlay vernier key 10 has a box-shaped pattern. ",
"The overlay vernier key 10 has a larger size and pitch than a pattern formed in a cell region. ",
"In a highly integrated device, a margin is decreased and the overlay vernier key 10 does not have a sufficient line width. ",
"Thus, it is difficult to measure the overlay with optical overlay measuring equipment and to form a micro pattern in the cell region.",
"\nA Spacer Double Exposure Technique (SDET) is a method for forming the micro pattern under 60 nm on a wafer “w” (see FIG. ",
"1B). ",
"The SDET method includes the steps of forming a dummy pattern on a substrate, forming an etch mask having a spacer shape at a side surface of the dummy pattern, removing the dummy pattern, and forming the micro pattern and overlay vernier key using the etch mask.",
"\nAs shown in FIG. ",
"1B, when forming the overlay vernier key 20 using the SDET method, the spacer-shaped etch mask is formed at a sidewall of the dummy pattern (not shown) in a scribe lane region, which is larger than the cell region. ",
"The size of the etch mask in the scribe lane region is same as that of the etch mask in the cell region. ",
"The overlay vernier key 20 formed by using the etch mask has a line width which is much larger than a proper line width. ",
"As seen in FIG. ",
"1B, because the overlay measuring signal is too weak to be detected by the optical overlay measuring equipment, the optical overlay measuring equipment cannot perceive a contrast difference. ",
"If the overlay vernier key 20 is formed to have a thickness large enough to be measured by the optical overlay measuring equipment, there may be a problem caused by a difference between the size of the overlay vernier key 20 and the size of the pattern in the cell region. ",
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"I looked for solution but it seems that anything from net can help me. ",
"Any suggestion?",
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"\nThat said, in the example you gave, you've got a RibbonMenuButton that, when clicked, opens a dropdown that remains open until the mouse capture is lost (i.e. the user uses the mouse or keyboard to direct attention elsewhere).",
"\nIf you are trying specifically to cause this dropdown to disappear when clicked, you could accomplish this by setting the IsDropDownOpen property to false. ",
"Note that you'd have to do this after all the input handling is done, since it's the input itself that causes the dropdown to open. ",
"You can use Dispatcher.",
"InvokeAsync() for that purpose. ",
"E.g.:\nprivate void btUtils1_MouseLeftButtonDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)\n{\n Dispatcher.",
"InvokeAsync(() => btUtils1.IsDropDownOpen = false);\n}\n\nThat said, are you sure you really want a RibbonMenuButton here? ",
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"Mac Thornberry, Chairman, House Armed Services Committee\n\nWE ARE RUNNING OUT OF BOMBS\n\nTHE PROBLEM:\n\nGeneral Dunford said it best this spring, “Key precision guided munitions shortfalls are exacerbated by ongoing operations and may impact potential contingency response. ",
"Additionally, our current global inventories are insufficient for theater missile defense (TMD), standoff, and air-to-air munitions needs.” ",
"Air Force Secretary Heather Wilson added, “when it comes to munitions, we are stretched. ",
"As she explained, the CR makes things much worse, “[it] impacts our ability to work with industry and give them certainty on the amount that we’re going to buy and ramping that up where we can.”",
"\n\nWHAT WE ARE DOING TODAY:\n\nPlanned ramp-ups for Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM), small diameter bombs (SDBs), and Hellfire “Romeo” variants are being delayed by a near-term CR, which prohibits entering new contracts for increased quantities. ",
"These munitions are being used at high rates in current operations and will be critical in future operations. ",
"It takes up to 24 months to deliver sophisticated munitions once a contract is issued. ",
"The CR only adds 3 months of lost time to that total.",
"\n\nWHAT WE COULD BE DOING:\n\nThe House has authorized an increase of nearly 15,000 munitions over last year’s levels and provides an additional $2 billion to cover unfunded requirements for munitions .",
"\n\n###\n\nOffice Information\n\n2216 Rayburn House Office Building\nWashington, DC 20515\n\nPhone: (202) 225-4151\nFax: (202) 225-0858\n\n*************************\n\nI have a novel suggestion for ChairmanThornberry. ",
"When there’s not enough coal to safely burn to warm your house, you can close a room and not heat it. ",
"Maybe start with the war games room, then the TV room, then that special room reserved for if Trump ever visits, and so on.",
"\n\nWhen there are not enough bombs to bomb everybody, you can pick a country to stop bombing. ",
"Maybe start with Yemen, then Syria, and after that Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, plus Somalia and Libya, and all the other parts of the world with U.S. drones and planes are carrying bombs overhead. ",
"Maybe even run the practice bombing missions in Korea without bombs.",
"\n\nI know applying conservation to bombing sounds scandalous. ",
"But here’s my theory. ",
"When planes were kept out of U.S. skies after 9/11, the skies cleared up. ",
"The absence of the pollution brought us something we hadn’t known we were missing. ",
"I’m guessing that keeping armed planes out of skies would be even more revelatory.",
"\n\nAgain, just start with one nation. ",
"See if that nation is actually better off or if it’s really worse off for the reduction in bombing. ",
"Be empirical about this. ",
"Ask some Yemeni families whether they resent not having been bombed before the bombing ended. ",
"Record their sentiments accurately. ",
"Draw a conclusion. ",
"Proceed from there."
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"Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan\n\nMass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan (\"Mass'oud Mirza the Sultan's Shadow (5 January 1850 in Tabriz – 2 July 1918 in Isfahan) or Massud Mirza was a Persian prince of the Qajar Dynasty; he was known as the \"Yamin-al-Dowleh\" (\"Right Hand of the Government\"). ",
"He was posted as the governor of Isfahan for over 35 years, and the governor of the Mazandaran, Fars, and Isfahan for a total of 40 years.",
"\n\nEarly life\nHe was the eldest son of Nasser-al-Din Shah and Effat-od-Dowleh, and the brother of Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh and of Mozzafar-al-Din Mirza (who eventually became Mozzafar-al-Din Shah), but Mas'oud Mirza could not ascend the throne because his mother not from the Qajar dynasty's family group. ",
"At the age of thirteen he was appointed the governor of Mazandaran, Turkman Sahra, Semnan, and Damghan for four years.",
"\n\nLater life\nHe was governor of Esfahan from 1872 to 1907 and governor of Fars from 1907 to 1908. ",
"Mass'oud Mirza died in Esfahan in 1918. ",
"He was buried in Mashhad. ",
"He had 14 sons and 11 daughters.",
"\n\nIssue\nZell-e Soltan had 14 sons and 11 daughters including :\n\n Prince Soltan Hossein Mirza Jalal ed-Dowleh\n Prince Bahram Mirza Sardar Mass'oud (1885 – 24 March 1916)\n Prince Akbar Mirza Sarem ed-Dowleh (1885 – 29 September 1975)\n Prince Esma'il Mirza Mo'tamed Dowleh (1887–1968)\n\nHonours\n 2nd class of Order of the Lion and the Sun of Persia\n 1st class of Order of the Lion and the Sun of Persia\n 2nd class of Neshan-e Aqdas of Persia\n Knight of the Order of the Star of India\n Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle of Prussia\n Knight of the Order of the Red Eagle of Prussia\n Knight of the Order of the White Eagle of Russia\n Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur of France\n Exalted Order of Honour of Turkey\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Soltani, Shahla (2006). ",
"Aqajan Shazdeh. ",
"Tehran: Farzan Rooz.",
"\n\nExternal links\n Genealogy of descendants of Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan, qajarpages\n A carpet made for Zell-e Soltan \n\nCategory:Qajar princes\nCategory:1850 births\nCategory:1918 deaths\nCategory:People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russian)\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of the Red Eagle\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of the Lion and the Sun\nCategory:Recipients of the Neshan-e Aqdas\nCategory:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur\nCategory:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India\nCategory:People from Tabriz\nCategory:Iranian Azerbaijani politicians\nCategory:Iranian Shia Muslims\nCategory:Ethnic Azerbaijani Shia Muslims\nCategory:Governors of Isfahan\nCategory:19th-century Iranian people"
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"Spending a bit of time on Twitter lately, I’ve noticed that there still seems to be quite a bit of confusion over what migraine is, as opposed to what cluster is.",
"\n\nSometimes in the past the two have been used interchangeably. ",
"Or sometimes, just based on imprecise information. ",
"For example, sometimes people think of any bad headache as a \"migraine headache\", or think of certain types of pain as a \"cluster headache\".",
"\n\nIn reality, these two are very different, and require different types of treatment. ",
"Let’s take a quick look at cluster and migraine, and see if we can clear up a few misconceptions.",
"\n\nMigraine vs Cluster\n\nMigraine Cluster Similar Typically one-sided pain\n\npain Congestion a common symptom Different Pain usually moderate to severe\n\nto Usually a throbbing pain (if headache is present)\n\npain (if headache is present) Often accompanied by headache\n\nCommon (about 16% have at least one migraine attack) Very Different Lasts 4 hours to 3 days\n\nSymptoms may come on suddenly or gradually , and usually decrease gradually .",
"\n\n, and usually . ",
"Aggravated by activity (patients prefer to lie down in a dark room)\n\n(patients prefer to lie down in a dark room) More common in women , but men get it too\n\n, but men get it too Attacks may or may not have a predictable pattern . (",
"ie patients may get one attack in a lifetime, or attacks on a monthly cycle, etc)\n\n(ie patients may get one attack in a lifetime, or attacks on a monthly cycle, etc) Other typical symptoms: Auras (visual and otherwise), nausea, sensitive to light and/or sound Similar Usually one-sided pain\n\npain Congestion a common symptom Different Pain usually severe to very severe\n\nto Usually a sharp, burning pain\n\npain Almost always accompanied by headache\n\nRare (present in about 0.3%) Very Different Lasts 15 min to 3 hours\n\nHeadache usually comes suddenly – may reach peak intensity in 5-10 min, and decreases rapidly\n\n– may reach peak intensity in 5-10 min, and Patients restless and agitated during and attack (prefer to pace or rock back and forth)\n\nduring and attack (prefer to pace or rock back and forth) More common in men , but women get it too\n\n, but women get it too Attacks come in a pattern or cycle : headache every other day up to 8 times a day (often the same time every day). ",
"Attacks occur in a series (cluster period) lasting for weeks or months, then a remission of months or years (some chronic sufferers have no remission periods)\n\n: headache every other day up to 8 times a day (often the same time every day). ",
"Attacks occur in a series (cluster period) lasting for weeks or months, then a remission of months or years (some chronic sufferers have no remission periods) Other typical symptoms: watery and/or red eyes, sweat, swollen or drooping eyelid, congestion, small pupil\n\nYou’ll see right away that I used terms like \"usually\" and \"typically\" a lot, and I probably could have used them more. ",
"There is a lot of variation from person to person, so we’re just hitting on some of the more common, typical traits of each. ",
"But just a reminder – either of these can include pain that’s not just on one side, sometimes there is no pain in migraine, sometimes it’s not throbbing pain, etc.",
"\n\nKey differences\n\nYou can see highlighted some of the key differences between migraine and cluster. ",
"Cluster headaches come on faster and leave quicker than migraine attacks. ",
"It’s unusual for a migraine attack to last less than 4 hours, and unusual for a cluster attack to last more than 3 hours.",
"\n\nAnother key difference – migraine patients tend to avoid light and movement. ",
"They’ll often go lie down in a dark room.",
"\n\nThat’s the last thing a cluster patient wants to do – good luck getting them to lie down! ",
"They become restless and may rock or pace.",
"\n\nBut the last highlighted item is especially key. ",
"Clusters get their name not from where the pain is or what it feels like, but from the cycles of pain.",
"\n\nYou’re not going to get just one cluster headache. ",
"You’ll get several in a series – maybe one a day, or several a day, regularly. ",
"This can go on for weeks and even months, but then completely disappear for months or years.",
"\n\nSad to say, there are also chronic cluster headache sufferers who have no periods of remission (as this recent news story on cluster headache illustrates).",
"\n\nHopefully that clears up some misconceptions, especially regarding cluster. ",
"Cluster is an incredibly painful condition. ",
"There is treatment for cluster, but the treatment has had limited success in many people. ",
"Much more research needs to be done to fight what has been rightly called the suicide headache."
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"President Donald Trump seems poised to continue to escalate trade tensions with China.",
"\n\nThe White House said in a statement Thursday night that Trump was considering adding tariffs on $100 billion more in Chinese goods annually.",
"\n\nTrump earlier this week proposed tariffs on $50 billion in goods, raising the potential total to more than $150 billion.",
"\n\nChina vowed to retaliate, saying Friday that the country would not rule out any options.",
"\n\nMarkets were jolted by the developments, with the Dow Jones industrial average dropping close to 600 points.",
"\n\nPresident Donald Trump on Thursday night threatened another escalation in a rapidly escalating trade battle with China, which then vowed to retaliate.",
"\n\nThe developments jolted global markets. ",
"The Dow Jones industrial index dropped more than 700 points at one point Friday afternoon. ",
"It ended the day about 570 points down. ",
"Industrial stocks like Caterpillar and Boeing were among the Dow's hardest hit, with shares of both companies declining more than 3%.",
"\n\nThe White House said in a statement Thursday night that Trump was considering new tariffs on $100 billion worth of annual imports from China. ",
"That follows the Office of the US Trade Representative's announcement earlier this week of plans for tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese products.",
"\n\n\"In light of China's unfair retaliation, I have instructed the USTR to consider whether $100 billion of additional tariffs would be appropriate under section 301 and, if so, to identify the products under which to impose such tariffs,\" Trump's statement said.",
"\n\nResponding on Friday, China's ministry of commerce said it would immediately retaliate if the \"arrogant\" US imposed the sanctions. ",
"It said the country would not rule out any options.",
"\n\nOn Tuesday, the US trade representative announced a list of roughly 1,300 Chinese goods worth $50 billion annually that would be subject to new US tariffs, which function as taxes on imports. ",
"The US also previously announced tariffs on Chinese steel and aluminum.",
"\n\nChina responded to this week's plans by announcing tariffs on $50 billion worth of American goods, including soybeans, the largest agricultural export to China from the US.",
"\n\nThe tariffs would have consequences for a wide swath of American consumers and businesses.",
"\n\nThe USTR has said the measures are retaliation for Chinese intellectual property theft. ",
"But they could also have serious consequences for businesses that use the goods from China — as well as consumers who buy those goods.",
"\n\nLarry Kudlow, Trump's top economic adviser, sought to calm markets Friday afternoon at the White House, to little apparent avail. ",
"He said the US was not in a trade war with China.",
"\n\nWhat is a tariff?",
"\n\nA tariff, in plain terms, is a tax on goods coming into a country.",
"\n\nIn the US, many tariffs are paid at the time of entry into the US via a customs broker or agent — along with other duties and fees that may apply to the import.",
"\n\nThe idea of a tariff is to push up the price of foreign goods to make the domestic alternative more attractive.",
"\n\nIn this case, Trump is attempting to get companies to use fewer Chinese goods and opt for items made in the US or imported from elsewhere.",
"\n\nHans Mikkelsen, a Bank of America Merrill Lynch strategist, said the new taxes would shift the supply and demand for the various affected goods.",
"\n\n\"International Trade 101 analyses the partial equilibrium effects of a tariff as driving a wedge between demand and supply curves, whereby the price goes up and the quantity down,\" he said in a note to clients.",
"\n\nWhat does it mean for businesses?"
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"Kaxta\n\nKaxta is a Spanish rock band from Badajoz, Extremadura. ",
"The group consists of Isi, Pi, Kike, López and Rafa. ",
"The band was created in 2007 out of members from other bands from Extremadura such as Distrito Desperado, Veinte:30, Última Hora, Línea Mortal or Alergia.",
"\n\nHistory \n\nThe band was founded in 2007 and hasn't stopped working ever since. ",
"A month after their official formation they recorded their first EP “La cuenta atrás” (The countdown). ",
"Kaxta started to play some live shows and continued to work until the band’s first album, named: “No soy un bicho raro” (I’m not a weirdo), produced by Álvaro Gandul and Pepe Bao came (pasado) out in 2009. ",
"Recognized musicians such as/like Manolo Chinato or Juanjo Pizarro collaborated on this first project.",
"\n\nOne of their founding members, Martín, had to leave the band because of some personal problems and was replaced by Dani. ",
"Rafa Rodriguez (their sound technician) joined the band as their main guitarist to record their second album “Arremeto” (I lash out), released in 2011. ",
"They toured the country with this album.",
"\n\nNot only have they accomplished many things they've also been finalists in important competitions like “Antigua Rock”, “Perro Rock” and “el DycRectos”. ",
"Kaxta has also shared the stage with well-known groups such as Sinkope. ",
"\nAfter playing over 200 shows, the band got back in the studio in 2014 and released their latest album “Centro de Intoxicación” (Habilitation center).",
"\n\nThey have been touring the country since 2008 and have been playing in a huge number of clubs in Spain. ",
"Also at important festivals as “Viña rock” or “Shikillo”.",
"\n\nBand members\n\nCurrent \n\nIsidoro Gil \" el Isi\" (lead vocals and guitar)\nJuan Carlos Preciado \"el Pi\" (bass guitar)\nRafael Rodriguez (lead guitar)\nJavi López (rhythm guitar)\nKike Fernández (drums)\n\nPast \n\nMartín (drums)\nDani (drums)\n\nDiscography \n\nEP La cuenta atrás (2007):\nNo se porke\nHechizo de luna\nCiudad infundada\nLa cuenta atrás\n\nNo soy un bicho raro (2009):\nLa ciudad de los vampiros\nAgua pal sembrao\nCochambre\nCiudad infundada\nNo se porke\nHechizo de luna\nMar de refranes\nDulce locura\nLa cuenta atrás\nSabio del pastor\n\nArremeto (2011):\nBésame\nDame de mamar\nPor las buenas o por las malas\nNo queda nada\nArremeto\nLos pájaros de mi cabeza\nEn otra dirección\nSalvaje y libre\nSudor y frio\nPrincesa\nY qué dirán las flores\n\nCentro de Intoxicación (2014):\nDentro de mi\nNada me para\n¡¡Explosión!!",
"\nCorazón\nMalos pelos\nJícaras de chocolate\nCentro de intoxicación\nEfímero\nEntre cuatro paredes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website (Spanish)\n Twitter\n Facebook\n\nCategory:Spanish rock music groups"
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"///\n/// anax\n/// An open source C++ entity system.",
"\n///\n/// Copyright (C) 2013-2014 Miguel Martin (miguel@miguel-martin.com)\n///\n/// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n/// of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal\n/// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights\n/// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell\n/// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n/// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n///\n/// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n/// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.",
"\n///\n/// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n/// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n/// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ",
"IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n/// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n/// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,\n/// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN\n/// THE SOFTWARE.",
"\n///\n\n#ifndef ANAX_HPP\n#define ANAX_HPP\n\n/// \\brief A namespace that contains all classes/functions for the anax library\n///\n/// This namespace contains all you need to use the anax library.",
"\n///\n/// \\author Miguel Martin\nnamespace anax\n{\n}\n\n/// \\mainpage\n///\n/// \\section welcome Welcome\n///\n/// Welcome to the anax documentation, here you may find\n/// detailed documentation on how to use specific classes/methods for the library.",
"\n///\n/// \\section resources Extra-resources\n/// You may find more resources to learn about the anax library on\n/// the anax's wiki, hosted on GitHub\n/// <a href=\"https://github.com/miguelishawt/anax/wiki\"> here</a>.",
"\n\n#define ANAX_VERSION_MAJOR 1\n#define ANAX_VERSION_MINOR 1\n#define ANAX_PATCH_NUMBER 1\n\n#define ANAX_VERSION_NUMBER ANAX_VERSION_MAJOR.ANAX_VERSION_MINOR.ANAX_PATCH_NUMBER\n\n#include <anax/World.hpp>\n\n#endif // ANAX_HPP\n"
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to image pickup apparatuses, image processing methods, and computer programs, and, more particularly, to an image pickup apparatus for performing signal processing upon image pickup data obtained by a solid-state image pickup device, an image processing method, and a computer program.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nTypical single-plate color solid-state image pickup devices have a plurality of color filters disposed thereon. ",
"The color filter allows a specific wavelength component to pass therethrough and reach a pixel included in a solid-state image pickup device. ",
"A necessary color component is generated using a block of a plurality of pixels. ",
"A color arrangement of such color filters is, for example, as shown in FIG. ",
"1A in which red (R), green (G), and blue (B) are used, or is, for example, as shown in FIG. ",
"1B in which white (Y) corresponding to luminance signals, red (R), green (G), and blue (B) are used. ",
"Thus, in such single-plate color solid-state image pickup devices, each pixel obtains information about only a single color component. ",
"Accordingly, each pixel generates a necessary color component by performing interpolation using color information obtained from adjacent pixels. ",
"This process is called demosaicing.",
"\nA configuration of an image pickup apparatus provided with a single-plate color solid-state image pickup device is shown in FIG. ",
"2. ",
"A single-plate color solid-state image pickup device 13 receives via a color filter 12 light incident from an optical lens 11, and photoelectrically converts the received light into an electric signal, and outputs the electric signal as an image signal. ",
"The image signal is converted into a digital image signal by an A/D converter (not shown). ",
"The digital image signal is subjected to clipping, gamma correction, white balance correction, and demosaicing in a camera signal processing unit 14, and is then transmitted to an image compression unit 15. ",
"The image compression unit 15 reduces the amount of data included in the image signal, converts the processed image signal into a predetermined image recording format, and then transmits the converted image data to a recording unit 16. ",
"The recording unit 16 records the received image data on a recording medium. ",
"Here, the image compression is not necessarily required to be performed. ",
"However, it is desirable that the image compression be performed so as to respond to the increasing number of pixels included in image pickup devices and the miniaturization of image pickup apparatuses.",
"\nDemosaicing performed on an image captured by a single-plate color solid-state image pickup device will be described with reference to FIG. ",
"3. ",
"Single-plate color solid-state image pickup devices are configured to perform image capturing via primary color filters arranged using a color pattern such as the Bayer pattern (shown in FIG. ",
"1A). ",
"In such single-plate color solid-state image pickup devices, each pixel obtains only a signal having a specific wavelength, that is, data of a color component having a specific wavelength. ",
"If a single-plate color solid-state image pickup device in which color filters are arranged in accordance with the Bayer pattern is used, the solid-state image pickup device outputs an image 20 that is a color mosaiced image in which each pixel has information about only one of R, G, and B colors.",
"\nA demosaicing unit 21 performs color interpolation for each pixel included in the image 20 so as to obtain data of all color components, that is, information about all of R, G, and B colors at each pixel.",
"\nFirst, a process of generating a G signal which is performed by the demosaicing unit 21 will be described. ",
"In the Bayer pattern shown in FIG. ",
"1A, G signals are output from pixels arranged in a checkered pattern. ",
"At pixels that output no G signal in the image 20 output from the solid-state image pickup device, a G signal is generated by performing interpolation using G signals output from adjacent pixels. ",
"More specifically, a G signal (for example, G11 shown in FIG. ",
"3) is generated using the following equation.",
"G11=(1/4)(G01+G21+G10+G12)\nNext, a process of generating R and B signals will be described. ",
"In the Bayer pattern shown in FIG. ",
"1A, R signals are output from pixels arranged every other pixel row. ",
"Similarly, B signals are output from pixels arranged every other pixel row. ",
"For example, in the image 20 shown in FIG. ",
"3 which has been output from the solid-state image pickup device, R signals are output from pixels in the top pixel row, but no B signals are output from pixels therein. ",
"In the second pixel row, B signals are output, but no R signals are output.",
"\nIn each row where pixels that output R or B signals exist, R or B signals are output every two pixels. ",
"In the image 20 output from the solid-state image pickup device, if a pixel that outputs no R or B signal exists in a row including pixels that output R or B signals, interpolation of an R signal or a B signal (for example, R01 or B12) is performed for the pixel that outputs no R or B signal using one of the following equations. ",
"Consequently, an interpolated pixel value of the pixel is calculated.",
"R01=(1/2)(R00+R02)B12=(1/2)(B11+B13)\nSimilarly, if a pixel that outputs no R or B signal exists in a column including pixels that output R or B signals, interpolation of an R signal or a B signal (for example, R10 or B21) is performed for the pixel using one of the following equations. ",
"Consequently, an interpolated pixel value of the pixel is calculated.",
"R10=(1/2)(R00+R20)B21=(1/2)(B11+B31)\nFurthermore, if a pixel that outputs no R or B signal exists in a row or column including pixels that output no R or B signals, interpolation of an R signal or B signal (for example, R11 or B22) is performed for the pixel that outputs no R or B signal using one of the following equations. ",
"Consequently, an interpolated pixel value of the pixel is calculated.",
"R11=(1/4)(R00+R02+R20+R22)B22=(1/4)(B11+B13+B31+B33)\nThe demosaicing unit 21 performs the above-described color interpolation for all pixels, and outputs an R signal 22r, a G signal 22g, and a B signal 22b. ",
"The above-described color interpolation has been described by way of example, and the color interpolation may be performed in different manners using other correlations among color signals.",
"\nCurrently, improvement in the quality of images captured by digital still cameras or movie cameras under low luminance conditions is an important issue. ",
"In order to capture an image under low luminance conditions, it is generally required that a shutter speed be lowered, a lens be used with a wide aperture, or an external visible light source such as a flash be used.",
"\nIf a shutter speed is lowered, camera-shake occurs or a subject becomes out of focus. ",
"Furthermore, since the aperture ratio of a lens is limited, a brightness level corresponding to the limited aperture ratio is merely obtained. ",
"Still furthermore, if an external visible light source is used, the atmosphere of an image capturing location which has been created using a light disposed therein is undesirably changed.",
"\nFor example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ",
"4-88784 and U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,323,233 disclose a signal processing method of obtaining a high-resolution image using an image pickup device provided with color filters arranged in accordance with the color pattern described previously with reference to FIG. ",
"1B, that is, the Bayer pattern in which white (Y) corresponding to luminance signals, red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors are used. ",
"Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ",
"4-88784 describes a signal processing method of achieving a high-resolution using a color filter array shown in FIG. ",
"1B in which white pixels are arranged in a checkered pattern.",
"\nThat is, according to the color filter array shown in FIG. ",
"1B, a signal can be obtained which has a value larger than a signal value obtained when the color filter array shown in FIG. ",
"1A, in which green (G) pixels are arranged in a checkered pattern, is used, because the white (Y) pixels arranged in a checkered pattern have sensitivity over the entire visible light range. ",
"Consequently, an image having a good signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained.",
"\nHowever, if the same exposure period is set for light-receiving devices corresponding to the white (Y), red (R), green (G), and blue (B) pixels, the light-receiving devices corresponding to the white (Y) pixels receive a larger amount of light compared with the light-receiving devices corresponding to the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) pixels. ",
"In such a color filter array, if the amount of light is controlled so that one type of light-receiving device can receive an appropriate amount of light, the other types of light-receiving devices cannot receive an appropriate amount of light.",
"\nFurthermore, if an exposure period suitable for one type of light-receiving device is set for the other types of light-receiving devices, the other types of light-receiving devices cannot receive an appropriate amount of light. ",
"For example, if an exposure period is set so that one type of light-receiving device does not become saturated, the other types of light-receiving devices cannot obtain sufficient signal charges. ",
"This leads to a poor signal-to-noise ratio. ",
"On the other hand, if an exposure period is set so that all types of light-receiving devices can obtain sufficient signal charges, the one type of light-receiving device becomes saturated."
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"Q:\n\nExporting public key from GnuPG fails with \"WARNING: nothing exported\"\n\nIm new to PGP and I'm trying to generate a PGP private key using GnuPG through this tutorial.",
"\nBasically, I have type the following command in command prompt (in administrator mode):\n\ngpg --gen-key\nEntered all the commands as below:\n\nThen I entered the command:\ngpg --armor --output pubkey.txt --export 'Encryption purpose'\n\nbut get a\n\nWARNING: nothing exported\n\nmessage.",
"\nCan someone tell me what I'm doing wrong? ",
"\nAlso, I will be using PGP to encrypt a webapp download file. ",
"I'm planning to create a web application that will generate a file with random numbers that would need be encrypted (in PGP). ",
"Then to decrypt, I'm planning to create a stand alone application that will decrypt the file using the private key. ",
"So my question is:\n\nIs it possible to extract the private key from the original computer in which the private key was generated to be used with other computers so that other computers could also use the standalone application to decrypt the file using the private key from the original computer?",
"\nIf this is not possible, how do I share the private key for all computers with the decrypting standalone application (because as I understand, standalone application needs 'a' private key to decrypt the file)? ",
"Should I use multiple private keys? ",
"How to implement?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThis error is caused by the --export parameter not matching any of the user ids (usually email addresses) listed in gpg --list-keys.",
"\nThe solution is to run:\n\ngpg --gen-key\n\nMake a note of the email you use to generate the key (eg somename@example.com). ",
"Then plug that into gpg:\n\ngpg --armor --output mypublic.key --export 'somename@example.com'\n\nAlso in Ubuntu it seems gpg2 is now preferred, so use eg gpg2 --gen-key.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou've got the --export command wrong. ",
"It does not take an export purpose as parameter, but a key or user ID. ",
"From man gpg:\n--export\n Either export all keys from all keyrings (default keyrings and those regis‐\n tered via option --keyring), or if at least one name is given, those of the\n given name. ",
"The exported keys are written to STDOUT or to the file given with\n option --output. ",
" Use together with --armor to mail those keys.",
"\n\nTo export the private key, run --export-secret-keys instead. ",
"Public keys cannot be used to decrypt files, only for encryption and verification of signatures.",
"\n\n"
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"1. ",
"Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nChemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer induces mucositis, and it can also cause ulcers. ",
"Patients may experience pain, dysphagia, and dysphonia. ",
"As patients lose their oral feeding ability, they require external nutrition support. ",
"Strong early side effects of chemoradiotherapy may be controllable by limiting cancer therapy, but this has resulted in decreasing the chemoradiotherapy completion rate.",
"\n\nMany authors have reported the prophylactic use of bee products such as honey, royal jelly (RJ), and propolis for oral mucositis \\[[@B1]--[@B23]\\]. ",
"Kohno et al. ",
"reported the prophylactic use of honey extract as concurrent chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer patients \\[[@B14]\\]. ",
"Suemaru et al. ",
"also evaluated their effects on 5-fluorouracil-induced experimental oral mucositis in hamsters \\[[@B24]\\]. ",
"Erdem and Gungormus evaluated the effect of RJ on oral mucositis in patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and they reported that the mean time to resolution of oral mucositis was significantly shorter in the RJ group than in the control group \\[[@B7]\\].",
"\n\nThe results suggested that the topical application of royal jelly may have a healing effect on severe oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy. ",
"Therefore, the efficacy of RJ as prophylaxis against chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis was evaluated.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Materials and Methods {#sec2}\n========================\n\n2.1. ",
"Design {#sec2.1}\n-----------\n\nThe objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of RJ as prophylaxis against chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis through clinical scoring of oral and pharyngeal mucositis in head and neck cancer patients.",
"\n\nThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kyorin University. ",
"All patients provided their written, informed consent. ",
"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients were enrolled. ",
"Eligible patients were aged \\>18 years with a performance status of 0 to 1. ",
"Patients were randomly assigned to the control and RJ groups in this single-blind (physician-blind), clinical trial.",
"\n\n2.2. ",
"Induction Chemotherapy {#sec2.2}\n---------------------------\n\nThe regimen was as follows. ",
"Nedaplatin (80 mg/m^2^) was administered on day 1, and S-1 was simultaneously administered to patients orally twice daily at an initial dose of 65 mg/m^2^/day (patients with body surface area (BSA) \\> 1.5 m^2^ received 100 mg/day; patients with 1.25 m^2^ \\< BSA \\< 1.5 m^2^ received 80 mg/day) for 2 weeks (days 1--14).",
"\n\n2.3. ",
"Concomitant Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy {#sec2.3}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThree chemotherapy regimens were used.",
"\n\n*Weekly Nedaplatin and Docetaxel Regimen*. ",
"During radiotherapy, weekly nedaplatin (15 mg/m^2^) and docetaxel (10 mg/m^2^) were administered for 6 courses intravenously.",
"\n\n*S-1 Regimen*. ",
"S-1 was administered at a dose of 80 mg/day on alternate days for 6 weeks.",
"\n\n*Cisplatin Regimen*. ",
"This was a form of selective arterial chemotherapy. ",
"Cisplatin (5 mg/m^2^) was administered with the catheter in the vessel feeding the tumor on Monday to Friday (5 days/week) for 6 weeks.",
"\n\nRadiotherapy was administered to both groups: 2.0 Gy/day fractions on Monday to Friday for 33 to 35 fractions, for a total dose of 66 to 70 Gy by Linac.",
"\n\n2.4. ",
"RJ Group {#sec2.4}\n-------------\n\nRJ was prepared by Yamada Apiculture Center, Inc. (Okayama, Japan). ",
"RJ was collected from*Apis mellifera*L. that fed primarily on nectar and pollen from several flowers in Zhejiang, China. ",
"This product complies with the organic standards of the European Union. ",
"The product name is \"organic royal jelly-gen nyu.\" ",
"It has the consistency of an ointment and contains a 1 gram measuring spoon that patients used to apply the RJ. ",
"The RJ group took 1 gram of RJ three times a day (3 g/day) during radiation treatment.",
"\n\n2.5. ",
"Control Group {#sec2.5}\n------------------\n\nThe control group did not take any RJ.",
"\n\n2.6. ",
"Evaluation {#sec2.6}\n---------------\n\nEvaluation was done during the radiation period and 1 month after radiation. ",
"Patients were evaluated twice a week from the mouth to the pharynx by inspection and fiberscope examination. ",
"The reaction of the mucosa was graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (CTCAE). ",
"The mucositis was graded as follows: Grade 1, erythema of the mucosa; Grade 2, patchy ulcerations or pseudomembranes; Grade 3, confluent ulcerations or pseudomembranes, bleeding with minor trauma; Grade 4, tissue necrosis, significant spontaneous bleeding, life-threatening consequences; and Grade 5, death.",
"\n\n2.7. ",
"Statistical Analysis {#sec2.7}\n-------------------------\n\nData are shown as means ± standard deviation. ",
"Statistical significance was analyzed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney *U* test for 2 groups. *",
"P* \\< 0.05 was considered significant.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Results {#sec3}\n==========\n\n3.1. ",
"Patients\\' Characteristics {#sec3.1}\n-------------------------------\n\nThis study was done at Kyorin University Hospital, Japan, between 2009 and 2010. ",
"Thirteen patients (12 males, 1 female; median age 65.0 years; age range, 51--84 years) diagnosed with head and neck cancer were enrolled in the trial. ",
"The primary cancer site was hypopharyngeal in 5 patients, oropharyngeal in 4, laryngeal in 2, oral cavity in 1, and maxillary sinus in 1. ",
"The patients\\' characteristics are shown in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Seven patients were assigned to the RJ group and 6 to the control group.",
"\n\nThere were no side effects such as allergy, irritation, or toxicity during treatment. ",
"All patients of both groups completed planned chemoradiotherapy.",
"\n\n3.2. ",
"Mucositis {#sec3.2}\n--------------\n\nFour patients received induction chemotherapy. ",
"All had no sign of mucositis at the beginning of concomitant chemoradiotherapy.",
"\n\nAt the end of radiation, in the RJ group, Grade 3 mucositis was observed in 71.4% (5/7), and Grade 2 was seen in 28.6% (2/7). ",
"In the control group, Grade 3 mucositis was seen in 100% (6/6). ",
"In the control group, one case progressed to Grade 4 one month after treatment.",
"\n\n[Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the grades of mucositis at the beginning of radiation, after 20 Gy, after 40 Gy, at the end of radiation, and 1 month after radiation. ",
"A significant difference was observed between the groups in the grade of mucositis at each point.",
"\n\n[Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the average time to progress to Grade 2 mucositis from the beginning of radiation in both groups. ",
"The average time was 25.9 ± 9.6 days in the RJ group and 19.0 ± 4.1 days in the control group. ",
"The average time was significantly longer in the RJ group (*P* \\< 0.001).",
"\n\n[Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the average time to progress to grade 3 mucositis from the beginning of radiation in both groups. ",
"The average time was 37.4 ± 11.8 days in the RJ group and 31.0 ± 5.8 days in the control group. ",
"The average time was significantly longer in the RJ group (*P* \\< 0.001).",
"\n\nThe results shown in Figures [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} suggest that applying RJ may prevent or reduce the severity of chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Discussion {#sec4}\n=============\n\nOral mucositis occurs in 15--40% of patients receiving standard chemotherapy, and 100% of patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer develop oral mucositis of varying degrees \\[[@B5], [@B25]\\]. ",
"The mechanism by which mucositis occurs is based on the fact that the oral mucosa has a high level of mitotic activity and high cell turnover. ",
"Due to the high degree of cell desquamation, there is a continuous need for cell multiplication to recover the oral mucosa. ",
"Tissues with high levels of mitotic activity respond rapidly to radiation, since the most sensitive phases of the cell cycle are G2 and mitosis. ",
"Thus, the mucosa is rapidly affected \\[[@B22]\\]. ",
"The same is true for chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin, S-1, nedaplatin, and docetaxel. ",
"Chemoradiotherapy causes various changes in normal tissues, depending on the closely interrelated factors of total dose, fractionation schedule, and volume treated. ",
"Until now, there has been no way to prevent chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis using only gargling and analgesics.",
"\n\nBee products are commonly used traditionally to treat not only mucositis, but also skin disorders like cuts and burns as traditional wound healing agents \\[[@B4]--[@B26]\\]. ",
"Bee products are not artificial, but natural resources. ",
"This point results in easy acceptance among many cancer patients because they must always take so many artificial medicines. ",
"Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of bee products for mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy.",
"\n\nThe first issue that needed to be resolved was which kind of bee product would be best for mucositis. ",
"Suemaru et al. ",
"already evaluated three bee products (honey, RJ, and propolis) for 5-fluorouracil-induced experimental oral mucositis in hamsters \\[[@B24]\\]. ",
"They reported that only the RJ ointments significantly improved recovery from chemotherapy-induced mucositis in a dose-dependent manner. ",
"These results suggested that topical application of RJ has a healing effect on severe oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy. ",
"This is the reason why RJ was selected for this study.",
"\n\nRJ is mainly secreted by the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of worker honeybees between the sixth and twelfth days of their life, and it is an essential food for the development of the queen honeybee. ",
"RJ is a complex substance containing a unique combination of proteins (12--15%), sugars (10--12%), lipids (3--7%), amino acids, vitamins, and minerals \\[[@B16]\\]. ",
"RJ has also been demonstrated to possess many pharmacological activities in experimental animals, including antitumor \\[[@B28]\\], antioxidant \\[[@B11], [@B18]\\], anti-inflammatory \\[[@B13]\\], antibacterial \\[[@B29]\\], antiallergic \\[[@B19]\\], antiaging \\[[@B20]\\], and antihypertensive properties \\[[@B27]\\]. ",
"Recently, many authors have reported that the antioxidant effect is important for wound healing \\[[@B6]--[@B15]\\]. ",
"In this respect, RJ is an ideal agent. ",
"Inoue et al. ",
"reported the effect of dietary RJ on tissue DNA oxidative damage in mice \\[[@B11]\\]. ",
"In mice that were fed a dietary supplement of RJ, the levels of a marker of oxidative stress, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, were significantly reduced in kidney DNA and serum.",
"\n\nFurthermore, Kohno et al. ",
"suggested that RJ has anti-inflammatory actions through inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production by activated macrophages \\[[@B13]\\]. ",
"They named the factor honeybee RJ-derived anti-inflammatory factor.",
"\n\nWatanabe et al. ",
"reported that RJ showed scavenging activity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, superoxide radicals, and hydroxylradicals. ",
"Therefore, in the healing effect of RJ on mucositis, radical scavenging activity is more important than keratinocyte growth factor generation \\[[@B30]\\].",
"\n\nRJ also has antibacterial actions. ",
"Royalisin found in the RJ of*Apis mellifera* is an antimicrobial peptide. ",
"It plays an important role in protecting wounds from being infected \\[[@B29]\\].",
"\n\nThe present study showed that RJ prevented progression of mucositis from the early phase, and the average time to progress to Grade 2 mucositis was 25.9 ± 9.6 days versus 19.0 ± 4.1 days (RJ versus control). ",
"The average time to progress to Grade 3 was 37.4 ± 11.8 days versus 31.0 ± 5.8 days (RJ versus control). ",
"A significant reduction in mucositis occurred among RJ-treated patients compared with controls (*P* \\< 0.001).",
"\n\nAt the end of radiation, Grade 3 mucositis was observed in 71.4% (5/7) in the RJ group and 100% (6/6) in the control group. ",
"These results suggest that topical application of RJ is effective in preventing accelerated mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy.",
"\n\nIn this study, only RJ was evaluated for mucositis, but Nakajima et al. ",
"reported that, of all bee products, propolis is the most powerful antioxidant \\[[@B18]\\]. ",
"An antioxidant effect is important in the mucositis healing process. ",
"Although we would have liked to evaluate propolis, propolis extracted with water was not available. ",
"Propolis extracted with ethanol is not good for mucositis due to stimulation by alcohol. ",
"In the future, we would like to evaluate propolis extracted with water.",
"\n\nThus, further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of RJ on mucositis and elucidate the precise mechanisms of action. ",
"Nevertheless, it is possible to say that RJ tends to prevent progression of mucositis.",
"\n\nThis research was supported by Yamada Research Grant (2009) from Yamada Bee Farm in Japan.",
"\n\nConflict of Interests\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.",
"\n\n{#fig1}\n\n{#fig2}\n\n{#fig3}\n\n###### \n\nPatients\\' profile.",
"\n\n Case Group Tumor site Sex Age (year) TNM stage IC CRT\n ------ ------- ----------------- ----- ------------ ----------- -------- -------\n 1 RJ Larynx M 59 T2N0M0 --- S-1\n 2 RJ Oropharynx M 84 T3N2cM0 --- S-1\n 3 RJ Hypopharynx M 62 TXN3M0 S1 + N N + T\n 4 RJ Hypopharynx M 58 T1N3M0 S1 + N N + T\n 5 RJ Larynx F 75 T2N0M0 --- S-1\n 6 RJ Oropharynx M 65 T4aN2bM0 --- CDDP\n 7 RJ Hypopharynx M 51 T2N2bM0 --- N + T\n 8 CONT Hypopharynx M 84 T2N0M0 --- S-1\n 9 CONT Oropharynx M 63 T1N2bM0 --- N + T\n 10 CONT Oropharynx M 62 T1N2aM0 --- CDDP\n 11 CONT Oropharynx M 65 T4aN0M0 S1 + N N + T\n 12 CONT Hypopharynx M 66 T2N1M0 S1 + N S-1\n 13 CONT Maxillary sinus M 78 T4aN0M0 --- CDDP\n\nRJ: royal jelly, CONT: control, M: male, and F: female.",
"\n\nIC: induction chemotherapy.",
"\n\nCRT: chemoradiotherapy.",
"\n\nS1 + N: S1 + nedaplatin.",
"\n\nS1: S-1 regimen.",
"\n\nN + T: Weekly nedaplatin and docetaxel regimen.",
"\n\nCDDP: Cisplatin regimen.",
"\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: David W. Eisele\n"
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"\n\n\"Hey, Revo! ",
"What's up?\" ",
"asked the Pigu.",
"\n\n\"I'm sick of your bullshit, pigu.\" ",
"replied Revo. \"",
"I've been thinking about the past run and all of it's glitches. ",
"You wanted to put in extra features but all it did was cause glitches and trouble for the stream!\"",
"\n\n\"Revo.... we.. we already talked about this! ",
"You know it wasn't just my fault.\" ",
"stuttered the fearful Pigu.",
"\n\n\"I don't care about that anymore. ",
"You suggested the additions, but all that has happened was controversy, free coins and glitches. ",
"Everyone has started mocking us for it!",
"\n\n...but I found a solution. ",
"I just need to get rid of you. ",
"Then, all the glitches would be removed.\" ",
"grinned Revo.",
"\n\n\"No! ",
"Anything but that!\" ",
"Exclaimed Pigu, on the verge of tears. ",
"He didn't want to leave his position as top leaker and havoc causer. ",
"It was his life. ",
"He hated streamer with a passion, and he hated the community most of all. ",
"One time he applied as Live Updater and caused so much trouble, he was kicked out and even banned for a few days. ",
"He loved it all.",
"\n\nPigu started fantasizing about all of the drama he caused while he was part of the active community. ",
"From threatening to kill himself, writing up that Streamer x Revo fanfic, heck, he even caused the moderators to put up a new rule and he was featured on /r/SubredditDrama!",
"\n\nRevo was still lecturing him about all of his wrongdoings. ",
"Then pigu realised, without Revo he would not have power in the community! ",
"What was he going to do when he was kicked out of the romhack business?",
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"D-Dont leave me! ",
"I will make sure I won't create any more bugs again!! ",
"I'll do anything if you keep me in the team!!\" ",
"cried Pigu\n\n\"...anything?\" ",
"Revo said, and started to devilishly smile.",
"\n\n\"Yes! ",
"What do you want me to do!? ",
"I can code a game where you are the hero of TPP, stomping all the digletts faster than Leech King if you want. ",
"I could remove all traces of that fanfic on the internet for you! ",
"I could hire a guy from Nintendo to promote whatever you say! ",
"I could-\"\n\n\"Give me gold.\" ",
"Revo commanded. ",
"It was the hardest thing to do of them all.",
"\n\n\"...Gild you!? ",
"That's out of the question! ",
"I hate it when anyone gets gold and I wish you will die for saying that! ",
"Fuck you!\"",
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"Revo grinned. ",
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"Revo grabbed Pigu and pushed his face down into his balls. ",
"Pigu started to lick it like it was the last thing he could do. ",
"Revo groaned in pleasure while Pigu was licking his entire body, feeling him up his legs and raising Revo's crotch to his.",
"\n\nPigu started to strip himself, and soon they were both naked. ",
"Revo spat on his hands and started rubbing his warm saliva around his butthole. ",
"He then went into a crouching position while Pigu started to fuck him.",
"\n\nIn and out, in and out. ",
"Revo and Pigu were squealing in delight, while Pigu's pink diglett was having a fun time inside of Revo's big gaping hole. ",
"Revo demanded Pigu to talk dirty to him. ",
"Pigu said a variety of dank memes while Revo enjoyed all of the inches inside his rear. ",
"Pigu then filled Revo with his milky, white love and they moaned in unison. ",
"The deal had been done.",
"\n\n\"REVO AND PIGU, COME HERE THIS INSTANT!\"",
"\n\nThey turned their heads to see where the shout had come from, and on the pavement with a new, red bike, was Deku. ",
"He was laughing his head off.",
"\n\n\"Wow revo, I knew you were a faggot, but I didn't know you were THAT kind of faggot!!!\"",
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"Born in New York, he lived for many years in Paris,… More about Alan Furst\n\nAbout Alan Furst\n\nAlan Furst, widely recognized as the master of the historical spy novel, is the author of A Hero of France, Midnight in Europe, Mission to Paris, and many other bestsellers. ",
"Born in New York, he lived for many years in Paris,… More about Alan Furst\n\nAwards\n\nFrankfurt eBook AwardNOMINEE 2001\n\nAuthor Q&A\n\nAlan Furst describes the area of his interest as “near history.” ",
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"Ovariectomized gilts received 2 ml corn oil (control; n = 5), 2 mg oestradiol benzoate (n = 6) or 20 mg progesterone (n = 5) for 5 days. ",
"Gilts were hysterectomized 8 h after the last injection and longitudinal sections of myometrium were incubated in modified Krebs' solution with 0 or 10 i.u. ",
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"After incubation, myometrial sections were placed in a tissue chamber perfused with Krebs' solution and mechanical activity was recorded for 30 min. ",
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"In contrast, hCG had no effect (P greater than 0.05) on the pattern of myometrial contractions in gilts given corn oil or progesterone. ",
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"Wastage of ova in young Merino ewes.",
"\nEight sub-flocks each of 48 to 51 Merino ewes were mated for 18 days with 1 ram to each subflock. ",
"Four of the sub-flocks were of non-parous 1.5-year-old ewes and the other 4 were of parous 2.5-year-old ewes. ",
"Fertilisation rates for the subflocks of 1.5-year-old ewes varied from 83 to 94%, and the sub-flocks of 2.5-year-old ewes ranged from 81 to 94%. ",
"By day 29 post coitum 42% and 56% of 1.5-year-old ewes in sub-flocks 1 and 2 respectively were no longer pregnant. ",
"Embryonic mortality was low in other sub-flocks of 1.5- and 2.5-year-old ewes. ",
"Virtually all embryonic death occurred after day 12 post coitum. ",
"The sporadic occurrence of high ova wastage in maiden 1.5-year-old ewes in this experiment and in others is discussed in relation to the short duration of oestrus in young ewes and the great variation in service activity of rams."
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"\n-452*m**2 - 120*m - 24\nWhat is the t'th term of -4061, -16317, -36747, -65351, -102129?",
"\n-4087*t**2 + 5*t + 21\nWhat is the r'th term of 1075300, 4301421, 9678290, 17205907?",
"\n1075374*r**2 - r - 73\nWhat is the o'th term of 806, 3093, 8364, 18113, 33834, 57021, 89168, 131769?",
"\n249*o**3 - 2*o**2 + 550*o + 9\nWhat is the w'th term of -1690476, -3380953, -5071430, -6761907, -8452384, -10142861?",
"\n-1690477*w + 1\nWhat is the i'th term of 4991, 5278, 5565, 5852, 6139?",
"\n287*i + 4704\nWhat is the d'th term of 16023, 16116, 16283, 16536, 16887, 17348, 17931?",
"\n2*d**3 + 25*d**2 + 4*d + 15992\nWhat is the g'th term of 474961, 474910, 474831, 474730, 474613?",
"\ng**3 - 20*g**2 + 2*g + 474978\nWhat is the p'th term of 12447, 12680, 13377, 14790, 17171, 20772?",
"\n42*p**3 - 20*p**2 - p + 12426\nWhat is the o'th term of -1842973, -1843331, -1843689, -1844047, -1844405?",
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"\n171*p**2 - 159*p + 223\nWhat is the y'th term of 64138, 63465, 61654, 58135, 52338?",
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"\n551*d**3 - d**2 + 189*d - 6\nWhat is the q'th term of 2616, 2587, 2568, 2559?",
"\n5*q**2 - 44*q + 2655\nWhat is the z'th term of -480729, -480862, -481077, -481368, -481729, -482154?",
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"\nb**3 + 21*b**2 - 178*b - 4510\nWhat is the d'th term of 8231, 7523, 6815, 6107, 5399, 4691?",
"\n-708*d + 8939\nWhat is the i'th term of 3765, 15378, 34841, 62148, 97293, 140270?",
"\n-i**3 + 3931*i**2 - 173*i + 8\nWhat is the s'th term of 1134396, 1134397, 1134398, 1134399, 1134400?",
"\ns + 1134395\nWhat is the o'th term of 151, 496, 1231, 2548, 4639, 7696, 11911?",
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"\n27485*m**2 + 381*m + 16\nWhat is the p'th term of 9494, 75854, 255972, 606722, 1184978, 2047614, 3251504?",
"\n9479*p**3 + 5*p**2 - 8*p + 18\nWhat is the n'th term of 620, 574, 472, 302, 52, -290, -736, -1298?",
"\n-2*n**3 - 16*n**2 + 16*n + 622\nWhat is the t'th term of 381126, 762324, 1143520, 1524714, 1905906, 2287096?",
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"\nv**3 + 139*v**2 - 2*v - 2816\nWhat is the t'th term of 4638, 18505, 41590, 73893, 115414?",
"\n4609*t**2 + 40*t - 11\nWhat is the d'th term of 2315, 2296, 2247, 2156, 2011, 1800, 1511, 1132?",
"\n-2*d**3 - 3*d**2 + 4*d + 2316\nWhat is the r'th term of 29212, 58558, 87904, 117250, 146596, 175942?",
"\n29346*r - 134\nWhat is the p'th term of 1567, 3060, 4487, 5860, 7191, 8492?",
"\n2*p**3 - 45*p**2 + 1614*p - 4\nWhat is the u'th term of -3139, -3167, -3203, -3247, -3299, -3359?",
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"\n-13*k + 8053958\nWhat is the i'th term of 4044879, 4044852, 4044825, 4044798, 4044771?",
"\n-27*i + 4044906\nWhat is the l'th term of 288222, 576150, 864074, 1151994?",
"\n-2*l**2 + 287934*l + 290\nWhat is the m'th term of -2450759, -2450778, -2450797?",
"\n-19*m - 2450740\nWhat is the u'th term of 798671, 798682, 798701, 798728?",
"\n4*u**2 - u + 798668\nWhat is the g'th term of -1143568, -1143558, -1143548, -1143538, -1143528?",
"\n10*g - 1143578\nWhat is the h'th term of 108180, 108123, 108026, 107889, 107712, 107495?",
"\n-20*h**2 + 3*h + 108197\nWhat is the c'th term of 1180396, 2360791, 3541188, 4721587, 5901988?",
"\nc**2 + 1180392*c + 3\nWhat is the r'th term of 114547, 114073, 113599, 113125, 112651?",
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"Here’s a release schedule for the upcoming films:\n\nThe Splinter (June 2015) : Based on the popular comic about a man who comes into contact with a radioactive woodchip and gains the power to lodge himself under anyone’s fingernail.",
"\n\n: Based on the popular comic about a man who comes into contact with a radioactive woodchip and gains the power to lodge himself under anyone’s fingernail. ",
"The Stupendous Spider-Man (November 2015) : The Spider-suit is updated to pop more on promotional Coca-Cola cans.",
"\n\n: The Spider-suit is updated to pop more on promotional Coca-Cola cans. ",
"X-Men: Relative Doom (May 2016) : The mutants band together to fight the fifth-most important threat to humanity.",
"\n\n: The mutants band together to fight the fifth-most important threat to humanity. ",
"La Lettre Rose (December 2016) : While contemplating his future with longtime girlfriend Lisa (Charlotte Gainsbourg) while she is away for the weekend at a friend’s wedding, Batman discovers a lovely and sorrowful letter on the sidewalk and decides to track down its author, who may or may not live in their same apartment building.",
"\n\n: While contemplating his future with longtime girlfriend Lisa (Charlotte Gainsbourg) while she is away for the weekend at a friend’s wedding, Batman discovers a lovely and sorrowful letter on the sidewalk and decides to track down its author, who may or may not live in their same apartment building. ",
"Fantastic Four 2 (July 2017) : If you thought the fact that Fantastic Four 1 hasn’t even debuted yet would stop the producers from confirming a sequel, you vastly underestimate them.",
"\n\n: If you thought the fact that Fantastic Four 1 hasn’t even debuted yet would stop the producers from confirming a sequel, you vastly underestimate them. ",
"Justice League (November 2017) : DC’s superheroes vainly attempt to battle evil without addressing the root social causes contributing to evil.",
"\n\n: DC’s superheroes vainly attempt to battle evil without addressing the root social causes contributing to evil. ",
"The Flash (March 2018) : With no antagonist to speak of, this film documents the extensive long-distance running and wind sprints Barry Allen needs to perform daily in order to maintain his impressive speed.",
"\n\n: With no antagonist to speak of, this film documents the extensive long-distance running and wind sprints Barry Allen needs to perform daily in order to maintain his impressive speed. ",
"Aquaman (July 2018) : In the first movie of the franchise, Aquaman watches helplessly from the Atlantic Ocean as extraterrestrials attack Nebraska.",
"\n\n: In the first movie of the franchise, Aquaman watches helplessly from the Atlantic Ocean as extraterrestrials attack Nebraska. ",
"Night Shadow (November 2018) : Is this even a superhero? ",
"We don’t care. ",
"Tell us 14-year-olds aren’t going to line up around the block to see Night Shadow.",
"\n\n: Is this even a superhero? ",
"We don’t care. ",
"Tell us 14-year-olds aren’t going to line up around the block to see Night Shadow. ",
"Ant-Man: Eager To Please (April 2019) : Scott Lang, an electronics expert who owns a highly advanced suit endowing him with the ability to shrink in size and retain superhuman strength, immediately reveals his true identity to the first person who asks.",
"\n\n: Scott Lang, an electronics expert who owns a highly advanced suit endowing him with the ability to shrink in size and retain superhuman strength, immediately reveals his true identity to the first person who asks. ",
"Untitled Batman Film (July 2019) : Though details of this future Batman film are hazy, studio sources hint that this latest adaptation of the popular comic book series may involve the caped crusader doing battle with an individual or group of individuals.",
"\n\n: Though details of this future Batman film are hazy, studio sources hint that this latest adaptation of the popular comic book series may involve the caped crusader doing battle with an individual or group of individuals. ",
"Unannounced Marvel $700 Million (November 2020): Marvel’s much-loved characters will gross $700 million."
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"Demon Core is a first-person survival action game, featuring an edgy female protagonist; a scientist forced to take up arms when everything falls apart.",
"\nAspects of the game are unique artistic style combining near-future high technology with exotic Russian design and innovative gameplay elements allowing you to:\n\nHide in the shadows and blend in with victims, even pretend to surrender. ",
"Take an edge in combat and defeat the enemy by using your wits.",
"\n\nUse your own and stolen weapons to set up traps and triggers. ",
"Take control of the trap, create your strategy and take out the remaining few enemies while they are disorganised.",
"\n\nPerceive the enemy chain of command and see the team dynamics that you can affect by targeting the right man at the right time.",
"\n\nIdentify distinctive personality of each enemy, defining his behavior in combat.",
"\n\nImmerse yourself in the game using Microsoft Kinect or NaturalPoint TrackIR to detect your head movement and reproduce it in-game.",
"\n\nWe believe in delivering high quality even in an indie game. ",
"We've set ourselves a goal of setting new standards for the production values and quality of indie games. ",
"As of now, we expect Demon Core to be finished around Q4 / 2014, but no release date has been decided yet.",
"\n\nMeanwhile, be sure to check out out homepage and like us on Facebook to keep yourself up to date on what's happening with Demon Core! ",
"The IndieDB will be updated regularly as well, but you can catch the news earliest on our Facebook page\n\nWe're on Greenlight as well, so if you like what you're seeing, show your support by giving the thumbs up!",
"\n\nThis is a huge day for us, as Demon Core has been Greenlit by the community! ",
"AWESOOOME! ",
"A huge thanks to all who have contributed and made this happen, this is a huge milestone for us. ",
"We're super excited about this, and calls for a little celebration! ",
":D\n\nNo articles were found matching the criteria specified. ",
"We suggest you try the article list with no filter applied, to browse all available. ",
"Join now to share your own content, we welcome creators and consumers alike and look forward to your comments.",
"\n\nSome questions\n1. ",
"Will there be voice acting ?",
"\n2. ",
"Does it play similarly to Perfect Dark ?",
"\n3. ",
"How many people are working on this game ?",
"\n4. ",
"How long will the game be and will it have multiplayer supports ?",
"\n\nThere will be voice acting, in fact we've just agreed about using a studio at a theatre nearby.",
"\nUnfortunately I don't recall how Perfect Dark played. ",
"One could say that there are elements in Demon Core that are influenced by games such as Half Life 2, Metro 2033 and Splinter Cell.",
"\nCurrently there are 8 people working on the game. ",
"The number goes up and down during the project.",
"\nThe length will be somewhere around 5-6 hours. ",
"There is only the single player campaign. ",
"Any possible multiplayer version will be a different project."
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"import { compact } from \"lodash\"\nimport moment from \"moment-timezone\"\nimport { stripTags } from \"lib/helpers\"\nimport { SearchItemRawResponse } from \"./SearchItemRawResponse\"\n\nconst DATE_FORMAT = \"MMM Do, YYYY\"\n\nexport class SearchableItemPresenter {\n private item: SearchItemRawResponse\n\n constructor(item: SearchItemRawResponse) {\n this.item = item\n }\n\n formattedDescription(): string | undefined {\n const { description, display } = this.item\n\n switch (this.displayType()) {\n case \"Article\":\n return this.formattedArticleDescription()\n case \"Fair\":\n return this.formattedEventDescription(\"Art fair\")\n case \"Auction\":\n return this.formattedEventDescription(\"Sale\", \"America/New_York\")\n case \"Artwork\":\n case \"Feature\":\n case \"Gallery\":\n case \"Page\":\n return description\n case \"Booth\":\n case \"Show\":\n return this.formattedShowDescription()\n case \"City\":\n return `Browse current exhibitions in ${display}`\n case \"Collection\":\n case \"ArtistSeries\":\n return stripTags(description)\n default:\n return undefined\n }\n }\n\n href(): string {\n const { href, label, id, profile_id, model } = this.item\n\n if (href) return href\n switch (label) {\n case \"Profile\":\n return `/${id}`\n case \"Fair\":\n return `/${profile_id}`\n case \"Sale\":\n return `/auction/${id}`\n case \"City\":\n return `/shows/${id}`\n case \"MarketingCollection\":\n return `/collection/${id}`\n case \"Booth\":\n case \"PartnerShow\":\n return `/show/${id}`\n case \"ArtistSeries\":\n return `/artist-series/${id}`\n default:\n return `/${model}/${id}`\n }\n }\n\n displayType(): string {\n const { fair_id, label, owner_type } = this.item\n\n switch (label) {\n case \"Profile\":\n const institutionTypes = [\n \"PartnerInstitution\",\n \"PartnerInstitutionalSeller\",\n ]\n if (institutionTypes.includes(owner_type)) {\n return \"Institution\"\n } else if (owner_type === \"FairOrganizer\") {\n return \"Fair\"\n } else {\n return \"Gallery\"\n }\n case \"Gene\":\n return \"Category\"\n // TODO: How do we correctly display Sale/Auction types?",
"\n // There's nothing to distinguish the two types present\n // in the special `match` JSON returned from the Gravity API.",
"\n case \"Sale\":\n return \"Auction\"\n case \"PartnerShow\":\n return fair_id ? \"",
"Booth\" : \"Show\"\n case \"MarketingCollection\":\n return \"Collection\"\n case \"ArtistSeries\":\n return \"Artist Series\"\n default:\n return label\n }\n }\n\n imageUrl(): string {\n if (this.item.image_url === \"/assets/shared/missing_image.png\") {\n return \"\"\n }\n\n return this.item.image_url\n }\n\n private formattedEventDescription(title: string, timezone?: ",
"string): string {\n const { description, location, live_start_at, start_at, end_at } = this.item\n\n const formattedStartAt = this.formattedTime(\n live_start_at || start_at,\n DATE_FORMAT,\n timezone\n )\n const formattedEndAt = this.formattedTime(end_at, DATE_FORMAT, timezone)\n\n if (formattedStartAt && formattedEndAt) {\n let formattedDescription = `${title} running from ${formattedStartAt} to ${formattedEndAt}`\n if (location) {\n formattedDescription += ` in ${location}`\n }\n return formattedDescription\n } else if (formattedStartAt) {\n let formattedDescription = `${title} opening ${formattedStartAt}`\n if (location) {\n formattedDescription += ` in ${location}`\n }\n return formattedDescription\n } else {\n return description\n }\n }\n\n private formattedArticleDescription(): string {\n const { description, published_at } = this.item\n\n const formattedPublishedAt = this.formattedTime(published_at, DATE_FORMAT)\n\n if (formattedPublishedAt && description) {\n return `${formattedPublishedAt} ... ${description}`\n } else if (formattedPublishedAt) {\n return formattedPublishedAt\n } else {\n return description\n }\n }\n\n private formattedTime(\n timestamp: string,\n format: string,\n timezone?: ",
"string\n ): string | null {\n const momentTime = moment.utc(timestamp)\n\n if (!",
"momentTime.isValid()) {\n return null\n } else if (timezone) {\n return `${momentTime.tz(timezone).format(format)} (at ${momentTime.format(\n \"h:mma z\"\n )})`\n } else {\n return momentTime.format(format)\n }\n }\n\n private formattedShowDescription(): string {\n const { location, venue } = this.item\n\n const leadHeading = this.formattedLeadHeading()\n const runningTime = this.formattedRunningTime()\n\n let artistNames = this.formattedArtistNames()\n if (artistNames) {\n artistNames = `featuring works by ${artistNames}`\n }\n\n let formattedVenue = venue\n if (formattedVenue) {\n formattedVenue = `at ${formattedVenue}`\n }\n\n return compact([\n leadHeading,\n artistNames,\n formattedVenue,\n location,\n runningTime,\n ]).join(\" \")\n }\n\n private formattedArtistNames(): string {\n const { artist_names } = this.item\n\n if (artist_names.length > 1) {\n return `${artist_names\n .slice(0, artist_names.length - 1)\n .join(\", \")} and ${artist_names[artist_names.length - 1]}`\n } else {\n return artist_names[0]\n }\n }\n\n private formattedLeadHeading(): string {\n const { fair_id, start_at, end_at } = this.item\n\n if (!",
"start_at || !",
"end_at) {\n return fair_id ? \"",
"Fair booth\" : \"Show\"\n }\n\n const now = moment.utc().startOf(\"day\")\n const startAt = moment.utc(start_at)\n const endAt = moment.utc(end_at)\n\n const startDiff = startAt.diff(now, \"days\")\n const endDiff = endAt.diff(now, \"days\")\n\n let statusLabel: string\n if (startDiff < 0 && endDiff < 0) {\n statusLabel = \"Past\"\n } else if (startDiff > 0) {\n statusLabel = \"Upcoming\"\n } else {\n statusLabel = \"Current\"\n }\n\n const type = fair_id ? \"",
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"Q:\n\nWann verselbstständigte sich das Tanzen auf vielen Hochzeiten?",
"\n\nÜber Leute wie ich, die sich in vielen unterschiedlichen Gemeinschaften auf verschiedenste Arten einbringen, sagt man:\n\nDer tanzt auf zu vielen Hochzeiten.",
"\n\nDas ergibt natürlich an sich ein sehr schönes und plausibles Bild. ",
"Daher würde mich interessieren:\n\nWas sind die ältesten, nachweisbaren Quellen für diese Phrase?",
"\nWelche der möglichen Etymologien (ich liste sie nicht auf, ich möchte niemanden beeinflussen) lässt sich bestätigen/widerlegen; wo kommt der Ausdruck also her?",
"\nWar die Phrase gegebenenfalls früher auf nur ein Geschlecht begrenzt?",
"\n\nA:\n\nMit Google Books habe ich die folgenden Ergebnisse gefunden:\nDeutsche Vierteljahrsschrift, 1841, Verlag J. G. Cotta.",
"\n\nEine lebhafte Kontroverse war vorausgegangen; namentlich war geltend gemacht worden, Niemand könne auf zwei Hochzeiten zugleich seyn, also könne der Mitverlag eines Deutschen ein französisches Werk in Deutschland nicht schützen\n\nAuch mit alternativen Schreibweisen wie zwey oder Hochzeyten habe ich nichts Älteres gefunden.",
"\nAußerdem gibt es noch Resultate aus Büchern, die Ausdrücke „aus dem Volk“ sammeln, demnach wird dieser Ausdruck schon einige Zeit in Verwendung gewesen sein:\n1861 So spricht das Volk: volksthümliche Redensarten und Sprichwörter von Franz Sandvoss:\n\nmit einem arsch auf zwei hochzeiten sein wollen\n\n"
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"In recent years, selling online has been the fastest growing sales channel in most retail sectors. ",
"Many businesses want a slice of the action but things are always changing. ",
"It’s good to keep up with the latest trends but it’s also important to get the basics right....\n\nWhatever it is you’re looking for, the Internet will have you covered. ",
"Whether it’s advice on lawn mower maintenance, recipes using kale, local restaurant reviews or even video clips of a cat playing piano you’re never more than a few clicks away from your goal. ",
"Why...\n\nOnce upon a time, customers needed convincing that the Internet was a safe place to shop. ",
"Internet novices still need that reassurance. ",
"But most people nowadays have shopped online at least once. ",
"They take it for granted that buying online is safe – but they still...\n\nAbandoned shopping carts aren’t necessarily negative. ",
"Visitors quit their carts for many reasons. ",
"They may be competitors checking out your site, or consumers comparing prices and finding out your trading policies. ",
"Equally, customers may use your site and then place...\n\nMark Twain once said, “Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.” ",
"Twain makes a lot of sense, unless of course he’s talking about cheese. ",
"A lot of people like cheese, and I will never pause and reflect on my appreciation...\n\nLynden Singh\n\nLynden’s Bio goes here.",
"\n\nJustin Taylor\n\nI joined Sellerdeck in 2017 after 10 years as an E-commerce Manager running multi-channel online retail stores. ",
"It’s this experience which led me to join Sellerdeck. ",
"As the E-commerce Partnership Manager, my focus is on the success of our customers. ",
"I work with the teams at Sellerdeck to pull-together the best that we can offer, which has a strategic and positive impact on our customers.",
"\n\nOutside of work, I love to travel and have a large extended family dotted around the globe.",
"\n\nPeter Turner\n\nPeter’s bio goes here.",
"\n\nJosh Barling\n\nI joined Sellerdeck in 2009, before the iPad even existed, and it was fascinating to be involved in an industry that was going through world changing events. ",
"Prior to Sellerdeck I completed an apprenticeship in Civil Engineering, where I was self-taught on AutoCAD to design structural drawings and 3d models.",
"\n\nAfter eight years in the company and towards the end of 2016, I wanted more perspective and exposure from other businesses, so I left to join a digital marketing agency who focused on technical SEO.",
"\n\nBut I couldn’t stay away and in August of 2017 I was given the opportunity and privilege of being Sellerdeck’s CEO.",
"\n\nThe company and its employees all share a set of strong values which is evident with every person you engage with. ",
"This is what I most admire of Sellerdeck and the people within the business.",
"\n\nOutside of work, my life revolves around the people I love and playing or watching as much football as I can.",
"\n\nWhy Choose Sellerdeck?",
"\n\nIn an online world filled with an abundance of E-commerce companies, marketing agencies and one-stop solutions, the big question is: Who do you choose?",
"\n\nWell, we here at Sellerdeck like to think that we can be the perfect fit for your company. ",
"Why? ",
"Because we’ve been doing it since 1996. ",
"Sellerdeck almost single handedly changed the face of E-Commerce in the UK with our easy to use Desktop E-Commerce Solution. ",
"Every business has to evolve and we’re no different. ",
"A name change, a re-branding and a lot of code later and here we are. ",
"Not only can we design, build, host and market your e-commerce business, we can work closely with you to become your e-commerce partner.",
"\n\nJust look at the growth of a site like Clubhouse Golf, breaking through a closed golf market to see how partnership has helped them.",
"\n\nMulti-user option for catalogue management and order processing (up to 4 users)\n\nMulti-user option for catalogue management and order processing (4+ users)\n\nManage user access to assign user roles and responsibilities\n\nSite selection on start up\n\nClaire Lupton\n\nI have worked in Marketing and Communications for over 15 years and I could not imagine working in another job!",
"\n\nI’ve worked in lots of different industries and in recent years have specialised in digital marketing for technology and website companies. ",
"Alongside heading up the Ignite digital marketing team, I also manage the marketing for Sellerdeck. ",
"The best part of my job at Sellerdeck is working with the customers to help them create and achieve their marketing objectives. ",
"I work with a great team and all marketing projects start with a team brainstorm over a cup of tea, we allocate the different tasks, ranging from email marketing, social media, blogging, advertising and offline campaigns to the relevant person. ",
"I love the variety where every day is different.",
"\n\nMy special object is Hugo (hedgehogs are my favorite animal), he was a gift a long time ago from my parents and he goes everywhere (within reason) with me.",
"\n\nPostcode Anywhere\n\nBy using Postcode Lookup on your website, you’ll be able to streamline your checkout process and reduce your cart abandonment rate, with your customers addresses filled automatically upon entering their postcode. ",
"Postcode Lookup is fully integrated with Sellerdeck and supported by our in house Technical Support team.",
"\n\nGFS\n\nSellerdeck has partnered with Global Freight Solutions to give you access to delivery carriers which have previously only been available to large volume shippers and your clients will be able to track packets and parcels with the option of using SMS and email notifications. ",
"GFS also offers Integrated Labelling which automates the printing of shipping labels, straight from Sellerdeck.",
"\n\neBay\n\nWe’ve partnered with eBay to bring you our eBay order management tool, which allows you to import all of your eBay orders into Sellerdeck and process everything in one place! ",
"With a host of benefits, including updated stock records and automatic status emails sent your customers, check out our eBay extension today!",
"\n\nPayPal\n\nWe are proud to say that as a partner of Sellerdeck, PayPal is fully integrated with Sellerdeck Desktop. ",
"PayPal is a fast and secure way to process online payments and accepts all major credit and debit cards as well as allowing your customers to pay with their PayPal accounts.",
"\n\nWith over 20 million accounts in the UK and over 140 million worldwide and a range of affordable products to suit your business needs, contact them today to get set up with one of the global leaders in Online Payments.",
"\n\nFeefo Feedback Service\n\nFeefo’s feedback service allows you to request feedback from your customers after they’ve purchased from your online store, ensuring that all of your feedback is 100% genuine. ",
"Your reviews are automatically sent to Google, enriching your website content and can increase your conversion rates by up to 17%!",
"\n\nWith research suggesting that 92% of consumers now read online reviews before making a purchase, there’s no better time to sign up to the Feefo Feedback Service!",
"\n\nSite Management\n\nControl multiple websites and stores from one Administration Panel with ability to share as much or as little information as needed.",
"\n\nAdministration Permission System Roles and Users.",
"\n\nWeb Services API for easy integration between Magento and any third-party application.",
"\n\nGovindaraj Poosamani\n\nHaving worked in Web and Graphic design for 9 years, I am now a Senior User Interface Designer at Sellerdeck, working on both the design and development of Sellerdeck Cloud and Desktop Projects.",
"\n\nWhat I love about working at Sellerdeck is that I get to use my core skills as a developer and designer every day and for me great design is simple, pragmatic and efficient.",
"\n\nWhen I’m not working I love spending time with my family and chilling out.",
"\n\nZsolt Rethy\n\nWhen I graduated in 1999 I was already working as a developer for a German-Hungarian company developing automation software for warehouses.",
"\n\nI joined Sellerdeck in 2000 as a home-based developer, and in 2004 I completed a PhD in engineering. ",
"Since joining I have been in various roles but most of the time I have been doing C++ and Perl coding. ",
"My area of specialization is online payment systems.",
"\n\nOutside of work I enjoy spending time with my family.",
"\n\nKrithika Chandrasekaran\n\nHaving worked in customer service for several years, I joined Sellerdeck in 2004 as a Customer Service Executive. ",
"I’ve had varied roles at Sellerdeck and I’m now the QA Manager. ",
"The change in roles has given me the opportunity to learn and develop both professionally and personally.",
"\n\nWhat I enjoy most about working at Sellerdeck is being able to work with the talented, wonderful people throughout my 12 years. ",
"The comfort I feel in communicating and reaching out to anyone, that the geographical distance doesn’t seem to be an impediment most of the time!",
"\n\nI am a die hard foodie and an avid food blogger and reviewer, which combines my love of food, photography and social media! ",
"I’ve also just discovered a passion for making quilled and silk-thread jewellery.",
"\n\nJawahar Jeyeraman\n\nI started my career in Information Technology after completing my Engineering Degree in Computer Science in the year 2004 from Manonmaniam Sundaranar University.",
"\n\nI joined Sellerdeck in 2010 as a Senior Developer working on Sellerdeck Desktop. ",
"Today, as a Cloud Delivery Lead, I am responsible for various development, migration & deployment activities of cloud projects and resourcing. ",
"Sellerdeck has given me the opportunity to work with technology experts and gives me the space to grow and achieve my goals.",
"\n\nI enjoy spending time with my family, my daughter adds more joy to my life and I try to spend as much time as I can with her. ",
"I also enjoy programming, learning and trying new technologies and ideas. ",
"I love listening to music and reading biographies of the rich and famous.",
"\n\nBruce Townsend\n\nBefore joining Sellerdeck, I worked as an entomologist at the Natural History Museum in London, pursuing a long-held interest in wildlife. ",
"A few years in the voluntary sector followed, including 3 years managing communications for an international HIV/AIDS charity.",
"\n\nAfter joining Sellerdeck in 2000 I specialised in online marketing and search engine optimisation and then moved to product management in late 2008. ",
"I really enjoy the friendly team atmosphere at Sellerdeck.",
"\n\nOutside of work I enjoy being outdoors, taking photographs or watching TV with my feet up and spending time with my wife, 3 daughters and 5 grandchildren.",
"\n\nKarsten Panning\n\nAfter completing a HND in Information Technology and Design at Brunel University, I went on to work at Surrey County Council, where I was the go-to IT person for all 84 councillors and Senior Directors.",
"\n\nI’ve been at Sellerdeck for just over a year in the Technical Support team as an Analyst for the Desktop Applications team. ",
"I thoroughly enjoy my role as I enjoy dealing with customers, helping to resolve their issues and I work with a great team!",
"\n\nIn my spare time I enjoy cycling and going on long walks. ",
"I also enjoy fly fishing, particularly for trout and salmon. ",
"My biggest Salmon so far has been a 25lb chinook salmon which I caught in Vancouver Island in Canada.",
"\n\nDavid Dennington\n\nI’ve been working at Sellerdeck for the last two years in the Sales department. ",
"My role has developed from a Junior Sales Executive to dealing with clients on a more regular basis and helping them to grow their online presence.",
"\n\nThe most interesting element of the job has been watching one of the fastest growing industries in history grow even further. ",
"My favorite thing about Sellerdeck is the collaboration between departments, helping to solve problems, deliver projects and improve the business. ",
"Everyone here is always willing to help each other out!",
"\n\nOutside of work I enjoy playing tennis, producing/playing music and consuming lasagne!",
"\n\nRahima Zahir\n\nAfter completing my degree in Information systems at Kingston University, I started working as a Technical support analyst at Sellerdeck and I now work as a Technical Support Coordinator. ",
"My role includes, providing 2nd line support on the eCommerce software and coordinating the support department which includes monitoring service as well as support. ",
"Working at Sellerdeck enables me to increase my skills, I am learning something new every day!",
"\n\nOutside of work I enjoy reading books, one of my favorite includes The Kite Runner. ",
"I also like watching cricket and love spending time with my family.",
"\n\nHugh Gibson\n\nAfter getting a 1st Class Honours degree in Computer Science at ANU (Canberra) I worked for various companies in the UK. ",
"I started working with both hardware and software, but eventually turned to software and have been developing applications for Windows since version 2. ",
"I’ve been involved with Sellerdeck from the very early days; took a break for a while but returned in 2011.",
"\n\nI’ve been Chief Technical Officer since 2012. ",
"I enjoy taking the long view on projects, but also love coding. ",
"Making things faster is particularly satisfying.",
"\n\nI currently telework at Sellerdeck, so I get to walk in the Lake District at weekends as I live close by.",
"\n\nSteve Wardell\n\nI have a degree in Information Systems and Computer Science. ",
"Before joining the Sellerdeck family, I worked in Supply Chain systems for various companies in different management and client facing roles.",
"\n\nI’ve worked for Sellerdeck since 2005 as Services Manager, responsible for our hosting and payments services. ",
"I also play a role in our various client projects and internal systems projects.",
"\n\nIn my spare time, I am a keen photographer and GT sports car racing enthusiast. ",
"I ride a mountain bike, trying not to get myself killed. ",
"I’m also a keen amateur weather forecaster and astronomer.",
"\n\nI’m married with four kids, 2 boys and 2 girls, who happily take up the rest of my time."
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"// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making ncnn\n// available.",
"\n//\n// Copyright (C) 2019 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n//\n// Licensed under the BSD 3-Clause License (the \"License\"); you may not use this\n// file except in compliance with the License. ",
"You may obtain a copy of the\n// License at\n//\n// https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause\n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT\n// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ",
"See the\n// License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under\n// the License.",
"\n#ifndef AVX_USABILITY\n#define AVX_USABILITY\n#include <immintrin.h>\n\nstatic inline __m256 loadfp16(const unsigned short* ptr)\n{\n return _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_lddqu_si128((__m128i*)(ptr)));\n}\nstatic inline __m256 _mm256_fmadd_1_ps(__m256 a, __m256 b, float c)\n{\n return _mm256_fmadd_ps(b, _mm256_set1_ps(c), a);\n}\n\nstatic inline __m256 _mm256_fmrsub_1_ps(__m256 a, __m256 b, float c)\n{\n return _mm256_sub_ps(a, _mm256_mul_ps(b, _mm256_set1_ps(c)));\n}\n// From: https://stackoverflow.com/a/25627536\nstatic inline void transpose8_ps(__m256& row0, __m256& row1, __m256& row2, __m256& row3, __m256& row4, __m256& row5, __m256& row6, __m256& row7)\n{\n __m256 __t0, __t1, __t2, __t3, __t4, __t5, __t6, __t7;\n __m256 __tt0, __tt1, __tt2, __tt3, __tt4, __tt5, __tt6, __tt7;\n __t0 = _mm256_unpacklo_ps(row0, row1);\n __t1 = _mm256_unpackhi_ps(row0, row1);\n __t2 = _mm256_unpacklo_ps(row2, row3);\n __t3 = _mm256_unpackhi_ps(row2, row3);\n __t4 = _mm256_unpacklo_ps(row4, row5);\n __t5 = _mm256_unpackhi_ps(row4, row5);\n __t6 = _mm256_unpacklo_ps(row6, row7);\n __t7 = _mm256_unpackhi_ps(row6, row7);\n __tt0 = _mm256_shuffle_ps(__t0, __t2, _MM_SHUFFLE(1, 0, 1, 0));\n __tt1 = _mm256_shuffle_ps(__t0, __t2, _MM_SHUFFLE(3, 2, 3, 2));\n __tt2 = _mm256_shuffle_ps(__t1, __t3, _MM_SHUFFLE(1, 0, 1, 0));\n __tt3 = _mm256_shuffle_ps(__t1, __t3, _MM_SHUFFLE(3, 2, 3, 2));\n __tt4 = _mm256_shuffle_ps(__t4, __t6, _MM_SHUFFLE(1, 0, 1, 0));\n __tt5 = _mm256_shuffle_ps(__t4, __t6, _MM_SHUFFLE(3, 2, 3, 2));\n __tt6 = _mm256_shuffle_ps(__t5, __t7, _MM_SHUFFLE(1, 0, 1, 0));\n __tt7 = _mm256_shuffle_ps(__t5, __t7, _MM_SHUFFLE(3, 2, 3, 2));\n row0 = _mm256_permute2f128_ps(__tt0, __tt4, 0x20);\n row1 = _mm256_permute2f128_ps(__tt1, __tt5, 0x20);\n row2 = _mm256_permute2f128_ps(__tt2, __tt6, 0x20);\n row3 = _mm256_permute2f128_ps(__tt3, __tt7, 0x20);\n row4 = _mm256_permute2f128_ps(__tt0, __tt4, 0x31);\n row5 = _mm256_permute2f128_ps(__tt1, __tt5, 0x31);\n row6 = _mm256_permute2f128_ps(__tt2, __tt6, 0x31);\n row7 = _mm256_permute2f128_ps(__tt3, __tt7, 0x31);\n}\n\nstatic inline __m256 HorizontalSums(__m256 v0, __m256 v1, __m256 v2, __m256 v3, __m256 v4,\n __m256 v5, __m256 v6, __m256 v7)\n{\n const __m256 s01 = _mm256_hadd_ps(v0, v1);\n const __m256 s23 = _mm256_hadd_ps(v2, v3);\n const __m256 s45 = _mm256_hadd_ps(v4, v5);\n const __m256 s67 = _mm256_hadd_ps(v6, v7);\n const __m256 s0123 = _mm256_hadd_ps(s01, s23);\n const __m256 s4556 = _mm256_hadd_ps(s45, s67);\n\n // inter-lane shuffle\n v0 = _mm256_blend_ps(s0123, s4556, 0xF0);\n v1 = _mm256_permute2f128_ps(s0123, s4556, 0x21);\n\n return _mm256_add_ps(v0, v1);\n}\n\nstatic inline __m128 HorizontalSums(__m256 v0, __m256 v1, __m256 v2, __m256 v3)\n{\n const __m256 s01 = _mm256_hadd_ps(v0, v1);\n const __m256 s23 = _mm256_hadd_ps(v2, v3);\n const __m256 s0123 = _mm256_hadd_ps(s01, s23);\n\n return _mm_add_ps(_mm256_extractf128_ps(s0123, 1),\n _mm256_castps256_ps128(s0123));\n}\n\nstatic inline __m128 HorizontalSums(__m256 v0, __m256 v1, __m256 v2)\n{\n const __m256 v3 = _mm256_set1_ps(0.0f);\n const __m256 s01 = _mm256_hadd_ps(v0, v1);\n const __m256 s23 = _mm256_hadd_ps(v2, v3);\n const __m256 s0123 = _mm256_hadd_ps(s01, s23);\n\n return _mm_add_ps(_mm256_extractf128_ps(s0123, 1),\n _mm256_castps256_ps128(s0123));\n}\n\nstatic inline float _mm256_reduce_add_ps(__m256 x)\n{\n /* ( x3+x7, x2+x6, x1+x5, x0+x4 ) */\n const __m128 x128 = _mm_add_ps(_mm256_extractf128_ps(x, 1), _mm256_castps256_ps128(x));\n /* ( -, -, x1+x3+x5+x7, x0+x2+x4+x6 ) */\n const __m128 x64 = _mm_add_ps(x128, _mm_movehl_ps(x128, x128));\n /* ( -, -, -, x0+x1+x2+x3+x4+x5+x6+x7 ) */\n const __m128 x32 = _mm_add_ss(x64, _mm_shuffle_ps(x64, x64, 0x55));\n /* Conversion to float is a no-op on x86-64 */\n return _mm_cvtss_f32(x32);\n}\n\nstatic inline float _mm_reduce_add_ps(__m128 x128)\n{\n const __m128 x64 = _mm_add_ps(x128, _mm_movehl_ps(x128, x128));\n const __m128 x32 = _mm_add_ss(x64, _mm_shuffle_ps(x64, x64, 0x55));\n return _mm_cvtss_f32(x32);\n}\n#endif"
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"Ungdomsgäng omringade polispatrull – fritog två personer\n\nTumult utbröt efter att polis kontrollerat en bil i Märsta på fredagskvällen.",
"\n\nEnligt uppgifter till Aftonbladet så omringades patrullen av ett gäng maskerade ungdomar, som lyckades frita två gripna personer.",
"\n\n– Det har varit någon form av bråk. ",
"Gällande de närmare detaljerna så råder förundersökningssekretess, säger presstalespersonen Ola Österling.",
"\n\nDet var polisens specialstyrka Team 2022 som följde efter en bil i Märsta sent i går kväll.",
"\n\nVid Valstarondellen kraschade fordonet."
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"Q:\n\nHow Do I Give a Textbox Focus in Silverlight?",
"\n\nIn my Silverlight application, I can't seem to bring focus to a TextBox control. ",
" On the recommendation of various posts, I've set the IsTabStop property to True and I'm using TextBox.",
"Focus(). ",
" Though the UserControl_Loaded event is firing, the TextBox control isn't getting focus. ",
"I've included my very simple code below. ",
" What am I missing? ",
" Thanks.",
"\nPage.xaml \n<UserControl x:Class=\"TextboxFocusTest.",
"Page\"\n xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation\" \n xmlns:x=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml\" \n Loaded=\"UserControl_Loaded\" \n Width=\"400\" Height=\"300\">\n\n <Grid x:Name=\"LayoutRoot\" Background=\"White\"> \n <StackPanel Width=\"150\" VerticalAlignment=\"Center\"> \n <TextBox x:Name=\"RegularTextBox\" IsTabStop=\"True\" /> \n </StackPanel> \n </Grid>\n</UserControl>\n\nPage.xaml.cs\nusing System.",
"Windows;\nusing System.",
"Windows.",
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"Focus(); \n\ndidn't work for me.",
"\nCalling\n Dispatcher.",
"BeginInvoke(() => { tbNewText.",
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"\n\nA:\n\nthanks Santiago Palladino Dispatcher worked for me perfectly. ",
"What I am doing is:\nthis.",
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"[SPOILER ALERT IF YOU HAVEN'T SEEN THE LATEST EPISODE OF AMERICAN HORROR STORY: FREAK SHOW!!!]",
"\n\nThe second episode of American Horror Story: Freak Show got even wilder with the arrival of strongman Dell Toledo (Michael Chiklis) and hermaphrodite wife Desiree (Angela Bassett) as well as some truly bizarre bonding between Twisty the Clown (John Carroll Lynch) and Dandy Mott (Finn Wittrock). ",
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"[Long-term prognosis of patients with silent ischemia].",
"\nTo study the long-term evolution in patients with silent ischemia we investigated 242 coronary patients showing ischemic signs on exercise T1-201 scintigraphy. ",
"The findings in a group of 106 patients with angina were compared with those in a group of 136 patients without angina during exercise and followed up for an average of 60 months. ",
"Multiple comparisons of clinical features, ECG, hemodynamic and angiographic data showed no significant differences between the two groups. ",
"However, the extent of ischemia detected by T1-201 was significantly smaller in patients with silent ischemia although their work-load and double product were higher.--During the follow-up cardiac mortality (11% vs 11%), unstable angina (27% vs 20%) and myocardial infarction (23% vs 20%) were found with the same frequency in patients with angina compared with those with silent ischemia. ",
"Bypass surgery was performed more frequently (55% vs 37%) in patients with symptomatic ischemia. ",
"Long-term evolution in our coronary patients with episodes of silent ischemia was similar to that in patients with ischemia accompanied by angina, and showed numerous complications. ",
"Therefore, we should try to treat not only angina but also, and especially, ischemia."
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to do I do this SQL query?",
"\n\nI have a set of data with fields SUBJECT, PRICE, ISBN and DATE. ",
"I want to return all results with the minimum PRICE where SUBJECT is \"math\" and ISBN is unique. ",
"If there the price is the same for a particular ISBN, I want the one with the earliest date.",
"\nSUBJECT PRICE ISBN DATE \nmath 10 1 1-10 \nmath 20 2 1-11 \nmath 10 1 1-9\n\nIt would return math 20 2 1-11 and math 10 1 1-9.",
"\n\nA:\n\nSELECT \nA.SUBJECT,\nMIN(A.PRICE) PRICE,\nA.ISBN,\n(\n SELECT MIN(B.DATE) \n FROM your_table B \n WHERE B.SUBJECT = 'math' \n AND B.ISBN = A.ISBN \n AND B.PRICE = MIN(A.PRICE) \n) Date\nFROM your_table A\nWHERE SUBJECT = 'math'\nGROUP BY A.SUBJECT,A.ISBN\n\n"
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"Linked Data Applications Through Ontology Based Data Access in Clinical Research.",
"\nClinical care and research data are widely dispersed in isolated systems based on heterogeneous data models. ",
"Biomedicine predominantly makes use of connected datasets based on the Semantic Web paradigm. ",
"Initiatives like Bio2RDF created Resource Description Framework (RDF) versions of Omics resources, enabling sophisticated Linked Data applications. ",
"In contrast, electronic healthcare records (EHR) data are generated and processed in diverse clinical subsystems within hospital information systems (HIS). ",
"Usually, each of them utilizes a relational database system with a different proprietary schema. ",
"Semantic integration and access to the data is hardly possible. ",
"This paper describes ways of using Ontology Based Data Access (OBDA) for bridging the semantic gap between existing raw data and user-oriented views supported by ontology-based queries. ",
"Based on mappings between entities of data schemas and ontologies data can be made available as materialized or virtualized RDF triples ready for querying and processing. ",
"Our experiments based on CentraXX for biobank and study management demonstrate the advantages of abstracting away from low level details and semantic mediation. ",
"Furthermore, it becomes clear that using a professional platform for Linked Data applications is recommended due to the inherent complexity, the inconvenience to confront end users with SPARQL, and scalability and performance issues."
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"What is really going on in politics? ",
"Get our daily email briefing straight to your inbox Sign up Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nBoris Johnson has reportedly launched an appeal against the summons issued to him over allegations of misconduct in a public office after he was accused of \"lying\" in the EU referendum.",
"\n\nCampaigner Marcus Ball, 29, said Mr Johnson had launched a judicial review application in the Administrative Court.",
"\n\nMr Johnson's lawyers will argue the summons issued to him last Wednesday by District Judge Margot Coleman was unlawful, and that the criminal proceedings against him should be suspended until the judicial review application is determined, Mr Ball said.",
"\n\nMr Ball said he was named an \"interested party\" in the application and would oppose the order.",
"\n\nThe Tory leadership frontrunner faces a Crown Court trial over the bombshell claims as part of a long-running private prosecution bid.",
"\n\n(Image: PA)\n\nThe legal case has been pursued for almost three years by 29-year-old 'Brexit Justice' campaigner Mr Ball, who has crowdfunded more than £230,000.",
"\n\nCourt papers show Mr Ball claims Mr Johnson \"repeatedly lied and misled the British public\" when he said EU membership cost £350million a week.",
"\n\nWestminster Magistrates' Court last week granted Mr Ball's application to issue a summons for the Tory MP to appear in court.",
"\n\nBut Mr Johnson lawyers have branded the prosecution a \"stunt\" brought \"for political purposes\", and denied misconduct - is not being charged by the state with a criminal offence.",
"\n\nA spokesman for Mr Johnson last night declined to comment.",
"\n\nIf Mr Johnson is granted judicial review, a more senior judge will decide whether the summons was lawful, and therefore whether any further proceedings will take place."
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"Progression markers in metastasizing human melanoma cells xenografted to nude mice (review).",
"\nThe past decade transplants of human tumors in nude mice have been increasingly used as an experimental model for local tumor growth and dissemination. ",
"A few human melanoma cell lines have been described that give rise to metastases in nude mice after subcutaneous inoculation. ",
"First we give an overview of some relevant literature with respect to the pathogenesis of tumor metastasis, models to study human cancer metastasis, neoplastic progression and the detection of antigens involved in metastasis. ",
"Finally we describe our results concerning the morphological and immunohistochemical profile of six different human melanoma cell lines and their xenograft lesions in nude mice using a set of monoclonal antibodies recognizing different categories of human melanoma-associated antigens. ",
"From the data we conclude that the nude mouse mouse model appears suitable to study the role of melanoma-associated progression markers in the pathogenesis of metastasis."
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"\n-13*g**3 - g**2 - 100\nWhat is the l'th term of -216, -202, -164, -90, 32?",
"\n2*l**3 - 218\nWhat is the p'th term of -128, -139, -148, -155?",
"\np**2 - 14*p - 115\nWhat is the a'th term of 72, 68, 64?",
"\n-4*a + 76\nWhat is the x'th term of -56, -134, -238, -368, -524?",
"\n-13*x**2 - 39*x - 4\nWhat is the q'th term of 356, 317, 278?",
"\n-39*q + 395\nWhat is the y'th term of -14, -19, -24?",
"\n-5*y - 9\nWhat is the c'th term of 17614, 35228, 52842, 70456, 88070, 105684?",
"\n17614*c\nWhat is the q'th term of 36, 112, 244, 438, 700, 1036, 1452, 1954?",
"\nq**3 + 22*q**2 + 3*q + 10\nWhat is the w'th term of 99, 193, 287?",
"\n94*w + 5\nWhat is the z'th term of 317, 635, 953, 1271, 1589?",
"\n318*z - 1\nWhat is the h'th term of -68, -63, -42, 1, 72?",
"\nh**3 + 2*h**2 - 8*h - 63\nWhat is the z'th term of 2, 47, 128, 245, 398, 587?",
"\n18*z**2 - 9*z - 7\nWhat is the g'th term of 12, 25, 38, 51?",
"\n13*g - 1\nWhat is the d'th term of 165, 354, 545, 738, 933?",
"\nd**2 + 186*d - 22\nWhat is the o'th term of -17, -25, -39, -59?",
"\n-3*o**2 + o - 15\nWhat is the j'th term of 73, 89, 91, 73, 29, -47, -161, -319?",
"\n-j**3 - j**2 + 26*j + 49\nWhat is the d'th term of -145, -152, -159, -166, -173, -180?",
"\n-7*d - 138\nWhat is the d'th term of -18756, -18755, -18754, -18753, -18752, -18751?",
"\nd - 18757\nWhat is the x'th term of -1431, -2846, -4247, -5628, -6983, -8306, -9591, -10832?",
"\nx**3 + x**2 - 1425*x - 8\nWhat is the v'th term of 50, 67, 108, 185, 310, 495, 752, 1093?",
"\n2*v**3 + 3*v + 45\nWhat is the z'th term of -601, -600, -587, -556, -501, -416, -295?",
"\nz**3 - 6*z - 596\nWhat is the l'th term of 128, 264, 396, 524?",
"\n-2*l**2 + 142*l - 12\nWhat is the j'th term of -116, -231, -346, -461, -576, -691?",
"\n-115*j - 1\nWhat is the c'th term of -84, -387, -904, -1635, -2580, -3739?",
"\n-107*c**2 + 18*c + 5\nWhat is the i'th term of -37, -112, -233, -394, -589?",
"\ni**3 - 29*i**2 + 5*i - 14\nWhat is the d'th term of 1473, 1471, 1471, 1473, 1477, 1483?",
"\nd**2 - 5*d + 1477\nWhat is the t'th term of -388, -375, -346, -295, -216, -103, 50, 249?",
"\nt**3 + 2*t**2 - 391\nWhat is the j'th term of -185, -187, -189, -191, -193, -195?",
"\n-2*j - 183\nWhat is the c'th term of 4, 2, 0?",
"\n-2*c + 6\nWhat is the k'th term of -144, -230, -302, -354, -380?",
"\nk**3 + k**2 - 96*k - 50\nWhat is the h'th term of -93, -100, -111, -126, -145, -168, -195?",
"\n-2*h**2 - h - 90\nWhat is the i'th term of 66, 239, 528, 933?",
"\n58*i**2 - i + 9\nWhat is the s'th term of -41, -146, -349, -674, -1145?",
"\n-4*s**3 - 25*s**2 - 2*s - 10\nWhat is the h'th term of -55, -224, -509, -910, -1427, -2060, -2809?",
"\n-58*h**2 + 5*h - 2\nWhat is the d'th term of 42, 85, 128, 171, 214?",
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"\n-k**3 - k**2 + 7*k - 17\nWhat is the y'th term of 336, 320, 278, 198, 68, -124?",
"\n-2*y**3 - y**2 + y + 338\nWhat is the s'th term of 202, 409, 616, 823, 1030, 1237?",
"\n207*s - 5\nWhat is the i'th term of 37, 29, 1, -59, -163, -323, -551, -859?",
"\n-2*i**3 + 2*i**2 + 37\nWhat is the s'th term of -53, -216, -487, -866?",
"\n-54*s**2 - s + 2\nWhat is the q'th term of -11, -28, -43, -56, -67, -76?",
"\nq**2 - 20*q + 8\nWhat is the k'th term of -223, -449, -677, -907?",
"\n-k**2 - 223*k + 1\nWhat is the d'th term of -1430, -1433, -1450, -1487, -1550, -1645, -1778?",
"\n-d**3 - d**2 + 7*d - 1435\nWhat is the g'th term of 2566, 5134, 7702, 10270?",
"\n2568*g - 2\nWhat is the v'th term of -22, -206, -388, -568, -746, -922?",
"\nv**2 - 187*v + 164\nWhat is the m'th term of 18, 61, 132, 231, 358, 513?",
"\n14*m**2 + m + 3\nWhat is the b'th term of 880, 884, 896, 922, 968, 1040, 1144?",
"\nb**3 - 2*b**2 + 3*b + 878\nWhat is the g'th term of -8, -55, -154, -329, -604, -1003, -1550?",
"\n-4*g**3 - 2*g**2 - 13*g + 11\nWhat is the b'th term of 90, 161, 232?",
"\n71*b + 19\nWhat is the s'th term of 259, 515, 771?",
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"\n2*k**3 + 2*k**2 + 21*k - 10\nWhat is the r'th term of -120, -218, -302, -366, -404?",
"\nr**3 + r**2 - 108*r - 14\nWhat is the s'th term of 26, 49, 94, 167, 274, 421, 614, 859?",
"\ns**3 + 5*s**2 + s + 19\nWhat is the t'th term of 18, 6, -6, -18, -30, -42?",
"\n-12*t + 30\nWhat is the s'th term of 494, 997, 1490, 1967, 2422, 2849, 3242, 3595?",
"\n-s**3 + s**2 + 507*s - 13\nWhat is the m'th term of -299, -614, -929, -1244, -1559?",
"\n-315*m + 16\nWhat is the r'th term of 99, 97, 83, 51, -5, -91, -213?",
"\n-r**3 + 5*r + 95\nWhat is the g'th term of 83, 157, 231, 305, 379?",
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"\nw**2 - w - 1077\nWhat is the g'th term of -65, -278, -639, -1148, -1805?",
"\n-74*g**2 + 9*g\nWhat is the v'th term of -54, -176, -382, -672?",
"\n-42*v**2 + 4*v - 16\nWhat is the w'th term of 3202, 6404, 9606?",
"\n3202*w\nWhat is the g'th term of -184, -704, -1570, -2782, -4340, -6244, -8494?",
"\n-173*g**2 - g - 10\nWhat is the u'th term of 2381, 4767, 7153?",
"\n2386*u - 5\nWhat is the r'th term of 2, -14, -42, -82, -134, -198, -274?",
"\n-6*r**2 + 2*r + 6\nWhat is the a'th term of -100, -107, -114, -121, -128, -135?",
"\n-7*a - 93\nWhat is the u'th term of 2, 22, 58, 110, 178, 262?",
"\n8*u**2 - 4*u - 2\nWhat is the t'th term of 60, 516, 1764, 4200, 8220?",
"\n66*t**3 - 6*t\nWhat is the v'th term of -58, -122, -188, -256, -326?",
"\n-v**2 - 61*v + 4\nWhat is the c'th term of 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35?",
"\n6*c - 1\nWhat is the k'th term of -54, -101, -148, -195, -242, -289?",
"\n-47*k - 7\nWhat is the f'th term of -7, 9, 39, 83, 141, 213?",
"\n7*f**2 - 5*f - 9\nWhat is the l'th term of -160, -736, -1696, -3040, -4768, -6880?",
"\n-192*l**2 + 32\nWhat is the z'th term of -8, -12, -2, 28, 84, 172, 298?",
"\nz**3 + z**2 - 14*z + 4\nWhat is the y'th term of -4, -3, -2, -1?",
"\ny - 5\nWhat is the q'th term of 205, 409, 615, 823, 1033?",
"\nq**2 + 201*q + 3\nWhat is the x'th term of 2333, 2335, 2337?",
"\n2*x + 2331\nWhat is the s'th term of 701, 1403, 2103, 2801, 3497?",
"\n-s**2 + 705*s - 3\nWhat is the z'th term of -9, -5, 1, 9?",
"\nz**2 + z - 11\nWhat is the w'th term of 457, 1839, 4159, 7429, 11661?",
"\n2*w**3 + 457*w**2 - 3*w + 1\nWhat is the z'th term of -2028, -4055, -6080, -8103, -10124, -12143, -14160?",
"\nz**2 - 2030*z + 1\nWhat is the b'th term of -178, -704, -1580, -2806?",
"\n-175*b**2 - b - 2\nWhat is the m'th term of 3, -61, -125?",
"\n-64*m + 67\nWhat is the r'th term of 43, 12, -17, -44, -69?",
"\nr**2 - 34*r + 76\nWhat is the g'th term of -92, -92, -74, -26, 64, 208, 418, 706?",
"\n2*g**3 - 3*g**2 - 5*g - 86\nWhat is the y'th term of -51, -44, -37, -30?",
"\n7*y - 58\nWhat is the m'th term of -110, -217, -324, -431, -538, -645?",
"\n-107*m - 3\nWhat is the k'th term of -42, -37, -22, 9, 62?",
"\nk**3 - k**2 + k - 43\nWhat is the u'th term of 12, 41, 88, 153?",
"\n9*u**2 + 2*u + 1\nWhat is the c'th term of 42, 40, 36, 30?",
"\n-c**2 + c + 42\nWhat is the b'th term of -139, -110, -67, -16, 37?",
"\n-b**3 + 13*b**2 - 3*b - 148\nWhat is the k'th term of 159, 611, 1357, 2397, 3731, 5359?",
"\n147*k**2 + 11*k + 1\nWhat is the s'th term of -62, -121, -180, -239?",
"\n-59*s - 3\nWhat is the d'th term of -1488, -1484, -1470, -1440, -1388, -1308, -1194, -1040?",
"\nd**3 - d**2 - 1488\nWhat is the f'th term of -2001, -1998, -1993, -1986, -1977, -1966, -1953?",
"\nf**2 - 2002\nWhat is the q'th term of 94, 220, 346, 472?",
"\n126*q - 32\nWhat is the s'th term of -204, -786, -1756, -3114?",
"\n-194*s**2 - 10\nWhat is the n'th term of 9747, 9751, 9767, 9801, 9859?",
"\nn**3 - 3*n + 9749\nWhat is the r'th term of 61, 46, 23, -8, -47, -94?",
"\n-4*r**2 - 3*r + 68\nWhat is the i'th term of -68, -131, -184, -221, -236, -223, -176, -89?",
"\ni**3 - i**2 - 67*i - 1\nWhat is the k'th term of -9, 26, 111, 270, 527, 906, 1431, 2126?",
"\n4*k**3 + k**2 + 4*k - 18\nWhat is the x'th term of 2101, 2098, 2095, 2092?",
"\n-3*x + 2104\nWhat is the l'th term of 34, 38, 42?",
"\n4*l + 30\nWhat is the n'th term of -489, -1967, -4431, -7881, -12317, -17739, -24147?",
"\n-493*n**2 + n + 3\nWhat is the n'th term of 55, 107, 159, 211, 263, 315?",
"\n52*n + 3\nWhat is the n'th term of 33, 203, 659, 1545, 3005?",
"\n24*n**3 - n**2 + 5*n + 5\nWhat is the g'th term of 0, 1, 0, -3, -8, -15, -24?",
"\n-g**2 + 4*g - 3\nWhat is the k'th term of 469, 956, 1477, 2050, 2693, 3424?",
"\n3*k**3 - k**2 + 469*k - 2\nWhat is the w'th term of 1178, 1187, 1196, 1205, 1214?",
"\n9*w + 1169\nWhat is the b'th term of 11, 103, 261, 485, 775?",
"\n33*b**2 - 7*b - 15\nWhat is the g'th term of 313, 630, 949, 1270, 1593, 1918?",
"\ng**2 + 314*g - 2\nWhat is the m'th term of -4, -9, -30, -79, -168, -309?",
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"\nThe effect of total solvent volume and the presence of dissolved material (other than binder) in the granulating solution, on the properties of granules prepared from lactose: boric acid mixtures has been studied. ",
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"\n$a = @('a','b','x',10), \n@('a','b','y',20), \n@('c','e','x',50), \n@('c','e','y',30)\n\nA:\n\nGroup-Object accepts anonymous calculated properties, in place of property names:\nPS C:\\> $a | Group-Object @{ Expression={$_[0]} },@{ Expression = {$_[1]} }\n\nIt also accepts a ScriptBlock:\nPS C:\\> $a | Group-Object {$_[0]},{$_[1]}\n\nAs long as the expression can be evaluated to a string:\nPS C:\\> Get-Help Group-Object -Parameter Property\n\n-Property [<Object[]>]\n Specifies the properties for grouping. ",
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"An Introduction & Supplement to Knuth's Introduction to Addition Chains May 20th, 2017\n\n(See Addition Chains as Polymorphic Higher-order Functions for a different way of working with addition chains that works for very large numbers.)",
"\n\nLet's learn a bit about addition chains. ",
"Addition chains are representations of positive numbers, constructed from only the value 1 and the addition operation as building blocks. ",
"The best introduction to addition chains is Section 4.6.3 of The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms (3rd Edition) by Donald Knuth. ",
"The presentation here is intended to supplement what Knuth wrote. ",
"The nondescript names of the functions r , d , f , λ , and v are consistent with other descriptions of addition chains, Knuth's in particular.",
"\n\nI wrote some Haskell code to help with our exploration. ",
"I didn't use any language extensions beyond GHCi 8.0.1's defaults, and I didn't use any library code outside the base package. ",
"I lack a proper background in algebra so I avoided abstractions like Semigroup , Functor , and Monad . ",
"I didn't even use folds and maps. ",
"The result is the module AdditionChainConstruction in the file AdditionChainConstruction.lhs. ",
"I use binary literal notation in the discussion (e.g. 0b101 == 5 ), but not in the code. ",
"You can enable this at the GHCi prompt with :set -XBinaryLiterals or with {-# LANGUAGE BinaryLiterals #-} at the top of your source files, but it isn't required.",
"\n\nmodule AdditionChainConstruction( Peano(..), peano_42, DoubleAndAdd1(..), doubleAndAdd1_42, doubleAndAdd1_45, AdditionChain(..), _45, add, double, Denotable(denote), ToBits(bits), bitString, r, d, f, λ, lambda, v, Components, Measurable, ) where import Data.",
"Bits import Data.",
"Char(intToDigit) import Data.",
"List(nub) import Numeric(showIntAtBase) import Numeric.",
"Natural\n\nThe simplest representation of positive integers is the Peano encoding, which uses only the unit 1 and an n + 1 operation. (",
"In other presentations of Peano numbers, the n + 1 operation is usually called succ for successor. ",
"Here we call it PAdd1 for symmetry with what we do later. ",
"Also, the unit value for Peano numbers is often defined to be 0, but we use 1 here because 0 isn't a posiive integer.)",
"\n\ndata Peano = POne | PAdd1 Peano deriving (Show, Eq)\n\nPOne represents 1, PAdd1 POne represents 2, PAdd1 (PAdd1 POne) represents 3, PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 POne))) represents 5, etc. ",
"We can say this in code by creating a function that maps a Peano to the natural number it represents. ",
"We'll call this function denote since it is a sort of denotational semantics for our representations, and we'll make it generic so that we can implement it for every type of representation of positive integers we make:\n\nclass Denotable a where denote :: a -> Natural\n\nWe can now define the meaning of every Peano value:\n\ninstance Denotable Peano where denote POne = 1 denote (PAdd1 n_minus_1) = (denote n_minus_1) + 1\n\nLet's construct the Peano representation of 42:\n\npeano_42 :: Peano peano_42 = PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 ( PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 ( PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 ( PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 (PAdd1 ( PAdd1 POne))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))\n\nWe can verify that peano_42 is the correct encoding of 42 by checking denote peano_42 == 42 .",
"\n\nIt takes n - 1 applications of PAdd1 to represent the number n . ",
"For example, peano_42 has POne nested inside 41 layers of PAdd1 . ",
"Representing even a tiny number like 42 is unwieldy with the Peano encoding. ",
"It is impractical for encoding large numbers. ",
"Let's define a new representation similar to Peano , but with an additional doubling operation n + n that augments the Peano n + 1 operation:\n\ndata DoubleAndAdd1 = DA1One | DA1Double DoubleAndAdd1 | DA1DoubleAndAdd1 DoubleAndAdd1 deriving (Show, Eq) instance Denotable DoubleAndAdd1 where denote DA1One = 1 denote (DA1Double n) = denoteDouble n denote (DA1DoubleAndAdd1 n) = (denoteDouble n) + 1 denoteDouble n = d + d where d = denote n\n\nLet's represent 42 as a double-and-add-1 chain:\n\ndoubleAndAdd1_42 = let __1 = DA1One -- given 1: 1 __2 = DA1Double __1 -- append 0: 10 __5 = DA1DoubleAndAdd1 __2 -- append 1: 101 _10 = DA1Double __5 -- append 0: 1010 _21 = DA1DoubleAndAdd1 _10 -- append 1: 10101 _42 = DA1Double _21 -- append 0: 101010 in _42 -- 42 == 0b101010\n\nWe can verify that doubleAndAdd1_42 is a representation of 42 by checking denote doubleAndAdd1_42 == 42 .",
"\n\nIt is safe to assume doubling is not more expensive than adding one. (",
"In many applications of addition chains, doubling is actually cheaper than other forms of addition.) ",
"Note that a DA1DoubleAndAdd1 represents two additions, combined only to prevent an addition of 1 without the doubling that must precede it. ",
"This double-and-add-one chain only requires 5 doublings + 2 other additions = 7 additions to represent 42, which is much more efficient than the Peano encoding, which required 41 additions.",
"\n\nclass Measurable a where -- The number of doublings in a single component. ",
"d' :: a -> Count -- The number of non-doublings in a single component. ",
"f' :: a -> Count -- The number of additions of any sort in a single component. ",
"r' :: Measurable a => a -> Count r' n = d' n + f' n type Count = Int -- Differentiate our metadata numbers. ",
"instance Measurable Peano where d' _ = 0 -- Peano doesn't have the concept of doubling. ",
"f' POne = 0 f' (PAdd1 n_minus_1) = (f' n_minus_1) + 1 instance Measurable DoubleAndAdd1 where d' DA1One = 0 d' (DA1Double _) = 1 d' (DA1DoubleAndAdd1 _) = 1 f' DA1One = 0 f' (DA1Double _) = 0 f' (DA1DoubleAndAdd1 _) = 1\n\nIt's useful to be able to see our representations of positive integers as bit strings so let's define some tools to facilitate that:\n\n-- A representation of a positive number in terms of 'Data.",
"Bits'. ",
"class ToBits a where -- Converts the representation to one that is easier to look at bitwise. -- ",
"Ideally the result type of 'bits' would be 'Bits b => b', but it is -- restricted to 'Natural' here for the reason mentioned below.) ",
"bits :: a -> Natural -- Construct a string of the binary representation of 'a'. ",
"bitString :: ToBits a => a -> String bitString n = showBin (bits n) \"\" where showBin x s = showIntAtBase 2 intToDigit x s -- Internet copy-pasta. -- ",
"Haskell doesn't provide a convenient way to see the bits of a 'Natural'. -- ",
"Make 'bitString' work for 'Natural' too, to rectify this. ",
"For example, -- bitString (42::Natural) == \"101010\". ",
"instance ToBits Natural where bits x = x\n\nEvery component in the double-and-add-one representation appends a single binary digit to the result; every DA1Double appends a zero and every DA1DoubleAndAdd1 appends a one:\n\ninstance ToBits DoubleAndAdd1 where bits d = bits' 0 d where bits' i DA1One = bit i -- Set the most significant bit. ",
"bits' i (DA1Double d) = (bits' (i + 1) d) bits' i (DA1DoubleAndAdd1 d) = setBit (bits' (i + 1) d) i\n\nNote that bits d computes the same results as denote d , i.e. bits d == denote d for all d . ",
"bits does it with bitwise operations (directly setting bits) whereas DoubleAndAdd1 's denote implementation does it arithmetically (using addition). ",
"When trying to find the most efficient addition chain to construct a number, it will often be useful to alternate between thinking in terms of bitwise operations and arithmetic operations.",
"\n\nA Peano representation of a number n has Θ(n) complexity, whereas the double-and-add-one representation has Θ(lg n) complexity. ",
"Why is the double-and-add-one representation so much more efficient? ",
"There are roughly λ(n) = ⌊lg n⌋ doublings in the double-and-add-one representation. ",
"That is, there will be one doubling for every bit in the number, except for the first bit. ",
"The ith doubling itself gets doubled λ(n) - i times, which means that such a doubling is equivalent to (roughly) 2λ(n) - i Peano PAdd1 operations. ",
"Summing this series will result in a value that's very close to n already, which means there is not much more work to do. ",
"In fact, no more than v(n) additions are needed in addition to the doubles, where v(n) is the number of set bits in n , i.e. its binary Hamming weight.",
"\n\n-- |The length in bits of the given number; aliased as 'lambda'. ",
"λ :: ToBits a => a -> Count λ n = floor (logBase 2 (fromIntegral (bits n))) -- Internet copy-pasta. -- ",
"|The length in bits of the given number; an easy-to-type alias for 'λ'. ",
"lambda :: ToBits a => a -> Count lambda = λ -- |The number of set bits in the given number; its binary Hamming weight. ",
"v :: ToBits a => a -> Count v n = popCount (bits n)\n\nDoubling is the most powerful possible operation. ",
"We always start with only the value 1 ( DA1One ) given to us. ",
"The only way we can get to 2 from 1 is by adding 1 to itself, i.e. doubling it. ",
"Then we have 1 and 2 available. ",
"We can construct 3 by adding 1 + 2 and we can construct 4 by doubling 2. ",
"But there's no way to use a single addition, given just 1 and 2, that will result in a value larger than 4. ",
"Thus the introduction of doubling is the biggest efficiency improvement we can possibly make.",
"\n\nWe can still make improvements, but they will be much smaller than the introduction of doubling. ",
"The two operations we've done so far are doubling and adding one. ",
"Doubling ( n + n ) is the biggest step we can take, and adding one ( n + 1 ) is the smallest step we can take. ",
"Are there medium-sized steps? ",
"What if, instead of just adding n + n or n + 1 , we could add any two previously-constructed values a + b ?",
"\n\nIt turns out that for the number 42, the double-and-add-1 chain we developed is the best we can do. ",
"But it is not the best choice for every number. ",
"Let's consider 45:\n\ndoubleAndAdd1_45 = let __1 = DA1One -- given 1: 1 __2 = DA1Double __1 -- append 0: 10 __5 = DA1DoubleAndAdd1 __2 -- append 1: 101 _11 = DA1DoubleAndAdd1 __5 -- append 1: 1011 _22 = DA1Double _11 -- append 0: 10110 _45 = DA1DoubleAndAdd1 _22 -- append 1: 101101 in _45 -- 45 == 0b101101\n\nWe can verify that this is really a representation of 45 by checking denote doubleAndAdd1_45 == 45 .",
"\n\nThe double-and-add-1 chain for 45 requires 5 doublings and 3 additions of 1. ",
"Now let's try our generalized addition idea to see how we can construct 45 more efficiently:\n\ndata AdditionChain = One | Add AdditionChain AdditionChain deriving (Eq, Show) instance Denotable AdditionChain where denote One = 1 denote (Add a b) = (denote a) + (denote b)\n\nAlthough this new structure doesn't differentiate between doubles and adds, when constructing an addition chain it will be clearer if we indicate which additions are doubles, especially since we count doubles and adds separately.",
"\n\ndouble a = Add a a add a b = Add a b instance Measurable AdditionChain where d' One = 0 d' (Add a b) | a == b = 1 | otherwise = 0 f' One = 0 f' (Add a b) | a == b = 0 | otherwise = 1\n\nNow let's use it to create an efficient representation of 45:\n\n_45 = let __1 = One -- given 1: 1 __2 = double __1 -- append 0: 10 __4 = double __2 -- append 0: 100 __5 = add __4 __1 -- add 1: 101 _10 = double __5 -- append 0: 1010 _20 = double _10 -- append 0: 10100 _40 = double _20 -- append 0: 101000 _45 = add _40 __5 -- add 0b101: 101101 in _45 -- 45 == 0b101101\n\nAs we've done before, we can verify that _45 really represents 45 by checking denote _45 == 45 .",
"\n\nThis new representation uses the same number of doublings (5) as the double-and-add-1 representation, but only uses 2 additions instead of 3, a savings of one addition. ",
"Looking at the addition chain arithmetically, we constructed the value 5 just like before and then reuse the value 5 later in the computation, after we construct 40, to compute 45 as 40 + 5 . ",
"Looking at it bitwise, we can think of the doubling operations as each appending one bit of empty (zero-valued) space, and addition as overwriting that space. ",
"In particular, the last three doublings reserve 3 bits of space 0b000 and the final addition of 5 ( 0b101 ) overwrites that space with 0b101 2 . ",
"Since 0b101 has two bits set, adding it does the same amount of work as two additions of 1.",
"\n\nWe can verify that _45 is one addition shorter than doubleAndAdd1_45 by verifying r _45 == (r doubleAndAdd1_45) - 1 ; we can verify they have the same number of doubles by checking d _45 == d doubleAndAdd1_45 , and we can verify that _45 has one fewer non-doubling addition than doubleAndAdd1_45 checking f _45 == (f doubleAndAdd1_45) - 1 :\n\n-- |The length of the representation; i.e. 'r n == d n + f n'. ",
"r :: (Components a, Measurable a) => a -> Count r n = d n + f n -- |The total number of doubles in a representation; 'd n == r n - f n'. ",
"d :: (Components a, Measurable a) => a -> Count d n = sum [d' s | s <- components n] -- |The number of non-doubles in a representation; 'f n == r n - d n'. ",
"f :: (Components a, Measurable a) => a -> Count f n = sum [f' s | s <- components n] -- The set of unique components in a representation. ",
"components :: Components a => a -> [a] components n = nub (components' n) class Eq a => Components a where -- Maps a representation to a list of all its components. ",
"There may be -- duplicates in the result if a step is used multiple times in the -- representation. ",
"components' :: a -> [a] instance Components Peano where components' POne = [POne] components' s@(PAdd1 n_minus_1) = s:(components' POne) instance Components DoubleAndAdd1 where components' DA1One = [DA1One] components' s@(DA1Double d) = s:(components' d) components' s@(DA1DoubleAndAdd1 d) = s:(components' d) instance Components AdditionChain where components' One = [One] components' s@(Add a b) = s:(components' a) ++ components' b\n\nSaving one addition in this example is a tiny benefit compared to how much introducing doubling helped. ",
"However, for very large numbers such as those used in public key cryptography, these savings seem to scale up approximately proportionally with the increase in size of the numbers involved.",
"\n\nDouble-and-add-1 chains have a convenient mapping to bit strings, but general addition chains do not. ",
"This matches the situation with arithmetic on positive integers. ",
"A double step is just a left shift by one bit, and a double-and-add-1 step is just a left shift by one bit followed by setting the least significant bit. ",
"We can do this in our heads without too much trouble. ",
"In contrast, adding two arbitrary positive integers is much more complicated because we have to carry bits. ",
"Although we can add 13 + 3 in our heads, it is not easy to visualize the bitwise effects because of carries:\n\n1101 + 11 ------ 10000\n\nSince it is non-trivial to implement addition in terms of setting bits, let's just (ab)use the previously-noted equivalence between bits and denote to define the mapping from addition chains to bits:\n\ninstance ToBits AdditionChain where -- The return type of 'bits' was artificially constrained to 'Natural' -- above just to allow this to typecheck. ",
"bits d = denote d\n\nAt this point the AdditionChainConstruction can do three useful things: It can help us (manually) construct efficient addition chains, it can help us verify that an addition chain we construct for a particular value actually represents that value, and it can help us measure the complexity of our addition chains. ",
"This is all we need to start experimenting with creating efficient addition chains for whatever numbers we find interesting. ",
"From here you can read the resources recommended below and start solving these unsolved problems in the overlapping fields of computer science, additive number theory, algebra, and cryptography:\n\nFor a given number n , what is a practical algorithm for constructing an addition chain denoting n that is more efficient than the addition chains generated for n by any previously known algorithm for automatically constructing addition chains?",
"\n\n, what is a practical algorithm for constructing an addition chain denoting that is more efficient than the addition chains generated for by any previously known algorithm for automatically constructing addition chains? ",
"For a given number n , what is a practical algorithm for verifying whether an addition chain c is the most efficient addition chain possible for n ?",
"\n\n, what is a practical algorithm for verifying whether an addition chain is the most efficient addition chain possible for ? ",
"For a given number n , what is a practical algorithm for constructing the most efficient addition chain possible for n ?",
"\n\nRecommended Reading"
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"Purdue engineering students make arm brace for Isaac Haas so he can play in Sweet 16\n\nBOSTON – The emails came to injured Purdue center Isaac Haas from all over the world. ",
"There were medical recommendations, engineering innovations and even a note from an animal hospital in Fort Wayne, Indiana, specializing in veterinary care that wanted to him to come in.",
"\n\nHaas’ fractured right elbow in Purdue’s opening game of the NCAA tournament kept him out of Purdue’s round of 32 game against Butler on Sunday. ",
"And he likely won’t play against Texas Tech on Friday night because, well, he has a broken elbow. ",
"But the fact that Haas will in theory be available for the game involves a quintessentially Purdue story. ",
"Purdue has long been one of the country’s top engineering schools, and it reinforced that notion this week.",
"\n\nSitting at his locker at the TD Garden on Thursday afternoon, Haas held up a black padded brace made overnight between Monday and Tuesday by a crew of Purdue graduate mechanical engineering students. ",
"Purdue trainer Chad Young got in touch with Eric Nauman, the director of the college of engineering honors program. ",
"He orchestrated the operation to make the brace, which included measuring Haas on Monday and an all-nighter by a group of graduate students to put the brace together.",
"\n\n“They built their own,” Haas said. “",
"I met those guys and thanked them a lot. ",
"They stayed up all night and made it in a day. ",
"It’s pretty amazing.”",
"\n\nPurdue’s Isaac Haas attempts to shoot during a practice for the NCAA tournament. (",
"Getty)\n\nHaas couldn’t get cleared to play against Butler because his brace contained metal. ",
"This brace doesn’t, which makes Haas confident that the NCAA will clear him to play in the game. ",
"The Purdue staff gave the engineering students the NCAA guidelines to ensure the brace would be cleared. ",
"Their innovation includes a mysterious black padding that the engineering students invented for Haas’ brace. “",
"These guys designed it,” said Young, the trainer. “",
"They created it. ",
"They haven’t given it a name. ",
"It’s not on the market.”",
"\n\nPurdue coach Matt Painter has set two conditions for playing Haas on Friday night. ",
"He needs to be able to shoot a right-handed free throw and grab a rebound with two hands over his head. ",
"Haas said he can easily grab a rebound over his head, but shooting still causes him discomfort because moving the forearm causes a “dragging under that fracture” that’s painful. “",
"I don’t see him playing,” Painter said. ",
"He added later: “I think he’s done.”",
"\n\nHe added that Purdue has “the best brace we possibly could have,” but Haas has remained too limited by the injury as shooting free throws and his go-to jump hook aren’t realistic because of the injury.",
"\n\nHaas, a 7-foot-2 and 290-pound senior, is Purdue’s second-leading scorer (14.7) and rebounder (5.7). ",
"He acknowledges he’s unlikely to play, but did participate in Purdue’s shoot-around at the TD Garden on Friday. ",
"Haas ran gingerly, with his left arm swinging freely while he ran and his right one tucked more to his chest like a chicken wing. ",
"When an assistant coach attempted to high-five him going by, he reached across his body with his left hand to connect with the coach.",
"\n\nBut simply being able to participate and potentially play has meant a lot to Haas, who has admitted that his free time has been “kind of depressing.”",
"\n\nHe acknowledges that he’s been in a lot of pain – “I did break my elbow,” he deadpanned – and that it’s increased since the injury. “",
"As the inflammation has gone down, the pain has gone up,” he said. “",
"You realize what you can and can’t do.”",
"\n\nBut even just being available to play means a lot to Haas.",
"\n\n“I want to be an option,” he said. “",
"I want to show these guys. ",
"I put four years of my life into this program, dedicating myself to the process of getting us to where we are now. ",
"Why give up? ",
"Even if it’s setting one screen or playing one minute, it’s worth it.”",
"\n\nAnd thanks to the ingenuity of some Purdue engineers, Haas is at least available. “",
"I’m so blessed,” he said of the rally to make the brace. “",
"That’s awesome.”",
"\n\nIsaac Haas’ special brace, built for him by Purdue University engineering students. (",
"Yahoo Sports)"
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"Ribbed socks are knitted on circular knitting machines that have a dial and dial head operating dial hooks and cast-offs to cooperate with cylinder needles in forming different ribbing patterns. ",
"Ribbed socks can also have stripes or different colored heels and toes, and each color change requires a yarn change. ",
"Every yarn change produces a pair of tails that are 5-8 cm lengths of yarn extending loosely from the last stitch holding the yarns in place. ",
"These yarn tails are knitted randomly into the socks where they are caught within other stitches. ",
"They make the socks look disorderly and unattractive, so it has been necessary to manually pick the tails clear of other stitches and clip the tails off short so that the socks look neat. ",
"This is boring work that adds to the cost of the socks, because one worker can pick and clip only a few socks per minute, depending on the number of yarn changes.",
"\nI have discovered a simple and effective way to shortening the tails formed in cylinder and dial machines for knitting ribbed socks. ",
"I modify the machines so that each yarn change tail is shortened to about 4-8 mm so that it is not knitted into the sock and does not need to be picked and clipped. ",
"My discovery can be applied to a cylinder and dial knitting machine by making a few low cost changes that do not impair the machine's operation. ",
"In fact, my changes liberate machine components otherwise devoted to yarn changes and allow addition of more yarn feed fingers and greater variation in colors and yarns usable for knitting ribbed socks. ",
"The result enlarges freedom of design and lowers production costs by eliminating picking and clipping of tails."
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"When someone buys a record of mine, they’re getting my life. ",
"They are essentially memoirs. ",
"They’re going to know a little bit more about who I am.”",
"\n\n‘FABLES’ is a sparse, poignant set of songs crafted around Ramirez’ starkly beautiful baritone, which the New York Times once described as full of “haggard loneliness.” ",
"NPR Music praised his knack for writing “dark, wrenching tales that are immediately identifiable to those who’ve loved and lost,” while Paste described his “brutally honest” lyrics as “almost alarmingly descriptive.”",
"\n\nAfter years on the road touring as an opening act for artists like Noah Gundersen, Gregory Alan Isakov, Shakey Graves and Joe Pug, David Ramirez is excited to finally embark on his own tour. “",
"Fans have been paying high-dollar tickets to watch me open for other bands, and I’m very thankful for it. ",
"I’ve also had the chance to see how other songwriters I respect work on a professional level. ",
"I’ve learned a lot and been challenged a lot. ",
"It’s like I’ve been going to school. ",
"I’ve been taking notes. ",
"And now I think I’m ready for the job. ",
"I’m really excited to finally go out with a band and do my own full set. ",
"It will be more fun and energetic.”",
"\n\nAs he has learned to open himself up to other people in his personal relationships and in the studio, Ramirez has also been focused on putting together a full-time band and letting other musicians become involved in the creative process. “",
"I’m trying to build a family of people who create together, not just a backing band,” he says. “",
"For the past five years traveling, I get off stage and I have no one to share it with. ",
"I’ve been lucky enough to ride along with some of the bands I’ve opened for. ",
"I watch them get ready for their set and have that sense of collaboration, and I’ll just be in the alley smoking a cigarette by myself. ",
"I’ve always had a little envy for that. ",
"I’m like every kid that grew up playing in a garage. ",
"I want a band. ",
"No one has dreams of playing the world alone.”"
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"Det finns konst, sen finns det konst. ",
"Räkna med 1-2 uppdateringar i veckan.",
"\n\n\"WTF is this?!\" ",
"Well, all entries contains word play in Swedish and makes no sense whatsoever if you don't understand the language.",
"\n\n/Daniel Marklund,"
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"Background\n==========\n\nAlthough it used to be regarded as a disease of industrialized countries, obesity, commonly defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m^2^is assuming an epidemic dimension globally \\[[@B1]\\]. ",
"Aside from being a potentially modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor on its own, this non-communicable disease predisposes to other CVD risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and metabolic syndrome among others \\[[@B2]\\]. ",
"Based on measured weight and height, the prevalence of obesity in the United States was found to be 30.5% in a survey conducted from 1999 to 2000 while in the United Kingdom, the prevalence is 23% among men and 24% among women \\[[@B3],[@B4]\\]. ",
"In the West African countries of Ghana and Republic of Benin, obesity is found in 13.6% and 18% respectively among adults \\[[@B5],[@B6]\\] while Abubakari et al reported a prevalence of 10% in the West African sub-region with the odd of being obese being 3.2 among urban women compared to men \\[[@B7]\\]. ",
"Obesity is becoming increasingly more prevalent in many African and other developing countries with nutritional transition as a result of urbanization, adoption of western lifestyles and demographic transition being implicated for the upsurge \\[[@B8],[@B9]\\].",
"\n\nNigeria is witnessing both demographic and epidemiologic transitions and these could be some of the possible reasons why the prevalence of non-communicable diseases is increasing. ",
"There is also a general misconception in Nigeria that obesity is a sign of affluence \\[[@B8]\\]. ",
"In a cross-sectional study in southwestern Nigeria, Ojofeitimi et al \\[[@B8]\\] found that 21.2% of their respondents were obese while Kadiri & Salako found obesity in 21% and 28% of males and females respectively in a study of 146 middle-aged Nigerians \\[[@B10]\\].",
"\n\nAlthough there have been studies on prevalence of obesity in Nigeria, there is a paucity of information on factors associated with it. ",
"Establishment of associated factors will be potentially useful in the holistic approach to the prevention of the rising prevalence of obesity and other non-communicable cardiovascular diseases. ",
"The aims of this study were therefore to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and also determine the factors that would independently predict obesity among apparently healthy adult Nigerians in the north western city of Katsina.",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nThis was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in Katsina city, in the northwestern region of Nigeria between March and May, 2006. ",
"This urban city, which has a total population of 459,022 based on 2006 census figures, is composed majorly of Hausa and Fulani tribes while other Nigerian tribes are found in minority. ",
"The predominant occupation of the people is farming while many educated elite work in government or private establishments.",
"\n\nBased on a prevalence of 21.2% from a previous study in the southwestern part of the country \\[[@B8]\\] and a level of precision of 5%, the desired sample size was calculated to be 257. ",
"Subjects were consecutively recruited using convenience sampling technique till the desired sample size was achieved. ",
"The recruited respondents were members of the public, hospital staff and relations of inpatients who were requested to come for a free screening after a health education on the need for prevention of CVD risk factors was given to them by the investigators. ",
"Screening was conducted at the Federal Medical Centre, Katsina which is a tertiary hospital that serves as a referral centre for all primary and secondary healthcare facilities in Katsina state. ",
"Subjects gave their voluntary informed consent to participate in the study while the study protocol was approved by the research and ethics committee of the hospital. ",
"In a standardized manner, information was obtained on relevant sociodemographic characteristics like age, sex, current history of alcohol or tobacco use, hypertension and diabetes mellitus with the aid of an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire.",
"\n\nAnthropometric and blood pressure measurements\n----------------------------------------------\n\nAll anthropometric measurements were made by two trained research assistants. ",
"Weight was taken to the nearest 0.1 kilogramme using a weighing scale while for measurement of height, a stadiometer was used. ",
"Body mass index (BMI) was then calculated from weight (in kilogrammes) divided by a square of the height (in metres). ",
"Blood pressure was measured in the left arm in the sitting position with the aid of a mercury sphygmomanometer using the auscultation method. ",
"The systolic blood pressure was recorded at phase I Korotkoff sounds while the diastolic blood pressure was recorded at phase V Korotkoff sounds. ",
"All measurements were taken twice by the same person and the average of the two readings was taken as final.",
"\n\nBiochemical analysis\n--------------------\n\nAfter 10-12 hours of overnight fast, venous samples were obtained from the subjects. ",
"The blood was immediately centrifuged while the serum obtained was analyzed for glucose, total cholesterol and uric acid concentrations. ",
"Serum glucose, total cholesterol and uric acid estimations were done at the hospital\\'s central laboratory by the same laboratory technologist.",
"\n\nDefinition of terms\n-------------------\n\nBMI (kg/m^2^) was categorized using the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions: BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m^2^was used as the reference (normal BMI), 25-29.9 kg/m^2^was used to define overweight while ≥30 kg/m^2^was used for definition of obesity. ",
"Obesity was further sub classified into class 1 (30-34.9 kg/m^2^), class 2 (35-39.9 kg/m^2^) and class 3 (≥40 kg/m^2^) \\[[@B11]\\]. ",
"Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg \\[[@B12]\\]. ",
"Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/L while hypercholesterolaemia and hyperuricaemia were defined as ≥200 mg/dl and ≥420 μmol/L respectively \\[[@B13]\\].",
"\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nData was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17.0 (SPSS Inc.). ",
"Means and standard deviations were obtained for relevant variables while frequency tables were also generated. ",
"For comparison of categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used while for continuous variables, the student\\'s t-test was used. ",
"Overall and gender prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined by generation of frequency tables. ",
"Predictors of obesity were determined using a univariate binary logistic regression model. ",
"The predictors assessed were gender, level of education (dichotomized into \\<12 years or ≥12 years), monthly income (\\<N50,000.00 (\\~\\$340.00) and ≥N50,000.00), history of smoking or alcohol use, and presence or absence of systolic and diastolic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia and hyperuricaemia. ",
"To determine the independent predictors of obesity and eliminate potential confounders, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was done using backward elimination technique. ",
"The results of regression analyses were reported as odds ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals. ",
"Using a 2-tailed test, statistical significance was set at *p*\\< 0.05.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nSociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the respondents\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOut of the 321 eligible respondents screened, 300 (93.5%) with a mean age of 37.6 ± 10.6 years had complete information. ",
"Overall, 60.3% of the respondents had at least 12 years of formal education with males being better educated compared to females (75.1% vs 49.1%, p \\< 0.001). ",
"Males also tended to have statistically higher monthly income, history of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption while history of hypertension was more common in females (20.5% vs 10.1%, p = 0.02). ",
"All these are presented in table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\n###### \n\nSociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the respondents\n\n Variable Overall (n = 300) Males (n = 129) Females (n = 171) *p*value\n ---------------------- ------------------- ----------------- ------------------- -----------\n Mean age ± SD, yrs 37.6 ± 10.6 38.0 ± 9.7 37.2 ± 11.2 0.54\n Years of education \n 0-12 119 (39.7) 32 (24.9) 87 (50.9) \\<0.001\\*\n ≥12 181 (60.3) 97 (75.1) 84 (49.1) \n Monthly income, N \n \\<50,000 228 (76.0) 81 (62.8) 147 (86.0) \\<0.001\\*\n ≥50,000 72 (24.0) 48 (37.2) 24 (14.0) \n Cigarette Smoking 14 (4.7) 11 (8.5) 3 (1.8) 0.006\\*\n Alcohol intake 17 (5.7) 14 (10.9) 3 (1.8) \\<0.001\\*\n History of HTN 48 (16.0) 13 (10.1)) 35 (20.5) 0.02\\*\n Mean SBP ± SD, mmHg 120.4 ± 21.1 117.9 ± 18.9 122.3 ± 22.4 0.07\n Mean ± SD DBP, mmHg 78.9 ± 13.5 77.4 ± 11.8 80.1 ± 14.6 0.10\n History of DM 10 (3.3) 4 (3.1) 6 (3.5) 0.90\n Mean ± SD FPG, mg/dl 82.9 ± 20.9 82.9 ± 15.4 82.9 ± 24.2 0.99\n\nExcept otherwise stated, values are n (%). ",
"N = Naira; HTN = hypertension; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; DM = diabetes mellitus; FPG = fasting plasma glucose.",
"\n\n\\**p*\\< 0.05\n\nPrevalence of overweight and obesity\n------------------------------------\n\nAs shown in table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}, 160 (53.3%) of the respondents were overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m^2^) while 63 (21.0%) were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m^2^). ",
"The prevalence of overweight was significantly higher among females compared to male respondents (62.0% vs 41.9%, p \\< 0.001); likewise, obesity was more common in females (29.8% vs 9.3%, p \\< 0.001). ",
"All classes of obesity were also more common in female respondents.",
"\n\n###### \n\nOverall and gender prevalence of overweight and obesity\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n BMI† Male (n = 129);\\ Female (n = 171);\\ Overall (n = 300);\\ *p*value\n n (%) n (%) n (%) \n ------------ ------------------ -------------------- --------------------- -----------\n Overweight 54 (41.9) 106 (62.0) 160 (53.3) 0.0005\\*\n\n Obesity 12 (9.3) 51 (29.8) 63 (21.0) 0.00002\\*\n\n *Class 1* 10 (7.8) 32 (18.7) 42 (14.0) 0.007\\*\n\n *Class 2* 2 (1.6) 12 (7.0) 14 (4.7) 0.026\\*\n\n *Class 3* 0 (0.0) 7 (4.1) 7 (2.3) 0.05\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n†Body mass index; \\**p*\\< 0.05\n\nPredictors of obesity (tables [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"} and [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"})\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n###### \n\nUnivariate binary logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of obesity\n\n Predictor Odds ratio 95% CI p value\n -------------------------------- ------------ -------------- -----------\n Female sex 4.972 2.410-10.258 \\<0.001\\*\n \\<12 years of formal education 0.845 0.477-1.496 0.563\n Income \\> N50, 000 0.919 0.472-1.790 0.804\n Smoking 0.287 0.037-2.239 0.234\n Alcohol consumption 1.214 0.337-4.365 0.767\n Systolic BP ≥140 mmHg 2.194 1.143-4.211 0.018\\*\n Diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg 2.175 1.147-4.127 0.017\\*\n Hypercholesterolaemia 2.590 1.432-4.687 0.002\\*\n Hyperuricaemia 1.944 1.072-3.524 0.029\\*\n\n\\**p*\\< 0.05\n\n###### \n\nMultivariate logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors of obesity\n\n Predictor Odds ratio 95% CI p value\n ----------------------- ------------ -------------- -----------\n Female sex 6.119 2.705-13.842 \\<0.001\\*\n Systolic BP ≥140 mmHg 1.452 0.543-3.881 0.457\n Diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg 1.414 0.542-3.693 0.479\n Hypercholesterolaemia 2.138 1.109-4.119 0.023\\*\n Hyperuricaemia 2.906 1.444-5.847 0.003\\*\n\n\\**p*\\< 0.05\n\nIn univariate analysis, the identified predictors of obesity were female gender (OR 4.972, 95% CI 2.410-10.258, p \\<0.001), systolic hypertension (OR 2.194, 95% CI 1.143-4.211, p = 0.018), diastolic hypertension (OR 2.175, 95% CI 1.147-4.127, p = 0.017), hypercholesterolaemia (OR 2.590, 95% CI 1.432-4.687, p = 0.002) and hyperuricaemia (OR 1.944, 95% CI 1.072-3.524, p = 0.029). ",
"However, when all these significant variables from univariate analysis were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model, the independent predictors of obesity were female sex (OR 6.119, 95% CI 2.705-13.842, p \\< 0.001), hypercholesterolaemia (OR 2.138, 95% CI 1.109-4.119, p = 0.023) and hyperuricaemia (OR 2.906, 95% CI 1.444-5.847, p = 0.003).",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThis cross-sectional study among apparently healthy adult Nigerians shows the prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m^2^) to be 53.3% with a statistically higher prevalence among females compared to males (62.0% vs 41.9%). ",
"For obesity, the overall prevalence was 21% with a male to female ratio of approximately1:3. ",
"Also, grades 1 and 2 obesity were significantly higher among females compared to males while the only seven subjects with grade 3 obesity were females. ",
"After controlling for other confounding variables, factors independently associated with obesity were female gender, hypercholesterolaemia and hyperuricaemia.",
"\n\nWhen compared to the findings from other African countries, the prevalence of obesity obtained in this study is similar to the 18% that was reported in a study among urban dwellers in the Republic of Benin but lower than the 13.6% reported in Ghana \\[[@B5],[@B6]\\]. ",
"The latter study was however conducted among two urban and one rural communities and this selection method could have accounted for the difference in the prevalence. ",
"An earlier cross-sectional study in the southwestern part of Nigeria also found obesity to be present in 21.2% of the subjects \\[[@B8]\\]. ",
"The overall prevalence in our study is however lower than that reported in the US where the prevalence of obesity increased from 22.9% in the late 1980 s to early 1990 s to 30.5% between 1999 and 2000 \\[[@B3]\\]. ",
"The possible explanation for the difference between the US study and ours could be because Nigeria is just undergoing both nutritional and epidemiologic transitions. ",
"In many cities, fast food outlets are rapidly springing up with high patronage, leading to the consumption of energy-dense foods which is probably fuelling the high prevalence. ",
"Except a pro-active approach is taken, the situation may even get worse because there are presently no measures in place to stem the tide \\[[@B14]\\].",
"\n\nResults of multivariate analysis show that women are at about 6.1 folds higher risk of being obese compared to men and even after adjusting for gender and other confounding variables, the odds of obesity are still significantly associated with hypercholesterolaemia and hyperuricaemia. ",
"The association with female gender is not surprising given their almost 3 times higher prevalence of obesity when compared to men. ",
"The odds ratio obtained in this study is higher than the 3.16 (95% CI 2.51-3.98) reported for West African urban women compared to men in a metaanalysis by Abubakari et al \\[[@B7]\\] possibly because the latter was a pooled analysis of studies in the sub-region. ",
"A higher obesity prevalence of 28% in women compared to 21% in men has also been reported from a study of respondents in their middle ages in the southwestern part of Nigeria \\[[@B10]\\]. ",
"Our finding is also quite similar to what has been documented in other parts of Africa \\[[@B5],[@B6],[@B15],[@B16]\\]. ",
"The plausible explanation for the higher odds of obesity among our female respondents could be a superimposition of sedentary lifestyle on the nutritional transition being witnessed in the country although we did not obtain information on physical activity in our study. ",
"However, in the northern part of the country where this study was conducted, a lot of women are engaged in sedentary jobs if they work at all. ",
"Engagement in regular physical exercise is also not a common thing in the general population and this is even worse in women. ",
"Indeed, in a study of risk factors for diabetes mellitus in a non-diabetic population in northern Nigeria, Puepet et al reported that 50% of their respondents were physically inactive and the prevalence of obesity using waist: hip ratio was also approximately 3 times higher in females \\[[@B17]\\]. ",
"The perception of obesity as a sign of affluence by many people (especially women) in this part of the world could have also contributed. ",
"Ojofeitimi et al found that in spite of the higher education of their subjects in a university community in southwestern Nigeria, many of the respondents believed that being obese gives respect and that it is a sign of good living \\[[@B8]\\].",
"\n\nThat hypercholesterolaemia and hyperuricaemia independently increase the odds of obesity 2.1 and 2.9 folds respectively further buttress the fact that cardiovascular disease risk factors tend to cluster. ",
"Obesity is known to increase the risk of dyslipidaemia and hypertension \\[[@B18]\\], and in univariate analysis, we found that both systolic and diastolic hypertension were significantly associated with obesity although this effect was lost in multivariate analysis. ",
"Thomas et al showed that the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and diabetes progressively increased with BMI irrespective of the gender of their subjects \\[[@B19]\\]. ",
"A recent study in Tunisia, North Africa also showed a clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors like impaired fasting glucose, dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia among obese subjects \\[[@B20]\\].",
"\n\nThe main strength of our study is the fact that apart from studying the prevalence of overweight and obesity, we were also able to assess the independent predictors of obesity in a multivariate analysis so that a holistic approach can be taken in tackling the rising burden of CVD in the country. ",
"We however appreciate that the study had some limitations which may not make the results generalizable to the entire population. ",
"The cross-sectional nature of the study and the non-probability sampling technique used could have possibly excluded some respondents. ",
"However, as regards the latter situation, we tried to reduce selection bias by including all consecutively consenting respondents. ",
"It is also possible that ethnicity, level of physical activity and eating pattern could have influenced the results observed; however since we did not obtain data on these variables, our results should be interpreted with caution because these are some of the factors that could affect body weight. ",
"In spite of these limitations, we believe that our findings can serve as an eye opener to the brewing burden of obesity and can also serve as a template for a proper community-based study.",
"\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nFrom the results of this study, it could be postulated that there is an urgent need to mount an intensive public health education with the aim of reducing the present unacceptably high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria, especially in females. ",
"Healthy living in terms of consumption of fruits and vegetables, regular aerobic exercises and discouragement of consumption of calorie-dense diets are some of the issues that should be addressed in educating the populace on this avoidable epidemic. ",
"If we consider the fact that the battle against communicable diseases like malaria, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is still far from being won, all efforts should be made to stem the tide of the rising prevalence of overweight and obesity so that the burden of other related non-communicable cardiovascular disorders can be reduced and the available meager resources can be properly channeled.",
"\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.",
"\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nKWW and MUS conceived and designed the study. ",
"BOY, MG and AG were involved in initial literature search. ",
"All authors were involved in data collection while MIY did all laboratory analyses. ",
"KWW drafted the initial manuscript while MUS read the initial manuscript for major intellectual input. ",
"All authors read and approved the final draft.",
"\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nWe are grateful to Oliva Wazamda and Khadija Yusuf of Nursing Services Department, Federal Medical Centre, Katsina who assisted with subjects counseling and data acquisition.",
"\n"
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[
"Cell culture media provide the nutrients necessary to maintain and grow cells in a controlled, artificial and in vitro environment. ",
"Characteristics and formulations of cell culture media vary depending upon the particular cellular requirements. ",
"Important parameters include osmolarity, pH, and nutrient compositions.",
"\nCell culture medium formulations have been well documented in the literature and a large number of media are commercially available. ",
"In early cell culture work, medium formulations were based upon the chemical composition and physicochemical properties (e.g., osmolality, pH, etc.) ",
"of blood and were referred to as “physiological solutions” (Ringer, S., J. Physiol. ",
"3:380-393 (1880); Waymouth, C., In: Cells and Tissues in Culture, Vol. ",
"1, Academic Press, London, pp. ",
"99-142 (1965); Waymouth, C., In Vitro 6:109-127 (1970)). ",
"However, cells in different tissues of a mammalian body are exposed to different microenvironments with respect to oxygen/carbon dioxide partial pressure and concentrations of nutrients, vitamins, and trace elements; accordingly, successful in vitro culture of different cell types may require the use of different medium formulations. ",
"Typical components of cell culture media include amino acids, organic and inorganic salts, vitamins, trace metals, sugars, lipids and nucleic acids, the types and amounts of which may vary depending upon the particular requirements of a given cell or tissue type.",
"\nMedium formulations have been used to cultivate a number of cell types including animal, plant and bacterial cells. ",
"Cultivated cells have many uses including the study of physiological processes and the production of useful biological substances. ",
"Examples of such useful products include monoclonal antibodies, hormones, growth factors, enzymes and the like. ",
"Such products have many commercial and therapeutic applications and, with the advent of recombinant DNA technology, cells can be engineered to produce large quantities of these products. ",
"Cultured cells are also routinely used for the isolation, identification and growth of viruses that can be used as vectors and/or vaccines. ",
"Thus, the ability to cultivate cells in vitro is not only important for the study of cell physiology, but is also necessary for the production of useful substances that may not otherwise be obtained by cost-effective means.",
"\nAmong the various cell types that have been grown using in vitro cell culture media, of particular interest are cells derived from the epithelium. ",
"The epithelium lines the internal and external surfaces of the organs and glands of higher organisms. ",
"Because of this localization at the external interface between the environment and the organism (e.g., the skin) or at the internal interface between an organ and the interstitial space (e.g., the intestinal mucosal lining), the epithelium has a major role in the maintenance of homeostasis. ",
"The epithelium carries out this function, for example, by regulating transport and permeability of nutrients and wastes (Freshney, R. I., in: Culture of Epithelial Cells, Freshney, R. I., ed., ",
"New York: Wiley-Liss, pp. ",
"1-23 (1992)).",
"\nThe cells making up the epithelium are generically termed epithelial cells. ",
"These cells can be present in multiple layers as in the skin, or in a single layer as in the lung alveoli. ",
"As might be expected, the structure, function and physiology of epithelial cells are often tissue-specific. ",
"For example, the epidermal epithelial cells of the skin are organized as stratified squamous epithelium and are primarily involved in forming a protective barrier for the organism, while the secretory epithelial cells of many glands are often found in single layers of cuboidal cells that have a major role in producing secretory proteins and glycoproteins. ",
"Regardless of their location or function, however, epithelial cells are usually regenerative. ",
"That is, under normal conditions, or in response to injury or other activating stimulus, epithelial cells are capable of dividing or growing. ",
"This regenerative capacity has facilitated the in vitro manipulation of epithelial cells, to the point where a variety of primary epithelial cells and cell lines have been successfully cultivated in vitro (Freshney, Id.).",
"\nWhile the isolation and use of a variety of epithelial cells and epithelial cell lines have been reported in the literature, the human embryonic kidney cell line 293 (“293 cells”), which exhibits epithelial morphology, has proven particularly useful for studies of the expression of exogenous ligand receptors, production of viruses and expression of allogeneic and xenogeneic recombinant proteins. ",
"For example, U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,166,066 describes the construction of a stable 293 cell line comprising functional GABA receptors that include a benzodiazepine binding site that have proven useful in identification and screening of candidate psychoactive drugs. ",
"293 cells have also been used to produce viruses such as natural and recombinant adenoviruses (Gamier, A., et al., ",
"Cytotechnol. ",
"15:145-155 (1994); Bout, A., et al., ",
"Cancer Gene Therapy 3(6):S24, abs. ",
"P-52 (1996); Wang, J.-W., et al., ",
"Cancer Gene Therapy 3(6):S24, abs. ",
"P-53 (1996)), which can be used for vaccine production or construction of adenovirus vectors for recombinant protein expression. ",
"Finally, 293 cells have proven useful in large-scale production of a variety of recombinant human proteins (Berg, D. T., et al., ",
"BioTechniques 14(6):972-978 (1993); Peshwa, M. V., et al., ",
"Biotechnol. ",
"Bioeng. ",
"41:179-187 (1993); Gamier, A., et al., ",
"Cytotechnol. ",
"15:145-155 (1994)).",
"\nCells loosely called fibroblasts have been isolated from many different tissues and are understood to be connective tissue cells. ",
"It is clearly possible to cultivate cell lines, loosely termed fibroblastic cells, from embryonic and adult tissues. ",
"Fibroblasts characteristically have a “spindle” appearance. ",
"Fibroblast-like cells have morphological characteristics typical of fibroblast cells. ",
"Under a light microscope the cells appear pointed and elongated (“spindle shaped”) when they grow as a monolayer on the surface of a culture vessel. ",
"Cell lines can be regarded as fibroblast or fibroblast-like after confirmation with appropriate markers, such as collagen, type I ((Freshney, R. I., in: Culture of Epithelial Cells, Freshney, R. I., ed., ",
"New York: Wiley-Liss, pp. ",
"1-23 (1987)).",
"\nCHO cells have been classified as both epithelial and fibroblast cells derived from the Chinese hamster ovary. ",
"A cell line started from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) (Kao, F.-T. And Puck, T. T., Proc. ",
"Natl. ",
"Acad. ",
"Sci. ",
"USA 60:1275-1281 (1968) has been in culture for many years but its identity is still not confirmed.",
"\nMost primary mammalian epithelial cells, mammalian fibroblast cells, epithelial cell lines, and fibroblast cell lines are typically grown in monolayer culture. ",
"For some applications, however, it would be advantageous to cultivate such cells as suspension cultures. ",
"For example, suspension cultures grow in a three-dimensional space. ",
"Monolayer cultures in similar-sized vessels, however, can only grow two-dimensionally on the vessel surface. ",
"Thus, suspension cultures can result in higher cell yields and, correspondingly, higher yields of biologicals (e.g., viruses, recombinant polypeptides, etc.) ",
"compared to monolayer cultures. ",
"In addition, suspension cultures are often easier to feed and scale-up, via simple addition of fresh culture media (dilution subculturing) to the culture vessel rather than trypsinization and centrifugation as is often required with monolayer cultures. ",
"The ease of feeding and the ease with which suspension cultures can be scaled up represent a substantial saving in time and labor for handling a comparable number of cells.",
"\nMany anchorage-dependent cells, such as primary epithelial cells, primary fibroblast cells, epithelial cell lines, and fibroblast cell lines, however, are not easily adapted to suspension culture. ",
"Since they are typically dependent upon anchorage to a substrate for optimal growth, growth of these cells in suspension can require their attachment to microcarriers such as latex or collagen beads. ",
"Thus, cells grown in this fashion, while capable of higher density culture than traditional monolayer cultures, are still technically attached to a surface; subculturing of these cells therefore requires similar steps as those used for the subculturing of monolayer cultures. ",
"Furthermore, when large batch or fermenter cultures are established, a large volume of microcarriers often settles to the bottom of the culture vessel, thereby requiring a more complicated agitation mechanism to keep the microcarriers (and thus, the cells) in suspension without causing shear damage to the cells (Peshwa, M. V., et al., ",
"Biotechnol. ",
"Bioeng. ",
"41:179-187 (1993)).",
"\nAlthough many transformed cells are capable of being grown in suspension (Freshney, R. I., Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique, New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. ",
"123-125 (1983)), successful suspension cultures often require relatively high-protein media or supplementation of the media with serum or serum components (such as the attachment factors fibronectin and/or vitronectin), or sophisticated perfusion culture control systems (Kyung, Y.-S., et al., ",
"Cytotechnol. ",
"14:183-190 (1994)), which can be disadvantageous. ",
"In addition, many epithelial cells when grown in suspension form aggregates or “clumps” which can interfere with successful subculturing and reduce growth rate and production of biologicals by the cultures. ",
"When clumping occurs, the overall cellular surface area exposed to medium is decreased and the cells are deprived of nutrition and are unable to efficiently exchange waste into the medium. ",
"As a result, growth slows, diminished cell densities are obtained, and protein expression is compromised.",
"\nTypically, cell culture media formulations are supplemented with a range of additives, including undefined components such as fetal bovine serum (FBS) (5-20% v/v) or extracts from animal embryos, organs or glands (0.5-10% v/v). ",
"While FBS is the most commonly applied supplement in animal cell culture media, other serum sources are also routinely used, including newborn calf, horse and human. ",
"Organs or glands that have been used to prepare extracts for the supplementation of culture media include submaxillary gland (Cohen, S., J. Biol. ",
"Chem. ",
"237:1555-1565 (1961)), pituitary (Peehl, D. M., and Ham, R. G., In Vitro 16:516-525 (1980); U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,673,649), hypothalamus (Maciag, T., et al., ",
"Proc. ",
"Natl. ",
"Acad. ",
"Sci. ",
"USA 76:5674-5678 (1979); Gilchrest, B. A., et al., ",
"J. Cell Physiol. ",
"120:377-383 (1984)), ocular retina (Barretault, D., et al., ",
"Differentiation 18:29-42 (1981)) and brain (Maciag, T., et al., ",
"Science 211:1452-1454 (1981)). ",
"These types of chemically undefined supplements serve several useful functions in cell culture media (Lambert, K. J. et al., ",
"In: Animal Cell Biotechnology, Vol. ",
"1, Spier, R. E. et al., ",
"Eds., ",
"Academic Press New York, pp. ",
"85-122 (1985)). ",
"For example, these supplements provide carriers or chelators for labile or water-insoluble nutrients; bind and neutralize toxic moieties; provide hormones and growth factors, protease inhibitors and essential, often unidentified or undefined low molecular weight nutrients; and protect cells from physical stress and damage. ",
"Thus, serum or organ/gland extracts are commonly used as relatively low-cost supplements to provide an optimal culture medium for the cultivation of animal cells.",
"\nUnfortunately, the use of serum or organ/gland extracts in tissue culture applications has several drawbacks (Lambert, K. J. et al., ",
"In: Animal Cell Biotechnology, Vol. ",
"1, Spier, R. E. et al., ",
"Eds., ",
"Academic Press New York, pp. ",
"85-122 (1985)). ",
"For example, the chemical compositions of these supplements and sera vary between lots, even from a single manufacturer. ",
"The supplements can also be contaminated with infectious agents (e.g., mycoplasma and viruses) which can seriously undermine the health of the cultured cells and the quality of the final product. ",
"The use of undefined components such as serum or animal extracts also prevents the true definition and elucidation of the nutritional and hormonal requirements of the cultured cells, thus eliminating the ability to study, in a controlled way, the effect of specific growth factors or nutrients on cell growth and differentiation in culture. ",
"Moreover, undefined supplements prevent the researcher from studying aberrant growth and differentiation and the disease-related changes in cultured cells. ",
"Finally and most importantly to those employing cell culture media in the industrial production of biological substances, serum and organ/gland extract supplementation of culture media can complicate and increase the costs of the purification of the desired substances from the culture media due to nonspecific co-purification of serum or extract proteins.",
"\nImproved levels of recombinant protein expression are obtained from cells grown in serum-free medium, relative to the level of expression seen in cells grown in medium supplemented with serum (Battista, P. J. et al., ",
"Am. ",
"Biotech. ",
"Lab. ",
"12:64-68 (1994)). ",
"However, serum-free media can still contain one or more of a variety of animal-derived components, including albumin, fetuin, various hormones and other proteins. ",
"The presence of proteins or peptides makes purification of recombinant protein difficult, time-consuming, and expensive.",
"\nTo overcome these drawbacks of the use of serum or organ/gland extracts, a number of so-called “defined” media have been developed. ",
"These media, which often are specifically formulated to support the culture of a single cell type, contain no undefined supplements and instead incorporate defined quantities of purified growth factors, proteins, lipoproteins and other substances usually provided by the serum or extract supplement. ",
"Since the components (and concentrations thereof) in such culture media are precisely known, these media are generally referred to as “defined culture media.” ",
"Sometimes used interchangeably with “defined culture media” is the term “serum-free media” or “SFM.” ",
"A number of SFM formulations are commercially available, such as those designed to support the culture of endothelial cells, keratinocytes, monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, fibroblasts, chondrocytes or hepatocytes which are available from Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif. The distinction between SFM and defined media, however, is that SFM are media devoid of serum and protein fractions (e.g., serum albumin), but not necessarily of other undefined components such as organ/gland extracts. ",
"Indeed, several SFM that have been reported or that are available commercially contain such undefined components, including several formulations supporting in vitro culture of keratinocytes (Boyce, S. T., and Ham, R. G., J. Invest. ",
"Dermatol. ",
"81:33 (1983); Wille, J. J., et al., ",
"J. Cell. ",
"Physiol. ",
"121:31 (1984); Pittelkow, M. R., and Scott, R. E., Mayo Clin. ",
"Proc. ",
"61:771 (1986); Pirisi, L., et al., ",
"J. Virol. ",
"61:1061 (1987); Shipley, G. D., and Pittelkow, M. R., Arch. ",
"DermatoL 123:1541 (1987); Shipley, G. D., et al., ",
"J. Cell. ",
"Physiol. ",
"138:511-518 (1989); Daley, J. P., et al., ",
"FOCUS (GIBCO/LTI) 12:68 (1990); U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"4,673,649 and 4,940,666). ",
"SFM thus cannot be considered to be defined media in the true definition of the term.",
"\nDefined media generally provide several distinct advantages to the user. ",
"For example, the use of defined media facilitates the investigation of the effects of a specific growth factor or other medium component on cellular physiology, which can be masked when the cells are cultivated in serum- or extract-containing media. ",
"In addition, defined media typically contain much lower quantities of protein (indeed, defined media are often termed “low protein media”) than those containing serum or extracts, rendering purification of biological substances produced by cells cultured in defined media far simpler and less expensive.",
"\nSome extremely simple defined media, which consist essentially of vitamins, amino acids, organic and inorganic salts and buffers have been used for cell culture. ",
"Such media (often called “basal media”), however, are usually seriously deficient in the nutritional content required by most animal cells. ",
"Accordingly, most defined media incorporate into the basal media additional components to make the media more nutritionally complex, but to maintain the serum-free and low protein content of the media. ",
"Examples of such components include bovine serum albumin (BSA) or human serum albumin (HSA); certain growth factors derived from natural (animal) or recombinant sources such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF); lipids such as fatty acids, sterols and phospholipids; lipid derivatives and complexes such as phosphoethanolamine, ethanolamine and lipoproteins; protein and steroid hormones such as insulin, hydrocortisone and progesterone; nucleotide precursors; and certain trace elements (reviewed by Waymouth, C., in: Cell Culture Methods for Molecular and Cell Biology, Vol. ",
"1: Methods for Preparation of Media, Supplements, and Substrata for Serum-Free Animal Cell Culture, Barnes, D. W., et al., ",
"eds., ",
"New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. ",
"23-68 (1984), and by Gospodarowicz, D., Id., at pp 69-86 (1984)).",
"\nThe use of animal protein supplements in cell culture media, however, also has certain drawbacks. ",
"For example, there is a risk that the culture medium and/or products purified from it can be immunogenic, particularly if the supplements are derived from an animal different from the source of the cells to be cultured. ",
"If biological substances to be used as therapeutics are purified from such culture media, certain amounts of these immunogenic proteins or peptides can be co-purified and can induce an immunological reaction, up to and including anaphylaxis, in an animal receiving such therapeutics.",
"\nTo obviate this potential problem, supplements derived from the same species as the cells to be cultured can be used. ",
"For example, culture of human cells can be facilitated using HSA as a supplement, while media for the culture of bovine cells would instead use BSA. ",
"This approach, however, runs the risks of introducing contaminants and adventitious pathogens into the culture medium (such as Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD) from HSA preparations, or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (“Mad Cow Disease”) prion from BSA preparations), which can obviously negatively impact the use of such media in the preparation of animal and human therapeutics. ",
"In fact, for such safety reasons, the biotechnology industry and government agencies are increasingly regulating, discouraging and even forbidding the use of cell culture media containing animal-derived proteins which can contain such pathogens.",
"\nTo overcome the limitations of the use of animal proteins in SFM, several attempts have been made to construct animal cell culture media that are completely free of animal proteins. ",
"For example, some culture media have incorporated extracts of yeast cells into the basal medium (see, for example, U.K. Patent Application No. ",
"GB 901673; Keay, L., Biotechnol. ",
"Bioengin. ",
"17:745-764 (1975)) to provide sources of nitrogen and other essential nutrients. ",
"In another approach, hydrolysates of wheat gluten have been used, with or without addition of yeast extract, to promote in vitro growth of animal cells (Japanese Patent Application No. ",
"JP 2-49579). ",
"Still other media have been developed in which serum is replaced by enzymatic digests of meat, or of proteins such as α-lactalbumin or casein (e.g., peptone), which have been traditionally used in bacterial culture (Lasfargues, E. Y., et al., ",
"In Vitro 8(6):494-500 (1973); Keay, L., Biotechnol. ",
"Bioeng. ",
"17:745-764 (1975); Keay, L., Biotechnol. ",
"Bioeng. ",
"19:399-411 (1977); Schlager, E.-J., J. Immunol. ",
"Meth. ",
"194:191-199 (1996)). ",
"None of these approaches, however, provided a culture medium optimal for the cultivation of a variety of animal cells. ",
"Moreover, extracts from certain plants, including wheat, barley, rye and oats have been shown to inhibit protein synthesis in cell-free systems derived from animal cells (Coleman, W. H., and Roberts, W. K., Biochim. ",
"Biophys. ",
"Acta 696:239-244 (1982)), suggesting that the use of peptides derived from these plants in cell culture media can actually inhibit, rather than stimulate, the growth of animal cells in vitro. ",
"More recently, animal cell culture SFM formulations comprising rice peptides have been described and shown to be useful in cultivation of a variety of normal and transformed animal cells (see U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,103,529, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).",
"\nNotwithstanding the potential difficulties posed by the addition of animal derived supplements to cell culture media, such supplements are in routine use. ",
"One such supplement that is frequently added to defined media is transferrin. ",
"Transferrin functions in vivo to deliver iron to cells. ",
"The mechanism of iron uptake by mammalian cells has been reviewed (Qian, Z. M. and Tang, P. L. (1995) Biochim. ",
"Biophys. ",
"Acta 1269, 205-214). ",
"As iron is required as a co-factor in numerous metabolic processes including energy generation and oxidative respiration, serum-free media are often supplemented with transferrin in order to deliver the requisite iron for the successful cultivation of most cells in vitro. ",
"Concern about various potential adventitious agents in preparations of transferrin has stimulated a search for other natural iron carrier compounds which can be used as a substitute for transferrin. ",
"This search is complicated by the fact that the natural iron carriers are often derived from serum and thus are subject to the above-described limitations of serum supplementation.",
"\nTo overcome the limitations of using naturally derived metal carriers, certain metal binding compounds are being explored for use in supplying metals, particularly zinc, iron, manganese and magnesium, to cultured cells. ",
"Simple carriers such as chelating agents (e.g., EDTA) and certain acids or salts thereof (e.g., citrate, picolinate, and derivatives of benzoic acid or hydroxamic acid) have been shown to be useful in certain serum-free growth media (see U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"5,045,454 and 5,118,513; Testa et al., ",
"Brit. ",
"J. Haematol. ",
"60:491-502, (1985); Ganeshaguru et al., ",
"Biochem. ",
"Pharmacol. ",
"29:1275-1279 (1980); White et al., ",
"Blood 48:923-929 (1976)).",
"\nAlthough these references disclose some metal carriers, the interpretation of the data is complicated by several experimental factors. ",
"The data were gathered from a limited number of cell lines and show results of a single passage. ",
"In addition, the media were supplemented with serum. ",
"Serum inherently contains transferrin and other potential iron carriers. ",
"There is a “carry-over effect” on growth of cells which have been cultured in serum-supplemented medium, even after one or two passages in the absence of serum or transferrin (see, for example, Keenan, J. and Clynes, M. (1996) In Vitro Cell Dev. ",
"Biol-Animal 32, 451-453). ",
"Other known metal binding compounds have been used medicinally to remove iron from the body and not for delivery. ",
"Unfortunately, many of these simple iron chelating compounds do not provide sufficient iron availability to, or uptake by, cultured cells.",
"\nOnce a suitable medium formulation for the growth of a particular cell type has been determined, it is frequently necessary to alter the cell in question so as to optimize the production of a desired biological substance. ",
"A critical step in the effective production and purification of biological substances is the introduction of one or more macromolecules (e.g., peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.) ",
"into the cell in which the material will be produced. ",
"This can be accomplished by a variety of methods. ",
"One widely used method to introduce macromolecules into a cell is known as transfection.",
"\nTypically, the target cell is grown to a desired cell density in a cell culture medium optimized for growth of the cell. ",
"Once the desired density is reached, the medium is exchanged for a medium optimized for the transfection process. ",
"Under most circumstances, the medium used for transfection does not support the growth of the cells but the transfection medium is merely used for the purpose of introducing nucleic acids into the cells. ",
"As a result, the process generally requires collecting the cells from the culture, usually by centrifugation, washing the cells to remove traces of the growth medium, suspending the cells in a transfection medium in the presence of the macromolecule of interest, incubating the cells in the transfection medium for a period of time sufficient for the uptake of the macromolecule, optionally, removing the transfection medium and washing the remnants of the transfection medium from the cells and then re-suspending the transfected cells in a growth medium. ",
"The steps of exchanging the growth media for transfection media, washing the cells, and exchanging the transfection media back to a growth media require a great deal of hands-on manipulation of the cells thereby adding substantially to the time and expense of recombinant DNA technology.",
"\nAs an historical example, 293 cells have been cultivated in monolayer cultures in a serum-supplemented version of a complex medium (i.e., DMEM). ",
"When grown in suspension, 293 cells have a tendency to aggregate into large clusters of cells. ",
"The formation of these large cell aggregates reduces the viability of the cells. ",
"Since the cells in the center of the aggregates are not directly exposed to the medium, these cells have limited access to nutrients in the medium and have difficulty in exchanging waste into the medium. ",
"In addition, this reduced access to the medium makes cells in clusters unsuitable for genetic manipulation by factors introduced into the medium (i.e., for transformation by nucleic acids). ",
"As a result of these difficulties, 293 cells have not generally been used in suspension culture for the production of biological materials.",
"\nThus, there still remains a need in the art for a cell medium and transient transfection system that permits the growth of eukaryotic cells in suspension while permitting the transfection of the cells with a reduced amount of manipulation. ",
"Such a medium should preferably be a serum-free and/or chemically defined and/or protein-free medium and/or a medium lacking animal derived materials which facilitates the growth of mammalian cells to high density and/or increases the level of expression of recombinant protein, reduces cell clumping, and which does not require supplementation with animal proteins, such as serum, transferrin, insulin and the like. ",
"Preferably a medium of this type will permit the suspension cultivation of mammalian cells that are normally anchorage-dependent, including epithelial cells and fibroblast cells, such as 293 cells and CHO cells. ",
"Preferably, such a medium would also enable cultivation and culturing of the aforementioned cell types at higher density than can be typically obtained with currently available media. ",
"Additionally, such culture media will allow easier and more cost-effective and efficient production and purification of high quantities of commercially or scientifically important biological substances (e.g., viruses, recombinant proteins, biologics, recombinant antibodies, etc.) ",
"produced by cultured mammalian cells in the biotechnology industry, and will provide more consistent results in methods employing the cultivation of mammalian cells. ",
"These and other needs are met by the present invention."
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"However, recent work on the perceptual abilities of young infants indicates that even newborns perceive objective properties of their surroundings, detecting depth and displaying perceptual constancies that have hitherto been attributed only to older infants. ",
"In consequence it is necessary to revise our model of infant development. ",
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"The total direct lifetime costs within the Swedish health care system for the following two treatment strategies was estimated as follows: (a) ER initially and in the event of relapse and (b) ER + 89Sr initially and ER in the event of relapse. ",
"Calculation of lifetime costs was based on the initial total treatment cost and the probability of future treatment costs. ",
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"The costs related to ER included skeletal scintigraphy, ER, outpatient visits, inpatients days, and travel to the treatment center. ",
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"Costs in Swedish currency (SEK) were based on the regional tariff for 1993 (U.S. $1 = SEK 8.30). ",
"The initial cost for one relapse treated with ER alone was estimated to be SEK 31,011 (U.S. $3736) per patient resident within county (close to hospital) and SEK 48,585 (U.S. $5854) per patient resident out of county (far from hospital). ",
"The corresponding figure for initial addition of 89Sr to ER was SEK 43,426 (U.S. $5232) and 61,000 (U.S. $7349), respectively. ",
"However, comparison between estimated lifetime cost for the two treatment strategies indicated potential cost savings with initial addition of 89Sr to 3% SEK 2720 (U.S. $328) and 7% SEK 11,290 (U.S. $1360), respectively. ",
"Strontium-89 as initial supplement to ER for palliation of pain in HRMPC is beneficial both from the patient and lifetime health service costs perspectives."
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"Power of Situations\n\nA Critique of “The Power of Situations” by Lee Ross and Richard E. NisbettOur basics assumptions, and our instincts usually serve us well. ",
"We can judge the situations and people accordingly, and at most times, correctly. ",
"But behaviors in its entirety, is very complex and is based on a myriad of elements within our environment. ",
"Lee Ross and Richard Nisbett, authors of “The Power of Situations” conclude that information such as personalities, and backgrounds are trivial. ",
"If you walked in a neighborhood that is pleasantly normal one day, and the next day, you decided not to, is it because of the situation? ",
"Could it not be because, you felt like taking the bike for a ride instead, or felt lazy? ",
"Ross’ and Nisbett’s theory does not take into account that emotions, or personal preferences exist. ",
"Ross and Nisbett confidently believe that situations within our present environment determine our behavior. ",
"The latter, being the person’s emotional state, or personality serves no judicial purpose in determining behavior. ",
"The “specifics of the situation” (Ross/Nisbett 690) would be considered significant, in that the aesthetics of the situation is the “tipping point” in concluding actions. ",
"The authors also claim that “subtler, contextual details that empirical research has shown” (Ross/Nisbett 690) are factors that influence people to intervene. ",
"The authors also explain that the “fundamental attribution error;” is people’s belief in the significance of individuality, and failure in the significance of “situational factors in affecting behavior” (Ross/Nisbett 690). ",
"The “fundamental attribution error” is the biggest problem in what Ross and Nisbett conclude. ",
"The definition of the theory is clear-cut, but the author’s logic is based on empirical research that is not 100%. ",
"It could never be completely factual, as human personality traits, and emotion cannot be measured or removed from the equation. ",
"At first glance, their logic in presenting “evidence”...\n\nYou May Also Find These Documents Helpful\n\n...The Power of the Situation\nA week of urban mayhem was ignited by the April 29, 1992 jury acquittal\nof four white police officers who were captured on videotape beating black\nmotorist Rodney King. ",
"The angry response in South Central produced its own\nbrutal footage, most dramatically the live broadcast from a hovering TV\nnews helicopter of two black men striking unconscious with a brick, kicking, and\nthen dancing over the body of, white truck driver Reginald Denny. ",
"The final\nthree-day toll of what many community activists took to defiantly calling an\nuprising, revolt, or rebellion, was put at 53 dead, some $1 billion in property\ndamage, nearly 2,000 arrests, and countless businesses in ashes. ",
"These two men,\nDamian Williams and Henry Watson undoubtedly committed a heinous crime, but\nthousands more looted, burned, and destroyed property with the same disregard\nfor life and property. ",
"Were all these people criminals who used the verdicts as\nan excuse to commit crimes, or was the nature of the social situation the\nprimarydeterminant of this nefarious behavior? ",
"In the course of this paper, I\nplan to explore this question from a psychological perspective with an emphasize\non conformity and social norms, bystander intervention, social perception and\nreality, and finally, prejudice. ",
"Generally looking at the Los Angeles riots,\nand specifically drawing upon the Reginald Denny beating and subsequent trial,\nthe power...\n\n...Akasha Dykes\nNovember, 27, 2012\nGeoffrey McNeil\nEnglish 1030\nThe Power of Situations\nIn any society, obedience and authority is necessary in order to function. ",
"Without obedience no individual would be able to follow the rules of the society. ",
"Without authority, individuals could not be forced to obey. ",
"Authority and obedience may be a necessity, but when is it to much? ",
"Is there a point where people should disobey the authority in there society? ",
"There have been experiments that relate to the social problems of obedience and authority. ",
"The Milgram Experiment, The Good Samaritan Experiment, and The Stanford Prison Experiment are all examples that focus on social problems, situational power, and human nature. ",
"A common conclusion among the examples is that a situation has the power to make ordinary people do unthinkable things.",
"\nThe Milgram Experiment was conducted by a Yale University Psychologist, Stanley Milgram, in July, 1961. ",
"The experiment was set up like this; The experimenter orders the teacher, who is the subject of the experiment, to give what they believe to be painful electric shocks to a learner. ",
"The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner is receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments because the learner is actually an actor in on the experiment. ",
"Being separated from the subject, the creators of the experiment set up a tape recorder...\n\n...influence, will most likely drop out of school and pursue a bad life. ",
"In the other hand there are not always negative things why children drop out of school. ",
"Many teens and children tend to help out at home by setting a goal, by not getting involved with bad people and just getting money for the family to have a better life no matter if they have no sacrifice their education.",
"\nChildren with a single parent usually don’t show any emotional needs because their parent is always working hard to give the child their needs and not giving them enough attention. ",
"Single mom can become weighted down with emotion which can cause the mother to feel angry that she is alone, thinking the world is not fair, not having a job and people not understanding her situation of life. ",
"This can affect the child low self-esteem by not having the equal chances of success as others and feeling mad about their life. ",
"Many children might suffer from depression because the parent might be facing a depression themselves because of financial problems. ",
"Some children might envy other kids with both parents and think that it was their fault for their parent divorcing or not having both parents together. “",
"According to the world health organization, major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability among Americans ages 15 to 44” (depression in children and adolescents).",
"\nAlso some girls in single parent house hold don’t have enough love from their parent, which they often go out to...\n\n...\nSummary of \"The Power of Situations\"\nThe authors of \"The Power of Situations\" are Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett. ",
"Ross is a psychology professor at Stanford University and Nisbett is a psychology professor at the University of Michigan. ",
"In the article, Ross and Nisbett discuss the irony and complexity of Social Psychology on today's society.",
"\nIn the beginning, the article starts off by stating that undergraduate students typically enjoy their first social psychology class. ",
"This is believed to be because they are still fascinated by human behavior. ",
"Graduate students who are in their fourth or fifth year of study think differently about social psychology. ",
"They tend to become so immersed in the problems of human behavior that the behavior of the people around them becomes challenging. ",
"Ross and Nisbett also state that sometimes graduate students know so much about human behavior they often times find themselves questioning their own behavior.",
"\nIn an example scenario, the subject John is presented with a decision to either walk away from or offer help to a questionable man. ",
"Ross and Nisbett state that the majority of people would want to know more about John's behavior as a person before they would speak on his actions. ",
"However, you end up reading that this information is actually irrelevant to making any decisions on what John's behavior will be, while details of the situation are extremely...\n\n...Lim 1\nDenise Lim\nInstructor Munoz\nEnglish 101\n15 September 2011\nThe Power of Family: No Matter The Situation\nHave you ever looked at the person next to you no matter what race they are and what their family was like? ",
"If their family was better than yours? ",
"More supportive than yours? ",
"Or was just happier than yours? ",
"I am sure through everybody's life and problems there has been a point in some time where you look around you to compare. ",
"Using stories and research such as “The Color of Family Ties” by Gerstel and Sarkisian and “An Indian Story” by Roger Jack, we can see how families are different and written by different points of views. ",
"By analyzing nontraditional families such as in “An Indian Story” and “Looking For Work” by Gary Soto, you can see how there are differences but yet similarities that would surprise you. ",
"Some families that are non traditional, per se according to society, have a better life and relationship than what we call the normal nuclear family.",
"\nIn Roger Jack's “An Indian Story”, it speaks about an Indian boy and his relationship with his father. ",
"The relationship is not that great at all and he decides to leave so he can go live with his aunt. ",
"When Roger went to live with his aunt, they became close and they traveled to many different places together. ",
"Missing his relationship with his father, he decides to move home even though his father has already remarried and Roger doesn't like that. ",
"Roger decides to...\n\n...Eastin Ashby\nClaudia Castaneda\nPower and Privilege\n15 September 2014\nPath of Least Resistance\nWas there ever a time when you didn't stand up for someone being taunted, or ridiculed, or bullied? ",
"A time when you made the choice to fit in with the crowd, to be liked by others, than to make waves?",
"\nFor my part, I can remember many, many times when it seemed better to fit in than to stand up and stand out. ",
"I preferred harmony over justice, security over compassion. ",
"I grew up in an upper middle-class family and somehow got the feeling that we were people who didn't make waves. ",
"We cared about the forgotten and forsaken, the abandoned and confused, but we didn't exactly \"make waves\" for them. ",
"The whole idea of protest was foreign. ",
"Honestly, what would be the worst thing that would happen if I made waves? ",
"Opposition? - ",
"It would have been worth it than just waiting around doing nothing. ",
"And I now feel foolish for making that choice.",
"\nWe were also Catholic, which brings an irony into it. ",
"It is often said that Jesus \"comforted the afflicted and afflicted the comfortable.\" ",
"We were much more interested in being comforted than being afflicted. ",
"Given that we were so comfortable, I'm not sure Jesus would have liked us that much. ",
"But we didn't think about that.",
"\nIt gets worse. ",
"If I am honest I can also remember times when I myself was the perpetrator of the sin: the one who sinned against others in thought, word, and action. ",
"For example, I can...\n\n...Influence is the essence of leadership. ",
"To be effective as a leader, it is necessary to influence people to carry out requests, support proposals, and implement decisions.",
"\nPower- The concept of \"power\" is useful for understanding how people are able to influence each other in organizations. ",
"Power involves the capacity of one party (the \"agent\") to influence another party (the \"target\").",
"\nAuthority involves the rights, obligations, and duties associated with particular positions in an organization or social system. ",
"A leader with direct authority over a target person has the right to make requests consistent with this authority, and the target person has the duty to obey.",
"\nOutcomes of Influence Attempts\nOne useful basis for evaluating the success of an influence attempt is whether the immediate outcome is what the agent intended.",
"\nCommitment -The term commitment describes an outcome in which the target person internally agrees with a decision or request from the agent and makes a great effort to carry out the request or implement the decision effectively.",
"\nCompliance- The term compliance describes an outcome in which the target is willing to do what the agent asks but will make only a minimal effort.",
"\nResistance- The term resistance describes an outcome in which the target person is opposed to the proposal or request, and actively tries to avoid carrying it out.",
"\nInfluence Processes\nThe explanation for the influence of one person..."
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"Join Our Mailing List\n\nRobin Schooling\n\nVP of Human Resources\n\nHollywood Casino Baton Rouge\n\nProfile\n\nRobin Schooling, SPHR, SHRM-SCP, is VP of Human Resources with Hollywood Casino in Baton Rouge, LA and has extensive experience in a variety of industries including gaming, banking and health care. ",
"She’s a regular speaker at HR, Recruiting, and business conferences, has a popular HR blog at robinschooling.com and is on a mission to make organizations better by making HR better. ",
"The Huffington Post named her one of The Top 100 Most Social Human Resource Experts on Twitterand Glassdoor called her one of the 2015 HR and Recruiting Thought Leaders to Follow. ",
"She’s been interviewed, quoted by, or has written for numerous entities including Yahoo, CareerBuilder, Monster, HRM Online Canada, Certified Magazine, HR Examiner, SHRM and Recruiting Daily. ",
"She serves on the Advisory Board for HROnboard, is the current Ringmaster at the Carnival of HR, is active with the ATD Baton Rouge chapter, has been an involved SHRM volunteer leader, and once upon a time received an award as “HR Professional of the Year.” ",
"She has been known to search out the perfect French 75 and is a fervent and unapologetic fan of the New Orleans Saints."
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"Nazaire-Nicolas Olivier\n\nNazaire-Nicolas Olivier (1860 – May 2, 1898) was a lawyer and political figure in Quebec. ",
"He represented Lévis in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1897 to 1898 as a Liberal member.",
"\n\nHe was born in Saint-Nicolas, Canada East, the son of Polycarpe Olivier and Olive Demers, and was educated at the Séminaire de Québec and the Université Laval. ",
"He was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1886 and set up practice at Quebec City. ",
"In 1889, he married Héloïse Roy. ",
"Olivier served as secretary for the Quebec bar. ",
"He was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1892. ",
"Oliver was elected to the Quebec assembly in an 1897 by-election held after François-Xavier Lemieux was named to the Quebec Superior Court. ",
"He died in office in Quebec City at the age of 37.",
"\n\nOlivier published Octave Crémazie in 1888 and De la nullité des contrats in 1889.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1860 births\nCategory:1898 deaths\nCategory:Quebec Liberal Party MNAs\nCategory:Lawyers in Quebec"
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"Q:\n\nCan someone please explain this regex filtering of an array\n\nI'm filtering an array, and found a regex on here.",
"\nI'm trying to understand this:\nfilterArray.filter(/./.test.bind(new RegExp(key, 'g')))\n\nBut I don't understand how the array tests it value against the regex or why you have to start with /./ instead of just writing the regex. ",
"And how does bind work in this case?",
"\nEDIT: Key is just a string that I want to match, \"hi\" or \"dog\" or \"anything really\".",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe .bind() method will return a function with whatever you passed as the first argument bound as the value of this. ",
"\nSince you're calling .bind() from .test(), you're getting the .test() method with the this bound to new RegExp(key, 'g').",
"\nThe /./ is irrelevant here. ",
"It's just short way of getting to the RegExp.prototype.test method.",
"\nThe result is that you'll effectively be doing:\nvar regexp = new RegExp(key, 'g');\n\nfilterArray.filter(function(val) {\n return regexp.test(val);\n});\n\nYou should note that this is a little bit dangerous, because a regex object with the g modifier is stateful. ",
"This means it always starts a new search where the previous one left off.",
"\nGiven this filtering scenario, the g doesn't seem at all necessary, and could really only cause problems.",
"\nHere's an example of the danger of using the g here:\nvar re = /./.test.bind(new RegExp(\"foo\", 'g'));\nvar str = \"foobar\";\n\nconsole.log(re(str)); // true\nconsole.log(re(str)); // false\n\nSo calling the same regex on the same string produces two different results. ",
"If we called it again, it would be true once again.",
"\n\nSo given the use as a .filter() callback, let's say key is \"foo\", then lets say one val is \"foobar\". ",
"It will be allowed through the filter.",
"\nBut let's say the very next val is \"foobaz\". ",
"The search will resume on the fourth character instead of starting from the first, so the \"foo\" will not be found.",
"\n\nHere's concrete example that shows the issue in action:\nDEMO: http://jsfiddle.net/s9PzL/\nvar filterArray = [\n \"foobar\",\n \"foobaz\",\n \"foobuz\",\n \"foobix\"\n];\n\nvar result = filterArray.filter(/./.test.bind(new RegExp(\"foo\", 'g')));\n\nAll the strings have \"foo\", so they should all get through. ",
"But the result shows that doesn't happen.",
"\ndocument.body.textContent = result.join(\", \"); // foobar, foobuz\n\nA:\n\nI think the reason this is done this way is because you want to execute the test method on each item in the array. ",
"Just passing the test method to filter will (presumably) mess up the binding of the method.",
"\nThat's why in your example:\n/./\n\nGenerates an empty regex\n/./.test\n\nis the test method on that regex\n/./.test.bind(new Regex(..))\n\nbinds that method to the requested method, and returns a new method that executes test where this is your supplied regex based on key.",
"\nIt seems that it could have been written a lot more clear:\nRegExp.prototype.test.bind(new RegExp(key, 'g'))\n\n"
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[
"INTRODUCTION {#jsfa10447-sec-0004}\n============\n\nFruit size is an important issue in horticultural production as it determines, together with crop load, fruit yield. ",
"Precise monitoring of the timing and quantification of yield is becoming increasingly feasible in greenhouse management as a result of the emergence of machine vision.[1](#jsfa10447-bib-0001){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [2](#jsfa10447-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [3](#jsfa10447-bib-0003){ref-type=\"ref\"} Fruit size depends on many factors, including cultivar, foliar fertilisation,[4](#jsfa10447-bib-0004){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [5](#jsfa10447-bib-0005){ref-type=\"ref\"} irrigation,[^6^](#jsfa10447-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"} crop load[5](#jsfa10447-bib-0005){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [7](#jsfa10447-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"} and weather conditions.[^8^](#jsfa10447-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"} Temperature has a major effect during the cell division period and probably also during formation in the meristem, but far less so during cell expansion period.[9](#jsfa10447-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [10](#jsfa10447-bib-0010){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [11](#jsfa10447-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"} The importance of temperature in this period has been related to the assimilate production. ",
"For the purpose of understanding and predicting size and yield, many fruit growth models have been developed. ",
"Some studies have included the generation of cells,[12](#jsfa10447-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [13](#jsfa10447-bib-0013){ref-type=\"ref\"} the time of flowering,[14](#jsfa10447-bib-0014){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [15](#jsfa10447-bib-0015){ref-type=\"ref\"} transport of assimilates from leaves to fruits,[16](#jsfa10447-bib-0016){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [17](#jsfa10447-bib-0017){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [18](#jsfa10447-bib-0018){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [19](#jsfa10447-bib-0019){ref-type=\"ref\"} cell elongation[^20^](#jsfa10447-bib-0020){ref-type=\"ref\"} and cell expansion.[20](#jsfa10447-bib-0020){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [21](#jsfa10447-bib-0021){ref-type=\"ref\"} However, these models are not useful to growers with respect to optimising harvest timing and expected yield as a result of their complexity and over parametrisation. ",
"West *et al*.[^22^](#jsfa10447-bib-0022){ref-type=\"ref\"} modelled mass increase based on fundamental principles of systems biology on the allocation of metabolic energy between maintenance and the production. ",
"For graphical representation of the generic growth curve, West *et al*.[^22^](#jsfa10447-bib-0022){ref-type=\"ref\"} actually converted mass into diameter. ",
"Tran *et al*.[^23^](#jsfa10447-bib-0023){ref-type=\"ref\"} measured the diameter of tomatoes, but they converted this into mass and modelled its behaviour using the empirical Gompertz curve. ",
"Tijskens *et al*.[^11^](#jsfa10447-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"} applied a simple modelling approach, based on a plausible kinetic mechanism, adapting and reformulating the von Bertalanffy growth model^24,25.^ The adaptation focussed on including the variation between individual fruits to describe the diameter growth of tomatoes, apples and pepper fruits. ",
"Size was expressed as fruit diameter, which is considerably easier to measure than mass or volume. ",
"Size, both measured and simulated, can be converted into volume assuming the appropriate spherical (tomato, apple) or cylindrical shape (pepper). ",
"For all fruit species studied, size increased along the same generic growth pattern with a single stochastic variable: the biological shift factor. ",
"This factor was used to describe the variation in size, provided the time of fruit set is measured. ",
"This adapted von Bertalanffy model described diameter growth accurately for individual fruits, with growth rate constants similar per species. ",
"In the present study, the adapted von Bertalanffy growth model is further developed towards describing diameter growth, not only for individual tomatoes, but also for tomatoes growing in trusses. ",
"This truss diameter model was used to explore how growth conditions and greenhouse management affect diameter of tomatoes growing in trusses. ",
"Diameter data were recorded of tomatoes, as cultivated in greenhouse compartments, that varied in truss thinning, as well as salinity levels in the recirculated drain water, and also comprised two experimental cultivars. ",
"The size of tomatoes in a truss can be increased by thinning after fruit set,[^24^](#jsfa10447-bib-0024){ref-type=\"ref\"} or by limiting the number of fruit cells at floral development.[^25^](#jsfa10447-bib-0025){ref-type=\"ref\"} Both processes rely on the availability photo assimilates, each in a different period of development. ",
"Sodium accumulation in the drain water is a common problem in greenhouse tomato cultivation limiting crop growth[^26^](#jsfa10447-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"} and the size of tomatoes,[^27^](#jsfa10447-bib-0027){ref-type=\"ref\"} although it can also induce higher tomato quality.[^28^](#jsfa10447-bib-0028){ref-type=\"ref\"} We aim to show that, by further adapting the von Bertalaffy model, the dynamics of diameter increase of tomato in trusses can be described accurately regardless of growth conditions and management. ",
"Steps to predict diameter at harvest for tomato trusses are discussed. ",
"For reliable predictions, it is crucial to measure fruit set accurately. ",
"Furthermore, it is indicated that techniques to assess the local assimilate supply need to be developed to accurately assess the diameter of tomatoes at harvest.",
"\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS {#jsfa10447-sec-0005}\n=====================\n\nThinning experiment {#jsfa10447-sec-0006}\n-------------------\n\nTomato plants (*Solanum lycopersicum* L., cv Komeett) were sown in week 32, 2015, grafted on a Maxifort rootstock and topped to give two stems per plant. ",
"In week 41, the plants were transplanted to a 144‐m^2^ greenhouse compartment (greenhouse A) at Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture in Bleiswijk, The Netherlands. ",
"Crop management was according to commercial practise. ",
"Natural light was supplemented with 186 μmol m^−2^ s^−1^ LED lighting (Philips Greenpower, 95% red, 5% blue; Signify, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). ",
"When the outside solar radiation exceeded 600 W m^−2^, the lamps were switched off. ",
"Plants selected for diameter measurements were grown either at the left or right row of the greenhouse compartment. ",
"The right row was facing south, obtaining more sunlight than the left one. ",
"Trusses were thinned at flowering time of individual trusses to have two, four, five or six tomatoes per truss and labelled individually. ",
"From February until the end of April 2016, the date of fruit set was recorded and diameter assessed for each individual fruit.",
"\n\nCultivar experiment {#jsfa10447-sec-0007}\n-------------------\n\nTomato plants of two experimental cultivars were sown in week 34, 2015 and transplanted in week 40 to a 144‐m^2^ greenhouse compartment (greenhouse B) of Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture in Bleiswijk. ",
"Tomatoes of each cultivar were grown in separate plots in the greenhouse (Table [1](#jsfa10447-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Natural light was supplemented with 125 μmol m^−2^ s^−1^ HPS lamps (Signify) and two LED interlighting modules (106 μmol m^−2^ s^−1^, Philips Greenpower; Signify). ",
"The date of fruit set of tomatoes in selected trusses was recorded and diameter assessed regularly for each individual fruit.",
"\n\n###### \n\nOverview of the experimental set‐up\n\n Green house Cultivar Row or treatment Salinity (mmol L^−1^) Fruit per truss Number of plants Number of fruit Number of trusses *N* ~obs~ \n ------------- ---------- ------------------ ----------------------- ----------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------------- ----------- ----- ---- ------\n A Komeett L 2 12 46 23 739\n A Komeett L 4 17 124 31 1884\n A Komeett L 5 11 100 20 1576\n A Komeett L 6 4 30 5 564\n A Komeett R 2 11 44 22 697\n A Komeett R 4 13 104 26 1585\n A Komeett R 5 9 85 17 1321\n A Komeett R 6 7 54 9 993\n B cv1 L 6 17 176 30 2736\n B cv2 R 6 17 185 31 2849\n C Livento A 5 8.0 9.5 2.8 6 9 54 9 1967\n C Livento B 10 6.8 8.0 2.4 6 9 54 9 1915\n C Livento C 15 5.5 6.6 1.9 6 9 54 9 1935\n C Livento D 20 4.3 5.1 1.5 6 9 54 9 1820\n\nL&R refer to trusses harvested on the left (L) or right (R) side of the greenhouse. *",
"N* ~obs~, number of observations.",
"\n\nSalinity experiment {#jsfa10447-sec-0008}\n-------------------\n\nTomato plants cv Livento were sown in early 2018, grafted on a Maxifort rootstock and transplanted to a greenhouse compartment of 144 m^2^ at Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture (greenhouse C) in Bleiswijk without supplemental lighting. ",
"Four treatments were applied varying the level of ions (Na, K, Mg and Ca) in the recirculated drain water but retaining a constant electrical conductivity of 3.8 mS cm^−1^ (Table [1](#jsfa10447-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Each treatment consisted of nine plants in one gutter, randomly assigned to a location within the greenhouse compartment. ",
"Between 16 April and 6 June 2018, the date of fruit set was recorded for each individual fruit and trusses were labelled.",
"\n\nFruit set, fruit number and diameter measurements {#jsfa10447-sec-0009}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nFruit set was defined as the time, individual for each flower, at which all petals dropped off when tapping the flower gently by hand. ",
"Fruit numbering in a truss started with the tomato with the earliest fruit set as number one and continued in sequence. ",
"Starting from day five after fruit set, every 2--3 days, the diameter of all fruit was measured at the equator of the fruit at the highest diameter with a digital calliper (S_Cal EVO BT; Sylvac S.A., Crissier, Switzerland). ",
"Every hour, the calliper was washed with water to remove deposited plant parts. ",
"Diameter measurements continued until size increase levelled off, as assessed by visual observation. ",
"Most, but not all tomatoes, were red coloured at that time. ",
"Table [1](#jsfa10447-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table\"} provides an overview of the experimental set‐up with number of plants, number of fruit and number of observations. ",
"Time of measurement of each fruit was expressed counting from the time of fruit set of the first tomato in that truss.",
"\n\nThe adapted von Bertalanffy model {#jsfa10447-sec-0010}\n---------------------------------\n\nThe model, as applied throughout the present study, is the adapted von Bertalanffy model, as developed and described in Tijskens *et al*.[^11^](#jsfa10447-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"} In short, von Bertalanffy[29](#jsfa10447-bib-0029){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [30](#jsfa10447-bib-0030){ref-type=\"ref\"} proposed a model showing an exponential increase towards a maximum size. ",
"This model was adapted and reformulated to include the variation in growth of individual fruits, as shown in Eqn [(1](#jsfa10447-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}):$$D\\left( t \\right) = D_{ref} \\cdot \\left( {e^{- k \\cdot {({t_{0} + \\mathit{\\Delta t}})}} - e^{- k \\cdot {({t + \\mathit{\\Delta t}})}}} \\right)$$with *t* the time after fruit set of the first tomato in the truss, *D(t)* the diameter (in mm) at time *t* (in day), *t* ~0~ (in day) the time of fruit set (i.e. the time for each individual fruit in the truss at which diameter is zero), and *k* (day^−1^) is the growth rate constant. *",
"Δt* (in days) is the biological shift factor, a stochastic variable, different for each individual tomato and indicative of the stage of maturity. ",
"The biological shift factor actually indicates the time of development for each individual fruit along the generic growth curve, *D* ~ref~ is a reference diameter, set at 40 mm for all experiments, which is roughly mid‐range. ",
"The deduction of the model and the definition of Δ*t* is presented in the Supporting information Mathematical deductions. ",
"In Fig. [",
"1](#jsfa10447-fig-0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the effect of variation in biological shift factor (*Δt*) and time of fruit set (*t* ~0~) is shown for simulated data. ",
"The biological shift factor (*Δt*) affects the maximum diameter, while the time of fruit set (*t* ~0~) in addition to modify the maximum diameter, predominantly causes a shift over the time axis. ",
"At infinite time, the equation reduces to Eqn [(2](#jsfa10447-disp-0002){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}):$$D_{\\infty} = D_{\\mathit{ref}} \\cdot e^{- k \\cdot {({t_{0} + \\Delta t})}}$$ where *D* ~*∞*~ is the maximum diameter at infinite time, an indication for the size at harvest. ",
"For graphic representations, the size development can be expressed in a standardised form (*D* ~stan~) to observe the generic behaviour by dividing both sides of equation Eqn [(1](#jsfa10447-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) by the asymptote value *D* ~*∞*~ in Eqn [(2](#jsfa10447-disp-0002){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}):$$\\underset{D_{\\text{stan}}}{\\underset{︸}{\\frac{D\\left( t \\right)}{D_{\\infty}}}} = 1 - e^{- k \\cdot {({t - t_{0}})}}$$\n\n{#jsfa10447-fig-0001}\n\nEquation [(3](#jsfa10447-disp-0003){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) effectively normalises all diameter values between 0 and 1. ",
"All variation as a result of biological shift factor (*Δt*) is now contained on the left side, whereas all variation as a result of the time of fruit set (*t* ~0~) is contained on the rightside. ",
"Eqn [(3](#jsfa10447-disp-0003){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) represents the generic development pattern of growing fruits.[^31^](#jsfa10447-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"} The term *t -- t* ~0~ represents the development or biological time subsequent to fruit set for each individual fruit in a truss.",
"\n\nDuring data analysis, the estimated biological shift factor (*Δt*) is found to be linearly related to the estimated time of fruit set (*t* ~0~) according to Eqn [(4](#jsfa10447-disp-0004){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}):$${\\Delta t} = \\beta_{0} + \\beta_{1} \\cdot t_{0}$$\n\nwhere β~1~(−) is the slope and β~0~(day) is the intercept. ",
"The slope (*β* ~1~) could be taken in common for all trusses, whereas the intercept *β* ~0~ differed per individual truss.",
"\n\nStatistical analysis {#jsfa10447-sec-0011}\n--------------------\n\nModel development and mathematical deductions were conducted in Maple 2016 (MapleSoft, Waterloo Maple Inc, Waterloo, Canada), a computer program capable of handling and solving algebraic and differential equations. ",
"Data on diameter were analysed without transformation based on Eqn [(1](#jsfa10447-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) using indexed non‐linear regression analysis[^32^](#jsfa10447-bib-0032){ref-type=\"ref\"} and applying the procedure 'nls' of the statistical package R.[^33^](#jsfa10447-bib-0033){ref-type=\"ref\"} Indexed means that some parameters (*k, β* ~1~) were estimated in common for all fruit (fixed effects), whereas other parameters were estimated as stochastic parameters (random effects) for each fruit (*Δt* and *t* ~0~) or for each truss (*β* ~0~). ",
"Testing the normality of the obtained distributions was conducted using the Shapiro--Wilk test in R.\n\nRESULTS {#jsfa10447-sec-0012}\n=======\n\nAnalysis of the diameter data with the adapted von Bertalanffy model {#jsfa10447-sec-0013}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe raw data showed large variation in fruit diameter, between fruit, even within the same truss. ",
"Nevertheless, fruit diameter during growth showed the same pattern for all tomatoes, irrespective of treatment (Fig. [",
"2](#jsfa10447-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Time of fruit set for all tomatoes in a truss (the intercepts on the time axis in Fig. [",
"2](#jsfa10447-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) varied between five (Fig. [",
"2d](#jsfa10447-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and 15 days (Fig. [",
"2f](#jsfa10447-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The maximum diameter achieved is larger for trusses with two tomatoes than for trusses with four or six fruit (Fig. [",
"3a](#jsfa10447-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"For the salinity experiment, only small differences were observed between treatments (Fig. [",
"3c](#jsfa10447-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"table\"} and [3](#jsfa10447-tbl-0003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Symbol colours refer to successive tomatoes in the truss as indicated.](JSFA-100-4020-g002){#jsfa10447-fig-0002}\n\n{#jsfa10447-fig-0003}\n\nDiameter data were analysed using indexed nonlinear regression based on Eqn [(1](#jsfa10447-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), estimating the biological shift factor (*Δt*) and the time of fruit set (*t* ~0~) for each individual tomato, applying a common rate constant of size increase (*k*) for all tomatoes in a treatment (Table [2](#jsfa10447-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"This analysis provides an estimated value for each fruit of the time of fruit set (*t* ~0~) and the biological shift factor (*Δt*). ",
"The percentage variance accounted for by the model, and adjusted for the number of independent variables (*R* ^2^ ~adj~) was higher than 99% for all treatments. ",
"Simulated diameter behaviour for a number of selected tomato trusses, applying the model parameters of Table [2](#jsfa10447-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"} are shown in Fig. [",
"2](#jsfa10447-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"Experimental and simulated standardised diameter (Eqn [3](#jsfa10447-disp-0003){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) values of all left row Komeett tomatoes are shown in Fig. [",
"4(a)](#jsfa10447-fig-0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, which indicates the generic applicability of the adapted von Bertalanffy growth model because it contains all tomatoes of one cultivar, each with its own time of fruit set and biological shift factor. ",
"The rate constants per treatment are very similar, irrespective of the number of fruits in a truss or salinity treatment. ",
"The observed *versus* the estimated time of fruit set per tomato is shown in Fig. [",
"5](#jsfa10447-fig-0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\n###### \n\nResults of the indexed nonlinear regression analysis, estimating the biological shift factor (Δ*t*) and the time of fruit set (*t* ~0~) for each individual fruit applying Eqn [(1](#jsfa10447-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) with indicated standard deviation (SD) and standard error of estimation (SEE)\n\n Experimental Set‐up/administration Parameters \n ------------------------------------ ------------ --------- ----- ----- ------ ------- ----- ------- ----- ----- ------ ------ ------ ------ -----\n A L Komeett 2 46 739 0.051 0.7 −15.2 1.5 1.9 2.23 1.04 9.0 77.5 4.5\n A L Komeett 4 124 1884 0.052 0.4 −14.4 2.2 1.9 3.81 2.81 5.2 69.7 4.0\n A L Komeett 5 100 1576 0.051 0.5 −14.9 2.6 2.1 4.65 3.23 5.0 67.5 5.5\n A L Komeett 6 30 564 0.053 0.8 −15.1 2.7 1.9 5.74 3.27 3.8 65.7 3.8\n A L Komeett All 300 4763 0.052 0.3 −14.8 2.3 2.0 4.03 2.96 5.2 69.7 5.8\n A R Komeett 2 44 697 0.055 0.6 −13.3 1.8 1.8 1.48 1.89 11.5 76.9 4.5\n A R Komeett 4 104 1585 0.057 0.5 −14.0 2.0 2.0 3.54 2.31 5.8 72.5 3.5\n A R Komeett 5 85 1321 0.055 0.6 −14.0 2.2 2.3 4.21 2.44 5.6 68.7 4.2\n A R Komeett 6 54 993 0.056 0.6 −14.6 3.1 2.1 5.99 3.65 3.8 65.1 3.3\n A R Komeett All 287 4596 0.056 0.3 −14.0 2.3 2.0 3.88 2.90 5.4 70.5 5.5\n B L cv1 6 176 2736 0.055 0.5 −13.7 2.5 3.2 5.01 2.50 5.5 64.6 3.7\n B R cv2 6 185 2849 0.058 0.5 −15.6 2.6 2.6 6.10 3.39 4.8 70.1 4.8\n C A Livento 6 54 1967 0.050 0.7 −13.2 2.4 3.4 3.40 2.70 8.2 65.3 3.3\n C B Livento 6 54 1915 0.052 0.7 −12.7 2.3 3.6 3.50 2.54 8.1 64.6 3.1\n C C Livento 6 54 1935 0.050 0.7 −13.8 2.6 3.5 3.01 2.67 9.9 68.5 3.2\n C D Livento 6 54 1820 0.053 0.8 −12.2 2.4 5.2 3.42 2.65 10.1 64.3 3.6\n\nThe reference diameter (*D* ~ref~) (Eqn [1](#jsfa10447-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) is set to 40 mm for all treatments. ",
"The diameter at infinite time (*D* ~*∞*~) is calculated (Eqn [2](#jsfa10447-disp-0002){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) based on the estimated parameter values. *",
"N* ~obs~, number of observations.",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}) of all tomatoes of cv Komeett (greenhouse A) *versus* time subsequent to fruit set of each fruit (*t* − *t* ~0~), indicating the generic applicability of the adapted von Bertalanffy growth model. (",
"a) Standardised diameter with *t* ~0~ the estimated time after fruit set, (b) Standardised diameter with *t* ~0~ the measured time after fruit set.](JSFA-100-4020-g004){#jsfa10447-fig-0004}\n\n{#jsfa10447-fig-0005}\n\nTime of fruit set and biological shift factor are linearly related {#jsfa10447-sec-0014}\n------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWithin a truss, the fruit with the latest fruit set has the smallest maximum diameter (Fig. [",
"2](#jsfa10447-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"This indicates that the stochastic variables (*Δt* and *t* ~0~) are expressions of the same source of variation. ",
"The estimated biological shift factor (*Δt*) *versus* the estimated time of fruit set (*t* ~0~) per greenhouse reveals a strong linear relationship (Fig. [",
"6](#jsfa10447-fig-0006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The width of cloud of points in Fig. [",
"6](#jsfa10447-fig-0006){ref-type=\"fig\"} indicates additional variation. ",
"Within treatments, the linear relationship per truss has approximately the same slope but with an intercept varying per truss (Eqn [4](#jsfa10447-disp-0004){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ",
"An example is shown in the Supporting information ([Fig. ",
"S1)](#jsfa10447-supitem-0001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ",
"All other combinations show a highly similar pattern. ",
"This means that all diameter data can be analysed as before, based on Eqn [(1](#jsfa10447-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}), but now incorporating a linear relationship between the biological shift factor (*Δt*) *versus* the estimated time of fruit set (*t* ~0~), as shown in Eqn [(4](#jsfa10447-disp-0004){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ",
"The results are shown in Table [3](#jsfa10447-tbl-0003){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The rate constant of size increase (*k*) and the slope (*β* ~1~) were estimated in common for all tomatoes in a greenhouse, whereas the intercept *β* ~0~ was estimated per truss. ",
"The time of fruit set (*t* ~0~) was used as estimated per individual tomato in the initial analysis (Table [2](#jsfa10447-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The value for *R* ^2^ ~adj~ was only slightly lower than before: about 98.7% for all treatments (Table [3](#jsfa10447-tbl-0003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"By correcting the biological shift factor (*Δt*) (i.e. by subtracting the variable *β* ~*0*~ per truss and adding the mean value), the relationship between *t* ~0~ and *Δt* improved considerably (see Supporting information, [Fig. ",
"S2](#jsfa10447-supitem-0001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"Because the stochastic variables (*Δt* and *t* ~0~) are estimated using all time points simultaneously, the variables and especially the distributions are independent of the time of development and therefore most probably normally distributed. ",
"The normality of the *β* ~*0*~ distributions (Fig. [",
"7](#jsfa10447-fig-0007){ref-type=\"fig\"}) could indeed not be rejected according to the Shapiro--Wilk test (*P* \\> 0.05).",
"\n\n{#jsfa10447-fig-0006}\n\n###### \n\nResults of the analysis incorporating the linear relationship between time of fruit set (*t* ~*0*~) and biological shift factor (*Δt*) (Eqn [4](#jsfa10447-disp-0004){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"})\n\n Parameters \n --- ------------ ------- ------ ----- ------- ------- -------- ------ ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------ ------- ------- -------\n A L 0.987 4763 79 0.052 0.317 −12.09 1.23 0.96 −0.74 0.62 69.68 5.28 7.58 57.38 13.26 23.11\n A R 0.987 4596 74 0.056 0.314 −11.17 0.99 0.95 −0.80 0.58 70.45 4.97 7.05 59.16 12.55 21.22\n B L 0.989 2736 30 0.055 0.385 −9.21 0.90 1.18 −0.89 0.63 64.64 3.25 5.02 45.35 6.73 14.84\n B R 0.988 2849 31 0.058 0.376 −10.99 0.70 0.86 −0.76 0.57 70.06 4.45 6.35 58.00 10.37 17.88\n C All 0.987 7637 108 0.051 0.319 −9.68 0.85 1.22 −0.86 0.47 65.65 2.78 4.24 47.41 5.95 12.54\n\n*t* ~0~ was taken as estimated in previous analysis (Table [2](#jsfa10447-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Rate constant (*k*) and slope (*β* ~1~) were estimated in common for all fruit in the set, whereas *β* ~0~ was estimated per individual truss. *",
"N* ~obs~, number of observations.",
"\n\n{#jsfa10447-fig-0007}\n\nApplying the measured time of fruit set {#jsfa10447-sec-0015}\n---------------------------------------\n\nTo increase the practical applicability of the presented model and the simplicity of the measuring system, the time of fruit set *t* ~*0*~ was not estimated, but the visually observed values per tomato were used (Eqn [1](#jsfa10447-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}). ",
"Applying these measured times of fruit set, the estimated model parameters (Table [3](#jsfa10447-tbl-0003){ref-type=\"table\"}) were similar to those shown in Table [2](#jsfa10447-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The SEEs of estimates are somewhat larger and the value for *R* ^2^ ~adj~ was slightly lower but well above 98% for all treatments.",
"\n\nDISCUSSION {#jsfa10447-sec-0016}\n==========\n\nTime of fruit set: observed *versus* estimated {#jsfa10447-sec-0017}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nA plot of the observed *versus* the estimated time of fruit set per tomato for the analysis (Table [2](#jsfa10447-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}) shows a high variability (Fig. [",
"5](#jsfa10447-fig-0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The variation of the intercept in these graphs reflect the uncertainties in assessing and recording when the first fruit set occurred, whereas the cloud of points expresses the irregularities due to irregular observation frequency. ",
"The frequency of observation was rather low, every 2--3 days. ",
"The time of fruit set was recorded by the same observer in greenhouses A and B but by another observer in greenhouse C. Although both observers used the same definition of fruit set (the time that the flower petals fall off when tapping the flower gently), the first observer appears to overestimate and the second observer appears to underestimate the time of fruit set (see intercepts in Fig. [",
"5](#jsfa10447-fig-0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"This variability in determining time of fruit set resulted in a much higher uncertainty in the simulated diameter values compared to applying estimated times of fruit set (Fig. [",
"4](#jsfa10447-fig-0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Dorey *et al*.[^14^](#jsfa10447-bib-0014){ref-type=\"ref\"} also reported on the importance of an accurate determination of the time of flowering (fruit set). ",
"Determining fruit set accurately is therefore of importance with regard to practical implementation of the adapted von Bertalanffy model. ",
"Recent developments in machine vision focus on identifying shape, size and maturity of the tomatoes ready to be harvested.[1](#jsfa10447-bib-0001){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [2](#jsfa10447-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [3](#jsfa10447-bib-0003){ref-type=\"ref\"} This means that automated size measurements during growth is almost becoming reality.[^34^](#jsfa10447-bib-0034){ref-type=\"ref\"} If diameter growth can be measured with a high frequency (e.g. every hour), the time of fruit set can be deduced accurately. ",
"Machine vision might also be used to assess the time of fruit set by monitoring tomato flower petals.",
"\n\nThinning affects the maximal diameter of tomatoes {#jsfa10447-sec-0018}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nFruit in a truss are set in sequence, with sometimes large differences in time of fruit set within a truss (Fig. [",
"2](#jsfa10447-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Within a truss, flowers and peduncles are generated in the meristem.[12](#jsfa10447-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [21](#jsfa10447-bib-0021){ref-type=\"ref\"} It is likely that, for this process, the level of assimilates at the time of fruit set is most important, and conceivably even earlier,[^35^](#jsfa10447-bib-0035){ref-type=\"ref\"} although far less during the period of actual growth.[9](#jsfa10447-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [10](#jsfa10447-bib-0010){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [12](#jsfa10447-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [25](#jsfa10447-bib-0025){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [36](#jsfa10447-bib-0036){ref-type=\"ref\"} The term sink strength was defined as the competitive ability of an organ to attract assimilates.[^16^](#jsfa10447-bib-0016){ref-type=\"ref\"} Lowering the sink strength of a truss by fruit thinning causes more assimilates to be available for the remaining fruits and vegetative parts. ",
"Indeed, with thinning, the final diameter increased. ",
"The difference in final diameter between trusses with two and six fruits was approximately 12 mm (Fig. [",
"3](#jsfa10447-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Table [2](#jsfa10447-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}), resulting in an approximately 50% larger volume, assuming tomato volume can be described as a sphere. ",
"In other words, a small increase in final diameter (*D* ~∞~) with increased thinning, has a large effect on volume. ",
"This means that any inaccuracy in measuring diameter due to measuring error or observer interpretation of fruit set (Fig. [",
"5](#jsfa10447-fig-0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}) is amplified greatly, resulting in much higher inaccuracies when deducing the volume of fruits. ",
"This stresses the importance of an accurate measurement not only for achieving accurate diameter predictions, but also especially when converting to volume.",
"\n\nThe results of the salinity experiments (greenhouse C) were only very slightly different for the four salinity treatments. ",
"The standard deviation (SD) of time of fruit set, the biological shift factor and the diameter at infinite time (*D* ~∞~) were similar (Table [2](#jsfa10447-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"At this level of electro conductivity, changes in salinity do apparently not affect growth of tomatoes.",
"\n\nSize increase modulated by assimilate supply? {#",
"jsfa10447-sec-0019}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nDuring the first analysis, a linear relationship was found between the estimated time of fruit set and the estimated biological shift factor (Fig. [",
"6](#jsfa10447-fig-0006){ref-type=\"fig\"}), showing that younger fruit (late fruit set) are less mature (lower biological age) and *vice versa*. ",
"Likely, both stochastic variables (*t* ~0~ and *Δt*) are expressions of the same underlying variation. ",
"For all tomatoes, the rate constant of diameter increase (*k*) and the slope (*β* ~1~) were found to be very similar for all treatments, cultivars and greenhouses. ",
"This allowed one stochastic parameter, *Δt*, to be replaced by a common slope (*β* ~1~) and one stochastic parameter estimated per truss, the intercept (*β* ~0~). ",
"Although one parameter, *Δt,* is replaced by two new parameters, the model is actually simplified with more degrees of freedom as *β* ~*0*~ is estimated per truss instead of *Δt* per fruit. ",
"This reduced the number of parameters to be estimated considerably because there are more fruit than trusses, thus avoiding over‐parametrisation.",
"\n\nThis linear relationship between the time of fruit set and the biological shift factor is not at all unexpected. ",
"Both variables express development in the time domain. ",
"The slope (*β* ~1~), common to all fruit, is the conversion factor to express time of fruit set in time of diameter development. ",
"The intercept (*β* ~0~), specific for each truss, is more difficult to interpret. ",
"The *β* ~0~ distributions showed a clear difference per row and per greenhouse (Fig. [",
"7](#jsfa10447-fig-0007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"A higher value for *β* ~0~ means a higher value for the biological shift factor, which indicates more mature fruit. ",
"The average values of *β* ~0~ distributions varied with the position in the greenhouse (Table [3](#jsfa10447-tbl-0003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"In the thinning experiment, the right row was closer to the greenhouse exterior, receiving more sun exposure than the left row. ",
"In the cultivar experiment, the left row was closer to the greenhouse exterior. ",
"The side in each greenhouse with more sun exposure showed higher *β* ~0~ values, indicative of more mature fruit. ",
"Because greenhouse temperature is controlled between strict boundaries, it appears that predominantly light conditions affect *β* ~0~, possibly by affecting the photo assimilate supply locally available for diameter growth. ",
"Assimilates transported to organs have been shown to be predominantly generated at nearby sources (i.e. the leaves).[^36^](#jsfa10447-bib-0036){ref-type=\"ref\"} Moreover, any transport by diffusion (either active or passive) is fast on short distance but slow on long distance.[^37^](#jsfa10447-bib-0037){ref-type=\"ref\"} That makes it likely that assimilates used in size increase are just short distance transported. *",
"β* ~0~ might therefore be considered as related to the local assimilate supply (i.e., the actual amount of assimilates available for generation and development of trusses and fruit). ",
"The interpretation of *β* ~0~ could be clarified by measuring diameter dynamics in experiments set up to affect local source‐sink ratios,[^38^](#jsfa10447-bib-0038){ref-type=\"ref\"} by local leaf pruning and fruit thinning. ",
"Provided that the time of fruit set can be measured or deduced accurately, *β* ~0~ is the sole stochastic variable in the model. ",
"To arrive at reliable diameter predictions of truss tomatoes, it is of prime importance to determine the relationship between *β* ~0~ and the local assimilate supply, and to assess its magnitude. ",
"Indeed, the stochastic variable *β* ~0~ most probably contains effects of local growing conditions. ",
"Because its effect is rather small (see the difference in the Supporting information between [Fig. ",
"S1 and S2](#jsfa10447-supitem-0001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), it might be assumed that the major source of differences in size within and between trusses is generated during the cell division period, conceivably even earlier.",
"\n\nCONCLUSIONS {#jsfa10447-sec-0020}\n===========\n\nDiameter dynamics of truss tomatoes comply with the adapted von Bertalanffy growth model, irrespective of the thinning, salinity treatments or cultivar. ",
"By estimating the time of fruit set and the biological shift factor per individual fruit, the percentage explained was higher than 99% for all series and treatments, with the same rate constant of diameter growth per cultivar. ",
"A considerable discrepancy exists between the estimated and the observed time of fruit set. ",
"The frequency of determining and recording the time of fruit set was likely too low. ",
"Moreover, a clear effect of observer was noticed. ",
"Applying the measured time of fruit set instead of the estimated time of fruit set leads to a slightly lower performance of the model.",
"\n\nA linear relationship was observed between the estimated time of fruit set and the biological shift factor. ",
"Within a treatment, the linear relationship was observed to have the same slope but an intercept varying per truss. ",
"Analysis of the diameter data incorporating this linear relationship revealed some variation in the intercept (*β* ~0~) values. ",
"Variation in *β* ~0~ might be interpreted as the effect of variation in locally available source strength within the greenhouse. ",
"The consequence is that more attention should be devoted to accurately measure the time of fruit set (e.g. by machine vision) and to determine the variation in *β* ~0~ as related to the l*ocal assimilate supply* within the greenhouse to be able to predict the diameter, and subsequently volume, of tomato trusses at harvest.",
"\n\nSupporting information\n======================\n\n###### \n\n**Appendix** S1. ",
"Supporting information.",
"\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.",
"\n\nWe thank former MSc students Sebastiaan Dreessen and Marc van Tilburg for performing diameter measurements and Wim Voogt for helping to set up and carry out diameter measurements that were part of the salinity experiment.",
"\n"
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" NUMBER 13-19-00458-CR\n\n COURT OF APPEALS\n\n THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS\n\n CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG\n\nDELORES HELEN VASQUEZ, Appellant\n\n v.\n\nTHE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.",
"\n\n\n\n On appeal from the 156th District Court\n of Bee County, Texas.",
"\n\n\n\n ORDER\n Before Justices Benavides, Longoria, and Perkes\n Order Per Curiam\n\n Appellant, Delores Helen Vasquez, has filed a notice of appeal with this Court\n\nfrom her conviction in trial court cause number B-18-2154-0-CR-B. The trial court’s\n\ncertification of the defendant’s right to appeal shows that the defendant does not have\n\nthe right to appeal. ",
"See TEX. ",
"R. APP. ",
"P. 25.2(a)(2). ",
"The Texas Rules of Appellate\n\nProcedure provide that an appeal must be dismissed if a certification showing that a\n\ndefendant has a right of appeal is not made a part of the record. ",
"Id. R. 25.2(d); see id.\n\nR. 37.1, 44.3, 44.4. ",
"The purpose of the certification requirement is to efficiently sort\n\fappealable cases from non-appealable cases so that appealable cases can “move\n\nthrough the system unhindered while eliminating, at an early stage, the time and\n\nexpense associated with non-appealable cases.” ",
" Greenwell v. Ct. ",
"of Apps. ",
"for the\n\nThirteenth Jud. ",
"Dist., ",
"159 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. ",
"Crim. ",
"App. ",
"2005); see Hargesheimer\n\nv. State, 182 S.W.3d 906, 912 (Tex. ",
"Crim. ",
"App. ",
"2006).",
"\n\n The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that a trial counsel’s duties do not\n\nend upon sentencing, but rather, include advising a client concerning the right to appeal\n\nand “taking other steps to pursue an appeal.” ",
"See Jones v. State, 98 S.W.3d 700, 703\n\n(Tex. ",
"Crim. ",
"App. ",
"2003).",
"\n\n Within thirty days of date of this notice, appellant’s lead appellate counsel,\n\nSandra Eastwood, is hereby ORDERED to: 1) review the record; 2) determine whether\n\nappellant has a right to appeal; and 3) forward to this Court, by letter, counsel’s findings\n\nas to whether appellant has a right to appeal and/or advise this Court as to the\n\nexistence of any amended certification. ",
"If appellant’s counsel determines that appellant\n\nhas a right to appeal, counsel is further ORDERED to file a motion with this Court within\n\nthirty days of this notice, identifying and explaining substantive reasons why appellant\n\nhas a right to appeal. ",
"See TEX. ",
"R. APP. ",
"P. 44.3, 44.4; Dears v. State, 154 S.W.3d 610,\n\n614–15 (Tex. ",
"Crim. ",
"App. ",
"2005); see also, e.g., Carroll v. State, 119 S.W.3d 838, 841\n\n(Tex. ",
"App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.) (",
"certification form provided in appendix to\n\nappellate rules may be modified to reflect that defendant has right of appeal under\n\ncircumstances not addressed by the form). ",
"The motion must include an analysis of the\n\napplicable case law, and any factual allegations therein must be true and supported by\n\nthe record. ",
"See Dears, 154 S.W.3d at 614–15; cf. ",
"Woods v. State, 108 S.W.3d 314,\n\n316 (Tex. ",
"Crim. ",
"App. ",
"2003) (construing former appellate rule 25.2(b)(3) and holding that\n\n 2\n\frecitations in the notice of appeal must be true and supported by the record). ",
"Copies of\n\nrecord documents necessary to evaluate the alleged error in the certification affecting\n\nappellant’s right to appeal shall be attached to the motion. ",
"See TEX. ",
"R. APP. ",
"P. 10.1,\n\n10.2.",
"\n\n PER CURIAM\n\nDo not publish.",
"\nTEX. ",
"R. APP. ",
"P. 47.2(b).",
"\n\nDelivered and filed the\n20th day of September, 2019.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\f"
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"Widely considered to have made the short list of candidates for top national security jobs in Donald Trump’s administration, Rep. Duncan Hunter of Alpine pledged Friday to make the Pentagon great again after eight years of Democratic control.",
"\n\n“I’m excited about a warrior culture, a warrior mentality put back into the (military), as opposed to a corporate culture ruled over by the bureaucrats and lawyers,” Hunter, a Republican member of the House Armed Services Committee, said in a phone interview.",
"\n\n“The warrior culture is going to get infused into (the department) again. ",
"It’s probably going to take a while because a lot of guys who had that mentality are no longer there, but maybe people’s true colors can show now, a little bit,” he added.",
"\n\nAn early endorser of Trump’s presidential campaign, Hunter remained steadfastly loyal to the New York TV star and real estate tycoon, even after the presidential candidate rankled many military veterans and key GOP national security figures through a series of controversial statements.",
"\n\n\nOn the campaign stump, for example, Trump mocked Sen. John McCain, R-Arizona, a former prisoner of war in Vietnam; claimed to be smarter than many of America’s generals; and proposed a slew of divisive plans such as forcing Muslim-Americans to register for a counter-terrorism database.",
"\n\n“Listen, he’s not a politician. ",
"He’s never been in public office,” Hunter said Friday. “",
"He’s never had to talk and had everything that he says dissected and taken apart, right? ",
"There’s a learning period here and it’s pretty steep, but I think he’s doing great now.”",
"\n\nHunter, a Marine combat veteran of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, has been rumored for several top spots on Trump’s national security team. ",
"Those include secretary or deputy secretary of defense, Army secretary or a spot on the National Security Council — a position also of interest to retired Army Lt. ",
"Gen. Michael T. Flynn, a Trump confidante.",
"\n\nRecently re-elected in a landslide, Hunter insisted that holding a safe House seat in a largely Republican district pales in importance to serving his nation at the highest levels during wartime, a belief he said is shared by his constituents.",
"\n\n\n“Unanimously they’ve said, ‘Do it. ",
"Get into the administration and try to affect things from there because Trump needs you,’” he said.",
"\n\nIf tapped as secretary of defense, the 39-year-old Hunter would become the youngest person in American history to assume the Pentagon’s top post. ",
"The short list for that job is believed to include former Sen. Jim Talent, a Republican from Missouri, and Stephen Hadley, who was a national security adviser to President George W. Bush.",
"\n\nAt the Pentagon, Hunter said, he would work to overturn a string of initiatives launched by President Barack Obama’s administration that he believes make the country less safe, such as opening up infantry and special-operations units to women.",
"\n\n“I’d reverse (that policy) immediately,” Hunter said.",
"\n\n\nHe also wants to preserve the Army’s armored brigades and fix a naval force that’s increasingly dependent on vessels like the nimble but small littoral combat ship, which Hunter called a “Navy screw-up and a congressional screw-up.”",
"\n\nDesign flaws, cost overruns and questionable command oversight have dogged the warships.",
"\n\nCriticizing Obama for what he views as hasty and reactive foreign-policy decisions, Hunter said Trump’s incoming team will ink a grand strategy — prioritizing where the president will project power to achieve security goals vital to the nation, often in concert with overseas allies.",
"\n\nOn the campaign trail, Trump suggested abandoning or reducing America’s commitment to North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies that skimped on defense spending. ",
"He also complained about a perceived lack of financial support from longtime allies Japan and South Korea.",
"\n\n\nHunter said the two Asian nations dedicate substantial resources to host American troops stationed on their home soil, but that several NATO states could spend more to maintain mutual-defense obligations.",
"\n\nTo Hunter, the thornier problem is how to address rising Russian power.",
"\n\n“Keep Russia in Syria, because I think Russia should be in Syria. ",
"I’m not a guy who’s upset about that. ",
"But get them out of Ukraine,” he said.",
"\n\nThe San Diego Union-Tribune and a handful of other news organizations received leaked documents from the Trump camp that appear to sketch out the vetting process for picks to fill top agency positions.",
"\n\n\nDespite a campaign highlighted by relentless indictments of establishment GOP figures and calls to “drain the swamp” of Beltway insiders and special-interest groups, Trump’s transition team brims with lobbyists, longtime think-tank hands and retired senior military leaders, according to those documents.",
"\n\nThe transition “action team” is run by Ron Nicol, a Dallas-based telecommunications consultant who served as a junior Navy officer on a nuclear ballistic missile submarine.",
"\n\nUnder him is retired Army Lt. ",
"Gen. Keith Kellogg, a Vietnam War veteran best known for leading part of the Coalition Provisional Authority in the wake of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ",
"He is tasked with choosing defense and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs officials.",
"\n\nFormer Rep. Mike Rogers, a Michigan Republican who retired from the FBI, is overseeing the team charged with identifying leaders for the State Department, the Department of Homeland Security and the National Security Council, according to the paperwork.",
"\n\n\nKellogg and Rogers have delegated key details of the selection process to Mira Ricardel, a Washington-based business strategist and a former vice president for defense contractor Boeing; conservative Heritage Foundation think-tank scholar James Jay Carafano; tobacco industry lobbyist Cindy Hayden; and Ronald Burgess, a retired Army general who directed the Defense Intelligence Agency.",
"\n\nHunter said Trump carries no post-election baggage, such as job promises for national security figures from the GOP establishment. ",
"To Hunter, Obama’s White House arrogantly relied more on Ivy League diplomas than it did subject-matter experts and combat-tested military personnel.",
"\n\n“Just because you’ve got a degree from a foreign policy place doesn’t make you an expert in the world,” Hunter said. “",
"This (current) administration — which is full of young people with high and lofty ideals and a lot of degrees — frankly, I’d take one of my staff sergeants over them any day.",
"\n\n“They understand what war means. ",
"They understand the enemy. ",
"They understand who we’re fighting.”",
"\n\n\nHunter’s willingness to join the Trump team clashes with many in the Republican Party’s national security intelligentsia. ",
"More than 100 elite Republican defense figures signed open letters urging Americans to reject Trump’s candidacy. ",
"Others took to the airwaves and social media to back Trump’s GOP foes during the primary or Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton.",
"\n\nChristopher Swift, who formerly served in the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, probed terrorist funding and rogue nations undergoing economic sanctions — such as Iran during George W. Bush’s administration.",
"\n\nOn Friday, he told the Union-Tribune he won’t budge on his decision to boycott a Trump administration built on “brinksmanship and bullying.” ",
"He had supported Ohio Gov. John Kasich during the Republican primary.",
"\n\n“If the boss is toxic, then his administration will be toxic,” said Swift, now a prominent attorney and a national security instructor at Georgetown University. “",
"You might think that you can temper that, but you serve at his will.”",
"\n\n\nTrump’s election also sparked debate among defense figures worldwide about future cooperation with his administration.",
"\n\nRex Brynen, a political scientist at McGill University in Montreal, published an open letter in the online journal Business Insider warning Americans on the eve of Tuesday’s election that a Trump administration would “increasingly be seen by (America’s) closest and most loyal allies as part of the problem, not part of the solution.”",
"\n\nIn the wake of Trump’s victory, the Middle East expert, former intelligence analyst and frequent defense adviser to the Canadian government said he has cut all ties to the United States’ security agencies — except for initiatives such as humanitarian missions conducted jointly with America’s northern neighbor.",
"\n\nCiting Trump’s “racist and xenophobic” campaign statements calling for the slaying of suspected terrorists’ families and a ban on Muslims immigrating to the U.S., Brynen said he feared the incoming administration could become “not only dangerous to Canada, but also to the United States.”",
"\n\n\nTrump and his transition team have not specified when they will announce their top agency picks.",
"\n\ncprine@sduniontribune.com"
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[
"Diastereoselective Synthesis of CF3- and CF2H-Substituted Spiroethers from Aryl-Fused Cycloalkenylalkanols by Photoredox Catalysis.",
"\nSimple synthesis of CF3- and CF2H-spiroethers from aryl-fused cycloalkenylalkanols by photoredox catalysis has been developed. ",
"Modification of the fluoromethylating reagents and the photoredox catalysts leads to both CF3- and CF2H-spiroetherification. ",
"The present photocatalytic system allows us to access a variety of new anti-fluoromethylated spiroethers in a highly selective manner."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.015267175572519083,
0,
0,
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] | 0.003817 | 5 | [] |
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"A new arrangement between Eurozone’s haves and have-nots\n\nLászló Andor, Member of the European Commission in charge of Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, at the rostrum, participated in the conference on the Social Investment package entitled “Investment, innovation and Involvement”, which was organised by the Irish Presidency of the Council of the EU. ",
"Joan Burton, Irish Minister for Social Protection, on the right, also attended the event. (",
"EC Audiovisual Services, 03/05/2013).",
"\n\nThe next European Council which is to take place in Brussels on Wednesday 22 May will be pivotal for the European Monetary Union (EMU), that is the Eurozone. ",
"Despite the fact that according to high-ranking Council officials there won’t be any decision on the EMU this month, there is evidence that the 17 Eurozone leaders will set the base for the Banking Union a major step forward for the institutionalisation of the Eurozone. ",
"Not to forget that Ollie Rehn has asked for an independent representation of Eurozone in international bodies.",
"\n\nOfficially the agenda for the 27 EU leaders’ next meeting contains discussion on tax policy, with a particular focus on how to “improve the efficiency of tax collection and best tackle tax evasion and fraud with the aim of strengthening member states’ fiscal stance and deepening the internal market”. ",
"Another item on the agenda will be energy in the context of the EU’s efforts to promote growth, jobs and competitiveness. ",
"Last but not least, the 17 Eurozone leaders will also “take stock of work on the deepening of EMU” as it is officially announced.",
"\n\nMore monetary union\n\nHowever, if one wants to take meticulously stock of the work on the EMU will be astonished by the divergence of views. ",
"As the European Sting has repeatedly said, the Eurozone is now divided in two well-formed camps. ",
"The austerity lovers of Germany and those who place growth and the creation of jobs as first short-term priority. ",
"Obviously growth and creation of jobs is understood that it will be financed by a bit higher government deficits and more sovereign lending. ",
"God help us, the devil itself for Berlin.",
"\n\nThis is largely facilitated by the new development in the capital markets, where investors offer very cheap loans to Eurozone borrowers. ",
"It is characteristic that Portugal yesterday returned to the capital market and sold 10 year government bonds for the first time after years at a comfortable interest rate of 5.26%.",
"\n\nThe ‘growth seekers’, favoured by capital markets which offer now low-cost loans to Eurozone governments, have already conquered Brussels. ",
"However on the other side of the fence, Germany is not standing idle. ",
"It takes as much help as it can from a newly coined ally, the President of Eurogroup and Dutch minister of Finance, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, coming from a socialist party. ",
"Obviously the difference between the two sides, namely the ‘austerity lovers’ and the ‘growth seekers’, is to produce a cost for Germany. ",
"That is why the Berlin officials don’t even accept to discuss over that. ",
"They know that once in this table they will be obliged to give something for the first time. ",
"In any case they will not avoid it at the end.",
"\n\nThere is no win-win for Berlin\n\nIn reality Berlin after having mathematically gained a lot of money from the financial consolidation of countries like Greece, Portugal and Ireland is now trying to also gain from the European Banking Union. ",
"The plan is gradually taking a concrete form and Dijsselbloem almost revealed it speaking in a Brussels debate hosted by the European Commission. ",
"Given that the place was an ‘enemy camp’ he had to be aggressive. ",
"He went like that: “The EU must not waver in its commitment to achieving sound public finances. ",
"The future of the Economic and Monetary Union, but also the future of the European social model, depends on us recognizing clearly that we cannot spend and borrow our way to recovery in a sustainable way. ",
"Future investments in education, healthcare and active labour markets policy, are all predicated on sound public finances. ",
"Fiscal consolidation may weigh on growth in the short-term, but it is an absolute condition for the EU’s prosperity in the middle and long-term”.",
"\n\nThis was Dijsselbloem’s monologue in defence of austerity and an effort to place fiscal consolidation ahead of growth, jobs, education, health care and active labour market measures. ",
"The obvious target was Commission’s Vice-President, Ollie Rehn, who some days before speaking at the European Parliament had reversed the order of priorities, placing growth first.",
"\n\nThe Dutch minister however had more to say in favour of the German banks. ",
"He said this: “But the prosperous future of the EMU also depends on us rebuilding and restoring confidence in the banking sector… The Single Supervisory Mechanism will place all systemically important Eurozone banks under the direct supervision of the European Central Bank. ",
"It will also ensure that when banks are in trouble the alarm bell is sounded early, immediate action is taken and the worst can be avoided”.",
"\n\nWho is systemic?",
"\n\nUnderstandably the Single Supervisory Mechanism will place under its direct supervision the systemically important lenders. ",
"This is not news however. ",
"What is news has to do with the difficult negotiations about which banks are to be considered as systemic and which not. ",
"Not to forget that the systemic banks will pay much less for their financing and they will be considered as offering better security to depositors. ",
"So who is going to be systemic and who is not? ",
"The price in not small.",
"\n\nFor example are systemic the four biggest Greek banks recapitalized recently by the European Financial Stability Facility/ European Stability Mechanism (EFSF/ESM) to a generous 12% of assets to capital ratio? ",
"The problem with them is that they are…Greek. ",
"On top of that the Germans and this Dutch do not want southerners in the systemic bank club. ",
"In this was the differential capital cost between the ins and the outs, will be larger and Berlin wants it this way.",
"\n\nThe Commission thinks differently\n\nAt the same time, though, European Commissioner, László Andor, responsible for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion was saying exactly the opposite from the Dutch minister. ",
"Andor, speaking at the London School of Economics clearly favoured nothing less than a fiscal unification of Eurozone. ",
"Another dangerous devil for Berlin, just read the following text from the Commissioner: “So long as there are no fiscal transfers within the monetary union, this divergence is likely to continue. ",
"In the end, everyone is worse off, because as we have seen since 2012, the recession in the periphery engulfs also the core as total demand falls. ",
"Recovery would have been closer if the monetary union had transnational automatic stabilisers in place, for example a European unemployment benefit scheme”. ",
"What Lazlo said in reality is that, God forbid, the German taxpayer should pay unemployment benefits to the Greek and Spanish unemployed.",
"\n\nIn a few days, on 22 May in the European Council, it will be clear that a new compromise has to be struck in Eurozone. ",
"The Germans cannot deny for ever that they have nothing to do with the Spanish unemployed and the over-borrowed Greeks."
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"WTM 2018: Looking ahead to 2019\n\nWith Brexit the hottest discussion topic in town, Euromonitor International predicts what the future of the travel industry might look like after March 29 next year.",
"\n\nSharelines\n\n“A ‘no-deal’ Brexit is forecast to result in five million fewer outbound departures in 2022 than would have been the case under the baseline scenario”\n\nA “no-deal” Brexit would see five million fewer outbound trips in 2022, according to Euromonitor International.",
"\n\nIf the UK crashes out of the European Union without a trade agreement, millions of Brits will stay at home and not book overseas holidays, reveal findings from global market research provider Euromonitor International’s study, which will be presented at WTM London tomorrow.",
"\n\nEuromonitor International’s research team predicts that a “no-deal” Brexit scenario next March would lead to a fall in outbound demand in 2019 and cause a ripple effect across many destinations, dependent on UK demand.",
"\n\nCaroline Bremner, head of travel at Euromonitor International, said consumer confidence declined in 2018 for the EU, with the UK witnessing a faster deceleration.",
"\n\n“A ‘no-deal’ Brexit is forecast to result in five million fewer outbound departures in 2022 than would have been the case under the baseline scenario,” she said.",
"\n\n“With the UK economy in a state of flux and a decline in the value of sterling, departures would stagnate over 2018 to 2020.”",
"\n\nShe predicted that a “no-deal” scenario would see the pound fall by about 10%, on top of a decline in 2018, which had seen the currency drop to its lowest level in a year by the end of August.",
"\n\nThe falling value of sterling will make the UK more attractive to overseas visitors, but Bremner warned: “Any ‘no-deal Brexit bounce’ is only forecast to add 2% more arrivals in 2022 than under the baseline scenario.",
"\n\n“The USA would be the source market contributing the most under this scenario, but with fewer than 100,000 additional arrivals over 2019 to 2022.”",
"\n\nFurthermore, the fallout from a “no-deal” Brexit scenario would be felt worldwide, added Bremner.",
"\n\nShe pointed out Spain in particular, where UK travellers account for 21% of inbound revenues in 2018.",
"\n\n“Brexit could reduce 2019 receipts by $747 million, compared to a delayed free trade agreement, with the UK accounting for over half of that,” she said.",
"\n\nWTM London’s Paul Nelson said: “With less than five months until the UK leaves the EU, there is still huge uncertainty about what the future holds, with many commentators thinking the likelihood of a ‘no-deal’ Brexit is increasing.",
"\n\n“It’s against this precarious backdrop that we hope to help the UK and global travel industry understand the potential impact of different scenarios so that they can plan for various eventualities.",
"\n\n“Brexit has been woven into the fabric of most of our debates and sessions at WTM London because it is the key challenge that our delegates have to grapple with.",
"\n\n“There were 46.6 million holiday visits abroad by UK residents in 2017 – if there’s ‘no deal’ in the negotiations, and the market does indeed drop by five million by 2022, that would represent a potential fall of about 10%.”"
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"Q:\n\nDo technical advice sites sometimes link to malware, and if so, how should we properly research errors?",
"\n\nSuppose you get an error on your PC that shows up randomly, then you do a search on the internet for the error to find out how to fix it. ",
" Typically, you will get some sites that offer a solution, but some of those sites seem a bit sketchy, especially when they say to download this registry script or an executable tool to fix the problem. ",
" My question is: do these \"fix-it\" sites sometimes include malware with their supposed fix? ",
" If so, how should we properly resolve errors on our computers without exposing ourselves to such malware? ",
"\nExample\nHere is an example added for clarity... Let's say I keep getting a blue screen of death in Windows 10. ",
" I search on the internet for \"blue screen of death Windows 10\". ",
" The first site I come across is:\n...windowsclub.com/blue-screen-death-windows-10\nNote: I truncated to prevent people from clicking the link just in case it is malicious, and so I am not blasting a particular site.",
"\nIs it safe to \"Click here to fix Windows errors...\" in the website? ",
" I do not believe it is a Microsoft website. ",
" \nNote: As a security professional, common security sense tells me something could be up here, and don't \"click here\". ",
" This may not be apparent to most users, or even some computer repair technicians though, and may or may not be a real threat.",
"\nInstead of \"clicking here\" what should I do so I don't expose myself to this possible threat, while still fixing the error?",
"\n\nA:\n\nIn my experience, though it is uncommon to find malware embedded in these fix it scripts and registry keys, it does happen.",
"\nAs such, I would highly recommend most users getting these types of patches and assistance from the vendor directly. ",
" \nAn experienced security professional could download the fix it script or registry key, open it and view it first, before applying it, to determine its safety. ",
" But even then issues can be missed.",
"\n\nA:\n\nDo technical advice sites often link to malware?",
"\n\nThis seems very broad. ",
" How can we easily check the majority of these websites and find which advice is malicious, and which isn't? ",
"And then there's all the advertisements on the website. ",
"\nThey can if they want. ",
"Contributors can if they want to. ",
"A far better method of deceiving you is making you believe that a specific error or process is not malicious when it really is.",
"\nHowever, I think many of these websites aren't in the business of deceiving their users. ",
"They would lose huge ad-revenue streams. ",
"If they exist to provide an entry point to people's computers, then that's definitely possible, and something bad actors would do. ",
"However, I suspect this would be found out very quickly.",
"\n\nMalware might not be the point. ",
"It's purpose may be for misdirection.",
"\nHere's what some of those sites do: you google and type in, \"is processname.exe safe?\". ",
"Their website comes up in the search results, so you visit it.",
"\nThe website reports the file as safe. ",
"If you were to dig deeper, you may find that the process is not safe at all, or that it gives you a false sense of security because you don't realize something could have easily hijacked that process.",
"\nFurthermore, you may wish to get a second opinion. ",
"Fortunately, at least a couple websites report the file as \"safe,\" right? ",
"Digging deeper, you may even find out that many of these websites are owned by a single entity.",
"\n\nHow can you minimize your risk while following technical advice?",
"\n\nTypically, you will get some sites that offer a solution, but some of those sites seem a bit sketchy, especially when they say to download this registry script or an executable tool to fix the problem. ",
"\n\nIt's important to understand what these registry fixes do. ",
"You can open .reg files in Notepad, or some kind of text editor, and see what it's doing. ",
"Is it disabling necessary security features? ",
"It's probably bad. ",
"You should try searching for what that particular registry change does. ",
"\nWhen they attach a program to the forum post, do not download it. ",
"In fact, do not click any download links. ",
"It's far better to google the name of the product they're suggesting, and then downloading it through their official website, like you suggested. ",
"Many shysters want you to think you've finally solved your malware problem, but will secretly introduce more through these methods. ",
"\nYou should download all suggested files through their official website, if they exist. ",
"Otherwise, treat them with utmost suspicion. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nI wouldn't expect a reputable security advice site to intentionally link to live malware or contain live malware. ",
"\nThere are plenty of sites out there that are less than reputable who will be visible in your search results if you do a search for \"Halp, I'm infected with ABC\" or \"Is NotAVirusHonest.exe safe?\". ",
"I'd be very careful about trusting both the quality of the advice and the quality of the site security on these kinds of site.",
"\n\n"
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"Reporting from The Attribution Accelerator – What You Need to Know\n\nToday’s post is courtesy of Jim Spaeth and Alice K. Sylvester of Sequent Partners.",
"This is a follow-up post on Multi-Touch Attribution.",
"\n\nThe Attribution Accelerator conference, sponsored in part by the RAB on November 30, confirmed that the advertising industry has pinned high hopes to a new measure of media performance, Cross-Channel Attribution modeling.",
"\n\nClose to 300 marketers, agency, media and research providers looked at the in’s and out’s of attribution and its traditional forbearer, marketing mix models. ",
"Marketer representatives in attendance included: Unilever, Estee Lauder, Johnson & Johnson, Verizon, Weight Watchers and Citi. ",
"The conference was designed to generate dialogue about Return On Investment measurement and hear what marketers have experienced and need.",
"\n\nIf you think this is just another post on ROI, it’s not. ",
"It’s about the future of planning what media is included in the plan…or not!",
"\n\nThe audience heard the definition of attribution discussed – and it came to light that there are a variety of things people mean when they say that word. ",
"Attribution is the study of individual media tactics’ contribution to brand sales, but there are at least four different attributions out there:\n\nDigital Attribution — generally includes one or more trackable online elements on either computers or mobile devices\n\nTelevision attribution — studies the impact of television advertising on digital outcomes\n\nMulti-Touch Attribution — incorporates all digital touchpoints, including social\n\nCross-Channel Attribution — the integration of offline media like television, magazines, radio and outdoor.",
"\n\nThroughout the day, the conversation ranged from data inputs, modeling techniques, activation practices and human organizational challenges that at times seemed daunting.",
"\n\nTony Pace, former head of the ANA Board and Subway, kicked off the day imploring people to “put the brand back into ROI.” ",
"So much work in ROI is done at the bottom of the funnel, the immediate sales level. ",
"He wants people to focus on the top, as well – the point where the consumer falls in love with the brand and becomes a loyal advocate of it. ",
"Tony also argued that heavy commercial loads in all media put a “drag” on consumers and bring down media return on investment.",
"\n\nMarketers from Verizon, Weight Watchers and Citi talked about how this new ROI system is “still very confusing.” ",
"They recognized there’s never going to be perfect data – and at this stage, there’s a lot of non-standardized data from multiple data sources that have to be stitched together to get a full view of the consumer. ",
"They didn’t mention radio either, or other offline media like magazines or outdoor. ",
"Clearly, today, the focus of attention is on digital and television.",
"\n\nThe Mobile Marketing Association set the room abuzz with the results of their recent Attribution Study. ",
"They dropped the bombshell that the attribution industry’s net promoter score – the measure of willingness of customers to recommend a company’s product or service to others — was -29%! ",
"This means right now, there’s very low satisfaction with current attribution services and the MMA suggested that mistrust and skepticism are rampant. ",
"These dismal results are likely to improve as the practice evolves and matures, but for the one-third of marketers using attribution right now, it’s not going all that well. ",
"By the way, they pointed out that three-fourths of marketers plan to use attribution to evaluate media performance in coming years. ",
"So, warts and all, attribution is here to stay. ",
"But don’t be concerned. ",
"Everyone knows that radio drives sales. ",
"If we can get radio into these models it will shine.",
"\n\nAnother very big topic was how to implement cross-platform attribution when most of the industry is still aligned in silos. ",
"There’s a pretty big gulf between engineering and science on one side, and marketing and the consumer on the other. ",
"People suggested that attribution modelers “need to get out of the back room,” and bring sexier visuals and deliverables in order to work within the daily marketing structure which typically deals with the hearts and minds of consumers.",
"\n\nRepresentatives from Time Inc., Turner and Google talked about initiatives the media have taken to understand attribution and take ROI measurement further. ",
"They mentioned that very few RFPs from the agencies fail to ask how media performance will be measured. ",
"This is a long way from when the media were only charged with delivering audiences – eyeballs. ",
"Now they also must demonstrate that they drive incremental sales. ",
"This group talked about some real tough issues of matching and fusing data sets – and biases raised by imperfect or incomplete data.",
"\n\nSo, what can you, as a radio industry person, do about attribution?",
"\n\nStay vigilant. ",
"Read everything that comes across your desk about ROI measurement. ",
"There will be a lot of energy placed on this topic next year. ",
"This is an issue in front of the biggest advertisers, and probably at the national level. ",
"But it won’t be forever; it will come to your market soon!",
"\n\nEncourage your clients to think hard about radio creative and make the very best ads they can. ",
"The key to strong Return on Investment is creative. ",
"The speakers said that over and over. ",
"Don’t fear ROI measurement — fear bad creative.",
"\n\nSupport industry-wide explorations of data fusions and more precise measures of radio listening. ",
"The data demands for cross-platform attribution are strong and the currency data may or may not fit the bill.",
"\n\nStart a case study library – the more cases the radio industry has demonstrating its ability to drive incremental sales, the more likely they will be to win under these new measurement systems.",
"\n\nPost navigation\n\nRadio Matters Blog\n\nCurrent news, information and insights about broadcast radio growth brought to you by the Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB).",
"\nRAB is the not-for-profit trade association representing America’s broadcast radio industry with a primary objective to drive revenue growth through advocacy, training and support.",
"\nWe welcome sharing, dialogue and encourage conversation in our blog! ",
"To learn more about all that’s happening in radio, head\nto RAB.com."
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"Queensland Primary Producers No 4 Woolstore\n\nQueensland Primary Producers No 4 Woolstore is a heritage-listed warehouse at 16 Skyring Terrace, Teneriffe, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. ",
"It was built from 1930s to 1940s. ",
"It is also known as Commercial House. ",
"It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.",
"\n\nHistory \nThe land was advertised on 18 June 1845 in the New South Wales Government Gazette at what was later known as \"Bulimba Road East Side\" and what is now the suburb of Teneriffe, Brisbane. ",
"The auction was held on 19 September 1845 and Daniel Budd Skyring brought 24 acres on the Brisbane River what was then listed in government records situated in the county of Stanley parish of North Brisbane Allotment number 14 of the Eastern Suburb Allotments. ",
"Later before the original title was granted the allotment number changed to 59 and title volume 9549 Folio 117 being granted on the 27 December 1845. ",
"This land, known as \"Skyring’s Paddock\" was probably used for outgoing and incoming goods to and from Sydney. ",
"Also it was probably used for farming and to run cattle although there is no record of this.",
"\n \nFollowing Skyring's death, the site was subdivided amongst his sons in 1882; hence the name when the Skyring Road Act resumed some of the land in 1884. ",
"In about 1907 Frederic Emile Sturmfels started his own woolbroking and stock and station agency at Oxley and Sturmfels Ltd began acquiring land at Teneriffe. ",
"By 1910 the company had erected a woolstore on the corner of Skyring Terrace and Helen Street.",
"\n\nMore land was acquired in 1927 and the firm changed its name in 1932 to Sturmfels Primary Producers Co-operative Association Ltd. Stage 1 of the existing woolstore was built on the corner of Skyring Terrace and Commercial Road by 1937. ",
"Stage 3 replaced the original Sturmfels woolstore and was built after Sturmfels Primary Producers Co-operative Agency Ltd amalgamated with Queensland Primary Producers Co-operative Association Ltd in 1941.",
"\n\nOn the opposite side of Helen Street was one of the most distinctive of the associated woolstores, Primary Producers No 1. ",
"Primaries No 2, 5, 6 and 7 were in Commercial Road and Helen Street. ",
"In 1976 the No 4 woolstore was transferred to Oxlade Investments. ",
"Renamed Commercial House, it was acquired to store cars \"at grass\" and became the head office for the Mayfairs group of companies which owns five other woolstores (Australian Estates No. ",
"1 Store, Australian Estates No. ",
"2 Store, Elder Smith Woolstore, Goldsbrough Mort Woolstore, Winchcombe Carson Woolstores). ",
"All of these properties are zoned in the Brisbane City Council's Teneriffe Development Plan (1986) for a mixture of residential, commercial, light industrial, service and tourist recreation purposes.",
"\n\nDescription \nQueensland Primary Producers Cooperative Association No 4 Woolstore, formerly Sturmfels Primary Co-operative Association Ltd, is a three-storey brick and timber warehouse which was mostly built during the 1930s. ",
"Though developed in three stages, the first and last stage being along the curved frontage, the design is quite cohesive. ",
"This was achieved by working around the initial structure which was then pulled down and the interior rebuilt. ",
"Constructed largely of variegated reddish toned bricks in a restrained Art Deco style, it implements the common tripartite division of base, shaft and entablature in its functional form.",
"\n\nOne third of the way along from Commercial Road is a slightly projecting mock tower with a small stepped pediment, which in addition to the long window openings and box downpipes, provides a degree of verticality. ",
"Nevertheless, the overwhelming emphasis is horizontal, mainly due to a series of strikingly rendered bands - wide ones delineating each floor above a row of windows, narrow ones beneath each row, and three narrow bands separating the inscribed company name across the broad stepped parapet. ",
"The upper levels are distinguished from the ground floor base line by darker bricks, but more so by the straight awning which shelters the railway siding and loading bays with their steel protective plates and inground tracks. ",
"Whereas stages 1 and 2 use Queensland hardwood for joists and beams, stage 3 employs Oregon. ",
"The former external double-brick wall delimits stages 1 and 3 on the ground and first floors, while the top showroom floor is one vast expanse with a forest of tubular metal poles. ",
"The showroom also has square vents with timber louvers beneath the windows, and the customary sawtooth roof aligned from east to west for optimum lighting. ",
"This floor never contained a dining room, as the Primaries No 1 store provided this facility for clients next door. ",
"Nevertheless, it was equipped with the usual array of bale elevators and wool chutes.",
"\n\nThe original office area was on the second floor of stage 1. ",
"Today much of the ground and first floors have been converted into modern offices by Mayfairs. ",
"They use the main entrance near the Commercial Road end. ",
"However, a grand foyer, exposing the Oregon posts of stage 3, with a modern timber staircase and commissioned paintings of pastoral scenes, has been created in the centre of the building.",
"\n\nHeritage listing \nQueensland Primary Producers No 4 Woolstore (Commercial House) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"\n\nThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.",
"\n\nThe Queensland Primary Producers No 4 woolstore is most significant in its own right and for its heritage contribution to the Teneriffe precinct. ",
"It reflects important developments, technological features and marketing procedures in Queensland's wool industry since the late 1930s as well as the history of commerce along the Brisbane River and of the pastoral companies concerned.",
"\n\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.",
"\n\nIn form and fabric, this structure is an excellent example of the broad class of brick and timber woolstores which were built in Australian ports, to serve the wool industry.",
"\nIn keeping with other woolstores of similar vintage (e.g. Goldsbrough Mort Woolstore), this illustrates particularly well the 1930s stage of development in an industrial process and associated building form which is now redundant; it is also the site of one of the earliest Teneriffe woolstores, and one of two stores formerly owned by the only remaining Queensland pastoral house.",
"\n\nThe place is important because of its aesthetic significance.",
"\n\nThis structure also has considerable visual impact due to its substantial form and Interwar Art Deco style, which is unique amongst Teneriffe woolstores.",
"\n\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.",
"\n\nThat this store, with its significant pastoral and business connections, is a valued asset and a local landmark, has been recognised by its inclusion in the Teneriffe Development Plan.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nAttribution\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Queensland Heritage Register\nCategory:Teneriffe, Queensland\nCategory:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register\nCategory:Warehouses in Queensland"
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"Donald Trump won the first presidential debate, if social media mentions was the main metric.",
"\n\nFacebook reported that Trump dominated 79 percent of the conversation on its platform. ",
"The most discussed moment was Trump's comments on his temperament, and the top issues were on taxes, ISIS, racial issues, the economy and crime and criminal justice.",
"\n\nOn Twitter, Trump dominated 62 percent of the conversation. ",
"The most tweeted moments were about Trump's comments on his \"good temperament,\" his challenge to moderator and NBC News anchor Lester Holt about stop-and-frisk and the Trump and Hillary Clinton back-and-forth over their strategy to defeat ISIS. ",
"The most discussed topics were the economy, foreign affairs, energy, terrorism and gun control.",
"\n\nThis was the first time that the presidential debates were livestreamed on Facebook and Twitter. ",
"The debate was held on Monday night at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.",
"\n\nOnline content delivery system Fastly saw a 22 percent increase in social media traffic when Trump denied saying that he previously stated that global warming was a Chinese hoax. ",
"Holt's fact checking of Trump on stop-and-frisk was the second biggest social media traffic driver, leading to a 20 percent increase in traffic, according to the company. ",
"The third biggest moment was when Clinton mentioned her website had a fact checker, increasing social media traffic 10 percent, according to Fastly.",
"\n\nWhile the majority of the presidential candidates' budgets are going toward television, experts pointed out that social media chatter can provide free marketing. ",
"Quote-worthy clips become fodder for press outlets, giving candidates even more exposure without having to pay for TV ads."
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"At its 2008 Convention, CUPW adopted a resolution supporting the BDS campaign. ",
"The call for a boycott, divestment and sanctions campaign against Israel was made by more than 175 Palestinian unions, groups and organizations in 2005, with a view to forcing the State of Israel to negotiate peace and recognize the right of Palestinians to self‑determination.",
"\n\nTen years later, we know that international pressure is now playing a significant role in leading to the resolution of the Israeli‑Palestinian conflict. ",
"Here is a look at CUPW’s current solidarity work with Palestine:\n\nCONCRETE ACTION\n\nIn late 2015, the National Executive Board adopted a project to support the work of the Palestinian Postal Service Workers Union (PPSWU). ",
"The project is aimed at financially supporting the preparation of the PPSWU’s Annual Conference, which is scheduled for May of this year.",
"\n\nThe Union is now supporting STOP THE WALL, a Palestinian organization that coordinates the activities of groups involved in mobilizing local residents who are directly affected by the Separation Wall. ",
"You can visit its website at www.stopthewall.org. ",
"The Union encourages you to support this organization.",
"\n\nThe Union also invites you to visit the website of WE ARE NOT NUMBERS (www.wearenotnumbers.org), where Palestinians share their day‑to‑day stories. ",
"Theirs is a call to sharing and solidarity.",
"\n\nThe Union has agreed to fund a request by Independent Jewish Voices, which is sponsoring a tour by Hiedar Abu Thosh, a Palestinian who was driven from his village (Imwas) in 1967 by the Israeli army. ",
"Canada Park, financed by the Jewish National Fund of Canada, was built on the site of his village. ",
"His tour dates will be announced at a later date.",
"\n\nTHE BDS Campaign!",
"\n\nThere are several ways of demonstrating our solidarity and support for the BDS campaign:\n\nBoycott:\n\nSodaStream, an illegal product manufactured in an illegal Jewish settlement under an illegal occupation, but still sold at The Bay, Canadian Tire, Target, and Staples;\n\nproducts with a barcode starting with \"729\" (Israel);\n\nAhava cosmetics, which are manufactured from Dead Sea minerals (in occupied territory), sold at The Bay;\n\nproducts like underwear and hydration systems produced by Israeli defence industries, which are sold at Mountain Equipment Coop;\n\nIndigo/Chapters, whose shareholders support the Israeli military through the Heseg Foundation.",
"\n\nDivestment:\n\nRequest the withdrawal of our Pension Plan investments in Israeli companies like Caterpillar, Motorola, ITT Industries and United Technologies;\n\nsuspend funding, financial or organizational support and recognition of Israeli research centres or cultural programs.",
"\n\nSanctions:\n\nDemand that the federal government:\n\nvote in favour of resolutions censuring Israel for its violations of international law (the 5 th Geneva Convention);\n\nGeneva Convention); ban any imports from the occupied territories;\n\nterminate its Free Trade Agreement with Israel."
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"Abstract\n\nReliability estimation in regression supported with meta-learning and principal component analysis Reliability estimates for individual predictions can provide important risk-sensitive information. ",
"They enable users to distinguish between better and worse predictions which are very important when dealing with decision-critical prediction problems. ",
"Unfortunately, when used on different domains and models, reliability estimates perform differently. ",
"That is the reason why we require an approach that can foretell which estimate will work best with a specific domain/model pair. ",
"In our thesis we have experimented with meta-learning approach to automatically select the best estimate for a specific domain and regression model. ",
"We used seven different meta-classifiers on eight regression models and with nine reliability estimates. ",
"These reliability estimates represented the class values of the meta-classification process. ",
"During the creation of the metadata for meta-learning, we have chosen meta-features that we considered to be most appropriate for this problem. ",
"The results showed that the best performing meta-model was random forest. ",
"Meta-model neural networks gave the worst results. ",
"Additionally, we proposed principal component analysis approach for creation of two new reliability estimates as combinations of existing ones to see if these new estimates would perform. ",
"These results were also compared with the results of the existing nine estimates and the best performing meta-classifier. ",
"The results showed that the meta-classifier achieved the best results and the estimate BVCK the second best."
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[
"/*\n * This file is part of RskJ\n * Copyright (C) 2017 RSK Labs Ltd.\n * (derived from ethereumJ library, Copyright (c) 2016 <ether.camp>)\n *\n * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by\n * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n * (at your option) any later version.",
"\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
"See the\n * GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.",
"\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License\n * along with this program. ",
"If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.",
"\n */\n\npackage org.ethereum.vm;\n\nimport org.bouncycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex;\nimport org.ethereum.crypto.",
"HashUtil;\nimport org.ethereum.util.",
"ByteUtil;\nimport org.junit.",
"Test;\n\nimport java.math.",
"BigInteger;\nimport java.nio.charset.",
"StandardCharsets;\n\nimport static org.junit.",
"Assert.*;",
"\n\npublic class DataWordTest {\n\n @Test\n public void testAdd() {\n byte[] three = new byte[32];\n\n for (int i = 0; i < three.length; i++) {\n three[i] = (byte) 0xff;\n }\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(three);\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n\n DataWord result = x.add(DataWord.valueOf(three));\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMod() {\n String expected = \"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a\";\n\n byte[] one = new byte[32];\n one[31] = 0x1e; // 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001e\n\n byte[] two = new byte[32];\n for (int i = 0; i < two.length; i++) {\n two[i] = (byte) 0xff;\n }\n two[31] = 0x56; // 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff56\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(one);\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n DataWord y = DataWord.valueOf(two);\n byte[] ydata = y.getData();\n\n DataWord result = y.mod(x);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(ydata, y.getData());\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n assertEquals(expected, ByteUtil.toHexString(result.getData()));\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMul() {\n byte[] one = new byte[32];\n one[31] = 0x1; // 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001\n\n byte[] two = new byte[32];\n two[11] = 0x1; // 0x0000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(one);\n DataWord y = DataWord.valueOf(two);\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n byte[] ydata = y.getData();\n\n DataWord result = x.mul(y);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(ydata, y.getData());\n assertEquals(32, y.getData().length);\n assertEquals(\"0000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", ByteUtil.toHexString(y.getData()));\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n assertEquals(\"0000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", ByteUtil.toHexString(result.getData()));\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMulOverflow() {\n byte[] one = new byte[32];\n one[30] = 0x1; // 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100\n\n byte[] two = new byte[32];\n two[0] = 0x1; // 0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(one);\n DataWord y = DataWord.valueOf(two);\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n byte[] ydata = y.getData();\n\n DataWord result = x.mul(y);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(ydata, y.getData());\n assertEquals(32, y.getData().length);\n assertEquals(\"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", ByteUtil.toHexString(y.getData()));\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n assertEquals(\"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", ByteUtil.toHexString(result.getData()));\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testDiv() {\n byte[] one = new byte[32];\n one[30] = 0x01;\n one[31] = 0x2c; // 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012c\n\n byte[] two = new byte[32];\n two[31] = 0x0f; // 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(one);\n DataWord y = DataWord.valueOf(two);\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n byte[] ydata = y.getData();\n\n DataWord result =x.div(y);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(ydata, y.getData());\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n assertEquals(\"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014\", ByteUtil.toHexString(result.getData()));\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testDivZero() {\n byte[] one = new byte[32];\n one[30] = 0x05; // 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500\n\n byte[] two = new byte[32];\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(one);\n DataWord y = DataWord.valueOf(two);\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n byte[] ydata = y.getData();\n\n DataWord result = x.div(y);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(ydata, y.getData());\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n assertTrue(result.isZero());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSDivNegative() {\n // one is -300 as 256-bit signed integer:\n byte[] one = Hex.decode(\"fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffed4\");\n\n byte[] two = new byte[32];\n two[31] = 0x0f;\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(one);\n DataWord y = DataWord.valueOf(two);\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n byte[] ydata = y.getData();\n\n DataWord result = x.sDiv(y);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(ydata, y.getData());\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n assertEquals(\"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffec\", result.toString());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testPow() {\n BigInteger x = BigInteger.valueOf(Integer.",
"MAX_VALUE);\n BigInteger y = BigInteger.valueOf(1000);\n\n BigInteger result1 = x.modPow(x, y);\n BigInteger result2 = pow(x, y);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSignExtend1() {\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(Hex.decode(\"f2\"));\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n\n byte k = 0;\n String expected = \"fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff2\";\n\n DataWord result = x.signExtend(k);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertEquals(expected, result.toString());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSignExtend2() {\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(Hex.decode(\"f2\"));\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n\n byte k = 1;\n String expected = \"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f2\";\n\n DataWord result = x.signExtend(k);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertEquals(expected, result.toString());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSignExtend3() {\n byte k = 1;\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(Hex.decode(\"0f00ab\"));\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n\n String expected = \"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab\";\n\n DataWord result = x.signExtend(k);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertEquals(expected, result.toString());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSignExtend4() {\n byte k = 1;\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(Hex.decode(\"ffff\"));\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n\n String expected = \"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\";\n\n DataWord result = x.signExtend(k);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertEquals(expected, result.toString());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSignExtend5() {\n byte k = 3;\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(Hex.decode(\"ffffffff\"));\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n\n String expected = \"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\";\n\n DataWord result = x.signExtend(k);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertEquals(expected, result.toString());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSignExtend6() {\n byte k = 3;\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(Hex.decode(\"ab02345678\"));\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n\n String expected = \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002345678\";\n\n DataWord result = x.signExtend(k);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertEquals(expected, result.toString());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSignExtend7() {\n byte k = 3;\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(Hex.decode(\"ab82345678\"));\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n\n String expected = \"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff82345678\";\n\n DataWord result = x.signExtend(k);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertEquals(expected, result.toString());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testSignExtend8() {\n byte k = 30;\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(Hex.decode(\"ff34567882345678823456788234567882345678823456788234567882345678\"));\n byte[] xdata = x.getData();\n\n String expected = \"0034567882345678823456788234567882345678823456788234567882345678\";\n\n DataWord result = x.signExtend(k);\n\n assertArrayEquals(xdata, x.getData());\n assertEquals(expected, result.toString());\n }\n\n @Test(expected = IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)\n public void testSignExtendException1() {\n byte k = -1;\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.",
"ZERO;\n\n x.signExtend(k); // should throw an exception\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testLongValue1() {\n byte[] negative = new byte[]{-1, -1, -1, -1,-1,-1,-1,-1};\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.valueOf(negative);\n\n long l = x.longValue();\n assertEquals(l, -1);\n }\n\n @Test(expected = IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)\n public void testSignExtendException2() {\n byte k = 32;\n\n DataWord x = DataWord.",
"ZERO;\n\n x.signExtend(k); // should throw an exception\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testFromString() {\n // I'm using a 32 bytes string to avoid the preceding blanks\n DataWord parsed = DataWord.fromString(\"01234567890123456789012345678901\");\n\n assertEquals(new String(parsed.getData()),\"01234567890123456789012345678901\");\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testFromLongString() {\n String value = \"012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789\";\n byte[] hashedValue = HashUtil.keccak256(value.getBytes(StandardCharsets.",
"UTF_8));\n DataWord parsed = DataWord.fromLongString(value);\n\n assertArrayEquals(parsed.getData(),hashedValue);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testAddModOverflow() {\n testAddMod(\"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999\",\n \"8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888\",\n \"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\");\n testAddMod(\"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\",\n \"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\",\n \"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\");\n }\n\n void testAddMod(String v1, String v2, String v3) {\n DataWord dv1 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(v1));\n DataWord dv2 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(v2));\n DataWord dv3 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(v3));\n\n byte[] datadv1 = dv1.getData();\n byte[] datadv2 = dv2.getData();\n byte[] datadv3 = dv3.getData();\n\n BigInteger bv1 = new BigInteger(v1, 16);\n BigInteger bv2 = new BigInteger(v2, 16);\n BigInteger bv3 = new BigInteger(v3, 16);\n\n DataWord result = dv1.addmod(dv2, dv3);\n\n BigInteger br = bv1.add(bv2).mod(bv3);\n\n assertArrayEquals(datadv1, dv1.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(datadv2, dv2.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(datadv3, dv3.getData());\n\n assertEquals(result.value(), br);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMulMod1() {\n DataWord wr = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999\"));\n DataWord w1 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"01\"));\n DataWord w2 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999998\"));\n\n byte[] datawr = wr.getData();\n byte[] dataw1 = w1.getData();\n byte[] dataw2 = w2.getData();\n\n DataWord result = wr.mulmod(w1, w2);\n\n assertArrayEquals(datawr, wr.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw1, w1.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw2, w2.getData());\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n assertEquals(\"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001\", ByteUtil.toHexString(result.getData()));\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMulMod2() {\n DataWord wr = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999\"));\n DataWord w1 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"01\"));\n DataWord w2 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999\"));\n\n byte[] datawr = wr.getData();\n byte[] dataw1 = w1.getData();\n byte[] dataw2 = w2.getData();\n\n DataWord result = wr.mulmod(w1, w2);\n\n assertArrayEquals(datawr, wr.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw1, w1.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw2, w2.getData());\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n assertTrue(result.isZero());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMulModZero() {\n DataWord wr = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"00\"));\n DataWord w1 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999\"));\n DataWord w2 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\"));\n\n byte[] datawr = wr.getData();\n byte[] dataw1 = w1.getData();\n byte[] dataw2 = w2.getData();\n\n DataWord result = wr.mulmod(w1, w2);\n\n assertArrayEquals(datawr, wr.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw1, w1.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw2, w2.getData());\n assertEquals(32, result.getData().length);\n assertTrue(result.isZero());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMulModZeroWord1() {\n DataWord wr = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999\"));\n DataWord w1 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"00\"));\n DataWord w2 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\"));\n\n byte[] datawr = wr.getData();\n byte[] dataw1 = w1.getData();\n byte[] dataw2 = w2.getData();\n\n DataWord result = wr.mulmod(w1, w2);\n\n assertArrayEquals(datawr, wr.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw1, w1.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw2, w2.getData());\n assertEquals(32, wr.getData().length);\n assertTrue(result.isZero());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMulModZeroWord2() {\n DataWord wr = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999\"));\n DataWord w1 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\"));\n DataWord w2 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"00\"));\n\n byte[] datawr = wr.getData();\n byte[] dataw1 = w1.getData();\n byte[] dataw2 = w2.getData();\n\n DataWord result = wr.mulmod(w1, w2);\n\n assertArrayEquals(datawr, wr.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw1, w1.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw2, w2.getData());\n assertEquals(32, wr.getData().length);\n assertTrue(result.isZero());\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testMulModOverflow() {\n DataWord wr = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\"));\n DataWord w1 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\"));\n DataWord w2 = DataWord.valueOf(org.spongycastle.util.encoders.",
"Hex.decode(\"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\"));\n\n byte[] datawr = wr.getData();\n byte[] dataw1 = w1.getData();\n byte[] dataw2 = w2.getData();\n\n DataWord result = wr.mulmod(w1, w2);\n\n assertArrayEquals(datawr, wr.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw1, w1.getData());\n assertArrayEquals(dataw2, w2.getData());\n assertEquals(32, wr.getData().length);\n assertTrue(result.isZero());\n }\n\n public static BigInteger pow(BigInteger x, BigInteger y) {\n if (y.compareTo(BigInteger.",
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to the field of wireless transmitters and receivers and particularly to a method and apparatus for antenna beamforming of a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) transmitter and receiver using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nPersonal devices, such as computers, phones, personal digital assistants and the like have gained wide popularity in recent years. ",
"As technology improves, these devices have become increasingly smaller in size and highly portable. ",
"In fact, wireless, portable devices of various types now commonly communicate with one another allowing users flexibility of use and facilitating data, voice and audio communication. ",
"To this end, networking of mobile or portable and wireless devices is required.",
"\nWith regard to the wireless networking of personal devices, a particular modem, namely modems adapted to the up-coming IEEE 802.11n industry standard, are anticipated to be commonly employed. ",
"That is, an array of antennas is placed inside or nearby the personal device and a radio frequency (RF) semiconductor device receives signal or data through the array and an analog-to-digital converter, typically located within the personal device, converts the received signal to baseband range. ",
"Thereafter, a baseband processor is employed to process and decode the received signal to the point of extracting raw data, which may be files transferred remotely and wireless, from another personal device or similar equipment with the use of a transmitter within the transmitting PC.",
"\nTo do so, pointing of the array of antennas, which is essentially multiple antennas, hence the name multi-input-multi-output (MIMO), to the desired location to maximize reception and transmission quality is an issue. ",
"For example, data or information rate throughput, signal reception and link range are improved. ",
"The latest IEEE802.11n standard currently being developed includes advanced multi-antenna techniques in order to process parallel data streams simultaneously in order to increase throughput capability, and improve link quality by “smartly” transmitting and receiving the RF signals.",
"\nThere are two basic types of beamforming specified in the current draft (2.0) 802.11n standard: explicit and implicit. ",
"For explicit beamforming the receiver measures the channel between the transmitter and receiver and sends this information, called channel state information or CSI, back to the transmitter. ",
"The transmitter can then use the channel information to calculate the best transmit “paths” or “directions” for that particular client for transmitting future packets. ",
"Using the CSI in this way is sometimes referred to as beamforming. ",
"While this method provides a direct measure of the channel for beamforming, it requires CSI to be sent over the link resulting in network overhead that can lead to reduced overall throughput.",
"\nThe second basic method of beamforming, implicit beamforming, does not require CSI to be sent back to the transmitter on a packet-by-packet basis. ",
"Instead the implicit method relies on the principle of channel reciprocity. ",
"Channel reciprocity assumes that the upstream and downstream channels are essentially the same (to within a transpose operation), so that the receiver can use the measured channel information to beamform packets of information back to the transmitter. ",
"In this way, no explicit CSI is required to be sent over the link, thereby eliminating network overhead. ",
"The downside of implicit beamforming is that it requires a calibration procedure between the transmitter and receiver to ensure that reciprocity is achieved. ",
"The calibration procedure requires complex coordination between the access point (AP) and clients in which large amounts of CSI are periodically exchanged. ",
"An AP is a device that is wirelessly transmitting or receiving within a network of devices.",
"\nThe problem with the methods currently proposed to implement calibration for implicit beamforming is that they are cumbersome, complex and inefficient. ",
"For example, for each sub-carrier, which are 56 or 118, in the current standard, an FFT is performed, the results of which are transmitted from a personal device to another device thereby significantly adversely effecting throughout and efficiency and over-complicating the problem.",
"\nThus, while methods are currently proposed for implicit beamforming, these methods do not eliminate the need for time consuming and complex calibration exchanges: in implicit beamforming, as defined by the IEEE802.11n D2.0 Standard, a calibration exchange is required between a transmitter and receiver pair. ",
"This is a complicated exchange that requires CSI information per sub-carrier be passed in both directions (bi-directionally) between the receiver and transmitter. ",
"The network throughput performance will degrade because this calibration step is a time-consuming process that needs to be repeated whenever channel conditions change, and requires a large amount of data to be sent over the network.",
"\nMoreover, complexity and interoperability issues arise because the implicit beamforming calibration currently requires a complicated exchange, there is a risk that solutions from different vendors will not work together due to small differences in implementation or data formatting. ",
"Further, there is a substantial processing that needs to be implemented in hardware/firmware to implement this calibration exchange.",
"\nThe calibration as described in the standard will not compensate for non-linear front-end impairments, such as IQ (in-phase and quadrature) non-orthogonality.",
"\nIn light of the foregoing, it is desirable to develop a transceiver for receiving and transmitting signals in conformance with the 802.11n standard with an improved calibration for implicit beamforming."
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"Persian Rice Salad: Ghazaye Irani Shegeft Angiz Ast!",
"\n\nPersian Rice Salad: Ghazaye Irani Shegeft Angiz Ast!",
"\n\nOwning an genuine Persian rug might mean spending months or even months considering and studying on hand-knotted Persian or Oriental rug. ",
"You probably may have absent on-line to have a look for knot counts, origins, weaves, and characteristics of wool ideal for your house. ",
"You can probably have absent from shop to store and trolled the Internet until, at last, you have found that ideal rug.",
"\n\nTheir texture is coarser than the average Persian rug. ",
"They are also thicker - occasionally they are as a lot as an inch in depth. ",
"This is because of to the thick knots that are used in the weaving procedure. ",
"These rugs are very durable and with the right care they will last a life time and longer.",
"\n\nOLDCARPET is 1 of the oldest online Best Persian food rug sellers in the Usa that only sells authentic Persian rugs since the beginning.",
"All the rugs have a certification of authenticity and they guarantee you about the high quality and craftsmanship of the all the rugs. ",
"OLDCARPET provides thirty times cash back again ensures and charge certification if authentication for all Persian rugs.",
"\n\nIf you are into songs but you do not have sufficient area in the home to arrive up with a music studio, it would perhaps also help you to know that Persian rugs are very great sound absorbers. ",
"You can flip your bed room or any part of the home you select into an immediate songs studio by placing Persian rugs on the walls. ",
"You just have to make sure that it will compliment the color and style of the flooring and the furnishings.",
"\n\nThe phrase comes from the Persian phrase for something that is all-natural, uncut, uncooked. ",
"These are rugs made by operating people for daily use and abuse. ",
"They are therefore not advanced, but rather produced to withstand tough conditions. ",
"This is precisely where the appeal of these carpets lie for most individuals.",
"\n\nAnother thing with on-line stores is that they can personalize your rug to fit your specs. ",
"With this, it will not be difficult to match your living space, dining room and bed room with a specific region rug. ",
"There will be no much more mismatch going on. ",
"On the other hand, in case you did not like the rug that was delivered to you, might it be an genuine Persian rug or a customized area rug, online shops have the policy of a trade-in. ",
"they may offer you with another rug that is of the same price as your previous one.",
"\n\nIvy Restaurant, forty nine Temple Location (one block from the Park St T quit). ",
"This is an additional Italian-inspired community cafe. ",
"The very best par of Ivy is their wine program--particularly, the $26/bottle, or $8/glass on everything on the wine list web page. ",
"This might get a bit much more crowded in the night--I haven't visited the place other than for lunch--but the wines and check here environment justify the risk."
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"\n\nReferring to Trump as \"that guy,\" LeBron made it clear that the types of things Trump spoke about were not in any way, shape or form a reflection of what goes on in the Cavs' locker room.",
"\n\nThe reigning Finals MVP said the guys in his locker room might talk about sporting events, specific highlights or family... but never the type of disturbing things \"that guy\" was recorded talking about with Billy Bush.",
"\n\n\"That's not locker room talk. ",
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"\n\nLeBron James, who has already endorsed Hillary Clinton, was asked about some recent comments made by Donald Trump, in which Trump claims his brash remarks were simply \"locker room talk.\"",
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"DM is associated with high risk of atherosclerosis and renal, neural, and ocular damage. ",
"Increased oxidant stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DM. ",
"An increase in serum ceruloplasmin (Cp) levels has also been reported in Type 2 DM. ",
"Cp permits the incorporation of iron into transferrin (Trf). ",
"Trf inhibits iron ion-dependent OHo formation from H2O2. ",
"Patients with diabetes have increased levels of plasma lipid peroxidation products. ",
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"Patients were divided into two groups. ",
"Group I included 29 patients without diabetic complications, Group II 21 with diabetic complications. ",
"Serum Cp, Trf, C-reactive protein (CRP), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Chol), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels are studied. ",
"Serum Cp, CRP, TG, Chol, and MDA levels in diabetic patients were significantly higher than those of controls. ",
"Trf levels were significantly lower in diabetic patients than those of the controls. ",
"Cp, CRP, HbA1C, and MDA levels in Group II were significantly higher than those of Group I. Our results indicate that oxygen free radicals are formed in DM and can result in diabetic complications and that a prooxidant/oxidant imbalance is involved in the tissue injury in DM and diabetic complications."
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"A toy listing on ebay reveals the full promo art from The Force Awakens that we covered before HERE. ",
"You can now see Poe Dameron, the droids and the regular Stormtroopers\n\nThe item that is being sold is actually a basketball hoop with sound effects from the movie. ",
"How cool is that. ",
"It costs $100. ",
"🙂\n\nYou can find the listing on ebay HERE.",
"\n\nThanks to Darren Printz for the heads up."
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"Somatization disorder is a clinical condition, in which patients have multiple physical complaints with no explained cause and no relief even after consulting a number of physicians.\\[[@ref1]\\] It is a disabling condition,\\[[@ref2]\\] commonly presenting in general hospital clinics, with point prevalence as high as 10%--16%.\\[[@ref3][@ref4]\\]\n\nSomatization disorder causes more functional impairment than physical as compared to other medical disorders.\\[[@ref2][@ref5]\\] Depressive and anxiety symptoms are commonly associated with somatization disorder and lead to disability.\\[[@ref2][@ref6]\\] Somatization disorders are characterized by frequent use of medical services with poor response to treatment, follow a chronic course, cause significant disability, caregiver burden,\\[[@ref5][@ref6][@ref7][@ref8]\\] and poor quality of life.\\[[@ref9][@ref10]\\] There are very few studies on pain disorders that had assessed the response to Vitamin D supplementation in a small sample of patients.\\[[@ref11][@ref12]\\] The present study was undertaken to overcome the lacunae in the existing literature on clinically relevant aspects of somatization disorder. ",
"Therefore, the present study was carried out to examine 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25\\[OH\\]D) levels, quality of life, disability and symptom profile in long-standing patients with somatization disorder.",
"\n\nMETHODS {#sec1-2}\n=======\n\nThis cross-sectional study was carried out in the psychiatry department of a tertiary care hospital in the capital city of Delhi. ",
"Patients between age group 18 and 60 years with multiple somatic complaints and on treatment for two or more years were screened. ",
"Those fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of somatization disorder, according to the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision, Diagnostic criteria for Research and those who were willing to participate in the study, were recruited. ",
"The study was completed over a period of two consecutive summer seasons (April to June) of 2015--2016. ",
"Those patients with comorbid significant, unstable medical disorder or surgical illness, pregnancy, current substance use, and psychotic disorders were excluded from the study. ",
"One hundred and eighty patients were initially screened. ",
"A total of 67 patients were excluded due to medical or surgical problems and 10 patients refused consent. ",
"Finally, 103 patients were included in the study protocol which was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee.",
"\n\nTools {#sec2-1}\n-----\n\nSociodemographic pro forma: The sociodemographic details of the patients who gave written informed consent were recorded using a semi-structured pro formaKuppuswamy\\'s socioeconomic status scale: The socioeconomic status was assessed using Kuppuswamy\\'s socioeconomic status scale.\\[[@ref13]\\] It includes the following three parameters: education status of head of family, occupation of head of family, and monthly family incomeWorld Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL--BREF) is a 26 item tool used to assess quality of life in four domains: Physical, psychological, social and environmental and has been validated cross culturally and in Indian population\\[[@ref14][@ref15][@ref16]\\]World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 is a practical, generic assessment instrument used to measure health and disability in clinical practice. ",
"WHODAS 2.0 assesses the level of functioning in six domains of life i.e., cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along, life activities, and participation. ",
"Test--retest reliability of WHODAS 2.0 is 0.98 at overall level\\[[@ref17]\\]Patient-Health-Questionnaire (PHQ-15) is a somatic symptoms severity scale. ",
"It screens for 15 somatic symptoms that account for more than 90% of the physical complaints reported in the outpatient setting. ",
"The PHQ-15 is a valid measure in different healthcare settings. ",
"It has 15 items, each of which is scored 0--2, providing a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 30\\[[@ref18]\\]PHQ-9 is a very specific, sensitive, and validated tool for screening of depression. ",
"It has nine items, each of which is scored 0--3, providing a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 27\\[[@ref19]\\]Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) was initially developed to screen GAD. ",
"It is also reported to have good sensitivity and specificity as a screening instrument for other anxiety disorders i.e., panic, social anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder and has also been validated in these conditions. ",
"It has seven items, each of which is scored 0--3, providing a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 21\\[[@ref20]\\]25(OH)D levels were carried out by chemiluminescence binding assay using Elecsys, 2010, Roche (Germany), Diagnostics on a fasting sample. ",
"The 25(OH)D levels were categorized as: deficient \\<20 ng/ml, insufficient 21--29 ng/ml, sufficient 30--100 ng/ml according to clinical guidelines.\\[[@ref21]\\]\n\nStatistical analysis {#sec2-2}\n--------------------\n\nThe analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for windows, Version 20.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) to analyze the data. ",
"Descriptive statistics were used for sociodemographic data. ",
"Vitamin D levels, quality of life, disability was assessed using mean and standard deviation (SD) in all the four domains: physical, psychological, social and environmental of WHOQOL--BREF and general disability scores on WHODAS. ",
"Pearson correlation was applied to correlate the scores of WHOQOL--BREF in four domains, Vitamin D levels, WHODAS 2.0 general disability scores, the somatic symptoms severity scores (PHQ-15), depressive symptoms scores (PHQ-9), and anxiety symptoms score (GAD-7).",
"\n\nRESULTS {#sec1-3}\n=======\n\nSociodemographic statistics revealed that there were six males (5.82%) and 97 females (94.16%); mean (SD) age was 43.69 (±10.01) years. ",
"Nearly 49 (47.57%) were illiterate, 91 (88.34%) married, and 84 (81.55%) were homemakers. ",
"On socioeconomic status scale, 3 (2.9%) patients belonged to upper status, 56 (54.4%) to upper middle class, 22 (21.4%) to the upper lower, 20 (19.4%) to the lower middle, and 2 (1.9%) to the lower socioeconomic class. ",
"Seventy-eight patients (75.72%) belonged to urban background, and 25 (24.27%) were from rural area. ",
"Mean duration of illness of Somatization Disorder was 4.9 years.",
"\n\nAmong the participants, 58 patients were deficient in 25(OH) D levels (\\<20 ng/ml), insufficient in 26 patients (21--29 ng/ml), and sufficient in 19 patients (30--100 ng/ml) as shown in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\n###### \n\nVitamin D levels in somatization disorder (*n*=103)\n\n![](",
"IPJ-27-87-g001)\n\nOn PHQ-15, only 18 patients had somatic symptoms in minimal to low levels as noted. ",
"Twenty-nine patients had medium level of somatic symptoms, and 53 patients had severe somatic symptoms. ",
"Mean scores on PHQ-15, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 are given in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\n###### \n\nMean scores on patient-healthquestionnaire 15, patient-health-questionnaire 9 and generalized anxiety disorder seven in somatization disorder (*n*=103)\n\n![](",
"IPJ-27-87-g002)\n\nMean score for all the four domain scores of WHOQOL--BREF were as follows: the mean score of physical health domain was 18.22 (SD = 6.22), mean score of psychological health domain was 15.52 (SD = 4.83), mean score of social domain was 8.45 (SD = 2.77) and that of environment domain was 22. ",
"13 (SD = 5.51) [Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Disability assessment using WHODAS 2.0 revealed mean disability score of 1.88 (SD = 0.700).",
"\n\n###### \n\nMean scores on quality of life (the World Health Organization quality of life -BREF) domain scores and disability (the World Health Organization disability assessment schedule 2.0) scores in somatization disorder (*n*=103)\n\n![](",
"IPJ-27-87-g003)\n\n[Table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the correlation of WHOQOL--BREF scores and WHODAS 2.0 with clinical symptoms variables. ",
"Statistically significant negative correlation was found between all the four domains physical, psychological, social and environment with the symptom profile on PHQ-15 (somatic symptoms), PHQ-9 (depressive symptoms), and GAD-7 (anxiety symptoms). ",
"Disability scores had statistically significant positive correlation with PHQ-15 (somatic symptoms), PHQ-9 (depressive symptoms), and GAD-7 (anxiety symptoms). ",
"No correlation was found between 25(OH)D levels, quality of life domains, and disability scores.",
"\n\n###### \n\nCorrelation between quality of life (World Health Organization quality of life - BREF) domain scores, disability (World Health Organization disability assessment schedule 2.0) scores with symptom profile, Vitamin D levels in somatization disorder patients (*n*=103)\n\n![](",
"IPJ-27-87-g004)\n\nDISCUSSION {#sec1-4}\n==========\n\nThe results of our study revealed that poor quality of life is significantly associated with disability and clinical symptoms in somatization disorder. ",
"In this study, most of the patients were married females. ",
"The severity of somatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety were very significant even after years of treatment. ",
"Somatization disorders follow a chronic course. ",
"The treatment response is poor and is associated with poor quality of life and considerable disability.\\[[@ref22]\\] A randomized controlled trial of brief training in the assessment and treatment of somatization in primary care has earlier shown that the overall self-reported health changes in patients with Somatization were small during 1-year follow-up.\\[[@ref23]\\] Training of physicians was associated with no significant improvements in satisfaction with care. ",
"No statistically significant effect was found with regard to patients\\' physical function, quality of life, disability days, or somatization after 1-year follow-up.\\[[@ref23]\\]\n\nSevere somatic symptoms were recorded in 51.45% of the patients in our study. ",
"Correlation analysis has shown that somatic symptoms, anxiety, and depressive symptoms independently correlate negatively with quality of life and positively with disability scores. ",
"Earlier studies by Kushwaha *et al*.\\[[@ref6]\\] using the Indian Disability Evaluation and assessment scale and Chadda *et al*.\\[[@ref22]\\] using Global Assessment of Functioning and Dysfunctional analysis Questionnaire have shown similar results that the functional impairment and disability in these patients are significant. ",
"Symptom severity remains the major factor in contributing to disability in somatization disorder. ",
"Majority of the patients had comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms which may also contribute significantly to functional impairment.",
"\n\nEstimation of 25(OH)D levels revealed deficient levels in 56.31% of our study population, who were then advised to take Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) 60,000 IU once a week for 3 months.\\[[@ref24]\\] All the patients were counseled for daily sunlight exposure for ½ h during morning hours of 11:00 AM--2:00 PM in the afternoon. ",
"In a recent compilation of data from several Indian studies, Vitamin D deficiency ranged from 34% to 100% in different regions across several population groups from India.\\[[@ref25]\\] Endocrine society Clinical Practice Guidelines recommend minimum daily allowances of Vitamin D which are as follows: infants and children (0--1 year) 400 IU/day, children above 1 year and adults (19--50 years, 50--70 years) 600 IU/day, adults (70 years and above) require at least 800 IU/day.\\[[@ref21]\\]\n\nAdequate sunlight exposure, food fortification, consumption of animal foods, and supplementation are the strategies highlighted to overcome Vitamin D deficiency in South Asian population.\\[[@ref26]\\] Although we could not establish any correlation between 25(OH)D levels and quality of life or disability, a longitudinal study needs to be conducted to find out the effect of Vitamin D supplementation in somatization disorder.",
"\n\nThe somatization disorders remain at low-priority area of research in psychiatry.\\[[@ref2]\\] The impact of Vitamin D levels on the symptom profile of psychiatric disorders has been scarcely studied. ",
"In a previous pilot study carried out by the authors in the year 2013 on psychiatry outpatients (*n* = 120) from Delhi, 92 patients (82.14%) had Vitamin D deficiency.\\[[@ref27]\\] Recently, a study had found severe deficiency in therapy-refractive schizophrenia.\\[[@ref28]\\]\n\nCONCLUSION {#sec1-5}\n==========\n\nSomatization disorder runs a chronic course with significant effect on quality of life and leads to disability. ",
"25(OH)D levels are found deficient in about half of the study sample. ",
"This is one of few studies which had correlated quality of life and disability with somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. ",
"To the best of the knowledge of authors, this is the first study that has evaluated 25(OH)D levels in long-standing patients of somatization disorder. ",
"The high somatic symptom severity in majority of patients needs more attention from psychiatrists across cultures so that functional status and quality of life can be improved. ",
"Routine estimation of Vitamin D levels and correction of its deficiency may bring about symptomatic improvement in the patients at an early stage, thereby reducing the morbidity.",
"\n\nFinancial support and sponsorship {#sec2-3}\n---------------------------------\n\nNil.",
"\n\nConflicts of interest {#sec2-4}\n---------------------\n\nThere are no conflicts of interest.",
"\n"
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"Does it always feel good to get what you want? ",
"Young children differentiate between material and wicked desires.",
"\nOne line of research on children's attributions of guilt suggests that 3-year-olds attribute negative emotion to self-serving victimizers, slightly older children attribute happiness, and with increasing age, attributions become negative again (i.e., a three-step model; Yuill et al., ",
"1996, Br. ",
"J. Dev. ",
"Psychol., ",
"14, 457). ",
"Another line of research provides reason to expect that 3-year-olds may be predisposed to view self-serving moral transgression as leading to positive emotion; this is a linear developmental model in which emotion attributions to transgressors become increasingly negative over the course of childhood (e.g., Nunner-Winkler & Sodian, 1988, Child Dev., ",
"59, 1323). ",
"However, key differences in methodology make it difficult to compare across these findings. ",
"The present study was designed to address this problem. ",
"We asked how 3- to 9-year-old children (n = 111) reason about transgression scenarios that involve satisfying wicked desires (wanting to cause harm and doing so successfully) versus material desires (wanting an object and getting it successfully via harmful behaviour). ",
"Three-year-old children reasoned differently about desire and emotion across these two types of transgressions, attributing negative emotion in the case of wicked desires and positive emotion in the case of material desires. ",
"This pattern of emotion attribution by young children provides new information about how young children process information about desires and emotions in the moral domain, and it bridges a gap in the existing literature on this topic."
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"No individual remains poor and inferior – Dr Krishan Gopal ji\n\nNew Delhi. ",
"RSS SahSarkaryavah Dr Krishna Gopal ji said that it is the Bhartiya philosophy of service that makes the people of this country see God in every man, such that social-service is neither seen as a vehicle for self-aggrandisement nor is there any motive behind service activities. ",
"He added that any service done with some motive or expectations ceases to be service in its spirit and becomes sheer business. “",
"In our Bhartiya philosophy one experiences joy in making fellow beings happy. ",
"Offering of service makes us see God in fellow beings.”",
"\n\nDr Krishna Gopal ji expressed these thoughts during the inaugural session of the ongoing Rashtriya Sewa Sangam, under way at New Delhi. ",
"He added that the only motive of our service is to ensure that no individual remains poor and inferior and should not be in any trouble. ",
"Maa Kashchit Dukhbhagbhavet, Sarve Bhavantu Sukhina (May all living beings be happy and healthy. ",
"May all see only good things and may no one ever have any grief). “",
"We chant Bharat Mata kee Jai, but even if one individual is suffering, aggrieved, or devoid of education then this Bharat Mata kee Jai will remain incomplete. ",
"We should strive to end the suffering of each individual.”",
"\n\nDr Krishna Gopal ji further added that in our country there is no discrimination in terms of religion or belief systems while offering services. “",
"We accept and believe that service is part of the divine work so whatever may be the ways of worship or religious beliefs in an individual there is no distinction in the service work. ",
"To expect anything in return for service is impure. ",
"This is the fundamental philosophy that has been taught to us by our sages, saints, and seers through the ages. ",
"We believe that only fortunate get the opportunity to lend a helping hand and offer service to the needy.” ",
"He added that it is the responsibility of all to help relatively weaker individuals of the society.",
"\n\n“In the first phase, we wish to see that no one in Bharat remains poor and inferior and in the next phase we wish to build a similar situation in the whole world.”",
"\n\nराष्ट्रीय सेवा संगम दिल्ली उद्घाटन\n\nRemembering an incidence during the birth centenary year of RSS-founder Dr Hedgewar in 1989, Dr Krishna Gopal ji said that the then SarSanghchalak of RSS Param Poojya Bala Saheb Devras had proposed the thought of initiating service work for Sangh’s Swayamsevaks. ",
"Can we begin around 5,000 Sewa works in order to alleviate the sufferings of deprived classes?, ",
"was Bala Saheb’s request, following which Swayamsevaks began the work in right earnest. “",
"They not only achieved the initial target but have surged ahead. ",
"The array of service works that numbered around 7,000 in 1995 has touched one lakh fifty thousand in the year 2015.”",
"\n\nDr Krishna Gopal ji expressed optimism that Swayamsevaks would ensure that by the next Rashtriya Sewa Sangam the sewa works of RSS will double in size and numbers.",
"\n\nDr. Krishna Gopal ji also said that in order to root out accumulated problems due to our thousand-year bondage there was a need to prepare volunteers such as Abdul Rahim Khankhana whose mind and soul was deeply involved in Bharat’s culture and saw God in the people of this country.",
"\n\nराष्ट्रीय सेवा संगम दिल्ली उद्घाटन\n\nHer Holiness Mata Amritanandamayi, during her blessings, called upon the need for creation of a world where individuals are peaceful and content. ",
"She stressed upon the need to spread love, compassion and selfless sense of service such that the wide gap between the prosperous and poor is reduced. “",
"If the gap between privileged and deprived is not removed then no one will be spared from violence and war.”",
"\n\nShe also stressed upon the need to instil Sanatan cultural values in children and called upon retired teachers to take upon themselves to teach spirituality and moral values for two years in villages. “",
"To see God in a human being and hence to serve them is a priceless opportunity that should not be wasted.” ",
"She added that at present, service activities have been made into a profession, which is like cancer for the society. ",
"She also unveiled Rashtriya Sewa Bharati’s magazine Sewa Sadhana.",
"\n\nराष्ट्रीय सेवा संगम दिल्ली उद्घाटन\n\nAjit Prasad Mohapatra, the Akhil Bhartiya Sah-Sewa Pramukh of RSS said that Rashtriya Sewa Bharati’s works help wipe the tears of weak and the deprived. ",
"It also works towards instilling self-confidence and building self-esteem among the deprived people.",
"\n\nScrolling Recent Posts Widget\n\nVSRP: No data available\n\nSign Up for Our Newsletter\n\nSubscribe now to get notified about VSK Bharat Latest News\n\nVishwa Samvad Kendra, Bharat is a media centre with a difference- a difference defined by its motto; Samvadat Souhardam; Amity through interaction. ",
"The mighty national resources through which the country is currently passing makes it necessary."
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"Evaluation of molecule-microbe interactions with capillary electrophoresis: procedures, utility and restrictions.",
"\nUnderstanding the interactions between molecules and living organisms is of paramount importance for the evaluation of pharmaceutical activity, chemical toxicity and all manner of microbiological studies. ",
"The capability of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the evaluation of molecule-microbe interactions is examined in the present paper. ",
"The fundamental chemical concept of the binding or association constant for molecular systems measured in free solution is discussed for biological systems where microorganisms uptake or associate with molecules from their environment. ",
"The heterogeneity of the living organisms must be understood and accounted for including differences related to semantics such as concentration units and the nature of the associations between two entities and large differences in the size and number of microorganisms as compared to molecules. ",
"Finally, the added complexity and even inhomogeneity of a cell compared to most molecular systems must be considered and possibly controlled. ",
"The binding of specific molecules to viruses is discussed. ",
"CE can be utilized to quickly determine if a molecule binds very strongly or not at all to a cell (i.e., a binary yes/no answer). ",
"This could be useful for initial high-throughput screening purposes when using capillary arrays, for example. ",
"CE can be useful for determining unusual (large) molecule/microbe stoichiometries. ",
"Finally, CE can sometimes be used to determine the size of binding constants (K(RL)) within certain limits provided experimental conditions can be formulated that minimize problems of biological heterogeneity."
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